AUSTRALIA 5ยบa
INTRODUCTION •
•
•
Australia( officially, in English language: Commonwealth Australia of, association of Australia ) is a country of Oceania. occupy the main continental mass of the platform called Sahul, besides some islands in the Pacific Ocean, Indian and Antarctic. The more near countries to Australia are Indonesian, Timor Oriental and Papuan new Guinea northwards, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and the French dependence of new Caledonian to the northeast, and New Zealand to the southeast. Australia is the sixth more big country of the world with a surface of 7.686.850 km². Your capital, Canberra, it finds in the territory of the Australian capital. The population of the country in 2012 was of a few 22.897.397 millions of inhabitants, centered principally in the big coastal cities: Sidney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide and the capital Canberra. Australia has being lived for more than forty and two thousand years for the Australian aboriginals. The official language is English and its currency is the Australian dollar.
State and territory •
Australia is divided in six states, two continental territories and other smaller territories. The states are New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), South Australia (SA), Tasmanian (TAS), victory (VIC) and Australia occidental (WA). The two continental territories are the territory of the north (NT) and the territory of the Australian capital (ACT). In the majority of your matters, the territories function in a similar way to the states.
government • •
• •
• •
The new building of the speech was inaugurated in 1988 for the Isabel II queen, by replacing the provisional building of the house of the speech of 1927. The Australia confederation is a constitutional monarchy and it has a system of parliamentary government. The Isabel II queen is at present the female leader of the states Australian and uses the formal title of queen of Australia, by fulfilling a different role to the one that practices in other kingdoms of the association. She is nominally represented for the governor General at federal level and for the governor of each state. Although the constitution drinks a toast wide executive powers to the general governor, the setting in practice of the same is taken to end generally only with the advice of the Prime Minister. The more notable drill of the can reserved to the governor General, outside of the direction of the Prime Minister, went the Gough Whitlam relay of this the last one load politician during the constitutional Australian crisis of 1975.15 There are three chases in the Australia government: Legislative power: the speech of Australia, by including the queen, the senate and the chamber of representatives. The queen is represented for the general governor, who in practice only practices can constitutional with the approval of the Prime Minister. The executive: the executive advice federal ( the governor General in accord with the advisors Executives ). In practice, the advisors are the Prime Minister and the secretaries of State. The judiciary: the supreme cut of Australia and other stop federals. The cutting edges of the states were freed formally of the judicial committee of the favorite advice when the Australia minutes was passed in 1986.
demography •
•
•
•
The majority of the approximately 21 millions of australians live centered in the main cities. The Australia population has quadruplicated from the end of the first World War, incentivized for an ambitious program of immigration. In 2001, the five more important groups than composed 23.1% of the inflamed boil australians abroad were originating of the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Italy, Vietnam and China. After the abolition of the Australia Blanca politics in 1973, numerous initiatives of the government promoted the ethnic harmony based on a politics multicultural. During many Australia years only permitted that the whites colonized the country. The " new australians " include to the vietnamese, japanese and Chinese. These groups have contributed your own languages, festivals and gastronomy. Just as other developed countries Australia is experiencing a demographic aging, with more superannuates and less appear in person in labor age. A great number of australians( 759.849 in the period 2002-2003 ) lives outside of your native country. Australia has kept one of the programs of more active immigration in the world to impel the growth of the population. Many immigrants are all right pharmaceutical preparations as regards your education, although also exist refugees. The English language is the oficial language and is spoken and written in a variant known as English Australian. According to the census of 2001 , the English language is the unique spoken language in the home of about 80% of the population. After this, the languages more boasts in the home-loving environment is the Chinese ( 2.1 % ), the Italian ( 1.9 % ) and the Greek ( 1.4 % ). The Spanish( 0.5 % ).
Australia not has not religion of state. In the census of 2001 , 68% of the australians were identified as christians: a 41 % is Protestant ( 21 % Anglican ), a 27 % was Catholic Roman. The Australian followers of religions do not christians understand 5% of the population. A total of 19% was categorized as not religious ( this includes beliefs not theistic as the lay humanism, the atheism, the agnosticism and the rationalism ) and a 12 % it refused to respond or not gave an appropriate answer for a correct performance. As in many occidental countries, the level of active participation in the religious cult is a lot of minor that the population that it is follower of religion happiness; weekly the attendance to the church is of approximately 1.5 millions of peoples, about 7.5% of the population.
The majority of the australians lives in urban areas; SĂdney is the city with more inhabiting in Australia. The tendency to the urbanization is more strong in Australia that in many other parts of the world.
Less than 15% of the australians lives in rural areas. This photo shows the Barossa Valley, an important area of production of located wine in South Australia.
Sydney
Barossa Valley
Melbour
Station Melbour
Indigenous Australians
geography and climate •
•
•
•
Australia is one of the 14 independent countries that agree Oceania and it is the more big sixth of the world. Surrounded for the Indian Ocean, glacial antarctic and pacific, is separate of Asia for the seas of Arafura and Timor. The 7.686.850 km² of surface of Australia is found in the indo-australian aplate. Australia has a coastal line of 25.760 km and protests a wide economic area rejection of 8.148.250 km². This economic area rejection does not include the antarctic Australian territory. The great barrier of coral, the reef of more extensive coral of the world, it finds to a short distance of the northeast coast and extends to him for more than 2.000 kilometers. Of a width of 100 to 300 km, agrees a large quantity of islands. As for the relief, Australia occupies one of the continental more ancient and less high masses of the planet. With 2.228 m of altitude, the Kosciuszko mountain in the great dividing chain of mountains is the more high mountain of Australia continental; however the Mawson peak, in the remote Australian territory of the Heard and McDonald islands, is still more high with 2.745 meters. The more big monolith of the world, Monte Uluru, is localized in Australia western.
An enormous part of the country is or desert-like or semi-arid. Australia is the country inhabited more dry and plain, and the one which less fertile soils possesses. Only in the southeast and southwest exists a temperate climate. The north part of the country, with a tropical climate, has a vegetation it consists principally in rainy jungles, forests, meadowlands, mangrove swamps and desert. The climate is very had influence for systems of low tropical seasonal pressure that produces cyclones in the northern region, and for the marine currents, by including the oceanic-atmospheric phenomenon of the child, that it correlates with periodic droughts. The Australian hydrography is an evident proof of the process of desiccation that suffers the continent-island; the two more important rivers, the Darling and the Murray in spite of having superior longitudes to the 2000 km it takes in almost all your section an of great volume lean of pork that gives you the aspect of narrow streams; except in Tasmanian and the wet area of the extreme north, the great majority of the courses of water is really paleochannels , somewhat similar occurs with your "Lakes", in present times the Great Lakes Australian are depressions with bring bad luck and some lacunas in your funds. For counterpart exists in the middle occidental of Australia an important aquiferous that contributes the surgientes waters of the great Artesian wooden bowl. In the northwest of Australia finds to him the ancient (archaic) crat贸n of Pilbara, such affected crat贸n specially by the Dra.Abigail C. Allwood it presents estromatolitos that are one of the vestiges of more ancient life on the surface of the earth planet.
storms
Flora and fauna •
Although great part of Australia is or desert-like or semi-arid, exists in it as great diversity of habitats, from alpine heather to rainy tropical jungles. Due to the great age of the continent, the little fertility of your soils, your different extremely variable climates and your prolonged isolation of the remainder of the continents, the Australian biota is unique and diverse. About 85% of the plants with flower, 84% of the mammalians, more than 45% of the birds, and 90% of the fish of the coastal temperate areas is endĂŠmicos.28 many of the ecoregions of Australia and of the native species they live in them/it is threatened for the human activities and for the introduction of exotic species. The minutes of protection of the environment and conservation of the Biodiversity of 1999 are the used lawful frame for the protection of the threatened species. Numerous areas protected have been created for the plain of action of the Biodiversity to protect and keep the unique ecosystems of the continent; 64 moist soils are registered below the agreement of Ramsar and exist moreover 16 declared places world patrimony of the humanity. Australia occupies the number position 13 in the world in the index of Sustainability environmental of 2005.
Flora The majority of the woody Australian plants is evergreen and they are adapted to the fire and to the drought, by including many species of eucalyptuses and acacias. There is a very rich variety of endemic species of pulses they prosper even in poor soils in nutrients thanks to your symbiosis with the Rhizobia bacterium, and funguses that do possible the mycorrhizal. It considers to him that the current predominance of xerophityc typical flora of the semi-arid, arid and desert-like areas is due to a process of initiate desertification makes approximately a few 30.000 years due to the previous bursting in of the Homo sapiens do between 50.000/45.000 years. The scientists of the Australian organization of scientific and industrial investigation (CSIRO) found moreover 80 marine mountains, some too much of 500 meters of height and 25 kilometers of width; 145 submarine gun barrels, and corals of two meters of height and of until 2.000 years of age. The enormous dimensions of the mountains and the gun barrels demonstrate " it slowly that grow these give atmosphere and it a lot of that take a long time in recovering of any change ", has manifested the marine biologist Nic Bax.
Jungle
Coral reef
Desert
•
Fauna
•
The Australian fauna is celebrated for the presence of attractive marsupials and monotremes; besides these typical animals already celebrated, characterizes Australia the extraordinary abundance of poisonous animals, great part of them/it lethal for the human beings: the Chironex fleckeri ( wasp of sea or irukandji ) is a small medusa that frequents the seas of the north sector of Australia, also poisonous octopuses ( as the Hapalochlaena lunulata ) and poisonous fish, marine snakes; on land it abounds someone of the more murderous spiders being the presence of many of them/it frequents in the cities. Other Australian characteristic: it is the continent with major variety of wall lizards. The animal native species more known include, just as it is it been pointed out, to the monotremes ( the duckbill and the equines ) and the marsupials; the Australian marsupials are characterized for the adaptive variety of your species, finding herbivorous and carnivorous and spice that for evolutionary convergence it appears gnawing or that appear canine, and among them stand out diverse species of kangaroos, the koala, the wombats, the demon of Tasmanian and the ( extinguished in the years 1930 ) thylacine or " tiger of Tasmanian "; and birds as the emu, the kookaburras, the lyrebird or the cockatoo. Between the placental mammalians natives attract attention the gliders of the sugar; the dingo was introduced for the asians they dealt with the Australian aboriginals towards the 4000 a. C. In the courses of water of the Australian north it exists big crocodiles and other reptiles as the run aground us ( specially the Varanus giganteus ), the Australian dragon and someone of the more lethal snakes of the planet. Many animal and vegetable species it is extinguished after the human settling, by including the Australian megafauna does a few 30.000 years, such megafauna included "marsupial lions" and giant kangaroos; other been gone to him by extinguishing from the European settling, such as the thylacine of Tasmanian.
koala
Crocodile
Snake
Kangaroo Lemur Tasmanian devil
Turtle
Dragon fish
Clown fish
Platypus
Shark
economy •
•
•
Australia possesses a prosperous mixed occidental economy, with an income a head lightly superior to those of the United Kingdom, Germany and France, in terms of parity of buying power. The nation is found in the second place in the index of human development carried out in 2009 for the United Nations, by being surpassed only for Norwegian; occupy the sixth position in the index of quality of life of The Economist review (2005). In the recent years, the Australian economy has resisted the economic worldwide sharp decline, it who is made visible in the growth of your home economics and in the maintenance of the businesses and the consumption. In the decade of 1980 , the Bob Hawke government began a process of economic reform when leaving float the Australian dollar in 1983 and deregulate the system financiero.29 from 1996 , the Hawke government has continued the process of reform microeconomic, by including the partial deregulation of the labor market and the privatization of businesses of the state, notably the industry of the telecomunicaciones.30 a substantial reform in the system of taxes went implemented in July of the 2000 with the introduction of the tax of properties and services of 10% of the aggregate value, which has reduced a little the strong dependence of the income taxes personal (income) and of societies that still characterizes to the tax system of Australia. The Australian economy has not suffered a recession from beginnings of the decade of 1990. For April 2008, the unemployment was of the 4.1 %.31 the tertiary sector of the economy, including financial tourism, education and services, understands 69% of the PIB. The agriculture and the exploitation of the natural resources understand 3% and 5% of the PIB respectively, but it contribute substantially in the national exports. The markets of more important export for Australia include Japan, Chinese, the United Stated, South Korea and new Zealand.
Kalgoorlie
culture •
The primary base of the Australian culture went |anglocĂŠltica| until half-filled of the century XX, although the characteristic Australian features had gone by acquiring of the environment and of the aboriginal culture. Over the past 50 years, the Australian culture has being hard had influence for the popular culture American ( particularly in television and cinema ), for the immigration to great scale of countries not anglophones and for the Asian neighboring countries. The vigor and the originality of the Australian arts? manual films, opera, music, painting, theater, dances and arts? it have reached international reconnaissance.
Royal Exhibition Building
Aboriginal song and dance
Sunlight Sweet
sports •
The sport, leaned for a climate that favors the activities outdoors, has an important paper in the Australian culture. 23.5% of the too much 15-years australians of age participates regularly in operation sport organizadas.32 at international level, Australia has important equipments in |cricket| , hockey, |netball|, Rugby League and |union| |rugby|; and also it stand out in cycling, oar and swimming. to it escalades national, other popular sports include Australian football, horse racings of horses, football and motoring. Australia has taken part in every one the editions of the Olympic gameses of being modern it and in all games of the Commonwealth.
football
surf
rugby
GASTRONOMY •
Australia's cuisine reflects its multicultural historical past: the native cuisine of the Australian aborigines, called bush tucker or bushfood, British and Irish cuisine of the first European settlers who came mainly from the British Isles, and the contributions of Asian cuisine and Mediterranean brought by immigrants arrived after the First World War. Meat and fish are basic ingredients. The typical dish is quintessential Australia meatloaf.
Vegemite
Pavlova
PRODUCED AND DIRECTED
fin
BY CLAUDIA LUMBRERAS AGUAYO Irene garrido alonso Paula durán santolaya Adolfo calvo artaso Mario jiménez renes Rubén jorge sáez