October 2018 by Reporter Magazine

REPORTER OCTOBER 2018 reporter.rit.edu

RIT is launching a new brand. And it’s all centered around YOU.

We’re on to something powerful.

If he had hands, he’d probably write for us too. We’re hiring writers! If interested, send your resume and a writing sample to rpteic@rit.edu. Writers are paid positions. @ reportermag

Your creative and innovative spirit. Your persistent drive. Your ambition to deliver a bigger, better solution. Our new brand celebrates who we are as a community. And it tells our collective story: Every imaginative endeavor, every hard-fought victory, every inconceivable discovery. It’s a new look with the same tenacious Tiger attitude. Because at RIT, there are endless possibilities to be exceptional.

Please Recycle

REPORTER EDITOR IN CHIEF Frankie Albin PRINT MANAGING EDITOR Cayla Keiser

ONLINE MANAGING EDITOR Kristin Grant COPY EDITOR Ramya Shankar NEWS EDITOR Kasey Mathews TECHNOLOGY EDITOR Joshua Maroney LEISURE EDITOR Olivia Lopatofsky FEATURES EDITOR Morgan LaMere SPORTS EDITOR Victoria Sebastian VIEWS EDITOR Taylor Synclair Goethe WRITERS Taylor Synclair Goethe, Liz Peterson, Kevin Zampieron, Morgan LaMere, Olivia Lopatofsky, Joshua Maroney, Cayla Keiser

ART

EDITOR’S NOTE Many of us have our lives planned out –— sketched into a mental map of our future, with all its goals and ambitions. Path and plan are our translation of the future and all it may be. It’s an odyssey — journeying through college, sailing along with the voyage of life. It feels as if you are at the helm, captain of the ship, free of strife. But often the mantle is dismantled — washing away all notion of direction. New opportunities appear on the horizon; storms ruffle once quiet waters and rocks bar the way, forcing reflection. No journey ever existed without the journey itself. That mental map of ours isn’t teleportation, but initiation.

ART DIRECTOR Alyssa Minko ONLINE ART DIRECTOR Monica Nguyen-Vo DESIGNERS Lily Garnaat,

While you may be forced off course, the storm’s gray clouds do have silver linings. One wave crashes and hits the next, eventually making it to shore.

Cynthia Muniz, Cassy Smithies, Elin Smith, Alyssa Minko, Kevin Zampieron, Alexis Scott, Kendra Murphy, Kathy Liu ILLUSTRATORS Stephanie Chan, Lily Garnaat, Aria Dines, Sara Calhoun, Angela Krieg, Juho Choi, Monica Nguyen-Vo, Kathy Liu, Unique Fair

The twists and turns of the helm, the change in route — while uncertain, they will lead to new discovery.

PHOTOGRAPHY PHOTO EDITOR Catherine Rafferty PHOTOGRAPHERS James Porras, Alexa Forberg, Tess Roberts, Noah Winslow

Take the waves as they crash into the ship and adjust your sails accordingly. Don’t fear the wind that swipes the map from your grip. You’ll draw a new one. But before you plot your reroute, make sure to scout ahead and perhaps add a new stop — even if you’re not quite sure what you’ll find. There are many more places to anchor than we initially realize, many more treasure chests to find and even more ways to get there. The wind and the wave just might lead you to the path you didn’t know you wanted, or the trove you didn’t know existed, even if you may have to endure a little time lost at sea.

BUSINESS BUSINESS MANAGER Sandy Wu AD / PR MANAGER Miguel Moran PRODUCTION MANAGER Ryan Menzie ONLINE SYSTEMS ADMINISTRATOR Adam Brodack WEB MANAGER Efe Ozturkoglu VIDEO EDITOR Danielle DeVries

Frankie Albin Editor in Chief

ADVISOR Rudy Pugliese PRINTING EPi Printing CONTACT 585.475.2212

Letters to the Editor should be sent to rpteic@rit.edu. No letters will be printed unless signed. All letters received become the property of REPORTER.

Reporter Magazine is published monthly during the academic year by a staff comprised of students at Rochester Institute of Technology. Business, Editorial and Design facilities are located in Room A-730, in the lower level of the Campus Center. Our phone number is 1.585.475.2212. The Advertising Department can be reached at 1.585.475.2213. “I’m standing so I don’t fall asleep” — F.A. The opinions expressed in Reporter do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute. Reporter is not responsible for materials presented in advertising areas. Copyright © 2016 Reporter Magazine. All rights reserved. No portion of this Magazine may be reproduced without prior written permission.

September 3

TA B L E O F cover and TOC illustration by Stephanie Chan

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PUBLIC SAFETY ARMS OFFICERS A Public Safety program authorizes the use of firearms against active shooters

T E CH 8

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: THE BRAIN OR THE MINION?

LEISURE 10

What’s scarier: Artificial intelligence or the people in charge of it?

@reportermag 4 September

STUDENTS ON SOCIAL MEDIA The cons of social media outweigh the pros, according to students

LAST MINUTE COSTUMES Not sure what to wear this 31st? Reporter’s got what you need

AT YOUR LEISURE Where’s Ritchie?

CONTENTS FE AT URES 16

PICKY ABOUT PARKING What do students have to say about on-campus parking?

WORDS: ECHOES DELAYED Words have power, but our words are not all our own

SPOR T S 24

SUGAR’S SPOOK-TACULAR TRUTH Sugar: sweet or scary?

TO HAVE BLACK HAIR IN AMERICA The reality of wearing natural black hairstyles in America

WORD ON THE STREET Have you ever had an experience with ghosts?

RINGS Text or call (585) 672-4840

reporter.rit.edu September 5

by Taylor Synclair Goethe | illustration & design by Lily Garnaat

n December 2015, a Reporter article broke the story that Public Safety would soon begin to carry firearms. Obviously, students raised several concerns about the change and then-President Destler even sent out a letter addressing the policy. To relieve concerns about Public Safety having the potential to use “deadly force,” then-Director Chris Denninger also sat down for a one on one Q and A to address the topic in 2016.

Does Public Safety Have Guns? It has been two years and RIT hasn’t provided any additional information on the policy or confirmation about whether it has been implemented. The full extent of the policy also remains a mystery. Will firearms truly just be reserved for active shooter scenarios, or will guns be weaved into the day-to-day operations of Public Safety? “There are no plans for firearms outside of active shooter scenarios,” said Gary Moxley, current director for Public Safety. Moxley is the former captain for the Rochester Police Department and has 12 years of experience as a SWAT team member for the station. He joined RIT’s Public Safety team in 2016 and served as the assistant director. After Denninger’s retirement in 2017, Moxley was promoted to be the department’s director with the specific aim to implement the Special Emergency Response Team (SERT) program. Moxley stressed that the program would not affect students’ relationships with the officers. Talks for the program began as a response to the uptick of violent mass shootings at schools. According to data compiled by CNN, there’s an average of one school shooting per week in America. This average is 57 times higher than other developed countries.

6 News

The increase of violence on school grounds, coupled with RIT’s “open campus” layout, makes the campus particularly vulnerable to mass casualties. “The days of saying, ‘It’ll never happen here’ are over,” Moxley said.

How Were the Officers Trained? A select few officers were trained to be part of the response team in the event of a mass shooter. The specific number of officers authorized to use lethal force and the exact grade of firearm they will be using is classified. However, Moxley would like to ensure students that no Public Safety officer will be carrying a handgun. The unnamed firearms are SAFE Act-compliant. The SAFE Act, or Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcement Act, is a law in New York state that limits the type of firearm a person can carry if they are not a sworn officer. The Public Safety officers involved in the program went through a number of training programs before becoming official members of SERT. The training included, but was not limited to, annual anti-bias training, a one-time psychological exam, Stop the Bleed initiative training to administer first aid and firearms training at the Monroe County Rifle School. A firearm is issued to each officer and is locked in a state-of-the-art, fingerprintonly access safe. This makes each weapon traceable back to the holder. According to Moxley, no weapon will be accessed at all unless there’s a “confirmed” active shooter. “We’ll know when there’s an active shooter ... through phone calls, eye witnesses or 911 operators,” Moxley said. He also pointed out RIT’s arsenal of over 700 security cameras as an additional tool to

make sure the campus is safe. As part of their training, officers also engaged in drills, role-playing the event of an active shooter. This special training is done at an off-campus location equipped with classrooms, crisis actors, simulation rounds, a stand-in “active shooter” and more. Moxley was quizzed on the possibility of performing active shooter drills again, but with actual RIT students. Moxley responded, “We’re not there yet.” He did, however, seem open to performing a full lockdown drill in the future.

What Is the Effect on Students? Active shooter drills began in schools after the much-publicized 1999 Columbine shooting. Although emergency drills for natural disasters have been in effect for a long time, active shooter drills have a unique effect on students’ psychology. Meredith Corley, who taught math in the wake of the Columbine tragedy, told The Atlantic about her experience. “Getting the kids settled back into the work of learning after lockdown drills is a nightmare. That mindset has no place in a learning environment,” she said. Active shooter drills are controversial for this exact reason. It heightens students’ stress and anxiety and is majorly disruptive to learning. The potential for psychological harm is also why RIT has been hesitant to begin these drills on students. “We don’t want our students to be afraid,” Moxley said. The militarization of Public Safety is a valid concern. RIT wanting an effective countermeasure to mass casualty scenarios is also understandable. The Las Vegas shooting was the largest mass shooting in our nation’s history, leaving 58 dead and 489 wounded,

despite lasting only 10 minutes, according to USA Today. Moxley’s goal with the SERT program is to be that little buffer between the initial gunshots and the police officers’ response, because in a mass shooting, every second matters. “We always consider the needs of our students, but the need to protect our students in mass casualty situations is more important,” Moxley said.

What Can We Do Now? It is easy to feel helpless in these scenarios; however, there are options for students who want to do more. For one, they can become more familiar with the TigerSafe app. There are many useful features such as the full campus map, the Friend Walk that sends a Public Safety officer to walk you home and the Mobile Blue Light that sends your location to Public Safety. The most relevant feature might be the “Say Something” button that allows students to report tips to Public Safety. Signing up for first aid or “Stop the Bleed” training is another resource for students who want to help during a mass casualty incident. As always, students should hold the administration and Public Safety accountable for their actions. If students ever feel that SERT has overstepped their bounds, Moxley encourages students to speak up. The SERT program shouldn’t have to exist, but since it does, we as students can take responsibility to keep our campus safe for each other.

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Artificial Intelligence — the Brain or the Minion? by Liz Peterson | illustration by Aria Dines | design by Cynthia Muniz

8 Technology

he dawn of the information age gave rise to creative and astonishing predictions about the future of technology. Movies of the ‘80s and ‘90s portrayed a technology that would eventually be embedded into every aspect of life. No one knew how quickly this technology would surface or how rapid its advancement would be, but they knew that change would be exponential. Today, artificial intelligence (AI) has nearly become a way of life, prompting curiosity undoubtedly by the governments of the world as to how this automation can be utilized to govern or rule over civilians. Similar to a scene from Jonathan Nolan’s “Person of Interest” on CBS, China has managed to develop cameras that utilize AI to help their police force take down criminals. This technology is advanced enough to pick suspects out of crowded streets within minutes. While decreasing crime rates is a valid use, one starts to wonder about the ways AI could be used for nefarious purposes. As illustrated by Paul Mozur in his New York Times article “Inside China’s Dystopian Dreams: A.I., Shame, and Lots of Cameras,” the new components to their surveillance equipment have brought China control over 1.4 billion civilians. Where some have associated the advancements in technology with liberation, many fear that the acts of one government demonstrate that this level of power shouldn’t be so consolidated. In light of recent events, Reporter conducted a brief survey to gauge the general public’s perception of artificial intelligence.

Survey Results Notably, it was unanimous that people believed AI to be vulnerable. Like every piece of technology, AI has its design flaws. Participants have demonstrated that the fear stems less from the operation of AI and more so from those who control it, if it can be controlled.

Another question presented on the survey inquired if the participants felt as if the government should be permitted to regulate AI. 50 percent of participants answered yes to this question. Though there seem to have been negative responses to the technology China has developed, the survey participants overall felt confident enough in the United States’ government to only produce AI that can be utilized to assist in predetermined tasks. “There is no way to design for harmful exploitation of technology,” one participant with first-hand AI experience answered. The participant went on to explain how attending a STEM school contributed to their positive outlook on technology, but made the point to say that though students can learn how to make such valuable equipment, there is not much they can do about eliminating vulnerability. People who want to take advantage of artificial intelligence and reap the benefits it has to offer are going

believe mass media contributes to their fears of AI

to do so regardless of any pushback. Another participant expressed deep concern when presented the question of what the world would be like with AI fully integrated into everyday life. “It puts us in a vulnerable state to having information stolen or misused. If someone hacks into whatever device you’re using, it could be potentially dangerous,” they answered. To surrender that much power to technology could be threatening to safety, privacy or way of life.

What Does AI Mean for the World? Of course, we should be able to rely on our government to use sound judgment when it comes to AI. However, history has shown us that power corrupts people. AI could make life easy, eliminate any true effort a human puts into everyday tasks and possibly even replace us one day. This is possible and likely if regulations aren’t implemented over the technology. However, mass media’s influence on the perception of AI could prove to just be paranoia. Perhaps we could coexist peacefully with artificial technology and use it for good, without tainting its purpose. Consider this sentiment from Elon Musk, the CEO of Tesla Motors: “I’m increasingly inclined to think that there should be some regulatory oversight, maybe at the national and international level, just to make sure that we don’t do something very foolish. I mean with artificial intelligence we’re summoning the demon.” The beginning of AI can be easily compared to opening Pandora’s box. Rules were not put in place, as regulations usually require destruction or death to cause fear first. If we don’t set a precedent now while AI is still in its early development, we will be forced to take on the unknown consequences down the road.

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by Morgan LaMere | photography by James Porras | design by Elin Smith

ntil fairly recently, the world was quite disconnected. Communicating across the globe was a daunting prospect, and while the telephone, the Internet and email made it easier, methods still weren’t accessible enough for most. Then, Facebook fundamentally changed the way we communicate, forging its imprint on most future apps. Thus, social media was born. Though it may feel like it’s been around forever, ideas like Facebook have only been around since its founding in 2004.

Defining Social Media “It’s generally any kind of person-to-person communication that is electronic in nature and requires you to use a specific platform,” said Mike Johansson, a senior lecturer in the School of Communication. Social media comes in many forms. Johansson described it in different types — closed, like Facebook, where you can’t search for someone using Google; open, like Twitter, where you can, and sites like Pinterest, where you have to be connected with someone directly to interact. Rarely does one person use all forms of social media, but most people use one form or another for what it offers. “It’s made it very easy to have interactions with people without being face-to-face,” said Johansson. “Social media has huge benefits in terms of building connections with people that are like-minded.”

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Johansson isn’t the only one who thinks so. Students who use social media see similar beneficial impacts.

The Student Perspective “I think social media has allowed me to meet up with a wide array of people. I’ve gotten to meet a lot of good people,” said Ryan McMahon, a first year Computer Engineering major. McMahon is an admin of the unofficial RIT Discord server, an innovative app that incorporates many elements from other successful media sources, such as combining the ease of group messaging with the video and voice quality of Skype that can bring people of all varieties together. It is a haven for many, including gamers, and has had a

strong impact on thousands, especially at RIT. “[There are a] wide array of services that are available, especially RIT ones,” McMahon said as to why Discord is so unique. “In the tunnels, there is WiFi, but no cell service. Communication is also easier; group chats can get muddy with different phones, but Discord is cross-platform.” “Discord has definitely been positive,” said Ryan Gillie, a second year Software Engineering major. “The rest has sort of been ‘eh.’” This is not exactly the raving review one might expect from someone who uses social media on a near-daily basis, especially for something ingrained in so many students’ lives. “My mom actually made my Facebook account to play Mahjong,” said Hillary Li, a

second year Electrical Engineering major, about her introduction into the world of social media. Li eventually switched to Discord when Facebook became less popular among younger generations, but still wasn’t thrilled. “[Social media is] sort of negative because you can’t convey [intention] like you could in person or over voice,” she said. The deeper it goes, social media gradually becomes less of an exciting novelty and more of a grueling necessity.

The Dark Side Clearly, not everyone has experienced social media in a positive light. And when we do come together via social media, it can often be with negative connotations. Johansson suggested why. “Politics and religion,” he said. “We tend to congregate with people who are likeminded, less apt to talk to people who are not like-minded. We become less tolerant, and tribalism develops.” He suggested it was the lack of paying attention to these downsides that created the 2016 election issues, such as widespread hacking and fake news sources. Yet it’s easy to blame social media for these problems when it’s truly the people behind it. “A few bad eggs can influence thousands,” Johansson said. When asked further about the kinds of problems that can crop up from improper use of social media, the list went on. “Bullying has been made a lot easier. When I was a kid and saw people at school, that is where they got bullied. Now with social media, it happens when you’re at home, too,” Gillie said.

In Gillie’s case, a mix of nasty Tumblr messages turned him off from the site. He’s not the only one who has experienced this kind of harassment. “There was a Facebook profile of my high school principal, and there was this Facebook bot; it took pictures from his actual profile and was like making fun of him,” Li reminisced. “He wasn’t even a bad principal.” Harassment doesn’t stop at grade school or college, and often extends to everyone who uses these sites, spreading negativity like an infectious disease.

“Throwing a new person into social media, I don’t know if they would make it.” “I don’t think the good’s outweigh the bad’s,” said Gillie. “We grew up with it; we have thick skin. Throwing a new person into social media, I don’t know if they would make it.” Unfortunately, it is often those inexperienced who are most impacted. Even the experienced can sometimes find it difficult to look past the negatives. “I don’t think there are enough good’s,” Li said. “Whenever I see something controversial in a way on Facebook, it will be maybe a police officer arresting someone ... It’s some clickbait caption that vaguely says what happened, and they’re like, ‘Oh this police officer should die.’” Luckily, there are ways to defend against these unavoidable consequences across the board and enjoy what social media has to offer.

Protecting Yourself McMahon has experienced these issues first hand. For him, these encounters have been infrequent. “Sometimes people say things they don’t mean since it’s not face-to-face,” McMahon said. Unfortunately, however, even if the intent is not to be harmful, intent does not always equal outcome. There are ways to mitigate such unintended consequences. “Within any kind of chat, be it Discord or something else, there are usually common courtesies. Specific chats have certain rules. Treat it like you’re chatting with people in the same room,” McMahon recommended for anyone using online chats. This seems like a very basic common-sense approach, but it’s a good rule of thumb to follow to avoid stepping on any toes. “Use social media in a much smarter way. Challenge thought. Be more thoughtful to what you give credence too. Be especially thoughtful to what you like and share,” Johansson said. In essence, pay attention to what you read. You’ll find a lot of things posted on social media, not all of which will be true. Making sure a source is factual before spreading it is an important step in both preventing misinformation and creating safer, better social media.

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Last Minute Costumes by Kevin Zampieron | illustration by Sara Calhoun | design by Cassy Smithies

Halloween: your only chance to wear dumb clothes and get drunk in college. But what if you don’t know what dumb clothes to wear? What if all of your friends find out how uncreative you are? Fear not! Reporter has some RIT-themed costume ideas for your boring oatmeal brain.

Orientation Leader Step 1: Wear khaki shorts and a bright t-shirt. Step 2: Apply duct tape to your eyelids. Step 3: Get a megaphone; chant endlessly into it.

PRESIDENT MUNSON Step 1: Acquire a trench coat.

Step 2: Find a friend with low self esteem. Step 3: Stand on said friend’s shoulders with the trench coat obscuring their body.

Step 4: Try suspiciously hard to be relatable.

FRESHMAN

Step 1: Find a freshman orientation shirt. If you still have yours, for the love of God update your wardrobe.

Step 2: Buy a box of Easy Mac. Step 3: Burn the shit out of it.

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BRICK CITY

Step 1: Show up to the Halloween party. Step 2: Leave way too early.

GRACIES

Step 1: Saturate yourself in grease. Step 2: Hang out with freshmen against their will.

MAGIC CENTER Step 1: Buy string LED lights.

Step 2: Cover yourself with the lights. Step 3: Realize you don’t have enough money to

finish the costume, but go the party anyway.

HAUNTED CARE PACKAGE Step 1: Order a large package on Amazon Prime.

Step 2: Cut head, leg and arm holes into the box the package came in.

Step 3: Wear the box.

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WHere ’s Ritchie?

AT YOUR LEISURE

illustration by Angela Krieg | design by Alyssa Minko

Halloween is right around the corner, but where’s Ritchie? Try to find him among the party guests.

14 Leisure

Open Houses OCTOBER 20TH | 10AM – 4PM

Take a tour and be entered to win a $250 gift card! PROUD SUPPORTER OF RIT HOCKEY

Incentive, fees and date are subject to change. Limited time only. See office for details.

Only $25 to apply!

An In-Depth

Look at

Parking by Olivia Lopatofsky| illustration by Juho Choi| design by Kevin Zampieron

hether or not you have a car or commute to campus, you’re probably familiar with the seemingly endless parking struggles on campus. RIT students complain that there are not enough parking spots, that parking permits are too expensive and that citations are given too generously and cost too much to pay off — and that’s just the beginning. Maybe you’ve been there yourself: out the door on time, a traffic-free commute — and then you get to campus and spend 20 minutes circling S-Lot, looking for a free spot. You manage to flag down someone backing out of a spot and pull in before anyone else can take it, only to have to walk 15 more minutes to the class that’s pretty much over at this point. Another option is to park in a reserved spot and make it to class on time, but face a citation costing at least $30. Reporter decided to conduct an in-depth exploration of parking on campus.

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The Students’ Side Marina Bacino, a fourth year Film and Animation major, mentioned a time some may remember last fall when there was such a lack of parking that people parked on the grass and on the road, even in H-Lot — one of the biggest parking lots. “There was a serious problem with parking everywhere on campus,” Bacino said. “A lot of my friends were late to class because they couldn’t find parking. They still got tickets, too, since they were parking on the grass. I didn’t drive for most of that semester because the parking was so bad.” However, having a car on campus is definitely essential to some, like Lacie Kraich, also a fourth year Film and Animation major. “There’s not much to do on campus,” she said. “If you want to get off campus and explore Rochester, then you definitely need a car.”

Bacino agreed. She’d rather drive her car if it meant avoiding the huge crowds and long wait times when the buses turn people away due to overflow. “I’d be able to get by with just the buses, but it’d be a lot more annoying [than driving and having to find parking],” she explained. Bacino has noticed that the buses have been unusually crowded, which she finds to be an issue. “The other day my friend and I weren’t allowed on the bus because there were so many people,” she said.

Parking Citations Parking citations are another significant issue for student drivers. “I get too many parking tickets,” said Kraich. “I could be parked somewhere for five minutes — with my lights on — and still get a ticket.” While Kraich estimated that she’s been

charged $120 in fines over her years at RIT, Bacino’s estimate was $500. Those numbers might seem incredibly high, but citations are easy to get and after just a few, the cost really adds up. According to the RIT Parking and Transportation website fines are $5 more with each additional ticket. “In addition, vehicles that accumulate multiple unpaid citations within a 90-day period may be subject to being booted with an assessed administrative fee of $50,” the site reads. Looking at the chart posted on their website, it’d be very easy to rack up a huge fee in no time. For example, if you park in a 20-minute spot and forget to turn on your flashers, that’s $30. If you park in the Global Village retail area the following week for one hour too long, that’s another $35. Forget to pay those fines and you face another $50 fine and the possibility of being towed. Parking citations may seem inevitable, but there are in fact ways to avoid fines. A general rule of thumb is to always look out for signs in parking lots. Make sure you know which kind of permits are allowed in the lot before you park. If you have the time in the morning, try to leave for campus a bit earlier than usual. You never know when traffic will be extra bad and cause unneeded stress when looking for parking in multiple crowded lots. Be cautious of smaller parking spaces; these typically allow parking for only 20 minutes and require that your car’s flashers are on for the duration. Students get off easy compared to residents of the city of Rochester. Citations ranging from leaving your car parked at a meter for too long, to parking too close to a driveway could cost anywhere from $40 to $150. If you avoid paying the fine for 30 days, the $150 fine increases to $235. If you ever get a ticket on campus, try to remember that it’s relatively low-priced compared to actual parking tickets, and know that your first parking ticket can be waived by the Parking and Transportation Office. Further parking citations can also be appealed. Paying the fine as soon as possible is the route to take, as there’s nothing worse than late fees.

“Lots of my friends were late to class because

parking. couldn’t find they

Building New While on the topic of parking lots, you might wonder why RIT doesn’t build more. It’s hard not to wonder if county building codes hinder their construction. However, according to Craig Eckert, deputy director of Engineering and Planning for Henrietta, RIT actually falls in the bounds of the town of Henrietta, but interestingly does not control what the campus can and cannot build. “[RIT] is a private institution that does not pay town taxes,” said Eckert. “Therefore the town does not have any oversight in regards to code. RIT makes its own decisions on parking and has the ability to add and subtract areas as they see fit.” Even though there seems to be a parking dilemma, it’s clear that RIT has its hands full when it comes to construction. At this moment in time, the school is still working to complete the MAGIC Center and the Alumni House. A new parking

lot — with costs upwards of $100,000 — might not be the most feasible, especially considering all of the other factors that impact construction. Though RIT has been focused more on constructing new buildings in the past few years rather than more parking lots, the school has put effort into providing alternative options for getting around campus. The bike-share program initiated last year, for example, allowed students to borrow bikes for a period of time and then return them to a designated bike rack. Though this program was largely unsuccessful last year (due to students mishandling the bikes), a different program, Pace, has been established this year. Pace is Rochester’s current bike share, which means that students now have the ability to ride the borrowed bikes around campus and all over the city. This not only cuts down on the time it takes to get to class,

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“RIT makes its own decisions on parking ...

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e h t s a h d n .. .a y to add t i t l i c b a a r t b u s s y e e e d n h t a s a s

a e r a

but eliminates the issue of needing a place to store a bike. Students who bring their own bikes to campus know how crowded the bike racks can get, especially near the dorms.

College Comparisons While RIT students might feel the parking situation here could be improved, other schools also have parking complications. Many would be surprised to hear that the price of a parking permit here is relatively affordable compared to that of other schools, and we also have more parking space, too. Take Cornell University, for example. “The parking permits here are around $800 a semester for students living on campus,” said Aaron Harbach, a third year Animal Science major at Cornell. “There are so few parking lots, though, and the permits are always oversold, leaving some students who brought cars without a place to park.” Harbach continued to describe the fines and citations Cornell doles out. “They are pretty strict about parking citations here, too,” he said. “I once got a $30 fine for parking in a nearly empty lot

on the weekend. I’ve seen a student’s car get towed because they never paid their tickets on time and just let them build up.” Not only are parking permits more expensive and less available, but the driving conditions are potentially more hazardous. Cornell’s campus is very hilly and the roads are long and winding. RIT is fortunate to have a flat campus. Though the winters are long and rough here, driving up and down steep hills and going around sharp turns in the ice and snow just to get to class isn’t something students here have to worry about. At Pennsylvania State University, the situation isn’t much different. Grace Chestnut, a third year Biobehavioral Health major at Penn State, discussed her experiences. “For my living area, it costs $320 a semester to park. It’s really expensive, but my car is right outside my building, so there are ups and downs,” she said. “There are cheaper parking permits available, but this campus is huge and I would have to park about a mile away from where I live.” Penn State’s campus is in an extremely rural area. While there are some things to do in town, driving 10 minutes off campus leads to a more remote area. To students

. t i f

who are not from the area, it seems like a necessity to have a car on campus. RIT, on the other hand, might be in a somewhat rural area, but downtown Rochester and many other hotspots close by are easily accessible by bus. Plus, the campus is only a quarter of the size of Penn State. You could technically park in most lots on campus and not have to walk more than 20 minutes to get where you need to be.

What to Expect While it doesn’t seem like much is changing in regard to this situation, it’s important to keep in mind that RIT is not the only school dealing with this issue. At the same time, RIT is rapidly improving and expanding, which is something everyone can get excited about. Besides, more parking lots to accommodate for the new construction can potentially be expected in the near future. The only way to find out is to wait and see.

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Words: Echoes Delayed by Joshua Maroney photography by Alexa Forberg illustration by Monica Nguyen-Vo design by Alexis Scott

ike many people from previous Godfearing generations, my mother tried to take her children to church and teach them about God. Like many millennials, my sisters and I wouldn’t have it. My parents gradually gave up their efforts in response to relentless arguing. We believed that our lack of faith wasn’t something that could be changed through religious education. One residual behavior that my mother maintained long after our church days was her propensity to correct my language regarding God. Though she is hard of hearing, she never missed me mumble, “Oh my God” under my breath. According to her, I was breaking a commandment by taking the Lord’s name in vain. It didn’t matter to her that I didn’t believe in God; It didn’t matter to me that I was breaking a commandment. In today’s culture, it might be more common to say or type “OMG” than recite the whole phrase, but it is still used as a common expression of frustration. This phrase, along with many others, is uttered without minding its literal, original meaning, which is roughly “I can’t believe God would let this happen.” At their core, people are reflections of their environments. People have no choice but to develop within the culture that surrounds them, and my culture coerced me into using that phrase as an expression of frustration because that’s how I learned it in context. Additionally, part of the environment we all live in is ourselves, and this isn’t recognized often. Practicing language as a child by repeating what one hears is a part of the learning process. This shows that we not only learn from imitating others, but also by imitating ourselves.

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As people develop, they tend to limit their language to fit their character. We’re all guilty of using the same vocabulary on a day-to-day basis until the time comes to write an English paper. This tendency, when combined with the innate human tendency to focus attention on negative things, can lead to a positive feedback loop of self-deprecating behavior.

G M O G OM M O OM M O OM OM M O OM

G G G G M G M G M G M G M G M Culture and Context

Joseph Hill, a professor from NTID’s American Sign Language and Interpreting Education department and an expert in linguistics, talked about context. “For any language, words can be interpreted differently by different people,” he signed. “Putting a word into context helps narrow down the meaning.” When people get together with different understandings of the same language, the meanings of words can be stretched to find a middle ground. This is exemplary in areas, like New York City, that have their own slang words. Dictionaries will forever struggle to contain all of these constantly adapting meanings. On the other hand, words and phrases can lose their original meaning over time as they are used in different social contexts. As many people might relate, I learned the phrase “oh my God” through repetitive exposure to it as a child. By observing people use it to express “oh wow,” “I can’t believe this,” “look at this” or “this is frustrating,” I was able to gain a conceptual interpretation of the phrase to use at my own disposal. Tina Sutton, a professor in the Department of Psychology who specializes in the psychology of language, described this phenomenon as “pragmatics.” “When you talk about pragmatics, you’re

focusing on context, or higher-level information,” she said. “So, when you use something like ‘oh my God,’ you might simply be using it as an emotional expression.” For some people, Sutton said, this phrase can have a deeper meaning or hold negative connotations. My mother falls into the latter category of people. When she learned the phrase “oh my God,” identifying as religious was more commonplace, and it was used to express that they couldn’t believe that God would let whatever they experienced happen. Everyone would rather make their mother happy, so I gradually slowed down my use of the phrase, especially around her. Still, I sometimes express reactionary shock with it. The phenomenon of switching between languages or varieties of language in conversation is known as code switching. People use code switching to make others feel more comfortable or better understand what they are saying.

“The way that we speak does change depending on who we’re speaking to or what the subject matter is. The way that you speak with a friend might be very different from the way that you speak with an adult that you don’t know very well,” Sutton said. This switch isn’t deliberate, but natural.

Subject to Surroundings Although the field of psychology is hesitant to describe anything as concrete or always true, American psychologist, behaviorist and social philosopher B. F. Skinner’s idea of operant conditioning, which says that individuals make associations between behavior and consequences, is generally accepted. Albert Bandura, an influential social cognitive psychologist, believed this and built from it, forming the social learning theory in 1977. He said that as children, the people we observe can act as models, and sometimes we encode their behavior to imitate it later.

For any language, words can be interpreted differently by different people. News 21

Children are more likely to imitate people that they find similar to them. In response, the people they imitate will respond by either punishing or reinforcing behavior as feedback. Positive feedback leads to a likelihood that the child will repeat the behavior. Eventually, many children develop an abstracted idea of the kind of person they want to be, which can lead to character-building and self-regulating behaviors. In pursuit of that abstracted ideal way of being, the mind can create a model to imitate, and this model can be consulted for feedback, the same as a person would. The lines between this and a person’s conscience can blur over time. People don’t always consult themselves in the moment. Instead of taking extra time to think before speaking, we use social language patterns that give structure to our sentences. This can conflict with conveying meaning accurately. Many people have experienced this when writing an English paper. After beginning a sentence one way, it becomes hard to complete it and convey the desired meaning, leading us to restructure the sentence. This shows that our speech patterns can sometimes be counterproductive. Judging one’s own language use isn’t something most people have the energy or time to do. When it does happen, multiple psychological processes are involved. One, in particular, is the articulatory rehearsal loop. Sutton described how this loop works as a function of our working memory system. “When someone is speaking, you’re able to hold that in your mind’s ear by recycling it, by repeating it,” she said. “So, if you’re sitting in a lecture and you have to take notes, you’re able to hold that message, which ended, in your mind’s ear by repeating it in that working memory.” The words we hear and speak can appear to us at later, seemingly random moments, as well as in dreams. By self-reflecting on language use, a person can train themselves to use patterns that achieve higher clarity. When people become competent and full of personality and substance, the environment they mimic and learn from includes themselves. People are always acting in ways they don’t completely understand, and this can be exploited by anyone who wants to practice self-correcting behavior. When people act without taking the time to decide what would be best, they are typically acting through ingrained patterns. In fact, most behaviors that people exhibit on a day-to-day basis are a routine, reflective of their past experiences and learned patterns.

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Designed to Self-Deprecate Most people know that their attention, focus and memory is not entirely in their control, especially during developmental years. Generally, the brain focuses on and remembers what it finds to be useful, which often corresponds with negative experiences. There is simply less to learn from easygoing, happy experiences than from failures, frightening moments and those times when expectations don’t match reality. “Research does suggest that we pay more attention to negative things than to positive things ... So, if someone’s smiling at me, that’s great. If someone looks angry with me, it’s probably important for me to identify that,” Sutton said. “So, it might be better for us to detect negative things faster and process them more efficiently than positive things.” Negativity in the general sense isn’t the only kind of behavior we can unknowingly imitate; blame and responsibility can be affected as well. Being surrounded by people who frequently blame and project their problems onto others and refuse to take responsibility would likely lead to the same or similar behavior. Over time, the phrase “oh my God” has developed an unspoken and abstract, yet universally-known meaning that is used in a wide range of social situations. Although it may be used lightly in certain situations, the word “God” carries with it a wide range of strong connotations and is meant to describe that which humans cannot understand or control. After using “oh my God” out of frustration many times, I realized that my words were blaming in nature, allowing me to feel less responsibility for my emotions. Sutton said that this could extend to others. “I could see where using it in that way might lead you to taking less responsibility for those things and thinking more about circumstances, and how the circumstances played a role in what happened,” she said. How much a person might be affected depends on many factors. How they feel about the phrase, God and religion matters, but what could matter even more is how much those feelings are experienced as a result of speaking the phrase. Hill emphasized the variability in people. “There will be people that no matter how many times they use that phrase, it’s not going to matter. It’s always going to be used as a euphemism. But, there will be other people who decide to remove that from their language,” he said.

Words do have power, and I often think that people forget that, or think that they donÕt.

Breaking the Patterns As online communications increase the average person’s exposure to language, they in turn increase the exposure to negative language. The internet is full of self-degrading humor. Serious discussions, especially political, have become tense and hostile. It feels as though there is less time to verbally show appreciation for the good things in life as modern life becomes restless. Because people are reflections of their environment, it isn’t surprising that an increases in negative language can lead to an increase in negative feelings. Our exposure to today’s language patterns may suffocate us and leave us all hopelessly caught in positive feedback loops of counterproductive feelings and behaviors. Some people may have been pushed into depressive states by the language that surrounds them. Dysphoric people may sometimes be an example of this. “People with dysphoria have not been diagnosed as depressed, but have scored high on measures of depression,” Sutton said. “Part of the reason they might stay in that mood is because they might focus on negative things more, and they keep repeating those negative things, and you can’t shift your attention to something else.”

G OM G OM G OM G OM G OM G OM G OM G OM G OM G OM

Hill discussed how casual this behavior has become. “Some people think it’s no big deal, it’s just a way of connecting with people,” he said. “There may be some that are able to separate that from themselves and the language won’t affect them, but that really is dependent on that person.” People might think they’ve matured past the point of letting words affect them, but the long-term effects could say otherwise. “People do a lot of self-deprecation, and that can have an impact on people’s mood,” Hill said. “Words do have power, and I often think that people forget that, or think that they don’t.”

Features 23

SUGAR’S SPOOK-TACULAR TRUTH by Cayla Keiser | photography by Tess Roberts | design by Elin Smith and Alyssa Minko

lthough most of us have outgrown the good ol’ days of dressing up and trick-or-treating, partaking in the Halloween spirit is far from behind us. Many people still dress up and celebrate, decorate their dorms and apartment doors and of course, eat candy. Ignorance may be the easy route when scarfing down 17 funsize Kit Kats, but there’s no doubt that eating tons of candy is going to have some kind of effect on our bodies. What sugar specifically is or does to us is still a mystery for some. When put simply, all sugars are carbohydrates. The Sugar Association defines carbohydrates as “macronutrients that provide the body with energy,”

24 Sports

including the brain, muscles and other organs. Bill Brewer, director of Exercise Science in the Wegmans School of Health and Nutrition, discussed how the body uses this sugar. “From the point of view of physiology, all sugar is ultimately the same because the body converts any and all sugars into glucose. The glucose is then what’s used to power both immediate and long term needs for energy in the body,” he said. While all sugar is processed the same by the body, there is still a difference between the two types of sugar we consume — added and natural — and what they do to us.

The Frightening Facts

Added sugars, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, are “sugars and syrups that are added to foods or beverages when they are processed or prepared.” These sugars are best to be avoided due to the effects they can have on your body. Excess sugar can lead to higher acne development, increased weight gain and energy depletion. While sugar can be a good energy source, food with higher amounts of added sugar can overload your system and cause energy rushes that end in a crash. Sugar crashes, as children, simply meant falling asleep on the couch and having the

luxury of being carried up to bed. But lets face it, we’re getting older and more tired by the day, with no one to carry us up the stairs or back to our homes from Midnight Oil. Nowadays, even one too many pieces of candy can send us into hibernation. Not only can our brains shut down due to sugar, but they can also become dependent on it. “Sugar ... has naturally addictive properties when consumed,” said Elaine Dolan, a fourth year Dietetics and Nutrition major. “When you consume sugar, it activates the dopamine receptors of the brain — of the entire central nervous system — and that is our pleasure system.” Dopamine is the “feel good” chemical in the brain, and while this hormone isn’t bad for you, foods like fruits don’t tend to release as much as candy or pastries might. We have all experienced the Halloween hangover which logically can only be cured by eating more candy or other added sugar sources, rather than fruits. But of course, this method will only lead into a repeat cycle of candy hangovers. These added sugars are found most commonly in pastry or dessert items, sugarsweetened drinks such as soda and candy. They are also found in unsuspecting items, like instant oatmeal and other snack foods

Not-so-Spooky Sugar

“In most cases it seems like natural sugar — in moderation — doesn’t have any negative effects,” Dolan said. There are two kinds of natural sugars — fructose and lactose. The foods that these sugars are found in hold substantial nutritional value. Lactose is found in milk, which also contains calcium and small amounts of Vitamin A, C and D. Fruit is a common source of fructose, which is digested only by the liver. Like with all organs though, sometimes too much of a good thing can be a bad thing.

“

Dolan commented on how too much fructose could be potentially harmful. “If you chronically consume way too much fructose, theoretically, it could lead to a fatty liver ... that being said, don’t freak out about eating too many fruits. In general, fruits are very healthy for you,” she said. The majority of raw fruits contain other health benefits including Vitamin C, potassium and dietary fiber — all of which are important for us to maintain good health.

HOW MANY FUN SIZE CANDIES CAN YOU EAT BEFORE YOU HIT THE LIMIT?

Tips and Treats to Remember

Daily Added Sugar Limit

Even though natural sugar is better than added, sugar overall is best in moderation and necessary for living a healthy life. “We need that glucose to run our bodies. Someone who says, ‘I’m not gonna eat any sugar’ — well that’s fine if you mean table sugar, if you mean sugar syrup, if you mean those various things. But to say, ‘I’m not going to eat any carbohydrates,’ well, that’s a big mistake because our body needs glucose to run,” Brewer said. If you live an active lifestyle and eat a wellbalanced diet, sugar won’t be your enemy. “The thing you can do is be physically active. To exercise. To walk. To utilize your muscles to consume that additional energy that you’ve taken in,” Brewer said. There is no reason to deny yourself the social pleasure of Halloween candy indulging. Don’t live in fear of what sugar can do to your body, as long as you aren’t over-consuming bad sugars and are taking care of yourself for the long run. “I think with appropriate balance, you can reduce those risks [of sugar] and enjoy those pleasures [of Halloween],” Brewer laughed. “My favorite Halloween candy is a Nestle Crunch. Those little crunch bars are delicious and I’ll have several of them on Halloween.”

Those little crunch bars are delicious and I’ll have several of them on Halloween.”

Men

36 g

Women

25 g

Crunch Men Women

Reese’s Men Women

Skittles Men Women

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to have

BLACK HAIR in

america

by Taylor Sinclair Goethe | illustration by Aria Dines | design by Kendra Murphy

ixth grader Faith Fennidy was expelled on her first day of school for wearing braided extensions. This is not an isolated incident; black children all across the country are kicked out of school every year for their hairstyles. It’s a painful tradition of black hairstyles being seen as unfit in school. Worse, it’s rationalized to disrupt their learning. Fennidy wore what is known as a protective hairstyle, which tucks the ends of hair away to prevent breakage while also promoting healthy growth. Protective hairstyles are most beneficial to kinky hair textures, which are more likely to tangle and break ends. Most braids, along with weaves and locs, are strongly rooted in Black culture because it’s been a proven way to protect our natural hair. However, many private schools and jobs ban these styles entirely. “The majority of students going to private schools aren’t POC so their rules aren’t built for us. It’s a system built this way over time and is accepted,” said Tomicka Wagstaff, the assistant vice president for Academic Access and Success, said.

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The History of Hair Discrimination Controlling the presentation of black people’s hair goes back to slavery. The Tignon Laws was a ban set in place in 1786 in Louisiana by Governor Esteban Rodriguez Miró that prevented any black woman of African ancestry, free or enslaved, from showing their hair in public. “The regulation was meant as a means to regulate the style of dress and appearance for people of color. Black women’s features often attracted male white, French and Spanish suitors and their beauty was a perceived threat to white women,” Farida Dawkins, a journalist for Face 2 Face Africa, wrote. The Tignon Laws have long been overturned, but the social effects still have bearing on our culture today. In short, black women’s natural hair is still seen as “unfit” for public viewing. According to USA Today, it wasn’t until 2014 that all branches of the military changed their hair regulations to be more inclusive of black hairstyles. Yet, it is still at the discretion of private employers and schools whether traditional black hairstyles are acceptable. Lawsuits against employers for hair discrimination have even reached the Supreme Court. In 2010, Chastity Jones was offered a job at Catastrophe Management Systems (CMS) with the precondition she must cut off her dreadlocks. Jones sued under the pretext of racial discrimination. Unfortunately the Supreme Court justices refused to even review the case. Due to their lack of action, discriminatory hair policies remain legal.

The Impact of Hair Discrimination I have 4C hair. According to the hair texture chart, my hair type is the kinkiest texture there is. As far as America’s beauty standards are concerned, I do not have “good hair.” My mother decided to keep my hair healthy rather than conform to racialized notions of beauty. So, for much of my childhood I wore my hair in cornrows and was bullied for having short, nappy hair. I was told I had a head full of tarantula

legs. I felt so ugly all the time that I asked my parents not to buy my school photos. Black people’s hair textures are as diverse as our skin. Wagstaff said that the term “good hair” refers to hair that is straight and flowy. The standard is replicated all over media from movies, to magazines and television shows. Wagstaff explained that she felt like an outsider among her grandmother, mother and aunts, all who fit the “good hair” model while she in turn had short, kinky hair. “I wanted my hair permed at an early age,” Wagstaff said. “I wondered, ‘What can I do to make my hair do what theirs does?’” Contrary to protective hairstyles, many methods to straighten kinky hair leads to breakage and could result in permanent damage. Hot combs, perms and relaxers all will straighten kinky hair, but can also cause burns. The most potent are relaxers: creams that chemically straighten hair. The active agents are usually alkali or ammonium thioglycolate, which can result in serious acid burns, bald patches, scars and infections if improperly used. A famous scene in the Chris Rock documentary “Good Hair” shows an entire soda can being dissolved in a relaxer-based solution. JoVonna Victor, the assistant director for McNair scholars, said she had her first relaxer at five years old.

Black Hair is Black Pride Black hair is inherently political because the history of racial discrimination is woven into the history of hair discrimination. This also why the afro is the symbol of Black liberation because to fully accept our blackness, we must fully accept our hair. I didn’t wear an afro to school until I was 16 and never cut my hair beyond a trim until I was in my second year of college. The process of loving myself as a black woman correlates with loving my hair, no matter how it looks, because it is a part of me.

“I can’t describe the PRIDE I felt when black girls saw me being honored while wearing an AFRO.” However, we are still raised with the same negative messaging that kinky hair is ugly. “I remember when I brought my daughter to Disneyland for the first time. [There were] two lines to see princesses, Tiana and Rapunzel. The line for Princess Tiana was shorter, but my daughter didn’t want to see her. She said, ‘She’s just black and has her hair up,’” Victor said. “My heart was shattered. How can you not see her as beautiful?” Victor counters negative messaging by leading by example — with self love. One day her daughter came to her wearing one of her headwraps and said, “Mama, look how pretty I am!” That’s the confidence she wants to instill: you’re pretty no matter what. I graduated high school as an honors student. A part of the privilege is visiting the elementary schools in our robes so the children can see what a high school graduate looks like. I decided to stomach my insecurities and wear my afro. I can’t describe the pride I felt when black girls saw me being honored while wearing an afro. The short glances I exchanged with each of them as I made my way down the halls was a thousand times more gratifying than receiving my diploma. Victor often tells her daughter, “You don’t want your hair to be flat. Your curls are reaching towards God.”

The opinions expressed are solely those of the students and do not reflect the views of REPORTER.

WOTS Word On The Street

HAVE YOU EVER HAD AN EXPERIENCE WITH GHOSTS? photography by Noah Winslow | illustration by Kathy Liu | design by Kathy Liu

“I lived in a house built in 1790 and all my family said they saw a ghost. My dad heard someone scream and a door slam, and I told him he was lying.” Rebecca Fitzgerald, Third year, Photo Science

“My mother is convinced our dead grandmother haunts the house. Our dryer door in our basement opens randomly so she thinks our grandma’s helping out with laundry.” Samantha Hammond, Fourth year, Industrial Engineering

“One of the previous owners of my house, a farmer, said that there was an accident with a motorcyclist right in front of the house. The farmer saw the motorcyclist ghost walking circles around the yard.” Lenny Covenas, Fifth year, Graphic Design

“This guy who lived in my house before us was working on his back porch when he noticed something wasn’t right. He drove himself to the hospital in his red pickup truck, but died in the hospital parking lot. When we moved in and were taking videos of the place we saw a red truck floating through the video.” Thomas Bummer, First year, Mechanical Engineering

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“My dog just sits at the bottom of the stairs and barks at something. Also, my cardboard cutout of the Property Brothers kept shifting around, and it wasn’t me, my mom or my dad. We named the ghost Pat, a gender neutral name becausee we don’t know what they are.” Alyssa Schoenfeldt, Second Year, Environmental Science

“I go to this nature camp with lots of cliffs and stuff. The story goes that two kids were hiking and one fell off the cliffs. His mom is said to haunt the camp looking for her child.” Austin Heisey, Second Year, Software Engineering

“There’s this Hawaiian ghost story I know. Some travelers were driving up Mt. Kilauea and there was a wagon, destroyed on the side of the road, but the travelers did not stop to help the old woman who was calling to them from the wagon. The next day, the lava goddess disguised as the old woman the day before, made the volcano erupt to get her revenge.” Sebastien Selarque, Fifth year, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Technology

The opinions expressed are solely those of the students and do not reflect the views of REPORTER.

Would it be weird if I were in your apt when you get home? Sept. 9, 2018,

12:13 p.m.

I’m in your apartment

compiled by Taylor Synclair Goethe illustration by Unique Fair design by Alexis Scott

Sept. 9, 2018, 12:36 p.m.

The Spice Girls are back, and they’re out for blood Aug. 22, 2018, 2:23 p.m.

Sean Connery died doing what he loved: the flashlight he got from Nic Cage during the filming of ‘The Rock’

You may think I have no filter, but I hold back the *truly spicy* Rings as I‘m worried you Reporter people have figured out [about] the ‘dead’ CIA agent my number belongs to

Aug. 23, 2018, 6:40 p.m.

Aug. 21, 2018, 7:07 p.m.

Pass me the spider stick! Sept. 9, 2018, 2:35 p.m.

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The opinions expressed are solely those of the students and do not reflect the views of REPORTER.

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