History of Christianity

History of Christianity 1. Europe ‐ Christian 2. N. Africa ‐ Controlled by Islam

Privitization of Churches ‐ Secular Lords controlled through tithes; property

Christendom ‐ No separation of Church and State

‐ Theocracy = Nation governed by God

Rise of Universities ‐ Cathedral Schools grew studying math, philosophy and theology

Problems in Priesthood:

Simony ‐ Sell Church Offices (Privatization)

Cohabitation ‐ Priests living with females (pregnancies occuring)

Invesiture Crisis ‐ Measure of agreement between the Pope and the Secular Lord; But not always

1046 ‐ Henry III ‐ Synod of Sutry: Clement replaced Gregory

1076 ‐ Bishops in Germany withdrew support from Rome

Leader of the Church ‐ Respectable (Control of land and money)

Clement II and Leo IX preached against this

Need of Uniformity (Rome)

Henry VI supported Germany/Pope said not true emperor

Theology and Architecture:

Carolignian Rennaisance:

Question: Relationship of the Holy Spirit to Son?

Question: Nature of Jesus

Question: God's Sovereign purposes in election (Double Predestination)

Question: Nature of Jesus' Birth (Natural or Spiritual)

Filioque (and the Son)

other way)

Question: Nature of the Eucharist (Flesh and Blood or Spiritual

Spiritual was the majority opinion among theologians (popular opinion went the

Heresy:

Veneration of the Crucifix

Infant Baptism

Property Ownership

First Response: Preach against (lay persons opened to more heresy)

Waldenses broke with the Church

Pope Innocent III ‐ Dominicans (Apologists) and Franciscans (Fix the Church) set up to preach against Cathars

Cathars ‐ were dualistic; Manichean Theology

Physical World ‐ Evil

Second Response: Attack (Crusades)

1. Crusades ‐ political, social, and economic influence

1095‐1231 A.D.

leadership, money

Failure: Poor planning, inadequate supply route, anarchy, lack of

2. Inquisition ‐ Judiciary means to try to del with heresy

themselves

Originally to provide rights to those accused to defend

Later: "You're guilty! Confess to it!"

Anselm of Canterbury

1. Ontological Argument for God's Existence

2. Satisfaction theory of Atonement (Why God became Man) ‐ Calvin and Luther

Peter Abelard

Thomas Aquinas

Moral Influence Theory of the Atonement

1. Wedded Christian theology with Aristotelean Philosophy

2. Epitomized in 5 days ‐ Cosmological argument for God's existence

Architecture:

Gothic

Speaks of later Scholasticism

Gargoyles ‐‐> Supposed to scare off demons away from Church (Popular piety)

* Demonic oppression, bubonic plague

* Witch craze

* God as judge and trying to placate God

* Eschatology

depths of truth)

* Very ornate ‐ detail, attention and debate over nit‐picky stuff (delve into the

Problems:

Babylon Captivity

Avignon, Fance (series of French Popes) ‐ Moved See to France

Became priest for French King

The Great Schism of the Western Church

Benedict and Gregory ‐ 2 Popes

Resolved by Councils

Conciliar Movement

Question: Authority not settled in Church

John Wycliffe: England ‐ Hundred Years War, Black Death, Peasant's Revolt

Church ‐ Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism

Bubonic Plague ‐ God's Judgment because allowed some people to exist (Gypsies, Muslims, Witches, Jews (took brunt of blame))

Black Death ‐ How to do ministry to people

Clergy refused to do Mass, etc. from fear

Sent out students to preach from Oxford

Hundred Years War ‐ Series of Conflicts between England and France

Very costly socially and economically

1328 ‐ Capitain Dynasty ends: Charles IV died (no heir)

Philip VI crowned (cousin) ‐ not closest in progression of male heir

France

Grandson of Philip the Fair ‐ King Edward III of England = closer royal link to

France)

1333 ‐ Regains Scotland (Secure Kingdom in England)

1337 ‐ Attacked France: Challenged Philip's throne (English won many battles)

Became King at 13; At 17 ‐ took control of the throne (rightful heir of

Some support in France; Philip taxed the people

Joan of Arc ‐ 13 years old and a peasant

Heard voices from John, etc. to lead them into battle and rescue France

Was not believed at first: King said yes to her

She led and had miraculous victory

Captured by Bergundians and sold to England

Tried for witchcraft and burned at the stake

While burning she cried out to Christ

John Wycliffe ‐ Leading theologian in Europe

Conflict with Rome

Abuses of the Church (Simony, Nepotism, etc.)

Rome does not have power/priority over English Church

1351 ‐ Statute of Provisors ‐ Roman Pope has no say in who is Bishop in England 1369 ‐ War with France; new taxes, but not the Church 1372 ‐ Pope Gregory XI ‐ Taxed clergy and opposed by England

Babylonian Captivity = France would get money

John of Gaunt

1377 ‐ John Wycliffe, February 19 (Good support and popular)

Gaunt ‐ berated bishop and had to flee

Gregory XI ‐ condemned his teachings

Teachings:

Authority of the Church (Only head was Christ)

Selling of Indulgences and excommunication not Biblical

Nature of Eucharist ‐ argued against Transubstantiation ‐ limit Church's authority

Emphasis on Faith of Person

Spiritual presence in elements

Philosophy of Authority:

army])

Leaders exist to serve people (taxes for serving people [like raising an

Exercised not for personal gain (Pope's taxes, politics, property)

1381 ‐ Rebellion of Peasants (New Poll Tax) ‐ killed merchants

Wycliffe Supported the Merchants and was dismissed from Oxford

Wycliffe translated the Bible into English (started in 1381)

Translated into common tongue for preachers

You can be a preacher without training; just need to know the Bible

Council of Constans, 1414 ‐ Wycliffe's teachings condemned and bones were burned and thrown into the River Swift Jon Hus

Prague

Preaching in native tongue; Bohemia (very radical to do this)

Appointed preacher of Bethlemhem Chapel

Precipitated by Wycliffe's teachings

Hus accepted Transubstantiation, Wycliffe denied it

Hus wanted prestige, money, etc.

Hus became very conservative and was critical of Church abuses

‐‐> Archbishop Zedneg was angry with him for he purchased his office (Simony)

Priests were threatening Hell to those who did not give money

Hus accused priests and archbishop of abuse harshly

Archbishop wanted to catch Hus in heresy (spies went to sermons)

Hus found out about it and called them out during sermons

Pope John XXIII (Illegitimate Pope) ‐ Indulgences for those who would join him in war

Hus preached against it causing an uproar

Hus was urged to leave Prague and went into exile

Published "Nature of the Church" ‐ only religious authority is God (Condemned pappacy and councils)

Council of Constans, 1414 ‐ Hus was summoned and promised safe conduct by Emperor Sigsmund (Promise revoked when he arrived = imprisoned: followers

administered eucharist to laity ‐ not done before)

Followers of Bohemia disagreed with imprisonment and petitioned for his release

July 6, 1415 ‐ Hus was tried, condemned and burned at the stake

Some of his followers suffered the same fate (Jerome of Prague)

Prague ‐ many supported Hus' views

July 30, 1419 ‐ Jon Zelizgy led group to Church, kicked doors in, held Mass, went to city hall and demanded Husites to be released

killed anyway

City officials refused; 13 were thrown out of the window, some lived, but were

This was called the First Defrinstration of Prague

Led to 17 years of War

2 Factions: Moderate and Radical

Outcome of Hussite War

1. Wine allowed to be served to laity, but not encouraged

2. Priests in Bohemia were required to give up their estates

3. Priests and deacons could preach, but not laymen or women

4. Doctrine of Transubstantiation was still endorsed

Reforming Spirit came long before Protestant Reformation!

The Renaissance: Love/Hate relationship between theologians and classical thought

Justin accomodated each

Tertullian ‐ What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?

Augustine ‐ Neo‐Platonic thought; gulf between Heavenly and Earthly

Theologians were skeptical of the value of the classics (Pagan)

13th and 14th Centuries ‐ Renaissance begins to take shape (Rebirth)

Bringing Roman and Ancient ideals back (mostly in art)

Giotto said to be first Renaissance artist

Drawing people as they actually looked ‐ created depth (more realistic)

Medici Family

Michelangelo ‐ did not get along with Pope Leo X

Greek and Roman sensibilities revived:

1. Moderation, not excess

2. Beauty of Natural order

3. Happiness

4. Earthly (Aristotle) ‐ spoke against Plato's realm of the Forms (Live this life)

Thomas Aquinas ‐ Revival of Aristotelean Thought 1200s‐14/1500s = Aristotle thought came back (made its way into arts) Traditional view of Renaissance ‐ clear break from Dark Ages (Simplistic)

Change came slowly over time

Key facets of Renaissance Art = Corresponded well to Humanism (people, language, human achievement)

1. Nature

2. Details in painting

3. Personality/Distinguishable persons

4. Life‐like portraits

Science:

Leonardo de Vinci ‐ anatomy

Nicholas Copernicus ‐ cosmos; challenged Aristotle and Ptolemy scientific thought

Galileo Galilei ‐ telescope (moon, Jupiter and moons)

Tycho Brahe ‐ though sun orbited earth and other planets orbited sun

Humanism:

Erasmus ‐ born 1466/9 ‐ famous humanist

Daiser Darius

Age 18; parents died ‐ inherited estate, youth‐management under another's control (they squandered it)

Sent to monastery, learned Latin, became Augustinian monk (very likeable person)

Traveled a lot between Paris and England

Offered many influential posts in Church ‐ turned down because he liked freedom to speak his mind

At the monastery = complained a lot

Went to Paris ‐ learned Greek, bought books

Begger for money from the rich

Went to England ‐ Met Thomas Moore, Henry VIII, John Colette (impressed with them)

Humanist Halmark = Return to Classics

1500 ‐ Went back to Paris; wrote commentary on quotes he collected

He criticized Church (Praise of Folly)

Asked to be removed from Augustinian Order

Recovery of original Biblical languages (controversial ‐ vulgate)

Julius II, Warrior Pope: Indulgences and Rich Pappacy (poor were starving)

Erasmus not as angry as Luther later would be

"Praise of Folly"

We are driven by passion, life is ridiculous

Jokingly Criticized Church: Veneration of Relics, indulgences, absolution, transubstantiation

Criticized Pope Julius II in the form of a play after he died (Julius Exclusius)

Erasmus famous for Greek NT dedicated to Pope Leo X to keep him safe from controversy

Wrote a commentary in margins of the translation

Befriended Pope Leo X and released him from vows

Martin Luther ‐ life and teaching

Father was a hard worker at copper mine ‐ purchased copper mines (wealthy)

Strict up‐bringing ‐ severe punishment

Relationship with parents ‐ love/hate; was nervous around father (honorable people, father had ambitions for Luther = sent to school)

Plague was harsh, crime and violence, supply routes were poor, syphilis

Remembers discipline of school more than what he learned

Mastered Latin by 13 ‐ boarding school

17 ‐ recommended for university at Erfort (very bright student = law school ‐ father wanted him to go; he excelled in law)

1505 ‐ friend died, traveled home through bad thunderstorm

Cried out to St. Anne and made a vow to enter the ministry

Joined Augustinians; did not tell father at first ‐ father became angry and did not speak to him for a long time

1507 ‐ Father came to hear his first Mass

Idea of God was formed by theology over time: Catholic, Upbringing, Superstition = God is a harsh judge Johannes von Staupitz

Leader in Augustinian Order

Luther confessed his sins; awareness of own sin was so profound he would go on and on in confession

He feared God's punishment

confess

Staupitz told him to go away and come back when he had something more profound to

Staupitz sent him to Rome for penance (prayers on steps and relics)

1510 ‐ visit to Rome = lack of seriousness about work of the Lord saddened him; became depressed

Fredrick the Wise of Saxony: Sent to study at Wittenberg under

Started University at Wittenberg

Luther sent to study at Wittenberg under Andreas Carlstadt

Luther earned doctorate and began teaching

1511 ‐ Preached; worked through each book of the Bible (very popular)

1512 ‐ Professor of Theology

Fredrick was popular: possibly to become the next emperor

1514 ‐ Albert purchased archbishoprick

While working through the Bible, he began questioning certain beliefs and practices

Pope Leo X ‐ inherited building projects of Julius (needed to raise the money fast)

Fundraising campaign began

Hired Johannes Tetzel ‐ indulgences

1515 ‐ Luther appointed to District Vicar

Growing nationalism ‐ resentment that helped reform movement forward

Was slick ‐‐> good at getting people to give

Luther complained about Tetzel early on ‐ Fredrick supported Luther

October 31, 1517 ‐ 95 Theses written in Latin for theological discussion nailed to Church door

They were propositions for debate, not total opposition

He was inviting the intelligencia to discuss the issues

He also sent a letter to Albert of Mites to stop Tetzel's presentation as free ticket and to stop abusing the people by taking their last dollars 95 Theses

Complaints:

Concerned about the Pope's reputation

Good works were undermined

Pope opening self and Church up for ridicule

Life should be characterized by repentance

#41 ‐ You can do good works, even with indulgences

Luther's concern for Pope and Church ‐ had hard time defending Pope with Tetzel doing what he was doing

Humanists backed Luther ‐ Erasmus

They translated the 95 Theses in German, not Luther, and distributed it widely (Printing process helped)

1518 ‐ defended himself before Augustinians at Heidelberg

intellectuals)

Called to Augsberg = Cajetan: General of the Dominican Order (Theologians ‐

Held most of teaching posts

Protectors of Dominicans

Luther did not have a fully developed theology

Cajetan ‐ promised to be father to Luther

Luther was terrified of Cajetan

Luther had to prostrate himself and was to submit (his vow)

Luther was to recant (Revoco) his questioning of the Pope's issue of indulgences

Luther was to recant, but he refused to do so

1519 ‐ Charles V became Holy ROman Emperor (powerful politically)

Tried to defend Pope

Intro ‐ warring of France and Spain

Luther (with Carlstadt, 200 students, and Malanchthanon) went to Leipzig to debate with John Eck (Professor of Theology)

Eck was German ‐ not nationalistic though

Eck defended the Pope, Luther was shocked

Eck was not professional or respectful

Debate lasted 18 days

Eck had a bodyguard of 76 men

Major points covered:

Controversial and Tense

1. Use of books ‐ St. Augustine used them

2. It was upon Jesus that the Church was laid

3. Hussites ‐ Universal Church: Luther denied being a Hussite at first

4. Do not need to be subject to Pope or council to be saved

5. Scripture is Authority

6. Right to believe freely

Luther was released from vows by Staupitz

Debate at Leipzig

Formative for Luther ‐ clear

Lost support from some (Humanists)

Disagreed with abuses of offices of Pappacy

Some were conciliarists = no authority, but Bible

Who interprets the Bible? Luther said anyone

Set himself up against the Church

He saw being releasd as necessary, but hurtful

After the debate, he was able to formulate his theology (began to understand the righteousness of God)

He questioned Synteresis (Spark of goodness/divine spark within humans ‐ to respond to God in faith)

Feeding this would help workout your salvation

Described breakthrough while lecturing through Psalms (1518‐1521)

Suffered from depression ‐ threats and abandoned (in cloaca) = in the dumps

He meditated on the righteousness of God = He was taught it referred to God as a judge and you will be squashed because you are not

by Faith

Started to believe that it was transferred to us (Romans 1:16‐17) through Christ

1520 ‐ Three Treatises

1. An Open Letter to the Christian Nobility

To electors and political leaders of Germany

Pope is not doing his job ‐ informing the Church

Duty of Christian Leaders that Church Reform takes place

Appealing to them for protection as well

Priesthood of Believers being presented

Plays on German Nationalistic Spirit (got people ruled up)

Political leaders called council

Pope claimed he did = no checks and balances (all authority)

False dichotomy ‐ Pope was claiming authority over secular authority (Questioned Pope's Authority)

spiritual offices

True Christian = Spiritual; not just because you have purchased your

discipline the Pope?

Against councils called by Pope ‐ How does a council get called to

2. Babylonian Captivity of the Church

On Sacraments ‐ activities of

Asked to write by Spalatan

Three Sacraments: Unclear ‐ still developing his ideas

Lord's Supper

Baptism

Penance

Questioned meaning of the Sacraments

How it was administered

Laity did not get the cup, but now they do

Luther said they should have both

Questioned Transubstantiation

Not until 1215 that it actually became official doctrine

Consubstantiation ‐ Later in notes

Captivities:

Nicea ‐ Called by Constantine, not the Pope

First Captivity: Catholic imprisoning Christians in Babylon by priesthood by way they administered sacraments

Sacraments were used as control

Second Captivity: Job security for priest ‐ he is the only one who can pray to transmute the Lord's Supper

perversion)

3. Freedom of a Christian

Christian life ‐ how to act, when to act, when not to act

"How can I serve others" (Clergy can leave ministry if Holy Spirit tells us to)

Holy Word of God is needed for Christian freedom

After treatises were out ‐ Pope Leo X threatened excommunication if he did not recant

publicly

Third Captivity: Cannot sacrifice Christ again for He lives (This is a

Pope Leo X wrote Pappal Bull to recant ‐ Luther publicly burn the bull ‐‐> he defied Pope

1521 ‐ Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V went to Germany to meet with the electors

Diet of Worms ‐ was not necessarily religious meeting

Charles V ‐ devout Catholic; had theological training

Needed to deal with Luther

Luther came to Worms ‐ people came and cheered him

He was a national hero

He thought he was getting a hearing to defend his beliefs

Came into hall, he was overwhelmed with the pomp (it was impressive)

works immediately

He was addressed by another man named John Eck ‐ Asked to recant his

time

He was a well‐to‐do peasant monk

night)

He was given a day to think about it (sleepless, prayerful, agonizing

He was asked again to recant

He was shocked, no defense, found guilty ‐ he needed more

He responded with:

Three kinds of works:

1. Devotionals and Piety (no need to recant these)

leaders to account = these books attack sin

2. Pappacy and Affairs of the Pappacists ‐ calling Church

(no need to recant these)

3. Poorly worded and statements that were harsh or incorrect = I will consider recanting them if you will show

Luther was told to recant and give a straight answer

themselves)

He said I will not recant (Councils and Popes contradicted

question)

Shades of Peter Abelard (sic et non = Luther was not first to

Negotiations continued behind closed doors

errors from Scripture (He wanted a hearing)

Broke down, Charles V addressed the Nobles to honor ban of Luther (He was at the mercy of the electors)

Honored safe conduct of Luther

declared an outlaw

If Luther did not turn himself in, in 21 days he would be

Fredrick refused to have Luther turned in (much pressure)

He did not know if electors would support him

had Luther disappear without his own knowledge

(at Warberg)

Luther thought he was going to die, but found out it was Fredrick's protection

He was virtually in prison

He hated it, wanted to know what was going on

He began the translation of the Bible into German

He was treated like a noble ‐ addressed as Sir George

going on

He visited bars in disguise ‐ ran into friends and found out what was

Andreas Carlstadt ‐ preached anti‐clerical sermons and against icons (beyond what Luther preached)

Riots ‐ ransacking of churches

1522 ‐ Left Warberg back to Wittenberg, out of hiding

Carlstadt ‐ fit with Swiss Reform = Luther thought it violated people's freedom

Produced translation of Erasmus' NT

Later produced a translation of the Hebrew text (thought it was boring)

German Bible ‐ Hailed as most beautiful German literature

Princes of Germany came together to agree to protect each other from invasion

1523 ‐ Clement VII became Pope

1524 ‐ Riot of peasants and debate between Luther and Carlstadt over Lord's Supper

Middle class had copies (Who's who had it)

Luther expelled Carlstadt from the university who continued to publish radical views

Luther initially supported peasants, but within a year he saw he needed to back the electors because anarchy was evident

"Against Robbing and Murdering Hordes = political leaders need to crush peasants

Nuns and monks were leaving monasteries (basically leaving prison) in droves: Some monasteries were not letting them leave

Nuns were escaping in barrels

Luther found husbands for them to keep them out of the monasteries

1525 ‐ Ceased to be priest, turned from vow of celibacy, married Catherine von Bora

He loved his wife and adored his children

Luther and Antisemitism (Hitler followed some of Luther's thoughts, but Hitler already had these thoughts

For Luther, you are either with Christ or not (black or white issue)

He saw the Pope as the Antichrist

He wanted to go to the Jews; believed they were going to be saved in droves (last days)

Witch trials, Anti‐semitism (superstitious)

Two Treatises:

Against the Sabatarians, on Jews and their lies

Advised love and understanding first (optimistic)

Then got frustrated because they would not convert

Wrote against them after years of trying (pesimistic)

God abandoned Jews/Teaching of Jews is blasphemy

Blasphemy was a civil Law

Anarchy to allow this crime

Proposed 7 measures of mercy (form of penance)

Some of Luther's friends saw him becoming more radical and tried to stop him

1. He was a product of his time

2. His mind was gone in old age

3. Best = variety of things ‐ his world view

Zwingly: The Swiss Reformation

Anabaptism ‐ rebaptizers ‐‐> grew out of Zwingly's movement

January 1, 1484 ‐ born, wildhouse in Switzerland

Patristic

More warrior in Swiss than farmer = missionaries held up economy

Won freedom from Austrian (Holy Roman) Empire

Germans and Swiss = tension; Nationalistic Spirit

Peasant parents; grew to blue‐collar class

Father was a farmer

Went to University of Vienna then Basel (1506 ‐ masters) = Very knowledgeable and educated

1506 ‐ Parish priest at Velarus, Swiss (Mercenary Town)

Believed mercenary work was destroying their nation

Fighting other's wars ‐ foreign kings for own desires, not Swiss troops

1515 ‐ Complaint against all mercenary service is immoral

Influenced by Battle of Giants in Italy

for gold

Accompanied them as chaplain for military (6k died and he was appalled) ‐ selling blood

The Labrynth ‐ made fun of mercenary work

It did not sit well with the people and he was fired

Pastor at Eislidge ‐ was a dynamic preacher, cathedral in Zurich noticed

Erasmus of Rotterdam ‐ friend of his; humanist agenda

1519 ‐ Plague hit Zurich; many priests refused to minister

Went to people whow had the plague, stayed with them, prayed with them, he got the plague but did not die

People loved him

a priest)

Preaching through whole books of NT = did not follow liturgy of Catholic Church (He was

Good communicator and good counselor (people love him)

He made firends with leadership of the city (political ties)

Convinced many to outlaw mercinary work in city in his first year

Moves to position that preaching Scripture alone should constitute worship

1520 ‐ It became enforced as law

1522 ‐ Began to denounce some of the practice of Catholic Church

Some in Spirit of Reform (He supported them)

Ate sausage during lent ‐ He is a priest (this was unheard of)

Relationship with widow = wanted to marry her

he was elected to City Council

He and a group of priests wrote to bishop for permission to marry ‐ was denied ‐ did it anyway in secret

Involved in politics

Letter to Bishop ‐ issues being raised questioning Catholic Practice

January, 1523 ‐ First Zurich Disputation

Debate over issues raised

Zwingly convinced them to do it in German (common language)

Some to hear it in own language

Luther did not want to do this ‐ Zwingly did

With Zwingly ‐ went to other debates to help convince other towns

Key in alliances that later took place in other cities

Jud ‐ referred by Zwingly as faithful coworker

Humanist: well‐learned in languages

1523 ‐ preacher at St. peter's in Zurich

Participant in First Disputation

Sermon ‐ led to removal of images in Mass

First Zurich Disputation (Although invited, the bishop did not come)

1. Approved forms Zwingly already enacted

2. Continue to preach in German

3. Continue preach whole books of Scripture

Significance: Zurich ‐ secular authorities waking decisions on ecclesiastical matters (Dd not happen in Lutheran Reformation)

No division of secular and ecclesiastical authority

Close idea to Christendom (Still division in Christendom though)

Zwingly followers frustrated

1. Tithe going to secular Lord, not God

2. Carlstadt's teaching at Zurich (Iconoclasm taking place)

3. City Council worried about anarchy

Second Zurich Disputation (October, 1523)

Conducted in German

1. Should Mass continue as it was (Lord's Supper)

2. Should images continue to be used

remembrance)

Zwingly argued to abolish the Mass (Lord's Supper is symbolic, merely

1. No view for transubstantiation or Consubstantiation

2. Images removed = violation of Command

City Council agreed with him

How to remove and change (Council moved slowly)

Did not want rebellion (People are still Catholic)

Exegetical Preaching of Bible brought Change!!!!!!!!!!

City Council making decisions on pace of change

Some were disatisfied with Zwingly's submission to City Council (Thought to not keep God's Word fully)

Obey God and Government

Instances of Iconoclasm

Small group meetings to study Scripture

Complaining about not abolishing Mass

Upset about slow pace of change

1525 ‐ Mass is finally abolished

Conrad, Felix, and Jorg ‐ met to study Scipture

Frustrated over slow pace of reform

Participated in first and second disputations

Hallmark of the Reformation:

Justification by Faith

No infant baptism (infant's do not have faith)

Own baptism was insignificant (they do not have faith)

Began to preach against and question infant baptism

Thought Zwingly was to conservative

February, 1525 ‐ Baptized each other as reaction to Third Zurich Disputation

January 21, 1525 ‐ City Council met to discuss these issues

Passed Laws:

Anabaptism born ‐ Radical Reformation

1. Abolished Catholic mass

2. Enacted Evangelical Communion Service

3. Infants must be baptized (outlawed anabaptism)

4. Created marriage tribunal (organize true Christian Marriage)

5. Organized a place to study Greek, Hebrew, Latin

exiled)

Anabaptists were arrested ‐ Manz was executed by drowning (Blaurock was

Anabaptists ‐ seen as violated law; seen as subversive

1524 ‐ Zwingly announces, publicly, his marriage to Anna Reinhart

1524‐1526 ‐ Peasant's War

Number of revolts throughout German lands

Associated with social complaints (no use of public lands for hunting and fishing)

1493, 1513 ‐ Series of rebeliions: work Boot Rebellion

Combination of Social and Religious Idealogies

Argued that society should be restructured

Needed to be leveling of society (All brothers in Christ)

Lords and Peasants ‐ unbiblical

Had support within cities (Anabaptists, wealth)

Made use of painting ‐ listed their greivances

Twelve Articles (1525) ‐ More than 28 ed.

Thousands of Copies

Church property needs to be given to people

Began with minor complaints into institution of the Church

Thomas Muntzer ‐ began as fan of Luther

‐ Broke with him (Anabaptist)

‐ Criticized Reformer's Lifestyle

Charged it was too comfortable

Charged Luther and Zwingly were not the "common man"

Charged them with being hypocritical

‐ He had an apocalyptic View ‐ He said "Let us bring in God's Kingdom"

‐ Right to rise up against unjust structures (secular authorities)

‐ 1524 ‐ Preached a sermon for princes to rise up to do away with injustice

Claimed to receive revelations

Warned them if they didn't

Organized large crowds of peasants = army and led them to battle (he convinced them that they were right)

5‐7,000 peasants armed with hoes and pitchforks at Battle of Berkenhausen against the mercenaries

Mostly all the peasants died (6,000)

Only 8‐9 mercenaries died

Muntzer fled battle, captured and executed

Peasant's War Failure

1. Not organized well (no leader) ‐ did not know what they wanted

2. No consistent army (harvest crops in season, then rise up)

3. Sorely outmatched (no equipment)

Long Term ‐ led to fear among political leaders of any kind of reform movement for the common man

Religious radicalism became suspect

End to reformation as social movement

Luther abandoned the peasants

Anarchy was against God = no love for neighbor

‐ Be subject to governing authorities

‐ Crush rebellion

Zwingly did not agree with anarchy either

1525 ‐ Third Zurich Disputation (followed after peasant's war)

(Luther ‐ division in state church)

‐ He was on City Council (Politician)

1525: Grebel, Manz, and Blaurock arrested

Revolt)

1526: Laws passed authorizing killing of Anabaptists (Reaction against Peasant's

1527: Manz martyred by drowning

First Anabaptist Martyr: Eboli Bolt (May, 1525)

Marbury Coliloquy and Lord's Supper

Luther said unkind things to Zwingly

zwingly thought views were too close to Catholicism

Negotiations broke down

Second Kappel War, 1531

Zwingly hoped to win Swiss Catholics over (Idealists)

Protestants were radical (followed Luther)

Reasons that led to Protestant Cantons:

1. Christians did not do business with non‐Christians

2. Blockade by Protestant Cantons against Catholic Cantons

3. Other reasons (Zwingly was against this)

Catholic Cantons attacked Zurich ‐ surprising: No time to prepare

Fear of Rebellion

Burned at Stake (used as a deterent)

Catholics = tool of Satan

Led small group to battle and was cut down ‐ Zwingly died (body was burned, Zwingly was loving and had conviction

Luther's Response: He got what he deserved

Heinrich Bullinger ‐ became leader of Swiss Reform Churches

Worked with John Calvin; concesus description for the Lord's Supper

Author of First Hevetic Confession ‐ Response to Lutheran confessions of faith

Wrote to leaders throughout Europe = Prominent among Protestant Leaders worldwide

John Calvin and the French Reformation

Popular ‐ Humanist thought ‐ rise of reformist ideas

Francis I ‐ founded Humanist university, 1530 (College of France)

Lefeure D'Etaples ‐ Jacobus Faber ‐ Influential Reformer

Studied Bible in Greek

Bible = Sole authority; Literal Spiritual Interpretation of Scripture

Gion Bricanes ‐ encouraged him to study the Scriptures

D'Etaples ‐ 1521: Condemned by Servonne (Theological Faculty)

1525: Condemned by Government

Was not anticatholic at first

Bishop at Miev ‐ Hired D'Etaples as parish priest

Afraid he was advocating Lutheranism

Some said he followed Luther (rejected Sacraments), others said Erasmus (rejected Reformed doctrines on Justification by Faith)

Translated OT and NT in French

Used Vulgate to translate

Was influential ‐ had followers; he never declared separation from Catholicism

Bishop Bricanes ‐ gathered around men to preach through France

Gullaume Farel ‐ traveled and preached the Gospel

The Just shall Live by Faith

1524 ‐ Controversy: Told to disband preachers he sent out

Went to the Swiss ‐ preached continuously with evangelsits

Went to Basel and debated Catholics; was banished

Worked for Protestant Reformation = debates, publications

1528 ‐ Liturgy

1529 ‐ Summary

Converted Swiss Council at Neuf Chatel, 1530

Moved to Geneva in 1534

Pierre Viret worked to convert Geneva

Pierre Viret

Paris ‐ ministry, converted to Protestantism

Returned home; Farel alread caused division between Catholics and Protestants

He won hometown to Protestantism

He was persecuted, poisoned and attacked

1559 ‐ Exiled from Bern

Left for Geneva ‐‐> 1,000 followed him

Hugenots ‐ French Protestants

Persecuted

Viret (1561) went back to France

Invited to preach in Paris, Avignon, and other cities

Good speaker (converted cities)

1533 ‐ Catholic forces attacked cities in France

1565 ‐ By Royal Decree he was expelled from France

Catholics

Viret ‐ not a polraizing figure; moderate ‐ debated in Pamphlet Wars ‐ was respected by

Didn't like blood‐shed (Protestant Wars)

1571 ‐ Died of natural causes

John Calvin ‐ Nioyn ‐ Born in 1509

Father was a lawyer

He was educated with other aristocratic children

Chaplain in Cathedral = grant/scholarship

Promising future ‐ ties with Dumont‐Moore Family

Arts)

University of Paris ‐ learned Latin, Philosophy, Logic (18 years old earned Master's of

Geramb Calvin ‐ wanted him to study Law

Studied Law ‐ became a lawyer

Father died

Went back to school to study Greek and Hebrew

1532 ‐ First book ‐ Sennica Treatise on Clemency

Had contact with Protestants ‐ at first was not moved by them

1533‐4 ‐ Sudden conversion (but did not break from Catholicism)

Wrote a commentary on the Psalms

November 1, 1533 ‐ Nicholas Cop addressed call for reform

Cop and Calvin went into hiding; King Francis I wanted to stop Lutherans ‐ tolerant as long as peace is not disturbed

Francis I ‐ sister was Protestant (Marguerite de Navarre)

Fights began to break out in Thological disputes

October 8, 1534 ‐ Protestants posted leaflets denouncing the Catholic Mass

Affair of the Placards ‐ one was nailed to the King's door

King became mad ‐ Holy procession to Cathedral of Notre Dame for purification of the city from Protestant Heresy

Persecution of Protestant institutes insued

Calvin fleed the country

Basel, Switerland ‐ Calvin appeared; French War with Charles V at the time

France wanted the German Protestant support (Wrote letter to explain propostions of the Protestants)

Calvin responded in 1536 with the Institutes of the Christian Religion as a defense of the French Protestant beliefs

Strausberg ‐ Wanted to study with Martin Butler

Detour to Geneva because of War ‐ 1535 ‐‐> Studied under Viret and Farel

The educated of the city read Institutes of the Christian Religion

left)

Stayed under the persistence of Farel to be pastor (God would curse you if you

Within 18 months, both were banished from the city

The people were not ready for the strong leadership

Calvin went to Strausberg ‐ Met with Butler

Learned pastoral leadership and diplomacy

Geneva ‐ Catholic attempted persuasion to come back

Calvin wrote back in response

In 1541 was invited back

He was a changed man ‐ diplomatic and passion

First Order: Reorganize the city; elders were policing city

Laws, Utilities

Create a Theonomy: Law of God

Geneva became the leading city of the Reformed movement (It was not

Lutheran)

Taught

1559 ‐ Geneva Academy was founded ‐‐> Became the publishing capital of the Protestant Reform Movement

Tenure in Geneva ‐ Incident with Michael Servetus (Unitarian)

Servetus published "On Errors of the Trinity"

Had debate ‐ Servetus was argumentative

Went to Paris (Risked Life) to discuss Gospel ‐ Servitus did not show up

Servitus condemned all over Europe

Servitus went to Geneva ‐ was arrested

There was a trial and was sentenced to death

October 27, 1553 ‐ burned at the Stake

Unitarians see Servetus as martyr

May 7, 1564 ‐ Calvin died

Calvin's Theology:

1. Scripture:

Understanding is by the illuminating work of the Holy Spirit

Testimony by the Holy Spirit comes at Regeneration

Only believers can understand the Bible: Unbeliever's minds are darkened

2. God and Predestination:

"Meticulous Providence" ‐ every event is caused by God

Two wills in God ‐ Revealed will and Secret will

Revealed Will ‐ mercy and pardon for all people

Secret Will ‐ specific = to God's glory (predestined to His glory)

He's not responsible for Sin

3. Eucharist:

Real presence of the Holy Spirit/ Spiritual (Not the same as Luther)

Zwingly: presence by Faith

Union between God and Spirit and humans/Lord in love

Not a mere symbol/remembrance or in the elements

Lessons from the Reformers:

1. Defend Truth ‐ stand up for God's Word, even if it means death

2. Love ‐ did not always do this, inflamatory at times

3. Prudence ‐ know when to fight and when to run (flee persecution, do not fight it)

4. Support Structure ‐ people who help/serve, protection from outside world (relationships with whom you trust)

French Wars of Religion ‐ There were several

Francis I ‐ tolerant of humanist and reformed ideas

1. Catholic

2. Wanted to keep the peace (even if he had to do it by force)

3. Allowed Reformists to exist

4. Distinction between popular religious debate and revolutionary movement ‐ could not stamp out Calvinism, 1541 ‐ Institutes

5. Cracked down on Heterodoxy after the Plackards

Henry II ‐ Anti‐heresy legislation in France

One King, One Faith, One Law

Development of the Questioning Chamber (1547‐50)

1525‐1551 ‐ Persecutions begin

Wife was catherine de Medici (Niece of Pope Clement VII who was cousin of Pope Leo X)

Was ruthless, political savvy ‐ religious waver to political wind

was not popular by anyone

Befriended Henry II's aunt, Margarite de Navarre who had Protestant sympathies

Growth of Calvinism ‐ 1555‐62 ‐ Enormous growth (Missionaries from Geneva)

First official church in 1555, Paris

1559 ‐ Henry II

Francis II

1559 ‐ Synod and Confession in France

Confession ‐ clear doctrine

Baptism ‐ sign of belief (babies on parent's belief)

Lord's Supper ‐ sign of belief

Political right to use force ‐‐> changes over time

Condemned:

Prayer to saints

Monastic vows

Pilgrimmages

Eating meat

Indulgences

1560 ‐ died; sons were young and immature

Charles IX

Time of uncertainty for crown

Calvinism continued to grow

Persecutions came to a stand still

Calvinism ‐ half the nobility converted (political clout)

Majority of country was Catholic

1,000 churches, 2 million members were Catholic

Catherine de medici controlled sons

Influencial Families of France:

1. Valios (Royal) ‐ open‐minded; progressive (Moderate Catholic)

2. Guise (Catholic) ‐ staunch

3. Bourbon (Navarre) ‐ Protestant/Calvinistic

Wars of Religion

First ‐ 1562

1560 ‐ Amboise Castle Coup

1561 ‐ Attempt to Reconcile

Thedore Beza (represented Calvin)

No peace, broken negotiations

Francoise, Duke of Guise

Mass Stopped in Versailles

Hugenots service in barn

Confrontation ‐ 60 Hugenots were killed (1563)

War #1 ‐ 1 year; stale mate (Francoise assasinated)

Assasin plot (Boubon tried coup against Guise) ‐ executed

August 22‐23, 1572 ‐ St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

#4 War

Gaspard de Coligny ‐ blamed for assasination of Francoise

Henry of Navarre ‐ wedding arranged to king's sister, Margarite de Valois (to end fighting)

Protestants had king's ear (Coligny was trusted advisor to king)

Protestant leaders walked freely for festivities and celebration

August 15, 1572 at Notre Dame ‐ wedding took place

Hoped to end religious violence

Seen as a sale out

August 22 ‐ coligny shot in hand from window of the Guise family

King acted quickly in retaliation

Henry

Hugenots were going to retaliate ‐ Council of Charles IX, Medici mother, and Prince

Kill Protestant leaders to stop Protestantism

Coligny as stabbed to death while recovering

Other Protestant leaders were killed as well

Violence in the streets ‐ spread to city, then country

Thousands died

Many recanted faith in fear and conviction

Henry of Navarre ‐ placed in the Louvre; recant Protestantism or die ‐ he chose to recant

Henry escaped to Navarre (Protestants) and recanted his recantation

Henry III

Charles dies; 1574 ‐ became king

1584 ‐ Francoise Valois (brother of the king, died) ‐ last male in Valois family died

Probelmatic ‐ closest male relative was Henry de Navarre

Navarre was named successor ‐ was a Protestant

Catholic League organized by Herny of Guise (Tension was created) ‐‐> 1587: War of the Three Henrys

1589 ‐ Catholic Assasin stabbed and killed the king (thought was a sale‐out)

Henry de Navarre (King) ‐ Henry IV

1593 ‐ Henry De Navarre converted back to Catholicism (because of lack of funds to support Paris, France)

War of Religion ends

Amnesty for opponents

Legislation for poor

sections)

Edict of Nante ‐ 1598: Did not make Protestantism legal in France (only in certain

Protestant Lord = practice of Protestantism allowed

Not equal footing to Catholicism (still religion of the State)

1610 ‐ Assassination by fundamentalist Catholic

Louis XIII ‐ Ordered all Hugenots destroyed (destruction of castles)

Louis XIV ‐ Revoked Edict of Nante in 1685

Hugenots became Catholic again

Catholicism always official religion

The English Reformation:

William Tyndale (1493/95)

1520s ‐ became convinced of Protestant ideas

Influenced by the Lolards (Wycliffe) and Humanism

1521 ‐ Chaplain/Tutor for John Walsh household

Met the clergy in the area

Shocked at the ignorance of Scripture

Had a heated theological debate

Translated Scripture into English and printed (1589)

Bishop of London (Tunstall) ‐ asked permission to translate; Tunstall refused

Lutherans and Lolards were the problem

21)

Henry VIII ‐ Wrote "Defense of Catholic Church and Against Lutheranism" (1520‐

refused

Protestant beliefs were not tolerated ‐ so Scripture in common tongue was

Germany

He went overseas ‐ founded Monmouth; printed Scripture in English in Cologne,

He was not protected and had to flee

He went to Worms with protection from Fredrick smuggled into England

1529 ‐ Sir Thomas Moore ‐ published book

1528 ‐ "Obedience of a Christian Man"

"Dialogue concerning Heresies"

"The Practice of Prelates"

1531 ‐ Responded to Moore

Moore, Henry VIII, and Thomas Stoklesly had people searching for Tyndale

arrest Tyndale

Henry Philips won trust of the English people in Belgium ‐ pact with Charles V to

May 21, 1535 ‐ Ambush set up; Philips and Tyndale walk together and pushes him into waiting authorities

18 months imprisonment (October, 1536)

The Charges against him:

1. Faith justifies

2. Tradition not binding on conscience

3. Rejected Doctrine of Pergatory

4. Virgin and Saints are not to be prayed to

5. Forgiveness of sins and mercy of the Gospel is sufficient

6. He was denied freewill

He was executed ‐ strangled and then executed

His last words: Lord, Open the Eyes of the King of England (His eyes did open)

Henritian Reformation: Ebglish Reformation

Theological Movement (More political reforms)

Wycliffe ‐ some theological thought

Associated with separate church away from Roman Catholic Church

Church)

Fundamentally different than that on the continent (Political Reform of the

Henry VIII ‐ House of Tutor

Ordered Arthur (brother) ‐ married to Catherine of Argon, Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain and Aunt of Charles V

Died four months after marriage to Catherine (age 14)

Henry VIII ‐ 11 years old and Catherine was 16 ‐ were betrothed, 1509 was married under special dispensation by Pope Julius II

(Given 1503) ‐‐> 6 year betrothal

Women seen as weak, needed a male heir

After seven pregnancies, only Mary survived

1521: 1. Luther's works burned in London

Captivity) = Pope has power

2. Assertion of Seven Sacraments (response by Henry to Babylonian

3. "Defender of Faith" given tithe to Henry by Pope for work

Sir Thomas Moore ‐ said not to over do this

Anne Bolyen ‐ Seductive and Independent; enticed Henry

She refused him (only if he were to marry her)

Henry wanted to annul/divorce Catherine

children)

He thought the marriage was cursed (death of so many

Leviticus 20:21 (misapplied)

they had wed

Began accusing Catherine of her virginity not being true when

He asked Pope Clement VII for divorce charged Lord Chancelor Thomas Wolsey with securing divorce

Charles V ‐ Clement VII was prisoner

Not able to grant request because Rome was sacked by

1529 ‐ no divorce was granted; anti‐clerical legislation passed to keep taxation $ from Rome to stay in England

Thomas Wolsey disagreed and charged with treason

protestants

Sir Thomas Moore became Lord Chancelor and persecuted the

Thomas Cranmer ‐ get opinion of the universities in Europe for divorce

Protestants agreed to it

Catholics did not

Catherine of Aragon was popular among people

Read Tyndale's book; King is over Pope

Agreed to this as rightful head of Church of England

Passed measures:

1. Submission of the Clegy (1532)

2. Act of Supremacy (1534) ‐ King is head of Church of England

3. Destruction of the Monasteries (1536‐40)

marriage annuled)

March 30, 1533 ‐ Cranmer declared arch‐bishop of Canterbury (declared

1532 ‐ Thomas Moore resigned in protest for #1

Thomas Cromwell named Lord Chancelor (Lutheran)

Encouraged Queen Anne in Protestant beliefs

Encouraged Henry VIII against Catholic threat

Confiscation of monasteries ‐ tripled finances

Agreed to marry Henry to Anne

Arrested and later executed for not agreeing to marriage

Financed foreign wars

Henry sought to destroy devotions of Catholics on the Street ‐ 1538; destroyed shrine of Thomas Albrecht

Cranmer and Cromwell ‐ encouraged Protestant beliefs

Tyndale)

1535 ‐ Myers coverdale brought English Scripture to England (borrowed from

1537 ‐ Henry VIII ‐ permission for it to be distributed

Anne ‐ no male heir; had Elizabeth

Henry VIII got tired of her fistey attitude

Trumpt up Charges of adultery ‐ was beheaded in 1536

Catherine also died in 1536

Jane Seymore ‐ submissive, Catholic

May 30, 1536 ‐ had son, Edward ‐ became heir to throne

Jane died after giving birth to Edward

June, 1539 ‐ Parliament passed 6 Articles Act

Outlawed Protestantism (Henry had remained Catholic)

1. Transubstantiation

2. No bread and wine to laity

This was a devastating blow to Protestantism in England

Anne of Cleaves)

Cromwell wanted Protestants back (arranged marriage with German Princess,

Did not want to marry her = she did not look good

Wanted to get back at Cromwell for this

Protestant leaning led Cromwell to be beheaded for treason (Annulment of Anne of Cleaves)

1540 ‐ Catherine Howard ‐ loose woman; married king

One guy came back ‐ adultery

Six months ‐ she was beheaded

1543 ‐ Katherine Parr ‐ Protestant; read Sripture to Henry

Dutiful wife ‐ king needed

She was respectable ‐ treated him well

January 1547 ‐ Henry died

Edward VI ‐ 9 years old; succeeded him

Edward Seymore ‐ uncle of Edward VI ‐ Protector of the Realm; Duke of Somerset

Royal Privy Council divided

Catholic?Protestant and Humanist Reformed Catholic

Katherine Parr ‐ Humanist Reformed Catholicism (sided with Protestants)

Edward Seymore was a Protestant; wanted to bring Protestant Theology to England

1547 ‐ Repeal of 6 Articles

1548 ‐ Images removed from the churches

1549 ‐ Marriage of priests made legal

Act of Uniformity

1. Common Book of Prayer in English required

(Prepared by Cramner ‐ Unpopular with Protestant Radicals)

Had rituals that were Catholic

Exorcism at Infant Baptism, Annointing the Sick

(Restrictions on public reading removed)

Edward Seymore ‐ Authoritarian leader, failed invasion of Scotland

Fell out of favor with Privy Council

Wanted alliance with Scotland

bring peace)

Economic problems ‐ John Dudley overthrew Edward Seymore (was attempt to

Was Protestant by Conviction

England became Haven for Protestant leaders (Martin Buler)

1552 ‐ Act of Uniformity and 42 Articles ‐ directed against radial reform

1553 ‐ Edward VI signed Act of Uniformity (strong Protestant)

Disinherited the sisters

Lady Jane Grey named successor (Dudley's daughter‐in‐law)

Magesterial Reform beliefs

July 6, 1553

Edward dies of Tuberculosis

Mary succeeds him to the throne (this made sense ‐ she was a direct descendant)

Revision of Book of Common Prayer

Henry VIII)

Catherine of Aragon was her mother (was popular and was done wrong by

Mary executed Jane Dudley

Thought Cramner was behind it and imprisoned him with a Protestant Bishop

Convened Parliament

Repealed legislation of Edward VI

Catholicism was restored

Declaration that Catherine of Aragon

Declaration that Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII's marriage was illegitimate

1554 ‐ Mary and Philip, King of Spain, wed: Unpopular in England

Marriage was only a contract

Protestants fled England (To Germany and Switzerland)

Geneva Bible produced in April, 1560

Cardinal Reginald power removed and was charged with heresy upon nation because of restoration of Catholicism

Property was not returned (people had prayed for property)

Persecution of Protestants began (Bloody Mary)

1. John Rogers ‐ First Martyr (Bible translater)

2. Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley (Remembered by John Fox, 1570 ‐ Fox's Book of Martyrs: Acts and Monuments

Written to demonize Mary

Cranmer was scheduled to be executed ‐ mixed loyalties (changed faith with each king)

Primary loyalty to the Monarchy (Believed that is was placed there by God)

Signed recantation of Protestant faith and declared loyalty to Rome

November 25, 1555 ‐ Was excommunicated

March 21, 1556 ‐ was executed

Cardinal Pole became archbishop in Cranmer's place

Cranmer called to publicly anounce his recantation before execution = just asked crowd to forgive sins, what he believed

Executed ‐ held out hnd in fire

300 martyred under Mary's reign

English Mores ‐ less passionate as on continent with mob rule

1558 ‐ Mary dies

Elizabeth (Protestant) succeeds Mary

Act of Supremacy (Second) ‐ New title as Governor of Church rather than Head

Act of Uniformity (Third) ‐ Third version of Book of Common Prayer

Left out prayer against pope

Left out no kneeling clause for eucharist

Did not say what eucharist was

What offended Protestants most? Allowed priestly vestments to be worn

Reforms in Edward VI reign were still practiced

Puritans ‐ radical reformers who fled to Geneva during Mary's reign; came back to England

1559 ‐ Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury

42 Articles revised and reduced to 39

39 Articles = statement of faith for England

1570 ‐ Elizabeth excommunicated by Pius V

Catholics wanted her dead

Elizabeth was urged to marry (to produce an heir)

Mary, Queen of Scots married to Francis, King of France

Philip II of Spain proposes to Elizabeth

The Scottish Reformation

Bloody Mary ‐ unfair assessment as far as statistics/Elizabeth ‐ Protestant and Catholic ideas merge

Pope Pius V, 1570 ‐ excommunicated Elizabeth: urged subjects to rise up against her (assassin could earn merit)

Pressured to get married and produce heir

Mary, Queen of Scots would become queen

Philip II of Spain supported Elizabeth for political alliances of Scotland and France

Did not want this alliance

Mary, Queen of Scots married Henry Stuart and did produce and heir (James = James VI of Scotland and James I of England)

Mary came under house arrest; Catholic ‐ rallying point for Catholics in England

1569 ‐ Nobles in the North (rural and Catholic) ‐ rebelled to free Mary and name her Queen of England

Elizabeth dispatched army to meet them ‐ they were routed and killed

700 executed fro treason

William of Orange ‐ Dutch resistance; Elizabeth asked to help

She supported France to help and sent money

France was fighting religious wars

English wool sold in Netherlands

Elizabeth sent troops with Robert Dudley

Pirates financed by Queen ‐ attacked Spanish ships from New World

Spanish routed the English ‐ shamed Dudley

Sir Francis Drake ‐ pirate

Spanish ambassadors reported; Elizabeth visited Drake and knighted him ‐ infuriated King Philip of Spain

Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots after plot to assasinate Elizabeth

Final straw for Philip

Before executon, Mary of Scots named Philip the successor

1588 ‐ Spanish Armada sent to attack England

They were dessimated by English (smaller more maneuverable ships)

Sealed Elizabeth's position as Queen

Catholics even lauded her as Queen

March 24, 1603 ‐ James becomes King of England (James I)

Middle way between Catholics and Protestants ‐ Elizabethan Settlement

She did not tolerate religious adversity

Catholic missionaries executed as spies at times (?)

Cranmer affected the Elizabethan settlement

Episcopal church common with Protestant ideas

Similarities avoided wide spread revolution

1500s ‐ defense against anexation/invasion of England (alligned itself with France)

Scottish King, James V, married into two prominent families:

Valois (first wife)

Guise (second wife)

George Wisshart and John Knox ‐ credit for reformation in Scotland

The Spark of Reform

Public burning of Wisshort for Protestant beliefs (ignited public sentiment)

Cardinal David Beaton ‐ captured, beaten, murdered by Protestants

Protestants held military take over at St. Andrew's Castle ‐ Beaton killed there

Castle became refuge ‐ Knox joined them

Eventually surrendered to Catholics ‐ Knox sentenced to 19 months as galley slave

He was released, became priest of Church of England

He fled England when Mary Tutor became Queen to Geneva (follower of John Calvin)

Wrote Treatise against female leadership (Elizabeth did not like it when she became queen)

"First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women"

Calvin had this book banned in Geneva

Was against Mary Tutor

VIII (England)

Henry VIII

Valois

Francis I (France)

Tutor

Henry

Henry II ‐ Daughter ‐ (First Wife, dies) James V (Scotland)‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Nephew of

husband, Francis II)

(Second Wife, Mary of Guise) daughter, Mary of Scots (First

husband, Henry Stuart) James VI, I

(Second

Knox went back and forth between Geneva and Scotland

movement

People were not happy with French rule ‐ Independence Movement, not just Protestant

Mary, Queen of Scots married French King, Francis II (bad idea)

Elizabeth, Queen of England

Small rebellion after Knox came from Geneva ‐ preached a sermon against Catholicism

French troops came to battle against Protestants

Stand off

Ties between Protestants and Independence from French (political hope)

Domination helped Protestantism

1560‐1 ‐ Parliament converts Scotland

Calvinistic confession of Faith

First book of Discipline

1561 ‐ Mary, Queen of Scots was Catholic: argued theology with John Knox (tried to convert each other)

Pressured nobles to reintroduce Catholicism into Scotland

Scandals outdid her

Forced to leave her throne

Imprisoned ‐ half brother named regent (James)

Protestants won Scotland

Knox: Unswerving/over opinionated

Heralded as powerful preacher

Pastor's heart ‐ cared for other pastors especially

Ministry ‐ encouraging congregations

The Catholic Reformation (Counter‐Reformation) ‐ [Ongoing heritage continued]

The term, counter‐reformation, fell out of favor (implications)

Conciliar Movement ‐ to reduce abuses

New Religious Orders:

1. Pope Paul IV and Cardinal Cajetan ‐‐> Oratory of Divine Love

2. Theatine began this: Aescetism ‐ popular at local level (concerned for poor)

3. Ursulines ‐ lay movement of women ‐‐> charitable

4. Capucines ‐ Within Franciscan Order = return to Francis' ideas

Prayer, property and physical scourging

Became separate order ‐‐> thousands of members

5. Jesuits

Leo X and Clement VII ‐ ignored Protestant Reform movement

Pope Paul III ‐ appointed reformed minded cardinals

Jesuits ‐ Ignatius of Loyola started it (born out of this)

1542 ‐ reinstituted Roman inuisition

Was a knight; injured

Became a knight/soldier for Christ

Spent a year in prayer and meditation

Wrote draft of "Spiritual Exercises"

Missionary to Muslims in Jerusalem ‐ Franciscans sent him home because they thought he was dangerous

Richard Foster ‐ Spiritual Formations

Spain ‐ Ignatius became educated; top universities

He went to University of Paris ‐ purposed to evangelize Muslims in Jerusalem

Prevented by authorities

1539 ‐ Hospitals, took care of children

September 27, 1540 ‐ Society of Jesus = Instructed by Paul III

Strict adherance to authority

Ignatius = first general of Jesuit Order

Original intent was missions to Jerusalem

Later on was educators (tension within the order)

Francis Xavier (Franciscans) ‐ Ignatius got ahold of him

Was discipled; wanted to be a missionary and gave up teaching philosophy

Left Rome for Portugal

Traveled

Became "Apostle to Indies"

1549 ‐ Japan

1552 ‐ China; died on the way

He set up churches and good at evangelism (700,000 converts)

Had his faults:

Gathered young men to disciple them

Second in command (Security of Jesuits)

1. Utilized government pressure to win converts

2. Persecuted old religion of peoples

Was canonized in 1622

Hailed as forerunner of missionaries

Targeted universities to attract wealthy young people

Jesuits formed universities

Had political clout

Was popular

There was jealousy and rivalry (Dominicans)

Debate over eficacious grace (Concordia)

Molina ‐‐> Commentary of Thomas Aquinas' Summa Theologica

respond ‐‐> not new)

Divine providence and human freedom (general knowledge of how people

Knowledge]

Knowledge of God is independent of his determining will (new idea) [Middle

Disagreed; fierce debate (Molina scared for his life)

Commentary became banned then not, then banned

Paul V = Jesuits vs. Dominicans

Jesuits not called Dominicans ‐ Calvinists

Dominicans not called Jesuits ‐ Palagians

Ordered each of them to stop fighting

Congruism ‐ Guarez = variations of Molina's idea

Jesuits still come against by Dominicans

Jesuits went against oppressive governments = wanted to help poor

Expelled from France, Spain, and Portugal

Clement XIV, 1773 ‐ suppressed Jesuits

1814 ‐ Jesuits were restored

Found still in Germany and America

Council of Trent

Addressed Protestant Reformation (clarification of doctrine and reforming the clergy)

Conciliar movement ‐ had its critics (Popes/Theologians)

Politics:

1. Charles V ‐ Council in Spain because his diesires would have a majority

2. Pope ‐ Council in Italy so he would have a majority

3. Decided on Trent (outside border of Italy)

4. Convened 25 times over 18 years because of political maneuvering

5. Theology of Reform

Reformation:

Power struggle

‐ Moved to Balogna because of disputes

1. Salvation by Grace through Faith

2. Denied Forensic Justification ‐ Justification is a process over a lifetime of serving the Lord (Protestant Doctrine ‐ not

guilty in moment of time)

3. Confirmed the Seven Sacraments (Rejected the Cup to the laity)

4. Confirmed canonicity of Scripture ‐ Apocrypha and Vulgate

5. Increased Church Bureaucracy and Ministerial Education requirements in an effort to reform the clergy (cannot hold two

bishoprics at one time)

6. Gift of Perseverance (spoke on Luther)

Ferdinand V (died in 1516) and Isabella I (died in 1504) ‐ Spain

Daughter was Catherine of Aragon

Consolidated and strengthened throne with marriage

The Moores were expelled

Spain (1480)

Important: Reinstitution of the Spanish Inquisition ‐ expelled Jews and Muslims from

Pope Sixtus IV approved of this

Dealt with converts to Judaism (some were lax in their beliefs)

Controlled by secular authorities

Italy and Portugal reinstituted it

Protected against heresy (severe in early years)

Thomas de Torqu... ‐ called for reform in Church (Dominican)

Inquisitor General ‐ 1483; appointed by pope

More power than others

Portrayed as cruel person (Exaggerated)

Influenced king/queen to expel Jews in 1492 (parents were partly Jewish)

Methods:

From medieval period

Torture/burning for heresy

Saw as less severe from general people, than secular authorities

By mid‐1500s ‐ not as harsh

Ferdinand V (dying 1516) and Isabella I (dying 1504) ‐‐ Spain (Catholic) daughter ‐‐ Catherine of Aragon ‐‐ consolidated and in strengthened throne with marriage ‐‐ Moores were expelled ‐‐ reinstitution of Spanish Inquisition ‐‐ expelled Jews and Muslims from Spain (1480) ‐‐ Pope Sixtus IV approved ‐‐ dealt with converts to Judaism (some were lax in their belief)

‐‐ controlled by secular authority ‐‐ Italy and Portugal reinstituted it ‐‐ protected against heresy (severe in early years) Tomas de Torq... ‐‐ called for reform in church (Dominican) ‐‐ general Inquisition ‐‐ 1483 (appointed by Pope) ‐‐ more power than others ‐‐ portrayed as cruel person (exaggerated) ‐‐ influenced king and Queen to expelled Jews and 1492 (parents were partly Jewish)

Methods: ‐‐ from medieval period ‐‐ torturer/burning for heresy ‐‐ saw as less severe from general people then secular authorities ‐‐ by mid‐1500s not as harsh ‐‐ suppressed in Spain by 1834 ‐‐ wanted people to live faithfully with Christ ‐‐ MIDI 16th century ‐‐ protected from heresy ‐‐ fear that Protestant believes would come into Spain ‐‐ protective measures:

‐‐ index of prohibited writings published a than 1557

‐‐ Imprimatur ‐ let it be printed (approval of the Catholic church)

‐‐ Nihil Obstat ‐ nothing prohibited (any books could be reviewed) if

Italy: ‐‐ Galileo was summoned to appear before the Inquisition because a friend was burned at the stake (Bruno) ‐‐ planets revolve around the sun ‐‐ planets had valleys and mountains

‐‐ tried to interpret Bible to explain ‐‐ said church was wrong ‐‐ Galileo recanted his writings ‐‐ religion vs. science (exaggerated)

Spain\Italy ‐‐ Catholic Charles V ‐‐ 1519 ‐‐ holy Roman emperor ‐‐ 1556 ‐‐ abdicated ‐‐ 1558 ‐‐ died

Philip II (son) and Ferdinand (brother) ‐‐ major victory over the Moores ‐‐ 1580 ‐‐ Portugal subjugation to Philip

Holland: Arminius and Arminianism Theodore Beza ‐‐ took over for Calvin ‐‐ Dutch Calvinism became codified church and state and nature of Providence (controversy in Holland) Jacob Arminius ‐‐ professor of theology at Leidon ‐‐ pastor in Amsterdam ‐‐ dispute with Franciscus Gomerus (defender of supralapsarianism) ‐‐ nature of God's thought process prior to creating (logic of God's decrees or arranged) ‐‐ God decrees who to save and whom not to save first

Supralapsarianism: 1. Decree to save specific persons 2. Decree to create

Arminius disagreed ‐‐ crystallize focus on decrees

‐‐ though supralapsarian, may God author of sin view of decrees 1. Crystal logical and nature (Jesus is the Redeemer) 2. Jesus is the mediator 3. Saves those who repent and believe 4. Give prevening grace to those who believe in such grace 5. Saves from particular persons and condemned others [idea of middle knowledge] Arminius died in 1609 ‐‐ he was vindicated by secular authorities 1610 ‐‐ followers asked to state theology by secular authorities Remonstrance: 1. Denied supralapsarianism 2. Affirmed human freedom 3. Election

‐‐ did not directly reject five points of Calvinism ‐‐ predestination ‐‐ human ‐‐ divine roles and salvation (differences) ‐‐ came to repentance not on own ‐‐ stance against Calvinistic points of predestination, unconditional election, irresistible grace Calvinists thought that this was heresy (successful in politics ‐‐ military leader, Maurice of Nassau\magistrates were sympathetic to have remonstrance removed) ‐‐ Arminian supporters were arrested ‐‐ they were charged with treason because they favored the truce with Spain

Dort ‐‐ Nov. 13, 1618 ‐‐ may 9, 1618 Synod of Dort ‐‐ meeting of Calvinistic pastors 1. Condemned Arminianism 2. Came up with T. U. L. IP result of Synod of Dort (1619)

1. Arminians fled\forbidden to preach 2. Maurice of Nassau died ‐‐ tolerance of Arminianism

1795 ‐‐ officially recognized as legitimate believes to hold to remonstrance did not definitively argue against Calvinism

30 years war (1618 ‐‐ 1648) ‐‐ Germany\Austria ‐‐ mainly here ‐‐ Luther Dies ‐‐ Philip Melanchthon (1530's) ‐‐ popular

‐‐ Loci Communes = Luther systematic theology

‐‐ flexible

‐‐ followers were departing from Luther\deviation from Melanchthon

‐‐ disagreement over Lord supper, justification, value of good works

Andreas Osiander ‐‐ justification ‐‐ declared righteous and made righteous by indwelling

‐‐ deviation from reformers

‐‐ sounded like council of Trent

George major ‐‐ good works = needed to be saved Amsdorf ‐‐ works are detrimental to salvation and gospel Lutherans ‐‐ calling for suppression of the reform movement

‐‐ August ‐‐ Philipism\Calvinism persecution called for

1580 formula of Concord ‐‐ 50th anniversary of Augsburg confession ‐‐ rejected Philipism ‐‐ affirmed traditional Lutheran positions on all contested issues ‐‐ rejected Melanchthon's view of Eucharist (special presence) Catholics ‐‐ counter reformation is becoming successful

‐‐ Jesuits ‐‐ restored some states to Catholicism ‐‐ Catholic representatives in secular authority ‐‐ Catholics becoming more military

Maximillian, Duke of Bavaria 1606\0 7 ‐‐ riot in city of Donauworth ‐‐ monks trying to convert Protestants 1606 ‐‐ 1609 ‐‐ tension = Catholic princes demanded restoration of confiscated property (some property held by Protestants for over 100 years)

‐‐ the law was on their side (on Protestants side) ‐‐ religion of team was the religion of the area churches (law) 1608 ‐‐ princes formed Protestant union ‐‐ prevented Catholic advance (led by Calvinists, Frederick IV of Palatanate) ‐‐ fear of rebellion 1609 ‐‐ response by Catholics ‐‐ formation of Catholic league ‐‐ Maximilian was the leader ‐‐ outbreak of 30 years war in Bohemia Rudolph II of Bohemia ‐‐ letter of majesty (open‐minded)

‐‐ large degree of toleration and religious freedom

‐‐ he was Catholic; he was insane; his family wanted him deposed

‐‐ he was succeeded eventually

‐‐ the people were Calvinists

Mathias, holy Roman emperor ‐‐ succeeded Rudolph II of Bohemia (liar) Frederick V ‐‐ succeeded him may 1608 ‐‐ Defenestration of Prague: symbolic act (reenactment of it) "thrown out of window" [this led up to 30 years war]

Frederick V of the Palatinate ‐‐ Protestant Nobles elected him is king ‐‐ Ferdinand II of Bohemia ‐‐ left and successor by Mathias (Catholic)

‐‐ to claimants to the thrown (war was brewing)

Frederick V ‐‐ had support of the majority of the people Ferdinand II of Bohemia ‐‐ support from Maximilian and count Tilly count Tilly ‐‐ Nov. 8, 1620 ‐‐ crushed Bohemian Protestant army at the Battle of White Mountain ‐‐ first stage of war

‐‐ revocation of toleration of Protestants

‐‐ the Jesuits profited from this, Maximilian profited from this and was given an award: elector of Palatinate second stage of war ‐‐ the Danish stage, 1625 ‐‐ 1629 ‐‐ Maximilian over Bohemia and Palatinate (Catholic) ‐‐ Ferdinand II ‐‐ over Austria (Catholic) = wanted to restore holy Roman Empire to Catholics ‐‐ Protestants worried about attack

king Christian of Denmark ‐‐ stood against Ferdinand II Ferdinand II ‐‐ Wallenstein ‐‐ head of Catholic forces (120,000 troops alone) ‐‐ big army for that time ‐‐ had a series of battles (Protestants defected) March 6, 1629

edict of restitution: attempt to restore

‐‐ Catholic property confiscated since 1552 returned

‐‐ Protestants expelled from Catholic lands

‐‐ Calvinism declared illegal

‐‐ five bishoprics, 100 monasteries, 1000 local churches in Catholic hands

there was jealousy in the Catholic camp ‐‐ leaders were afraid of Wallenstein's power because of the size of his army ‐‐ Wallenstein was grasping for power ‐‐ 1630 ‐‐ Wallenstein fired by Ferdinand II due to pressure by Catholic Nobles third stage of war ‐‐ the Swedish stage ‐‐ 1630 ‐‐ 1635 ‐‐ Wallenstein tried to take seaport where Swedish trade was conducted (economy)

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden resisted (Lutheran) ‐‐ he had much to gain by getting into the war A. defense of Protestants B. control seaport around Baltic Sea ‐‐ marched south, army grew in size ‐‐ gave money support from other countries (Catholic franks\Louis XIII support him) ‐‐ Cardinal Richlieu ‐‐ Prime Minister of France ‐‐ destroyed Protestant forts in France (power of king, not church) ‐‐ alliance strictly for political gain ‐‐ Catholic France helped Protestants Sweden against Catholics ‐‐ Adolphus' army grew to 175,000 to 200,000 troops ‐‐ Adolphus defeated Tilly (General) at Britain field ‐‐ Saxons ‐‐ aligned with Sweden and took Prague to do and held it for one year ‐‐ Adolphus kept going south and went to Bavaria and captured Munich, the capital ‐‐ battle with Wallenstein ‐‐ they fought to a draw

‐‐ Wallenstein withdrew, Adolphus chased and fought

‐‐ Protestants warned ‐‐ Adolphus was killed

‐‐ daughter became Queen

‐‐ Adolphus' military successor unsuccessful ‐‐ defeated by armies

‐‐ peace made June 15, 1635

Fourth stage of war ‐‐ the French stage ‐‐ Cardinal Richlieu ‐‐ France was fresh ‐‐ moved into area and wiped out entire cities ‐‐ crushed Imperial forces ‐‐ peace of Westphalia signed

‐‐ independence of Switzerland

‐‐ drew borders of modern Europe

‐‐ Maximilian ‐‐ retains title of elector of Palatinate ‐‐ Frederick V son was also elector of Palatinate; of same area

‐‐ Calvinism officially recognized in Germany ‐‐ edict of restitution ceased ‐‐ property already handed over remaining Catholic hands ‐‐ ruler of the lands still determined the religion of the region

1. If ruler changes religion from Luther and the Calvinism or vice versa religion doesn't change

2. Areas where there was religious Diversey are to remain peacefully diverse

‐‐ this provided a framework for international relations that could work (modern look of treaty)

Results of 30 years war: 1. Germany became setback ‐‐ population and land decimated; 97 percent of population died were left Germany

‐‐ burning of Magdeburg

2. Disease and destruction made restitution almost impossible 3. Holy Roman Empire ceased to be important entity

‐‐ local lords increasingly had power for religion; they were responsible

4. France became strongest power in Europe under Louis XIII and Louis XIV 5. Affected religious sensibilities:

‐‐ differences of belief was not something they wanted to war over

‐‐ things worth fighting for before didn't seem worth it now (secular concerns becoming more prominent)

‐‐ Enlightenment emerging

Thomas Hobbes: 1. Anthropology ‐‐ humans are evil; never do good, but are selfish

‐‐ self‐service and all we do

‐‐ leads to need of alliance with others to stop anarchy (this is why government exists)

2. Government ‐‐ protection from one another (negative, but necessary)

Renee Descartes: founder of modernity (I think, therefore I am)

1. Radical doubting ‐‐ doubted existence

‐‐ his thought broke the traditional approach to knowledge (handing down tradition = Catechetical thought)

‐‐ Descartes questioned all supposed knowledge

‐‐ age of skepticism arrives (positive outlook of man's ability) ‐‐ hallmark of modernity

English revolution and growth of Protestantism (England after Elizabeth) France ‐‐ absolute state (King Louis XIV) England ‐‐ moved into constitutionalism (conflict between parliament and king)

King James I of England:

‐‐ unify England in Scotland (this was not popular)

‐‐ English Calvinists saw hope in this (Scottish reformation was positive)

Puritans: return to biblical basis of religion (radical)

‐‐ laws of country reflects laws and Bible

‐‐ England had middle way ‐‐ no crosses, Priestley vestments, or serving communion at the altar

‐‐ frugal, Sunday services, etc.

disagreements in church government, opposed bishops\Congregationalist elders or not (independents) Baptists emerged out of independents (Puritan independents who believed in adult baptism)

‐‐ core beliefs held (Calvin or Zwingly)

‐‐ Church of England was moderately Calvinist

James I, 1603

‐‐ was not popular England; his mother was Catholic

‐‐ absolute monarchy = not favorable with parliament

‐‐ violated laws to help friends out

‐‐ homosexual

he was tolerant of religious views; persecuted Anabaptists

favored Episcopals ‐‐ bishops support him Puritans appealed to James about: 1. Laws against them (no bishops) 2. Wanted English version of Bible ‐‐ KJV, 1611

‐‐ translators messed up some

‐‐ not acceptable immediately

‐‐ some of the language used was outdated

‐‐ Catholics continue to use the Vulgate

Parliament (Puritan) ‐‐ tension with James I, House of Commons and bishops 1605 ‐‐ law passed against Catholics ‐‐ gunpowder plot ‐‐ a Catholic put gunpowder under floor apartment hoping to blow up the king ‐‐ conspirators discovered and executed ‐‐ persecution of Catholics followed James I did not care for parliament ‐‐ did not call parliament unless to raise taxes to do his projects 1614 ‐‐ convinced parliament and dissolve it within one month 1625 ‐‐ James I died

Charles I ‐‐ leadership style from farther ‐‐ unpopular ‐‐ married Henrietta Maria, sister of Louis XIII from France ‐‐ Henrietta and her court were Catholic ‐‐ ruled without parliament ‐‐ people did not like this or his marriage ‐‐ ruled 11 years without calling parliament; convened eventually for money ‐‐ favored anti‐Puritans supporters and placed them in government posts

William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury: ‐‐ one Scotland and England = 1 church between the two

‐‐ he tried to impose this ‐‐ reformer of the Church of England ‐‐ Arminian ‐‐ believed in hierarchy of the church

‐‐ conform to common book of prayer

‐‐ government authority from Charles I to enforce religious acts; death warrants and torture ‐‐ trying to impose this uniformity in Scotland which just started a rebellion = Puritans in Scotland united, prepared an army and prepared to invade England ‐‐ Charles I had to raise money to defend against the Scots ‐‐ he convened parliament

‐‐ short parliament ‐‐ April, 1640 = dissolve it within a couple of months because Puritans trying to force Charles on their points before he would listen to his tax request

‐‐ Scots attack ‐‐ Charles' little army was defeated

do

‐‐ long parliament ‐‐ November, 1640 = Puritans said Charles would do what he wanted them to

1640‐8 ‐ 7 1/2 years

parliament

house of lords ‐‐ including bishops; during long parliament bishops were excluded from

imprisonment of William Laud ‐‐ was executed

Charles I ‐‐ trying to arrest some leaders, but was unsuccessful ‐‐ Charles fled

Civil War: Oliver Cromwell versus Charles I and Imperial Army parliament signed treaty with Scotland ‐‐ work toward uniform religion which would be acceptable to both Scotland and England parliament outlawed Episcopal and set new state church assembly of divines ‐‐ most were Puritan Presbyterians

1643 ‐‐ abolish Episcopacy

1645 ‐‐ remove the book of common prayer

1646 ‐‐ acceptance of Presbyterians

1648 ‐‐ Westminster confession, longer in shorter catechism

early on parliament afraid to accept Presbyterianism that they eventually did so

started covenant of works ‐‐ Adam until he sinned then covenant of grace ‐‐ implying moment Adam sinned south and East ‐‐ sided with parliament north and West ‐‐ sided with king

Oliver Cromwell ‐‐ leader of parliament army, he recruited the army ‐‐ religious and pious man ‐‐ belief in Diversity of religious ideas ‐‐ god to unite Puritans and Protestants together in parliament effort ‐‐ envisioned army as army of Sts. ‐‐ struggle with king = holy war ‐‐ under leadership, 1645 ‐‐ army defeated Charles' army

Charles I was desperate ‐‐ asked Irish Catholics to invade

England ‐‐ went to Scots who arrested him and turned over to parliament

Civil War was now over ‐‐ Charles escaped Charles was executed ‐‐ beheaded by parliament

‐‐ Rump parliament ‐‐ conducted the trial

‐‐ less than 50 percent of parliament was there

‐‐ guilty of treason ‐‐ beheaded 1649

people rose up against monarchy ‐‐ put fear in hearts of kings of Europe

Oliver Cromwell ruled 1653 ‐‐ 1658 ‐‐ refuse the Royal Crown ‐‐ took title of protector ‐‐ he ruled together with parliament to advise him ‐‐ he became supreme ruled ‐‐ religiously, he was tolerant ‐‐ economically favored the middle‐class

‐‐ before he died, he named his son, Richard, his successor who resigned after two years because he was a bad leader

Charles II of England ‐‐ Presbyterians sided with loyalists and restore the monarchy to Charles II (son of Charles I) ‐‐ he was a knowledge by Scots as king earlier ‐‐ Charles II ‐‐ declared himself Catholic on his deathbed ‐‐ restore Catholicism to both England in Scotland ‐‐ Scotland ‐‐ rebellion ‐‐ Charles II believed in monarchy and ruled by divine right (always a struggle with parliament)

Clarendon code: 1662 ‐‐ Corporation act ‐‐ officeholder had to take oath of allegiance and Anglican community 1662 ‐‐ uniformity act ‐‐ ministers\teachers living in housing owned by church had to give full assent to book of common prayer or had to be kicked out

‐‐ 2000 ministers had to move out

1664 ‐‐ can biblical act ‐‐ all persons over 16 who attended religious meetings with more than four people, and did not use book of common prayer can be arrested 1665 ‐‐ five miles act ‐‐ punished creatures\teachers who'd been ejected if they live within five miles of where they used to live (punished those who would not take an oath) 1670 ‐‐ conventicles act ‐‐ renewed

John Bunyan went to prison and wrote pilgrims progress ‐‐ readers see themselves as man with burden on his back Charles II died in 1685 ‐‐ James II succeeded him ‐‐ who was Catholic ‐‐ wanted to restore Catholicism to England ‐‐ 1688 ‐‐ was overthrown William of orange and Mary his wife (James II daughter) toleration act ‐‐ 1689 ‐‐ rejected the jurisdiction of Pope, the mass, pretty much everything Catholic ‐‐ also cannot conspire against the sovereign

‐‐ they were accepted by the Scots ‐‐ Presbyterian Church ‐‐ Great Britain brought together as one kingdom

Protestantism: Presbyterianism, independents, Baptist, Quakers, Unitarians

English Baptists: John Smyth ‐‐ 1606 ‐‐ separated from Church of England and fled to Amsterdam, Holland because of persecution Thomas Helwys ‐‐ 1612 ‐‐ returned England 1633 ‐‐ division into general in particular Baptist

George Fox ‐‐ 1609 ‐‐ Mystic ‐‐ out of the Quakers (preached inner light) Quakers ‐‐ society of friends ‐‐ mystic Protestant\holy spirit ‐‐ and this is leading people to act ‐‐ focus on inner light; conscience ‐‐ not spark of light; those who turned to law ‐‐ revelation ‐‐ comes directly from God ‐‐ reacted against Puritans

‐‐ wanted to do away with clergy, Sacraments, music and sanctuaries

‐‐ reduced pride; no social rank

‐‐ talked with familiar "thou" not you

‐‐ pacifist view towards war

‐‐ persecuted since inception = severity of persecution due to excesses in worship

‐‐ met Margarette Fell at her home; Swathmoor Hall

‐‐ defied Clarendon code; imprisoned\fined

‐‐ inner light ‐‐ talked more of holiness

‐‐ attracted William Penn, 1666

1689 ‐‐ toleration act ‐‐ William and Mary ‐‐ gave Quakers freedom to worship Unitarians ‐‐ 18th century ‐‐ originated in Holland from Senisarians

‐‐ denying Trinity

‐‐ they used to be Calvinists

Baptists and Quakers ‐‐ separation of church and state independents were divided

‐‐ church and state is OK as long as it was their form of church

‐‐ feared that state would regulate truth

Charles I ‐‐ religious freedom or allow them to fight amongst themselves or impose conformity ‐‐ plurality = challenge amongst the faithful

‐‐ some work to unity

‐‐ some immigrated to the colonies

18th century Europe ‐‐ enlightenment and revival ‐‐ move away from confessionalism Rene Descartes ‐‐ radical doubting (characteristic of enlightenment) ‐‐ rationalism ‐‐ mind has innate ideas ‐‐ existence of God does not come from within a mind, but comes from God (ontological argument) John Locke ‐‐ how you know the mind has innate knowledge? ‐‐ Tabula Rasa = no knowledge in the mind at all; blank slate ‐‐ knowledge comes from experience in observance = empiricism David Hume ‐‐ you cannot observe causation, only action No. 1 in action No. 2 ‐‐ true knowledge cannot exist on mere observation ‐‐ led him to skepticism, but did not live as he believed John Locke and William Barclay (followed John Locke ‐‐ ordained Anglican priest) ‐‐ spirit of inquiry ‐‐ reason and common sense

‐‐ deism rose ‐‐ rationalist approach to theism (God wound up the clock and allowed world to go its own way)

‐‐ opposed to interventionist (no miracles)

‐‐ opposed divine incarnation

‐‐ Christianized deism ‐‐ omnipotence

‐‐ all powerful ‐‐ he does not need to intervene (the world works)

‐‐ appeal to observation and experience

‐‐ French and English: beginning of modern criticism

‐‐ influenced Romaris ‐‐ quest for historical Jesus

‐‐ new religion does not emerge out of thin air

‐‐ Christianity came from Judaism

‐‐ rise of science: ‐‐ Isaac Newton and Leibniz ‐‐ both claim to invent calculus (heated debate) ‐‐ Newton ‐‐ gravity ‐‐ planetary orbits = explained elliptical orbits

Reaction to enlightenment: 1. Apologetic:

Joseph Butler ‐‐ analogy of religion

Thomas Sherlock ‐‐ trial of witnesses

2. Revivalistic:

pietism ‐‐ began in Germany to return the vitality in worship

Giolind = "the hammer"; papal theology

‐‐ vitality of theology and doctorine

‐‐ come back to worship

leaders ‐‐ Spencer, Zinzindorf, Franca

Johann Andt ‐ son Lutheran minister ‐‐ pragmatist\mystic

‐‐ belief on holiness and prayer ‐‐ Lutheran Superintendent ‐‐ be holy in preach the word ‐‐ true Christianity ‐‐ true life in Christ

= saving faith produces good works

Spencer ‐‐ rigorous piety ‐‐ home meetings ‐‐ colegia piatitis ‐‐ Pia Desideria ‐‐ five elements (manifesto of pietism)

1. Greater use of Scripture

2. Lay participation in small groups

3. Balance of action in believed in Christian life

4. Training in piety

5. Sermons that are understandable and applicable

‐‐ ability to balance believed in action

‐‐ faith includes intellectual an emotional element

‐‐ established = comfortable

‐‐ some Christians don't ask leading or godly ‐‐ deeper problem ‐‐ need to pray for other party and set a good example ‐‐ have conviction, but speak in love to those who disagree ‐‐ he was accused of heresy ‐‐ the emphasized creeds = led to deemphasis on Scripture ‐‐ court preacher ‐‐ seen as outsider (out of favor with elector)

‐‐ went to Berlin ‐‐ Dresdon

‐‐ won Franke and Leipzig

Franke: collegium philio biblicum (small group) ‐‐ met to study Scripture

‐‐ New birth (question Lutheran church) ‐‐ popular teacher; controversial ‐‐ on Christian perfection ‐‐ sanctification ‐‐ went to University of Halle (center of pietism) ‐‐ began school for poor children and orphan house (education model) ‐‐ missionary zeal = character of pietism

‐‐ first to India

‐‐ Holle ‐‐ University missionary center

Moravia ‐‐ Zinzindorf ‐‐ education at school for children ‐‐ entered law school at Wittenberg (Luther) ‐‐ tour of Europe and universities ‐‐ Art Museum at Duzendorf ‐‐ ready inscription on paining, "I have done for you, what have you done for me"

‐‐ mystical experience

‐‐ he said he would do whatever he could for the Lord ‐‐ his estate ‐‐ Moravians came and live there at Hernhut (under God's care)

Hernhut ‐‐ under God's care (Zinzindorf's estate, Saxony) ‐‐ Moravians brothers went here for protection ‐‐Zinzindorf not interested in Moravians and then did get involved

‐‐ built morebuildings

‐‐ influx of more Moravians

‐‐ small academy building

‐‐ Zinzindorf encouraged to stay Lutheran

‐‐ later they didn't become own denomination

‐‐ missionary thrust ‐‐ beginnings for Protestant movement; impacted on John Wesley

‐‐ Zinzindorf ‐‐ financial and spiritual leader of missions; died penniless

Methodism: John and Charles Wesley ‐‐ deep emotion with strong sense of spirit John Wesley: ‐‐ father was very strict ‐‐ Mom and Dad argued over political leadership ‐‐ mastered seven languages ‐‐ holy club started by Charles at Oxford ‐‐ prison ministry ‐‐ 1735: went to New World for missions ‐‐ Georgia

‐‐ he was not successful; he did not like it and came back to England

faith

‐‐ he did meet the Moravians; strong faith on the boat; he thought they were strong in their

‐‐ Peter Boler ‐‐ preach faith until you have it then you'll have it to preach

‐‐ May 24, 1738 ‐‐ conversion that Altersgate; deep warming of the heart

‐‐ he didn't become Lutheran

‐‐ he was a good, fiery preacher

‐‐ almost Christian

‐‐ methodism ‐‐ term of derision; people opposed ‐‐ term stuck

‐‐ characterized by evangelical zeal; Armenian theology and social concern

‐‐ small groups (similar to pietism) ‐‐ sacraments; you ordained clergy (conference to govern movement)

‐‐ broke with English church over an issue

‐‐ self‐governance (breaking) ‐‐ not intended to separate from Church of England

‐‐ believed that one could conquer sin and become sinless by work of holy spirit

‐‐ had social reform ‐‐ John Howard

‐‐ noble of England; jailhouse preacher

‐‐ prison reform ‐‐ jailers were to now earn a salary

‐‐ he caught the plague visiting prisons

William Wilberforce ‐‐ member of Parliament ‐‐ against slavery in England, 1797 ‐‐ wrote a book against slave trade by Christians ‐‐ 1807 ‐‐ abolished slave trade, 1833 ‐‐ slavery abolished in English dominions

Robert Raikes ‐‐ 1780 ‐‐ Sunday school movement; began a social movement ‐‐ reading, writing, arithmetic: the three R's ‐‐ train the poor (no public schools) ‐‐ hire teachers to teach on Sundays

‐‐ pulled together funding

‐‐ opposition ‐‐ rest and should not study nonbiblical subjects on Sunday

‐‐ Sept. 7, 1775 ‐‐ Prescott Street Baptist Church

‐‐ Sunday school society: William Fox

‐‐ Raikes supported this with his philanthropist friends

‐‐ Methodist\Anglican and Baptist endeavor

‐‐ textbooks, etc.

‐‐ 4000 schools reformed

1800s ‐‐ last half = Sunday school

‐‐ A period of rational exploration, scientific discovery, and skepticism

‐‐ resistance ‐‐ need for emotional\affective component

‐‐ expressed in revival

‐‐ fueled by small group model study and prayer; accountability

Beginnings of American Christianity:

Columbus ‐‐ 1492 ‐‐ most intellectuals knew earth was round ‐‐ money and ambition part of his travels ‐‐ deepest reason was spiritual; biblical and theological = his writing and other people's testimony ‐‐ skilled mariner ‐‐ theological reasons ‐‐ pious, fasted and prayed

‐‐ knew Vulgate well; Priest said he did this with holy Trinity

‐‐ thought he was fulfilling apocalyptic prophecies

‐‐ quotes passages from Isaiah 69

‐‐ holy spirit spurned him forward (medieval\Christendom)

‐‐ second voyage ‐‐ 13 religious workers with him

‐‐ saw his voyage as a mission trip

‐‐ he was Catholic, had immense faith

‐‐ believed ability to sail was from God

‐‐ natives = wanted to make them good servants, good Christians

‐‐ gold ‐‐ fine by the will God; obsessed with it

‐‐ like titles

‐‐ book of prophecies ‐‐ voyage ordained by God

‐‐ Christopher = Christ bearer

‐‐ de los costas

‐‐ convert with sword and take them captive

Hernando Cortez ‐‐ pious and brutal

‐‐ idols made him sick, bowed to Priests

‐‐ slaughtered natives mercilessly

‐‐ he converted one native of Cuba and adopted him as his son

Montezuma, Aztec leader ‐‐ welcomes Cortez

‐‐ Cortez took Montezuma hostage to rule the people ‐‐ Montezuma ‐‐ stoned by own people

Bartholomew de las Cosas ‐‐ did not believed to convert by sword ‐‐ wrote against Spanish exploitation of new world ‐‐ all humans are equal no matter how barbarous

‐‐ argued with priests who said rule because Spanish were superior

‐‐ de las Cosas won respect of the natives

Settling North America: ‐‐ diverse religious groups ‐‐ Franciscans ‐‐ Venezuela, Mexico, Texas, California

‐‐ first University in new world ‐‐ 1551 in Lima, Peru; Mexico City, Mexico

‐‐ French Catholics ‐‐ 1604 in Canada

‐‐ Jesuit missionaries, Jaque Marquette discovered Mississippi River ‐‐ set up missions in St. Louis

‐‐ Francois de la Bal ‐‐ set up missions in Québec

1763 ‐‐ French in Indian war

‐‐ English influence in Canada

‐‐ colonies = diverse religious ideas (freedom of religion)

‐‐ freedom of religion not held early on

‐‐ freedom of religion ‐‐ influenced by Baptists (James Madison)

‐‐ Virginia ‐‐ Church of England; Baptist and the Quakers were oppressed

1620 ‐‐ Pilgrims land at Plymouth rock = wanted perfect society; Puritanism

‐‐ educated clergy

‐‐ 1636 ‐‐ Harvard college

Growth of American Christianity:

revolution in 19th‐century ‐‐ first great awakening solidified the colonies ‐‐ second great awakening ‐‐ 1800 ‐‐ 1835

‐‐ within founding of United States of America

‐‐ D.L. Moody, Francis Asberry (effects continued)

‐‐ explosive growth in Protestant groups (Baptist and Methodist)

‐‐ United States grew larger (opportunity for church growth)

‐‐ move west

‐‐ poor, uneducated in West (small communities)

‐‐ church had to adapt without complete message

‐‐ circuit rider and camp meetings

Methodism ‐‐ circuit rider Francis Asberry

‐‐ 1771 ‐‐ John Wesley challenged him to go to America to preach gospel

‐‐ Philadelphia, Oct., 1772

‐‐ Methodist support British

‐‐ Francis Asberry supported colonists though

‐‐ strategy ‐‐ circuit rider; Francis Asberry set it up

‐‐ not well‐educated

‐‐ he taught himself Hebrew, Greek, and Latin

‐‐ crossed America at least seven times, 16,000 sermons, travel horseback 270,000 miles; was mostly ill

‐‐ methodism grew from 600 to 250,000

circuit rider's ‐‐ traveling preacher in area to small to have own parish; four cities, four cities, four pastored communities

‐‐ rugged, committed

‐‐ Francis Asberry managed a group of preacher's that were circuit rider's

‐‐ not well‐educated ‐‐ identified with commoners

‐‐ preach at church once per month

Cane Ridge revival, 1801 ‐‐ key and second great awakening ‐‐ Barton Stone organized it; ecumenical event ‐‐ Baptists too, multiple preacher's ‐‐ 20,000 people ‐‐ cane Ridge communion ‐‐ three ‐‐ five‐day meeting ‐‐ Frontier dwellers showed up; not very religious

‐‐ gambling, sex, alcohol, etc.

‐‐ famous for large crowds, and chaos on second day (Saturday) ‐ Barton Stone wrote about it

‐‐ intense preaching from meetinghouses

‐‐ people were crying out for sin

‐‐ Bodily phenomenon (exorcism happened)

‐‐ people would scream and fall down, barking, jerks, dancing, singing, laughing, running

‐‐ Saturday evening ‐‐ ministers were troubled by all this; not opposed ‐‐ some believed it was wrong to have such emotional response from preaching ‐‐ McMinar ‐‐ worried about loss of control in the crowd ‐‐ Sunday morning ‐‐ communion service; different groups ‐‐ different places

‐‐ exhorted one another: moaning, groaning, etc.

‐‐ more chaos

‐‐ Monday ‐‐ some left, some just arriving; people heard about it

‐‐ continued until Thursday

‐‐ many did return home transformed in converted ‐‐ Rev. Moses Hoge ‐‐ many were converted into give clear and rational explanation ‐‐ Barton Stone and Alexander Campbell ‐‐ disciples of Christ

‐‐ baptismal regeneration

‐‐ new Testament only

‐‐ Peter Cartonwright ‐‐ Methodist circuit rider\camp Meeting preacher

‐‐ was a brute; rough background

‐‐ in‐your‐face preaching; warned Andrew Jackson

‐‐ when he preached some would interrupt by being rowdy and heckle him ‐‐ he would challenge them or chase them off

‐‐ he baptized thousands

‐‐ he urged new converts to build meetinghouses

‐‐ he championed calls for Methodist colleges to train ministers

‐‐ he would leave books and tracts behind wherever he went

‐‐ criticisms of camp meetings:

1. Excess of emotional outbursts

2. Secular activities would take place is well

‐‐ social gathering rather than spiritual gathering (Towns came together)

‐‐ drinking, gambling, etc.

Charles Finney ‐‐ salvation experience was profound; wrestled with God

‐‐ liquid love permeating my body

‐‐ dropped law practice and became a licensed preacher

‐‐ 1823 = became Presbyterian preacher; okay sermons ‐‐ 1825 ‐‐ sermons drew large crowds

‐‐ press attention

‐‐ many responded in faith

‐‐ controversial ‐‐ individual will stressed to respond to Christianity, but was a Calvinist

‐‐ new measures in worship so people could respond easy to the message:

1. Use of sinner's bench; sat there for conversion

2. Allow women to pray during services

3. Most important: informal language used in prayer to enable heart; genuine

Lectures on revivals religion ‐‐ published

‐‐ means for revival under holy spirit leadership to create environment; not advocating human effort

‐‐ controversial in Presbyterian church

‐‐ Charles Hodge condemned book

‐‐ Finney left denomination; became independent

Awakenings continued ‐‐ Yale and Dartmouth

‐‐ 1810, 1816, 1817, 1826 ‐‐ that increased emphasis on missions; genuine conversion

Shakers, 1770\04 ‐‐ rise to sectarian groups ‐‐ Mother Ann Lee ‐‐ came out of Quaker movement ‐‐ characterized by celibacy, violent shaking in worship and dancing

Mormonism ‐‐ Joseph Smith, 1820 ‐‐ book of Mormon ‐‐ 1830 ‐‐ Moroni

Adventism, 1839; 1845 William Miller ‐‐ believed Jesus would come again in 1843\1844 ‐‐ apocalyptic Baptist movement ‐‐ Jesus did not come because Christians did not follow Sabbath day ‐‐ gathered on Saturday ‐‐ Ellen Woolwhite

Christian science, 1875 Mary Baker Eddy ‐‐ science and health published ‐‐ positive mental attitude ‐‐ rejected medication because it was manmade

Jehovah's Witnesses, 1879 Charles Taze Russell ‐‐ Arian ‐‐ Bible study in 1870 ‐‐ Thought Trinity was tritheism

Europe and the modern era: missionary explosion in 19th‐century ‐‐ set up everywhere ‐‐ criticisms:

1. Accomplished by the sword: imperialism

2. Destroying native cultures

‐‐ misleading = rise to power of Holland and decline in Portugal

‐‐ missionaries stood up for natives

‐‐ did work with government; India

‐‐ services, ambassadors; linked to imperialist government, but not

‐‐ assumptions about native culture; ideal

John Jacques Rousseau ‐‐ the noble savage ‐‐ childlike trust of savage; positive outlook on human nature ‐‐ postmodernity = all is good Rolen Banton ‐‐ defended missionaries; natives practiced abominations and needed to be changed William Cary ‐‐ translated Indian Bible and literature

‐‐ he preserved their culture ‐‐ considered father of modern missions ‐‐ Baptists ‐‐ missionary society, 1791 ‐‐ fell on deaf ears, but passionate, next year

conversion of the heathen published 1792

‐‐ need missionaries ‐‐ apologetic against hyperCalvinism

‐‐ five months ‐‐ 12 attendees formed first Baptist missionary society; William Cary went to India and translated the Scripture in 44 languages ‐‐ God opens doors for you in evangelism, so work to win people to Christ ‐‐ argues for great commission, Providence and impediments; distance, barbarism, being killed ‐‐ unfounded, food, languages, money ‐‐ poor and rich

David Livingstone ‐‐ Explorers ‐‐ missionary to Africa; one‐third of time was missionary ‐‐ two‐thirds English government has explore ‐‐ not successful, but descriptions of dark continent inspired many missionaries ‐‐ wanted to abolish the slave trade; set up Christian towns to do so ‐‐ he was attacked by a lion ‐‐ broke his arm ‐‐ his writings made him a celebrity in England; executed missions ‐‐ cultural interaction ‐‐ dark continent ‐‐ sad story of missions; great sacrifice

‐‐ William Cary's wife went insane

‐‐ Livingstone only live with wife for four years of the 17 years of his marriage

‐‐ many missionaries endured this

Charlotte "Lottie" Moon 1840 ‐‐ born in Virginia 1873 ‐‐ heard a sermon on missions to China: convicted her July 7 ‐‐ became a missionary to China by Southern Baptists

‐‐ wore Chinese clothes to engage them

‐‐ learned Chinese

‐‐ teacher to missionary kids; originally

‐‐ schools formed in the community

Charlotte Moon died because she gave her food away in starved during a famine professor of old Testament, Crawford Toy Southern seminary wanted to marry her but she refused because of his stance on Scripture

German enlightenment: Immanuel Kant and Frederick Schleiermacher (two most prominent thinkers) Reimarus ‐‐ first quest of historical Jesus Lessing ‐‐ foundations of future rejection of Christianity; education of human race

‐‐ three levels of revelation and live:

1. Childhood ‐‐ old Testament law ‐‐ God\superstition

2. Youth ‐‐ new Testament love ‐‐ God\superstition

3. Adulthood ‐‐ reason; do good for good's sake ‐‐ only motivator

Wolff ‐‐ taught math; positive view of human progress, negative view of miracles

Immanuel Kant ‐‐ rationalist: innate knowledge ‐‐ read David Hume; cause and effect ‐‐ doubted rationalism and confronted Hume ‐‐ between rationalism and empiricism ‐‐ knowledge comes from senses

‐‐ mind was built in a way to organize in‐store data

‐‐ judgments in categories

‐‐ division of reality into two worlds:

1. Noumenal world

2. Phenomenalogical world

‐‐ we cannot know anything because ‐‐ we live in the physical

‐‐ led him to deny religion based on revelation to religion based on reason

‐‐ duty in moral obligation to please God

Frederick Schleiermacher ‐‐ father of modern theological liberalism ‐‐ addresses on religious culture despisers ‐‐ defended religion as valued aspect to human life ‐‐ reaction against rationalism and Orthodoxy ‐‐ acceptance of revealed truth and obedience to God will; problematic to him because it was void of emotion ‐‐ religion = feeling of ultimate dependence

‐‐ not emotionalism, but sense of inadequacy

‐‐ see change everywhere, but ideal of permanence

‐‐ desire for immutability

‐‐ dependence on the unchanging ‐‐ comes from self reflection; all religions do this ‐‐ but not all are the best

‐‐ he argued Christianity is the best because it unites God and man in person of Jesus

Christianity in the modern era: modern era ‐‐ increase in missions; struggle with concept of knowledge of God (empiricism and skepticism) Immanuel Kant ‐‐ knowledge from observance

‐‐ that Orthodoxy ‐‐ God is not reduced down into a box

Frederick Schleiermacher ‐‐ awareness of our own finitude is religious knowledge; becomes more of a feeling

‐‐ meant to protect church\faith

‐‐ however, gave way to doubting God

focused becomes on one's individual experience with God. Identification of religion with repressive religions (still is)

‐‐ French Revolution

‐‐ reaction against the church\religion ‐‐ where the powerful press the people; secularization of French society

‐‐ vilification of religion as oppressor

Karl Marx (atheist) ‐‐ Communist manifesto ‐‐ religion is opiate of the people ‐‐ atheistic state where people live as equals ‐‐ positive view of humanity; modern era ‐‐ Communist idea not bad, however sin ‐‐ set up more repressive regimes than it replaced ‐‐ World War II, Cold War ‐‐ end of modernity

Charles Darwin ‐‐ origin of species, 1859 ‐‐ not a new series, 1700's ‐‐ added an explanation for how this can be done

‐‐ natural selection, survival of the fittest

‐‐ criticized, bad press for theories ‐‐ suggested white race was most developed and evolved ‐‐ this was used by Nazi regime

Pope Pious IX ‐‐ height and low point that same time in papacy ‐‐ inflated view of papacy ‐‐ Ultramontanism ‐‐ beyond the mountains (Italy)

‐‐ strengthened Roman see (started by Pope pious VII)

‐‐ two events that strengthened Roman see

1. December, 1854 ‐‐ encyclical ‐‐ God ineffable ‐‐ doctrine of Immaculate Conception of the virgin ‐‐ Mary was not tainted by original sin

‐‐ puts Mary as co‐Redeemer with Christ

2. Syllabus of errors ‐‐ condemn practices that most Catholics already did not like

‐‐ trying to stem the tide of modernity

‐‐ opposed in nonsectarian schools, separation of church and state

3. Vatican I in 1869 (ecumenical? No ‐‐ just Catholics)

‐‐ < 1800 people attended

‐‐ set forth the doctrine of the infallibility of the Pope

‐‐ religious toleration ‐‐ saw these as an attack on Christian faith

‐‐ did not mean that he was sinless, or perfect in every way

‐‐ means that his pronouncements are infallible when he speaks ex Cathedra (from his chair) ‐‐ in his official capacity (very limited) ‐‐ pious IX tenure ‐‐ height of pappacy ‐‐ the infallibility

‐‐ lowest point ‐‐ move toward national formation and pious IX rejected this

‐‐ Victor Emmanuel took Papal states from the Pope in 1870

‐‐ Catholicism became dependent upon Pope's ability to negotiate ‐‐ Ambassador function; World War I and World War II, Pius XII signed Concordat with Nazi party (peace treaty)

‐‐ criticized harshly

‐‐Pius XII did not protect the Jews in Rome or Italy

Pope John XXIII ‐‐ drive to ecumenicism (open‐minded)

‐‐ 1948 ‐‐ world council of churches\engage culture

‐‐ grew out of missions society organization

Pope Paul VI ‐‐ outlook was important (1962 ‐‐ 1965) Vatican II ‐‐ feared it opened to many doors to liberalism and Hersey ‐‐ criticism by both conservatives and liberals

‐‐ conservative criticism: move to ecumenicism and modern worship forms ‐‐ liberal criticism: encyclical ‐‐ human life (July, 1968) ‐‐ birth control is not allowed still (Made liberals upset)

Karl Barth Neo‐Orthodoxy ‐‐ reaction against ‐‐ attempts to thoughtfully engage critical scholarship and maintain hisstoric doctrine the church has held ‐‐ needs to be focus on doctrine to not be tainted by liberalism ‐‐ approaches were done uncritically (contains word of God, record of God's revelation) ‐‐ Christ becomes the focus ‐‐ popular in Southern Baptist movement ‐‐ way to hold to tradition of Bible, but lighten up on the Bible as authority ‐‐ Barth denied innerancy in principle

Rudolph Bultman (Paul Tillich) ‐‐ existential approach ‐‐ gained salvation\knowledge of God through meeting the resurrected Christ in our own experience ‐‐ denies resurrection as history, speaks of Christ of faith ‐‐ demytholization of Scripture to get to core of history ‐‐ true religion is one of experience = liberal theology ‐‐ speaks of needing a savior

Jurgen Moltman ‐‐ got saved as POW in World War II ‐‐ Fought for Nazis ‐‐ theology of hope published ‐‐ exodus of Israel is the paradigm for hope and faith we have in Jesus ‐‐ there's hope after World War II ‐‐ is in Jesus

Liberation theology ‐‐ break bonds of oppression

‐‐ took hold from this idea of Moltman ‐‐ Gustavo Gutierrez ‐‐ theology of liberation published

‐‐ argues that salvation includes societal aspects as well as individual

‐‐ poverty ‐‐ salvation means to remove structures which keep them poor

‐‐ Gospel should transform societal structures

‐‐ categorical mistake to invoke turn other cheek when oppression is taking place against people

‐‐ Latin American liberation theology ‐‐ Marxist economics

‐‐ rhetorical against capitalism in America

‐‐ Christians have a social responsibility

‐‐ drive Christians to action (may include overthrowing oppressive regimes)

Civil rights movement Martin Luther King Jr. ‐‐ liberation theme in preaching ‐‐ call for church to have impact in society ‐‐ standing up for equal rights ‐‐ same themes made way into black Islamic groups

James Cone ‐‐ 1970 ‐‐ black theology of liberation published ‐‐ true church is a suffering people (exclusivists) ‐‐ Gospel of Luke (poor and outcasts affirmed) ‐‐ Christ against those not suffering ‐‐ he is not in white suburban churches

‐‐ church can exist in the ghettos

‐‐ necessitate a black Jesus (many forms)

‐‐ white Jesus identifies with a presser

‐‐ Jews oppressed in Rome

‐‐ oppression of church

Rosemary Ruether ‐‐ liberation theology and feminist theology ‐‐ women made in God's image (true) ‐‐ you can see God as mother ‐‐ idea of needing God you can identify with

Mary Daly ‐‐ feminist ‐‐ patriarchy is bad ‐‐ criticized structures of society ‐‐ man appropriated paternal language into church to control women (infant baptism) ‐‐ women ‐‐ machines, pragmatic objects ‐‐ calls for women to throw off oppressive structures ‐‐ Gospel ‐‐ freedom, liberated voice

Controversy in conservatism: Charles Spurgeon ‐‐ 1851 ‐‐ great preacher at Newpark in London ‐‐ church grew rapidly ‐‐ began a college ‐‐ cautioned against height criticism of Scripture ‐‐ downgrade ‐‐ criticized move among ministers to accept height criticism of Scripture = move to Unitarianism and Hersey ‐‐ Robert Schindler worked with him

James Boyce and Crawford Toy ‐‐ Toy believed German theology ‐‐ denied historicity of Adam and Eve and other historical events

life)

‐‐ he resigned from Southern Baptist seminary (beliefs contrary to school and Southern Baptist

‐‐ taught at Harvard University

‐‐ Boyce was president of southwestern Baptist theological seminary

Pentecostalism ‐‐ Azuza Street Charles Parham and William Seymour ‐‐ founders ‐‐ Methodists were speaking in tongues = initial identification of being baptized in holy spirit ‐‐ purpose of speaking on Mission field Agnes Ausman ‐‐ received a gift of spirit ‐‐ little success ‐‐ 1905 ‐‐ saw many receiving gift of holy spirit and saved in Kansas ‐‐ many came and it became successful ‐‐ school in Houston, Texas ‐‐ William Seymour came to study there ‐‐ Los Angeles ‐‐ William Seymour became the pastor Azuza Street ‐‐ revival broke out for years

Fundamentals of faith ‐‐ 1895 meeting of evangelical's at Niagara Falls

1. Innerancy of Scripture

2. Virgin birth

3. Death on cross

4. Resurrection of Jesus and second coming

5. Divinity of Jesus ‐‐ Incarnation

Vatican II ‐‐ largest council ever ‐‐ invited non‐Catholics to attend

1. Allow for mass to be done in vernacular, not in Latin

2. Approved of translations of Scripture

3. Empowerment of the laity ‐‐ and put on day‐to‐day operations

‐‐ lists of previously banned books were abolished

‐‐ freedom to write controversy of truth

4. Affirmation of supremacy of Scripture (tradition was not repudiated) ‐‐> Scripture seen to accurately backed tradition

‐‐ sacred Scripture and sacred tradition

‐‐ sacred tradition cannot contradict Scripture

‐‐ affirms supremacy of Scripture

5. Move toward ecumenism ‐‐ Eastern churches and Protestants as brethren and separated brethren

‐‐ Pope is not lessened in sameness

Paul VI ‐‐ meetings with Athenagoras (Constantinople)

‐‐ rescinded double excommunication of 1054

‐‐ affirmed one another, unbroken without heresy in schism

‐‐ skeptics and controversy

‐‐Philaret wrote a letter about problem of joining with Constantinople

‐‐ the problem was going against Orthodoxy

John Paul II and Demetrios ‐‐ openness with Protestants as well (not as much as Russian Orthodox)

Move toward ecumenism ‐‐ result of horrors of World War II ‐‐ world council of churches ‐‐ concern for state of world; formed because of lack of impact on world ‐‐ not much depth in theology ‐‐ liberal ‐‐ on moral issues, Catholics and Evangelicals are allies