Portfolio Pol Nadal Cros by Pol Nadal

POL NADAL CROS 路 PORTFOLIO 路

POL NADAL CROS Contact

can prunell 21a. 17003, Girona, Spain polnadal90@gmail.com +0034 635686981

Education

September 2008 – September 2013 Architecture & Urbanism Escola Politècnica Superior de la Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain September 2014 – July 2015 Master in Smart Cities Escola Politècnica Superior de la Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain November 2013 – February 2014 TOEIC certificate Asociación Mendocina de Intercambio Cultural Argentino Norteamericano, AMICANA. Mendoza, Argentina September 2014 – June 2015 B 2.2. Certificate Servei de Llengües Modernes de la Universitat de Girona , Girona, Spain

Work experience

October 2015 – March 2016 Architectural & Constructor Firm Micaela Martinez Architects , Mendoza, Argentina September 2013 – June 2014 Architectural & Constructor Firm Thor Construcciones, Mendoza, Argentina January 2013 – June 2013 Administration Escola Politècnica Superior de la Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain May 2012 – September 2012 Technical Assistant SW Hosting & Communications Technologies, SL.

Language skills

Spanish & Catalan Mother tongue English Advanced level Italian Basic level Portuguese Basic level

Software skills

AutoCAD - Advanced level ArchiCAD - Hight intermediate level Google SketcUp + VRay - Advanced level 3DStudioMax - Basic level Adobe Photoshop - Advanced level Adobe InDesign - Advanced level Adobe Illustrator - Hight intermediate level Microsoft Office - Advanced level iWork - Advanced level

Social skills and competences

I consider myself a social person, able to live and work with other people. I like meeting people and I feel comfortable in multicultural environments. Communication is a core value for me as it is important in situations where teamwork is essential.

Organizational skills During the study of the architecture degree I learned the basics of people coordination and teamwork. and competences At work I have always tended to take the initiative and propose improvements whenever it is considered necessary. Hobbies & interests Travel Photography Cinema Music Fitness Gastronomy

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS

urban renewal project page 12

Telef贸nica building page 34

Trueta garage page 42

Vila Angelats house page 50

Puig house page 58

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS

Single family dwelling page 64

The worls of El Lissitzky page 66

Cambodian sustainable housing page 76

URBAN PLANNING

Photography skills page 86

SMART CITIES PROJECTS

Wellness recovering page 90

Re-thinking the energie page 94

Re-thinking the city page 98

LifeCoin page 104

TECHNICAL SKILLS AND COMPETENCES

Photography skills page 116

Rendering & photoshop skills page 126

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS

Barcelona, Spain. 2013.

URBAN RENEWAL PROJECT

he neighborhood of Poble Nou is one of ten districts that make up the Barcelona district of Sant Martí. The neighborhood had a boom when starting the industrial revolution and most of the industries of Barcelona were located in this area. Nowadays is a constantly changing area, where the new buildings belonging technological firms of the 22@ district coexist with ancient façades of old factories. The plot choosen for the project has a rectangular form, an area of 35.280 m2 and a gradient of 0%. This plot belongs to an ancient factory called Ca l’Alier which became a derelict building after several fires. The project proposed borns from the desire to convert the use given to three entire blocks of this district; aiming to create a new neighborhood core that will restructure, transform and renovate the surrounding blocks in the coming years. The program consists of three elements: a library-cultural center, a market and social housing. The big idea of the project is based on a study of the complexity of the urban network that is a mixt of the regularity Cerdà model and the random and irregular pattern of the old streets of Poble Nou. This confluence proposes a simple but a very powerful solution: create a ring of forested public space. The tools for doing this are three volums based on “piece - bar - piece”. The project, which seeks to integrate the environment while maintaining the scale is composed by two facilities on the city block ends and houses in the central block. Both facility buildings are introverted. The big idea of the project is how the public space gives order to the urban network, the social activities and the neighborhood configuration.

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location

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schemes

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site

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ground floor

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LIBRARY & CULTURAL CENTER 18

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his building is part of the overall redesign planning as one of the highlights of the main axis of the project. The library facade maintains a relationship with the environment in terms of its shape, heights, rhythms and alignment. One of the compositional premises of the project is that the building knocks over the central courtyard. Regarding distribution, it is organised by the four distribution core services, which define and create different spaces with the central courtyard. But the areas are fragmented in height, as the library and auditorium are in the ground floor while the exposure area and the artistic workshops are situated at the upper level. The library-cultural center of Poble Nou tries to fill a vacant in the cultural facilities of the district. This new facility aims to link a series of cultural centers that are in its surrounding: schools, colleges, universities, creation and artistic development, etc.

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ground floor

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first floor

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indoor render

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indoor render

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outdoor render

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outdoor render

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MARKET 26

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he project’s core is to enrich the public space, creating an inner place that can be used as a market or/and a craft fair. The inner square is permeable from the street through pillars but giving a sensation of a closed and protected space thanks to the first floor (office department). The proposal is a simple, functional building. Its structure is a regular net of pillars that organizes the functional program allowing maximum flexibility. It is composed by two rectangular volumes, the largest, double-height, where the market is located and the second volume, arcaded ground floor that contains offices and the administration department. The two volumes are connected in its ground floor for shops and other commercial services like outdoor cafe, nursery, bank and citizen service. The market space is structured longitudinally through a sequence of commercial sections, wet (seafood), semi-wet (meat and sausages) and dry (bakeries, vegetables, etc.), creating a spatial continuity that gives market idea as a continuous enclosure. The market access is composed by six different doors where possible, from the very begining, to notice the simplicity geometry of the building. Thanks to this, all the stop market have the same importance and no one has privileges over the others. This pattern distributes the space longitudinally along a single line scheme of sale and purchase lines which fit the market places starting from minimum dimensions that can be extended depending on the sales needs of each trade.

The stops market organization allows easy handling and distribution of goods. In addition, the vertical communication cores are located on the corners in order to ensure the optimal performance for the internal organization (for supply of goods from the loading dock or refrigerators) and for buyers come or go to the underground car park.

CONCEPTE ARQUITECTÒNIC DE MERCAT

La idea de mercat es un edifici obert i accessible per dicerssos punts que cobreix el conjunt de petits comerços.

Generalment a l'exterior del mercat es generen activitats de comerç relacionats amb el mercat, amb la finalitat d'afavorir aquestes activitats es condiciona la plaça exterior amb espai porxat i elements d'ombrejat a l'estiu.

138

L'EDIFICI. DESCRIPCIÓ GENERAL

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04%

underground floor

10%

04%

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ground floor

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first floor

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outdoor render

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indoor render

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outdoor render

TELEFﾃ誰ICA BUILDING Girona, Spain. 2012.

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he project is a reform accompanied by a change of use of an 60s industrial building from a telephone company. The client wants to transform the building into a block of eight houses. Fit the houses into the existing structure represents a huge challenge. The lack of coordination between the structure and the number of homes led the study of a module that could be repeated without many alterations and with almost no impact on the facade. For this reason is reconsidered the existing facade, changing the windows rhythm but keeping in place the existing pillars. A verticality rhythm is proposed due to the great height and narrow of the windows that is combined with a strong base. Another aspect to consider was the joinery arrangement, placing it inside the facade plane, leaving a facade drilled by the windows. The space between the window and the exterior plane of the facade will be used as a balcony. The top of the facade presents no element that delimits it; the building is listed as a simple volume whose faces are comprehended as an infinite mesh. The facade is made of steel panels with the dimensions of the new rhythm. Inside the house we have different pavement levels between the bathroom - kitchen with the living room. In the upper level there is the bedroom. The common spaces of the building are moulding by the WC of each house because they stand above the plane which creates a small hall.

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ground floor

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mezzanine

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detailed plan

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detailed plan

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exploited axonometry

TRUETA GARAGE Girona, Spain. 2012.

he Trueta hospital ask the Girona University for an expansion project, adding to the existing car garage building 27 homes for doctors. The project was developed as a set of separate dwellings connected by common spaces whose use is communital and at the same time belonging to each house. The houses are seen as a set of prototypes placed in a row. In order to get some privacy between private and public spaces, grille screens (tramex type) were used in communal corridors and sliding, in balconies. This solution has a similar language with the existing garage facade. Nevertheless, the proposal wants to be seen as a different part of the existing building. That is the reason why the 27 new homes are lift of the existing building. The project has a will to expand the home beyond the walls. Pillars interrupt all the width of the communal corridor, so there is a space without movement of people. It is, precisely, these spaces (one for each apartment) are an extension of the private space. This space, open to the courtyard, offers the opportunity to become a terrace, a gardener or a place to hold objects such as a bicycle. The laundry has been used as wild card, absorbing the irregularities that may occur during the project and consolidating it.

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detailed plan

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detailed plan

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exploited axonometry

Girona, Spain. 2012.

VILA ANGELATS HOUSE

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eform and redistribution of housing and penthouse for three sisters of a building located in Girona, Spain. The project is based on the private room and the relationship with the common areas. The room is the smallest autonomous cell inside of home. The private room is understood as an intimate, individual and personal place, similar to a shelter where the individual who possesses it wants to remain isolated from the world around him. Therefore it is wrong to define this part of the house as a place to put a bed, a wardrobe and a small table. No, the architectural design is not a manual. The project proposed seeks to differentiate common areas changing the pavement level and at the same time being independent from each other. That is why the 3 bedrooms are located at the ends of the plants, forming a triangle, having an independence of each piece.

The penthouse plays a predominant role in this project, understood as an extension of the house. Thanks to its varied morphology, the penthouse wants to become a multi-use space that suits with the owner habits. The entire perimeter of the deck is walled on the front which continues as if it was an interior space. The windows put in a frame the landscape. It is possible to distinguish different space due to the successive changes of the pavement level. Another element that has been considered to compose the penthouse are the ventilation pipe, which are used as partition element, structural and sculptural. The rest of the house is completed by residual spaces like the space under the staircase which is used as an open study whith a desk iluminated by natural light from the skylight of the staircase. It is also take the most of the thickness walls on windows to place a rest bench furniture.

The common spaces (kitchen, dining and living room) are differentiated but connected. After a deeply analysis of the geometry of the plant it is concluded that the ideal location for the 3 spaces is in the center of the department articulating all the department. The distribution of these three parts seeks a visual communication between them, giving the user the feeling of housing is going on a succession of consecutive spaces.

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ground floor

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first floor

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sections

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sections

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facade

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drawings

Girona, Spain. 2012.

PUIG HOUSE

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emodelling of the ground floor of a 40’s building located in the old town of the city of Girona (Spain) to be used as an art gallery. The building is surrounded by a medieval buildings in a stairstreet. Due to the special features of the environment I started an study of the facade of the building and those around him, considering the relief and the shadows and how the facade plane directions change. At the same time I evaluated how to solve the staircase hall access proposing an oblique starcaise inserted into the facade plane of the building. The intervention seeks discretion and camouflage within the existing facade. This will get equal access to whom goes upstairs and downstairs. The walls have considerable size because they are the main structure of the building. Thus, both the new main entrance and the new rear windows are cut obliquely managing people moving up or down the street in the first case and leading light in the second case.

axonometry

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section

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section

Caldes de Malavella, Spain. 2014.

SINGLE FAMILY DWELLING

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etached house located in Caldes de Malavella, a village in the province of Girona, Spain. The project is requested by a private who needed a home for him, his wife and wife’s parents. Following the premises that the customer proposes, the project is composed by two buildings. The first volume consists of a small house with a kitchen, a bedroom - living room and a bathroom attached to a garage. The second building is the main house and has two floors in a cross shape. The ground floor is a large open space where each end of the cross embraces different spaces, being bathroom and laundry the only closed rooms and orientated to the north face. The underground floor is a large space designed to be used as a terrace to the garden (because of the steep terrain) and as box room.

Novosibirsk, Russia. 2012.

THE WORLDS OF EL LISSITZKY 66

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fter the death of El Lissitzky in December of 1941 in Moscow, his family (his wife Sophie Kuppers, an art historian by profession, and his son Jean) was deported to Novosibirsk as «people of German nationality». In Novosibirsk, Sophie for many years worked on the first monograph about El Lissitzky. This monograph was published in Dresden (Germany) in 1976. Sophie Kuppers was buried in the Zaeltsovsky Cemetery in Novosibirsk. In 1967, at Dom Uchenykh of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Novosibirsk Academgorodok, the exhibition of El Lissitzky opened. The exhibition presented works from the family collection and from The Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow). After a long period of prohibition he was forgotten in the Soviet Union until the 1967 exhibition which was the first personal exhibition of the great avant-gardist. The exhibition included all areas of creative work of El Lissitzky, and marked the beginning of the return of his name and his legacy to the world of Russian architecture and art.

important. Everything that is significant in Novosibirsk is beholden to the ideology of novelty, since the birth of thе settlement near the forward-looking Trans-Siberian bridge over the Ob. One of the major architectural styles of Novosibirsk is Constructionism (the branch of the architectural avant-garde). We can say that Academgorodok – the biggest scientific center, which was built in the forest near Novosibirsk in 1957 – was an avant-garde project too. The Technopark of Novosibirsk Academgorodok is an innovative Avant-garde project. It is not a coincidence that the building of the Center of informative technologies of Technopark looks like the ‘horizontal skyscraper’ projects of El Lissitzky

Announcing the project, “Worlds of El Lissitzky”, they were not going to engage to the «museumification» his legacy. El Lissitzky is not a «dead classic,» to be deposited in the archives, but a living figure, whose source of ideas and new approaches not only influence art but also the Lissitzky was born in 1890, while the city of Novosibirsk new building of life. The avant-garde ideology, has focus was built in 1893. Lissitzky’s Project of Confirmation of on the future, today is more important than ever. For NoNovelties (PROUN) brought out Suprematism of Kazimir vosibirsk, for Siberia, and for Russia as a whole. Malevich from a single plane to three-dimensional space. PROUN was not architecture or painting, but a new ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT approach to life building, as the artist named it himself. For the ideology of a Russian avant-garde, something Competitors should offer their concepts of symbolic obnew is more necessary than the past or even present. ject dedicated to Russian avant- garde (or to El Lissitzky) For Novosibirsk, the root of the word ‘Novo-‘ means ‘new’, in Novosibirsk. Conceps must have been realizable. is aimed at the future, which has always been extremely

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THE CREATION DIRECTED TO A CONCRETE OBJECTIVE 68

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n the old Soviet Union, during the early 20th century, the creation was directed to a concrete objective: be a power propaganda tool, with a clear social intentionality of change, to an improvement of the community live.

Station, the route acquires a touristic-cultural flavor by guiding the visitor through the most symbolic spaces of the urban area such as the “Novosibirsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre”, the “Alexandre Nevsky Cathedral”, or the natural park near the river. All these points of interest of the itinerary are emphasized by the return The russian avant-garde of that time rejected the imita- of the suprematist works, re-created in three dimensions tion of the natural forms, focusing on simple geometric to give them volume and to adapt them to the specific shapes. This idea fostered the most characteristic works and particular circumstances of each location. In this of the Constructivist art movement, the Prouns of El Lis- way, the society can assimilate those art works as well sitzky. as become aware of the cultural value of the city, thus creating a new identity and merging the different neighThe presented proposal follows the same stream defen- borhoods, which now are poorly cohesive. ded, near a century ago, by this well-known russian artist: the mission of the art is to organize life, rather than embellish it. From this idea, the works proposed lead to a concrete objective: to provide the personality and social cohesion that the metropolis needs due to a lack of history. The proposal redefines the urban space with an itinerary that links the two areas of the city, separated by the Od river. Starting at the Novosibirsk Main Railway

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photomontage

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photomontage

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FORM-MATTER, COLOR-MATTER, MATTER-CONSTRUCTION 72

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ollowing the artistic ideology of the russian avant-garde, art is understood as the relationship among the concepts of form, matter and color.

cube, an inverted image of the russian metropolis is projected by a natural light system inspired by the operation of a pinhole camera of large dimensions – 25x25x25 m. The contrast between the huge black cube, on the end point of the platform, and the excavated cube in the This built work should be understood as a structure that floor, on the other side of the platform, is a total antithemobilize the observer, originating the fantasy of rotation sis that promotes the main concepts of suprematism art around an hypothetical center of gravity that absorbs at movement. the end, in their inside, both the visitor and the city, establishing a new relationships between them. A new different way of looking from the established one, an unusual way of perceiving the world. This intention fosters the creation of an art work freeof-ties, a monument understood as the addition of simple geometric elements, not as a still statue. A big structure that lifts the russian avant-garde’s ideal from the plane to the three dimensions and that aspires to differentiate itself from the traditional concept of sculpture. The operation is founded on a series of idealistic interventions, with monumental dimensions, suspended on a platform that invite us to see the universe and acts too as a transition element between the urban reality and the new, utopic, space. On this subtly crafted base, the most singular element of this project is arranged, and that is no other than the “Black cube on white plane”. Inside the

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rendered section

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outdoor render

Trapearng Anchagn, Cambodia. 2012.

CAMBODIAN SUSTAINABLE HOUSING

· ARCHITECTONIC PROJECTS ·

ambodia (Khmer: Kampuchea, officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia) is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia with a population of over 14.8 million. It is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced by around 95% of the Cambodian population. The country minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 various hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh, the political, economic and cultural center of Cambodia. Cambodia is emerging from a traumatic past involving the communist Khmer Rouge regime and is one of the 20 poorest countries in the World. According to a United Nations 2010 Human Development report, more than 26% of its 13.9 million population lives on the equivalent of less than $1.25 a day. The majority of children, families and communities live in desperate poverty and struggle to meet the most basic needs of food, clean water and shelter without assistance.

and the needs of those living in Cambodia. 3. Research, respond to and highlight the unique aspects of designing a home through consideration of contextual and environmental factors. 4. Encourage the employment of sustainable design in all aspects of the proposal. The design should have a sensitivity to the tropical surroundings and where is possible provide a sustainable solution that enhanced the local architectural tradition, in which renewable resources like clay, bamboo and palm leaves are used to provide natural temperature and humidity regulation. Cost per unit should be capped at US$2000 . However, the jury looked for projects that attempted to reduce this figure and would expect basic wash, toilet and kitchen facilities to be included as well as material and labour costs.

Submissions should consider the following factors; • climate and weather • flooding • local environmental factors and contextual issues • health and promotion of safe living spaces • material selection ABOUT THE COMPETITION • ability to be personalised and further adapted by inhabitants, can the house be customised and extended The aim of this competition was to: • how design and construction of proposal could stimu1. Design healthy, safe, affordable and attractive houses late local economy to live in. • adaptability to varying site conditions 2. Encourage and reward design excellence at a sma- • what are the implications of mass production? ll scale which integrates function, structure, details • affordability for Cambodian families

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FRACTALS 78

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nimal species, which include humans, tend to cluster in social complexes system, and that means individuals interacting in the same space.

ber of people in order to generate development of microeconomy. That is the reason why the architectonical composition takes all scales of project, from urban planning to the house datails.

The proposed sustainable housing in Cambodia considers this principle as basic and seeks how to implement and enforce social activity through the architecture. The most important thing it is not the unit, but the whole. Thus, the hexagon shape appear, the best social agrupation system used by the nature to live in community. Thereby it is possible to create an infinite and perfect mesh of cells, whose shape and density will be decided, not by the architect but for the people experience who inhabit there. Moreover, this will be fully extensible thanks to its lightweight structure wood, allowing adaptation to any terrain.

The proposal wants the users to love the place, making residents feel themselves as their own village. Houses are made of prefabricated units that allow generate different prototypes, responding to the needs of each particular family. The prefabrication construction is a sustainable, standardized, safe, modular, fast and easy construction while self-construction can not guaranteee these features. The sustainability is understood from three points of view: • Social. • Economic. It is necessary to build a minimum number of units because it is being designed by a large group; • Low water consumption, collection, storaging and reusing rain water.

The aim of the proposal is to generate a suburban area for people with low economic resources and, at the same time, provide the opportunity to improve their status. The proposal tries, through its social to feature, attract the highest num-

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rendered section

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exploited axonometry

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rendered section

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outdoor section

URBAN PLANNING PROJECTS

Cassà de la Selva, Spain. 2012.

URBAN PLAN

· URBAN PLANNING PROJECTS ·

he proposal in the eastern sector of Cassa gement of the orchards in Cassa de la Selva de la Selva wants to focus on redefining the • A museum dedicated to the cork industry in the norboundary of the town built through the natuth of the study sector, in a derelict factory, which had ral spaces. Creating a transition space from been the main economic resource of the town. the urban area, with the highest population density, to the rural area, with a lower density. Regarding the road management, the proposal shape is conditioned by the presence of the old national highway. The proposal wants to organise around the three exis- That is the reason that we change the direction of this ting natural systems: two creeks that frame the study road in order to link the periphery area with the highest area and a pine forest that comes from Serra de las Ga- concentration of facilities, maintaining the landscape varres. features unchanged. There is a tunnel in the center of the proposal to avoid to Creeks and the railway organise the beginning and the cut it in two parts. end of the proposal. The topography and the presence of the pine forest help us to introduce vegetal areas into The homes in a “U” shape have a coherent facade to the the town. village and open views to the fields landscape which is the main feature of Cassà de la Selva. So the buildings are The proposal is complemented by 2 facilities: understood as a filter between the urban area and the • A multipurpose facility in the center of the study natural landscape of Les Gavarres mountains. area, with functions of cultural promotion and mana-

SMART CITIES PROJECTS

Method for the creation and promotion of quite urban areas.

WELLNESS RECOVERING

· SMART CITIES PROJECTS ·

quiet urban area is an urban area that wants to protect their noise levels, dimensions, type of roads in order to maintain its tranquility and its acoustic quality. The concept of quiet area is not very developed. The European Directive 49/2002 aims to promote areas but left to the European Member States its definition. Neither Spain nor Catalonia have defined the term in their law. So the difficulty lies: • how to identify the vulnerable quiet urban area • the selection of the most appropriate measures to protect a certain environment. • Another difficulty is the quiet urban area identification by citizens. Thus, the citizens realise they are in a quiet urban area and can change their behavior (drive slowly, not to shout...). In order to give coherence to the term “quiet urban area” I propose a method that select the most suitable measures of measures catalog for a certain QUA (quiet urban area).

cision is taken by the method. Public opinion taken before the decision let the method to identify, locate and evaluate the existing problem. The public opinion is given by representatives of the population (stakeholders) and is collected in a formal meeting. The decision method is not automatic; the user has to follow the method instructions. The method results in a scale of prioritizing the most effective solutions, trying to offer a zero-cost funding, offering measures that give economic revenue to the investor such as local businesses, families and other private organizations in the area. The solution is taken from a catalog attached to the method. This catalog is a list of solutions. There are two types of solution: some aim to reduce the hassle of people and others aim to monitor the efficiency of other measures. The overall objective of this study is to provide a universal tool that can be used in any case (whenever urban area). The catalog collects the maximum number of solutions that aim to, directly or indirectly, reduce the I. INNOVATION DESCRIPTION discomfort of the people in any case. The measures are classified: I have developed a universal decision method, reductio- • Measures on the streets nist, with a vertical structure that is a tool for municipal • Measures in the municipal fleet of vehicles councils in order to create and / or promote quiet urban • Measures to reduce the number of vehicles areas. • Measures to reduce speed of vehicles The method analise public opinion and the neighborhood • Measures to reduce the volume and speed of vehicles (QUA) features. • Measures to promote awareness and silence It is a method where the user is the council and the bene- • Measures to encourage the use of public transport, ficiaries are the population of the district or municipality. cycling and pedestrian The public opinion is considered after and before the de- • Monitoring and control measures (monitoring)

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method working scheme 92

· SMART CITIES PROJECTS ·

STEPS

STEP I.

Define what is the purpose for the use of this method

STEP II.a.

Input data from diﬀerent neighborhoods to find the area where intervene

STEP II.b.

Input from the quiet urban areas to find the area where intervene

STEP III.

Identify stakeholders that are part of the neighborhood

STEP IV.

Stakeholders meeting

STEP V.

Identify the solutions that match with the nuisance and the features of the streets

STEP VI.

Calculate the budget

STEP VII.

Solution revalidation

STEP VIII.

Implement the solution

WEEKS W1

W10

W11

W12

W13

W14

W15

Schedule specific of the measures identified

method schedule

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A method to introduce universal accesibility in cities

RE - THINKING THE ENERGY

· SMART CITIES PROJECTS ·

olar panels is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation. The increase of renewable energy sources de- • mand decline the production price. Public financial incentives supported PV installation. •

I. PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY FEATURES

The panel is composed by numerous cells that convert light into electricity. Solar photovoltaic capacity is typically under 25% and most parts of the solar module can be recycled including up to 95% of certain semiconductor materials. PV modules are composed by aluminium frame, silicone gasket, glass covering and cells. There are 3 types of silicon cells: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, armorphous. Photovoltaic energy recover the energy needed to manufacture them in 1 to 4 years. There are different types of installation: architectonic and non architectonic. The first one can be retrofitting (installations on existing buildings) or integrated installations (from the moment of designing the building, it is expected the integration of photovoltaic panel), while the non architectonic installation is build over earth (power station) and can be fixed or tracking system. The criteria sizing can be defined by energy criteria, economic criteria or space criteria.

cept for tracking systems, there are no moving mechanical parts Modularity allows considerable flexibility and adaptability Potential benefits may result from regional or state incentives

While the disadvantages are: • The initial investment is elevated • Problems related to the low performance of the panels (not working if panels are overheat) • The production phase has a negative environmental impact. • The impact on the landscape is another critical point during the design II. WHAT MAKES THE PROJECT SMART? Reinventing the technology, giving a new use, being efficient (time, environment,...), introducing ICTs, getting the greatest benefit at a minimum investment, considerating the environment & the economy. The implantation of a PV plant requires a high initial investment due to the individual owners (it is not as spread into the society as it should be), the necessity of putting batteries (needs a periodic maintenance) and the fee to sell electricity.

The advantages of this technology are: III. THE PROPOSAL • It is considered a clean energy with no CO2 emissions • It is a very reliable and durable system In order to introduce feasibility into the tradicional PV • Maintenance of the panels is not expensive since, ex- installations, community investment should be included,

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avoiding batteries, connecting the system to the grid and It is estimated that the initial investment can be returned trying not to pour to the main grid in order to avoid pay in 10 months and the CO2 emissions made to produce the fees. artifact will be returned in 1 year and 1 month. It is important to have on mind 3 aspects on the feasibiliThe artifact proposed is a self-mount pack composed by ty of the installation: 10 PV panels, 1 inversor, 5 water tank, 5 water filter, stucture (panel suport) and 10 m2 of grass carpet. 1. Monetary This prototype is mounted over the house roof in order Minimum housing density per block: 10 houses. to get the maximum insolation efficiency, proximity to hotspot of consumption and to a distribution network 2. Energetic and control and security. Minimum Community Consumption of Energy: 288 Each pack has a power of 2.5 kWp, it’s 95% recyclable, is kWh/month/pack. outdoor proof. The pack has an impact on costumers bills, eliminating 3. Water water expenses and reducing electricity bill (40% saMinimum Community Consumption of Water (Comvings). munity Areas, Car Park, Garden): 1,800 l/month/pack.

render of the prototype

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A method to introduce universal accesibility in cities

RE - THINKING THE CITY

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ccessibility is a universal right, a matter of fairness and respect to people with disabilities that already have a difficult life. People with disabilities add to the diversity of the community, and that diversity makes everyone’s life richer. United nations human rights defines general principles are: respect and independence, non-discrimination, participation and inclusion in society, accessibility into cities. The term “disability” means an individual has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more life activities of him/her. There are different types of disability: physical disabilities, sensorial disabilities, cognitive disabilities, neurological disabilities, psychiatric disabilities, multiple chemical sensitivity, learning limitations. There are many types of barriers on accessibility for people with disabilities: physical access, access to communication and information, employment, education, community access. Who should safeguard disabilities’s rights? • The court system • Architect and planners • Organizations concerned with disability rights • Organizations that provide public services • Legislators and other public officials • Educators • Developers • People with disabilities themselves • Employers • Enforcing agencies

I. THE PROPOSAL The question is: are cities universally accesible? The answer is clear: NO. Why they are not? Because the solutions are expensive and because it depends on the public investment. In my opinion, in order to introduce accessibility into cities, traditional urban furniture, transport and funding should be reconsidered. In order to solve this, I propose a generic solution that can be applied to any city. This solution is a catalog of low cost, smart and replicable solutions. The catalog is focus on people with any type of physical disability (elderly people, physical impeded, temporally physical disability) and sensorial limitation (blindness and deafness) proposing solution to solve physical, communication and information accessibility. It is thoughi to pay these solutions through sponsoring and crowdfunding. The challenge of the proposal is to: • locate information boards in every corner of the area • put hooters in each traffic light • put blind lines in construction areas • do ramps in all pedestrian cross • install handrails in all street stairs • promote wheelmap.org • install lifts in all buses • introduce car park system The catalog includes a method to determine which is the best solution in each case. This method is based on a decision tree where the user takes the best decision helped by the method. The method is composed by 6 steps.

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II. TYPES OF SOLUTIONS 1. Study of the city features For this step is necessary to elaborate a database with A. Solutions based on solve information barriers all streets and follow an agent base model (simulate different scenarios, establish priority areas, study the The solutions are: traffic light hooter, information board best way to make the changes, built the action plan). and blind lines. The solutions are specific for blind and deaf people. 2. Funding The main features are that they are configurable, plaIn order to pay the solution it is necessary to get a ced in urban furniture, composed by recycled materials, manufacturer advertisement or another business ad- made by locals manufacturers and sponsoring return. vertisement. It can also be followed by crowdfunding campaign. B. Solutions based on solve architectonic barriers The solutions are ramps and handrails and to promote 3. Materials collection wheelman.org website. Contact with household waste recycling centre, ma- Ramps and handrails will be made by local business, nufacturer that will provide the materials or a mate- sponsoring return and can be opened to crowdfunding. rial supplier. wheelmap.org is an open complaint platform that promotes accessibility for everyone. 4. Manufacturing The solutions are specific for citizens with physical disaFollow the regulations and be respectful with the ar- bilities. chitectonic and natural environment. C. Solutions based on solving any type of transport diffi5. Location culty Decide which is the best location for the solution. The solutions proposed are bus lifts and car park platThe solution can be built in traffic lights, traffic signs, form. street lights, trash cans or a support provided by ma- Bus lift will be made by local business, sponsoring in renufacturer. turn and opened to crowdfunding. Car park platform is a website and mobile phone applica6. Periodic revision and maintenance tion that promotes car park flexibility and eliminates of Be aware if someone advice for any damage and make fixed car park bays. sure the information is updated.

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information board proposed

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information board proposed

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LIFECOIN

A NEW VIRTUAL CURRENCY FOR SHARING LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN THE SMART CITY NOELIA URIBE PÉREZ & A new virtual currency for sharing leisure POL NADAL CROS activities in the smart city 104

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he concept described here represents a novel project of a virtual social currency: LifeCoin. It focuses on the exchange of leisure activities among people. Leisure activities represent an important part of our free time. They not only produce relax but also contribute to our personal development. In fact, the Institute of Leisure Scientific Studies has defined the advantages of doing leisure activities in 5 big groups: social, economic, physiological, environmental and psychological benefits. A lot of these activities can be considered as “services” that one individual can offer. In the same way, these ones can be also seen as services that one might need. Consequently, as a whole it can be seen like an interchange of services. By introducing a virtual currency, non-profit interests are eliminated but the aim of people offering services keeps alive, since users get virtual coins in return, which can be changed for other offered services. This model inspires a social network of leisure services exchange and promotes sharing what people can offer since they will get something in return, in form of LifeCoins, as well as the inherent satisfaction of sharing and socializing. In addition, as a consequence of getting LifeCoins in return, people will be encourage to enroll in another activity so the concept also aims for people doing more leisure activities.

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I. INTRODUCTION The format of money had changed a lot since it appeared. In the middle age there existed just the interchange of things as way of payment. The first official money coins appeared in Turkey, between 680 and 560 a.C. While early money had an intrinsic value (in form of gold, animals, etc.), modern economies are mostly based on money without value itself, since it consists of items representing the good (for instance banknotes). The main advantage is the portability: there is no need of carrying the gold ingots since you can use a piece of paper equal to a fixed quantity of them. Actually, most of the money in use is designated and issued by a central authority. It is considered as “legal tender” and there are 180 currencies in the world. However, this list only includes paper, cotton, or polymer banknotes and metal coins and excludes currencies used by non-state entities. As with many aspects of society, money has also been affected by recent technological developments such as internet.

three different functions: • Medium of exchange: they are used as an intermediary in trade which implies a coincidence of wants between the parties. • Unit of account: they act as a standard numerical value that measure the value and costs of goods. • Store of value: they can be saved and retrieved in the future. The European Central Bank (ECB) had compiled different kinds of money, as can be seen in Table 1. Although it is difficult to classify virtual currencies since its diversity and quantity, ECB has sorted them in three different groups: 1. Closed virtual currency schemes. Users pay a subscription fee and then earn virtual money based on their performance. The money can only be used in the virtual community. It is typical in games, such as World of Warcraft. 2. Virtual currency schemes with unidirectional flow. Users buy virtual currency according to a specific exchange rate but it cannot be exchanged back. The money is typically used for virtual goods although sometime it is also possible to get real ones. An example of this group is Facebook Credits. 3. Virtual currency schemes with bidirectional flow. Users can buy and sell virtual currency according to a specific exchange rate. With the money users can purchase both real and virtual goods. An example of this group is Linden Dollars.

With the dramatically grown of internet users, especially in the last decade, it have been a consequently proliferation of virtual communities. Some of them have created and circulated their own virtual currency for goods and services exchanges. So, at its core, virtual currencies act as a way of exchange and as a unit of account within a particular virtual community. The goal of the currency itself remains; it is the format the one that actually changes. Probably the most widely known virtual currency is Virtual currencies, as any other form of money, meet Bitcoin, a system operated by computing networks that

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collectively encrypt, verify, and process transactions. Its main advantages are that it is open source, non-national, stable in supply and controlled by its users rather than an organization. However, it had an important security fault some time ago that converted regain confidence people its biggest challenge. In order to use it, the user needs to have installed a Bitcoin wallet on the computer or mobile phone, it will generate the first Bitcoin address and more money can be created whenever it is needed. Addresses can be disclosed to whoever the user decides to, so s/he can receive payments. In spite of everything there is a huge tendency of alternative currencies. As Mary Mellor states in her book “The Future of Money: From Financial Crisis to Public Resource” it seems that now more than ever there is a need for more socially, economically and environmentally sustainable systems of finance. II. VIRTUAL CURRENCIES IN THE SMART CITY According to the European Commission, a smart city is a place a place where the traditional networks and services are made more efficient with the use of digital and telecommunication technologies, for the benefit of its inhabitants and businesses. In this way, there is a big investment in Information and Communication Technologies (also known as ICT) research with the aim to fulfil 20-20-20 targets. Since the way of how we see cities is evolving and technology plays an important role in it, alternative currencies appear as a new key factor in communities’ development. There is little literacy regarding virtual currencies

in the Smart City, however the authors considerate that it will be an emerging topic soon. In their opinion, virtual currencies agree completely with the aim of smart cities, not only in the sustainable part but also in the social one. III. LIFECOIN LifeCoin arises as a social connector between individuals which like leisure activities. Either in the way of “offering” or “asking for” – prosumer profile. When someone offers a leisure activity (hereinafter “service”), s/ he will get LifeCoins which can be only exchanged for other services listed in the LifeApp platform. In the same way, any member of the network can request for a service offering an amount of LifeCoins. Anyone interested in the system should enroll in the LifeApp platform through either the web page or the smart phone application. Since the very beginning, s/he will be a LifeUser and will get a personal and non-transferable account – LifeAccount, from which the LifeUser can manage their personal info, services and transactions through the LifeWallet. LifeCoin is a closed virtual currency, so there is no way to exchange LifeCoins into another currency. By this way we avoid people trying to get money through the platform; because the aim is to promote sharing leisure and making possible experiences avoiding official money necessity. Anyone can do this, no matter the earnings but the motivation. The only source of incomes for the business is the users who pay for the LifeApp+.

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A. LifeApp

to use the platform.

The whole operation of the system relays on the LifeApp 1. LifeWallet platform. It is accessible via web page and it also has its Each LifeUser gets its very personal LifeWallet when mobile version through a smart phone application (curegistered. LifeWallet works as rechargeable online rrently available for Android® iOS® and Windows Mobistored-value account and is uniquely associated with le®). A friendly interface welcomes the visitor, where s/ the user’s LifeAccount. he has access to the search engine, the kind of categories The LifeUser can check in any moment the transacoffered and the cities where those services are located. tions s/he have made and the balance of LifeCoins. Since it is expected that most users access the system through the smart phone application, two versions of 2. LifeProfile the mobile app have been considered: free and paid one Associated with the LifeAccount there is a personal (LifeApp+). The free option is the standard version and user profile section, LifeProfile, where the users set contains all the basics to operate successfully in the sysits private and public profile. The private part keeps tem. On the other hand, LifeApp+ has no advertising and some personal info such as email, mobile phone, etc. offers early-bird and promotional deals which are not and also includes an option for personalized services available in the standard versions. LifeApp+ have a cost alerts and preferences. In this area the user can also of 1,95€. configure services and store their favorites. The public section everything that can be viewed B. LifeAccount but any other LifeUser. It includes reviews of services’ users, the list of services offered by the LifeUser Anyone interested in being a member of the network and a brief intro about themself if s/he want to, among can join the system by just creating an account for free others. The application takes privacy seriously and through LifeApp (either web page or smart mobile appliany e-mail or personal info is revealed without the cation) and LifeApp+ (also either web page or smart moLifeUser’s consent. In addition, public LifeUser inforbile application). mation is just revealed only to other members of the When somebody turns into a LifeUser, s/he receives a platform. People/entities out of the community are welcome pack formed by an easy introduction to the planot able to see it. tform operation including basic rules and 1 LifeCoin for In order to ensure the identity of the users, to validate basic users and 3 LifeCoins for premium users which dithe profile all the users must send a photo of themselrectly goes to their personal wallet (LifeWallet) for spend ves holding a paper with their name. By this way all in the platform. In this way, we encourage the new user the profiles can be validated and then give them the

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welcome reward. This procedure also aims users to have a friendlier LifeProfile, since it includes a picture of themselves. C. System Operation Once a person has converted into a LifeUser, s/he can use the platform through either the web page or the smart phones applications in the way of “offering a service” and “asking” for one. The search engine of LifeApp platform is made by 4 easy steps. The first one is the main page where users can look for anything in any location. If the user search a site, such as Barcelona, the search engine will show another page with 3 options to complete. These 3 steps are: transport, accommodation and activities. Of course if the user is not looking for transport nor accommodation, just only for an activity, s/he can go directly to this step and choose which one s/he wants and finish the booking. This 3 steps approach wants to encourage de consumer to buy and make his/her trip easier and complete because in the web s/he will find the 3 necessary steps to make the trip more enjoyable. 1. Service Offer If a LifeUser wants to offer a service, s/he has to create a new one of recover an old one already created by him/her. S/he will have to catalog it in one of the three main groups defined in the platform. Although the user is not obliged to specify more than that, the system also makes more sub-groups into private ini-

tiatives, which are listed below. A single service can belongs to more than one section if the advertiser thinks so. a. Accommodation In this section users can offer/ask for accommodation in any place. Amount of people, days and any other aspects can be set. The operation is inspired in Couchsurfing and Airbnb (see Study Cases I & II section for more details). b. Transport It includes any offer and request for long or shorts trips. It is a mixture of Uber and BlaBlaCar services (see Study Cases III & IV sections for more details). c. Private initiatives All the services that do not correspond to the former categories should be included here. i. Food Any kind of service related to food should be included here, mainly referred to eating. ii. Tourism This includes guides, walking-tours, etc. It can be similar in some aspects to Trip4Real (see Study Case V section for more details). iii. Teaching Lessons and classes of any subject should be included here. iv. Entertainment Any kind of show or performance should be included here, and different kinds of

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them are considered: The system also offers the possibility to any LifeUser 1. Music of making “calls” requesting services that are not ad2. Sports vertised in the system. The user just simply publishes 3. Dancing the service s/he would like to join detailing as much as 4. Others s/he wants to. S/he also can set how many LifeCoins s/ v. Others he would offer for joining the service or let the serviThis section is for those all activities that ce provider to decide the price. cannot be included in the former ones. People is very creative so we cannot ca- 3. Service Joining talog all the possible types of services! Any LifeUser can join any service advertised in the platform. By doing it s/he agrees with the conditions Once the ad is created, the user can add as many inset by the advertiser, such as amount of LifeCoins, formation as wanted, including pictures, videos and date and time and any other requirement that may text. Some aspects of the advertisement are mandaappear (for instance, take your own racket to a tennis tory: minimum and maximum number of participants class, take your own blanket if you want to sleep in my allowed to join for the service, a brief description of it couch, etc.). The user can contact the advertiser via (minimum 10 words), cancellation terms (no LifeCoins public or private messages in order to get more inforreturn in case of cancellation, negotiable or without mation about a service. The transaction of LifeCoins penalization – see Service Cancellation section for is made in the moment that the LifeUser agrees the more information regarding this) and the price in Liconditions of the offered service and decides to join it feCoins (it is strictly forbidden to make any mention and just in case the user have enough LifeCoins in the to other currencies). However, the user (service proLifeWallet to cover the service. The number of Lifevider) can also choose “open-price” option and the Coins that the service costs keep blocked by the sysusers (consumers) will decide the number of Lifetem until the service is done. This mechanism prevent Coins the activity “deserves” after doing it. The minian advertiser from spending the LifeCoins a user pay mum amount of offered/asked LifeCoins is set to 1. of a service before doing it, since the “producer” can In addition, ads are visible for join them for a limited cancel the activity. In case of “open-price” option, the time. The user defines how long an ad lasts although user will have 3 days after doing the activity to “pay” minimum and maximum are set for 1 day and 3 monthe amount the LifeCoins s/he estimates. If s/he does ths, respectively. not do it, the system will set an automatic price of 1 LifeCoin. Then, both the advertiser’s and the user’s 2. ServiceDemand wallets are conveniently updated.

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Also there exists the option that the consumer thinks 5. Rewards that the price for an offered service is too high. In this The system will reward the users occasionally. Somecase, a counter-offer can be sent to the provider. times these rewards will be according to their activity in the network and also there will be occasionally 4. Service Cancellation Policy rewards. In this way, LifeUsers are encouraged to A LifeUser can remove an already published ad in any offer and use services. time without penalty. In case of a service cancellation Any kind of reward, offer or promotion will be in terdone by the advertiser, all LifeUsers who signed up ms of LifeCoins or discount codes. There is no possifor it will receive their LifeCoins back. ble transaction in euros in any moment, excluding the On the other hand, if a LifeUser that joined a servipaid mobile version LifeApp+. It is strictly forbidden to ce wants to cancel their attendance s/he will have to ask for/offer any other currency in any service from refer to the cancellation terms of the service. In any the platform and it might suppose the removal of the case, cancellations one week prior to the date of the LifeAccount. service are allowed without penalties in terms of LifeCoins and in case of no show up there will be no Life- 6. LifeApp+. Coin return. Three options are considered: The users of LifeApp+ will be offered a complete trip o No return in case of cancellation pack when they search for a specific city. In case of no attendance, the user will not receive the The platform analyses all the tags of each activity LifeCoins s/he paid back. It is intended for those serproposed on the website according the search in tervices in which a cancellation may affect a lot the serms of location and number of people. vice. For example, if a LifeApp+ user looks for leisure in o Negotiable Barcelona for a weekend and for just one person, the The advertiser may set specific conditions in terms search engine will show packs of people offering a of time prior to date cancellation, exceptions, etc. The transport for those dates and for one person, produuser will have to contact the advertiser if required. cers offering accommodation for those dates for one o Cancellation without penalization person and finally producers offering activities for The LifeUser can cancel their attendance to the serthe same dates and for one person as well. The full vice without LifeCoins penalty. This can be done at trip in a pack (transport + accommodation + activities). minimum 2 hours prior the time of the service. Less Of course the main advantage of getting this pack is than that will be penalized with 1 LifeCoin that the adthe price. It will be lower than buying separately. The vertiser will receive. producers do not lose money because the system will pay the difference.

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7. Control & Maintenance The system counts with security guarantee and everyday advertisements are review by qualified staff so that all of them obey the rules. In addition, users are free to contact the platform if anything happen or if they suspect that somebody is using the LifeAccount with bad intentions. 8. Services’Promotion LifeUsers can promote their services by a fixed tax of 1 LifeCoin. In return, their services will be publicized both in LifeApp and LifeApp+. D. Overall Objectives The system aims to promote leisure among people with non- profit intentions. In this way, a trustable network can be established since while doing activities together people socialize. Due to the fact that the platform offers a wide range of activities (sportive, cultural, learning, etc.) users improve their skills while socializing. Said that, the systems aims for a more unselfish, healthy, happy and cultivated society... and for free! The actual currency of the system is the motivation of learning new things and having fun.

dingly. If a consumer reports any incident (for example, the activity was a fraud or the producer never appeared) after the date of a service’s acquisition, the platform will carefully analyze the case and solve it. In Open Price case, the consumer will be charged with 1 LifeCoin automatically if s/he do not pay in a period of three days after enjoying the activity. V. BUSINESS MODEL The fermium model is a business model that combines free basic services with payed premium services. This model has a wide number of free users. Only a 10% of total users have a premium account. This small (little) percentage subsidizes free users. The model is viable because the free service has a low margin cost. The CANVAS graphic for freemium model can been seen in Figure 15, where white is general platform and it branches out into free (yellow tags) and premium services (blue ones). In this type of models is important to have into account the average of a free service per user and the price that premium user have to pay for the services.

IV. REAL PROOF OF WORK We ensure the correct operation of the system when nobody communicates any problem and, therefore, the LifeWallets of both provider and consumer update accor-

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IV. SCENARIO A new user in the system that wants to look for a specific activity has to follow the next steps: 1. Make a profile: a. Fill all the information request. b. Validate your profile: Take a photo with a paper of your name. c. Your LifeWallet is updated. 2. Identify your user on the LifeApp 3. Search for a city 4. Search for an activity you would like to do. Select among: a. Transport. b. Accommodation. c. Activities. 5. Review the features of the service a. Read the description b. Check the number of required LifeCoins 6. Take a decision 7. Make a payment (if it is required) 8. Payment is accepted and you are enrolled 9. Make the activity and share your experience in the platform

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PHOTOGRAPHY SKILLS

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