Vignette Issue 4

Page 1

>CHE>G>C< >CI:GC6I>DC6A >B6<:GN

>HHJ: )

;G:: K><C:II:


=;J ?DLEBL;: IKFFEHJ L?=D;JJ; 9EDJH?8KJ; IK8I9H?8; =;J FK8B?I>;:

IJE9A?IJI

B^hhZY dji dc i]Z aVhi ^hhjZ d[ K^\cZiiZ4

K^\cZiiZ ^h VkV^aVWaZ ;G:: [gdb \VaaZg^Zh!

HjWhXg^WZ id K^\cZiiZ [dg V nZVg [dg _jhi —'%

h]deh VcY di]Zg heZX^Va^hi hidX`^hih

K^\cZiiZ ^h XdchiVcian add`^c\ id egdbdiZ

[dg ) ^hhjZh# I]ViÉh i]Z Zfj^kVaZci id VWdji

VXgdhh i]Z Jc^iZY @^c\Ydb! ^cXajY^c\/

i]Z cZmi \ZcZgVi^dc d[ e]did\gVe]Zgh# LZ

) gdaah d[ Ă’ab [dg V nZVg d[ ^che^gVi^dc

ZcXdjgV\Z hj\\Zhi^dch [dg Vgi^XaZh [gdb

AdcYdc

djg gZVYZgh hd ^[ ndj ]VkZ V \gZVi ^YZV!

I]Z LVee^c\ Egd_ZXi 7Vc`h^YZ! @@DJIA:I!

Vc jcjhjVa egVXi^XZ id h]VgZ dg V hidgn id iZaa! i]Zc \Zi ^c idjX]# I]gdj\]dji i]Z bV\Vo^cZ ndj l^aa Ă’cY V cjbWZg d[ lVnh id \Zi ndjg ldg` ^cid i]Z cZmi ^hhjZ d[ K^\cZiiZ! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z EV\Z ( EdgigV^i! Edgi[da^d GZk^Zl VcY ^c i]^h ^hhjZ! i]Z

7:L;HJ?I; <Zi ndjg bZhhV\Z dji id V iVg\ZiZY e]did\gVe]n VcY Vgi bVg`Zi [gdb _jhi —.. [dg Vc &$- eV\Z VYkZgi#

9^ZbVg$CdWaZ E]did\gVe]n! E]did[jh^dc! @Zb^hign! H^akZgeg^ci! BZigd! >h^h! 8VajbZi! Adbd\gVe]n <VaaZgn HidgZ VcY BV\bV# 7g^hida 6gcdaĂ’c^! LViZgh]ZY! He^`Z >haVcY! GL6! E]did\gVe]^fjZ! I]Z IdWVXXd

IgVkZa e]did\gVe]n XdbeZi^i^dc#

;VXidgn VcY 8VajbZi# LViZghidcZh AdcYdc/ E^XXVY^aan! 8dkZci <VgYZc! @^c\h GdVY! @Zch^c\idc! <dlZg HigZZi! Dm[dgY Hi LZhi! IgV[Va\Vg HfjVgZ

HJEEDGI:GH

VcY Dm[dgY HigZZi I]Z EaVoV # CVi^dcVaan/ BVcX]ZhiZg 9ZVch\ViZ! 7g^\]idc! Cdii^c\]Vb! @^c\hidc! AZZYh! <aVh\dl HVjX]^Z]Vaa HigZZi! 7Vi]! 7ajZlViZg! 8VbWg^Y\Z! Dm[dgY! 7^gb^c\]Vb =^\] HigZZi! VcY A^kZgedda DcZ# Id hZZ V [jaa a^hi d[ d[ hidX`^hih VcY YZiV^ah d[ ]dl ndj XVc ]Zae Y^hig^WjiZ K^\cZiiZ k^h^i djg lZWh^iZ#

:Y^idgT E]^a^e HZVgaZ 9Zh^\c T 6aZX ?VX`hdc I]Z IZVb

Il^iiZg 5k^\cZiiZbV\ ;^cY jh dc ;VXZWdd`

Aj`Z 6gX]Zg 9Vccn <g^[Ă’c GVX]Za Hd`Va Adj IVnadg >g^h KZnhZn

OZY CZahdc eV\Z .

'

lll#k^\cZiiZbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb K^\cZiiZ ^h dlcZY Wn E]did\gVe]^fjZ# lll#e]did\gVe]^fjZ#Xd#j` EdhiVa VYYgZhh/ K^\cZiiZ! (& 7VaYl^c HigZZi! 7g^hida! 7H& &G<

Â? 6aa g^\]ih gZhZgkZY# 6aa bViZg^Va ^c K^\cZiiZ bVn cdi WZ gZegdYjXZY dg igVchb^iiZY ^c Vcn [dgb l^i]dji lg^iiZc XdchZci# 6aa XdciZci ^c K^\cZiiZ VeeZVgh XdjgiZhn d[ i]Z Xdcig^Wjidgh VcY Xdeng^\]i gZbV^ch l^i] i]Z Xdcig^Wjidg! l]ZgZ ^YZci^Ă’ZY! VcY l^i] K^\cZiiZ l]ZgZ cdi# K^\cZiiZ ]Vh bVYZ ZkZgn Z[[dgi id X]ZX` i]Z VXXjgVXn d[ i]Z XdciZci d[ i]Z bV\Vo^cZ VcY Vaa ^c[dgbVi^dc lVh WZa^ZkZY id WZ XdggZXi Vi i]Z i^bZ d[ eg^ci#: D :#


;D8JH 6h I]Z AZkZhdc :cfj^gn ^cid e]dcZ ]VX`^c\ gjbWaZh dc ^c AdcYdc! VXgdhh i]Z 6iaVci^X Vcdi]Zg! aZhhZg! egZhh XdcigdkZghn ]Vh dXXjggZY# Dc ;g^YVn &( ?VcjVgn I]Z LVh]^c\idc Edhi XVgg^ZY V [gdci"eV\Z e]did\gVe] d[ i]Z &)i] HigZZi 7g^Y\Z id ^aajhigViZ i]Z i]^giZZci] Vcc^kZghVgn d[ i]Z 6^g ;adg^YV _Zi XgVh] i]Vi XaV^bZY ,- a^kZh# I]Z jhZ d[ 7^aa DÉAZVgnÉh hjchZi e]did\gVe] d[ V _Zi Ón^c\ dkZg i]Z Wg^Y\Z ]Vh XVjhZY hdbZ XdcigdkZghn Vh i]Z ^bV\Z lVh XgZViZY jh^c\ =9G iZX]cdad\n#

I]Z eVeZg ]VY YZhXg^WZY i]Z e]did\gVe] Vh V ÆXdbedh^iZ ^bV\ZÇ Wji i]Z jhZ d[ Vcn XgZViZY dg VaiZgZY ^bV\Z ^c V _djgcVa^hi^X XdciZmi ]Vh WZZc l^YZan Xg^i^X^hZY# I]Z EgZh^YZci d[ i]Z CVi^dcVa EgZhh E]did\gVe]Zgh 6hhdX^Vi^dc! HZVc :aa^di! hV^Y Æ=9G ^h cdi Veegdeg^ViZ [dg YdXjbZciVgn e]did_djgcVa^hb#Ç I]ZgZ ^h XaZVgan V ]j\Z Y^[[ZgZcXZ WZilZZc i]Z jhZ d[ Vc ^bV\Z id ^aajhigViZ Vc ]^hidg^XVa ZkZci VcY VaiZg^c\ Vc ^bV\Z id bV`Z cZlh Wji i]Z YZWViZ YdZh Vh` hdbZ ^ciZgZhi^c\ fjZhi^dch# 6h XVbZgVh ]VkZ =9G VkV^aVWaZ dc WdVgY ^h i]^h bdgZ VXXZeiVWaZ i]Vc VaiZg^c\ Vc ^bV\Z ^c E]didh]de4 I]Z VYV\Z i]Vi Æi]Z XVbZgV cZkZg a^ZhÇ ^h eZg]Veh ^cXgZVh^c\an dji"d["YViZ Wji e]did\gVe]n ]Vh ValVnh WZZc jhZY id ]Zae V cZlheVeZg gZ^c[dgXZ ^iÉh hidg^Zh# > Vb gZb^cYZY d[ cdl [Vbdjh ^bV\Zh [gdb i]Z ZVgan &..%h d[ i]Z Eg^cXZ VcY Eg^cXZhh d[ LVaZh add`^c\ hdbWgZ! l^i] V ]j\Z \Ve WZilZZc i]Zb VcY add`^c\ VlVn [gdb ZVX] di]Zg# ;Zl eZdeaZ lZgZ VlVgZ

i]Vi XVgZ[ja Xgdee^c\ ]VY gZbdkZY i]Z XdciZmi d[ i]Z ^bV\Z Zci^gZan/ i]Zn lZgZ hZViZY! lZgZ iVa`^c\ id eZdeaZ Z^i]Zg h^YZ d[ i]Zb VcY lZgZ Vi V bZbdg^Va hZgk^XZ# Hd eZg]Veh i]ZgZ VgZ _jhi bdgZ lVnh ^c l]^X] i]Z XVbZgV XVc Æa^ZÇ VcY lZ VgZ! bdgZ i]Vc ZkZg! gZa^Vci dc i]Z ^ciZ\g^in d[ cZlhgddbh id `ZZe i]^c\h gZVa# I]^h ^hhjZ d[ K^\cZiiZ ^h VkV^aVWaZ ^c '% LViZghidcZh hidgZh VXgdhh i]Z J@# LZ VgZ egdjY id WZ ldg`^c\ l^i] LViZghidcZh VcY djg di]Zg hjeedgiZgh id YZa^kZg K^\cZiiZ id V l^YZg VjY^ZcXZ ZVX] ^hhjZ# I]^h ^h djg igVkZa e]did\gVe]n heZX^Va! l]^X] hZZbZY Veegdeg^ViZ ^c i]Z YZei]h d[ l^ciZg# 6h ZkZg i]ZgZ VgZ adih d[ ^che^g^c\ e]did\gVe]h! V XdbeZi^i^dc VcY V cjbWZg d[ di]Zg lVnh [dg ndj id \Zi ^ckdakZY# LZ Vahd ]VkZ hdbZ iVhiZgh d[ Vgi^XaZh i]Vi lZ l^aa WZ VYY^c\ id djg lZWh^iZ WZilZZc cdl VcY i]Z gZaZVhZ d[ ^hhjZ * ^c 6eg^a# LZ ]deZ ndj Xdci^cjZ id Zc_dn K^\cZiiZ#

E]^a^e HZVgaZ

E( EDGIG6>I ÈC^X` É Wn @Zccn 7gdlc I]^h ^bV\Z ^h h^bean i^iaZY ÈC^X` É VcY ^h [gdb i]Z hZg^Zh! ÈI]dhZ l]d XVc###É Wn <aVh\dl Wdgc @Zccn 7gdlc# I]Z egd_ZXi XVeijgZh i]Z iZVX]^c\ hiV[[ [gdb i]Z 8gZVi^kZ 6gih YZeVgibZci Vi I]Z DaY]Vb 8daaZ\Z! cdgi] BVcX]ZhiZg# lll#`ZccnWgdlce]did\gVe]n#Xd#j`

Æ I]Z ^YZV WZ]^cY i]Z ldg` ^h i]Z WZa^Z[$bVcigV hZi Wn \dkZgcbZci i]Vi! ÈI]dhZ l]d XVc! iZVX]#É =dlZkZg i]ZgZ ^h Vahd i]Z XdjciZg WZa^Z[ Wn hdbZ i]Vi! i]dhZ l]d XVc! Yd! VcY YdcÉi iZVX] WZXVjhZ i]Zn VgZ idd Wjhn WZ^c\ Vgi^hih ZiXZiZgV#Ç

E6<: ( EDGIG6>I# ;dg Xdch^YZgVi^dc eaZVhZ ZbV^a dcZ edgigV^i e]did\gVe]#

K><C:II:


5 5

+(/$ $'"5 '5 & 3$'"5())(+-.'$-25!(+5 1) +$ ' 5 ' 5 ' 05)#(-("+ )# +,5 %$6 5-# 5 5 0 + ,5 + 5, -5-(5 (& 5 5)+ ,-$"$(.,5 ''. %5 / '- 5 $-#5 1#$ $-$('5 ())(+-.'$-$ , 5& " 3$' 5 +-$ % ,5 ' 5,. ,- '-$ %5 ,#5 )+$3 , 5-# 5 0 + ,5(!! +5 '5 1 $-$'"5 # ' 5-(5+ #5 '5 $'- +' -$(' %5 . $ ' 5 # 5 5 0 + ,5+ ("'$, 5 1 %% ' 5$'5)#(-("+ )#25 ' 5-# 5, % -$('5) ' %5$' %. ,5 0 + 50$''$'"5)#(-("+ )# +,5 ' 5$' .,-+25!$".+ ,50#(5 # / 5 5& ,,5(!5 1) +$ ' 5 -5+ ("'$,$'"5- % '-

1#$ $-$('545 # 5 5 0 + ,5, % -$('5) ' %50$%%5, % -5 +(.' 5 5)#(-("+ )#,5-(5 5$' %. 5$'5 5!$' %$,-,5 1#$ $-$('5 -5-# 5 + '-5 + % 25 %% +25$'5 +$,-(% 5 # 5 0(+650$%%5 5 1#$ $- 5!(+5 5&('-#5 .+$'"5-# 5 +$,-(%5 ,-$/ %5(!5 #(-("+ )#25 ',.+$'"5#." 5/$,$-(+5'.& +,

,-5 $'"% 5 & " 5457

,-5 -5(!5 & " ,5457 5 ,# 57 5/(. # +,5 !(+5)#(-("+ )#$ 5% 5 #(-("+ )#$*. 5 ' 5 5 5) " 5! -.+ 5$'5 $"' -- 5& " 3$' 5

5 5 5 5 5

)


6EEH <ZdAd\IV\ " —'#.. DcZ d[ i]Z hnbeidbh d[ i]Z gZaZciaZhh ^ciZ\gVi^dc d[ Y^[[ZgZci ]VcY]ZaY iZX]cdad\^Zh ^c gZXZci nZVgh ]Vh WZZc V Yg^kZ id Ă’cY cZl lVnh id XViVad\jZ VcY ^ciZgVXi l^i] djg bZY^V# =VgYlVgZ VcY hd[ilVgZ XdbeVc^Zh VgZ XdchiVcian ViiZbei^c\ id gZYZĂ’cZ djg gZaVi^dch]^e l^i] e]did\gVe]h! k^YZdh dg bjh^X0 l]Zi]Zg i]gdj\] XdciZci VcY a^c` h]Vg^c\ dg ÆXadjYÇ hidgV\Z# Ăˆ<ZdiV\\^c\É ^h V [VciVhi^X ZmVbeaZ d[ i]^h e]ZcdbZcdc# Jh^c\ Z^i]Zg Vc ^cWj^ai dg ZmiZgcVa <EH ad\\Zg! XdbeVi^WaZ YZk^XZh XVc gZXdgY adXVi^dc ^c[dgbVi^dc ^cid V e]did\gVe]Éh Zm^[ YViV0 i]Z VYY^i^dcVa YViV hidgZY l^i] i]Z ^bV\Z! jhjVaan gZXdgY^c\ i^bZ VcY h]ddi^c\ hZii^c\h# I]^h XVc i]Zc WZ Y^heaVnZY ^c hd[ilVgZ hjX] Vh ^E]did VcY E^XVhV! VcY dc e]did h]Vg^c\ h^iZh a^`Z ;a^X`g# =dlZkZg! [dg V [ZVijgZ i]Vi ZhhZci^Vaan hiVgiZY Vh V cZl lVn d[ Y^\^iVaan hdgi^c\ e]did VaWjbh! <ZdiV\\^c\ ]Vh bVhh^kZ ediZci^Va [dg ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! i]Z JgWVc :meadgVi^dc Xdbbjc^in ]Vh ]VgcZhhZY ^i Vh V lVn d[ bVee^c\ dji [dg\diiZc XdgcZgh d[ V X^in# Bdhi hdaji^dch [dg gZXdgY^c\ i]^h YViV ^ckdakZ heZX^Ă’XVaan YZh^\cZY ]VgYlVgZ0 [dg hZkZgVa nZVgh C^`dc ]Vh WZZc hZaa^c\ Vc ZmiZgcVa <EH jc^i i]Vi XdccZXih id 9HAGÉh i]gdj\] i]Z XVbZgVÉh GZbdiZ

IZmi " 9Vccn <g^[Ă’c

hdX`Zi# ;jgi]ZgbdgZ! bVcn bVcj[VXijgZgh d[ XdbeVXi XVbZgVh hjX] Vh 8Vcdc! EVcVhdc^X VcY ;j_^Òab! ]VkZ VYYZY <EH gZXZ^kZgh Vh Wj^ai ^c [ZVijgZ dc ]^\] ZcY bdYZah# HjX] jc^ih XVc VYY adXVi^dc YViV Y^gZXian id ^bV\Z ÒaZh ^c"XVbZgV! XgZVi^c\ V kZgn h^beaZ ldg`Ódl! ]dlZkZg i]Zn d[iZc VYY id i]Z eg^XZ d[ XVbZgVh! VcY XVc eji V ]ZVkn higV^c dc i]Z WViiZgn# BdgZ gZXZcian ]dlZkZg! i]ZgZ ]VkZ WZZc hZkZgVa Veeh gZaZVhZY i]Vi egdk^YZ V h^beaZ bZi]dY [dg \ZdiV\\^c\ ndjg ^bV\Zh [dg _jhi i]Z eg^XZ d[ V YdlcadVY# DcZ hjX] 6ee ^h <ZdAd\IV\! VkV^aVWaZ [dg ^DH YZk^XZh# I]^h XaZkZg hd[ilVgZ jhZh i]Z <EH jc^i ^ch^YZ ndjg ^E]dcZ dg ^EVY id igVX` ndjg bdkZbZcih dkZg V eZg^dY d[ i^bZ# 7Z[dgZ h]ddi^c\ ZchjgZ i]Vi i]Z ^ciZgcVa XadX` dc ndjg Y^\^iVa XVbZgV ^h hncX]gdc^hZY l^i] ndjg ^DH YZk^XZ! i]Zc VXi^kViZ igVX`^c\ ^c i]Z Vee dcXZ ndj ]VkZ hiVgiZY h]ddi^c\# L]Zc ndj ]VkZ Òc^h]ZY! <ZdAd\IV\ Xgdhh gZ[ZgZcXZh i]Z i^bZ hidgZY ^c i]Z ^bV\Z ÒaZh l^i] ^iÉh ad\\ZY <EH ^c[dgbVi^dc VcY VYYh i]Z gZhjai^c\ adXVi^dc ^c[dgbVi^dc id i]Z ÒaZ# >i gZfj^gZh ha^\]ian bdgZ hd[ilVgZ hZije i]Vc l^i] Vc Zfj^kVaZci ]VgYlVgZ hdaji^dc! Wji ^h Xdch^YZgVWan X]ZVeZg! VcY gZfj^gZh dcan i]Z Zfj^ebZci bVcn e]did\gVe]Zgh ldjaY cdgbVaan ]VkZ dc V h]ddi#

lll#\VaVg^cV#Zj$\Zdad\iV\

EGD8:HH GZbZbWZg l]Zc e]did\gVe]n lVh V hZg^djh VcY Xdbea^XViZY Wjh^cZhh4 &.i] XZcijgn XVbZgVh lZgZ cdi [dg i]Z [V^ci]ZVgiZY dg i]Z h]dgi d[ i^bZ# I]Zn lZgZ ]j\Z! ig^edY"bdjciZY V[[V^gh gZfj^g^c\ i]Z e]did\gVe]Zg id [dXjh i]Z ^bV\Z dcid V eVcZ d[ \aVhh Wn bZVch d[ V hZi d[ WZaadlh# :VX] ^bV\Z lVh ]VgY ldg`! i^bZ Xdchjb^c\ VcY V aVWdjg d[ adkZ# 9Zhe^iZ i]Z^g XdbeaZm^in! WZaadlh XVbZgVh ]VkZ dcZ hZg^djh VYkVciV\Z [dg i]Z eVi^Zci e]did\gVe]Zg# I]Z WZaadlh XVc WZ VY_jhiZY id i^ai i]Z aZch! XgZVi^c\ Vc Vc\aZY eaVcZ d[ [dXjh cd adc\Zg eVgVaaZa id i]Z Ă’ab eaVcZ VcY d[[Zg^c\ bjX] \gZViZg Xdcigda dkZg l]Vi hjW_ZXih lZgZ ^c dg dji d[ [dXjh# 6 b^c^Vijg^h^c\ Z[[ZXi XdjaY WZ XgZViZY Wn i]gdl^c\ i]Z [dgZ\gdjcY VcY WVX`\gdjcY d[ V hXZcZ dji d[ [dXjh VcY i]jh b^b^X`^c\ i]Z h]Vaadl YZei] d[ Ă’ZaY jhjVaan XgZViZY Wn ZmigZbZ XadhZ"je# 8dckZghZan i]Z eaVcZ d[ [dXjh XVc WZ Vc\aZY VXgdhh i]Z Xdcidjgh d[ i]Z hXZcZ Vaadl^c\ bjX] \gZViZg XaVg^in VcY [dXjh# I]gdj\]dji i]Z '%i] XZcijgn V kVg^Zin d[ i^ai aZchZh lZgZ VkV^aVWaZ! Wji ^i ^h ^c i]Z '&hi i]Vi i]Z h^beaZhi VcY X]ZVeZhi [dgb d[ i]^h iZX]cdad\n ]Vh ZbZg\ZY# AZchWVWn ]VkZ V gVc\Z d[ aZchZh i]Vi Vaadl ndj id jhZ i^ai l^i] ndjg Y^\^iVa HAG VcY id gZkZa ^c i]Z _dnh d[ hZaZXi^kZ [dXjh# > jhZ i]Z AZchWVWn 8dbedhZg l]^X] d[[Zgh dcZ VgZV d[ h]VgecZhh l^i] i]Z gZhi d[ i]Z ^bV\Z WajggZY# I]Z egdXZhh ^h gZaVi^kZan h^beaZ/ hZaZXi ndjg VeZgijgZ id YZX^YZ i]Z h^oZ d[ ndjg h]Vge VgZV0 [dXjh i]Z aZch jci^a ndjg X]dhZc hjW_ZXi ^h h]Vge0 i^ai i]Z aZch jci^a ndj ]VkZ ndjg VgZV d[ XaVg^in ^c i]Z g^\]i eaVXZ0 gZ[dXjh ndjg ^bV\Z# >c XdbeVg^hdc id i]Z ]djgh d[ ilZV`^c\ gZfj^gZY Wn V WZaadlh XVbZgV! i]^h ^h h^beaZ VcY [jc VcY V \gZVi XgZVi^kZ idda#

lll#aZchWVWn#Xdb

IZmi >bV\Zh " A^hV ;jgcZhh

K><C:II:


G:69 LZ Vaa adkZ djg e]did Wdd`h! hd ]ZgZ VgZ [djg \gZVi i^iaZh dc hVaZ Vi LViZghidcZh g^\]i cdl#

EVg^h! EdgigV^i D[ 6 8^in HigZZi E]did\gVe]n Cdl >[ e]did\gVe]n ^h! Vi aZVhi ^c eVgi! VWdji XVeijg^c\ V bdbZci ^c i^bZ Ă„ Vc VXi^dc! Zbdi^dc! ZkZci dg h]VYZ Ă„ l]ZgZ WZiiZg id add` [dg ^che^gVi^dc i]Vi dc i]Z higZZih VcY eVkZbZcih! hjWlVnh VcY XV[Zh d[ djg bdYZgc X^i^Zh4 I]Z VbW^i^djh HigZZi E]did\gVe]n Cdl! V^bh id ZmeaV^c! YZĂ’cZ VcY egdbdiZ i]Z \ZcgZ id V cZl \ZcZgVi^dc ^c i]Z hVbZ lVn eZg]Veh Vh 7nhiVcYZg/ 6 =^hidgn d[ HigZZi E]did\gVe]n Y^Y WVX` ^c i]Z ZVgan .%h# H]dgi ZhhVnh ^cigdYjXZ ZVX] d[ i]Z Ă’kZ hZXi^dch! l]^X] VgZ cdi dcan Zca^\]iZc^c\ Wji V \gZVi lVn id eaVXZ

Hde]^Z =dlVgi]! HiZe]Zc BXAVgZc .,-%*%%'-.%,* I]VbZh =jYhdc GGE —&.#.*

i]Z (%% dg hd ^cY^k^YjVa ^bV\Zh [gdb dkZg )% Y^[[ZgZci e]did\gVe]Zgh ^cid Wdi] V hdX^Va VcY Vgi^hi^X XdciZmi# I]Z k^WgVcXn d[ X^in a^k^c\ ^h XVeijgZY ^c Vaa ^ih dXXVh^dcVaan \gdiZhfjZ \adgn VcY ndjÉgZ cZkZg bdgZ i]Vc Vcdi]Zg eV\Z ijgc VlVn [gdb V hjggZVa! h]dX`^c\ dg hijcc^c\ ^bV\Z# I]^h l^aa cd YdjWi WZ hZZc Vh V [VciVhi^X Xd[[ZZ iVWaZ Wdd` Wn hdbZ! VcY Vc ^cXgZY^WaZ jhZ[ja VcY ^che^g^c\ _jbe^c\ d[[ ed^ci Wn di]Zgh# =ZgZÉh id Vh bVcn d[ i]Z aViiZg Vh edhh^WaZ# <Zi d[[ i]Z hd[V! \gVW ndjg XVbZgV VcY ]ZVY [dg i]Z higZZih

=dl XdjaY V a^iZgVa edgigV^i d[ i]Z hegVla^c\ ;gZcX] XVe^iVa ZkZg WZ edhh^WaZ4 I]^h igjan Ze^X idbZ hZih dji id Yd i]Z cZmi WZhi i]^c\ Ă„ id h]dl ]dl e]did\gVe]Zgh ]VkZ XVeijgZY i]Z X^in VcY ^ih ^c]VW^iVcih h^cXZ &-(%# 6aa ]jbVc a^[Z ^h ]ZgZ! i]Z dejaZcXZ d[ eVaVXZh id i]Z YZVY ^c Xd[Ă’ch VcY i]Z ]dggdgh d[ i]Z hajbh0 [gdb i]Z YVcXZ ]Vaah VcY YZXVYZcXZ d[ i]Z gZY a^\]i Y^hig^Xih! id XVi]ZYgVah! X]VeZah VcY YZkdiZZh# 7aVX` VcY l]^iZ [VYZh VcY \^kZh lVn id Xdadjg _jhi ^c i^bZ id hiVgiaZ l^i] i]Z WaddY gZY Ă“V\h d[ i]Z dXXjen^c\ CVo^h! l]^X] Ă“n hd ^cX^YZciVaan ^c hdbZ e]did\gVe]h Vh id WZ VaVgb^c\an [dg\ZiiVWaZ# >iÉh V kVhi jcYZgiV`^c\ VcY V kZgn WgVkZ dcZ id iZaa i]^h hidgn l^i] hjX] a^iiaZ lg^i^c\ Ă„ eaVX^c\ i]Z Zbe]Vh^h hdaZan dc i]Z e]did\gVe]n# 7ji ^i ^h eZg]Veh i]^h YZX^h^dc l]^X] bV`Zh ^i Vaa ldg` hd lZaa# I]^h ^h EVg^h Vh idaY Wn i]Z EVg^h^Vch0 VcY l]d ^h VcndcZ ZahZ id Y^hV\gZZ l^i] i]Zb dg hVn ^i lVh di]Zgl^hZ4 6cY! ^[ ndjÉkZ ZkZg WZZc id EVg^h! ndjÉaa `cdl i]ViÉh cdi V Ă’\]i ndjÉY lVci id e^X`½

?ZVc"8aVjYZ <VjigVcY .,-(-(+*%'.(& IVhX]Zc GGE —))#..


EGD9J8I

BD9 *) ;gZY =Zgod\ / E]did\gVe]h

E^a\g^bV\Z 6cc^Z AZ^Wdk^io ^h `cdlc Vh i]Z [dgZbdhi edgigV^i e]did\gVe]Zg VcY e]did"_djgcVa^hi d[ bdYZgc i^bZh# =Zg ldg` [dg Gdaa^c\ HidcZ VcY KVc^in ;V^g ]Vh hZZc ]Zg XgZViZ hdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi ^chiVcian gZXd\c^hVWaZ! ^Xdc^X VcY lZaa"adkZY ^bV\Zh d[ i]Z eVhi )% nZVgh# H]ZÉh XVeijgZY dc Òab ZkZgndcZ [gdb egZh^YZcih id gdX` hiVgh! VcY ValVnh l^i] V gZVYn h^cXZg^in Vh lZaa Vh ^cXgZY^WaZ hinaZ VcY l^i# AZ^Wdk^io XaV^bh h]Z ]Vh ÆValVnh WZZc bdgZ ^ciZgZhiZY ^c l]Vi eZdeaZ Yd i]Vc l]d i]Zn VgZÇ VcY >i ^h i]^h hZci^bZci i]Vi jcYZga^Zh bjX] d[ E^a\g^bV\Z# I]dj\] cd h^iiZgh VgZ egZhZci! i]ZhZ VgZ hi^aa kZgn bjX] edgigV^ih# H^\bjcY ;gZjYÉh VcVanh^h XdjX]! V heZX^bZc XdaaZXiZY Wn 8]VgaZh 9Vgl^c! a^iiaZ 6cc^Z DV`aZnÉh \jc"egVXi^XZ iVg\Zi! =Zcgn 9Vk^Y I]dgZVjÉh WZY! dg ZkZc Vc ZmiZg^dg c^\]i i^bZ h]di d[ <gVXZaVcY l^i] i]Z a^\]i dc ^c :ak^hÉ gddb Ä i]ZhZ hcVeh]dih VgZ VWdji l]Vi i]ZhZ eZdeaZ Y^Y# I]Z l]daZ XdaaZXi^dc d[ WZVji^[jaan ^cig^\j^c\ e]did\gVe]h ^h i^ZY id\Zi]Zg Wn V \ZciaZ cVggVi^kZ d[ ]Zg _djgcZn lg^iiZc Wn AZ^Wdk^io ]ZghZa[# 6 bjhi [dg [Vch Wji Vahd V i]g^aa^c\ Y^kZgh^dc [dg VcndcZ l^i] V hZchZ d[ VYkZcijgZ dg ^cfj^h^i^kZ b^cY#

I]Z BD9 *) ^h V aVg\Z [dgbVi Òaa egdXZhhdg i]Vi Vaadlh je id + h]ZZih d[ *m)Ç Òab id WZ egdXZhhZY ^c V hiVcYVgY EViZghdc ( GZZa 9ZkZade^c\ IVc` bdYZa EIE&&+ # I]^h ^h i]Z EViZghdc bdYZa! l]^X] l^aa l]Zc jhZY l^i] he^gVah egdXZhh ( m (*bb dg ' m &'%#

;gZY =Zgod\Éh igVYZbVg` @dYVX]gdbZ e]did\gVe]n bVn cdi ]VkZ WZZc id ]^h XdciZbedgVg^ZhÉ iVhiZ! dg i]Vi d[ hdbZ hi^aa idYVn! Wji i]ZgZÉh cd YZcn^c\ ]^h bVhiZgn d[ Xdbedh^i^dc! ]^h ZnZ [dg i]Z k^hjVa hidgn VcY ]^h Z[[ZgkZhXZci hZchZ d[ [jc# I]Z ^bV\Zh d[ KVcXdjkZg XdaaZXiZY l^i]^c i]^h i^iaZ Vi i^bZh [ZZa V a^iiaZ a^`Z idjg^hi hcVeh Ä e^XijgZh iV`Zc id VbjhZ l^i] Vc VXXdbeVcn^c\ VcZXYdiZ Vi V aViZg YViZ# EZg]Veh ^i lVh i]Z [VXi i]Vi =Zgod\ lVh cdi V 8VcVY^Vc cVi^kZ Wji gVi]Zg V <ZgbVc b^\g i]Vi egdk^YZY ]^b l^i] hjX] V Xjg^djh ZnZ0 gZVY^an cdi^X^c\ VcY gZkZaa^c\ ^c i]Z Y^[[ZgZcXZh ^c i]^h! ^c^i^Vaan! [dgZ^\c XjaijgZ# HZVhdc Wn hZVhdc! nZVg Wn nZVg! i]Z hVbZ eaVXZh ede je ^c ]^h h]dih Ä eZg]Veh ZkZc hdbZ d[ i]Z hVbZ [VXZh# I]Z gZhjai ^h V \gVcY edgigV^i! cdi dcan d[ V X^in VcY ^ih ^c]VW^iVcih! Wji d[ V eZg^dY ^c =Zgod\Éh a^[Z Vh ]Z \gVYjVaan WZXVbZ bdgZ VXXjhidbZY id ]^h cZl ]dbZ# I]ZgZ VgZ V cjbWZg d[ ^ciZgZhi^c\ ^cigdYjXi^dch Wji ^i ^h i]Z ÒcVa dcZ! Wn 8VcVY^Vc Vji]dg 9dj\aVh 8djeaVcY! l]^X] egdk^YZh V gZVa gZaZkVcXZ id =Zgod\Éh ldg` idYVn/ Æ=Zgod\Éh e]didh Wg^b l^i] V cVhXZci hZchZ d[ ZXdad\^XVa Vc\Zg VcY Vc VaZgi hdX^Va XdchX^ZcXZ###Ç

I]Z iVc` l^aa jhZ V hiVcYVgY & a^igZ d[ hdaji^dc! Zcdj\] id Òaa i]Z iVc` VcY [jaan ^bbZghZ i]Z h]ZZih# CdgbVa V\^iVi^dc d[ V [Zl ^ckZgh^dch dcXZ V b^cjiZ l^aa ldg` [dg bdhi Veea^XVi^dch! Wji ^iÉh \ddY egVXi^XZ id iZhi WZ[dgZ jcYZgiV`^c\ Xg^i^XVa ldg`# >[ ndj lVci id `cdl bdgZ VWdji BD9 *) ndj XVc X]ZX` dji dcZ d[ i]Z ZmXZaaZci k^YZdh Vi lll#bdY*)#Xdb l]^X] \^kZ V ^cYZei] Zmea^cVi^dc d[ ]dl id jhZ i]Z YZk^XZ# 6kVW^aZ [gdb H^akZgeg^ci VcY Y^gZXian [gdb BD9 *) [dg ))#*%#

.,-&**(+***-. EgZhiZa )%#%%

6cc^Z AZ^Wdk^io .,-%'')%.+'+( 8VeZ GGE (*#%%

K><C:II:


BVcn e]did\gVe]Zgh Òghi hjXXZhhZh VgZ igVkZa e]did\gVe]h# AjX`n h]dih dc ]da^YVn ^c i]Z hjc dg l]^ahi igVkZaa^c\ ZcXdjgV\Z VcY ^che^gZ bVcn id ZmeadgZ e]did\gVe]n Vh V bdgZ hZg^djh ]dWWn dg XVgZZg# 8aZVgan i]ZgZ ^h V Y^[[ZgZcXZ WZilZZc ]da^YVn hcVeh]dih VcY l]Vi lZ XVc iZgb igVkZa e]did\gVe]n! ^c ^ihZa[ Vc VbW^\jdjh iZgb# IgVkZa e]did\gVe]n XVc! d[ XdjghZ! ^cXajYZ bdhi \ZcgZh d[ e]did\gVe]n ^cXajY^c\ hdX^Va YdXjbZciVgn! edgigV^ijgZ VcY aVcYhXVeZ! ]dlZkZg i]Z e]did\gVe]Zg ^h ValVnh VlVn [gdb ]dbZ VcY dWhZgk^c\ Vc jc[Vb^a^Vg aVcY dg eZdeaZ# Djg [ZVijgZY e]did\gVe]Zgh iV`Z jh VXgdhh i]Z \adWZ id 7Z^_^c\! i]Z JH6! ZVhiZgc :jgdeZ! i]Z 6gXi^X! 6[g^XV VcY AdX] CZhh! \^k^c\ ^ciZgZhi^c\ ^ch^\]ih ^cid i]Z ldgaY i]gdj\] i]Z^g ZnZh# I]ZgZ ^h Vahd Vc deedgijc^in [dg ndj id \Zi ndjg igVkZa e]did\gVe]h ^c i]Z cZmi ^hhjZ d[ K^\cZiiZ! hZZ eV\Z () [dg YZiV^ah#

E=DID :I>FJ:II: 67GD69 NdjÉgZ hdbZl]ZgZ Xdadjg[ja VcY Zmdi^X! i]Z adXVa eZdeaZ VgZ lZVg^c\ ^cig^XViZ igVY^i^dcVa Xadi]^c\ VcY ndjÉgZ VX]^c\ id gV^hZ ndjg aZch! oddb ^c VcY \Zi i]Vi \gZVi h]di# E]did\gVe]n XVc WZ V ldcYZg[ja lVn id \Zi id `cdl V eaVXZ VcY V hdX^Zin! id Xdbbjc^XViZ ^i id eZdeaZ WVX` ]dbZ VcY X]VaaZc\Z ndjg e]did\gVe]^X h`^aah# NZi iV`^c\ e]didh VWgdVY XVc d[iZc bZVc hdbZi]^c\ Y^[[ZgZci [gdb iV`^c\ e]didh Vi ]dbZ# 7ZndcY V WVh^X aZkZa d[ gZheZXi! i]ZgZ bVn WZ Zi^fjZiiZh VgdjcY e]did\gVe]n l]^X] VgZ Y^[[ZgZci [gdb i]Z J@! edhh^Wan heZX^ÒX id i]Z Xdjcign dg VgZV# 6 h^beaZ e]did d[ Vc ^cY^\Zcdjh eZghdc ^c BZm^Xd! [dg ZmVbeaZ! XVc WZ bdgZ i]Vc V bViiZg d[ \ddY bVccZgh0 ^i XVc aVcY ndj ^c _V^a# >c gZXZci nZVgh hZkZgVa idjg^hih ]VkZ WZZc YZiV^cZY ^c ^cY^\Zcdjh k^aaV\Zh ^c 8]^VeVh! BZm^Xd [dg V [Zl YVnh Vi V i^bZ [dg i]Z Xg^bZ d[ hiZVa^c\ i]Z ^bV\Z d[ V adXVa eZghdc dg V gZa^\^djh h^iZ# I]^h ^h Vc ZmigZbZ ZmVbeaZ0 iV`^c\ V e]did ^c i]ZhZ ^chiVcXZh lVh a^iZgVaan XaVhhZY Vh i]Z[i WZXVjhZ eZgb^hh^dc lVh cdi \gVciZY WZ[dgZ]VcY# =ZgZ i]^h ^h bdgZ Vc ^hhjZ d[

IZmi " GVX]Za Hd`Va

-

XjaijgVa gZheZXi! YZ[Zch^kZcZhh V\V^chi Zmead^iVi^dc VcY V [ZZa^c\ i]Vi e]did\gVe]h VgZ kVajVWaZ dW_ZXih! gVi]Zg i]Vc bnhi^XVa Èhdja hiZVa^c\É# Bdhi idjg deZgVidgh VcY \j^YZ Wdd`h lVgc k^h^idgh V\V^chi e]did\gVe]^c\ ^cY^\Zcdjh gZa^\^djh XZgZbdc^Zh ^c i]^h gZ\^dc! Wji i]Z \gZn VgZVh d[ ]dl id iV`Z e]didh gZheZXi[jaan VgZ V YVn id YVn ^hhjZ [dg Vcn igVkZa e]did\gVe]Zg! ^c 8]^VeVh VcY ZahZl]ZgZ# >i XVc WZ ]VgY id `cdl ]dl id WZ gZheZXi[ja VcY Xjg^djh# I]Z 8]^VeVh E]did\gVe]n Egd_ZXi ^h V cdi"[dg"egdÒi Vgi^hi^X dg\Vc^hVi^dc l]^X] ]Vh WZZc ldg`^c\ l^i] ^cY^\Zcdjh bZc VcY ldbZc ^c 8]^VeVh h^cXZ &..)! egdbdi^c\ e]did\gVe]n h`^aah [dg i]Z^g dlc jhZh VcY ejgedhZh# NZh i]ViÉh g^\]i lZÉgZ iVa`^c\ VWdji ^cY^\Zcdjh eZdeaZ! hdbZ ^c igVY^i^dcVa YgZhh! bV`^c\ e]did\gVe]n eVgi d[ i]Z^g YV^an a^kZh! eVgi d[ i]Z^g _djgcZn idlVgYh a^iZgVXn! jc^kZgh^in gZhZVgX] dg egd[Zhh^dc# 9jg^c\ bn ldg` l^i] 8EE > XdaaVWdgViZY l^i] hdbZ d[ i]ZhZ e]did\gVe]Zgh id eji id\Zi]Zg i]Z [daadl^c\ VYk^XZ [dg k^h^idgh id 8]^VeVh#

lll#X]^VeVhe]did#dg\

E]did\gVe]^c\ ^cY^\Zcdjh eZdeaZ ^c 8]^VeVh l^i] gZheZXi I]ZhZ VgZ d`/ EdgigV^ih d[ ^cY^\Zcdjh eZdeaZ/ deZcan VcY l^i] i]Z^g eZgb^hh^dc WZ[dgZ]VcY <ZcZgVa k^Zlh d[ idlch! idjg^hi h^iZh VcY aVcYhXVeZh Eg^kViZ heVXZh VcY egdeZgin nVgY dg hiVaa / deZcan! l^i] eZgb^hh^dc 7ji i]ZhZ VgZ cdi d`/ GZa^\^djh XZgZbdc^Zh dg ^ch^YZ X]jgX]Zh ^c ^cY^\Zcdjh k^aaV\Zh jcaZhh ndj ]VkZ heZX^Va eZgb^hh^dc EdgigV^ih d[ eZdeaZ l^i]dji Vh`^c\ eZgb^hh^dc! ^cXajY^c\ jh^c\ V oddb aZch E]didh d[ eg^kViZ heVXZh VcY egdeZgin l^i]dji Vh`^c\ eZgb^hh^dc WZ[dgZ]VcY >c \ZcZgVa eZdeaZ h^bean egZ[Zg id WZ Vh`ZY WZ[dgZ ndj iV`Z V e]did# Hd l]n cdi ign dji Vh`^c\ ÈbVn > iV`Z V e]did eaZVhZ4É ^c V adXVa aVc\jV\Z4 >i XdjaY WZ [jc


I]Z G^d <gVcYZ g^kZg! ]ZVY^c\ ^cid 7^\ 7ZcY CVi^dcVa EVg`! IZmVh#

O:9 C:AHDC G^\]i L^c\ G^d <gVcYZ ^h i]Z hidgn d[ OZY CZahdcÉh ig^e Vadc\ i]Z aZc\i] d[ i]Z G^d <gVcYZ g^kZg! V hijcc^c\ cVijgVa WdgYZg WZilZZc BZm^Xd VcY i]Z JH6# I]Z aVcYhXVeZ ^h [Vb^a^Vg Vh i]Z hZii^c\ d[ bVcn bdYZgc bdk^Zh ^c l]^X] i]Z WdgYZg WZilZZc i]Z ild Xdjcig^Zh VXih Vh V WVX`Ygde [dg k^daZci hidg^Zh id eaVn dji# >c gZVa a^[Z! i]Z G^d <gVcYZ ^h i]Z hZii^c\ [dg Vc ^cXgZVh^c\an ]dhi^aZ eda^i^XVa Xa^bViZ! l]ZgZ mZcde]dW^V VcY eVgVcd^V ^h g^[Z# OZY CZahdcÉh ldg` ZmVb^cZh i]Z 6bZg^XVc h^YZ d[ i]Z WdgYZg! XdckZn^c\ i]Z adXVah [ZVg d[ ^aaZ\Va ^bb^\gVcih VcY i]Z^g hjhe^X^dc d[ LVh]^c\idc#

>c CZahdcÉh ldg`! i]Z BZm^XVc eZdeaZ VgZ dcan hj\\ZhiZY! i]Z b^cjiZ bZc VcY WdgYZg eda^XZ VgZ ValVnh dc i]Z add`dji Wji Vaa lZ hZZ VgZ i]Z Xadi]Zh aZ[i WZ]^cY dg i]Z \gVkZ d[ hdbZdcZ l]d Y^YcÉi bV`Z i]Z Xgdhh^c\# I]Z ^bV\Zh VcY hjeedgi^c\ iZmi edgigVn V eZdeaZ l]d hZZ i]Z WViiaZ [dg i]Z^g YZbdXgVXn cdi ^c V [Vg d[[ Xdjcign Wji ^c i]Z^g dlc ÈWVX`nVgYÉ# I]Z aVcYhXVeZh VgZ WZVji^[ja VcY i]Z edgigV^ih XVab Wji i]Z WZa^Z[h VcY Vii^ijYZh VgZ d[iZc h]dX`^c\# I]Z egd_ZXi lVh h]di ^c '%&% Wji i]Z hidgn Xdci^cjZh l^i] ijccZah WZ^c\ [djcY dc V lZZ`an WVh^h# >i gZbV^ch id WZ hZZc ^[ ^c i]Z lV`Z d[ i]Z ÈcZjigVa^o^c\É d[ DhVbV W^c AVYZc! CZahdcÉh hjW_ZXih l^aa X]Vc\Z i]Z^g de^c^dc# =dlZkZg l]Vi ^h XaZVg ^h i]Vi V ]Vgbdc^djh WdgYZg ^h V adc\ lVn d[[#

K><C:II:


E]^a Lda[! jhZY"XVg YZVaZg VcY bZbWZg d[ i]Z È7^gi]Zg bdkZbZci# =Z ]Vh ZgZXiZY V W^aaWdVgY fjZhi^dc^c\ EgZh^YZci DWVbVÉh ÈigjZÉ W^gi]eaVXZ# Lda[ VaaZ\Zh V Xdche^gVXn id ]^YZ i]Z Èigji]É i]Vi EgZh^YZci DWVbV lVh cdi Wdgc ^c 6bZg^XV! VcY hVnÉh i]Vi DWVbV ^h Vc ^bedhiZg# L]ZVi G^Y\Z! 8dadgVYd#

Æ DWVbV ^h V [gVjY VcY V [V`Z# >ÉkZ ]VY Zcdj\]# Id bZ i]Z \jn ^h V gVY^XVa Bjha^b# &%% nZVgh V\d i]Zn ldjaY ]VkZ ]jc\ i]^h \jn# >c bn b^cYhZi i]^h \jn cZZYh id WZ YdcZ VlVn l^i]# =Z cZZYh id WZ XdbeaZiZan iV`Zc dji d[ d[ÒXZ# Ndj XVcÉi ]daY d[ÒXZ ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ^[ ndj VgZ ^aaZ\Va# I]^h \jn ^h cdi Vc 6bZg^XVc# > i]^c` ]Z ^h i]Z ZcZbn# 6cY ndj ]VkZ id igZVi Vc ZcZbn i]Vi lVn#Ç

7VWW^ <^ga# I:6 EVgin bZbWZg# =ZgZ[dgY! 6g^odcV#

Æ >Éb V I:6 EVgin bZbWZg# >c bn de^c^dc ndj XVcÉi iVa` VWdji Vc VbcZhin " \gVci^c\ X^i^oZch]^e id i]Z ^aaZ\Va ^bb^\gVcih ^c i]Z JH6 " l^i]dji Òghi hZVa^c\ i]Z WdgYZg# LZ h]djaY _jhi Zc[dgXZ i]Z aVlh Ä iV`Z VlVn i]Z lZa[VgZ! i]Z ]djh^c\! i]Z _dWh### VcY eZdeaZ l^aa aZVkZ#Ç Æ > i]^c` DWVbV ^h V edhZg! VcY lVh cdi Wdgc ^c i]^h Xdjcign# L]n ldci ]Z _jhi gZaZVhZ ]^h W^gi] XZgi^ÒXViZ VcY WZ YdcZ l^i] ^i4

&%


<Zdg\Z HegVc`aZ ÈB^cjiZbZcÉ! WdgYZg k^\^aVciZ$VXi^k^hi# =ZgZ[dgY! 6g^odcV#

Æ >ÉkZ \di ,"- \jch# > Vahd ]VkZ V XdcXZVaZY XVggn eZgb^i# LZÉkZ ]VY ÈdeZc XVggnÉ h^cXZ i]Z L^aY LZhi YVnh ^c 6g^odcV#Ç Æ I]Z h^ijVi^dc ]Vh X]Vc\ZY# 7Z[dgZ lZ _jhi ]VY eZdeaZ Xdb^c\ VXgdhh! cdl lZ ]VkZ Ygj\h! VgbZY bZc VcY bjaZh XVggn^c\ WVX`eVX`h d[ Ygj\h# LZÉgZ YZVa^c\ l^i] i]Z Ygj\ XVgiZah cdl! l]^X] lZ lZgZcÉi WZ[dgZ#Ç

I]Z WdgYZg [ZcXZ WZilZZc JH6 VcY BZm^Xd# 6g^odcV#

K><C:II:


I]Z WdgYZg [ZcXZ WZilZZc JH6 VcY BZm^Xd! dWhZgkZY Wn i]Z JH 7dgYZg EVigda# Cd\VaZh! IZmVh#

6 \gVkZ bVg`Zg Vi i]Z \ViZh d[ V gVcX] ^c CZl BZm^Xd#

&'


6a <VgoV! ÈB^cjiZbZcÉ WdgYZg k^\^aVciZ$VXi^k^hi# CVXd! 6g^odcV#

Æ LZÉkZ WZZc g^eeZY d[[! lZÉgZ WZ^c\ ^ckVYZY# >iÉh Vc djig^\]i jcYZXaVgZY lVg V\V^chi Jc^iZY HiViZh hdkZgZ^\cin# I]Z ldgY VbcZhin id bZ ^h V h^c# LZaa >ÉkZ \di cZlh [dg i]Zb Ä cd bdgZ VbcZhi^Zh &.-+ lVh i]Z aVhi dcZ# LZ cZZY id hZXjgZ i]Z WdgYZgh! ^iÉh gZVa h^beaZ# 7ji i]Zn lVci V DcZ LdgaY DgYZg# I]Z EgZh^YZci ^h V ejeeZi### V [gdci# LZ bjhi hZXjgZ i]Z WdgYZgh# L]n cdi jhZ b^a^iVgn4 LZ jhZ i]Zb ^c 6[\]Vc^hiVc#Ç Æ BZm^Xd Zmedgih i]Z^g eZdeaZ! VcY lZ [ZZY i]Zb! lZ ZYjXViZ i]Zb### VcY i]Zn hZcY i]Z^g bdcZn ]dbZ# L]n ^hcÉi BZm^Xd ldg`^c\ g^\]i cdl id egdk^YZ _dWh VcY hZXjg^in4 >iÉh cdi]^c\ h]dgi d[ Vc ^ckVh^dc Ç Æ >Éb Vc 6bZg^XVc d[ BZm^XVc YZXZci# > heZV` HeVc^h]! > VYb^gZ i]Z XjaijgZ! i]Z BVg^VX]^ bjh^X! Wji bn [Vb^an \dZh WVX` ÒkZ \ZcZgVi^dch ^c i]Z JH6#Ç

6 kdajciZZg ÈB^cjiZbZcÉ k^\^aVciZ$VXi^k^hi dc i]Z WdgYZg l^i] BZm^Xd# B^cjiZbZc eVigda i]Z WdgYZg gZ\^dch d[ i]Z JH6"BZm^Xd WdgYZg add`^c\ [dg ^bb^\gVcih Xgdhh^c\ ^aaZ\Vaan ^cid i]Z JH6 VcY gZedgi^c\ i]Zb id i]Z JH 7dgYZg EVigda# IdbWhidcZ 6g^odcV#

K><C:II:


9Zejin H]Zg^[[ 6h]idc 6# H]ZlZn! ')! d[ i]Z E^cVa 8djcin H]Zg^[[Éh 9Zei# >c Vc VgZV XadhZ id i]Z BZm^XVc WdgYZg [gZfjZciZY Wn ^bb^\gVcih Xgdhh^c\ ^aaZ\Vaan ^cid i]Z JH6# Æ =Va[ d[ bn YV^an XdciVXih VgZ l^i] ^aaZ\Va ^bb^\gVcih dg BZm^XVc cVi^dcVah# L^i] i]Z cZl aVl H7&%",% lZ XVc VggZhi eZdeaZ l]d ]VkZ cd >9 dg ldci d[[Zg i]Z^g cVbZ# LZ XVc YZiV^c i]Zb l]^aZ lZ X]ZX` i]Zb dji# 7Z[dgZ lZ ldjaY ]VkZ id XVaa 7dgYZg EVigda# 7ji lZ YdcÉi ÈgVX^Va egdÒaZÉ Ä lZ dcan hide eZdeaZ l]d VgZ WgZV`^c\ i]Z aVl# I]Z Ygj\ bjaZh i]Z ÈeVX`ZghÉ Ä i]ZhZ eZdeaZ ]^`Z ."&% YVnh l^i] i]ZhZ WjgaVe hVX`h lZ^\]^c\ Vcni]^c\ WZilZZc (%",% aWh VcY ' \Vaadch d[ lViZg# I]Z [ZcXZ4 >iÉh `^cY d[ V gjcc^c\ _d`Z i]Vi i]ZgZÉh hi^aa hd bVcn \Veh# I]Zn h]djaY _jhi XdbeaZiZ ^i#Ç

6c VWVcYdcZY haZZe^c\ bVii# E^cVa 8djcin 6g^odcV# >bb^\gVcih Xgdhh i]Z BZm^Xd"JH6 WdgYZg ^aaZ\Vaan VcY igZ` -% b^aZh ^cid i]Z JH6 l]ZgZ i]Zn ]deZ id bV`Z ^i id hV[Z ]djhZh# 6WVcYdcZY h]dZh WVX`eVX`h lViZg WdiiaZh VcY Xadi]^c\ XVc WZ [djcY higZlc Vadc\ i]Z gdjiZ iV`Zc Wn ^bb^\gVcih Xgdhh^c\ ^aaZ\Vaan [gdb BZm^Xd#

&)


BZm^XVch Xgdhh i]Z G^d <gVcYZ g^kZg [gdb i]Z d[Ã’X^Va WdgYZg"Xgdhh^c\ Wg^Y\Z WZilZZc BZm^Xd VcY i]Z JH6# IZmVh#

lll#oZYcZahdc#Xdb 6 h^\c ^c 6g^odcV XadhZ id i]Z WdgYZg l^i] BZmX^d lVgch d[ Ygj\" hbj\\aZgh VcY ^aaZ\Va ^bb^\gVi^dc ^c i]Z VgZV# E^cVa 8djcin 6g^odcV#

ADK: B:! Wn OZY CZahdc! ejWa^h]ZY Wn 8dcigVhid! I]VbZh =jYhdc VcY VkV^aVWaZ k^V 6bVodc#Xdb OZY CZahdc$>CHI>IJI:

K><C:II:


) 96NH >C >8:A6C9 K^\cZiiZÉh :Y^idg! E]^a^e HZVgaZ! X]VaaZc\Zh ]^bhZa[ id iV`Z bdgZ i]Vc _jhi ]da^YVn hcVeh dc V h]dgi! hcdln ig^e id ldcYZg[ja >XZaVcY#

>c gZigdheZXi! ^i hZZbh W^oVggZ i]Vi > lVh hjgeg^hZY Wn i]Z h^\]i d[ i]Z hcdlXdkZgZY aVcYhXVeZ Vh bn eaVcZ XVbZ i]gdj\] i]^X` XadjY XdkZg id aVcY Vi @ZÓVk^` 6^gedgi# > Vgg^kZY b^Y"Wa^ooVgY VcY ^i ]VY WZZc hcdl^c\ dkZg i]Z ^haVcY gZejWa^X [dg V lZZ`# > ]VY ZmeZXiZY bn adc\"Vci^X^eViZY Òghi ig^e id >XZaVcY id WZ XdaY l^i] h]dgi YVnh! Wji [dg hdbZ gZVhdc > ]VY cdi Xdch^YZgZY i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ hcdl[Vaa# >i lVh aViZ BVgX] '%&& VcY bn igVkZaa^c\ XdbeVc^dc VcY > ]VY \VbWaZY dc V aViZ hZVhdc k^Zl^c\ d[ i]Z Cdgi]Zgc A^\]ih# ;dg bVcn nZVgh > ]VY WZZc ViigVXiZY Wn ^bV\Zh d[ i]Z di]Zg"ldgaYn"cZhh d[ i]Z >XZaVcY^X aVcYhXVeZ0 Ze^X lViZg[Vaah! ajh] \gZZc kVaaZnh! WaVX` WZVX]Zh! VXi^kZ kdaXVcdZh! VcY i]Z \ZnhZg Vi <Znh^g0 hd ^i lVh [VciVhi^X id VXijVaan \Zi i]ZgZ# 6h V e]did\gVe]Zg ^i ^h Y^[ÒXjai id \d Vcnl]ZgZ l^i]dji Xdch^YZg^c\ i]Z e]did\gVe]^X deedgijc^i^Zh VkV^aVWaZ Vi i]Vi YZhi^cVi^dc! VcY lZ lZgZ dcan ^c >XZaVcY [dg [djg l]daZ YVnh# Hd > i]dj\]i ^i lVh \d^c\ id WZ V X]VaaZc\Z id Yd Vcni]^c\ di]Zg i]Vc iV`Z hcdln ]da^YVn hcVeh# I]Z higZhh d[ WZ^c\ dc ]da^YVn# 6h lZ hZiiaZY ^cid djg GZn`_Vk^` ]diZa! deedh^iZ i]Z ^bbZchZ =Vaa\g^bh`^g`_V XVi]ZYgVa! lZ hiVgiZY id [ZZa Vi ]dbZ ^c >XZaVcY# EZg]Veh ^i ^h i]Z ^haVcY bZciVa^in! i]Z hZchZ d[ YZÒc^iZ WdjcYVg^Zh VcY l]daZcZhh i]Vi ^h jc^fjZ id ^haVcY cVi^dch0 dg i]Z lZaXdb^c\ cVijgZ d[ i]Z >XZaVcY^X eZdeaZ0 Vcm^djh id ZchjgZ ZkZgn k^h^idg Zc_dnh! heZcYh VcY gZijgch id WdahiZg i]Z^g higj\\a^c\ ZXdcdbn# Dc djg Òghi ZkZc^c\ lZ lVa`ZY i]gdj\] i]Z hcdln higZZih Ydlc ^cid i]Z XZcigZ d[ GZn`_Vk^` id Zc_dn i]Z Òghi d[ bVcn hjeZgW bZVah# GZn`_Vk^` Vi c^\]i ^h V kZgn egZiin eaVXZ# Bdhi d[ i]Z ]djhZh ^c i]Z XZcigZ d[ i]Z X^in ]VkZ Xdggj\ViZY ^gdc gdd[h VcY VgZ Xdadjg[jaan eV^ciZY id Wg^\]iZc i]Z a^kZh d[ i]Z^g ^c]VW^iVcih ^c i]Z YVg` bdci]h d[ V cdgi]Zgc l^ciZg# > hediiZY V egd_ZXi VcY i]Z c^\]i WZ[dgZ lZ aZ[i > heZci ' ]djgh l^i] bn igjhin BVb^nV , >> VcY ig^edY ^c "&% iZbeZgVijgZh iV`^c\ * gdaah d[ EdgigV )%% Òab# A^`Z bVcn d[ bn egd_ZXih i]Z hXZcZh XVeijgZY VgZ eZdeaZ"aZhh# > Zc_dn hZZ^c\ i]Z ]jbVc ldgaY XVeijgZY dji d[ XdciZmi ^c i]^h lVn0 ]djhZh l^i]dji gZh^YZcih! higZZih l^i]dji eZdeaZ# I]Z hi^aacZhh d[ i]Z XdaY c^\]i egdYjXZY bVcn ^bV\Zh > Vb eaZVhZY l^i]#

I]Z gZhi d[ i]Z ^bV\Zh [ZVijgZY VgZ bn [Vkdjg^iZ d[ i]Z di]Zg &' gdaah d[ Òab > h]di dkZg bn [djg YVnh ^c >XZaVcY# > ldjaY ]ZVgi^an gZXdbbZcY dcZ d[ i]Z \j^YZY idjgh# I]Z <daYZc 8^gXaZ idjg ^h dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi edejaVg VcY iV`Zh ndj id i]Z bjhi"hZZ h^\]ih ^cXajY^c\ <Znh^g! i]Z lViZg[Vaa <jaa[dhh VcY i]Z 6a ^c\^! Vi ^c\kZaa^g i]Z h^iZ d[ i]Z ldgaYÉh daYZhi eVga^VbZci# I]Z lZVi]Zg VaiZgZY hdbZ d[ i]Z hideh dc i]^h idjg Vaadl^c\ bZ id iV`Z bn [Vkdjg^iZ ^bV\Z d[ i]Z ig^e# LZ k^h^iZY i]Z \Zdi]ZgbVa edlZg hiVi^dc Vi CZh_VkZaa^g# Bdhi d[ i]Z \gdje lZci dc V idjg id aZVgc ]dl >XZaVcYÉh cVijgVa gZhdjgXZh VgZ ]VgcZhhZY id edlZg i]Z ^haVcY# LZ YZX^YZY cdi id iV`Z i]^h idjg VcY ^chiZVY hVi VcY YgVc` Xd[[ZZ ^c i]Z \aVhh lVaaZY gZXZei^dc VgZV# 6h i]Z hcdl hidgb hadlZY > lVh ^cig^\jZY Wn i]Z eZg[ZXi l]^iZcZhh d[ i]Z aVcYhXVeZ d[ i]Z kVhi XVg eVg` djih^YZ0 dcan Wgd`Zc Wn higZZi [jgc^ijgZ# Id i]Z jiiZg WZl^aYZgbZci d[ djg XdVX] Yg^kZg! H^\\n! > hjWhZfjZcian heZci )% b^cjiZh djih^YZ ^c i]Z hcdl! iV`^c\ e]did\gVe]h# LZ Y^YcÉi hZZ i]Z Cdgi]Zgc A^\]ih Wji l^icZhhZY Zcdj\] VbVo^c\ jcZmeZXiZY hXZcZh id bV`Z djg ig^e id >XZaVcY hdbZi]^c\ id gZbZbWZg [dgZkZg# > hdbZi^bZh heZcY lZZ`h lV^i^c\ id XgZViZ i]Z eZg[ZXi ^bV\Z0 gZk^h^i^c\ h^iZh (! )! * i^bZh id \Zi i]Z eZg[ZXi a^\]i! Xdbedh^i^dc! h]VYdlh ZiX# Hd ^i lVh X]VaaZc\^c\! Wji ZmX^i^c\! id ]VkZ hjX] hbVaa l^cYdlh d[ i^bZ id ign VcY XVeijgZ hdbZi]^c\ d[ fjVa^in VcY ^ciZgZhi# 9Zhe^iZ bn ^c^i^Va ldggn i]Vi i]Z hcdl ldjaY aZVY bZ id iV`Z ]jcYgZYh d[ l]^iZ e]didh! i]Z hcdl VXijVaan VYYZY Vc ZmigV Y^bZch^dc id i]Z ^bV\Zh# > Vahd ]VkZ Vcdi]Zg eaVXZ id k^h^i/ V hcdl"aZhh >XZaVcY l]ZgZ l]^iZ aVcYhXVeZh ]VkZ WZZc gZeaVXZY l^i] i]Z \gZZccZhh d[ heg^c\# 6 \gZVi gZVhdc id gZijgc id! l]Vi ^h! V kZgn Xdda Xdjcign0 ^c ZkZgn lVn#

lll#e]^a^ehZVgaZ#Xdb

&+


K><C:II:


&-


K><C:II:


Hedgih]Vaa! K^ac^jh! A^i]jVc^V

?6B:H 76AA 6i V ndjc\ V\Z ?VbZh 7Vaa lVh ^cigdYjXZY id i]Z ldg` d[ L^aa^Vb :\\aZhidc VcY <Vgn L^cd\gVcY Wn V È]^ehiZgÉ [Vb^an [g^ZcY# ?VbZh lZci dc id hijYn e]did_djgcVa^hb! YZkZade^c\ V eVhh^dc [dg e]did hidg^Zh VcY ZmiZcYZY egd_ZXih# H^cXZ i]Zc ]Z ]Vh bdhian WZZc a^k^c\ VcY ldg`^c\ ^c AdcYdc! egdYjX^c\ ldg` [dg V kVg^Zin d[ Xa^Zcih ^cXajY^c\ CZl HX^Zci^hi! K^XZ! I]Z <jVgY^Vc VcY 9ZjihX] 7Vc`# =^h YdXjbZciVi^dc d[ i]Z J@ Egd LgZhia^c\ ;ZYZgVi^dc ldc ]^b V 9VoZY VcY 8dc[jhZY GZ/8gZVi^dc 6lVgY# K^\cZiiZ XVj\]i je l^i] ?VbZh id iVa` VWdji V bdgZ gZXZci WdYn d[ ldg`/ 7^\ GZY HVjhV\Zh

'%


;VaaZc AZc^c! GdbVc^V

B^\ &*! HadkV`^V

L]Vi lVh i]Z ^beZijh [dg i]Z egd_ZXi4 >c '%%, > lVh a^k^c\ VcY ldg`^c\ ^c AdcYdc l^i] bdjci^c\ YZWih# > _jbeZY Vi Vc d[[Zg id ldg` ^c HadkV`^V [dg Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa k^hjVa^hVi^dc XdbeVcn VcY > ZcYZY je >c 7gVi^haVkV Vi i]Z =diZa @n_Zk# >i lVh i]Z XddaZhi eaVXZ >ÉY ZkZg hZZc0 i]Vi eaVXZ! XdbW^cZY l^i] V adkZ d[ jgWVc Zmeadg^c\ hiVgiZY ^i#

9d ndj VeegdVX] V egd_ZXi VWgdVY Y^[[ZgZcian id dcZ h]di ^c i]Z J#@#4

I]Z egd_ZXi hZZbh kZgn Y^[[ZgZci ^c hinaZ id i]dhZ ndj ]VkZ h]di WZ[dgZ! VcY V adi d[ i]Z ^bV\Zh VgZ ^c V [dgbVa! YZVYeVc hinaZ# L]n i]Z YZeVgijgZ [gdb V aZhh g^\^Y YdXjbZciVgn hinaZ4 6i i]Z i^bZ > lVh ]dd`ZY dc ?dg\ 8daWZg\h 8dchX^Zci^djh Wad\! VcY i]Vi lVh YZÒc^iZan Vc ^cÓjZcXZ# > [Zai a^`Z i]Z `^cY d[ i]^c\h > lVh h]ddi^c\0 aVcYhXVeZh! Wj^aY^c\h VcY ^ciZg^dgh ZiX# aZci i]ZbhZakZh id V higV^\]iZg VeegdVX]! VcY i]Vi bn k^hjVa^oVi^dc ldg` lVh Y^XiVi^c\ i]Vi# I]ZgZÉh V `^cY d[ XgVon" X]VhZ ZaZbZci id h]ddi^c\ l]Vi >ÉY XVaa egdeZg YdXjbZciVgn VcY > WZ\Vc id hadl Ydlc gZVaan#

LZgZ i]Z adXVi^dch dcZh ndj hijbWaZY VXgdhh dg dcZh ndj hdj\]i dji4 BVcn lZgZ _jhi hijbWaZY jedc [gdb Zmeadg^c\ djih^YZ d[ 7gVi^haVkV# > ldjaY \d dji! YZiZgb^cZYan add`^c\ [dg daY hdX^Va^hi hij[[ " i]Z HadkV` hij[[ ^h aVg\Zan X]VcXZY jedc# Di]Zgh! eaVcZh ZheZX^Vaan! > ldjaY ]jci Ydlc# > WZXVbZ dWhZhhZY Wn B><h VcY daY hdk^Zi _Zih! VcY ldjaY [gZfjZcian add` [dg l^c\i^eh dc <dd\aZ :Vgi]# I]Z AZc^c hiVijZ idd lVh V W^i d[ V b^hh^dc#

> hZZb id eaVc aZhh l]Zc > \d VWgdVY# HdbZi^bZh > l^aa Yd adih d[ gZhZVgX]! Wji > l^aa ign VcY igZVi i]Z ig^e a^`Z h^\]ihZZ^c\ " l^i] V ejgedhZ# I]Z egd_ZXi >Éb ldg`^c\ dc cdl ]Vh bZ ]Vk^c\ id gZVaan dg\Vc^oZ hij[[! hd ^iÉh V W^i [gZZg dc V ig^e#

K><C:II:


=diZa @n_Zk! 7gVi^haVkV

>ciZgZhi^c\an! hdbZ d[ i]Z ldg` ^h ^cXajYZY ^c V hZeVgViZ egd_ZXi Zci^iaZY =DI:A @N?:K# =dl Y^Y i]^h XdbZ VWdji4 I]Vi ]diZa ]VY bZ igVchÒmZY h^cXZ i]Z Òghi c^\]i > hiVnZY i]ZgZ# > XdjaYcÉi V[[dgY id hiVn d[iZc hd > ldjaY hcZV` ^c VcY iV`Z i]Z ZaZkVidg id i]Z ide Óddg VcY ldg` bn lVn Ydlc! e]did\gVe]^c\ ZkZgni]^c\ > XdjaY# >ih h^cXZ WZZc jeYViZY V a^iiaZ VcY ZkZcijVaan >Éb idaY l^aa WZ gZYZkZadeZY# > XVj\]i ^i Vabdhi egZiin bjX] Vh ^i lVh#

7jh HiVi^dc! 7gVi^haVkV

''


EdaVcY

Danbe^X H`^ ?jbe GZhdgi! 7ZaVgjh

=diZa @n_Zk! 7gVi^haVkV! HadkV`^V ^h kZgn gZb^c^hXZci d[ :YlVgY =deeZgÉh C^\]i =Vl`h# LVh i]Vi XdchX^djh YZX^h^dc4 L]Vi di]Zg Vgi^hih dg e]did\gVe]Zgh lZgZ Vc ^cÓjZcXZ dc i]Z egd_ZXi4 Cdi XdchX^djhan Ä Wji > gZVaan a^`Z =deeZg# I]Z ]diZa ]VY V gZejiVi^dc [dg WZ^c\ V W^i h]VYn VcY > lVh ]Vc\^c\ WVX` [gdb djih^YZ i]Z ZcigVcXZ id h]ddi ^i# Di]Zg ^cÓjZcXZh [dg hjgZ lZgZ ?dcVh 7ZcY^`hZcÉh! HViZaa^iZh! GdWZgi Eda^Ydg^Éh 8]ZgcdWna hij[[ VcY 6cYgZl BddgZÉh Gjhh^V Wdd`#

HdbZ d[ i]Z ^bV\Zh ^cXajYZ V ]jbVc egZhZcXZ! Wji cZkZg ^c ]j\Z cjbWZgh dg VYYgZhh^c\ i]Z XVbZgV# L]Vi lZgZ ndj ign^c\ id XdckZn4 >ÉY WZXdbZ hd ^ciZgZhiZY ^c i]Z e]nh^XVa gZbV^ch! eZdeaZ WZ\Vc id hZZb hZXdcYVgn! jcaZhh i]Zn lZgZ hdbZ]dl ]^hidg^XVaan gZ[ZgZci^Va# I]Vi VcY bn a^b^iZY \gVhe d[ i]Z aVc\jV\Z bZVci > lVhcÉi X]Vh^c\ hd ]VgY VcnbdgZ " bdgZ `^cY d[ _jhi lViX]^c\#

>h ^i jcjhjVa [dg ndj [dg V egd_ZXi id iV`Z ( nZVgh 4 Cdi VcnbdgZ0 > gZVaan a^`Z ldg`^c\ dc i]^c\h adc\" iZgb Vh > XVc ldg` bdgZ [gZZan# > jhZY id lVci id WZ V e]did_djgcVa^hi VcY bV`Z hidg^Zh fj^X`an VcY dc heZX# I]Vi lVh egdWVWan &% nZVgh V\d! VcY > cdl bjX] egZ[Zg id YZkZade hidg^Zh VcY egd_ZXih ^c bn dlc i^bZ! l^i] hjW_ZXih >Éb ^ciZgZhiZY ^c#

=dl adc\ Y^Y ndj heZcY ^c ZVX] Xdjcign4 HadkV`^V0 > a^kZY dkZg V nZVg# I]Z gZhi WgZV` Ydlc ^cid V [Zl lZZ`h ig^eh ]ZgZ VcY i]ZgZ! hdbZi^bZh i]Zn XVc WZ _jhi V XdjeaZ d[ YVnh#

K><C:II:


=jbWZgidh! HadkV`^V

Gdo]aVh! HadkV`^V

8Vc ndj iZaa jh i]Z hidgn d[ =jbWZgidÉh! HadkV`^V " ^iÉh V gZbVg`VWaZ e^XijgZ VcY hZZbh bdgZ hiV\ZY$a^i i]Vc i]Z di]Zgh4 > lVh ^c C^igV VcY =jbWZgidÉh X^gXjh lVh dc! Vc Vaa"dji [Vb^an gjc ZVhiZgc :jgdeZVc X^gXjh# > XdjaYcÉi lV^i! VcY cVWWZY dcZ d[ i]Z WZhi hedih Vi i]Z [gdci jcYZg i]Z bV^c a^\]ih# I]Z h]di ^h [gdb egZiin bjX] i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z h]dl l]ZgZ =jbWZgid VcY i]Z WZVg lVkZ \ddYWnZ id ZkZgndcZ# 6Wdji ild b^cjiZh eg^dg ]ZÉY g^YYZc V W^`Z VcY V h`ViZWdVgY#

')

Ndjg XjggZci egd_ZXi [dXjhZhÉ dc i]Z J@ heVXZ egd\gVb# 9d ndj ]VkZ Vcn di]Zg egd_ZXih ndj VgZ ldg`^c\ dc4 >Éb ]ZVk^an ^cid daY eaVcZh Vi i]Z bdbZci! ZheZX^Vaan XdaY lVg _Zih! hd >ÉkZ WZZc Yd^c\ V W^i d[ igVkZa^c\ VgdjcY VcY h]ddi^c\ \ViZ \jVgYh! VcY V^gÒZaYh# >Éb Vahd h]ddi^c\ dYYh VcY hdYh Vi Vgbh [VngZh l]Zc > XVc#

;^cVaan Yd ndj ]VkZ Vcn VYk^XZ [dg hdbZdcZ \d^c\ id V [dgZ^\c Xdjcign VcY lVci^c\ id XdbZ WVX` l^i] V WdYn d[ ldg` VcY cdi _jhi hcVeh]dih4 > YdcÉi eVgi^XjaVgan Xdch^YZg i]^h Vh VYk^XZ! Wji >Éb bjX] bdgZ Xdb[dgiVWaZ h]ddi^c\ egd_ZXih i]Vi ]Vc\ dc Vc ^YZV! dg Vc ^ciZgZhi# >[ ndj h]ddi a^`Z i]^h! i]^c\h iZcY id YZkZade# > Y^YcÉi hZi dji id egdYjXZ Vcn heZX^ÒX egd_ZXi0 > _jhi adkZ ZVhiZgc :jgdeZVc gZigd#


IVigVh! HadkV`^V

Id hZZ i]Z XdbeaZiZ 7^\ GZY hVjhV\Zh ]ZVY id ?VbZh lZWh^iZ/ lll#YdXjWniZ#Xd#j` 6 '%"edhiXVgY Wdm hZi d[ i]Z egd_ZXi ^h Vahd VkV^aVWaZ id ejgX]VhZ [dg -#..

M?D 8?= H;: I7KI7=;I Id l^c V h^\cZY hZi d[ ?VbZh 7VaaÉh È7^\ GZY HVjhV\ZhÉ edhiXVgYh hZcY jh ndjg WZhi igVkZa e]did\gVe]h# HjWb^i hiVcYdji ^bV\Zh dg V hZg^Zh! i]Z bdgZ jcXdckZci^dcVa i]Z WZiiZg# Djg [Vkdjg^iZ ^bV\Zh l^aa WZ ^c i]Z cZmi ^hhjZ d[ K^\cZiiZ VcY i]Z l^cc^c\ ^bV\Z l^aa Vahd WZ [ZVijgZY dc djg lZWh^iZ# EaZVhZ ZbV^a V bVm^bjb d[ ( ^bV\Zh id XdciVXi5k^\cZiiZbV\Vo^c#Xdb l^i] YZiV^ah VWdji ndj VcY ndjg ^bV\Zh# 8adh^c\ YViZ '* BVgX] '%&'#

K><C:II:


I]Z @Zn =daYZg HjZ DÉ 8dccZaa! EVaV^h Za <aVdj^! ;Zo '%%* HiZee^c\ i]gdj\] V cdc"YZhXg^ei YddglVn lZ lZgZ XdbeaZiZan hijccZY id hZZ V heZXiVXjaVg eVaVXZ XdbeaZm! jcidjX]ZY h^cXZ i]Z &.*%h# 7dj`]Vg! i]Z XVgZiV`Zg! h]dlZY jh gdjcY! egdjYan gZXVaa^c\ i]Z \adgn YVnh l]Zc edlZg[ja lVgadgYh ]ZaY hlVn Vb^Y i]Z \gZViZhi ajmjgn# =Z a^kZh i]ZgZ VadcZ cdl! haZZe^c\ ^c V Y^[[ZgZci gddb ZVX] c^\]i! ]Z hV^Y! l^i] _jhi hdbZ [VYZY e]did\gVe]h [dg XdbeVcn# L]Vi ]Vh ]VeeZcZY id i]Z eVaVXZ cdl4 >h ^i _jhi Vcdi]Zg Æajmjgn g^VYÇ4 6cY l]ZgZ ^h 7dj`]Vg4

6G67>6C 69K:CIJG:H EZiZg 7g^haZn VcY HjZ DÉ8dccZaa VgZ V ]jhWVcY VcY l^[Z iZVb l]d h]VgZ V eVhh^dc [dg igVkZa VcY e]did\gVe]n ^c dji"d["i]Z" lVn eaVXZh# >c gZXZci nZVgh! i]Zn ]VkZ gZijgcZY gZeZViZYan id i]Z B^YYaZ :Vhi VcY Cdgi] 6[g^XV id gZXdgY V lVn d[ a^[Z i]Vi hZZbZY hXVgXZan id ]VkZ X]Vc\ZY ^c XZcijg^Zh# A^iiaZ Y^Y i]Zn `cdl Vi i]Z i^bZ i]Vi i]Z hZ^hb^X ZkZcih d[ i]Z 6gVW heg^c\ ldjaY ijgc bVcn d[ i]Z^g ^bV\Zh ^cid ]^hidg^XVa YdXjbZcih#

'+


B^cY i]Z hiZe EZiZg 7g^haZn! C^olV ;dgi! DbVc '%%-

7ZZ]^kZ ]djhZh EZiZg 7g^haZn! HVgdj_! Hng^V '%&%

Djg \j^YZ! [dgijcViZan YgZhhZY ^c igVY^i^dcVa Y^h]YVh]V! dc i]Z hiZeh d[ V ine^XVa DbVc^ [dgi YVi^c\ WVX` id &++-# >c[gV"gZY ^bV\Z! l^i] hZe^V$hZaZc^jb idcZgh#

I]ZhZ h^beaZ Wj^aY^c\h! hd"XVaaZY WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z^g Y^hi^cXi^kZ Xdc^XVa h]VeZ! VgZ ^hdaViZY È^c i]Z YZhZgi d[ XZcigVa Hng^V# D[ VcX^Zci YZh^\c VcY Wj^ai d[ jcWV`ZY bjY dg XaVn! i]Zn egdk^YZ ]^\]an Z[[ZXi^kZ egdiZXi^dc [gdb ZmigZbZh d[ iZbeZgVijgZ# Cdl XgjbWa^c\ VlVn! i]ZhZ gZVa ZXd ]djhZh l^aa ZkZcijVaan aZVkZ cd igVXZ d[ i]Z^g Zm^hiZcXZ# >c[gV"gZY ^bV\Z! l^i] hZaZc^jb idcZg#

K><C:II:


9ZhZgi XVaa EZiZg 7g^haZn! :bein FjVgiZg! 9]d[Vg! Hdji]Zgc DbVc '%%=Vk^c\ Vgg^kZY Vi djg YZhZgi XVbeh^iZ [dg i]Z c^\]i! djg \j^YZ Xa^bWZY ^bbZY^ViZan id i]Z ide d[ i]Z cZVgZhi YjcZ id g^c\ ]dbZ dc ]^h XZaa e]dcZ# I]Z gZVhdc [dg i]^h jg\ZcXn4 =^h [Vkdjg^iZ XVbZa lVh VWdji id \^kZ W^gi] WVX` Vi i]Z [Vb^an [Vgb# >c[gV"gZY ^bV\Z! l^i] hZe^V$hZaZc^jb idcZgh#

'-

IjVgZ\ bVc EZiZg 7g^haZn! <]Vi ;Zhi^kVa! A^WnV '%%, I]Z ;Zhi^kVa ^h Vc deedgijc^in id XViX] je l^i] [g^ZcYh VcY `^chbZc! eZg]Veh cdi hZZc h^cXZ i]Z egZk^djh nZVg! VcY cd"dcZ ldjaY YgZhh ^c Vcni]^c\ Wji i]Z^g ÒcZhi gdWZh# JcjhjVaan [dg V bV^can Bjha^b hdX^Zin! ^i ^h i]Z Xjhidb [dg IjVgZ\ bZc id lZVg V kZ^a! V hnbWda d[ bVaZ ^YZci^in Wji Vahd V ]^\]an egVXi^XVa bZVhjgZ ^c hVcY hidgbh l]^aZ i]Z ldbZc \d jckZ^aZY#


>cid i]Z kd^Y HjZ DÉ8dccZaa ! ;Zhi^kVa! A^WnV '%%, 6 IjVgZ\ [Vb^an iV`Zh i^bZ dji [gdb i]Z [Zhi^kVa# 7ji i]Z^g [dXjh ^h cdi i]Z cZVgWn idlc d[ <]Vi dg i]Z adXVa ZcXVbebZci d[ k^h^idgh# >i ^h i]Z kVhi HV]VgV i]Vi i]Zn XVaa ]dbZ#

8dbgVYZh HjZ DÉ8dccZaa! <]Vi ;Zhi^kVa! A^WnV '%%, Ild [g^ZcYh lViX]^c\ i]Z XVbZa gVX^c\ [gdb V kVciV\Z ed^ci dc V cZVgWn hVcY YjcZ# I]ZhZ ndjc\ bZc ^aajhigViZ i]Z ZVhn Vhh^b^aVi^dc d[ i]Z bdYZgc ldgaY ^cid Vc VcX^Zci XjaijgZ/ IjVgZ\ kZ^a GVn"WVch0 igVY^i^dcVa gdWZh 6Y^YVh#

K><C:II:


8DB>C< HDDC DCA>C: I]gdj\]dji i]Z cZmi ( bdci]h lZ l^aa WZ VYY^c\ ZmXajh^kZ ZmiZcYZY kZgh^dch d[ i]ZhZ h]dgi Vgi^XaZh id lll#k^\cZiiZbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb# I]Z lZWh^iZ Vahd [ZVijgZh gZk^Zlh VcY ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji Zm]^W^i^dch VcY cZlh ZkZcih cdi [ZVijgZY ^c i]Z eg^ciZY bV\Vo^cZ

?Vb^Z Hid`Zg

AD8= C:HH L]^ahi bdhi X]^aYgZc YgZVb d[ WZXdb^c\ Vc VhigdcVji dg V [ddiWVaaZg l]Zc i]Zn \gdl je! ^i lVh hdbZi]^c\ [Vg bdgZ dWhXjgZ i]Vi ]ZaY bn ViiZci^dc Vh V Wdn " > lVciZY id WZ V Xgneidoddad\^hi# I]Z Dm[dgY :c\a^h] Y^Xi^dcVgn YZÒcZh 8gneidoddad\n Vh i]Z hZVgX] [dg VcY hijYn d[ Vc^bVah l]dhZ Zm^hiZcXZ dg hjgk^kVa ^h Y^hejiZY dg jchjWhiVci^ViZY! hjX] Vh i]Z AdX] CZhh BdchiZg# >c i]Z bdYZgc ldgaY i]Vi lZ a^kZ ^c l^i] bVhh bZY^V VcY VYkVcXZY iZX]cdad\n X]VcXZh VgZ ^[ i]ZhZ Vc^bVah Zm^hiZY i]Zn ldjaY ]VkZ VagZVYn WZZc Y^hXdkZgZY! nZi i]ZgZ hi^aa Zm^hih Vc ^ciZgZhi VcY [VhX^cVi^dc l^i] i]Z jc`cdlc i]Vi ViigVXih Wdi] i]Z hX^Zci^hih VcY idjg^hih Va^`Z VcY ^h hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi VeeZVah id bZ Vh bjX] cdl Vh ^i Y^Y l]Zc > lVh V hbVaa Wdn# L^i] i]^h ^c b^cY > igVkZaaZY id i]Z h]dgZh d[ AdX] CZhh id ZmeadgZ i]Z eZdeaZ VcY eaVXZh i]Vi [dgb i]Z WVX`Ygde id i]Z aZ\ZcYVgn bdchiZg h^\]i^c\h# lll#_Vb^Zhid`Zg#Xdb

GVbdc 7j_VcYV

+& 96NH >C 7:?>C< GVbdc 7j_VcYV! ^h V HeVc^h] e]did\gVe]Zg VcY k^YZd\gVe]Zg! l]d gZXZcian hZiiaZY ^c 7g^hida! J@0 I]^h YdXjbZciVgn VcY hdX^Va e]did\gVe]n egd_ZXi ^h ^bWjZY l^i] V higdc\ ]jbVc^hi X]VgVXiZg0 gZaViZY cdi dcan id i]Z igZbZcYdjh X]Vc\Zh egdYjXZY ^c 7Z^_^c\! Wji Vahd id i]Z he^g^i d[ ^ih eZdeaZ# 6h ^c i]Z ^beZg^Va ZgV! i]Z XdadhhVa X^in ^h hi^aa `cdlc Vh Èi]Z XZcigZ d[ i]Z 8]^cZhZ jc^kZghZÉ# :kZgni]^c\ ^c ^i! ^ih hfjVgZh! iZbeaZh! ]^hidgn! VcY ^ih \gdl^c\ jgWVc^hb VcY igV[ÒX! dXXjen bVhh^kZ egdedgi^dch# 7Z^_^c\ ^h V X^in l]ZgZ &' b^aa^dc hdjah XdZm^hi ^c V gZbVg`VWaZ [jh^dc WZilZZc igVY^i^dc! bdYZgc^in! l^hYdb VcY hZgZc^in# Æ+& 96NH >C 7:>?>C<Ç ^h 7j_VcYV h Òghi ZmiZch^kZ e]did\gVe]^X egd_ZXi# >c^i^ViZY ^c &..+0 Xdci^cjZY ^c '%%) VcY XdcXajYZY ^c '%%,# >c^i^ViZY ^c &..+0 Xdci^cjZY ^c '%%) VcY XdcXajYZY ^c '%%,! i]Z egd_ZXi hdj\]i id gZÓZXi h^beaZ bdbZcih i]Vi YdXjbZci i]Z X]Vc\Zh ^c 8]^cV# lll#gVbdcWj_VcYV#Xdb

(%


GdW 8VgiZg

IG6K:AA>C< HI>AA @Vig^c @dZcc^c\

IG6CH>I IgVch^i YdXjbZcih eZdeaZ dc bdhian ZkZgnYVn _djgcZnh# >i ^h XdcXZgcZY l^i] i]Z heVXZ WZilZZc YZhi^cVi^dch! gdji^cZh VcY dWa^\Vi^dch# L]^aZ > igVkZa VcY dWhZgkZ! > lg^iZ Ydlc hc^eeZih d[ dkZg]ZVgY XdckZghVi^dch# DaY aVY^Zh iVa` VWdji i]Z lZVi]Zg! ndjc\ \^gah \dhh^e VWdji di]Zg ndjc\ \^gah! ndj ]ZVg aVj\]iZg VcY W^ih d[ hidg^Zh ^c Vbdc\hi i]Z bdcdidcdjh h^\]^c\ d[ i]Z igV^c dg i]Z bdjgc^c\ hdjcY d[ Vc VX]^c\ h]^e# Bdhian! ndj ]ZVg h^aZcXZ " higVc\Zgh VgZ i]gdlc id\Zi]Zg [dg V h]dgi l]^aZ! [dgXZY id h]VgZ Vc ^ci^bViZ heVXZ# I]Zn gVgZan iVa`#

IgVkZaa^c\ Hi^aa ^h Vc dc\d^c\ hZg^Zh d[ e]did\gVe]h GdW ]Vh WZZc ldg`^c\ dc dkZg i]Z aVhi * nZVgh# 6h i]Z cVbZ hj\\Zhih! IgVkZaa^c\ Hi^aa ^h Vaa VWdji XgZVi^c\ i]Z [ZZa^c\ d[ bdkZbZci l^i]^c V hi^aa ^bV\Z VcY ig^Zh id gZegZhZci i]Z ZmeZg^ZcXZ d[ igVkZaa^c\ ^ihZa[# I]Zn higZiX] i]Z ÈbdbZciÉ Wdi] a^iZgVaan " ^c i]Vi i]Z XVbZgV h]jiiZg ^h ]ZaY deZc " VcY k^hjVaan! Vh i]Z YZiV^ah d[ i]Z hjW_ZXi Wajg dji ]dg^odciVaan# 6aa i]Z e]did\gVe]h ^c i]^h hZg^Zh ]VkZ WZZc h]di jh^c\ V gZkdak^c\" aZch XVbZgV# I]Z bdkZbZci ^h XgZViZY È^c XVbZgVÉ dc id Òab! l^i] cd Y^\^iVa ^ciZgkZci^dc " VcY VgZ hjWhZfjZcian eg^ciZY Y^gZXian [gdb i]Z dg^\^cVa igVcheVgZcXn dcid 8^WVX]gdbZ eVeZg# lll#igVkZaa^c\hi^aa#Xdb

lll#`Vig^c`dZcc^c\#Xdb

K><C:II:


('


K><C:II:


L>CC:G BVm @c^\]i

HIG::I 8DBE:I>I>DC >c i]Z aVhi ^hhjZ d[ K^\cZiiZ lZ Vh`ZY gZVYZgh id hZcY jh i]Z^g WZhi higZZi e]did\gVe]n# I]Z hjWb^hh^dch lZgZ kVg^ZY VcY ^ciZgcVi^dcVa [gdb egd[Zhh^dcVah! VbViZjgh VcY hijYZcih Va^`Z# BVcn d[ i]Z ^bV\Zh [dXjhZY dc V adcZ Ò\jgZ ^hdaViZY l^i]^c V X^in Zck^gdcbZci! ]dlZkZg ^i lVh BVm @c^\]iÉh `ZZc ZnZ [dg Vbjh^c\ jgWVc bdbZcih! l]^X] bVYZ ]^b i]Z l^ccZg# BdgZ ^bV\Zh [gdb i]Z BVmÉh hZg^Zh XVc WZ [djcY dc ]^h lZWh^iZ#

Æ Bn Xdbb^hh^dcZY ldg` ^h jhjVaan WVhZY VgdjcY eZdeaZ! l]^X] i]Zc WZXdbZh eZdeaZ bVcV\ZbZci# Hd > Zc_dn i]ZhZ eg^kViZ bdbZcih l]Zc lVcYZg^c\ VWdji# > ValVnh XVggn VgdjcY V XdbeVXi XVbZgV VcY adkZ XVeijg^c\ i]ZhZ h^aan X^in hXZcZh i]Vi eZdeaZ jhjVaan ^\cdgZ dg [dg\Zi VWdjiÇ BVm @c^\]i

lll#bVm`c^\]ie]did#Xdb

BVm @c^\]i

()

BVm l^ch V Danbejh B_j >> XVbZgV Vh jhZY Wn È;VciVhi^X IZYÉ l]d [ZVijgZY ^c i]Z aVhi ^hhjZ# HZZ eV\Z '* [dg YZiV^ah d[ i]^h ^hhjZÉh XdbeZi^i^dc#


;>C6A>HI ?dZ L^aa^Vbh ;>C6A>HI ?VXfjZh 8VgdaVc

;>C6A>HI B^X]VZa 9Zcc^c\idc

;>C6A>HI ?dZ 7VgcZh

;>C6A>HI Da^k^V HeddcZg

K><C:II:


B>8=6A B68@J B^X]Va BVX`j ]Vh WZXdbZ `cdlc [dg ejh]^c\ i]Z Zbjah^dc a^[i egdXZhh [dg WaVX` VcY l]^iZ e]did\gVe]h id V cZl aZkZa! YjWW^c\ ^i È\ZaaV\ZÉ#I]Z eV^chiV`^c\ egdXZhh d[ a^[i^c\ e]did\gVe]^X Zbjah^dc [gdb ^ih eVeZg WVX`^c\ ^h bdgZ Xdbbdcan YdcZ jh^c\ EdaVgd^Y e]didh! id igVch[Zg i]Z ^bV\Zh dcid Y^[[ZgZci dW_ZXih dg XgZViZ ]VcYbVYZ e]didbdciV\Zh l^i] hZkZgVa ^bV\Zh# =ZgZ BVX`j ldg`h l^i] i]Z hVbZ eg^cX^eaZ Wji WZXVjhZ ]Z jhZh ZVh^an gZegdYjX^WaZ WaVX` VcY l]^iZ e]didh Vh i]Z [dg ]^h Zbjah^dc a^[i XdaaV\Zh! ]Z ]Vh i]Z [gZZYdb id gZeZVi VcY gZ"h^oZ ]^h XdbedcZci ^bV\Zh Vh bVcn i^bZh Vh ]Z a^`Zh# I]Z gZhjai ha^YZh WZilZZc e]did\gVe]n VcY eV^ci^c\! l^i] 9Va^ZhfjZ hZii^c\h VcY hdbZ d[ i]Z \jiijgVa ZmegZhh^dc d[ 7VXdcÉh cjYZh# BjX] d[ ]^h ldg` h]dlh i]^c aVnZgh d[ lg^c`aZY! XgVX`ZY VcY higZiX]ZY Zbjah^dc0 Vabdhi eV^ci"a^`Z ^c iZmijgZ VcY Y^gZXi^dc# I]Z ^bV\Z WZ\^ch l^i] i]Z h]jiiZg [gZZo^c\ V bdbZci ^c i^bZ! Wji i]Z gZVa X]VgVXiZg d[ i]Z ÒcVa \ZaaV\Z XdbZh [gdb i]^h egdXZhh d[ XgZVi^dc Wn ]VcY# =dlZkZg! jca^`Z V eV^ci^c\ i]ZhZ ^bV\Zh bjhi WZ bVYZ ^c V h^c\aZ hZhh^dc# DcXZ i]Z Zbjah^dc Yg^Zh ^i WZXdbZh ÒmZY id ^ih cZl eVeZg WVX`^c\! VcY i]Z YZa^XViZ! dcZ"d[[ \ZaaV\Z ^h Òc^h]ZY#

È> Vb ^ciZgZhiZY ^c fjZhi^dch d[ bdgVa VcY ^ccZg [gZZYdb# ;dg bZ V ldg` d[ Vgi! WZ ^i V e]did\gVe] dg Vcni]^c\ ZahZ! ^h Vc ZmegZhh^dc d[ hdbZ YZZeZg0 hjWXdchX^djh dg WZndcY"XdchX^djhcZhh he]ZgZh d[ WZ^c\ id l]^X] lZ Ydc i ]VkZ VXXZhh di]Zgl^hZ# > XgZViZ hdbZi]^c\ hd i]Vi > a^`Z ^i! hd i]Vi ^i XdggZhedcYh id bn Zbdi^dch! i]Vi ^h id bn hjWXdchX^djh! VcY dcan i]Zc XVc > ZmeadgZ ^i# 6cY ^i gZVaan ldg`h i]Vi lVn [dg bZ0 l^i] i]^c\h i]Vi > Y^Y ZVga^Zg! > dcan jcYZghiddY l]Vi i]Zn VXijVaan bZVci V[iZg V XZgiV^c l]^aZ# I]Z Òghi i^bZ > gZXd\c^hZY ^i XaZVgan lVh l^i] i]Z Òghi ig^eaZi d[ i]Z \ZaaV\Zh d[ idgc ]ZVYh# L]Zc > bVYZ i]Zb > idd` i]Zb Vh V [dgbVa ig^ÓZ# Dcan V[iZg i]gZZ nZVgh! V[iZg dcZ higdc\ ZmeZg^ZcXZ ^c V X]Vc\ZY hiViZ d[ b^cY!Y^Y > hZZ i]Z^g bZVc^c\# > \gVheZY i]Vi i]^h VgZ ^c [VXi i]gZZ VheZXih d[ i]Z dcZ ijgc^c\ ed^ci/ Zbdi^dcVa! gVi^dcVa VcY idj\]É# 6abdhi Vaa d[ BVX`jÉh \ZaaV\Zh h]dl bVaZ cjYZh! bdhian hZa[" edgigV^ih# I]dj\] BVX`j bVYZ bjX] d[ ]^h ZVga^Zg ldg` Yjg^c\ V i^bZ d[ ^ciZchZ eda^i^XVa je]ZVkVa ^c ]^h cVi^kZ 8oZX] GZejWa^X! i]Z hjW_ZXi bViiZg d[ ]^h ldg` dcan ^cY^gZXian VYYgZhhZh i]^h#

lll#b^X]Va"bVX`j#Zj

(+


<ZaaV\Z/ H^akZg \ZaVi^cZ XdaaV\Z0 l]ZgZ V ÒmZY WaVX` VcY l]^iZ e]did\gVe]^X eg^ci Xdch^hi^c\ ^c V h^akZg \ZaVi^cZ aVnZg ^h a^[iZY [gdb ^ih eVeZg WVX`^c\ jh^c\ X]Zb^XVah# I]Z [gZZ"ÓdVi^c\ \ZaVi^cdjh ^bV\Z ^h eaVXZY dc V cZl h]ZZi d[ eVeZg! i]Zc higZiX]ZY! hea^XZY VcY jhZY Vh V XdbedcZci ^c i]Z ÒcVa \ZaaV\Z#

K><C:II:


(-


Film developing, photo printing and studio www.photographique.co.uk 31 Baldwin Street, Bristol, BS1 1RG 0117 930 0622

K><C:II:


%'

%&

EDGI;DA>D G:K>:L =ZaZc ?VbZh! %*#%(#&..% HijY^ZY Vi Jc^kZgh^in d[ LVaZh CZledgi 9dXjbZciVgn E]did\gVe]n ]ZaZc#_VbZh#e]did\gVe]Zg5]dibV^a#Xdb I]Z ;dgZhi d[ 9ZVc ^h [Vbdjh [dg ^ih ^cYjhig^Va eVhi VcY ]Vh WZZc V egdÒiVWaZ VgZV [dg XdVa VcY hVcYhidcZ ZmigVXi^c\# ;dg bVcn nZVgh ^i ]Vh WZZc V [dXVa ed^ci [dg ^cYjhign l^i] fjVgg^Zh VcY [gZZ b^cZh X]Vc\^c\ ]VcYh VcY adXVi^dch# CVijgZ XVc cZkZg XdbeaZiZan bVh` VcY Y^h\j^hZ i]ZhZ eVhi a^kZh VcY bZbdg^Zh# Dc XadhZg ^cheZXi^dc daY b^cZh! haV\ ]ZVeh VcY ]daadlh VeeZVg jccVijgVaan ^c i]Z aVcYhXVeZ# Bdhh VcY YZVY aZVkZh Wjgn i]Z [dgZhi Óddg Wji WaZcY ^c l^i] [gV\bZcih d[ XdVa! WZigVn^c\ i]Z ^cYjhign l]^X] ]Vh cdl bdkZY dc# =dlZkZg! hdbZ ;gZZ B^cZgh gZbV^c# ;gZZ b^c^c\ ^h g^h`n0 cZl b^cZgh XVc heZcY je id i]gZZ nZVgh Y^\\^c\ ijccZah l^i]dji ]^ii^c\ XdVa dg bV`^c\ V egdÒi# BdcjbZciVa B^cZ! 7^mhaVYZ KVaaZn ^h Vc daY e^i! l]^X] lVh Wdj\]i Wn ild bZc l]d `cZl i]ZgZ lVh XdVa id WZ [djcY i]ZgZ# I]Zn egdYjXZ XdVa dc V YV^an WVh^h VcY ^i ^h dcZ d[ i]Z dcan [gZZ b^cZh ^c i]Z ;dgZhi egdYjX^c\ XdVa

)%

gZ\jaVgan# I]Z b^cZgh Vi BdcjbZciVa XdjaY WZ i]Z aVhi \ZcZgVi^dc Vi 7^mhaVYZ# DcXZ i]Z ild bZc gZi^gZ! l^i]dji bV^ciZcVcXZ i]Z b^cZ l^aa WZ gZXaV^bZY Wn i]Z aVcYhXVeZ VcY [Vaa ^cid ^ihZa[# ;dg i]Z ndjc\Zg \ZcZgVi^dc i]Z [dgZhi ]Vh V Y^[[ZgZci ejgedhZ# I]Z aVcYhXVeZ XVc XVeijgZ V X]^aYÉh ^bV\^cVi^dc# =dbZ" bVYZ hl^c\h VcY lddYaVcY YZch VgZ hXViiZgZY VgdjcY i]Z [dgZhi gZegZhZci^c\ X]^aY]ddY eaVn VcY ^ccdXZcXZ# <gdl^c\ je ^c i]Z ;dgZhi d[ 9ZVc ^h Vc jcjhjVa lVn d[ a^[Z# IlZcin"dcZ"nZVg"daY I^aaZn ]Vh WZZc Wgdj\]i je id `ZZe h]ZZe ^c i]Z EajYYh# 6XXdgY^c\ id ]Zg [dgZhi g^\]ih! h]ZZe VgZ VaadlZY id gdVb ^c i]Z lddYaVcYÉh Xdbbdc \gVhh VgZVh# I^aaZn ^h gZhedch^WaZ [dg Vaa ]Zg h]ZZeÉh cZZYh! V iVh` bVYZ bdgZ Y^[ÒXjai Wn bdYZgc lVnh d[ a^[Z# =ZaZcÉh ldg` YZe^Xih V lVn d[ a^[Z i]Vi ^h [Vhi Y^hVeeZVg^c\#

JWcWdo 8Wa[h ^h Vc Vgi^hi VcY jc^kZgh^in aZXijgZg ^c e]did\gVe]n! VcY ]Vh h]dlc ldg` ldgaYl^YZ! l^cc^c\ V Hdcn LdgaY E]did\gVe]n 6lVgY ^c '%%. [dg ]Zg hZg^Zh A^k^c\ l^i] LdaÒZ# lll#iVbVcn#cZi :VX] d[ i]Z [djg ^bV\Zh hjWb^iiZY ]VkZ i]Z^g dlc X]Vgb VcY ZVX] gZb^cY bZ d[ Y^[[ZgZci e]did\gVe]Zgh " HVaan BVcc! ?ja^V BVg\VgZi 8VbZgdc VcY hdbZ d[ i]Z ÆYZVYeVcÇ hdX^Va YdXjbZciVg^hih# :kZc i]dj\] hdbZ d[ i]ZhZ ^bV\Zh VgZ VggZhi^c\ ^c i]Z^g dlc lVn! > [ZZa i]Z Y^kZg\Zci hinaZh WZilZZc ^bV\Zh XdbedjcYh V hZchZ d[ cdi `cdl^c\ l]Vi ]Zg hidgn ^h# >h i]^h V YdXjbZciVgn egd_ZXi VWdji i]Z aVcY dg V edgigV^i egd_ZXi VWdji i]Z eZdeaZ a^k^c\ i]ZgZ4 > [ZZa ^c ign^c\ id ViiZbei idd bjX] i]Z Xdbbjc^XVi^dc d[ ]Zg bZhhV\Z ^h lZV`ZcZY# I]Z a^\]i^c\ dc i]Z bVc jcYZg i]Z Wg^Y\Z VcY I^aaZn YdZh cdi ]VkZ i]Z hVbZ bV\^X Vh i]Z di]Zg ild edgigV^ih! l]^X] > [ZZa XdchZfjZcian ]VkZ V higdc\Zg ^beVXi# Bn VYk^XZ ldjaY WZ id ign VcY bV`Z edlZg[ja edgigV^i ^bV\Zh h^b^aVg id i]Z aVhi ild! `ZZe^c\ V higdc\ hZchZ d[ hina^hi^X Xdch^hiZcXn i]gdj\]dji i]Z hZi VcY aZi i]Z hidgn VWdji i]Z aVcY VcY ^ih eZdeaZ jc[daY i]gdj\] i]Z^g [VXZh VcY WdY^Zh# L]^ahi cdi lVci^c\ id WZ idd XVj\]i je Wn ldg`^c\ ^c hZg^Zh! i]ZgZ XVc WZ Zcdj\] kVg^Vi^dc WZilZZc ^bV\Zh id bV`Z i]Zb ZmX^i^c\ Vh V hZi Wji cdi hd e]did_djgcVa^hi^X i]Vi i]Zn adhZ i]Z^g eZghdcVa XdccZXi^dc id i]Z k^ZlZg# Add` Vi i]Z ldg` d[ 9ZjihX]Z 7 ghZ E]did\gVe]n Eg^oZ l^ccZg :h`d B~cc^`` id hZZ ]dl i]Z iZch^dc ^h ]ZaY WZilZZc k^ZlZg VcY h^iiZg VcY i]Z hinaZ gZbV^ch Xdch^hiZci# =Z ^h VWaZ id hVn V adi VWdji i]Z a^[ZhinaZ VcY XdccZXi^dc id i]Z aVcY l^i]dji adh^c\ i]^h [dXjh dc i]Z ]jbVc# =ZaZc XaZVgan ]Vh Vc VW^a^in id XdccZXi l^i] i]ZhZ eZdeaZÉh ldgaY Wji cZZYh id `ZZe h]ddi^c\ id ]dcZ ]Zg hinaZ VcY XaVg^[n l]Vi ]Zg hidgn ^h#


%( %)

CWhj_d ;ZmWhZi ]Vh Òc\Zgh ^c V cjbWZg d[ e]did\gVe]^X e^Zh/ ]Z lVh jci^a gZXZcian V aZXijgZg ^c e]did\gVe]n Vi 8^in d[ 7g^hida 8daaZ\Z! V [gZZaVcXZ e]did\gVe]Zg! gZ\jaVg Zm]^W^idg VcY ^h ^ckdakZY ^c Xdbbjc^in Vgih VcY e]did\gVe]n egd_ZXih# lll#bVgi^cZYlVgYhe]did\gVe]n#Xd#j`# >i hZZbh XaZVg i]Vi i]ZhZ [djg ^bV\Zh VgZ eVgi d[ V bjX] aVg\Zg WdYn d[ ldg` VcY VgZ gZb^c^hXZci d[ ;Vn <dYl^cÉh YdXjbZciVgn ldg` ^c i]Z ;dgZhi d[ 9ZVc# I]ZhZ [djg edgigV^ih iVciVa^hZ i]Z k^ZlZg ^c i]Vi ZVX] dcZ d[[Zgh V hbVaa \a^behZ ^cid i]Z W^\\Zg e^XijgZ# HZZ^c\ i]Zb Vaa id\Zi]Zg! i]Zn ]VkZ kVg^Zin ^c ]dl i]Z cZVg"hfjVgZ [gVbZ ^h jhZY! [gdb XadhZ je id adc\ h]di# I]Zn VgZ hXVccZY [gdb cZ\Vi^kZh! l]^X] > eZghdcVaan VeegdkZ d[ I]Zn XdjaY jhZ V W^i bdgZ h]VgecZhh id bV`Z WZhi jhZ d[ i]Z ÒabÉh fjVa^i^Zh# ( VcY ) ]VkZ V [jaa! ZkZc XdcigVhin! idcVa gVc\Z! aZVk^c\ & VcY ' id add` gVi]Zg ÓVi Wn XdbeVg^hdc! VcY > i]^c` i]Z aViiZg ild ldjaY ldg` WZiiZg l^i] hdbZ g^X]Zg YVg` idcZh VcY Wg^\]iZg ]^\]a^\]ih# >c ^bV\Z & i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc I^aaZn VcY ]Zg h]ZZe XdbZh dkZg XaZVgan! VcY i]ZgZ ^h Zcdj\] cdc" ^cigjh^kZ Zck^gdcbZci ^c i]Z WVX`\gdjcY id hZi Vc jcVbW^\jdjh XdciZmi! ZkZc l^i]dji =ZaZcÉh hncdeh^h# I]Z bVc ^c e]did ' VeeZVgh Vc ^ciZ\gVa eVgi d[ i]Z aVcYhXVeZ! idcVaan VcY Vahd ^c i]Z lVn ]Z ^h YgZhhZY VcY Zc\V\Zh l^i] i]Z XVbZgV [gdb l^i]^c i]Z [gVbZ d[ i]Z ijccZa# =Z bjhi WZ dcZ d[ i]Z b^cZgh =ZaZch heZV`h d[! VcY i]Z ldg`^c\h ^c i]Z WVX`\gdjcY ]^h b^cZ# > ldjaY a^`Z id hZZ bdgZ Zk^YZcXZ d[ ]^h ldg` ^c i]Z ^bV\Z ^ihZa[! hjX] Vh ^c e]did dcZ! id bV`Z i]^h VeeVgZci id V k^ZlZg l^i]dji VXXZhh id =ZaZcÉh lg^iiZc e^ZXZ#

I]Z \^ga eaVn^c\ ^c i]Z [dgZhi ^c ^bV\Z ) ^h XaZVgan VWhdgWZY ^c l]Vi h]Z ^h Yd^c\# =Zg \VoZ! ]Zg l]daZ WdYn aVc\jV\Z VcY ]Zg hi^X` Vaa aZVY i]Z k^ZlZg djih^YZ i]Z [gVbZ id Xdch^YZg i]Z dW_ZXi d[ ]Zg [VhX^cVi^dc# D[ i]Z [djg e]did\gVe]h! i]^h ^h i]Z dcZ l]^X] bdhi \dZh WZndcY YdXjbZciVgn id hj\\Zhi V l^YZg ZmeZg^ZcXZ d[ \gdl^c\ je VcY ZmeadgVi^dc# E]did ( hiVcYh dji WZXVjhZ d[ ^ih i^\]i Xgde VcY a^i [VXZ dc V YVg` WVX`\gdjcY# =^h XdciZbeaVi^kZ add` ZX]dh =ZaZcÉh ^ciZci^dch id h]dl i]Z [dgZhi b^c^c\ ^cYjhign Vh dcZ [VY^c\ ^cid i]Z eVhi#

7b[n =h[]eho ^h V [gZZaVcXZ egd[Zhh^dcVa e]did\gVe]Zg VkV^aVWaZ [dg ^ciZgcVi^dcVa Xdbb^hh^dch# =Z egZYdb^" cVcian h]ddih bjh^X! [Vh]^dc VcY Xdadjg[ja edgigV^ijgZ! Vh lZaa Vh Y^gZXi^c\ bjh^X k^YZdh# lll#VaZm\gZ\dgn#cZi IZX]c^XVaan! =ZaZcÉh ^bV\Zh VgZ kZgn lZaa XgV[iZY# I]Z hjW_ZXi ^h ValVnh h]Vge VcY i]Z VeZgijgZ ]Vh WZZc deZcZY je _jhi Zcdj\] id hd[iZc i]Z [dXjh d[ i]Z WVX`\gdjcY VcY gZbdkZ i]Z Y^higVXi^dc d[ jccZXZhhVgn YZiV^a! Wji cdi hd [Vg Vh id Wajg ZkZgni]^c\ dji id Vc jcgZXd\c^hVWaZ ZmiZci# I]^h XVgZ[ja bZiZg^c\ ZchjgZh i]Vi l]^aZ djg ViiZci^dc ^h \j^YZY idlVgYh i]Z hjW_ZXi VcY lZ gZVY i]Z ^bV\Z Vh WZ^c\ eg^bVg^an ÈVWdjiÉ i]Zb! V higdc\ hZchZ d[ eaVXZ VcY i]Z hjW_ZXiÉh hjggdjcY^c\h gZbV^c# I]^h Z[[ZXi ^h [jgi]Zg Zc]VcXZY i]gdj\] i]Z XgjX^Va YZX^h^dc id bVc^ejaViZ i]Z idcVa gVc\Z Wdi] ^c i]Z lVn h]Z ZmedhZh VcY eg^cih i]Z ^bV\Zh# L]^aZ i]Z deZc VeZgijgZ VcY i^\]i [dXjh hZgkZh id YgVl djg ViiZci^dc id i]Z hjW_ZXi ]ZghZa[! i]Z Zbe]Vh^hZY b^Y"idcZh ^c i]Z Òghi VcY [djgi] e]did\gVe]h \^kZ V XaVhh^X [ZZa id i]Z ^bV\Zh VcY YZa^XViZan bZg\Z i]Z idcZh d[ i]Z hjW_ZXi

l^i] ]Zg hjggdjcY^c\h " Vc VZhi]Zi^X X]d^XZ! cdi dcan \^k^c\ i]Z edgigV^ih V i^bZaZhh [ZZa Wji Vahd k^hjVaan gZegZhZci^c\ i]Z \^gaÉh XdccZXi^dc l^i] i]Z VgZV# 8dckZghZan! i]Z bjX] ]Vgh]Zg XdcigVhi d[ WaVX` VcY l]^iZ ^c i]Z i]^gY ^bV\Z ^h ZbeadnZY Vh V h^beaZ YZk^XZ id VYY V gZVa hZchZ d[ [dgZWdY^c\ id i]Z edgigV^i# I]^h ^h ZX]dZY ^c i]Z hjW_ZXiÉh VkZgiZY \VoZ! l]^X] YdZh cdi bZZi i]Z k^ZlZgÉh Vh ^chiZVY ]Z hiVgZh i]dj\]i[jaan d[["XVbZgV# I]^h aVX` d[ Y^gZXi XdccZXi^dc WZilZZc i]Z k^ZlZg VcY i]Z hjW_ZXi! lZaa"i]dj\]i"dji Xdbedh^i^dc VcY XVgZ[ja bVc^ejaVi^dc d[ i]Z ZmedhjgZ VcY a^\]i^c\ XdcY^i^dch XdbW^cZ id [dgXZ i]Z k^ZlZg id Zc\V\Z l^i] i]Z bddY d[ i]Z hjW_ZXi VcY ]^h hidgn# I]Z Ój^Y^in d[ i]Z hZg^Zh ^h ha^\]ian Xdbegdb^hZY Wn i]Z hZXdcY ^bV\Z! l]^X] hZZbh bdgZ ^cX^YZciVa VcY aZhh XVgZ[jaan XgV[iZY i]Vc i]Z di]Zg i]gZZ# I]Z jcZkZc Xdbedh^i^dc VcY aZhh YZÒcZY edhZ d[ i]Z hjW_ZXi bV`Zh i]^h ^bV\Z [ZZa bdgZ a^`Z V hcVeh]di ^c XdbeVg^hdc id i]Z di]Zg edgigV^ih l]^X] ]VkZ WZZc bdgZ egZX^hZan higjXijgZY id iZaa V hidgn# >c XdcXajh^dc! i]ZhZ [djg ^bV\Zh YZbdchigViZ i]Vi =ZaZc ]Vh V kZgn \ddY \gVhe d[ ]dl id ]VgcZhh cVijgVa a^\]i ^c ]Zg edgigV^ijgZ ldg`# H]Z ^h XaZVgan Xdb[dgiVWaZ VcY ZmeZg^ZcXZY Zcdj\] l^i] i]Z e]did\gVe]^X egdXZhh i]Vi h]Z ]Vh bVcV\ZY id egdYjXZ V hZg^Zh d[ XgZVi^kZ VcY iZX]c^XVaan kZgn XdbeZiZci ^bV\Zh! l^i]dji aZii^c\ XdbeaZm^i^Zh d[ i]Z iVh` Y^higVXi ]Zg [gdb [dgb^c\ V gZVa XdccZXi^dc l^i] ]Zg hjW_ZXih VcY XdckZn^c\ Vc ^ciZgZhi^c\ VcY Zbdi^dcVaan XdbeZaa^c\ hidgn id i]Z k^ZlZg#

Id ]VkZ ndjg ldg` gZk^ZlZY Wn djg eVcZa d[ ZmeZgih! hZcY ) ^bV\Zh Wn ZbV^a Vadc\ l^i] V Wg^Z[ eZghdcVa W^d\gVe]n#

K><C:II:


:MEDH:9

AZ 9jZ HdgZaaZ Bdidg 7dVih! ')% m (&% Xbh! X"ineZ eg^ci! 8djgiZhn 7gVcXda^c^ <g^bVaY^

7gVcXda^c^ <g^bVaY^! AdcYdc

BVhh^bd K^iVa^ Jci^a '-# ?VcjVgn '%&'

;dg i]Z^g l^ciZg Zm]^W^i^dc! AdcYdcÉh 7gVcXda^c^ <g^bVaY^ \VaaZgn X]dhZ id Y^heaVn cZl ldg` Wn BVhh^bd K^iVa^# I]Z \VaaZgn! l]^X] deZcZY Z^\]i bdci]h V\d! ]Vh h^hiZg WgVcX]Zh ^c ;adgZcXZ VcY GdbZ! VcY ]Vh VagZVYn ZhiVWa^h]ZY V higdc\ egd\gVbbZ d[ XdciZbedgVgn e]did\gVe]n# >i Xdci^cjZh id ^begZhh l^i] i]^h WZVji^[ja VcY i]dj\]i"egdkd`^c\ Zm]^W^i^dc# 6Xi^kZ h^cXZ i]Z &.+%h! K^iVa^ ^h bdhi [Vbdjh [dg ]^h XgdlYZY WZVX] hXZcZh# Cdl Vc ^bbZchZan edejaVg Vgi^hi! ]^h ldg` ^h ]^\]an XdaaZXiVWaZ# I]^h ]Vh aZ[i ]^b kjacZgVWaZ id VXXjhVi^dch d[ hjeZgÒX^Va^in VcY Za^i^hb0 ]^h ldg`h XdcYZbcZY Vh e^XijgZh d[ aZ^hjgZ [dg eZdeaZ d[ aZ^hjgZ# =^h ^bV\Zh \V^c Vc VYYZY h]ZZc d[ ajmjgn l]Zc Zm]^W^iZY Vi 7gVcXda^c^ <g^bVaY^! V \VaaZgn h^ijViZY XadhZ id Wdi] i]Z G^io VcY I^[[VcnÉh# >cYZZY! ^c i]^h a^\]i ^i ldjaY WZ ZVhn id Y^hb^hh K^iVa^Éh ldg` Vh Vaid\Zi]Zg idd [Vh]^dcVWaZ VcY idd ajmjg^djh [dg ^ih dlc \ddY# NZi i]^h ldjaY WZ V Y^hhZgk^XZ id K^iVa^! l]dhZ ldg`h VgZ [Vg bdgZ i]Vc h^beaZ e]didh d[ ]da^YVnh# FjZhi^dch d[ hdX^Va Xdc[dgb^in Vg^hZ [gdb i]Z jc^[dgb^in d[ i]Z XgdlYh! ^c l]^X] Vaa Ò\jgZh hZZb Va^`Z# 8dcigVg^an! ^cY^k^YjVa [VXZh gZbV^c ^YZci^ÒVWaZ! YZhe^iZ i]Z ]dVgYh VWdji i]Zb# =jcYgZYh d[ WVi]Zgh! WVg^c\ i]Z^g ÓZh] ^c Wg^\]ian XdadjgZY hl^bhj^ih! hj\\Zhi [jc VcY [g^kda^in l]^ahi egdbei^c\ i]dj\]ih d[ bViZg^Va Xdchjbei^dc VcY hZmjVa Y^heaVn# I]Z hjcWVi]Zgh gZVeeZVg ^c i]ZhZ cZl ldg`h! i]dj\] i]ZgZ VgZ h^\c^ÒXVci Y^[[ZgZcXZh ^c i]Z^g gZegZhZciVi^dc# L]^ahi i]Z XgdlYh VcY i]Z hZVh^YZ

)'

gZbV^c! i]ZgZ ^h V cZl Zbe]Vh^h dc cVijgZ# Cd bdgZ bVc"bVYZ gZhdgih VcY bVg^cVh! cdl i]Z hjc" ldgh]^eeZgh ^c]VW^i V ldgaY d[ cVijgVa WZVjin# =ZgZ! cZl i]ZbZh d[ ]jbVc [gV^ain! bni] VcY bdgiVa^in ZbZg\Z# EZdeaZ! l^i] i]Z^g ÓZZi^c\ a^[Zi^bZh! VgZ hZZc dc i]Z cVijgVa bdcjbZcih l]^X] l^aa djia^kZ i]Zb# >c HVgV`^c^`d BZaiZb^! <gZZXZ '%&& eZdeaZ VgZ gZYjXZY id [V^ci Ò\jgZh jedc i]Z gdX` h]dgZ! b^c^hXjaZ XdbeVgZY id i]Z \gZVi lZ^\]i d[ hZV VcY hidcZ VWdji i]Zb# >c i]Z Y^hiVcXZ! i]Z gjhi^c\ gZbV^ch d[ V h]^e lgZX` g^hZ [gdb i]Z hZV! V [V^ci gZb^cYZg d[ ]jbVc [Vaa^W^a^in# CVijgZ hZZbh Vc dkZgl]Zab^c\ [dgXZ dkZg ]jbVc^in# I]Z ^bV\Zh Vahd ]VkZ V ]^ci d[ Ze^X YgVbV VWdji i]Zb# >c AZ 9jZ HdgZaaZ Bdidg 7dVih! Ej\a^V '%&& Ò\jgZh hl^b ^c i]Z lViZgh d[[ >iVan# I]Z aVcYhXVeZ ^h i]Vi d[ Vc VcX^Zci BZY^iZggVcZVc bni]! Vaa ijgfjd^hZ hZV VcY bdiiaZY l]^iZ Xa^[[h# I]^h ^h ^c hiVg` XdcigVhi id i]Z igVee^c\h d[ bdYZgc aZ^hjgZ VcY ajmjgn0 Vc ^cÓViVWaZ a^Yd! ZmeZch^kZ bdidg WdVih# >c i]^h! i]Z ^bV\Zh VgZ gZb^c^hXZci d[ ?ZVc AjX <dYVgYÉh AZ B eg^h &.+( ! ^c l]^X] i]Z g^X] VcY \aVbdgdjh VXi dji Vc DYnhhZVc YgVbV dc i]Z h]dgZh d[ i]Z BZY^iZggVcZVc# I]^h ^h cdi id hVn i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc ^h Zci^gZan hdbWgZ# ;dg dcZ i]^c\! i]Z ^bV\Zh VgZ h^bean kZgn WZVji^[ja# I]Z e]did\gVe]h VgZ eg^ciZY dc V \gVcY hXVaZ! l^i] hdbZ gZVX]^c\ dkZg ( bZigZh l^YZ# <gZVi hlVi]Zh d[ ijgfjd^hZ VcY WaZVX]ZY"dji l]^iZ Òaa i]Z \VaaZgn lVaah! VcY i]ZgZÉh cd YZcn^c\ i]Vi K^iVa^Éh ldgaY d[ hjc! hZV VcY hVcY ^h Zci^X^c\# I]^h ^h K^iVa^Éh Òghi J@ hdad h]dl h^cXZ &..,! VcY ^i ^h V ldgi]n gZijgc! ZcXdbeVhh^c\ Wdi] ]^h ZnZ [dg k^hjVa heZXiVXaZ VcY ]^h h]Vge hdX^Va ^ch^\]i# 6 gZhdjcY^c\ hjXXZhh! i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc ^h V ]ZVYn b^m d[ ]jbVc YgVbV! \aVbdjg VcY k^hjVa VaajgZ#

<^aa^Vc LZVg^c\ H^\ch i]Vi hVn l]Vi ndj lVci i]Zb id hVn VcY cdi H^\ch i]Vi hVn l]Vi hdbZdcZ ZahZ lVcih ndj id hVn =:AE! &..'"( i]Z Vgi^hi! 8djgiZhn BVjgZZc EVaZn! AdcYdc

L]^iZX]VeZa <VaaZgn! AdcYdc

<^aa^Vc LZVg^c\ '-# BVgX] id &,# ?jcZ '%&' I]^h heg^c\ i]Z L]^iZX]VeZa <VaaZgn Zm]^W^ih IjgcZg Eg^oZ"l^cc^c\ 7g^i^h] Vgi^hi <^aa^Vc LZVg^c\# >cXdgedgVi^c\ hi^aa e]did\gVe]n VcY k^YZd! i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc YZbdchigViZh LZVg^c\Éh dc\d^c\ ZmeadgVi^dc d[ hZa["gZegZhZciVi^dc# >c &..(Éh H^\ch i]Vi HVn L]Vi Ndj LVci I]Zb id HVn VcY Cdi H^\ch i]Vi HVn L]Vi HdbZdcZ :ahZ LVcih Ndj id HVn! LZVg^c\ Vh`ZY higVc\Zgh id lg^iZ V cdiZ dc V e^ZXZ d[ eVeZg VcY ]daY ^i [dg V e]did\gVe]# I]Z gZhjaih lZgZ hig^`^c\0 V lZaa"]ZZaZY WVc`Zg egdXaV^b^c\ È>Éb YZheZgViZÉ! V eda^XZbVc h^bean hiVi^c\ È=ZaeÉ# I]Z Xdc[Zhh^dcVa idcZ Xdci^cjZY ^c k^YZdh hjX] Vh 8dc[Zhh 6aa Dc K^YZd# 9dcÉi Ldggn Ndj L^aa 7Z ^c 9^h\j^hZ# >cig^\jZY4 8Vaa <^aa^Vc &..) VcY HZXgZih VcY A^Zh '%%. # >c i]ZhZ eZdeaZ Vcdcnbdjhan Xdc[ZhhZY i]Z^g YZZeZhi hZXgZih! [gdb Xdbb^ii^c\ bjgYZg VcY i]Z[i! id heg^c`a^c\ hXVWh dc i]Z^g WdhhÉ e^ooV# lll#l]^iZX]VeZa\VaaZgn#dg\#


DeZc :nZ <VaaZgn! A^kZgedda

G^X]VgY ;Vbdjh &(# ?VcjVgn Ă… &-# BVgX] '%&' 8jgViZY Wn BVgi^c EVgg! G^X]VgY VcY ;Vbdjh [ZVijgZh Vc ZmigVdgY^cVgn XdaaZXi^dc d[ ^bV\Zh [gdb i]Z eZghdcVa egd_ZXi d[ 6jhigVa^Vc e]did\gVe]Zg VcY hiVg"]jciZg G^X]VgY H^be`^c# =^h bZi^Xjadjhan XdaaZXiZY ^bV\Zh X]Vgi i]Z [Vh]^dch VcY [VXZh d[ XdjciaZhh hiVgh/ ;gdb 6jYgZn =ZeWjgc id B^X]VZa ?VX`hdc! i]Z 9VaV^ AVbV id CZahdc BVcYZaV# 6h i]Z hZg^Zh egd\gZhhZh VcY H^be`^c bVijgZh V\V^chi V WVX`Ygde d[ V X]Vc\^c\ ldgaY! ]Z ZmVb^cZh djg ZkZg" Zkdak^c\ XZaZWg^in XjaijgZ VcY gV^hZh fjZhi^dch VWdji ^YZci^in! hdX^Va WdjcYVg^Zh VcY i]Z eVhhV\Z d[ i^bZ#

DhXVg BVgoVgda^! I]Z 8VhiaZb^a` AVYh! &.+( Â? 6ccZ BVgoVgda^! HXdii^h] CVi^dcVa EdgigV^i <VaaZgn

HXdii^h] CVi^dcVa EdgigV^i <VaaZgn! :Y^cWjg\]

CZl E]did\gVe]n <VaaZgn Jci^a (# ?jcZ '%&'

>i hZZbh i]^h ^h V \ddY i^bZ [dg e]did\gVe]n ^c bjhZjbh/ i]Z IViZ BdYZgc Xdci^cjZh id egdYjXZ Zc\V\^c\ Y^heaVnh gZXZci h]dlh ^cXajYZ CZl 9dXjbZciVgn ;dgbh VcY 9^VcZ 6gWjh ! i]Z K 6 jckZ^aZY ^ih CZl E]did\gVe]h <VaaZgn ^c CdkZbWZg! VcY cdl i]Z HXdii^h] CVi^dcVa EdgigV^i <VaaZgn ]Vh deZcZY V E]did\gVe]n <VaaZgn d[ ^ih dlc# 9Zh^\cZY id Y^heaVn i]Z <VaaZgnÉh ZmiZch^kZ e]did\gVe]^X XdaaZXi^dch! i]Z cZl heVXZ l^aa ]dhi V gVc\Z d[ Zm]^W^i^dch! WZ\^cc^c\ l^i] GdbVci^X 8VbZgV/ HXdii^h] E]did\gVe]n VcY i]Z BdYZgc LdgaY# L^i] ldg`h Wn dkZg )% e]did\gVe]Zgh! GdbVci^X 8VbZgV hZZ`h id djia^cZ i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc HXdii^h] e]did\gVe]n VcY GdbVci^X^hb# I]Z Zm]^W^i^dc egdedhZh i]Vi GdbVci^X^hb! V bdkZbZci Wdgc ^c i]Z aViZ Z^\]iZZci] XZcijgn! ]Vh Xdci^cjZY id i]g^kZ ^c i]Z e]did\gVe]^X ^bV\^cVi^dc# I]Z ^cÓjZcXZ d[ GdbVci^X^hb! ^ih Zbe]Vh^h dc Zbdi^dcVa a^[Z VcY ^che^gVi^dc! ^h igVXZY i]gdj\] i]Z ldg` d[ ?ja^V BVg\VgZi 8VbZgdc! 7^aa 7gVcYi! OlZaZi]j Bi]Zi]lV VcY bVcn di]Zgh#

BjhZjb d[ BdYZgc 6gi! 9ZcbVg`

I]Z Zm]^W^i^dc Vahd ^cXajYZh i]Z ldg` d[ A6"WVhZY e]did\gVe]Zg H^bdcZ AjZX` l]d! [dg ]Zg egd_ZXi I]Z DcXZ VcY ;jijgZ FjZZch! edhiZY Vc VYkZgi dc i]Z lZWh^iZ 8gV^\ha^hi! ^ck^i^c\ daYZg ldbZc id edhZ [dg ]Zg ^c i]Z \j^hZ d[ i]Z^g [Vkdjg^iZ Ă’ab hiVg# :VX] eVgi^X^eVci Y^Y ]Zg dlc ]V^g! bV`Zje VcY lVgYgdWZ! ldg`^c\ XadhZan l^i] AjZX` dc i]Z hiV\^c\ d[ ]Zg edgigV^i# I]Z gZhjai^c\ ^bV\Zh VgZ ]Vjci^c\ gZĂ“ZXi^dch dc \ZcYZg! hZa["^bV\Z VcY bdgiVa^in " hdbZ eaVn[ja Wji di]Zgh i^c\ZY l^i] hVYcZhh#

6cYgZVh <jgh`n

lll#deZcZnZ#dg\#j`

&(# ?VcjVgn Ă„ &(# BVn '%&' 9ZcbVg`Éh Adj^h^VcV BjhZjb d[ BdYZgc 6gi h^ih dc i]Z h]dgZ d[ i]Z HdjcY HigV^i! '% b^aZh cdgi] d[ 8deZc]V\Zc# IjX`ZY VlVn ^i bVn WZ! Wji Adj^h^VcVÉh Vgi XdaaZXi^dc ^h ^begZhh^kZ! VcY ^cXajYZh ldg`h Wn E^XVhhd! BVm :gchi! Adj^hZ 7djg\Zd^h VcY NkZh @aZ^c# Adj^h^VcV WZ\^ch ^ih '%&' egd\gVbbZ l^i] Vc Zm]^W^i^dc d[ ldg` Wn 6cYgZVh <jgh`n! ^cXajY^c\ )% d[ ]^h \^Vci e]did\gVe]h VcY V cjbWZg d[ hbVaaZg ldg`h# <jgh`n ^h cdl Vi i]Z ]Z^\]i d[ ]^h XdbbZgX^Va edlZgh dcZ d[ ]^h e]did\gVe]h hdaY ^c CdkZbWZg [dg V gZXdgY" WgZV`^c\ )#( b^aa^dc ! hd Adj^h^VcV YdZh lZaa id gZb^cY jh d[ ]^h \gZVi iVaZci# :be]Vh^h^c\ higjXijgZ! YZiV^a VcY eViiZgc! <jgh`nÉh ldg`h VgZ YZhXg^WZY Vh i]Z ĂˆZmigZbZ hedgihÉ d[ e]did\gVe]n! YZe^Xi^c\ XgdlYh! VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY aVcYhXVeZ dc V \gVcY hXVaZ#

&..* E^ZgXZ 7gdhcVc VcY G^X]VgY H^be`^c

lll#adj^h^VcV#Y`#

=^\]a^\]ih ^cXajYZ DhXVg BVgoVgda^Éh I]Z 8VhiaZb^a` AVYh VcY 6a[gZY <# 7jX`]VbÉh bV_Zhi^X 6Zg^Va k^Zl d[ :Y^cWjg\]# HZZ`^c\ YgVbV Vbdc\hi i]Z XadjYh! 7jX`]VbÉh e]did\gVe]h [gZfjZcian gZhZbWaZY GdbVci^X eV^ci^c\h VcY 6Zg^Va k^Zl ^h cd Y^[[ZgZci# I]Z hidgbn k^h^dc d[ :Y^cWjg\] XVhiaZ gZXVaah i]Z h]^bbZg^c\ a^\]i d[ IjgcZgÉh hZVhXVeZh! dg 8dchiVWaZÉh e^XijgZhfjZ aVcYhXVeZh# lll#cVi^dcVa\VaaZg^Zh#dg\# 6cYgZVh <jgh`n! ;& 7dmZchidee >! '%%, � 6cYgZVh <jgh`n $ K< 7^aY"@jchi! 7dcc $ 8DEN"96C 7>AA:9@JCHI '%&&# 8djgiZhn Heg“i] BV\Zgh 7Zga^c AdcYdc

K><C:II:


:MEDH:9 ;[did\VaaZgn! 8VgY^[[

9Vc^Za 7aVj[j`h/ Ldg`h dc BZbdgn Jci^a '*# ;ZWgjVgn '%&' I]^h l^aa WZ i]Z Òghi hdad Zm]^W^i^dc ^c i]Z J@ d[ dcZ d[ Edgij\VaÉh bdhi XZaZWgViZY XdciZbedgVgn Vgi^hih! l]dhZ ldg` XdbW^cZh k^YZd! e]did\gVe]n! hdjcY VcY ^chiVaaVi^dc id ZmeadgZ ^hhjZh d[ i^bZ VcY bZbdgn# 7aVj[j`h [dXjhZh dc l]Vi lZ gZbZbWZg VcY l]Vi lZ [dg\Zi! dXXjen^c\ i]Z iZgg^idgn WZilZZc ejWa^X VcY eg^kViZ bZbdgn! gZXdaaZXi^dc VcY dWa^k^dc# DW_ZXih WZXdbZ V XjZ [dg hdbZi]^c\ ZahZ! [dg hdbZ Zbdi^dcVa gZaVi^dch]^e! [dg hdbZ gZb^c^hXZcXZ i]Vi ^h kVajZY Wji gZbV^ch ^ck^daViZ! jcidjX]ZY# I]Z Zm]^W^i^dc l^aa YgVl dc 7aVj[j`hÉ WdYn d[ ldg` [gdb i]Z aVhi iZc nZVgh! ^cXajY^c\ ]^h egd_ZXi IZgZo^c! ejWa^h]ZY Wn HiZ^Ya ^c '%&%# lll#[[did\VaaZgn#dg\

BZg^YZa GjWZchiZ^c! 9dcVaYd KVaYZo! :a \j^fjZ! È). 8]ZknÉ [gdb Æ I]Z Adlg^YZgh! EdgigV^ih [gdb CZl BZm^Xd!Ç &.-%! BZg^YZa GjWZchiZ^c#

BH]ZY! 7g^hida

6c :nZ [dg ;Vh]^dc/ CdgbVc EVg`^chdc E]did\gVe]h &.*)"&.+) '&# ?VcjVgn Ä &*# 6eg^a '%&'

;^[iZZc B^cjiZh & [gdb I]Z 7jh^cZhh d[ A^k^c\! '%&% 9Vc^Za 7aVj[j`h

6c :nZ [dg ;Vh]^dc [ZVijgZh +% e]did\gVe]h Wn CdgbVc EVg`^chdc! Vadc\h^YZ V hZaZXi^dc d[ [Vh]^dc VcY Ze]ZbZgV [gdb i]Z hVbZ ZgV# 6 \^Vci d[ [Vh]^dc e]did\gVe]n! EVg`^chdc gZaZVhZY i]Z \ZcgZ [gdb [dgbVa^in! Wg^c\^c\ V YVh] d[ ]jbdjg VcY VYkZcijgZ id ]^h h]ddih# 8dbW^c^c\ ZaZ\VcXZ l^i] ZVhZ! ]Z gZ_ZXiZY i]Z g^\^Y edhZh d[ ZVga^Zg [Vh]^dc e]did\gVe]h! ^c l]^X] ]Z Y^hYV^c[jaan gZbVg`ZY! ÈVaa i]Z \^gah ]VY i]Z^g `cZZh WdaiZY id\Zi]ZgÉ# EVg`^chdc cZkZg XaV^bZY id WZ Vc Vgi^hi! hiVi^c\ i]Vi ]Z h^bean a^`ZY Èid bV`Z eZdeaZ add` Vh \ddY Vh i]ZnÉY a^`Z id add`! VcY l^i] ajX`! V h]VYZ WZiiZgÉ# I]^h ]Z XZgiV^can Y^Y Wji! Vh i]^h hZaZXi^dc YZbdchigViZh! EVg`^chdc igVch[dgbZY i]Z aVcYhXVeZ d[ [Vh]^dc e]did\gVe]n! ^c_ZXi^c\ ]^h e]did\gVe]h l^i] V aVhi^c\ k^kVX^in VcY \aVbdjg#

>g^h] BjhZjb d[ BdYZgc 6gi! 9jWa^c

8dckZghVi^dch/ E]did\gVe]n [gdb i]Z 7Vc` d[ 6bZg^XV 8daaZXi^dc ''# ;ZWgjVgn Ä '%# BVn '%&' I]^h Zm]^W^i^dc! V XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] i]Z BjhZjb d[ ;^cZ 6gih ^c 7dhidc JH6! ^h hZaZXiZY [gdb i]Z l^YZ" gVc\^c\ Vgi ]daY^c\h d[ 7Vc` d[ 6bZg^XV! dcZ d[ i]Z aVg\Zhi VcY bdhi XdbegZ]Zch^kZ XdgedgViZ XdaaZXi^dch d[ e]did\gVe]n ^c i]Z ldgaY# 8dckZghVi^dch ^cXajYZh edgigV^ih! hi^aa"a^[Zh! aVcYhXVeZh! YdXjbZciVgn ^bV\Zh! VcY ZmeZg^bZciVa VWhigVXi^dch! \gdjeZY i]ZbVi^XVaan id XgZViZ k^hjVa ÈXdckZghVi^dchÉ# C^cZiZZci]"XZcijgn ldg`h VgZ XdbeVgZY l^i] bdYZgc! :jgdeZVc _jmiVedhZY l^i] 6bZg^XVc! XadhZ"jeh eV^gZY l^i] Y^hiVci k^Zlh! VcY hiV\ZY hjW_ZXih Vadc\h^YZ YdXjbZciVgn# I]Z Zm]^W^i^dc l^aa Vahd ^cXajYZ ^Xdc^X e]did\gVe]Zgh hjX] Vh GdWZgi Adj^h ;gVc`! 9dgdi]ZV AVc\Z! =Vggn 8VaaV]Vc! 6cYgZVh <jgh`n VcY I]dbVh Gj[[! l]d XVeijgZ i]Z ldgaYÉh ^bV\^cVi^dc i]gdj\] i]Z^g jc^fjZ k^h^dc#

lll#bh]ZY#dg\# lll#^bbV#^Z

FjZZc BV\Vo^cZ BVgX] &.+% CdgbVc EVg`^chdc AiY

))

>g^h KZnhZn hijY^ZY 6gi ]^hidgn Vi Jc^kZgh^in d[ HjhhZm VcY cdl Zc_dnh cdi]^c\ bdgZ i]Vc lVcYZg^c\ VgdjcY Zm]^W^i^dch VcY bZZi^c\ eZdeaZ Vh K^\cZiiZÉh gZh^YZci Vgi Xg^i^X VcY a^hi^c\h ZY^idg# >[ ndj VgZ ]daY^c\ Vc Zm]^W^i^dc! [Zhi^kVa dg XdbeZi^i^dc! VcY VgZ ^ciZgZhiZY ^c ]Vk^c\ ^i a^hiZY ^c K^\cZiiZ! eaZVhZ XdciVXi >g^h Vi ^g^h5k^\cZiiZbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb


DCA>C: I]Z 8]ZhiZg 7ZViin A^WgVgn! 9jWa^c 9^_dW J^hek]^ j^[ B[di e\ @e^d J^ecied0 '.,.#'.-( Jci^a '+# ;ZWgjVgn '%&' $ ;gZZ lll#XWa#^Z

K^Xidg^V VcY 6aWZgi BjhZjb! AdcYdc Gk[[d ;b_pWX[j^ ?? Xo 9[Y_b 8[Wjed0 7 :_WcedZ @kX_b[[ 9[b[XhWj_ed -# ;ZWgjVgn Ä ''# 6eg^a '%&' $ + 6Yjai lll#kVb#VX#j`

I]Z <Ziin 8ZciZg! Adh 6c\ZaZh Boed[b <[_d_d][h0 F^eje]hWf^i '/(.#'/)/ Jci^a &&# BVgX] '%&' $ ;gZZ lll#\Ziin#ZYj

BjhZjb d[ >haVb^X 6gi! EZg\Vbdc BjhZjb! 7Zga^c <hec C[Z_dW je j^[ @ehZWd_Wd 8ehZ[h0 F^eje]hWf^i Xo KhikbW IY^kbp# :ehdXkh] Jci^a +# BVn '%&' $ €&( 6Yjai lll#hbW#bjhZjb

7gVcXda^c^ <g^bVaY^! AdcYdc B_i[ IWh\Wj_ &%# ;ZWgjVgn Ä &+# BVgX] '%&' $ ;gZZ lll#WgVcXda^c^\g^bVaY^#Xdb

Hi Adj^h 6gi BjhZjb! HV^ci Adj^h! JH6 7d EhY^[ijhWj[Z L_i_ed0 J^[ J^[Wjh[ e\ 9edj[cfehWho F^eje]hWf^o &.# ;ZWgjVgn " &(# BVn '%&' $ &% 6Yjai lll#haVb#dg\ 6gi <VaaZgn d[ CZl Hdji] LVaZh! HnYcZn! 6jhigVa^V CWa_d] i[di[0 Yedj[cfehWho B7 f^eje Whj_iji &&# ;ZWgjVgn " &(# BVn '%&' $ ;gZZ lll#Vgi\VaaZgn#chl#\dk#Vj

?VcZ =^aidc! H]^egdX`! CZl BZm^Xd! '%%+

:aZkZc ;^cZ 6gi! AdcYdc <hec j^[ HeWZ '%# ?VcjVgn " &,# BVgX] '%&' $ ;gZZ lll#ZaZkZcÒcZVgi#Xdb

DeZc :nZ <VaaZgn! A^kZgedda FW_dj[Z F^eje]hWf^i &(# ?VcjVgn " &-# BVgX] '%&' $ ;gZZ lll#deZcZnZ#dg\#j` CVi^dcVa EdgigV^i <VaaZgn! AdcYdc 7k]kijki @e^d0 7 B_\[ _d FehjhW_ji Jci^a &-# BVgX] '%&' $ ;gZZ lll#ce\#dg\#j`

7gVcXda^c^ <g^bVaY^! AdcYdc :Wd >ebZimehj^ '(# BVgX] Ä &'# BVn '%&' $ ;gZZ lll#WgVcXda^c^\g^bVaY^#Xdb GdnVa H]V`ZheZVgZ I]ZVigZ! LVgl^X`h]^gZ Jec >kdj[h0 7 C_Zikcc[h D_]^jÊi :h[Wc )# CdkZbWZg Ä &# 6eg^a '%&' $ ;gZZ lll#ghX#dg\#j` =Zabji CZlidc ;djcYVi^dc! 7Zga^c >[bckj D[mjed FebWhe_Zi Jci^a '%# BVn '%&' $ €- " €) lll#]Zabji"cZlidc"[djcYVi^dc#dg\

He^`Z >haVcY! 7g^hida IkpWdd[ Ceed[o '&# ?VcjVgn Ä '*# BVgX] '%&';gZZ lll#he^`Z^haVcY#dg\#j`

=j^h BVghZ^aaZ BjhZjb [dg E]did\gVe]n! 6bhiZgYVb =ko J_bb_c % I[YedZ DWjkh[ (# BVgX] " (# ?jcZ '%&' $ €* 6Yjai lll#]j^hbVghZ^aaZ#ca

IViZ BdYZgc! AdcYdc F^eje]hWf^o0 D[m :eYkc[djWho <ehci Jci^a (&# BVgX] '%&' $ ;gZZ lll#iViZ#dg\#j`

BjhZjb d[ BdYZgc 6gi! CZl Ndg` 9_dZo I^[hcWd '+# ;ZWgjVgn Ä &&# ?jcZ '%&' $ '* 6Yjai lll#bdbV#dg\

IViZ BdYZgc! AdcYdc 7HJ?IJ HEECI0 :_Wd[ 7hXki Jci^a (&# BVgX] '%&' $ ;gZZ lll#iViZ#dg\#j`

L]^iZX]VeZa <VaaZgn! AdcYdc =_bb_Wd M[Wh_d] '-# BVgX] Ä &,# ?jcZ '%&' $ .#*% 6Yjai lll#l]^iZX]VeZa\VaaZgn#dg\

HXdii^h] CVi^dcVa EdgigV^i <VaaZgn! :Y^cWjg\] >ej IYeji Jci^a &# 6eg^a '%&' $ ;gZZ lll#cVi^dcVa\VaaZg^Zh#dg\

HXdii^h] CVi^dcVa EdgigV^i <VaaZgn! :Y^cWjg\] 9bei[ ;dYekdj[hi0 J^ecWi 7ddWdÊi =bWi]em Jci^a (&# 9ZXZbWZg '%&' $ ;gZZ lll#cVi^dcVa\VaaZg^Zh#dg\

BjhZjb d[ BdYZgc 6gi! CZl Ndg` ;k] d[ 7j][j0 É:eYkc[dji fekh Whj_ij[iÊ +# ;ZWgjVgn Ä .# 6eg^a '%&' $ '* 6Yjai lll#bdbV#dg\

LVcYZg^c\ 7ZVgh 8daaZXi^kZ I]Z dca^cZ egZhZcXZ d[ LVcYZg^c\ 7ZVgh! V XgZVi^kZ Xdbbjc^in VXi^kZan ^ckdakZY ^c VcY egdYjX^c\ e]did\gVe]n ZkZcih VcY Zm]^W^i^dch VXgdhh i]Z Xdjcign! ^cXajY^c\ BVg\ViZ E]did ;Zhi^kVa VcY 7g^\]idc E]did ;g^c\Z DeZc# lll#lVcYZg^c\WZVgh#Xd#j`

Jh_Wd]b[ Jh_Wd]b[ Dca^cZ e]did\gVe]n \VaaZgn# lll#ig^Vc\aZig^Vc\aZ#Xdb

K$I$ =[ebe]_YWb Ikhl[o :[dl[h B_XhWho 6 hZVgX]VWaZ dca^cZ e]did\gVe]^X VgX]^kZ [gdb i]Z J#H# <Zdad\^XVa HjgkZn! 9ZckZg A^WgVgn# 8dciV^c^c\ (%!%%% ^bV\Zh! YVi^c\ WVX` id &-+%! i]Z XdaaZXi^dch VgZ V k^hjVa ]^hidgn d[ i]Z Y^hXdkZgn! YZkZadebZci VcY hX^ZcXZ d[ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZÉh <Zdad\^XVa HjgkZn# 6 \gZVi ZmVbeaZ d[ i]Z jhZ d[ e]did\gVe]n Vh V ]^hidg^XVa gZXdgY! i]Z VgX]^kZ Vahd XdciV^ch bVcn hijcc^c\ ^bV\Zh d[ i]Z 6bZg^XVc aVcYhXVeZh! ^ih eZdeaZ VcY cVijgVa ldcYZgh# a^WgVgne]did#Xg#jh\h#\dk

CW]dkc ?d Cej_ed >c Bdi^dc ^h BV\cjb E]didÉh bjai^bZY^V Y^\^iVa hijY^d# E]did ZhhVnh [gdb V l^YZ gVc\Z d[ Vgi^hih VgZ h]dlXVhZY Vadc\h^YZ ^ciZgk^Zlh l^i] i]Z e]did\gVe]Zgh i]ZbhZakZh# EVhi hjW_ZXih ^cXajYZ 9Zcc^h HidX`Éh edgigV^ih d[ ?VbZh 9ZVc! VcY Bd^hZh HVbVcÉh I]ZViZg d[ LVg# ^cbdi^dc#bV\cjbe]didh#Xdb

<ekhj[[d#D_d[j[[d 6c dca^cZ \VaaZgn VcY h]de! [djcYZY Wn AdcYdc"WVhZY e]did\gVe]Zgh 6aZm LZWW VcY AZl^h 8]Vea^c# lll#[djgiZZc"c^cZiZZc#Xdb

>WiibW 8eeai =VhhaV 7dd`h VgZ Vc ^cYZeZcYZci ejWa^h]^c\ ]djhZ WVhZY ^c CZl Ndg`! l]d [dXjh dc XdciZbedgVgn Vgi VcY e]did\gVe]n# EgdYjX^c\ WZVji^[ja Vgi^hi Wdd`h! i]Z^g lVgZh VgZ cdi l^YZan hidX`ZY! VcY WZhi ejgX]VhZY dc i]Z =VhhaV lZWh^iZ# lll#]VhhaVWdd`h#Xdb

K><C:II:


DEEDGIJC>I>:H H=8 7M7H:I BVn '%&' lll#g\WVlVgYh#Xdb

I]^h heg^c\ i]Z G<7 6lVgYh l^aa WZ ]ZaY [dg i]Z kZgn Ă’ghi i^bZ# I]Z 6lVgYh l^aa WZ ]ZaY VccjVaan! VcY VgZ Vc ZmX^i^c\ deedgijc^in [dg Wdi] ZmeZg^ZcXZY VcY jc`cdlc e]did\gVe]Zgh id gZVX] Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa VjY^ZcXZ# ;^cVa^hih l^aa WZ Zm]^W^iZY Vi i]Z <gVci 7gVYaZn <VaaZgn Yjg^c\ i]Z 7g^hida ;Zhi^kVa d[ E]did\gVe]n '%&'! VcY K^\cZiiZ l^aa [ZVijgZ i]Z l^ccZgh d[ i]Z 6lVgYh [dg 7Zhi H^c\aZ >bV\Z VcY 7Zhi HZi d[ >bV\Zh#

I]ZgZ VgZ hZkZgVa VlVgYh! ZVX] l^i] Y^[[ZgZci eg^oZh/ 7Zhi H^c\aZ >bV\Z " i]Z l^ccZg l^aa gZXZ^kZ —&%%% VcY l^aa ]VkZ i]Z^g ldg` [ZVijgZY ^c K^\cZiiZ bV\Vo^cZ0 7Zhi HZi d[ >bV\Zh " i]Z l^ccZg d[ l^aa gZXZ^kZ —'*% XVh]! —'*% kdjX]Zgh [dg e]did\gVe]^X aVW E]did\gVe]^fjZ VcY V ) eV\Z [ZVijgZ ^c K^\cZiiZ# >c VYY^i^dc id i]Z ' bV^c eg^oZh i]ZgZ l^aa WZ V cjbWZg d[ \ZcgZ WVhZY VlVgYh l^i] eg^oZh [gdb G<7Éh hedchdgh# I]ZhZ l^aa ^cXajYZ/ 7Zhi EdgigV^i! 7Zhi AVcYhXVeZ! 7Zhi ;^cZ"6gi! 7Zhi 9dXjbZciVgn VcY 7Zhi 8dbbZgX^Va ^bV\Z# I]Z eg^oZh l^aa WZ VccdjcXZY Vi i]Z deZc^c\ c^\]i d[ i]Z ÒcVa^hiÉh Zm]^W^i^dc dc BVn (gY '%&'# I]ZgZ ^h V —'% [ZZ [dg hjWb^hh^dc VcY i]Z Xadh^c\ YViZ ^h &*i] BVgX] '%&'#

> Vb add`^c\ [dglVgY id iV`^c\ V eaVXZ dc i]Z _jY\^c\ eVcZa Vadc\h^YZ IVbVcn 7V`Zg! EZiZg 7g^haZn! BVgi^c :YlVgYh! GVX]Za EgdĂ’i VcY E]^a^e HZVgaZ#

AB ?dj[hdWj_edWb F^ejeWmWhZi (&'( :cign ;ZZ/ JH9 &'#*% eZg ^bV\Z [dg EdgigV^i VcY DeZc! VcY JH9 ** [dg I]Z E]did":hhVn# 8adh^c\ YViZ/ (& BVgX] lll#`ae]didVlVgYh#Xdb 8dbeZi^i^dc l^i] i]gZZ XViZ\dg^Zh/ EdgigV^i! I]Z E]did" :hhVn VcY DeZc# I]Z ide i]gZZ l^ccZgh [gdb ZVX] XViZ\dgn l^aa gZXZ^kZ/ ;^ghi Eg^oZ/ JH9 (!%%% eajh Igde]n eajh EVXhV[Z egdYjXi# HZXdcY Eg^oZ/ JH9 &!%%% eajh Igde]n eajh EVXhV[Z egdYjXi# I]^gY Eg^oZ/ JH9 *%% eajh EVXhV[Z egdYjXi# I]ZgZ l^aa Vahd WZ Vc VYY^i^dcVa ild HZaZXi 6lVgYh Wn EVXhV[Z VcY 6ci^"HaVkZgn >ciZgcVi^dcVa#IdiVa kVajZ d[ eg^oZh Veegdm^bViZan JH9 &*!%%%#

F^eje Ijeho 8adh^c\ YViZ/ &' BVgX] Wa^ed^ci#Xdb$XdciZhih$e]did"hidgn$YZiV^a#]iba I]Z E]did Hidgn XdciZhi ldg`h l^i] i]Z egZb^hZ i]Vi Ăˆdjg a^[Z ^h V eZgbVcZci hidgn! [gdb i]Z bdbZci lZ VgZ Wdgc jci^a djg Ă’cVa YVnh# :VX] YVn! h^ijVi^dch VcY ZkZcih bV`Z Æa^iiaZ ]^hidgnÇ#É I]Zn Vh` Vgi^hih id ĂˆYdXjbZci i]^h i^bZ VcY heVXZ ^c l]^X] lZ VgZ heZXiVidgh dg bV^c X]VgVXiZgh# GZegZhZci ndjg dlc eZghdcVa ]^hidgn i]gdj\] ^bV\Zh i]Vi igVchb^i ndjg ]VW^ih! Zck^gdc" bZcih! dg h^bean h]dl i]Z hidgn d[ hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi ndj ldjaY a^`Z id h]VgZ# 9dcÉi eji a^b^ih dc ndjg ^bV\^cV" i^dc# Ndj XVc eVgi^X^eViZ l^i] ^aajhigVi^dc VcY Y^gZXi dg bVc^ejaViZY e]did\gVe]n#Ç ;^ghi Eg^oZ/ â‚Ź*%%

)+

;dg bdgZ ^c[dgbVi^dc! VcY id ZciZg! k^h^i lll#g\WVlVgYh#Xdb#

J^[ Ef[d F^eje 9edj[ij :cign/ ;gdb )#-% id &+ eZg e]did\gVe] 8adh^c\ YViZ/ (& BVgX] lll#i]ZldgaYdeZc#Xdb

9Wc[hW EXiYkhW @ekhdWb F^eje]hWf^o 9edj[ij :cign/ &*$ Egd[Zhh^dcVa ^bV\Z# &%$ Cdc" Egd[Zhh^dcVa# lll#dWhXjgV_djgcVa#Xdb

I]Z DeZc ^h V ldgaYl^YZ hZVgX] [dg i]Z \gZViZhi e]did\gVe]Zgh d[ djg \ZcZgVi^dc# ;ZVijg^c\ Wdi] dca^cZ VcY a^kZ ZkZcih! ^i XdccZXih e]did\gVe]Zgh l^i] V \adWVa VjY^ZcXZ VcY YZa^kZgh dcZ d[ i]Z aVg\Zhi eg^oZ ejghZh ZkZg d[[ZgZY ^c i]Z e]did ^cYjhign/ JH9 *%!%%%# IgjZ id ^ih cVbZ! i]Z DeZc lZaXdbZh Vaa e]did\gVe]Zgh# >i ^h V hZVgX] VXgdhh h^m Xdci^cZcih l^i] V h^beaZ b^hh^dc/ Y^hXdkZg i]Z jcY^hXdkZgZY0 gZY^hXdkZg i]Z ZhiVWa^h]ZY0 Wg^c\ i]Z WZhi e]did\gVe]Zgh id i]Z [dgZ[gdci#

8VbZgV DWhXjgV ?djgcVa gjch ild XdbeZi^i^dch ZVX] nZVg/ V L^ciZg 8dbeZi^i^dc :cig^Zh &+ BVgX]" & DXidWZg ! VcY V HjbbZg 8dbeZi^i^dc :cig^Zh &+ HZeiZbWZg " &* BVgX] # I]Z XdbeZi^i^dc ^h deZc id Vcn e]did\gVe]^X"WVhZY Vgildg`! l]^X] cZZY cdi Xdch^hi ZmXajh^kZan d[ e]did\gVe]n# E]did\gVe]n"WVhZY b^mZY bZY^V Vgildg`h VgZ ZcXdjgV\ZY [dg hjWb^hh^dc! ^c VYY^i^dc id higV^\]i e]did\gVe]n# 6aa hjWb^hh^dc bjhi WZ bVYZ ZaZXigdc^XVaan#

I]Z DeZc ^h Xdbeg^hZY d[ ild hZeVgViZ ZkZcih/ HDAD/ 6c dca^cZ XdbeZi^i^dc \VaaZgn d[ h^c\aZ ^bV\Zh! Yg^kZc Wn ejWa^X kdi^c\! [jZaZY Wn i]Z bV_dg hdX^Va bZY^V eaVi[dgbh# I]Z E]did\gVe]Zg d[ i]Z NZVg VcY i]Z XViZ\dgn l^ccZgh h]VgZ '*!%%%# A>K:/ 6 a^kZ XdbeZi^i^dc ^c l]^X] + ^ck^iZY e]did\gV" e]Zgh X]dgZd\gVe] i]Z WZhi ^bV\Zh d[ i]Z^g XVgZZgh ^cid ,"b^cjiZ egdYjXi^dch# HZaZXiZY adXVi^dc [dg '%&' ^h KVcXdjkZg! 8VcVYV VcY i]Z eg^oZ ejghZ ^h '*!%%%

D[Wj IjkZ_ei Ef[d_d] 7g^hidaÉh CZVi HijY^dh VgZ XjggZcian hZZ`^c\ cZl bZbWZgh id h]VgZ i]Z^g heVXZ l]^X] ^cXajYZh V YVg`gddb! lVh]gddb! hidgZgddb VcY d[ÒXZ! Vi Vc V[[dgYVWaZ gViZ# LZaXdb^c\ Wdi] Y^\^iVa VcY VcVad\jZ egVXi^XZ! CZVi VgZ add`^c\ [dg `ZZc VcY ZcZg\Zi^X bZbWZgh! l^i] adih d[ cZl ^YZVh id h]VgZ# ;dg bdgZ YZiV^ah ZbV^a bZbWZgh]^e5cZVihijY^dh#Xd#j`#

I]ZbZ/ DeZc# 8VbZgV DWhXjgV hZZ`h i]Z WZhi! bdhi k^hjVaan ^cig^\j^c\ e]did\gVe]n# Egd[Zhh^dcVa Eg^oZ/ &!'%% XVh] VlVgY VcY ejWa^XVi^dc ^c i]Z 8VbZgV DWhXjgV ?djgcVa d[ A^iZgVijgZ E]did\gVe]n# HZaZXiZY Ă’cVa^hih Vahd gZXZ^kZ ejWa^XVi^dc# Cdc"Egd[Zhh^dcVa Eg^oZ/ (%% XVh] VlVgY VcY ejWa^XVi^dc# ;^cVa^hih Vahd gZXZ^kZ ejWa^XVi^dc#

?dj[hdi^_fi" 7hY^_l[ :[fWhjc[dj" CW]dkc _d Cej_ed I]Z BV\cjb ;djcYVi^dc! CZl Ndg` ^cbdi^dc#bV\cjbe]didh#Xdb

?dj[hdi^_fi" ;n^_X_j_edi J[Wc _d Iekj^XWda 9[djh[" BedZed 8adh^c\ YViZ/ BVn &%i] '%&' lll#hdji]WVc`XZcigZ#Xd#j`


;:HI>K6AH ;gZbVciaZ! 6jhigVa^V <eje<h[e &, BVgX] " &* 6eg^a '%&' lll#[did[gZd#Xdb

8h_ijeb

=djhidc! IZmVh <eje<[ij (&'( 8_[dd_Wb &+ BVgX] " '. 6eg^a '%&' lll#[did[Zhi#dg\

7g^hida ;Zhi^kVa d[ E]did\gVe]n gZijgch i]^h BVn l^i] V bdci] adc\ XZaZWgVi^dc d[ e]did\gVe]n# 6 W^Zcc^Va ZkZci! 7;DE lVh Òghi ]ZaY ^c hjbbZg '%&%# I]Z Y^kZghZ a^hi d[ .* ZkZcih ^cXajYZY Vc Zm]^W^i^dc d[ ldg` Wn IZggn DÉCZ^aa! XnVcdineZ VcY hVai"eg^ci^c\ ldg`h]deh VcY V iVa` Wn BVgi^c EVgg# I]Z [Zhi^kVa lVh V gZhdjcY^c\ hjXXZhh! [jaa d[ ZmX^i^c\ VcY ^che^g^c\ ZkZcih! VcY '%&' egdb^hZh id WZ cd Y^[[ZgZci#

Idgdcid! 8VcVYV IYej_WXWda 9EDJ79J <[ij_lWb BVn '%&' lll#hXdi^VWVc`XdciVXie]did#Xdb AdcYdc! J@ BedZed Ijh[[j F^eje]hWf^o <[ij_lWb ?jcZ '%&' lll#adcYdchigZZie]did\gVe]n[Zhi^kVa# dg\ I]ZhhVadc^`^! <gZZXZ F^eje8_[ddWb[ (&'( 6eg^a"?jan lll#e]did"W^ZccVaZ"\gZZXZ#\g

8h_ijeb <[ij_lWb e\ F^eje]hWf^o (&'( BVn '%&' lll#W[de#dg\

I]^h nZVgÉh [Zhi^kVa hZZh bdgZ i]Vc &%% Zm]^W^i^dch d[ ldg` Wn Wdi] ^ciZgcVi^dcVa VcY adXVa Vgi^hih! Vh lZaa Vh V hZaZXi^dc d[ hnbedh^jbh! iVa`h! XdbeZi^i^dch VcY ldg`h]deh# HZa["[jcYZY VcY gjc Wn kdajciZZgh! i]Z [Zhi^kVa h]djaY ]VkZ hdbZi]^c\ [dg ZkZgndcZ! [gdb [Vb^an"[g^ZcYan ZkZcih id Vgi [V^gh VcY bVg`Zih# I]Z [Zhi^kVa ^h Xdbb^iiZY id WZ^c\ VXXZhh^WaZ VcY deZc id Vaa# >c i]^h he^g^i i]ZgZ ^h Vc deZc hjWb^hh^dc eda^Xn0 7;DE ^ck^iZh \gdjeh VcY ^cY^k^YjVah id hjWb^i Vc Zm]^W^i^dc id WZ ^cXajYZY ^c i]Z a^cZ"je Wn )i] BVgX] '%&'#

B>HH:9 DJI DC I=: A6HI >HHJ: D; K><C:II:4 I]Zc hjWhXg^WZ id K^\cZiiZ [dg V nZVg! i]ViÉh ) ZY^i^dch [dg dcan '% " i]Z Zfj^kVaZci d[ ) gdaah d[ Òab [dg V l]daZ nZVg d[ ^che^gVi^dc#

;dg bdgZ ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji 7;DE '%&' VcY id hjWb^i Vc Zm]^W^i^dc [dg a^hi^c\ k^h^i lll#W[de#dg\#

>HHJ: *

6AI:G" C6I>K: >HHJ: >c i]Z cZmi ^hhjZ lZÉaa WZ Zmeadg^c\ i]Z higVc\Z VcY jcjhjVa ^bV\Zh XgZViZY l]Zc e]did\gVe]Zgh bdkZ id i]Z [g^c\Zh d[ i]Z bZY^jb# 8]ZX` lll#k^\cZiiZbV\Vo^cZ#Xdb [dg YZiV^ah d[ ]dl ndj XVc \Zi ^ckdakZY#

DJI 6EG>A '%&'

K><C:II:


)-


Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.