The English Hundred Names By Anderson by Public Information Research Organisation

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ENGLISH HUNDRED-NAMES BY

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DHLSSON

The English Hundred-Names

Introduction. 1.

Scope and Aim.

Terminology Discussed.

The local divisions known as hundreds though now practi cally obsolete played an important part in judicial administration in the Middle Ages. The hundredal system as a wbole is first shown in detail in Domesday - with the exception of some counties and smaller areas -- but is known to have existed about a hundred and fifty years earlier. The hundred is mentioned in the laws of Edmund (940-6),' but no earlier evidence for its existence has been found. The question of its origin has given rise to much controversy. The older view 2 that would associate the Eng lish hundred with similar institutions on the Continent 'and in Scandinavia seems now to be generally abandoned. According to the view that now holds the field the hundred dates from the 10th century only, though it may have been preceded by some older division, possibly one with a popular basis." But Chadwick' gives evidence for thinking that the West Saxon hundred consisted originally of a district annexed to a royal estate. This view has recently been further developed by Miss Cam. o Corbett 6 assumes that the hundredal system was extended to the counties between the Thames and the Welland and to East Anglia and Essex in the reign of .fEthelstan. Liebermann 7 was inclined to assign the hundredal organisation as a whole to this reign. Liebermann, Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen II 516. Cf. e. g. Stubbs, Constitutional History I 96 ff.; Vinogradoff, The Growth of the Manor 144 f. 3 V. Round, Feudal England 97 f.; Liebermann op. cit. s. v. hundred. , Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions 233ff., 239-62. , ERR 47, 353---76 (1932). • Cambridge Medieval History m 366 (1924): as regards East Anglia, cf. also Douglas, Medieval East Anglia 58 (1927); EHR 43, 380 (1928); Feudal Documents from the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds CLlI et passim (1932). 7 Op. cit. 518, 10c f. 1

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It does not fall within the scope of the present study to enter on the details of the theories advanced; there are points that are still controversial, and some aspects of the question may repay further study. It is hoped that the etymological investigation of the hundred-names undertaken in the following pages will, when completed, furnish a starting-point for the discussion of some of the problems connected with the origin of the hundred. The following chapters will be devoted to the discussion of some aspects of the system as actually in existence, which have some bearing on the questions discussed in the etymological part, and to some general remarks on hundred-names and the like as embodied in the material now collected. THE HUNDRED.

The hundred, it is generally admitted, is in theory at least a district assessed at 100 (or 120) hides.' Evidence of this is given by Round,2 Chadwick 3 and Maitland! In practice this is not always discernible; the hundreds of many counties are rated at a lower (or higher) figure. In many cases there is evidence for assuming that a previously higher assessment may have been reduced,o but tbe discussion of the variations in the number of hides from hundred to hundred and from county to county involves many technicalities that need not be entere'd upon here. In Domesday and in 12th and 13th century records certain hundreds are distinguished as 'double hundreds', 'hundreds and a half' or 'half hundreds'. Such hundreds are to be found only in , By the time of Domesday the hide was a unit of assessment, but originally it must have denoted a family holding. OE hIgid, hId is con nected with hiwan, hiwscipe 'family, household', it is rendered teTra unius tamilice by Bede, and in charters teTra unius manentis, teTra unius casati, teTra unius tributarii; mansa; cf. Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond 358 f. The older view of the origin of the hundred was that a hundred originally ,consisted of a hundred householders or warriors. The view expressed in more recent works is that the hundred is a district, on which an assessment of a hundred hides has been imposed. 2 Op. cit. 49 f. • Op. cit. 240 ff.

4 Op. cit. 451-60.

5 Cf. e. g. Round op. cit. 49 ff., VRNp I 260; lIIaitland op. cit. 457 ff.; Tait, VHSa I, 281 f.; The Domesday Survey of Cheshire (Chetham Society N. S. 75) 16 ff.

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred·Names

certain counties, as far as my material goes chiefly in the east of England. In the opinion of Miss Cam,' 'though double or half hundreds may occasiona.lly indicate the fusion of two or the divi sion of one, in many cases the terminology undoubtedly is due to the imposition of two hundred, or a hundred and fifty, or fifty hides upon a district'. Cases of double hundreds 2 where this may hold good are Babergh Sf, Na.ssaborough Np and Normancross 3 Hu, but it does not seem impossible either that at least the two first mentioned might be due to the combination of two earlier hundreds. There is no record of such a procedure in these cases, it is true, but there are some later instances of 'double .hundreds', undoubt edly created out of two single ones (Blackbourn Sf, Sutton, Fawsley Np) which might be quoted as parallels. Cases of 'hund reds and a half" might seem more directly to support the view that such hundreds merely reflect differences of assessment, but it is perha.ps worth noticing that such hundreds always (i. e. as far as my material goes) occur in groups of two or together with a half-hundred: Mitford and Forehoe; Freebridge and Clackclose NI; Samford and Cosford (half-hundred) Sf; Guilsborough and Nobottle Grove; Wymersley and Higham Ferrers Np. This might lend some colour to a theory of division and combination. In one case (Plomesgate Sf) a hundred formed in the l2th century through the combination of a hundred with a half-hundred is sometimes actually termed a hundredum et dimidium. Examples of half-hundreds that adjoin are Diss and Earsham Nf, Lothing land and Mutford Sf. In one or two cases, however, hundreds formed at a late period are termed half-hundreds merely on account of their small areas (Exning and Thredling Sf). - A division of hundreds in four parts known as ferthings occurs in East Anglia.,~ and a unique Thredling in Sf (below p. 91).

A term that also seems, at least occasionally, to denote a com bination of hundreds is the 'ship-soke' (OE scipsocn, scipfyllefJ) , for which cr. BCS 1135. BT s. v. scipfyllep quote the passage from this charter relating to the ship-soke, and also refer to ASC s. a. 1008 where it is apparently stated that from every three hundred hides one ship should be furni~hed to the national fleet. 1 The word also occurs in the Leges Henrici,' and three of the four War wickshire hundreds (Knightlow, Kington and Hemlingford, below p. 132 Cf.) were so termed in the 12th century. BT explain the ship soke as a combination of three hundreds, ,and a similar view is held by Dr Round, who makes the further suggestion that if the service were. due at the rate of one man from every five hides, three hundreds would supply 60 men, which seems to have been the normal crew of one of Alfred's warships" One of the War wickshire ship-sokes, that of Knighllow, actually consisted of three hundreds (Brinklow, Marton and Stoneleigh), but the other two do not seem to conform to the rule; Kington consisted of four hundreds, and in Hemlingford only one hundred has been traced. The Domesday hidage of these hundreds does not seem to sup port the view that a shipsoke consisted of 300 hides (three hundreds),' but it is perhaps worth noticing that the County Hidage 5 assigns 1200 hides to Warwickshire, which would be just four blocks of three hundreds each. Blocks of three hundreds are also met with in Buekinghamshire. 6 The employment of the hide as a unit of asseS8ment is seen

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• ERR 47, 374 f.

2 OE two. hundred; Latin duo hundreda.

• The remaining Huntingdonshire hundreds, though in reality double hundreds, are not expressly so termed. • OE oper healt hundl'ed; Latin hundredum et dimidillm. • Examples are: Ludham terding (Stenlon, ERR 37, 226 and note 3), a fourth part of Rapping hd Nf; (in) Ferdingam de Ealdham (Aldham, Cos ford hd Sf), terting de Almeham (the fourth part of Wangford hd, which , belonged to the bishop of Thetford, cf. RH JI 191) both in DB, and (de) terdingo de Suoburna 1159 P (Sudbourne, Plomesgate hd; it is called

Sudbume hdT' 1160 P). -

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When in Abbot Samson's Kalendarium all the leets of Babergh hd are termed ferthings (cf. Douglas, Feudal Documents from t.he Abbey of Bury St Edmunds p. CLXVI) one may perhaps su spect a generalisation; it is perhaps worth noticing that one of the leets (the last in the list) seems actually to have been the fourth part of (one of) the (two) hundred(s). Round, Feudal England 101, points out that Sudbury was also a quarter of Thingoe hd, and mentions the parallels of Hunlihgdon and Wisbecb. 1 Cf. also the note to the passage in Earle-Plummer's edition. 2 VI, 1: Ipsi uero comitatus in centurias et sipessocna distinguntur; cf. Liebermann op. cif.. s. v. Schiff. 3 VHWo I 248; also Vinogradoff, English Society in the 11th Cen· tury 31. • Cf. B. Walker, The Hundreds of Warwickshire, Ant.iquary 39, 183. 5 Maitland op. cit. 455 f. • Liebermann op. cit. 519, 16a, and reference.

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clearly in such cases as the hundreds of Chester, Shrewsbury and Cambridge mentioned in Domesday.' Shrewsbury hd, though in· cluding practically only the town of Shrewsbury, is rated at 100 hides, and already Eyton remarks that this cannot be a territorial hundred of the common kind;2 it must represent the assessment laid upon the town itself. Nothing is gained by dealing with these hundreds in the etymological part, and they have cOllse quently been omitted. In the case of Chester the term hundred had also another application; it seems here to be used of the borough-court of Chester. s There is further evidence of a similar m:age lat.er, the term hundred being often applied to the courts of boroughs, liberties or manors. Eyton notes the cases of Corfham and Bridgnorth from Shropshire.' Shrewsbury is sometimes later referred to as a hundred;" and an additional instance from Shropshire is no doubt llundr' Abbatis de Forieta 1203 Ass 732 m 3, referring to the liberty of Abbey Foregate 6 mentioned in RH (ll f. 97). An example from Worcestershire is Hundr'm de Duddeley 1276 RH referring to the barony of Dudley.7 Other cases are mentioned by Ballard. s There is explicit reference to this practice as regards the manor of Wotton in Gloucestershire;9 in the time of Elizabeth the earls of Warwick and Leicester 'endeavoured to erect a liberty therein and to call the same th8 hundred of Wotton ... wherein they at last prevailed'. - In this 1 Cestre hvndr' f. 266 (2); Hvnd' Civitatis, Sciropesberie hd' f. 252; Bvrgvm de Grentebrige pro uno hvndret se defendebat f. lS9. Instances from East Anglia are: Dimidium Hundl'et de Gipesuuid II f. 289 (Ipswich; also; Dim. hundredum de Gipeswiz 1199 P); H' de Norwic II f. 116 (Nor wich); H' de Tetfod II f. 118 b. (Thetford). 2 Antiquities of Shropshire, VI 347 and note 2.

• Tait op. cit. 32. • Op. cit. V 192 and note 39; I 297, 306. 5 E. g. 1205 Ch 142: villam de Salopesberia cum hundredo ad illam pertinente . .. predictum burgum Tel hundredum. 6 Abbey Foregate is now an eastern suburb of Shrewsbury. It was granted to Shrewsbury Abbey by Earl Roger (Mon III 519). , The hundred-court of Dudley is also referred to in the rpm II 14. • British Borough Charters passim. 9 J. Smyth, Lives of the Berkeleys (Bristol and Gloucester Archreolo· gical Society 1883-5) II 319. I owe this reference to the kindness of Miss H. M. Cam.

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connexion mention may also be made of the ma.rcher lordships. A hundred of Ellesmere is often mentioned in records,' but this doubtless refers to the marcher liberty of Ellesmere, and the same may be true of the hundred of Os,"estry often mentioned in the 12th and 13t.h centuries, though Eyton seems to take a different view! In the statute abolishing the marcher lordships (1535), Oswestry is expressly stated to have then been made into a hundred, like Wigmore, Huntington and Ewyas Lacy He." 'Hundreds' of this kind have been omitted from the etymological part some are noticed in passing below - as they only represent late extensions of the meaning of the term hundred! THE WAPE!'<TAKE.

In the counties of the northern Danelaw a division into wapen takes is met with, corresponding to the hundreds of sout.hern Eng land, and the term hundred is here applied to an altogether different division.' The word wapentake is of Scandin avian origin (ON vdpnatak), and the wapentake organisation itself is generally acknowledged to have been founded by the Scandinavian immi grants of the 9th and 10th centuries. 6 The use of the word to denote a territorial division seems to have been an innovation on English soil, for no divisions so named are known from Scandi navia. In ON the word means 'a vote of consent expressed by wa.ving or brandishing weapons', and hence 'a vote or resolution of a deliberative assembly'. The relation between this use of the word and that found in England can only be tentatively ex pressed (v. NED s. v. wapentake). By the time of Domesday, Yorkshire (partly), Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Rutlandshire , Eyton op. cit. X 242-5, 251. Op. cit. -X 313 f. 3 Statutes lit Large, 27 Henry VIII; Chapter XXVI. • The 'hundreds' of Brackley Np; Barton and Camps Ca, mentioned

in 1428 FA, apparently refer to deaneries; why they are termed hundreds

here is difficult to say.

" On these 'Danelaw hundreds' see more fully below p. XLV. 6 From the general point of view imposed on the material, the wapen

takes might seem to fall outside the scope of the present study, but a

glance through the following chapters and the material collected in the

etymological part, will, I think, show that it is hardly possible to carry

through such a distinction.

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were divided into wapentakes. The term is also met with in the

Northamptonshire part of the survey where two hundreds (Opton

gren and Wicesle) are cal1ed alternately hundreds and wapen

takes, but otherwise it has not been found in use in the southern

1 Danelaw. The extent of the wapentake division in the north is

not quite clear. In Domesday no wapentakes are mentioned in

the western part of the North Riding of Yorkshire (Richmondshire,

except Halikeld wap), and none in the north-western portion of

the West Riding (Craven), or in the adjoining parts of Lanca

shire, Cumberland and Westmoreland, which were ineluded with

Yorkshire in the survey. In the remaining counties in the north

of England no wapentakes are known to have existed, except

Sadberge wap Du, which is, however, in al1 probability a late

extension of the system! If the wapentake division original1y

had the extent seen in Domesday (or approximately so), it would

more or less coincide with the extent of the Danish eolonisation

in the north of England. 3 The question whether there existed a hundredal division here before the Danish invasion is interesting. This was assumed by the old school of historians,' but if the wapentake and the hundred date from approximately the same period, it is, of course, highly improbable. On the other hand, it has been shown by Professor Stenton 5 that the hide was still the agrarian unit in the Danelaw at the beginning of the 11th century, and it does not seem impossible that these hides might have been 1 Cr. also, however, the mention of eal wepentac in BCS 1130. As re gards the wapentake of Optongren, the mention in LNPetrob (c. 1125) of duo hundreta de Wapentach de Burch (p. 167) seems to suggest that the term wapentake was only applied to the combined hundreds, but that they were called hundreds singly; the Domesday usage might be due to confusion of the original distinction. If so, this seems to be an example of hundreds being combined to form a wapentake. Other instances have been adduced from the East Riding of Yorkshire, but the interpretation of these cases is still an open question (cf. below p. 11). 2 A district around Bamburgh (Nb) is sometimes in medieval times called the wapentake of Bamburgh (Mawer PNNb XIV), but this seems to be quite sporadic and is doubtless due to analogy. 3 Cr. also Jolliffe EHR 41,42. • Cr. e. g. Taylor's explanation of the East Riding hundreds, below p. 1l. • Types of Manorial Structure in the Northern Danelaw (Oxford Studies in Social and Legal History, vo!. II), 88 H.

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arranged in hundreds; it might also be noted that many wa,pell takes are named from meeting-places bearing' English names, which might be taken to point to the previolls existence of some similar English division. But too mueh stress should not be laid on this, and the whole question must be left open for the present. In the latter half of the 12th century the wapentake division had been extended to the whole of Yorkshire and to Lancashire, but later the use of the term was gradual1y restricted, and it has now been superseded by 'hundred' in Rutlandshire, Leicestershire, Derbyshire and Lancashire. For some reason unknown to me three of the Lincolnshire divisions (Louthesk, Hill and Calceworth) are now also known as hundreds. 'Wapentake' began to be ousted by 'hundred' in Rutlandshire, Derbyshire and Leicestershire at the end of the 12th or the beginning of the 13th century. In the 13th century there is vacillation between the two terms, but in the 14th century 'hundred' is generally used. In Lanca;,;hire the change did not occur till later. The reason i~ no doubt that 'hundred' was in use in the greater part of England and was a more familiar term than the foreign 'wapentake'; it is more diffi cult to account for the fact that the latter term was retained i!l some counties. Some of the points raised above in the discussion of the terminology peculiar to the hundred also apply to the wapentake. No 'double wapentakes' or 'wapentakes ~md a half' are on record, but there are a few cases of 'half wapentakes', though in these cases usage seems to have varied (Halikeld, Oswaldbeck, Newark, Lith, Rushcliffe; for Newark cf. Reg Ant 21). There are also some cases of overlapping between wapentake and liberty, manor or the like (Whitby Strand, Allerton, Howdenshire; probably also Ollerton, Plumtree and Risley below p. 38). On the relation between soke and wapentake v. Stenton op. cif. 44 f. The Lancashire wapentakes were formedy also known as 'shires', and some remarks might be appended here on the shire system met with in the north of England. Districts called 'shires' are known from several of the northern counties; but although they are mostly small areas, wapentakes are seldom so called outside Lancashire. The examples from Nb and Du are collected by Mawer (PNNb XIV). North Riding examples are Allertonshire, Mashamshire; also sometimes Gillingshire, Han!leshire, Halikeld

/-.

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shire, Bulmershire/ all names of wapentakes. From the East Riding only one instance is known, viz. Howdenshire, but the West Riding offers several examples: Borgescire, Cmvescire DB (Aldborough and Craven); Ripsire 1173 YCh 123, Rypshire 1375 Pat (Ripon); Sorobisir' 1196 Cur, Sourebysyr' 1234 Cl et passim (Sowerby); Kyrkebyscire 1254 et passim Fount (Kirkby Malzeard); the only instance that has survived to the present day is Hallam shire (Halumsira 1161 YCh 1268 et passim; cf. p. 2 ib.). Most of these names apparently denote a district dependent on a manor, Borgescire the district dependent on Aldborough, Ripsire that dependent on Ripon and so on, but exceptionally 'shire' is added to the name of a district, as in the case of Craven, or to that of a wapentake meeting-place, as Hangeshire, Halikeldshire. The origin and history of the shire have been investigated by Jolliffe! He finds evidence for the existence of a shire-system in Lanca shire, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Northumberland, Durham, in the western part of the North Riding of Yorkshire, and in the northern part of the West Riding. According to him the shire system represents an old Northumbrian institution, which was partly superseded by the organisation of the Danelaw. TilE WARD.

The four northern counties, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Northum berland and Durham are divided into wards, a division commonly regard ed as equivalent to the hundreds and wapentakes of the rest of England. In the 13th and following centuries the ward had the same fiscal and juris dictional functions as the hundred and the wapcntake, it is true, but there can be little doubt that it is of quite distinct origin. There seems to be a consensus of opinion that the wards are of post-Conquest creation, and a late origin seems also to be suggested by the nature of their names. It has consequently not been found necessary to include the names of the wards in the etymological part, but some notes on this division might be useful, and may suitably be appended here. Cumberland is divided into five wards: Allerdale ward above Der went, Allerdale ward below Derwent, Cumberland ward, Eskdale ward, and Leath ward. They are mentioned as ballivQ' in 1279 (Lith' et· Eske dale; Ball'ia de Cumb' et Aleredale Ass 131 m G, 9d), and are called wards in 1332 (Warde de Lyth' (gen.), Eskedale ... Warde, Allerdale ... Warde SR 90/2 m 6, m 14-17, m 18--20 d). 1 Hichmondshire seems to PNNR 218. 2 EHR 41, 1-42.

have

ranked as a separate county, v.

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Westmoreland is divided into four wards: Lonsdale ward, Kendal ward, East ward, and West ward. The last-mentioned seems to be refer red to as Le Westwarde 1371 Pat, though it is assigned to Cumberland in the index, but otherwise no early references to the Westmoreland wards have been met with. No wards are mentioned on the assize or subsidy rolls; at the assizes the whole county (corpus comitatus) was represented by 12 jurors, and the viii of Appleby by 12 jurors. Northumberland is di""ided into six wards; from the north: Glen dale ward, Bamburgh ward, Coquetdale ward, Morpeth ward, Castle ward, and Tindale ward. Certain liberties were not included in any ward, as Norham and Islandshire, Bedlingtonshire, Bellingham and Redesdale. The latter is sometimes called Redesdale ward (Kelly). Six of the townships of Elsdon par are also known as wards (Elsdon ward, Monkridge ward, Otterburn ward, Rochester ward, Troughend ward, and l,voodside ward), but no early references to these wards have been met with. In the early assize rolls the county is divided into two wardS, or ballivO?; in 1256 (Surt 88) into Balliva ex parte australi de Koket (the river Coquet), or ballh'a inter Tynam et Coket (p. 103); and Balliva de Northekoket or Balliva ex aquilonari parte de Coket (p. 131); on this roll balliva de Tyndal' is also mentioned. In 1279 (ib.) the divisions are called Pars Comitatus ex parte boreali ultra aquam de Coket, and Pars Comitatus citra Coket; the same terminology is found on the 1293 roll (Ass 651); the latter division is here also called Ballia i1lter Tyne et Coket (m 19), or Ballia cytra Coket (m 12). In RH (1275), on the other hand, a divis'on approaching that now in use is met with; Wam'a de Glendale, Warda de llammeburg' (sic), Warda de Kokedal', and Ward a de Tindale are mentio ned, but the modern :r.Iorpeth and Castle wards are still called Tyne et Coket. In the SR of 1297 (SR 158/1), the latter district is divided into two wards corresponding to :r.Iorpeth and Castle wards, but called Ward' inter Wanspick (the Wansbeck) et Coket, and Ward' inter Tynam et Wanspik' respectively; the former name was later shortened to Warda de Inter (Ward' Inter Wanspick et Coket ... Summa totius Warde de Inter SR 158/1 m 30-23, Warda de Inter 1346 FA, Interward 1360 Pat; in 1346 FA the present Castle ward is also included under Inter). No early references have been found to the names of Morpeth and Castle wards (cf. also J. Hodgson, History of Northumberland pt Il, vol. Il 369). They are derived from those of Morpeth and Newcastle (NolJum Castrmn super Tynam) respectively. Durham is divided into four wards: Chester ward, Darlington ward, Easington ward, and Stockton ward, named from Chester le Street, Dar lington, Easington and Stockton respectively. The earliest reference to the Durham wards, and the earliest reference to the organisation as a whole, that has been met with is from 1237 Cl, where they are called ballia de Cestr', ballia de Derlint'. ballirt de Esington', and ballia de Stoketon'. The same arrangement is met with in the assize roll of 1242 (Warda de Esigtone; balliua de Stoketone, Derlingtone). The u'ard Of Cestre is men tioned in 1277 Pat. Cf. also VHDlI III 191 ff., but the view taken there of

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the date of the organisation of 8tockton ward, L e. lhat it dales from the 13th or early 141h century, cannot be upheld. The names of the wards indicate that they were organised OD old divisions detennined by rivers and river valleys, or as districts dependent on some castle or manor. The practice, illustrated by the Dames of the Northumberland wards, of describing a district as lying between two ri"vers was not limited to these names but is of common occurrence in this part of England. Durham is sometimes called. 'between TynE' and Tees'; Northnmberland and Durham aTe called inter l'heyse er 1'1'pde 1226 Pat. Expressions like inter l'ynam et Coket, inter l'uedam. et Coket (e. g. 1212 Fees) are often met with. The only name that might seem to be of the same type as is common in the hundred-names of ~outhefJl England is Leath Cu, from ON hliiJ 'slope', but it seems quite possible that this may be an old name of the district included in this w:nd; similar names of di stricts are found in Yorkshire (ef. below p. 3 ff., a.lso PNNR 42); it is perhaps t.he district-name that is often added to the name of Ainstable in early sources (Amstapelid' 1178 P, Einstapeleth 1210 FF (Y), v. Lindkvist 41).

Types of Hundred-Names. Changes. Scandinavian Names.

English and

Three main types of hundred-names may be distinguished, names denoting a district, a meeting-plac.e, or a manOr. The names of the first of these group8 are of various kinds. Some are old tribal name::, as Happing, Lodding Nf, Ludinga, Blything Sf, probably Dickering YER (w~lpentake), derivatives in OE -ingas; Mersete, probably Rvesset Sa, and perhaps 8tepleset He, compounds in OE sretan; Clenc1.rare and Lymrare Nf in OE ware. A name like Happing belong~ to the earliest strata of English PNs, and here a modern hundred-name corresponds to the name of a community dating from the Anglo-Saxon settlement. Other examples of ing-names are found in the Saxon area and in Kent. Examples of hundred-names in -siPtan have been found only in the western eounties. The names in -ware adduced from Norfolk are doubtful cases, see below p. 63 f. - Late hundred-names denoting areas are generally of small interest. They are common in the north~ in the names of wapentakes, as Pickering Lythe, RyedaJe, LOJlsdale etc. Cases in point are also e. g. Biscopes hd, Sf. Nassaborongb hd Np, East hd Rn, Halfshire hd Wo, WirraJ] hd Ch, etc. Often these late names have replaced earlier names of meeting-places.

1 I

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The second group of hundred-names, those denoting hundred meeting-places, also includes names of different types. Typical examples of such names are e. g. Staine Ca 'the stone(s)', Ham fordshoe Np ~Eanferpls hill', Alnodestre1} Sa '..~Unopls tree'. Names like these) which [Ire mere natnre-names must denote the place where the men of the hundre'd used to gather. Though not all the pla.ces in question can be proved to have been used for this purpose, there is direct evidence of meetings having been held at them in a sufficient number of cases to render this certain. Hundred-names like Spelhoe Np 'the speech-hill', or Hundredesberi Do lthe barrow of the hundred 1 (Fa.gersten) are suggestive. Of a slightly different nature are those cases where a hundred name is' preserved in the name of a settlement. In cases like Cosford Sf, Normancross Hu, Foxley, l\-Iawsley NP1 Pathlow Wa, Seisdon, Totmonslow St, 'Vittery Sa, Elsdon He, and among wapentake-names Aggbrigg, Stain cross Y'VR, and others, which according to maps and gazetteers denote hamlets, farms and the like, there need be no hesitation that the hundred-names originally denoted meeting-places and that such hundreds ,vere named, not from the hamlets, farms etc. themselves, but from the same naturSll features that gave names to these places. Such Rettlement:: arc probably for the most part late - some are aPPilrently quite recent - and may have arisen quite accidentally :\t.a hundred meeting-place. If 'Vittery Sa is to be derived from OE *-u:itena treo meaning 'the tree of the men of the hundred' this is of course ~ clear case. When we pass on to hundred-names that are also names of more important places, villages and the like, there may be room for more hesitation. Though there are a numbu of well-defined cases that must be assigned to the third of the groups mentioned above, including hundred-names derived from the capita of hundreds, it is difficult to draw a hard and fast line between this group and group two. Further it might be argued that even though a hundred doe'S not take its name from a village because it ha.d its ad ministrative centre there, it may do so because the hundred-court was held in its vicinity, and that the name thus does not denote the actual meeting-place. This may, of course, sometimes be the reason/ but I think that it may be assumed even here that in 1

Certain examples of this are found, but lhey are late and sporadic:

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many cases a hundred bearing the same name as a village in the hundred was not necessarily named from this village itself, but that, on the other hand, village and hundred were named from the same natural feature or object, i. e. from the hundred meeting place. There is nothing very remarkable in this, for there are many known instances of towns, villages and the like being named from meeting-places, e. g. Finedon Np, Fingest Bk, Thing hill He (OE ping); Matlask Nf (OE mmpel-f£se); Modbury Dv, Mottram Ch (OE gemot); Spellow La (OE spell); Spetchley Wo (OE spiRe), and others. If OE stow may have the sense of 'meeting place' as suggested below, the hundred-name Stow (Sf, Ca) is a case in point. A clear case is Lackford Sf, the name of a hundred and a village, because here the village is not in the hundred of Lackford, but in the adjacent hundred of Thingoe, and can obviously not have given name to the hundred. Both village and hundred alike must derive their names from the ford at Lackford Bridge, about a mile to the north-west of the village, on the boundary of Lack ford hd, which must have been the hundred meeting-place. I think evidence of this kind entitles' us to judge other similar cases in the same way, such, for instance, as Whittlesford Ca or Stretford He; other possibly analogous cases are Blofield Nf, Claydon Sf, Cheveley, Thriplow Ca, and others. Hundred-names which are not original nature-names are more doubtful. Hundreds like Tunstead, Shropham (if from OE ham) Nf, Willaston Ch, Patton Sa may be named from originally holding their courts at the settle ments so named, or else from meeting somewhere in their neigh bourhood, but there seems to be no means of deciding which alternative is the correct one; on the whole such names seem to be of less interest. To the third of the groups mentioned above :3uch hundred names are assigned as are obviously derived from the names of manors to which the hundreds were appurtenant, and where they had their administrative centres. If direct evidence to this effect Strafforth wap YWR is once referred to as the wap of Mexborough, appa rently because its meeting-place was at a ford in Mexborough. Cleley hd Np is once referred to as Potterspury hd, because meeting near that place. Forehoe hd Nf meeting near Carleton Forehoe is called hd of Fourehowe Carleto71 1363 Pat. Other possible examples are noted llelow under Apple tree Db, Radfield Ca and Willybrook Np. Cf. also below p. XXXVII.

The English Hundred-Names

XXIX

has been met with 1 it has as a rule been noted in each case below. It is hardly possible for lack of evidence to distinguish neatly between groups two and three, but the uncertain cases are fairly few in number." Hundred-names differ from place-names in general in being far more unstable. It is rare for a place to change its name, but hundreds very often do so. Especially in certain of the counties dealt with hardly any of the hundred-names found in Domesday have survived up to the present time. It seems probable that such' changes may have taken place also before Domesday; the hundred-names recorded in OE are few, and there is thus not much to go upon, but there are at least one or two examples of changes in hundred-names taking place already in OE times. A change in name is often connected with a change in area. or with the combination of two or more hundreds. This is chiefly true of the cases in' which old names of meeting-places are replaced by others of the same kind, and as a matter of course more seldom applies to cases where the new name is of a different type from the old one, i. e. where old names of meeting-places are replaced by district-names or by names denoting capita of hundreds. ~ Changes of the latter kind are frequent, and a collective ~lccount of them may not be devoid of interest. Examples of the former category are: Die: Pickering Lythe, Maneshou: Ryedale YNR; (?)Blackwell: High Peak Db; Diean or Opton.qren: Nassa borough Np; Cressela1_', Cl ent, Came and Eseh : Halfshire Wo; Willaston : Wirral Ch; sometimes there is vacillation, but the olel name may hold its own, as Wormelow: Archenfield Hc. - Examples of names denoting meeting-places being replaced by such 1 The whole question of the hundred and the hundredal manor is fully dealt with by Miss Cam (ERR 47,353-376). I owe much to her sug gestive handling of the problem. 2 The names belonging to this group are of little interest for the line of investigation followed in this thesis, and might have been omitted from the etymological part. But for the reason just stated this was hardly practicable, and from a practical point of view also it seemed better to include them, as their omission would have left awkward gaps in the series of hundred-names. They have generally been very summarily dealt with, however; if possible, a reference only has been given, and in the case of late names, Dot recorded as hundred-names in Domesday, no etymology has generally been given. This may have led to some inconsistency, but, it is hoped, none of a serious character.

I xxx

O. 8. Anderson

denoting capita of hundreds are: Bolesford: Bulmel' YNR; Ham menstan: Wirksworth Db; Lith: Thurgarton Nt; (?)Winfarthing: Diss Nf; Alboldestou:Sutton, Foxley:Green's Norton, Grauesende and Alwardeslca: Fawsley Np; 1'remelav, Honesberie, Fexltole and Barcheston: (?)Kington Wa; Hamestan: Macklesfield, Middlewich : Northwich, Warmundcstrov: Nantwich, Dudestan: Broxton Ch; Witetrev: Chirbury Sa. Cases of vacillation are: Blackenhurst: Evesham Wo; North Greenoe: Wighton NI. - The displacement of names denoting meeting-places is thus a common phenomenon; it may almost be said to amount to a general tendency. It does not seem too bold an assumption that some hundreds named from their administrative centres in Domesday may have had earlier names of meeting-places, but nothing definite can be proved. Miss Cam would put the association of hundreds and manors back to very early times, and, if I am not mistaken, is inclined to see in this practice the origin of the hundredal system. ' It seems to me that the evidence of the nomenclature might point in a different direction, but it would lead too far to enter upon this question here. When two or more hundreds are r,ombined there is, quite naturally, bound to be some change in the nomenclature of the hundreds. Often when the constituent hundreds are named from their respective meeting-places, it is only a question of applying the name of the meeting-place of one of the hundreds to the whole of the new one; instances are: Blackbourn, Plomesgate Sf, Huxloe, Orlingbury, Wymers)ey Np, Bucklow Ch, Radlow, Greytree He;2 but occasionally a new name of this type is met with. Examples are Knightlow Wa (Brinklow, Marton and Stoncleigh), Oswalds low Wo (Cuoburgehlawe, Wulfereslaw and Winburgetrowe),' (?)Eddisbury Ch (Roelwl) and Risetone); Bradford Sa (Hodnet and Wrockwardine); Mnnslow Sa (Cvlvestan and Patton), Grims worth He (Stepleset and C1.,tethorn) , Broxash He (Thornlav and 'Op. cit. 370 ff. In some, generally late cases both old names are combined, e. g. lIforIeston and Litchurch Db, Bradley Haverstoe, Boothby Graffoe, Winni briggs and Threo Li, Galowebrothyrcros Nf; Mutford and Lothingland, Bosmere and Claydon Sf. • Oswaldslow hd can hardly be said to be combined from three hundreds, but as the question here is of names only, it is perhaps per missible to express the relation in this way. 2

The English Hundred-Names

XXXI

Plegeliet) Webtree He (constituents uncertain).' As regards Knightlow and Oswaldslow, forming 'ship-sokes', it seems fairly certain that the constituent hundreds besides having courts of their own also had a common court from an early period at the place from which the new name is taken. A somewhat similar explanation might apply to combinations of two hundreds, but on this mOre will be said below. It is rare for one single hundred to exchange the old name of its meeting-place for another of the same type. Examples are Birdforth YNR (uncertain), Claro YWR (the Domesday Gereburg may be the name of an old meeting-place, but the regular older name is Borgescire, the name of the district), Barlichway, Hemling ford Wa, Blackenhurst vVo, Brimstree, Stottesdon, Purslow Sa. Hemlingford is, however, perhaps to be judged differently, as this was a 'ship-soke', and may possibly have consisted of more hund reds than one. Blackenhurst, Brimstree and Stottesdon have under~ gone great changes in area, and hardly correspond to anyone oM hundred. Some cases, e. g. Ford Sa, Repton Db, Skirbeck Li, are uncertain. It is not known whether, in these cases, the new name denotes a meeting-place. - Pimhill Sa is the only case that has been noted of a hundred exchanging the early name of its caput for an apparently later name of a meeting-place. But it seems permissible to assume that the hundred-name of Pimhill may have been in existence at the time of Domesday, though perhaps tem porarily replaced by that of Baschurch, the caput of the hundred. - Cases like Witchley: East and Wrangdike Ru, where an old hundred has been split up into two new ones will be dealt with below. A considerable number of the names of the hundreds and wapentakes of the Danelaw are of Scandinavian ori~in. They are, as might be expected, most numerous in counties like Lincoln or York; in Lincolnshire the Scandinavian hundred-names, if not in the majority, are at least as common as the English ones; but they also occur in considerable numbers in the southern Danelaw, most frequently in Norfolk, but instances are also met with in Suffolk, Huntingdonshire and Northamptonshire. The distribution of the Scandinavian hundred-names has important historical 1 The East Riding cases offer problems of their own, and have not been included here.

I XXXII

O. S. Anderson

bearings, and some notes on it might be given here. The ground has been covered previously by Professor Ekwall;l for particulars reference may also be made to the etymological part. Scandi navian hundred-names may be taken to be a clear indication of Scandinavian ascendency,2 and it has been assumed that such names may have replaced earlier English ones;' but it is certainly possible to place a quite different .interpretation on the evidence. No detailed treatment of the historical aspects of the question is aimed at, but it may be worth noting that there are a few cases of hundreds bearing Scandinavian names, where the place-nomen clature as a whole points to a strong Scandinavian element among the population. One is Walec1'Os (Repton) Db (cf. below p. 36), another is Flegg Nf, the most thoroughly Scandinavianised part of the county with many names in -by! It might also be noted that in Norfolk there is a group of hundreds with Scandinavian names (Grimshoe, Guiltcross, Wayland, S. Greenhoe) in the neighbourhood of Thetford, which may be assumed to have been a centre of Scandinavian colonisation." 'fhingoe Sf (with Risby), though a less marked case, also points to the existence of a Scandinavian colony." In Huntingdonshire two out of four hund reds have Scandinavian names. These cases, on the other hand, might point to a different issue, for here place-nomenclature generally does not indicate any considerable Scandinavian im migration. The two hundred-names are actually the only instances of Scandinavian PNs that have been noted in these hundreds! But very likely the Scandinavian element was stronger than indi cated by the place-names. IPN 87 f.

Op. cit.

3 Cf. PNBeds 180. • In Lincolnshire, for instance, there is of course evidence of a strong Scandinavian element in many hundreds bearing Scandinavian names. but this is not particularly striking, as the Scandinavian element is strong in the county as a whole. It is possible, however, that a detailed study of the PNs might elicit cases similar to those mentioned above. It is perhaps worthy of note that in Holland where Scandinavian PNs generally are not very numerous (Ekwall op. cit. 83) all three old hundred-names seem to be English. " Ekwall, op. cit. 82.

" Op. cit. 83.

7 PNBeds XIX f.

The English Hundred·Names

Ill.

XXXIII

Names of Meeting-Places.

As. regards the names belonging to the first and to the third of the groups dealt with in the preceding chapter the notes that have already been given may suffice, but the second group of names, those denoting places where hundred-moots were held, invites a more detailed examination. The subject may be ap proached from different angles - an investigation of the meeting-, places from the point of view of arch:£ology or folk-lore, for in stance, is sure to yield interesting results - but here a grouping of the names on philological lines is chiefly aimed at. English and Scandinavian names may be dealt with separately, for though of the same general type, and though to some extent revealing similar fashions in the choice of places of assembly, yet from' a linguistic point of view they had better be' kept apart. Within each of these groups different kinds of names may be distinguished. Certain names denote the place itself, in or by which the gatherings took place, but in other cases a reference to some object, a tree, a stone, or the like, was thought sufficient to mark the meeting-place of a hundred. In few cases only is there direct reference to the activities carried on there (Spelhoe ~p, Nf, perhaps Wittery Sa; cf. also Carlford Sf. Thingoe Sf is an example of a Scandinavian hundred-name of a similar kind). A large group of hundred-names refers to hills or mounds. Some of these at least are very conspicuous hills, which afford a commanding view of the country-side fOT miles around. It seems likeJy that such sites were chosen as being' remote, and where interference was most easily avoided.

OE hyll itself is not very common in the district now dealt with. Examples

are: Hill Li; IIarthill YER, Coleshill Wa, Pirehill St· (very likely 'look-out

hill'), and Pimhill Sa. Other elements are:

OE hOh: ?Claro YWR; ?Sparkenhoe Le; ?Graffoe, Elloe Li; ?GalIow Nf,

Staploe Ca; Spelhoe, Hamfordshoe Np.

OE cUt: Staincliff YWR, Rushcliffe Nt.

OE dun: (?)Repton Db; Loveden Li; Smithdon Nf; Claydon Sf; Seisdon St:

Tunendune, Risedon Ch; Stottesdon Sa; Elsdon He.

The first elements of Loveden, Tunendune and Elsdon are pns. In the case of Loveden it seems very likely that the hill was named from one of the men buried in a tumulus on its top, and 3·

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

a similar explanation might apply to the two other names. :Many hundred-names in OE ltliiw and beorg that have pns for their first elements no doubt also refer to meeting-places ;.t burial-mounds. This seems certain in the case of Offlow St, and very likely as regards Thriplow Ca. Local investigation might decide the sense of these elements in a greater number of the names, but in a consi derable number of the cases the sites are unknown. Strictly, such of these names as denote mounds should not be grouped with those denoting hills; for reasons of convenience both groups are dealt with here, though I do not regard this arrangement as final. Examples are:

able that many hundred meeting-plaees are on Roman roads, or on other old important ones. This emphasises the large part these old roads must have played in communieation from early times onwards. The names themselves seldom refer to roads - the only instances that belong here are Barlichway Wa, Wolmersty Li and Ainsty YVVR, if English - but there is a large group of namefl in OE ford (wa;d) , which may be referred to this group. Water ways were an important and easy means of eommunication, espeeially at an early periou, and a ford that might beapproaeheu both by road and by river would therefore be a partieularly eli gible spot for gatherings. In several cases the fords that are known to have been hundred meeting-places earried a Roman road, and -in two instanees there is speeial reference to this (Strafforth YWR, Stretford He).

XXXIV

OE Mow: Beltisloe Li; Thriplow Ca; Huxloe Np; Cui}burgehlal1'e, Wulteres law, Oswaldslow Wo; Offlow, Totmonslow St; Purslow, ?Munslow Sa have pns as first elements. Some of these doubtless denote mounds, but e. g. Oswaldslow Wo seems to denote a hill. Tremelav Wa, if correctly explai ned below no doubt denotes mounds; other cases of which this may be true are Bassetlaw Nt and Pathlow Wa, though at least the latter may also be the name of a hill. Names that are more likely to denote hills are Knightlow, Brinklow Wa, Cresselav Wo, Bucklow, Roelav Ch, Thornlav, Radlow, Wormelow He. Some of these are known to do so. (De)rinlav Sa is doubtful.

OE beorg: ?Langbargh YNR, Babergh Sf, Honesberie Wa, Fissesberge Wo.

The first of these denotes a hill; the second may denote either a hill or

a mound. The sites of the twa last-mentioned are lost.

There is a group of hundred-names in OE stow, whose meaning is not quite certain, but which may perhaps be mentioned in this connection. When occurring alone as a hundred-name it seems possible that the sense of the word may be 'meeting-place' (cf. above), but occasionally it is compounded with a pn as a first el. Examples are Broxtowe Nt, Alboldestov Np, and Alstoe Ru. A case like Alstoe which is now the name of a tumulus may suggest that such names denote burial-places, and if this is correct these three names may be grouped with those of the names jUf't menticmed which denote burial-mounds. A good meeting-place should be easily accessible from different quarters. As a rule one finds hundred meeting-places situated on roads or tracks, often at a point where two or more roads or tracks join or cross. This is so common that 1t seems likely that cross-roads may have been regarded as especially advantageous for other reasons than convenience also. It is particularly notice-

xxxv

Other instances are: (?)Birdforth, Bultord YNR; Eynsford, Mitfard, also Depwade Nf; Carlford, Cosford, Lackford, (?)Mutford, Samford, Wangford, Wilford Sf; Armingford, Chilford, Whittlesford, Witchford Ca; Navisford Np; Hemlingford Wa; Bradford Sa. OE brycg may also be said to belong here; examples are: ?Winnibriggs Li, ?Freebridge Nf, Risbridge Sf; though such names would seem to be of a more modern character than those in ford. Hut Risbridge, far instance, must have denoted a very primitive sort of a bridge.

There is a well-marked group of hundred-names denoting meeting-plaees in clearings or woous. Here belong names in OE leak; examples are: Bradley Li; (Fuwelege Nf); Cheveley, Wether ley Ca; Alwardeslea, Cleley, Foxley, Mawsley, Wymersley Np; Witchley, Martinsley Uu. Some of these doubtless denote clearings, such as Bradley, Wetherley, Cleley; perhaps Foxley; but those whieh have pns for their fin,t elements may theoretically at least denote woods, in whieh the hundred-courts were held. Such hundred-names might be compared with the common Scandinavian names in lundr. But as these hundred-names - with the exception of Bradley and Fuwelege - have a markedly loea,] distribution, one should perha,ps rather aSflign the same meaning to the whole group. Names certainly denoting woods are few in number in the counties now dealt with. The only examples are Holt Nf and Nobottle Grove Np; Orlingbury Np may be another. Blackenhurst anu Dryhurst Wo may also belong here; d. also Grauesende Np. - Names of the same nature as those in lCah are Blofield Nf, and Radfield Ca in OE feld.

, O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

Hundred-names denoting earth-works are Guilsborough Np, perhaps Eddisbury Ch, and probably Stotfold Np. Launditch Nf and FIendish Ca denote meeting-places on dykes. - A number of other names belonging to the type dealt with in the preceding paragraphs, but not included here, will be found in the material. No completeness has been aimed at, and many of the remaining names cannot now be assigned to definite groups. In these as in the following paragraphs only a selection is given in order to illustrate the grouping of the names. As a large part of the material remains to be published, the inclusion here of every name dealt with, in the etymological part seemed to no purpose. A complete survey of the names on lines similar to those indicated in this chapter will be a feature of the completed volume. In the hundred-names dealt with above there is a general reference to the site where the meetings took place, but fre quently hundred-names refer to some particular spot or object, which may be assumed to have been the centre of the gather ings of the hundred-court. These sites generally share the cha racteristics of those referred to above; they are often on hills or roads, or they may have been in clearings; but the difference is that here those general features were not uppermost in the minds of the name-givers. Occasionally hundred meeting-places may have been marked by a post or the like for recognition - a possible instance is Staploe Ca - , and we know that at a later period they were often provided with some erection for the convenience of those attending the court, but the cases here alluded to are those where a hundred was named from some object which for some particular tradition or convention had been chosen as the centre of its gatherings. The most common names of this type are those in OE stiin and treo with names of different kinds of trees; reference may also be made, however, to what ,was said above as regards OE hliiw and beorg.

Names like these probably refer to some single, prominent tree.' .Most of the names in treo have pns as first elements; the fact that such trees were often named from persons perhaps indicates that they were boundary-marks of the estate of the man or woman from whom they arc named, for hundred meeting-places are often on boundaries. Or they may sometimes mark a burial-place; in two Sussex charters 2 the same place is referred to as Tatmmmes apolder and his beorgels.

XXXVI

OE treo: ?Yarlestre YNR; Thedwestry Sf; Doddingtree, Winburgetrowe Wo; Warmundestrov Ch; Alnodestrev, Brimstree, Condetret, Wittery Sa; Greytree, Webtree, Wimundestrev He. Names of different kinds of trees: Compounds in OE treo: Appletree Db; Hesetre He. OE fic: Skyrack YWR. OE IESC: Esch Wo; ?Chikenesse Wa; Bromsash, Broxash He; possibly Louthesk Li; Barkston Ash YWR may also be mentioned. OE porn: Cvtethorn He; cf. also Thornlwv ib.

XXXVII

OE stun occurs in: Staine Ca; Hammenstan Db; Guthlaxton Le; CuttJeston St; Dvdestan, Exestan, Hamestan Ch; Cvlvestan Sa; Hurstingstone Hu; Morleston Db; Leightonstone Hu; Coltrewestan Np.

i ~

I i ~

i ~ }

':1

In onc case only have we the word stan itself without qualifica tion, but similar hundred-names arc met with elsewhere. In the majority of cases there is a pn as qualifying element. It seems a reasonable assumption that these were stones erected in memory of some important person, a chieftain or the like, round which the men of the hundred used to gather. One might compare the com mon Scandinavian hundred-names in -cross. In onc instance (IIurstingstone) the first cl. is a tribal name, and in the three in stances mentioned at the end the stone is distinguished by refe rence to a neighbouring place. This type of hundred-name is not limited to those in stan, however. The instances that have been met with are the following: Morleston Db, Leightonstone Hu, Optongren, Nobottle Grove, Coltrewestan Np; Bingham wap Nt is similarly called Bingameshov in DB, but in later sources the name is invariably Bingham only. Similar vacillation is met with in the case of Optongren, Nobottle Grove and Coltrewestan. A case in point is perhaps also Bassetlaw Nt. Here may also be mentioned cases like Louthesk Li, Wormelow He, which have a river name for their first cl. The meaning of such names is no doubt generally 'the stone etc. near' such and <'Ueh a place, but names like Optongren and NDbottle Grove may mean 'Up ton Com 1 It has been suggested that OE treo may mean 'cross' in PNs (PNBeds XXXVIII), on the strength of the W form eroes Oswald (e. g. 1254 Norwich) of Oswestry (Oswaldestreo). But it seems hardly possible to draw any general conclusions from this isolated case. It might also be noted for what it is worth that in Giraldus Cambrensis Oswaldestroe is glossed by Oswaldi arborem. 2 BCS 834, 1125.

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

mon' and 'the wood common to the men of Nobottle', for a notable feature of hundred meeting-places is that they are often on commons or heaths; cf. also .Manhood hd Sx, and Mallgrave PNNp 9. It will have been noticed from the foregoing exposition that there is a marked distribution of different hundred-name elements to different parts of the district included. Hundred-names in ford are, as already noted by Professor Mawer,' very common in East Anglia (with Cambridgeshire), but they are rare in the rest of the area included. Names denoting trees, on the other hand, are a1most exclusively limited to the western counties. Names in huh have not been met with west of Northants, but in the western counties names in hliiw are much more common than in the eastern ones. Hundred-names in leak are (apart from Bradley Li and the doubtful Fuwelege Nf) limited to Cambridgeshire, Northampton shire and RutJand where they are common. It would be of some interest to see how far this distribution is continued in the Sa.xon area, but no complete survey can be undertaken here. There are a fair number of -fords in Essex, and four tree-names in Gloucestershire; the area where hundred-names in leak are com mon apparently extends into Buckinghamshire. The distribution of the different types of hundred-names is no doubt, to some extent at least, to be connected with the distribution of place-name elements generally; place-names in -tree for instance aTe probably more common in the western counties than elsewhere, but it is hardly possible to work this out in detail at present. It is also partly due to the nature of the country-side. Names in leak, for instance, can only be common in a well-wooded district.

Also here there are traces of a local distribution of the elements. The names in lundr belong to the southern part of the Dallelaw, but those in kross are more common in the north and north-west. Haugr is the distinctive element of the Lincolnshire, and to some extent the Norfolk, hundred-names of Scandinavian origin. It has been suggested that names in lundr may have been used to denote sacred groves, but this seems doubtful on account of their common occurrence. ' These names generally have a pn as first el., and the only one of them (Wayland Nf) which has been assumed to embody heathen religious associations,' must be regarded as unsolved. The names in kross also, with one exception (Staincross), have pns as first elements. No doubt at least some of these denote memorial crosses of the kind well-known from Scandinavian England. An interesting feature of the Scandinavian hundred-names, and especially those in haugr, is the frequency with which a hundred-name may be associated with the name of a place in the same hundred (wapentake), apparently derived from that of the same person. This was noted by Bugge,' who suggests that it may be due to the men of the wapentake meeting near the place where the chieftain who was the most important man in the wapen take may have lived, at a mound dedicated to him, or at some other place associated with his name. This view is adopted by Professor Ekwall,' who gives a list of the cases in question. They are: from YER: Buckrose: Bugthorpe (almost certainly); from Li: Aswardhurn: Aswarby; Aveland: Avethorpe; Calceworth: Calceby; Candleshoe: Candlesby; Haverstoe: Hawerby; Walshcroft: Wales by; Wraggoe: Wragby. Two other similar instances, though not hundred-names, are known from Li. 5 The only one of these cases in which the wapentake meeting-place is known is Aveland, but this case corroborates the view just mentioned, for Avethorpe (now lost) and Aveland must have been close together.

XXXVIII

I t

Of Scandinavian hundred-names those in lundr, haugr and kross are the most common types. ON lundr: Framland Le; Aveland Li; Wayland Nf; Toseland Hu: Neves lund Np. ON haugr: Maneshou YNR; ?Huntow, Toreshov YER; Aslacoe, Candleshoe, ?Graffoe, Haverstoe, Langoe, Threo, Wraggoe Li; '?Gallow, N. and S. Greenoe, Grimshoe, Forehoe Nf; Thingoe Sf. ON kross: Buckrose, Snecvlvcros YER; Ewcross, Osgoldcross, Staincross YWR; Walecros Db: Walshcroft Li; Brothercross, Guiltcross Nf; Norman cross Hu. 1

Cf. PNBeds 220; PNNp XXVI, 267.

Bugge, Vikingerne II 289.

B Op. cit. II 318, 327 f.

• IPN 87 f. • Cf. op. cit. 88, and reference. 1

Place-Names and History 25.

XXXIX

The English Hundred-Names

O. S. Anderson

IV.

Hundredal Topography.

The hundreds' often vary greatly in size from county to county, and even within one and the same county. The great differences in extent between the hundreds of Kent or Sussex on the one hand, and those of some of the midland counties on the other are well known, and have been considered to form a serious obstacle to any general theory of the oJ;igin of the hundred.' We are not now concerned with these questions, but even within the district dealt with there are some remarkable cases of variation in extent. A general notion of the extent of the hundreds of the midlands may be gathered from the statistics given in the ety mological part, but some more exact figures may be useful. A hundred like Holt Nf, which may be regarded as fairly represen tative of East Anglia, contains 26 pars and about 65 square miles. A normal Northamptonshire hundred like (old) Orlingbury contains 9 pafrs and about 25 square miles. The Cambridgeshire hundreds are of the same order of extent as the Northamptonshire ones, but several of them are smaller. In the counties farther west the hundreds are sometimes about the same extent as those of Northamptonshire, but there are considerable variations in area, and many are much larger. This is especially the case as regards Staffordshire and to some extent Cheshire. In the whole of Staffordshire there are only five hundreds. Questions concerning the extent of hundreds are bound up with matters relating to hidation and assessment, of which no detailed treatment can be expected here. One point may be noticed. Professor Tait points out 3 that the proportion between taxation and area (and conse quently tha extent of the hundreds) may be influenced by 'the varying land-content of the family holding in different parts of the country, according to the density of the population and the intensity of cultivation'. In the course of the following investiga 1 The wapentakes need not be considered in this connection. A hundred consists theoretically of a hundred hides, but there is no given number of carucates in each wapentake; variations in the extent of the wapentakes are therefore less remarkable. As a rule the wapentakes are larger than the hundreds of the midlands. 2 Cf. H. M. Cam, EHR 47,373. 3 VHSa 1280.

XLI

tion I have tried to point out cases where it may be assumed, either that the nature of the country-side favoured the existence of a large land-content of the hide, or else that the geldable area was once smaller than now owing to the exi:stence of old forests and the like. As regards the wapentakes' also considerations of these kinds are no doubt to be taken into account. The most normal type of hundred is that consisting of a more or less circular area surrounding a central meeting-place, but there are frequent variations from the type. In many cases the hundred meet.ing-place is not central; sometimes it is even on or near the hundred boundary. Some of the Suffolk hundreds (Wangford, Wilford, Lackford; no doubt also Armingford Ca, perhaps Mitford Nf, and others) are examples of the latter type. Occasionally the obvious explanation of such cases is that the part of the hundred in which the meeting-place is, was in early days its most important part, or else that the area of the hundred may have been added to later owing to the early existence of forests, marsh-land, or other uninhabited regions. Examples will be pointed out below. A case like Seisdon hd St, which has been considerably diminished in modern times through part of its area being added to Shropshire, need of course not be specially mentioned. Hundreds of this type are often hemmed in by natural boundaries, rivers, forests, mountains and the like, which might point to their representing old communities and centres of cultiva tion. This is sometimes clear even to-day, as in the case of Happing and Flegg Nf,' Colneis Sf, Nassaborough Np and others, but often the character of the country-side has changed, and it is possible to show the existence of old boundaries only by reference to medieval conditions (cf. below passim). An investigation of the place-names of a district may also reveal the existence of old forest-areas and the like, forming old divisions between hundreds. If a county contains a considerable river, the hundreds are as a rule grouped on either side of it; examples will be found below under Db, Nt, Nf, Np, Wa, Sa, He; but sometimes, especially in districts of a hilly or broken character, the hundreds may be centred in the river-valleys, as Pirehill St, and partly in Db and Y. - Roman roads are often chosen for boundaries between hundreds, as between parishes. J

Cf. also VHNf II 4 f.

I O. S. Ander80n

The English Hundred·Names

In many cases the shape of hundreds is irregular and stragg ling. Many hundreds include outlying portions isolated from their main areas. Examples will be found in the material. Some of these cases may be explained from various historical or tenurial causes. Oswaldslow hd Wo, which includes a great number of isolated portions scattered all over Worcestershire, and till recently also some isolated areas in Gloucestershire and Warwickshire, was apparently made up from the estates belonging to the bishop and monks of Worcester. 1 A similar explanation applies tq Pershore hd Wo. Dugdale 2 makes it probable that an isolated area be longing to Kington hd Wa may be due to similar causes. Eyton gives an explanation on identical lines for some isolated portions belonging to Baschurch hd Sa in 1086; here the case is doubtful,3 but Beckbury Sa, which though locally in Alnodestrev hd is referred to Patton hd in Domesday, may have been included in the latter hundred because belonging to Wenlock Abbey! Profes sor Tait is inclined to assign a similar reason to a case of isolated areas in Cheshire.' The curious arrangement of the hundreds of east Leicestershire may perhaps to some extent be due to the existence there of the soke of Rothley, just as a detached portion of Goscote hd, locally in Framland hd, may be so ex plained. 6 On the whole I believe that in the majority of cases of this kind it would be possible to find some similar explanation. Sometimes nO doubt other reasons may be found. An example of this is the arrangement of the DB hds of Gallow and Brothercross Nf, which has been explained from reasons of local economy.' There is a tendency for the older, regular type of hundreds to disappear through changes and combinations of two or more hundreds into larger units. In certain counties in particular, e. g. those of the west midlands, this is a prominent feature of the hundredal organisation. In some of these counties hardly a trace is left of the old hundredal division as seen in Domesday. In

comparison with these counties the hundredal systems of East Anglia, Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, for instance, are remarkably stable. Also in some connties farther west, notably Staffordshire, the old hundredal division is kept unchanged from Domesday till modern times. This on the whole also applies to the counties divided into wapentakes. The tendency is for two, three or more hundreds to be combined int.o larger units. Only two cases of the reverse process, the division of an older hundred into two new ones, have been noted,' viz. vVitchley Ru and Guth laxton Le. The cases in which three or more hundreds have been combined are fairly few in number (Knightlow, Kington Wa, Half shire Wo; ~or Oswaldslow Wo see above). In by far the larger number of cases two old hundreds are combined to form one new hundred. The following cases have been noted: Smithdon Nf, Blackbourn, Plomesgate Sf; Huxloe, Corby, Rothwell, Orlingbury, Wymersley, Sutton, Fawsley Np: Bucklow, Eddisbury Ch; Brad ford, 'Munslow Sa; vVigmore, Grimsworth, Broxash, Radlow, Greytree, (?)Webtree He! One might ask why the combination of two hundreds is so particularly frequent. In some cases (Corby, Sutton, Fawsley Np) the rea;;:on is obviously that two hundreds were appurtenant to the same manor, and were organised into

XUI

I I

• • • • • 7

Cf. VHWo I 238. Antiquities of Warwickshire (1730), e. g. sub Packwood. VHSa I 283. Op. cit. 285 note. The Domesday Survey of Cheshire (Chetham Soeiety N.S. 75) 14. Stenton, Types of :Manorial Structure in the Northern Danelaw 46. Below p. 66.

XLIII

1 It often occurs in the 14th century and later that large hundreds or wapentakes are divided into two parts called 'East' and 'West' or the like (e. g. Gilling and Hang YNR, Goscote Le): sllch cases are not con sidered here. There are also some earlier instances of a similar kind, as N. and S. Erpingham, E. and W. Flegg Nf, N. and S. Naveslund Np, the first two mentioned as early as Domesday. Though there is no record of the existence of one single hundred corresponding to these, it seems very likely that E. and W. Flegg, for instance, once formed one hundred which was divided owing to the difficulty of communication between its E. and W. parts. It seems more doubtful if N. and S. Erpingham could have for med one hundred for it would have been far larger than any in its neigh bourhood. The Northamptonshire case is also difficult to judge of; here it seems at least theoretically possible that two earlier hundreds, while retaining their independent organisations, assumed a new name from a common meeting-place (cf. below). Witchley hd Ru is similarly called Hwicceslea east and u'est in the Geld Roll (v. below p. 129). 2 The later cases mentioned above (p. XXX note) in which both old hundreds are mentioned together in records throughout the 13th and fol lowing centuries, and where both old names are still preserved have not been included here; cf. on these, H.:M. Cam in Historical Essays in Honour of James Tait (1933), p. 14.

, XLIV

O. S. Anderson

one hundred named from the manor itself on that account. On the whole, such cases are strictly nothing but late cases of 'double' hundreds though rarely expressly so termed (Blackbourn, Sutton and Fawsley are sometimes actually described as 'double hund reds', Plomesgate as a 'hundred and a half'),' and the same prin ciple that caused the formation of such hundreds might be assumed to have been at work here. It might be suggested as a possibility that such hundreds had some business in common, which may have led to their becoming united into one! The cases where such combined hundreds assume a new name of the 'meeting place' type suggest that at least some of them may have had a common court. This would have a parallel in e. g. the 'ship-sokes' of Knightlow or Oswaldslow, the constituents of which, besides having separate courts, also seem to have had a common court from an early period (above p. XXXI). Eyton was of opinion that the rearrangement of the Shrop shire hundreds which took place after Domesday was carried through at one time, and that it was the work of Henry 1.' The rearrangement of the Shropshire hundreds must, however, be taken with the rearrangement of the hundreds of those other counties that have just been mentioned, which took place in the course of the 12th and 13th centuries. On the whole it seems more likely that this was a gradual process which need not presuppose royal initiative. In several of the cases referred to by Eyton there is only a change in name, but otherwise no rearrangement of the area of the hundred; and it does not seem very likely that this should have been done on royal orders. Various reasons may be found for the rearrangement. of the Shropshire hundreds - as for that of the hundreds of other counties; the disappearance for a time of Oswestry hd in west Shropshire may be due to the fact that this part of the county became marcher land, and was not reunited to Shropshire till the 16th century. The creation of the; liberty of Wenlock in the 12th century,' for instance, may account for the disappearance of the Domesday hd of Patton. :Most of the , In so far as such hundreds are merely cases of single hundreds rated at 200 hides the comparison is not. to t.he point. • Cl. H. M. Cam, op. cit. p. 15 I. • Antiquities of Shropshire I 23, IV 242, et passim. • Op. cit. III 222.

The English

Hundred-~ames

XLV

Shropshire hundreds are not mentioned in records between Domes day and the assize roll of 1203, and the older hundreds or hund red-names may well have disappeared at different times within this period. In other counties, Northamptonshire, Warwickshire, \Vorcestershire and, to some extent, Herefordshire there is more direct evidence for the gradual fusion of the older hundreds! Note on the 'Danelaw Huudreds' (cf. above p. XXI). - In Lincoln shire, Rutland, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Leicestershire the term hundred was formerly applied to a subdivision of the wapentake. The nature of this division is best known as regards Lincolnshire, which is proved by Domesday, the LiS,' and other documents 3 to have been wholly divided into such hundreds. The Lincolnshire evidence is dealt with in detail by Professor Stenton.< According to the LiS each hundred consisted of 12 canlCates. Domesday also gives evidence of the existence of half, double and quadruple hundreds of this kind. Originally the hundreds seem to have been "imply subpartitions, probably for fiscal purposes,' of the number of carucates imposed upon each wapentake, for there were wapen takes that were divided into three hundreds and a half and three bovates (Bradley), or into six hundreds and six carucates (Horn castle) ; but at a later period at least they seem, partly at any rate, to have been real ter ritorial units capable of acting as a corporate body;" and land could 'In some cases the boundaries of hundreds have been rearranged, apparently quite arbitrarily, at a recent peri"Od (cl. below under Morley YWR and Appletree Db). This may be explained from what is said in the introduction to the Census Report of 1851 (Parl. Papers; I, ":01. i, p. LXV) as regards the organisation of Sessional divisions: 'The divisions existing in all counties of England and Wales for the· purposes of special and petty sessions are in general based on the hundreds and other ancient county subdivisions. By the authority of various Acts of Parliament (references) the justices at Quarter Sessions may alter and re-arrange these sessional divisions. . .. In the exercise of these powers justices have occasionally transferred parishes and places from one division to another ... and annexed such parishes to others in a particular hundred of the division to which they have been assigned. By this transference, the parishes thus dealt with for a special purpose have come to be considered, for all purposes Whatever, parts of the hundreds to which they have been added, and have thenceforward been deemed as much part of the hundred as any parishes which may have been named as belonging to the hundred in the Domesday Survey'. • For a list of the hundreds mentioned in these records v. LiDB 312. 3 Professor F. M. Stenton has most kindly informed me of the exi stence of a fragment of a 12th century survey of the same nature as the Lindsey Survey, but relating to Kesteven and Holland also. • LiDB XIV f.; DC LXIII-LXX. • Stenton, Types of Manorial Structure in the Northern Danelaw 89. • Op. cit. 89 note; DC LXV. - There is evidence of this also as re gards Leicestershire; v. Round, Feudal England 200.

I I I I

I I I I I I

I O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred·Names

be described as lying in a certain one of these hundreds.' There is evi dence for the survival of the system in Lincolnshire into the 13th century, and mention is made of these hundreds even in the 14th century! A trace of this ancient division is also preserved in the name of the Eight Hundred Fen on the boundary of Kesteven and Holland 3 (Hautehunderfen 1279 Pat, Hathhunderffen 1283 Abbr, le Egthundirdfen 1348 Mise, La Eghthunderfen 1352 Pat). On the whole the Holland hundreds seem to have been especially long-lived. - The names of these hundreds are of no particular interest in this connection; they were invariably taken from (one of) the vill(s) of which the hundred was composed. The only oue of them that is of a somewhat remarkable character is Algarhnndred, in which is the village of Algarkirk; the relation between these two uames is obscure.' The reason why these divisions were called hundreds is uncertain. Dr Round, starting from the formula found in the Lincolnshire, Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire part of Domesday relating to breaches of the peace, suggests that these hundreds were so called because each of them may have contributed eight pounds to the geld, which, if the ora was 16 pence, would be equivalent to 120 - a 'long hundred' - ores." This view seems now to be abandoned, for no mention is made of it in the more recent works quoted above. But the explanation that has repla ced it,· viz. that these divisions were called hundreds on the analogy of the hundreds of southern England, does not seem to me very eonvincing. The Rutlandshire hundreds, which were apparently hundreds of 12 carucates,7 fall into line with the Lincolnshire ones, but here they do not seem to have had special names. The evidence as regards Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire is scanty. In Nottinghamshire three hundreds are men tioned,S and in Derbyshire only one," but there is nothing against the view that these were 12 carncate hundreds of the same kind as the Lincolnshire ones, though only fragments of the system have survived.'·

The Leicestershire hundreds offer problems of their own.' They can hardly have been real territorial hundreds of the common kind, for as stated in VHLe 2 they are 'intermixed with each other to such an extent that it is impossible to represent their complicated boundaries on any intelligible map'. Nothing definite seems to be known about the prin ciple on which the Leicestershire hundreds were arranged, but anyhow it is clear that they cannot be 12 carucate hundreds like those of Lincoln shire. On the contrary, the assessment of the different hundredS shows considerable variation, and most of the hundreds are rated at uneven and occasionally fractional figures. A certain regularity may be traced; the assessment of Framland wap may be split up in groups each containing an even multiple of 18 carucates; this seems also to some extent to be true of the other two wapentakes included in the LeS, but here the survey is not complete; this might suggest a duodecimal grouping of the hundre dal totals." But on the whole these hundreds are still a riddle.

XLVI

LiDB LXII f.; DC LXIII. There are several 12th and 13th century references to the Li hund reds: Algarhundredum is mentioned in 1200 Cur, and often; Richehundre dum ib. and 1202 Ass (Rike-); Hund' de BeaU' (Belton, Axholme) 1200 SR 242/113; cf. further DC, Introduction, LXIV-LXX; and LiDB I. c. • Kindly pointed out by Professor Stenton. • Cl. LindkYist 226.

" Feudal England 73; cf. also VHDb I 320, VHNt I 242.

• LiDB XV. 7 In Alfnodestov Wapent' sunt II Hundrez. In unoquoque XII carn catre ad geldum . _. In Martinesleie Wap' est I hundret in quo XII carucatre terre ad geldum DB l. 293 b. 8 Blidworth (Blidevorde hd' DB), Plumtree (Pluntre hund' ib.), and Southwell. • Sawley (Morelestan Wapentac. - Salle lld' ib.). 1. In VHNt I 218 the hundred of Southwell is equated with the soke of Southwell on the strength of a passage in Domesday: In Farnesfelt I

XLVII

habet ... II bovatm ... Una est in Soca de Sudwelle et alia regis, sed tamen ad hundredum de Sudwelle pertinet. - But the conelusion does not seem to be absolutely neeessary. 'DC LXIII note 4. - The only evidenee of the existence of these hundreds is the so-called Leicestershire Survey (1124-9) printed by Round, Feudal England 197-203; also VHLe I 339-54. 2 VHLe I 341. " Op. cit. I 342.

(

MATERIAL. Durham. Sadberge wap was formerly the name of part of Stock ton ward. It included two blocks of parishes, one in the NE. part, the other in the SW. part of the present ward. The former consisted of the pars of Hart, Hart lepool, Stranton, Elwick Hall and Greatham (except the township of Claxton); the latter of the pars of Stainton, Elton, Long Newton, Egglescliffe, Midd leton St George, Low Dinsdale and Hurworth, and the townships of Coatham Mundeville and Sadberge (in Haughton le Skerne par); the pars of Conis cliffe and Gainford in Darlington ward also used to belong to the wapentake (v. VrrDu III 191 f.). - The wapentake is first mentioned as Sadberga wapentacum in 1185 P; at that time it was included in the county of Northumberland and belonged to the Crown (cf. also Fees 203; Ass (Nb) 354). In 1189 the manor and the wapentake of Sadberge (manerium .,. de Seber.qe cum wapentaeo ad idem manerium pertinente) was granted to the bishopric of Durham (Ch III 393; also 1200 Ch). The reason why this part of the county was made into a wapentake, a division not otherwise known to have existed in Durham, is probably that it was not originally included in the Palatinate of Durham, and thus in need of a separate organi sation; it retained a certain degree of independence even after its inclusion in the Palatinate; it is often spoken of as a separate county, 'the county Qf Sadberge'; the official title of the county of Durham was 'the county of Durham and Sadberge' down to 1836 (v. VrrDu III 192 f.). - The name of the wapentake was derived from that of the manor of Sadberge, no doubt because it was appurtenant to that manor.

Yorkshire. The North Riding. The wapentake system found in the North Riding of Yorkshire is, as regards its eastern part, mainly identical with the system found at the time of the Domesday Survey, but several of the modern wapentakes have different names from their Domesday counterparts. Thus the Domesday waps of Bolesford, Die, Gerlestre and Maneshou correspond to the modern waps of BUlmer, Pickering Lythe, Birdforth and Ryedale. Part of the Domesday wap of Langeberg (Langbargh) went to form the post-Domesday liberty of Whitby Strand. In this part of the Riding the wapentakes are

I O. S. Andel"son

The Engli&h Hundred·Names

chiefly located in the plains and the river-valleys. Bulmer, Birdforth and Allerton waps occupy the Vale of York. Ryedale is in the valleys of the Rye and the Derwent. Piekering Lythe wap chiefly consisted of the district N. of the Derwent in Piekering Vale. Langbargh wap is on the Tees and the North Sea. The moorlands forming the upper parts of this portion of the Riding were thinly populated and must have been of little importance from the point of view of the wapentake organisation. - In the west part of the Riding, known as Riehmondshire, only the wap of Halikeld is men tioned in Domesday, where it is included in the West Riding. The two remaining wapentakes, Hang and Gilling, are not mentioned till the middle of the following century. It is possible that the wapentake organisation was not extended to these parts till after the Conquest, a view held by Dr Farrer (VHY Il 135; d., however, VHNR I 17).

de Whiteby 1276 RH, 1316 FA, WytebU Strand 1283 Whitby. It is called the u'apentake of Whitebystrand 1316 Pat, but as far as I have been able to find that is an isolated instance. -- Whitby Strand also occurs as addi tion to PNs, as: Neuton in Wytebystrond 1261 Ch, Neuton in Whitbystrande 1325 AD n, Neuton' in Whytebystrand' 1337 SR 211/10; Hoton' in Wytebi strande 1301 SRi Esington in Wytbistrande 1268 l"F; Bolleby in Whiteby strande 1363 FF; Seton in Whitbistrand 1367 Fine; Neweham (Newholm) in Whyteoystraunde 1303, Normanby in Whytebystrand 1309, Sneton (Snea ton) in Whitebystrande 1360 Pat. The first five of these names, referring to Newton Mulgrave, Hutton Mulgrave, Easington, Eoulby and Seaton Hall respectively, show that the name of Whitby Strand was not originally limited to the liberty of Whitby as it is now, but was earlier applied to a district on the coast to the north, as well as to the south, of Whitby itself. The modern usage is seen in the following passage: in villa, liberfate ac dominio suo. (i. e. the Abbot of Whitby's) de Whitby, ac soca sive Stranda ejusdem vocata Whitby-strande c. 1450 Whit by. - Whitby (Hvitabyr Heimskringla III 376) is from ON hvltr and byr 'the white village' (so Bugge, Vikingerne Il 243, Ekwall PNLa 114). This is far more likely than the derivation from the pn H1)iti given by Dr Smith (PNNR 126). The second part of the name is from ON strpnd or OE strand 'shore'.

Langbargh wap. Includes the north-eastern part of the Riding north and east of the Cleveland Hills and the moorland district. It is bounded on the west by Birdforth and Allerton waps. In 1086 it also included the present liberty of Whitby Strand (with the exception of Haekness par), but when the liberty of Whitby was formed shortly after the Conquest, this district was separated from Langbargh wap.

Langeberg 1086 DB, 1219 Ass 1053 m 15, 1279 YI, 1339 Guis, Langeberge 1086 DB, 1170 p. (-berge) , 1219 Fees, 1200-22 Guis, 1242 P, 1288 YI, 1293 Ass 1098 m 108d, Lankeberga 1166, Lange berga 1181, 1188, 1193, Langebergewapentaeum 1185 P, Langeburg 1222 Fine, Langebrigg' 1226-8 Fees, Langebergh' 1231 Ass 1043 m 11, Langberwe 1272 Cl, Langebereue 1273 YI, Lange berghe 1273 YI, 1335 Guis, Langberghe -bereh 1285 FA, Lange bergh 1300 Pat, 1303 Cl, 1327 Pat, 1349 Ipm, Langeberyghe 1301 SR, Langbergh 1303 FA, 1316 Pat, 1345 Ipm, Langebury 1347 Cl, Lang(e)bargh 1428 FA, Langbarghe 1539 LP, Langbarffe 1599 NR (PNNR). - The wapentake met on a high ridge of moorland to the east of the hamlet of LANGBAURGH in Gt Ayton par (VHNR II 226), referred to as Langberg 13 Guis, from which it takes its name. It is either from OE lang or ON langr and OE be(o)rg or ON berg 'long ridge', but it is hardly possible to decide between these alternatives. Whitby Strand liberty consists of a district on the coast, mainly S. of Whitby, inclUding the pars of Whitby and Sneaton and the chapelry of Fylingdales, originally forming the SE. part of Langbargh wap, and the par of Haekness, originally in Piekering Lythe wap. It is: Wytebistrand 1200-22 Guis, (de) libertate de Whiteby 1231 Ass 1043 m 22d, (de) libertate Abbatis de Whyteby Infra (Extra) Burgum 1268 Ass 1051 m 42d, 43, Libertas

Pickering Lythe wap. Includes the eastern part of the Derwent valley extending north wards into the moorland district, S. of Langbargh wap and Whitby liberty, bordering in the west on Ryellale wap, from which it is divided by the rivers Seven and Rye.

The modern wapentake corresponds in the main to the Domes day wap of Die, though there are several minor differences in the boundaries; in the west it did not include Kirkby Misperton and Sinnington, which were in the Domesday wap of .~laneshou (now Ryedale), but included Lastingham, now in Ryedale; in the east it included Filey, now in the East Riding, and Hackness, now in Whitby Strand liberty; for later changes see VHNR II 419. - The Domesday name, from OE die or ON dik 'dyke' no doubt refers to the meeting-place, now lost, of the wapentake. After Domesday the wapentake has the name of Pickering or, more rarely, Pickering Lythe: Wapentac ... de Pikerinqis 1157 (16) yeh 401, Wap' de Pieheringe 1166, Pikeringewapentacum 1185 P, wapen taeum de Pikeringe 1190 P, 1255 YI, Pikering'u:apentaeum 1197 P, wapentaeum de Pykering' 1198 Fees, 1231 Ass 1043 m 4d, 1301 SR, hundred' de Pikering' 1218 Cl, Wapentacurn de Pykering, Peker ing 1285 FA, libertas de Pikering' 1327 SR 211/6; wapent[aehiuml de Pikeringelid 1158 (16), u7apentaeh de Pikaringalith 1176-9

1 [)

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

(16) YCh 403, 406, Wapentach de Pikeringelith 1189 (16) Riev, 1198 (1252) Ch, U'apetac' de Pikaringalith' 1201 Ch (all referring to the same grant); liberta.tem de Pikerynglith 1428 FA, Pikring lith 1542 LP, the 1J)apentake and liberties of Pickering-lythe 1569 D. The former name is taken from the manor of Pickering, no doubt because the wapentake was appurtenant to Pickering Castle (VHNR II 419). The modern wapentake nearly corresponds to the sokes of the Domesday manors of Falsgrave and Pickering (ib.). For forms and discussion of the name of Pickering (Picheringa 1086 DB, Pieheringis 1100-21 (1414) Ch, Pikeringes 1109-14, Picaringes 1119-35 PNNR) see PNing 96, PNNR 85. It corre sponds to OE *Pieeringa:~ which may be formed from an r-derivative of a pn related to OE Pie, Piichil (LVD). - Pickering Lithe is marked on Saxton's map 1577 over the district S. of Piekering and on Speed's map 1610 over the SW. part of the wapentake. ' It is also found in a map of Yorkshire by Morden and in Blaeuw's Atlas 1662, and seems accordingly to have denoted a district in the south part of the wapentake, probably identical with the modern Vale of Pickering. It can hardly denote the meeting-place of the wapentake, as seems to be suggested by Dr Smith, but is no doubt to be regarded as a name of the whole district included in the wapentake, for though the Vale of Pickering includes its south part only, this part was the most important and might come to represent the wapentake as a whole. Lythe is from ON hUa 'slope', and the probability is that the modern Vale of Pickering (Valle de Pikering' 1226 Cl etc.) is a French (or Latin) rendering of the vernacular Pickering Lythe, which survives as the name of the wapentake.

seem to be used for this purpose, and the contrary would seem to be proved for Thornton by forms like: Thorntone in valle de Pykerynge 1248 Whitby, Thorneton in Valle de Pickeringe 1276 Abbr, Thornton in valk de Pikering 1279 Bridlington, where 'vallis de Pykerynge' etc. is probably a Latin form of Pickering Lythe. Cf. also e. g. Atona (Ayton) in valle de Pickeringh beside AtonaJin Pykeryngelyeth n. d. Whitby. - It should also be noted that there were two other districts with names in -lith to the west and south of Pickering Vale, viz. lloldelythe, the old name of the S. part of Ryedale wap (PNNR 42; cf. also: (vicariis de) Ridal(a) et de Pykering lidh et de Holdelith c. 1160-85 YCh 196, where it cannot be a question of wapentakes; and Hertforth. Lyth, the name of the northern slopes of the Wolds on the opposite side of the Derwent to Piekering Vale, exten ding from Norlon (on the Derwent opposite Malton) to Filey: Haverforthelith, vallis de Haverdford' 1204 Ch; also in the name of SHERBURN YER: Schire burne in HerUordlyth 1279 Guis, Shyreburne in Harefordlithe 1287 Yr, Shireburn' in Hareforthlith' 1292 QW, Shireburn in Harforlith 1329 FF, Shireburne in Harefordlyth 1341 rpm, Shirburn in HnTfordlith 13i6 Pat; also FoU,-eton in Hertforthlith n. d. YCh 1180; Bynyngton in Harforthlyth 1328 Percy; and Hallerston in Harfurthlythe Hy8 NRN (Heslerton) (cf. River Hertford on the modern map and ERN 195). -- In the light of these parallels it becomes very natural to take Pickering Lythe to have been originally the name of a similar district.

Pickering Lythe also occurs as addition to PNs. This is most regular in the case of THoRNToN DALE: Thorneton in Pykeringlithe 1276 yr, Thornton in Pykeringlith 1283 Ipm, Thorneton' in Pykeringlyth' 1293 Ass 1098 m 98d, Thorneton in Pikeringlithe 1310 Pat, Thornetoll in Pykerynglith 1325 Misc, Thornton in Pykeringlith 1327 Cl, Thornton in Pikerynglith 1335 Ipm, but also e. g. in Hotuna in Pikiringelit 1135--55, Hot~n in Pikerlinglid 1145--8, Hotona in Pikringlith 1172-9 YCh 377, 872, 379, Hoton in Pikring Lithe 1487 Ipm (Hutton Bushell), and in many other names of places mostly in the S. part of the wapentake. The distinctive addition to these names might be taken to be the wapentake name, but hundred·names do not , 1 No wapentakes are marked on Saxlon's map; on Speed's map the wapentake is called Pickering wapentake.

Ryedale wap. Includes the district between Pickering Lythe wap to the east and the Hambleton Hills, in the valleys of the Rye and the Derwent. It is bounded on the east by the river Seven and on the south, where it includes the pars of Malton, Appleton, Barton, Slingsby, Hovingham and Gilling, by Bulmer wap and the Derwent.

With the exceptions mentioned above under Pickering Lythe it corresponds to the Domesday wap of Maneshou. This is a com ponnd of a pn probably corresponding to OSw, ODa Manne (Bjork man NP 95) and ON haugr 'mound', either with analogical English gen.-ending or with the pseudo-genitival s common in DB. The post-Domesday name of the wapentake appears as: Wap' de Ridale 1166 P, c. 1160-85 (15) YCh 195 (decanatus), 1268 Ass 1051 m 19,1285 FA, 1298 YI, 1343 Ipm, RidaleU'apentacuJn 1188 P, Rydal' 1219 Fees, Wapent' de Ridal' 1231 Ass 1043 ID 7, Rydale 1238 Guis. 1288 YI, 1301 SR, 1360 Pat, wapp' de Ridall 1279-81 QW, 1428 FA, Rydalle 1283 Ebor, Rydaill 1285 FA, Rydall u'ap 1539 LP. It is a name of the type common in the north of England, for instance in the names of the wards of Cu and Nb. It was originally the name of the district, the Rye valley, and its use as a wapen take-name must be secondary_

I 6

O. S. Anderson

Bulmer wap. Consists of the southern portion of the Vale of York, between the Derwent and the Ouse, bounded on the north by Ryedale and Birdforth waps. Part of the wapentake is entered under the City of York in Domesday, otherwise its area is practically the same as it was in 1086.

In Domesday the wapentake has the name of Bolesford(e) Wapentac, taken from a lost place in Sutton on the Forest par, referred to as: (molendinum de ponte de) Buleforda 1148 (15), Buleforda 1156-7 (1308), (molendinum de) Buleford 1158-66 (1294) yeh 179, 354, 175, (in molendino de) Buleford' 1231 Ass 1043 m 7, Bulford Toftes (in Sutton) 1331, (Sutton. 1 claus' voc' Intake juxta) Bulforthe Milne 1427 Ipm. The exact site of this place can be determined from a perambulation of Galtres Forest in 1316, quoted in PNNR 8. The bounds of the forest are said to run along the river Foss to le Brendmilne de Ferlinton and then along the river to the mill of Bulford and from thence to Strensall. The Foss forms the N. boundary of Sutton par for about a mile and a half, and the ford was probably at one of the tracks that cross the river about a mile E. (If the Suttoll-Farlington road.' - The post-Domesday name of the wapentake is: Wap' de Bulem's1!r' 1166 P, Bulemer 1219 Fees, 1252 YL 1285 FA, Bullemere 1226--8 Fees, Wapent' de Bulmer 1231 Ass 1043 m 6d, 1276 RH, 1316 FA, -wap of Bulmere 1272, of Bolemer 1279 YI; Bulmerschire 1238 Guis II 136, 1291 Ebor, Bulm'eschyr' 1279-81 QW, Bulmersheire 1298 Abbr, BulmerskJ/l"' 1303 SR 242/124, Bulmershire 1309 Orig, 1319 Cl, 1353 Pat, 1542 LP. The name is derived from that of BULMER, a village in its NE. corner: Bolemere, Boleber 1086 DB, Bulemer c. 1100--15 YCh 1001, 1130, 1156 P, 1215 Ch (all p), 1251 Ch, 1286 Ebor, Bulimer (p) 1166 RBE, Bulemer' 1227 Cl, Bulmer 1242 Fees, 1287 Ebor, Bolemere 1268 Ass 1051 m 28d, Bulmere 1268 FF, 1319 Cl. The reason for the change of name is difficult to ac count for; perhaps, as the district is also called Bulmer~hire (the old name of the deanery), this case may be analogous to that of the later wap of Claro (YWR) which in Domesday seems to be called both Gereburg (per haps the name of its meeting-place) and Borgescire (the old name of the district). Nothing seems to be known of the" reason why Bulmer was regarded as the caput of the wapentake.

First el. of both names OE bula 'bull' (PNNR 13, 40; cf. EPN s. v.; Holthausen's view (Et. W. s. v.) that the word is a loan from ON boli is obsolete). Second elements OE ford and mere 'pool', 1

Apparently not in StrensaB as is assumed PNNIVl c.

The English Hundred-Names

Birdforth wap. A district round Thirsk, N. of Bulmer wap and W. of Ryedale wap, mainly W. and SW. of the Hambleton Hills. Welbury and S. Otterington, locally in the liberty of Allerton, are detached portions of Birdforth wap. In VHNR Il 2 Feliskirk and Kilburn pars are stated to bc in the Wcst Riding. Hawnby and E. Harlsey, now in Birdforth, are entered under AlIcrton wap in DB.

The wapentake is called Gerlestre Wapentac in 1086 DB from its meeting-place, at a later date apparently the meeting-place of the whole Riding: thrithingum de Yarlestre 13 RichReg 122d, 1279-81 QW, the trithings of Craykhou 1 and Yarlestre 1271 Pat, the T hrythinge of Yarlestre 1298 YI, ad trithingum de Yarnestre 1321 Abbr, the tTithing (courts) of Craykhowe and Yarlescros 1343, the ti-ithings of Crakho-we and Yarlestre 1353 Ipm. The site of the place is unknown. If the name is from OE *eorles treo-w 'eorl's tree' as assumed by Dr Smith, the early a-forms must presumably be due to influence from ON jarl after it had assumed this form. The whole name may well be Scandinavian from ON jarl and tre 'tree'. The form in -cros is, I suppose, a mistake, due to the numerous wapentake-names in -cross. - The modern name appears as: Bruthewrthe scire 1088 LVD 50d, Wap' de Brudeford 1166, Brideford Wap' 1170, Brudeford-wapentacum 1188 P, Bru deford' 1219, 1231 Fees, 1279 Ass 1057 m 24d, Bruddeford' 1219 Ass 1053 m 13d, 1279 Ass 1057 m 25, 1~01 SR, Brudeford 1268 Ass 1051 m 17, 1316 FA, 1334 Pat, Brudesford' 1279--81, -wapp' et trithing' de Brodeford 1281 QW, Brudford 1285 FA, 1360 Pat, Brydford', Brydeford' 1293 Ass 1098 m 69, 88, BT"iddeford 1314 Ebor, Bridford 1320 Ipm, 1322 Pat, Bruddeforth' 1332 SR 211/7A, Brideford 1354 Pat, Birdforde 1535 VE, Birdfurthe 1542 LP. The name is derived from that of BIRDFORTH, a hamlet in Coxwold par, on the Sun Beck at the point where it· is crossed by the York-ABer ton road: Bridef' 1198 Cur,' Brudeford 1199 Pap, 1219, 1247 FF, 1252 Ass, 1254 YI, 1261 FF, 1301 Cl, Burdeford 1226 Pat, Bruddeford 1262 YD Il, 1 This is the name of the meeting-place of the East Riding; it was according to VHY rr 134 in Gardham on the Wolds between Bcverley and Market Weighton. - The courts for the West Riding were held at Win gate Hill (32 A 3), as kindly communicated by Dr Smith. It is Tlzrithinge Of Wyndeiates 1298 YI, et pass. 2 The identification is certain and need not be queried as done in the index. 1n the entry from which the form is taken Henry de Malebiss' claims the church of Bridef', and the Malbiche family is proved by the FA 1285 (p. 52) to have had lands in Birdforth.

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

1286 YI, 1291 Fine, Brouddesforlh (p) 1296 YI, Br.1Jdeford 1298 Pat, Birdeford c. 1300 YD I, Brudford 1316 FA, Brydeforth 1545, Burdfortk 1574 FF. - The relation between the tW(} hundred-names of Gerlestre and Birdforth may perhaps be the same as suggested above for Bulford and Bulmer (cf. the form Bruthell·rthe scire above), though the change of name may be due simply to a change of meeting-place.

Alfertonsyr' 1237 Lib, Alvertonsyl'e 1243 FF et passim, Libertas de Alu erton'schyre 1305 Ass 1108 m 16, the liberty of Northalverton and North alvertollshire 1360 Pat; libertatem de Alverton' 1233 Cl, Libertas de Alt'erton 1285 FA, de Alverton' 1301 SR et passim; wapentagium de Alt-ertone 1279 Ebor, wap of Alvertonschire 1316, wap of AUerton 1354 Pat, Alverton .. infra wappentagium 1428 FA, wap of Allertonshire 1569 D. - The name is derived from that of NORTHALLERTOX, the caput of the liberty; Aluertune, Aluerton, Aluretulle 1086 DB, Aluertuna 1088 LVD 50d, Alvertuna c. 1121-28, 1153--c. 1160 YCh 936 f., Aluerton' 1188 P, 1219 Ass 1053 m 14d, Auverton' 1200 Ch, 1208 Cur, Alverton' 1208--10 Fees, 1236 Cl, Auuerton' 1231 Ass 1043 m 10d, Awerton' 1251 Cl, Northalverton' 1292 Ebor. It is identical etymologically with ALLERTON MAULEVERER (YWR): Aluretone, Alvertone 1086 DB, Alvertona 1109-14 France, 1180-9 YCh 730, Aluerton' Mauleuerer 1231 Ass 1043 m 11, Alverton' 1242- Fees, Al verton MauleJJerer 1272 Pat, Allerton 1301 YI. The first el. of these names may be OE JElfhere pn (PNNR); ON Alfarr may also be thought of; the lat ter name may be found in ALVERTHORPE (YWR): Aluerthorp' (p) 1231 Ass 1043 m 16d, Alvirthorpe 1274, Alverthorpe 1285 WCR (Goodall), possibly also in ALLERSTON YNR (d. Lindkvist 22; differently PNNR 93).

The first el. of the name is no doubt, as suggested by the early forms in -i-, -y-, OE bryd 'bride', which became brud- through influence from its ON cognate brz'tar. In the earliest form the consonant seems also to share its influence. Other names probably containing OE bryd are e. g. BRIDFORD, BRIDWELL PNDv 423, 537. The meaning of such compounds is uncertain. The ford at Bird forth may perhaps have been in some way associated with bridal ceremonies, or it may have been a particularly easy ford which might be conveniently used by brides.! Allerton liberty or wap consists of the district round Northallerton, NW. of Birdforth wap, and of several scattered pieces in Langbargh and Birdforth waps; for further particulars see VHNR I 397 H. In Domesday this district, which is practically identical with the soke and berewicks of the Domesday manor of Northallerton, is termed wapentake, but this appellation is rarely met with in later records; it is usually called the liberty of Allerton or Allertonshire, and it would seem most probable that the term wapentake is only used somewhat loosely to describe the soke or liberty. From the end of the 11th down to the middle of the 13th century the liberty seems to have been included in Birdforth wap for the purposes of jurisdiction (VHNR I. c.),> and it does not seem unlikely that it may once have formed an integral part of Birdforth wap, just as the post-Domesday liberty of Whitby Strand once formed part of Langbargh wap, though in the case of Allerton liberty there is no record of such a state of things. Its general lay-out in relation to Birdforth wap does not seem to preclude such a possibility. - The liberty is called: Alvretone, Alvretvn Wapentac 1086 DB, Aluertune scire )088 LVD 50d, Alvertone scire 1091, Alvertonescira 1153-7 (16) YCh 928, 952, baronia Alverton cherie 1208-10 Fees, Alvertonesira 1217 (16) Riev, Alvertonsir' 1237 Cl, 1 The suggestions offered in PNNR 190 are hardly satisfactory, as Dr Smith himself seems to admit (StNPh 11 79); the derivation from a river-name *Bride suggested 1. c. is' perhaps possi~!l,thoqgh_not parti cularlv convincing. / // 2 ·Cf.: In Wap' de Brudeford debet X m. Soca/dll' Aluertun' ... 1166 Pi also RH I 123 (1276): Item dicunt quod Iib~5te tenentes de Aluerton schire solebant respondere cum duodena d\ti Brudeford omni tempore scilicet quatuor de Aluertonschire et octo de /Brudeford usque ad tempus J. de Oketon videlicet VIII annis qui tunc fuit' vicecomes ...

£aIling wap. The NW. part of the Riding, N. of the Swale and W. of the Wiske. It was divided into two parts, Gilling East and Gilling West, in the 13th century. Of these Gilling West, which includes large tracts of moorland, is by far the largest. The boundary between Gilling E. and W. is just E. of Gilling.

Gillyngschire, Gillyng wap 1157 (15) RichReg 82d, 82 (PNNR), Wap' de Gillin.qe 1166, 1170 P, 1285 YI, GillingwapentaCUrrt 1188 P, Wapentak de Gilling' 1225 Cl, 1276 RH, Wap' de Gylling' 1231 Ass 1043 m 3, Killing 1232 Pat, de Gyllinge 1268 Ass 1051 m 21; (the first) wapentac of Gilling (after Michaelmas, commonly called 'Frendleswapentac n ) 1261 AD Ill; Gillyng Est, West 1285 FA, Gillyngest, Gilling West 1366 Pat. The wapentake is named from the viI. of GILLlNG, 3 m. N. of Rich mond, perhaps because it had its meetings there: ?Ingetlingum c. 730 (8) Bede, Ghellin.q(h)es, GeUinges 1086 DB, Gillinge 1088-93 (14), Ghillinga 1156-7 (14) YCh 350, 354, Gillinges 1241 Ch.

For full forms and discussion of the name see PNing 94 (from OE *Getla pn (from *Gautilan), an I-derivative of the stem of OE Geat), PNNR 53, 288, Zachrisson, SpvS 1925-7 pp. 39--51, StNPh V 17 (from OE *gyll 'pool', d. MLG gole 'swamp'). 1

For 'Frendleswapentac' see VHNR I 17, Surt 67 p. 51, note.

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

Occupies the south part of Richmondshire, mainly S. of the Swale, including the valley of the Ure and the south side of Swaledale. In the 13th century it was divided into Hang East and Hang West, Hang West being like Gilling West by far the larger of the two divisions.

of OE halig and celde 'well', though the latter word has been found with certainty only in south-eastern dialects (v. EPN s. v.; in Anglian dialects the c- would remain guttural [k]): finally ON kelda may have been substituted for OE uella or the like, though this seems less likely.

Hang wap.

Hangeschire 1157 (15) RichRcg 82d (PNNR), Wap' de Langer schire 1166, Hangewapentacum 1188 P, Hang' 1201 P, 1229 Cl, 1276 HH, 1293 Ass 1098 m 73, 1301 SR, Hanqe 1225 Cl, 1231 Ass 1043 m 4, 1301 YI, Hanger 1268 Ass 1051 m 8, 1290 Abbr, Hangil' 1279 Ass 1057 m 1, Hengest, Hangest 1280 YI, Hangest, Hangwest

1366 Pat. - The wapentake is named from HA"G BANK, a small hill just N. of HUTTON HANG, no doubt the meeting-place of the wapentake (PNNR 229, 248). Hutton Hang derives its distinctive addition from the same hill. It is: Hoton' Hange 1268 Ass 1051 m 24d, 1282 YI, 1290 Ch, lloton Hang 1280 YI, 1285 FA, Hotonhang' 1327 SR 211/6, Huton' Hang' 1337 SR 211/10, Hunton Hanger Hy8 YAS 80. - Hang is from OE hangra 'wooded slope'. The -(e)r has been lost in most of the ME forms, but the mark of sllspension usually appended after the 9 of Hang in MSS should probably be taken to represent -er at least in ,')ome cases (e. g. in 1201 P, where the form is extended to Hanger in the index). Halikeld wn.p. . Between Swale :md Ure, SE. of Hang wap. It is the smallest of the North Riding wapentake's, only including the pars of Burneston, Kirk lington, Pickhill, W. Tanfield. Wath and, detached, CundaH and Kirby Hill.

Halichelde Wap' 1086 DB, Halikeldshir' 1157 (15) RichReg 82d (PNNR), Halikeld Wap'ntak 1184 ib. 83d, 1230 Pat, 1284 YI, 1346 FA, llalikeld' 1219 Ass 1053 m 15d, 1225 Cl, 1231 Ass 1043 m 4 (Dimid' Wapet'), Hailekeld n. d. (15) fount, Halikelde 1268 Ass 1051 m 2.5, 1301 SR, Alikelde 1285 YI, Halikild', Alikild' 1293 Ass 1098 m 72, 70d, Hallykelde 1569 D. -- The wapentake is named from HALLlKELD SPRlKG, 'a fine spring near Melmerby' (Surt 94 p. 36 note), no doubt the site of the wapentake meeting-place, referred to as tontium de Halikeld' 1202 FF. - The name means 'holy spring', but its ultimate origin is somewhat uncertain, as there are two or three derivations to choose between. It may be from ON heilagr and kelda, with the substitution of OE hiilig for ON heilagr (the Fount form, if correct, might presefe a trace of the original di phthong); or it may be of English origin, consisting

Yorkshire.

The East Riding.

The East Riding now contains six wapentakes, Dickering, Buckrose, Harthill, Howdenshire, Ouse and Derwent, and Holderness, which, however, are not Oil record till the second half of the 12th century. In Domesday a wholly different. organisation is found, the whole Riding being divided into 18 hundreds. According to the well-known theory of Canon Taylor] each wapentake was formed from three hundreds, these being a survival of the English hundred-system. This might be true of Dickering, Buckrose and Holderness, each consisting of three hundreds (those of Holderness are, however, different from the rest; they are called simply Nort, Mith and J7th hvndret (South, according to Dr Farrp,r), and elearly presuppose an existing larger unit), but it seems to me that Taylor's system fails to account for the arrangement of the rest of the Riding, and I do not. think that it is, on tbe whole, possible to accept it, at least in its present form: no detailed criticism need be given here. The fact that several of the hundreds have Scandinavian names denoting meeting-places seems also to indicate Scandinavian rather than English origin for the hundreds as well as for the wapent.akes. There are some cases (noted below) of correspon dence between hundreds and sokes, but I must leave it open whether this could help to explain the Domesday arrangemeut. - The modern wapen takes differ much in ext.ent, and like the hundreds of Domesday on the whole have no regard to topography; Harthill wap, in the SW. of the Riding, extends on either side of the \Volds, and this also to some extent applies to Diekering and Buckrose.

Dickering wap. Contains the NE. part of the Riding, including in the weSl the pars of Ganton, Butterwick, Langtoft, Cottam and Garton on the Wolds and in the south t.hose of Nafferton, Wansford, Brigham, Foston on the Wolds, Cembling, Gransmoor and Fraisthorpe. It corresponds to the Domesday hundreds of Tvrbar, Hvntov and Burton (Agnes).

TO/'bar hund' (1), Tl'rbar h1Jndret (2) 1086 DB consisted of the north part of the wapentake, including Folkton, Muston, Hun manby, Burton Fleming, Argam, Fordon and Wold Newton, and a district in the south part of the wapentake, including Nafferton, Wansford, Brigham, Foston on the Wolds, Gembling, Gt and Lt 1

Domesday Studies, cd. P. E. Dove, London 1888, vol. I, p. 67-76.

I o. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

Dr Smith suggC8ts derivation from ON Q!dum, dat. pI. of ON Qkkla 'allele' found in Norw PNs. This might suit the position of Acklam YER, for the village stands near a projection of Acklam Wold, which might be the 'ancle' referred to; but Professor EkwaII points out that it would be remarkable if both these names were of definite WSc origin. :More probably they represent the dat. pI. of OE *ac-leah 'oak-clearing'; cf. AB 32, 256 f. Bucroswapentacum 1188, Mucroswapentacum 1195 P, Buccros c. 1180-1201 YCh 1081, 1219 Fees, 1278 YI, 1285 FA, 1310 Ipm, Bukros 1219 Ass 1053 m 11, Bucros' 1267 Ebor, Bukcros 1269 Ebor, 1279 Ass 1057 m 40, 1285 FA, Bucros 1271 Pat, 1279 Yr, Buckros 1285 FA, 1301 Ebor, Bukrosse 1289 YI, Buccrosse 1302 Ebor, 1428 FA, Bokros 1309 Ipm, Bukcro~se 1322 Pat, 1332 SR 202/17, Bugcros 1365 Pat. -- The name should no doubt be associ ated with that of BUGTHORPE, a village in the S. part of the wapentake, c. 3 m. E. of Stamford Bridge ': Bvghetorp, Bvchetorp 1086 DB, Bugetorp 1086 DB, 11n1 pep), 1242 Fees, Buggatorp 1156--7 (1308), Bugatorp (p) 1155--65 (15?) YCh 354, 981, Bugge torp late Hy2 BM, 1195 P (p), 1207 BM, Buchetorp (p) 1194-8 YCh 1082, Bugethorp 1208 Cur (p), 1252 FF, 1282 YI, Buggethorp 1221 .Pat (p), 1280 Ebor, Buggthorp 1226 FF, Buketorp (p) 1230 Ebor, Buketorp' (p) 1242 P, Bukethorp (p) 1244 FF, 1307 Cl, Bucthorp' 1287 Ebor, Bukthorpe 1365 Pat; cf. JPN 87. - The first el. of Bugthorpe is doubtless a pn corresponding to OSw Buggi. If the first el. of Buckrose derives from the same pn the medial vowel may have become slurred between the gutturals g and k (second el. ON kross 'cross'), in which case the g would, as a matter of course, become assimilated to the k.

Dritel Hund', Dritelt lwndret 1086 DB contained the ~E. corner of Harthill wap, including Tibthorpe and Bainton in the west and Button Cranswick and Rotsea in the south. It is named from Gt DRlFFJELD, the hundred being nearly coextensive with the Domesday soke of Driffield (DB f. 299b, 306b): (on) Driffelda 1121 (s. a. 705) ASC(E), Drifelt, Drifeld 1086 DB, Driffeld 1100--8 (14) YCh 426, 1179 P, Driffeld' 1156 P, 1201 Ch, Drifeud 1226--b Fees, Major Driffeld late 13 BM; - from OE dryge and teld 'dry field'.' Warte hund', TVartre BVlIdret 1086 DB was W. of Driffield hd, N. and W. of Warter, with a detached portion in the present Ouse and Derwent wap, ineluding Naburn, Water Fulford, Heslington and Langwith. It is named from the viI. of WARTER, 4 m. E. of Pocklington: Wartre, Wa:rte 1086 DB, Wartre 115!} (14) YCh 1388, 1165 P, R r Cm, 1206 FF, 1236 Fees, 1239 Ebor, 1246 FF, 1254 Yr, rVartria 1162-5 YCh 1120, c. 1200 BM, Wardra 1166, lVartra 1168 P, Watra 1194 CurP, Wardre 1268 Pat, Waretr. 1286 B.M; - derived by Professor EkwaII (PPN 91) from OE wearg-treo 'gallows'. The ON cognate1:arg-tre might also be thought of, but OE weard (or ON ·vara-) 'guard', which is theoretically possible for the first eL, seems less likely on the topographical side, as the village is in a valley. Poclinton Bund' 108H DB consisted of the NW. corner of IIarthill wap, W. and NW. of Pocklington; also a district W. of the Derwent, including Elvington, Wheldrake, Escrick, Deighton, Kelfield, Stillingfleet and Aloreby. Here hd and soke are not coextensive; according to Domesday (f. 299b) the soke of Pock lington embraced only a comparatively small part of Pocklington hd, beside a considerable part of Warter hd. - The hundred is named from POCKLlNGTON: Poclinton 1086 DB, Pokelintona 1107? (14), Pocalintona 1100-15 (14), Pokelington 1136--40 (14) YCll 427 f., 431, Pokelinton' 1169, 1187 P, 1200 Cur, 1201 Ch, 1228 Cl, et passim, Poclinton' 1177, 1195 P, 1203 FF, 1241 Cl, Puklinton' (p) 1205, Pokelintun' 1217 Cl, Pokelington 1219 Ass 1053 m 10d,

Harthill, Howdenshire and Ouse and Derwent waps. In 1086 the district now contained in these wapentakes was divided into nine hundreds. The present wap of Harthill, on record since 1166, consists of the part of the Riding that is W. of the river Hull and S. of Dickering and Buckrose waps, except the liberty of Howden, also known as Howden shire wap, and the district between the Ouse and the Derwent, known as Ouse and Derwent wap from about 1200. - Following the arrangement cho sen for the two preceding wapentakes, the names of the Domesday hundreds are given first, and those of the modern wapentakes are dealt with at the end. 1

Cl. also BUG DALE (6"),

1 m. SE. of Bugthorpe.

---1 The meeting-place of the hundred was perhaps near Spellow Farm and Spellow Clump (6"), c. 2 m. N. of Gt Driffield (Spellow Gate is a road a mile further east; 6"); from OE spell 'speech'; though it would be near the NW. boundary of the hundred. There is also a Moot-hill in Gt Driffield (from OE gernot 'assembly').

O. S. Anderson

The English

1233 Ebor, Poekelinton Cp) 1276, Pnkelinton (p) 1277 Cl. - The first el. may be an OE pn *Poeela of the nickname type, a dimi nutive of OE Poh/w, *Poeca pn (cI. OE pohha, poheha, poeca 'bag', BT; NED s. v. pough sb., PNBeds 176 f., Holthausen s. v., and Hedin 77); connection with OE pileel 'goblin' (of related etymology) is less likely, as the two forms in -u- quoted are the only ones that have been met with, as against about a hundred forms in -0-. Second el. OE tun 'farm'. Snee1,lferos hVlld' 1086 DB, Suecolfros Hundred (for Sne-) early 12th Surt 5, was the district N. and NW. of Beverley, S. of Driffield hd, including Watton, Bracken and Middleton on the Wolds in the north and Cherry Burton, Molescroft and Beverley in the south, with a detached portion in the modern wap of Ouse and Derwent, including Scoreby, Dunnington and GrimstoD. From ON Snd3k6lfr pn and ON kross 'cross'. This pn is found independently in England as Snaeulf in Symeon of Durham (Bjorkman NP 125). Wiestvn hvn!lret 1086 DB consisted of the district round Market Weighton, W. of Sneevlfe7'Os hd and S. of Warter hd, including Holme on Spalding Moor in the west. South Burton was a detached part of this hundred. It is named from MARKET WEIGHTON: Wicstun 1086 DB, Wichtona 1133 (14) YCh 132, 1175 P, fVictona c. 1150-60 BM, rVihtun' 1156 P, ?Wictun 1160-70 (15) YCh 443, Wieton' 1201 Ch, 1204 Cur, 1219 Fees, Wigtone 1210-12 RBE, Wiehton 1219 FF, Wyhton 1230 Ebor, 1252 Ch, Wycehton 1230 Ebor, Wyehton 1246, Whyton 1268 FF, Wihton 128G, Wighton 1298 Cl; -- from OE wletiln; cf. Wyton PNHu 230, Witton PNW 0 289.' Hase hvndret 1086 DB consisted of a district round Hessle in the SE. corner of Harthill wap, mainly identical with the Domesday sake of North Ferriby (DB I. 325), and a detached portion in the west part of the wapentake on the Derwent, including Wressell, Spaldington, Willitoft, Bubwith, Breighton and Gunby. - It is named from the viI. of HESSLE, on the Humber, 3 m. W. of Kingston upon Hull: Base 1086 DB, Besla (p) c. 1140, early Hy2 DC, Besel llM--7 (1308), 1180-95 (15) YCh 354, , LIITLE WElGHTON, 8 m. to the SE., is of different origin, it is: Wide, ton (e) 1086 DB, Witheton 1276 Ch, Wytheton 1282 YI, 1316 FA, 1366 BM.

I I I

Hund~ed·Kames

764, 1220 BM, 1250 Ebor, 128H Yl, Hasele 1176-86 (15), Hasla 1180-90 (15) YCh 673, 765, Besel on Humbre 1254 Pat, Hesell 1255 FF, Beselle (p) 1274 Ebor, llesyl 1276 YI; - from ON hesli, OSw h(£sle 'hazel', 'hazel-wood' (in PNs); cf. the Norw PN Hesle (NG 1 (6); Sw Hassle, Hassleby (OSw hesleby) (Hellquist); HESSLE YWR (in Wragby) is of the same origin: Hasele, Asele 1086 DB, Hesela 1121 (16) YAS 80, 1120-22 (c. 1250) YCh 1430, 1215 Ch, Besel 1153-5 (c. 1250) YCh 1497, 1242 Fees, Hesyll 1402 FA. Welleton hrndret 1086 DB was W. and N. of Hessle hd with a detached part including Lund, locally in Sneevlfe7'Os hd. - It is named from WELT0~, a village 5 m. W. of Hessle: Welleton(e) 1086 DB, W~lletunam 1088 LVD 50d, Wellentone 1100, Welle tuna c. 1125--8, Welletun 1137-46 YCh 965, 977, 968, Welle ton' 1204 Ch, 12:'31 Ass 1043 m 8, 1272 Ebor, Weleton 1249 Pat, Welton 1249 Ch; - from OE 10ella and tun 'farm by the spring(s)'. On the Ordnance map 'Springs' are marked just north, and 'Spring Hill' just west of Welton; in the village itself is 'St. Anne's Well'. Cave hvndret 1086 DB consisted of a district on the Humber, W. of Hessle and Welton hds, S. of Weighton hd and E. of the liberty of Howden; and another district on the west side of Harthill wap, including Thornton, Melbourne, Seaton Ross, Laytham, Foggathorpe, Gribthorpe, Aughton, Ellerton and E. Cottingwith. - It seems to be named from the viI. of NORTH CAVE (VHY): Ca1)f!, alia Ca1'e, Caua 1086 DB, Cava c. 1135-4R (15?), 1145-60 (Hy4), Nort Cm'a 1148 (15), :Vorthka1'e 1148-56 (15?), Noreava 1173 (15) YCh 1123, 1827, 17U, 1124, 197, Northcave c. 1165-80 (14) YCh 683 f., 1240 FF, 1282 Yl, Cave 1204 Pat, 1242 Fees, Northcaue 1231 Ass 1043 m 8, Northkave 1244 FF, Nortcaf D. d. YD VII; cf. also SOUTH CAVE, 1'/2 m. SE. of N. Cave: Cave 1086 DB, 1173 (14) YCh 1826, Cava 1119-23 (14), 1154 (14), Kava 1153 (14) YCh 1822, 1824, 1823, Sutheave 1228 Pat, Suthcaue 1231 Ass 1043 m 8, Sudcave 1245 1"1"; Marcacava 1173 (15) YCh 197, Marehedcave 12 (1314) Pat. The places are on the steep western slopes of the Wolds, on different branches of the same small stream. The name has been explained by Professor Ekwall (in lectures) as a river-name derived from OE eaf 'quick'. Hoveden ht'ndret 1086 DB corresponds, at least approximately, with the Domesday sake of Howden; it was mainly E. of the 2

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

Derwent, but partly W. of the Derwent including Riccall, Skipwith and Thorganby in the north. It is named from the town of HOWDEN: &t HeafuddfYne, to Hcca{uddene, to Heofod dene 959 (c. 1200) BCS 1052, H01;edene, Houeden 1086 DB, Houendene 1088 LVD 50d, Hnuedene c. 1121-8, c. 1125-8 YCh 936, 977, Houendena 1130 P, Houenden' (p) 1172 1', 1186 -94 YCh 1000, Houeden 1174--6 YCh 979, 1219 FF, 122f) Ebor, Houedena (p) 1175 1', 118B-c. 1191 YOh 999, Houeden' 1191, 1196 1', 1199 FFP, 1200 Ch, 1212 Cur (p), 1224 Cl, Houendene 1217 Pat, Houden 1231 FF, Haueden 1249 Cl; from OE *heatod-denu with substitution of ON hQtua for OE heatod; cf. IPN 66. The exact meaning of the compound cannot be decided without local investigation; it may be perhaps 'the valley in the head-land (heatod)', though the country-side seems to be fairly flat, or 'chief valley', cf. Headacre PNSx 12.

(YCh 49, A.D. 1170-c. 1182). In 1286 YI, William de llerthull ot Schupton is mentioned, and in 1287 (ib.) he and others made

There can hardly be any direct connection between the Domesday hundred and the modern HOWDENSlllRE WAP, the latter being merely a different designation for the liberty of Howden or Howdenshire, and rarely met with in early records; for similar cases cf. Allerton and Whitby Strand supra p. 2, 8. The liberty consisted of the district round Howden E. of the Derwent, and a district W. of the Derwent extending northwards as far as Riccall, N. and S. Duffield (inclusive). The modern Howdenshire wap only includes the district E. of the Derwent, the rest being included in Ouse and Derwent wap. The liberty is referred to as: Houedenesyra 1165-c. 1185 (16), Houendenesir' 1186-94 YCh 988, 1000, Houedenesir' 1199 FFP, Hodene shire 1229 FF, wapentacum de Hertle cum parte de Houedenes' 1230 P, Hogdenes.1Jr', Houedensir' 1237-9 Lib, Houedenscyra 1281 Ebor, Houedene shyr' in Herthill' 1305 Ass 1108 m 13d, Libertas de Houeden 1316 FA, the wapentakes ot Herthill and llouedenshire 1354 Pat, libertas de Houeden schyr 1412 FA, wap ot Howdenshire 1569 D.

Wap' de Hertle 1166, 1201, 1230, Hertlewapentacum 1181, Hertelwapentacum 1185 1', Hertle 1219 Fees, Hertl', Hertell' 1219 Ass 1053 m 9 f., Hertel 1226-8 Fees, 1268 Ass 1051 m 36d, Hertl', Herthill' 1231 Ass 1043 m 8, 9d, Bertyl 1240 YD I, Hert hill 1255 Misc, 1316 FA, HeTtulle 1268 Ass 1051 m 37, Hertil' 1269 Ebor, Herthull 1271 Pat, Herthil 1275 Ebor, Hert(e)hille 1278 f. YI, llartill 1348 Ipm. - The site of the place from which

the name is derived, no doubt the meeting-place of the wapentake, seems now to be lost, but a 12th century charter records a grant by Thomas de Everingham to the monastery of Watton of land in Hertle et Westlanges, presumably in or near Everingham

an extent of the manor of Everingham. This would seem to indicate that Harthill was somewhere to the west of Market Weighton, perhaps in Ship ton or Everingham. - The obvious explanation of the name is from OE *heor(o)t-hyll 'hart's hill'. Some of the earliest forms seem to suggest OE leah for the second el., but they are probably weakened forms of OE hyll; BRINKHILL Li (below p. 133; second el. probably OE hyll) shows similar variation between -le and -hil(l) in early forms; cf., however, Zachrisson, Melanges ... Vising 187. The district west of the Derwent is now known as OUSE A"D DER WENT WAP. fn 1316 (FA) it only included the northern part of the district, as far south as Skipwith, the rest belonging to Howden liberty. - In 1197 P homines inter Vsam et Dereu:ent are mentioned, but the first explicit refe rence to the wapentake is: Wapentacum inter Vsam et Derewent 1200 P 46. Later examples are: Wapen(' Inter Vse et Dere1l'ent' 1231 Ass 1043 m 5, Wapp' Inter Vse et Derewente 1268 Ass 1051 m 29d, Wapentacum inter Usa m et Derwent 1316 FA; le wappyntak in lloudenschyre inter Usse et Derwent 1285 FA (including the whole of the present wapentake), Wap pentachium inter V et D 1305 Ass 1108 m 21d, Owse et DerU'ent 1428 FA. _ The name was not used exclusively of the wapentake, but of the district between the Ouse and the Derwent generally; in 1200 Ch, for instance, toresta in[ter?] Usam et Derewente is mentioned, and similarly 1219 Fees, 1220 Cl, et passim. The name is of a type common in the North, for in stance the old names of the wards of Nb.

Hohlerness wap. Identical with the peninsula and liberty of Holderness, E. of the Hull and S. of Dickering wap. For the Domesday arrangement of this district in three hundreds, see above p. 11.

Wap' de Heldcrnesse 1166, Heldernes wap' 1170, Holdernesse wapentacum 1178, Holdemeswapentacurn 1183, Heldernessewap entacurn 1188 1', wapentacum de llouderness' 1219 Fees, Wapent' de Holdernesse 1268 Ass 1051 m 31,1276 RH, 1285 FA, de Heuder nesse 1268 Ass 1051 m 32, 1303 FA. - In the following examples there is no explicit reference to the wapentake: Heldernesse, Heldrenesse 1086 DB, HeldTenesia 1098-1102 YCh 1300 (copy), Heldemeis 1130 1', Heoldernessa c. 1160--2 (1287) YCh 1307; Hildernessa 112~-32 BM (1135-9 (1401) YCh 1144); Holdernes 1087-95 (14), lloldernesa 1115 YCh 1299, 1304, Holdernessa 1120-7 (c. 1350), 1138-54 (15) YCh 1318, 1305, 1166 1', Hol

...

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-1\amcs

dernesse 1154-64 (Hi) YCh 193, et passim; in ON sources the following forms occur: Hellomes Heimskringla III 197, Hallornes ~var. Hallames) Orkneyinga saga. -- The name has been explained from ON *HQldarnes, the first 1'1. being the gen. of ON hQldr, the second ON nes 'headland'. The early -e-forms may be due to an old gen. lwliJr of the cons.-stems; v. further Ekwall in Festskrift til Finnur Jonsson, Kobenhavn 1928, pp. 215-18.

1156 P, Burg 1130 P, 1177 BM, (Knaresbur' et) burgum 1200 Ch, Burg' 1219 Ass 1053 m 7d. 1230 P; (in) Veteri Burgo 1203 FF, 1226~8 Fees; Aldeburg1l'ata 1212 Cur; Aldeburg' 1233 Fine, 1276 RH; also in the name of BOROUGHBRIDGE, near Aldborough: (ad) pontem de BUl'go 1155 YCh 75, Pontebure 1169, Pontdeburc 1171, Punt de Burch' 1173 P, Pundeburg' 1203 Ch, 1238 Cl, Punteburg' 1205 Cl; Borebrig 1258 Pat, Burbrigg 1293 Cl, Burghbrygg (p) 1298 Pat. - Another name of this district is probably: Gerebvrg Wapent' 1086 DB (mentioned in the summary, sub Skyrack). If this is correctly regarded as denoting the whole of the present wapentake (VHY), it may be the name of an old meeting-place of the district; if so, it is perhaps identical et.ymologically with Yarborough Li: Gereburg, GerebergLiDB, from ON jariJborg or OE eorpburh, referring to some earthwork, perhaps even to that at Aldborough itself. Wap' de Clarehov 1166 P, Clarhou 1168 P, 1219 Ass 1053 m 6d, 1230 P, 1268 Ass 1051 m 7, 1293 YI, 13H; FA, Clarhowapen足 tacum 1185, 1188, 1197 P, Clarau late 12th (15) Fount, Clarho 1231 Ass 1043 m 2, Clarehou 1279 Ass 1057 m 15d, Clarow 1285 FA, 1322 Pat, Clarehou:e 1290 Abbr, 1323 Ipm, Clarhowe 1303 FA, 1334 Ipm, 1360 Pat, Clarowc 1327, Clarrehowe 1354 Pat, Claroo 1539 LP. - The wapcntake is named from CLARO HILL, on the Great North Road, 1 m. NE. of CLARETON (in Allerton Mauleverer), which has the same first el.: Clareton(e) 1086 DB, Clarton' 1176 P (p), 1268 Ass 1051 m 8, Clareton' 1242 Fees, Clareton 1267 Ebor, Clarton 1285 FA, 1301 YI. - The first 1'1. of the names is uncertain. The pn Clare found once in OE might be thought of, but it is itself obscure and probably late (v. Redin 133). One might al80 sugge,;t eomparison with CLARBOROUGH Nt (Claureburg 1086 DB, Claverbw'c 1189 P, Cla-verburg' 1275 RH, Clareburgh 1291 Tax; v. 31utschmann). In that case the first el. would be OE cliefre 'clover', and the second elements OE hoh and tUn 'clover hill' and 'clover farm', but no certainty is possible in view of the absence of early forms in -v- of these names.

Yorkshire.

The West Riding.

The wapentake division of the West Riding is in the main identical with the division found in 1086, except as regards the NW. corner of the Riding, the modem wap of Staincliff and Ewcross, which is not mentioned in Domesday, the district being there surveyed under its alternative name of Craven (Crave, Cravescire DB); part of Ewcross wap belonged to Lons足 dale. In VHY JJ 135 it is suggested that this district may at that date not yet have been completely incorporated with the county of Yorkshire. - As regards the general topography of the wapentakes it may be noted that especially those in the north part of the Riding are bounded by the large rivers running west and east. The wapentakes are of varying size, largest in the west and north, fairly small in the east. This is no doubt mainly due to the nature of the country-side; the west part of the Riding is to a large extent moor-land, little attractive to settlers and of secondary importance in the wapentake organisation. This is also indicated by the sites of the wapentake meeting-places; in the western wapentakes of Staincross, Agg足 brigg and Morley they are all very far east.

Claro "\Vap. In the N. part of the Riding, N. of the Nidd, N. and E. of the Wharfe, bordering in the west on Staincliff wap and in the south on Skyrack wap.

In Domesday the name of this wapentake is: Borchescire, Borgescire, Bargescire TVapentac; this name is met with later as the name of the rural deanery corresponding to the wapentake (cf. decanus de BUl'hscyre 1175-85 YCh 70), and as a distinctive addition to the names of Marton and Thorpe Underwoods: Thorp in Burghsira 1175-99 (15) YCh 519, Thorp in Burgesire c. 1200 (15), in Burgm'sire early 13th (15) Fount, Thorp in Burghsehire 1317 Fount, Thorpeunderwood in Burghshire 1320 Abbr; Marton in Burgesir 1219 FF, Marton' in Burgschire 1286 Ebor, Marton in Burehskire 1310 Ch, Martone in Burghsehire 1348 YD IV, Marton in Burghshire 1535 VE, 1564 FF. - The name is descrip足 tive of the district or 'shire' (v. supra p. XXIII) belonging to ALDBOROUGH: Bvrc, Bvrg 1086 DB, Bure 1100-8 (14) YCh 426,

Ainsty wap. Between the lower Nidd and Wharfe, SE. of Claro wap, including Tockwith, Bickerton and Walton in the west. It belonged to the City of York and is also called 'the Ainsty of the City of York'.

Ainesti, Einesti, Anestig, Annesti 1086 DB, Wap' de Einestia

I 22

0_ S. Anderson

1166, Ainstiwapentacum 1180, Einstiwapentacum 1183, Einesti wapentacunt 1190, AnestiwapentacU1n 1195, 1199 P, Ainesti 1191 -1203 YCh 1122, Anesty 1208 Ch, 1219 Fees, 1230 P, Eynesti c. 1212 (c. 1350) Pont, 1281 Ass 1043 m 5d, Ainsty 1222 Cl, Heynesti c. 1226 (c. 1350) Pant, Aynesty 1226--8 Fees, 1260 YI, 1316 Pat, Aynsty 1265 Mise, 1290 YI, 1303 FA, 1357 Pat, 1548 D, Anesti 1268, Aynstik' 1275 Ebor, Hainsti 1295, Aynstigh 1334 Ipm, Ansty 1428 FA. - The wapentakc is named from AINSTY Cliff (6"), just S. of Bilbrough. In 1255 YI there is a reference to 'the street from Bilburg' (var. Bewebrug' = Bow Bridge in Steeton?) towards Aynesty'; in 1276 RH the wapentake of Ainsty is stated to have been held at Bilbrough (coram wap' apud Bilburg'). - From ON einstigi or OE anstzg (anstiga) 'narrow path'; names like ANSTEY, ANSTIE in the south of England are from OE anst'ig or anstiga (EPN s. v., PNSx 261, Pl\TDv 335); cf. also Lindkvist 42.

Skyral~k

wap.

Between Wharfe and Aire, S. of Claro wap, including Micklethwaite, Collingham, Wothersome, Aberford, Parlington, Garforth and Kippax in the east, and IIkley, Morton and Bingley in the west.

Siraches Wapentac 1086 DB, Wap' de Scirac 1166, Schireie wapentacum (for -eic-) 1180, Schireikwapentacum 1183, Schirac wapentach' 1189 P, Scirhac late 12th YD HI, Schirac ante 1210 (c. 1350) Pant, Scyraik' 1219 Ass 1053 m 6, Skyrec 1219, Skyraic 1226-8 Fees, Skireyk' 1231 Ass 1043 m 12, Skyrrayk' 1268 Ass 1051 m 4, Skyrek 1279 Ass 1057 m 5d, Skireocke 1279, Skireyke 1288 YI, Skyrayk 1285 FA, 1316 Pat, Shirak 1322, Skirack 1341 Pat. - According to tradition, the meetings of the wapentake were held under an old oak in Headingley, NW. of Leeds; the name is (or was) preserved in the name of an inn in Headingley,' also apparently in SHIRE OAK Road and SHIRE OAK Street (6" 203 SW) in Headingley, On the other hand Dr Smith kindly points out a reference to wapentac de Scirakes apud Burcheleiam early 13th Kirkstall; Burcheleiam he would take to refer to Burley in Wharfedale, which for several reasons would be a good meeting 1 Cf. G. L. Gomme, Primitive Folk-Moots, London 1880, p. 210 f., and references.

The English Hundred-Names

place.! - No doubt from OE *scir-iic 'oak where the shire meets', with subsequent Scandinavianisation; v. Lindkvist 77, IPN 64. Cf. Schirakes, Schiraykes 13 Selby (in Holme on Spalding Moor YER), and the modern name SKYRAKES in Gargrave; SHIREOAKS Nt (Shirakas early 12th Man VI 118, Sc~rakes 1154-67 (1316) Ch, Sireakes 1189--1201 YCh 1411, Shirakes 1286 Ch) is near the junction of the shires of Notts, Derby and York. - If the shire system met with in some of the northern counties once extended to the West Riding (v. supra p. XXIII), the reference was perhaps to one of these small shires. Rarkston Ash wap.

Between Wharfe and Aire, E. of Skyrack wap.

Barcheston(e) fVapentac 1086 DB, Wap' de Barchest' 1166,

Barkeston'wapentacum 1195, 1199, Barcston'wapentacum 1197 P, Barkeston' Wap' 1219 Ass 1053 m 4, -1226--8 Fees, 1231 Ass 1043 m 5, 1310 Ebor, wap ot Barkeston 1265 Mise, 1316 FA, Barkston 1303 FA, Barston 1312 Ipm, 1354 Pat, wapentag' de Barkston Ashe lt102 YAS 3. 2 - - The modern form of the wapen take name, which has not been found before the 17th century, is taken from BARKSTON ASH, marked on the OS map just W. of BARKSTON; otherwise the name of the wapentake is derived from that of the village itself: on Barcestune c. 1030 YCh 7, Barchestvn 1086 DB, Barkeston 1153-4 (14) YCh 155, 1219 Ebor, 1297 Ipm, Barkeston' (p) 1185 P, 1200 Cur, Barston 1376 FF. - Doubtless from ON BQrkr (gen. Barkar) pn and OE tun 'farm'; v. Bjorkman ZEN 22. OsgoIdcross wap. S. of Barkston Ash wap and the Aire, extending southwards as far as Kirk Bramwith, Owston, Skelbrooke and S. Kirkby (inclusive), and west wards as far as Badsworth, Huntwick, Featherstone, and Castleford (inclu sive). In the east it includes Snaith, Rawcliffe and Goole and the marsh land E. of these places.

·Osgotcros, Osgotgl'OS 1086 DB, Osgodecros 1166, Osgodescros 1167, Osegotecroswapentacum 1180, 1183, Osegotescroswapentacum 1188 P, Osgotecros c. 1210 (c. 1350) Pont, 1219 Ass 1053 m 3, 1286 I Cf. also, however, coram Wapentachio de Sciraiches, ad molendinum Wichdunie (Wigton, 5 m. N. of Leeds) ib.

I owe this reference to the kindness of Dr A. H. Smith.

, O. S. Anderson

YI, Osegotecros 1252 Cl, 1293 Kirkstall, OsegodecTOs 1268 Ass 1051 m 2, Osegotecrosse 1280 YI, Osgodcros 1284 Kirkstall, Osgotcrosse 1316 FA, 1327 Ipm, 1360 Pat, Osgodcrosse 1322 Pat, 1402 FA, Osgoodcross 15G9 D; - from ON Asgautr pn (v. Bjork man NP 14 f., ZEN 16; Lindkvist 138 f.) and ON kross 'cross'; the site of the cross is lost. Straft'orth wap. A large district in the SE. part of the Riding, on the upper Don and Dearne, S. of Osgoldcross wap, including the pars of Gt Houghton, Darfield, Wombwell, Hoyland, Ecclesfield and Bradfield in the west. Its size is no doubt to be explained to some extent from the nature of this district: in the east are the Hatfield Moors and other marshy districts, and in the west it extends into the moor-land of the Pennine Hills. The liberty of Tickhill was also within its limits,! and the whole wapentake is now usually called 'the wapentake of Strafforth and Tickhill'.

Strafordes Wapent' 1086 DB, Wap' de Straford' 1166 P. Stratford 1170 P, 1266 :Mise, 1307 YI, 1428 FA, Straffordwapen lacum 1178, Strafordwapentacum 1185 P, Stratford 1197 P, 1219 Fees, 1260 FF, 1316 Pat, Stratford' 1219 Ass 1053 m ld, 1230 P, Stratford' 1231, 1268 Ass 1043 m 16d, 1051 m 13, Stretford 1292 QW, Strafforthe 1330 yl) V, Stratforth 1334 Ipm. - The meeting place from which the wapentake is named was at an old ford over the Don at Mexborough, where the name is preserved in STRAFFORTII Sands, a name given to some low-lying lands near Mexborough,' whence the wapentake is also called Mekesburgh wapentac' 1321 Inq aqd (ct. also: in wapp' de Stratford . . ad curiam de Sekesburgh (sic) 1279-81 QW). The road that crossed the Don here was according to Hunter S of Roman or British origin; the name is from OE stret and ford 'ford where the (Roman?) road crosses the Don'. The regular forms in -a-, which cannot represent the dialect-development of the district, may be due to Norman influence; v. Trafford PNLa 32; or to south-country scribes; cf. also Startforth PNNR 304. Brandl's explanation (influence from OGael strath) is unsatisfactory; cf. Forster 231. The liberty is sometimes described as a wapentake, as in 1276 RH, 1316 Pat (wapentakes of Stratford and Tykhill), 1379 SR 206/49. 'J. Hunter, South Yorkshire, London 1828, I p. VII, XII, 390; also VHY II 33. 3 Op. cit. I p. VII, 390. 1

The English Hundred-Names

Stllincr-oss wap. NW. of Strafforth wap, on the upper Dearne, S. of Aggbrigg wap, inclu ding the pars of Hcmsworth, Wintersett, Notton, Wooley, W. Bretton, Skel manthorpe, Cumberworth and Thurlstone in the north.

Staincros 1086 DB, 1204-9 YCh 1784, c. 1210 (c. 1350) Pont, 1276 RH, Stancros 1086 DB, 1219 Ass 1053 m 2d, Steincros 1166, 1170, Steincroswapentacum 1193 P, Steyncros 1231 Ass 1043 m 15, StayncTOs 1233 BM, 1268 Ass 1051 m 10, 1286 YI, Stayncross 1252 Cl, Steyncrosse 1300 Pat, Stayncrosse 1322 Pat, 1428 FA. - STAINOROSS is a village and railway-station, 3 m. N. of Barnsley, no donbt named from the same cross from which the wapentake takes its name. - From ON steinn and kross 'stone-cross'; cf. Lindkvist 86. Aggbrigg wap. On the Calder, N. of Staincross wap and VV. of Osgoldcross wap, inclu ding Morley, Batley, Dewsbury, Ravensthorpe, lIfirfield and Huddersfield in the north. .

Hagebrige, Agebrvge 1086 DB, Aggebrige 1166, Aggebrige 'wapentacwn 1180, 1188, Agr.briga 1181, Agebrigg' 1197 P, Agge brig' 1219 Ass 1053 m 1, Aggebrigge 1231, 1268 Ass 1043 HI 16d, 1051 m 9, 1276 RH, 128G YI, 1345 Pat, Akebrygg' 129~ Ass 1098 m 28, Aggebregg' 1305 Ass 1108 m 9, Akbrigg 1322 Pat, Agbrig 1402 FA. - AGBRIGG (Aggebrigg 1277 WCR, Agge brigge 1286 YI, (the repayringe of the easte ende of) Aggbrigge 1572 YD HI, Agbrigg 1601 FF), now a hamlet, is 1 '/ 2 m. SE. of Wakefield, on the Aire and Calder Navigation Canal; the hamlet doubtless takes its name from the old bridge where the wapen take used to meet; in 1286 YI an inquisition is said to have been held at this place. - From OSw Agge, ODa Aggi pn (a short form of names in Ag-; cf. Bjorkman ZEN 11) and ON bryggja 'bridge'. ~[orle)'

wap.

S. of the Aire and Skyrack wap and enough, Morley itself is in Aggbrigg wap to a recent change, for it was included in an explanation of this and similar cases,

N. of Aggbrigg wap. Curiously at present, but this must be due Morley wap in 1610 (Speed); for see above p. XLV note.

Morelei(a), Morelege Wapentac 1086 DB, Morlei Wap' 1166 P, Morlay wapentacum 1181 P, 1219, 1268 Ass 1053 m 5, 1051 m 6, 1428 FA, Morlewapentacum 1188 P, Wapent' de Morley 1231 Ass 1043 m 12d, 1288 YI, 1316 FA, Wapp' de Moreley 1279 Ass 1057 m 14.

The English Hundred-Names

The wapentake is named from the town of MORLEY, S. of Leeds: Mo Telei(a), (silua) More lege 1086 DB, JloTlai 1121 (16) YAS 80, 1202 FF, 1215 Ch, Morlay 118~1200 (c. 1250) YCh 1617, 1209 FF, 1280 Ch, MOTlei 1190-1210 (13) YCh 1618, Morle 1226 FF. - The exact spot for the meetings of the wapentake was perhaps at TrNf;LEY, a hamlet 1 m. SE. of Morley: Tyngelawe (p), Thingeslau:e 1208 FF, TyngeloU'e (p) 1284, Thynge lau'e (p) 1296 WCR, Thinglow (p) 1321 YD VI; - from OE ping and hlaw 'hill of assembly'; cf. Goodall 285.

Yuccrosse 1340 Pat, Yuecr[ossj (for Yuccr?) 1343 Ipm, Youkcros 1347 Pat, Yocrosse 1358 Pat, 1428 FA, Yewcrosse 1539 LP. The first el. may be a short form *Juki of an ESc pn *Jukell corresponding to ON l6kell (second el. OR kross; for the loss of the medial vowel cf. Buckrose, above p. 14; if this alternative is correct YOKEFLEET YER may be compared: Ju,qufled, Lukufled 1086 DB, Jukeflet 1165--c. 1185 (16) YCh 988, 1200 Cur, ./ukefluet, Yukkeflet 1180-9 YCh 984, 986, Yukesflet 1231, Yukeflet 1240 FF, Youkflete 1299, Yucflet 1327 Cl); - or, especially if the forms in Yue- are correct, it may be a short form of a name corresponding to ON lodlfr, l6arr or the like.

From OE mor and le(a)h, but the exact meaning of the compound is difficult to determine ('the wood on the moor'?). The character of the country-side is seen from names like 'Moor Head', 'Moorside' some two or three miles NW. of Morley itself. Stainclitf and Ewcross wap. The NW. part of the Riding, W. of Skyrack and Claro waps. It inclu des Craven, which is coextensive With Sta.incliff wap, and part of Lonsdale. Staincliff and Ewcross were formerly two separate wapentakes, the latter including the NW. part of the district; in 1316 (FA) E'Ycross comprised Burton in Lonsdale, Bentham, Ingleton, Clapham, Austwick, Horton in Ribblesdale, Sedbergh, Dent and Thornton in Lonsdale.

(

O. S. Anderson

Steinclif 1166 P, 1231 Ass 1043 m 14d, 1253 Pat, Steinclif 'Wapentacum 1195 P, Stainclit'e early 13th Pudsay, Stainclif' 1219 Ass 1053 m 5d, 1230 P, Staynclyf 1268 Ass 1051 m 1, 1276 RH, 1311 Ipm, 1428 FA, StainclYfe 1285 FA, Steync1eve 1301 YI, Staynclyve 1309 Cl, Stainclitfe 1303 FA, 1317 Ipm, Stanecliff 1303 FA, Stanclif 1334 Cl; Staynil 1293 YI, Stainhill 1295 Ipm. - Whitaker mentions a place called STAINCLIFF, near Stainton (3 m. W. of Gargrave), from which the wapentake may derive its name! It is a Scandinavianised form of OE stan-clif 'cliff, crag'; cf. IPN 66.' Juccros 1219 Ass 1053 m 6, YOCI'OS 1231 Ass 1043 m 13, Yhucros 1248 Orig,Yucros 1251 YI, 1279 Ass 1057 m 1, 1301 YI, Youcros 1293 Ass 1098 m 1, 1297 SR, 1298 Ipm, Yuckros 1293 Ass 1098 m 87, Youcrosse 1300 Pat, 1303 FA, 1360 Pat, Yuccross' 1305 Ass 1108 m 6, Youcross 1316 FA, Yuecross (for Yucc-?) 1316 Pat, Yuccros 1317 Cl, Youkaosse 1322, Yukcrosse 1338, 1 'Staincliff juxta Stainton in one of the charters of Sallay Abbey among the Towneley MSS'; Th. D. Whitaker, The History and Antiquities of the Deanery of Craven, Leeds 1878, p. 9. • The phrase inter Airnam et Steinclif usque Merebroc 1155-60 (1230) Ch (also YCh 1475, 1665) refers to Staincliffe, 1 !. m. N. of Dewsbury; cf. ' Mon V 136.

The locality from which the wapentake is named is mentioned in an inquisition cbncerning the bounds of the chase of Burton in Lonsdale made in 1307 (YI). The boundaries run from 'the top of the hill of Pene gent (Pen-y-ghent) ... to Durlaykhege, and so ... to Youcrosse, and from Youcrosse to Whettyngstan', and from Whettyngstan' to a place called Langemangrave ... and so by Knate .. (lacuna; for Knotteranum 2.5 D 7?) to Caldestan' (Cold Stone 25 D 6) ... and from Caldestan' by a place cal led Harlaw (Gt IIarlow 25 D 6) to le Tong' of BrOlmmore (Burn Moor 25 C 6) .. .'. I have not been able to determine the exact position of Ewcross from this list with the maps at my disposal, but it was probably in the south part of Rorton in Ribblesdale, or in the south·east part of Austwick par, near the wapentake boundary. - The place was the meeting-place of the wapentake, as appears from an entry on the 1305 Assize Roll (Ass 1108 m Gd) recording the trial of one Henry Blese for various offences, among others for 'roberiis factis hominibus de Yuccrosse apud crucem de Yuccrosse de bonis suis'.

Lancashire. The county of Lancashire is of post-Conquest origin; its full recognition as a shire seems to date from the end of the 12th century.' In Domesday the part of the present county that is S. of the river Ribble was surveyed with Cheshire, under the_ heading Inter Ripam et Mersham. Lancashire N. of the Ribble, like the soutfi.\rn parts of the modern counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, was included with Yorkshire in the survey. Lancashire S. of the Ribble was divided into six hundreds in Domesday, viz. Black burn, Leyland, West Derby, Warrington, Newton and Salford; the hds of Warrington and Newton were later merged in West Derby hd. Each of the hundreds of S. Lancashire was identical with a royal manor and could be called either a manor or a hundred (Blachebvrne... Ad hoc Manerium 1 V. Tait, Medireval Manchester and the Beginnings of Lancashire, Manchester 1904, p. 181.

1 \

o. S. Anderson

uel hundredum adjacebant XXVIII liberi homines DB l. 270a; and similarly SaHord, ib.). All the hundreds of this part of Lancashire were named from the manors to which they belonged. Tn Lancashire N. of the Ribble no hundreds or wapentakes are mentioned in Domesday, though the names of Lonsdale and Amounderness occur as names of districts later included in the hundreds so called. - Tn the second half of the 12th cen tury the whole county was divided into wapentakes. The extension of the wapentake system to the whole of Lancashire no doubt took place after the time of the Domesday survey,' probably in connection with its growth into a separate shire;2 it must be due to adoption of the system found in the counties to the east. The use of the term hundred in Domesday for the later wapentakes of Lancashire S. of the Ribble might be due to its being combined with Cheshire, which is divided into hundreds. In explanation of the peculiar use of the terms 'manor' and 'hundred' in the portion of the survey relating to this part of Lancashire, it has been suggested that the Domesday surveyors here met with a stmcture of society different from that of southern England, viz. an organisation into 'shires' characteristic of the old Northumbrian kingdom; the terminology of the survey might reflect the uncertainty that was the result of dealing with this district on the same lines as southern England.' - The change back from 'wapentake' to 'hundred' did not occur till modern times.'

Lonsdale hd. This hundred now consists of two separate parts, one including the Lancashire portion of Lonsdale proper, called Lonsdale hd S. of the Sands, the other, known as Lonsdale hd N. of the Sands, including Cartmel and Furness. The earliest examples probably refer only to the former part of the hundred, as Furness is mentioned as a separate wapentake in 1185 (P). The hundred is bounded on the south by Amounderness hd, from which it is separated by the Cocker and by vast peat mosses.

Lanesdele -dale Wapentacum 1169, Lanesdala Wapentacum 1188 LPR, Lunesdal'wapentacum 1197 P, wapentac de Lanesdal' 1199 Ch,wapentacum de Lanesdal', Launesdal' 1226--8, de Launesdale 1246 Fees, wapeltacci de Lanisdal' 1235 Cl, wapentach' de Lanes dale 1292 QW, 1327 SR. - The hundred-name is adapted from the old name of the district, the Lune valley; v. further PNLa 167, ERN 270. Op. cit. 152; VRLa I 271; ERR 41, 28. 2 Cl. Tait op. cit. 177 l. , V. Jolliffe, ERR 41 pp. 1--42, and on the shire system in general more fully above p. XXIII. , Cf. Chetham Miscellanies N.S. vo!.;) (pt. 3) p. 7 and see above p. XXTIT. 1

The English Hundred·Names

Amounderness hd. The district between Lonsdale hd and the Ribble; Ribchester par in the SE. part of the district now belongs to Blackburn hd (with the exceptiQn of Alston with Hothersall township), but it was surveyed with Amounder ness in 1086.

Wapentac de Agmlllldernesse 1194 La Ch, wapetac' de Aumun d'rnesse 1199 Ch, Wapentacum de Agmundernes 1206 LPR, wapentaki de Aumundirnes 1212 Fees, Amundernes 1215 LPR, 1246 Fees, wap af Augmanderness 1226 LT, wapentacum de Aumundemesse 122u-8, de Aumendrenes 1242 Fees, Wapentach' de Amllnndernp-sse 1327 SR. - Further examples, not explicitly referring to the wapentake, are: A[g]hemundesnes 930 (14) YCh 1, Agemyndrenesse 1086 DB, Agmundernesia 1094 La Ch (copy), provineia quae vacatur Agmundernes 1123 SD, Aumadernesse 1166 RBE, 1218 Cl, Almunriernesse 1178 LPR, Almundernies' 1206 Cl, Amunderness' 1208 Cur, Agmodernesse 1214 Cl, Augma dernesse 1243 Pat. - ON * Agmundar-nes from ON Agmundr (Ogmundr) pn and ON nes 'head-land'. The view that the name denoted the whole peninsula between the Cocker and the Ribble estuaries (v. PNLa 139)" seems to me most likely; cf. Holderness YER and Ness Li, also Nassaborough Np (from OE nmss). Blackburn hd. On the Yorkshire border, mainly S. of the Ribble where it includes the pars of Blackburn and Whalley, but also including a small district to the north of the Ribble (see above); it borders on SaHord hd in the south, from which it is separated by high moorlands; and on Leyland hd in the west.

Blacheb1!1"n hvnd' 1086 DB, Blakeburne Wapentacum 1188 LPR; Blakeb1.lrnescira 1147-54 (13) YCh 641, wapentacum de Blakeburnesir' 1226-8, de Blakeburnsir' 1242, de Blakeburnschyre 1246 Fees, wap af Blakeburnechire 1292 LT, Wapentach' de Blake burneshire 1327, de Blackburnshil" 1332 SRi wap af Blakeburn 1323 Pat. - It is named from the manor of BLAcKBuRN: Blachebvrne 1086 DB, Blakeburn' 1187 P (p), 1242 Fees, Blakeburn 1256 FF; - from OE blmc and burna 'black stream', the old name of the river Blackwater (v. PNLa 74).' 1 Clitheroe castle was the caput of the hundred (v. VRLa VI 231), and it is sometimes called the wap of Clitheroe, as in 1322 Mise, 1349 Ipm, 1361 Fine. Cf. also QW 382: quo ad wapentach' de Blakeburnesyre dicunt quod ipse habet curiam suam de Clyderhou que vulgaliter appellatur wapentach' de Blakeburnesyre ubi omnes homines ejusdem wapentaehi placitare de· bent ... a tempore quo non extat memoria ...

S. Anderson

The English Hundred·Names

Leyland hd. W. of Blackburn hd on the Ribble, including in the south amI the west th.e pars of Standish, Eccles ton, Croslon, Rufford, Tarleton and Hesketh, bordering on Salford and West Derby hds. It is separated from Salford hd by hills and moor.land, and from West Derby hd partly by the river Douglas, and (formerly) Martin Mere.

Lailand hvnd' 1086 DB, Lailand Wapentacum 1188 LPR; Leilondesir' 1199 Ch, wap of Lailondesire 1226 LI, wapentacum de Lelandsir' 1226---8 Fees, de Leiland' 1229 Cl, de Leylandesir' 1242, de Leylaundesyre, Lailondesir' 1246 Fees, Wapentach' de Leilondshire 1327 SR. - The hundred is named from the manor of LEYLAl\D, with which it was coextensive except for Pcnwortham (VHLa VI 1): Lailanfl 1086 DB, Leilandia, Lailanda 1153--60 La Ch, Leiland 1212 Fees. The name is derived by Professor Ekwall (PNLa 133) from OE Wig-, cognate with ON lrigr 'low', OIIG lagi, and OE land, and is thus identical with ModE lea-land, lay-land 'fallow land' (v. NED s. v.).

West Derby bd. The SW. part of the county on the Irish Sea and the Mersey, W. of Leyland and Salford hds. Its eastern boundary runs from the Snoter Stone at Hundred End on the Ribble estuary through Martin Mere (now drained) to the Douglas near Rufford, along the Douglas to Wigan, and then, inclu ding the pars of Wigan and Leigh, to the GIazebrook which it follows to the Mersey. - In Domesday this district was divided into the three hds of Newton, Warrington and Derby; Derby hd then only occupied the W. part of the present hundred.

Neweton hd' 1086 DB, including roughly the modern pars of Wigan and Winwick (VHLa III 1 note), is named from NEWTON IN MAKERFlEUl: Neweton 1086 DB, Ni1Oeton 1177 LPR, Neuton' 1212 Fees, Neuton Macreffeld 1257 Ch, Neuton in Makerfeld 1298 Cl; v. PNLa 98. This hundred-name has not been found after Domesday, but the district is sometimes called the wap of MAKER FIELD in later sources: Machesfeld Wapentacum 1169 LPR, Wap pentak of Makefeud 1246 Ass, wapentach' de Markefeld, wapp' de Derebyshyre et Makerfeld 1292 QW; for Makerfield see PNLa 93 f.; it is explained as a compound of Brit *macer, W magwyr 'wall, ruin', and OE feld 'field', and it is suggested that it wa~ originally the name of Ashton or Newton. IFalintvne h'cnd' 1086 DB seems to have been identical in the main with the modern pars of Prescot, Warrington and Leigh

(VHLa 1. c.). The name is derived from that of the manor of WARRINGTON: Walintvne 1086 D.l?, Werineton' 1228 Cl, Werinton 1236 Fees, 1278 Ass, Werington 1246 FF, whose first el. is a derivative of the name-theme found in OE pns in Tl'(er-; v. PNLa 96. - This hundred is not met with after Domesday. Derbei hvndret, hvnd' Derbie, (homines) Derberire 1086 DB~ Derebi Wapentacum 1188, Derebiscire 1197 LPR, Hundl'edwn de Derbisir' 1212, wapentacum de Dereby 1219 Fees, wap of West Derebe 1226 LI, wapentacum de Derbisir' 1242 Fees, Westdere bisire 1257 1..1, Wapentach, de Derbishir 1327 SR, wap of West derbishire 1338 FF. _. The hundred is named from the manor of WEST DERBY: Derbei 1086 DB, Derbeium 1094 France (copy), Derbeia 1153 BM, Derbi 1169, rVestderbi 1177 LPR. The name is identical with that of DERBY Db, from which it is distinguished by the prefix "Vest-; both most probably derived from ON dyr, diflr 'deer' and byr 'village'. For a full discussion of the names see PNLa 114 f. Salford hd. The SE. part of the county, E. of West Derby hd and S. of Blackburn and Leyland hds.

Salford hvnd' 1086 DB, wapetach' de Salford' 1199 Ch, hundredurn de Sarnford 1200, Wapentacum de Sau/or'd 1203 LPR, Salfordesire 1212 Fees, Saufordsir' 1218 CI,wapentacurn de Sal forsir' 1226-8, de Salefordesir' 1242 Fees, Wapentach de Sal fordshire 1327 SR. - It is named from the manor of SALFORD: Salford 1086 DB, 109,1 La Ch (copy), 1177 LPR, Sauford 1169 LPR, Saleford 1189-93 (1287) La Ch. - From OE salk and ford 'willow ford'; v. PNLa 32.

Derbyshire. Derbyshire now consists of six hundreds, viz. High Peak, Scarsdale, Wirksworth, Appletree, Morleston and Litchurch, and Repton and Gresley. As far as the evidence of Domesday goes, the wapentakcs found in 1086 on the whole correspond to the modern hundreds, with the difference that Morleston and Litchurch were then separate wapent akes. Two modern hundreds, those of Wirksworth and Repton and Gresley had different na mes in Domesday; no name is given in Domesday to the modern High Peak hd. Two additional wapentakes appear in the 12th century, viz. Blakewell, perhaps an early name for High Peak hd, and a wapen

S. Anderson

take called Aslakestouwapentacum 1179, Aselakestouwapentacum 1185, Hatelakestowapentacum 1188 P. The latter of the two has not been identi fied; it was possibly in Nottinghamshire t (in 1185 it seems to be assigned to Derbyshire, but Hatelakestouapentacum is mentioned among the Not tinghamshire wapentakes; the two counties are combined on the rolls); the name seems to consist of the ON pn Aslakr (OESc Aslak) and OE stau' 'place', a compound of an unusual kind, but perhaps the second el. should be read scou, i. e. ON skr!gr 'wood'. - The hundreds of Derbyshire vary much in extent. High Peak and Scarsdale between them occupy the whole of the northern half of the county; either of these hundreds is several times the extent of one of the hundreds in the south of the county. This is no doubt mainly due to the different nature of the conntry-side in the different parts of the county: its northern and especially its north-western part is hilly and contains large areas of moor-land; the hundreds of south Derbyshire are more level and fertile and could sustain a larger population. The central parts of the hundreds of north Derbyshire were the river-val leys where communication was easy; High Peak hd includes the valley of the Wye and the upper part of the Derwent valley, Scarsdale hd the valleys of the Rather and the Amber; the boundary between these two hundreds is the ridge of moorland to the east of the Derwent, the Derwent-Rother watershed. In the south of the county the hundreds are not as a rule sepa rated by natural boundaries; the only exception is Repton and Gresley hd, which is separated from the rest of the county by the Trent. Some of these hundreds are very irregular in shape or have parts of their areas detached from their main bodies.

Higll Peak lld. The NE. part of the county, the Peak Hills and the valleys of the Wye and the Derwent, including Hathersage, Baslow, Beeley and Darley in the east, and Birchover, Winster, Ivonbrook Grange, Harthill, Gratton, Youl greave, Monyash, Flagg, Chelmorton, Kingsterndale, Buxton, Burbage and Fernilee in the south and south-west.

The hundred is not mentioned in Domesday, but an early name may be preserved in Blakewell'- Blakewellewapentacum 1195 ff. P, if this name is to be associated with that of BLACKWELL, a village on the Wye, 3 m. SW. of Tideswell, in High Peak hd: Blacheuuelle 1086 DB, Blacowella in Pecco c. 1100 (1316) Mon V 111, Blacwelle 1109-22 (1356), Blacowell' 1155-8 (1316) Ch, Blakewell' 12:30 Cl, Blakewelle 1231 FF, Blackwelle in le Hautepek 1330 QW; - from OE blrlJC and wella 'black spring'; but there is another Blackwell in this county near Alfreton (Blacwell' 1242 t It is identified with Aslacoe Li in PRS vol. 34 p. 112 note, but this is hardly possible.

The English Hundred·Names

Fees), and a hamlet of Blackwall near Wirksworth, and the identification cannot be regarded as certain. wapentaci de Pecko 1208 Pat, Altum Pechum 1219 Fees, Wapentacwn de Alto Pecco 1242 Fees, 1252 Cl, 1275 RH, 1316 FA, Hundredum de Alto PeccG 1428 FA, High Pekk hd 1539 LP. - HIGH PEAK is the name of the N. part of the Peak district, as distinct from Low or Lower Peak, approximately corresponding to Wirksworth hd (v. NED s. v. peak sb 1); another name of the district is perhaps Nordpech 1174 P. The wapentake name is adapted from the name of the di~trict! The name of the Peak enters into; Pecsa;tna 7 (c. 1000) Tribal Hid, on Peaclond 924 ASC (A), Pecheters (for Pechesers; v. NED I. c.) 1086 DB; it appears as; in monte qui vocatur Pee c.1130 HH, Pech 1157,1186 P, del Pec 1228, del Pek' 1244 Cl, le Pek 1254 Pat, Peek' 1306 SR 242/69, le Peek 1336, the Peke 1341 Pat, la Pek 1341 Cl, Haut Peck 1345 BM, the hee peke 1494 HMC Var 11. The name was probably originally applied to the highest parts of the Peak Hills and later transferred to the whole district. NED points out that in the 12th and 13th centuries it seems to have been apprehended as the proper name of Castle Hill at Castleton. Altum Peccum or Altus Peccus is a Latinised and Haut Peck a French form of the name. For the etymology v. PNBeds 176 f.

Scarsdale bd. The NE. part of the county, E. of High Peak hd, including in the south the pars of S. Wingfield and Alfreton, bordering on Morleston hd.

Scarvedele, Scaruesdele 1086 DB, Scaluesdale 1130, Scarewes dalawapentacmn 1179, Scarewedalawapentacum 1185, Scaruesdale 1189 P, Scaruesdal. 1182-9 BM, Scarvedal' 1204 Ch, 1220 Cl, Skervedal' 1219 Cl, Scarvisdale 1219 Fees, Skerverdale 1238 FF, Scal'vesdal' 1252 Cl, 1275 RH, Scarvedale 1284-6 FA, Scharvis dale 1295 lpm, Scarvesdale 1302 FA, 1304 Ipm, Scaresdale 1428 FA. - The first el. is probably a pn corresponding to ON Skarfr ()r OSw *Skarve (Bjorkman NP 122; Lundgren-Brate 229); second €I. ON dalr 'valley'. The place from which the hundred is named is lost, but to judge from references to Wodethorp in Scharvisdale 13 BM (N. Wingfield par) and Stmtton in Scarvesdale 1322, 1331 Cl (N. Wingfield par), Scarsdale might be an old name of part of the Amber valley. At least as regards Woodthorpe it does not seem likely that the distinctive addition is the name of the hundred 1 The hundred is called uapentac de Bauchull' 1199 P, from Bakewell, its chief town.

I O. S. Anderwn

The English Hundred·Names

itself, for the only other Woodthorpe in this county (in Stavelcy) is also in Scarsdale hd. - On the 6" OS map a building called SCARSDALE Terrace is marked about a mile NE. of S. Wingfield, just E. of the Amber, but this may be a modern name. The modern SUTTON SCARSDALE derives its distinctive addition from the Earls of Scarsdale, who had their residence at Sutton in the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Lysons, Magna Britannia V 271 f.). Earlier forms of the name are: (in) Sudton et (sic) in Dal' 1203 Cur, Sutton' in Dal 1242 Fees, Sutton en Dal 1289'Ipm, Sulton in le Dall 1431 FA; Lysons calls it 8utton-in-the-Dale.

(Ashbourne) cum wapentaco was the subject of a grant; in 1212 Fees maneriurn de Wirkewrth' cum wapentakio is mentioned).

Wirkswortb bd. Mainly W. of the Derwent, S. of High Peak and W. of Scarsdale hd, extending eastwards as far as Matlock, Tansley and Wirksworth (inclusive) and southwards as far as Kirk Ireton, Hognaston, Kniveton and Ashbourne (inclusive), bordering on Appletree hd. In Kirk Ireton the boundary is marked by a Wapentake Lane and a Wapentake Plantation (6" 39 NW).

The modern hundred corresponds, at least approximately, to the Domesday wapentake of Hammenstan (1), Hamelestan (2). This has been identified with HAMsToN Hill (6" 38 NW; in Thorpe par, in the SW. eorner of the hundred) by Williamson. If correct the identification would tell in favour of the correctness of the first of the Domesday forms '; on the other hand it seems doubtful if Hamelestan could be regarded simply as a Norman variant of Hammenstan. A definite etymology is hardly possible with this material. If the first form is correct the name might be compared with Ham(e)stan Ch (below p. 148), perhaps from OE Hama pn. If Hamelestan is a genuine form the first el. is most likely a pn *Hamela (cf. PNLa 155, Mawer NoB IX 56 ff., ERN s. n. Hamble). Second e1. OE stan 'stone'. Werkewurdewapentacum 1180, Werkewurthewapentacum 1183 P, Wapentak' de Wurkcsworth' 1212 Cl, wapentacum de Wirkes wurth' 1242 Fees, de Wirkeworth' 1253 Cl, wapentak' de Wirkes wurth 1275 RH, Wirkesworth 1316 FA. - ' The- name is taken from the manor of WIRKSWORTn, to which the hundred was appur tenant (In 1203 Ch totum manerium de Wirrkeswrth' et Esseburne , It seems rather doubtful if the identification can be correct, however. The name given above from the 6" OS should probably be connected with Hanson (Grange) (53 A 6), c. 2 m. N. of Thorpe, which is Hanzedane in Domesday (VHDb I, 331) and Hunston Grange 1490 Middleton. If so, there can, of course, be no connexion with the name of the Domesday hundred. As I have now no opportunity of seeing the 6" map, I m1!st leave the mat ter undecided for the time being.

WIRKSWORTH (WyTcesuuyTthe 835 (13) BCS 414, WeTche"uuoTde 1086 DB, WeTcheswoTda 1130, WeTkeswuTda 1169, WeTchewuroa 1175, WeTkewuTda 1182, 1194 P, WaTkewoTth' 1196 Cur, WiTkewTde 1203 FF, WiTkeswuTth' 1205 Cl, WiTkewoTth' 1254 Fine; and later forms generally containing -i-, -y- and -so) belongs to a numerous group of names in Work-, Wark- and the like (cf. Wallenberg 176; also Walkwood PNWo 321, Warkton PNNp 188), generally derived from an OE pn *Wearc-; at least in some of the cases derivation from OE (ge)weoTc 'fortification' seems to me more likely; cf. especially Warkworth Nb; the circumstance that most of the names have the first el. in the genitive is remarkable, but need not prevent the derivation suggested.

Appletree bd. In the SW. corner of the county, on the Dove, S. of Wirksworth hd, from, which it is partly divided by the Henmore Brook, and W. of Morleston and Litchurch hd. In the east it includes the pars of Hilton, Etwall, Rad bourne and Brailsford, and the townships of Mercaston and Ravensdale Park, but also a narrow strip of land extending eastwards nearly to the Nottinghamshire border, almost dividing Morleston and Litchurch hd in two, consisting of the pars and townships of Heage, Bclper, Holbrook, Duffield, Kedleston, Breadsall, Chaddesden, Spondon, Stanley and Mapper ley. In 1431 (FA) Breadsall, Chaddesden, Spondon and Mapperley were in Morleston and Litchurch hd, but Kedleston in Appletree hd; on the whole the boundaries between Appletree and lIforleston and Litchurch hds seem to have been much changed in late times.

Apletreu 1086 DB, Apeltrewap' 1169, 1185, Apeltreu 1169, Appeltre hundredum 1180 P, Apeltr' 1242 Fees, Apiltre 1275 RH, 1298 Ipm, Appeltre 1280 Ass 147 m 11, 1305 Pat, Apeltre 1302 FA, 1327 Ipm. - OE a'ppeltreo11! 'apple-tree'.' IIlorleston and Litclmrch hd. N. of the Trent, E. of Appletree hd and S. of Scarsdale hd. The townships of Crich, E. of Wirksworth, and Clifton and Compton, near Ashbourne, are detached parts of this hundred. Morleston and Litchurch were originaiJy separate hundreds; according to the SR of 1327, Litchurch hd included the part of the present hundred that is between the Derwent and the Trent; they are mostly coupled in records from the latter part of the 13th century onwards. 1 The site of the tree is unkown, but the court of the hundred was held at Sutton on the Hill in the 14th century (Duchy of Lancaster Court Rolls, bdle 43, nos 482, 488; from transcripts kindly placed at my disposal by Miss H. M. Cam), and it may possibly have been near that place. In 1322 Cl the hundred is called the hd af AppeltTe and Sultan.

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

Morelestan 1086 DB, Morleistan 1166, 1195 (-wapentacum), Morlestanwapentacum 1185, 1194 P, Morleystan 1226 Fees, Mor足 leghston 1265 Mise, llJorleyston 1269 Ipm, 1280 Ass 147 m 16, 1302, 1431 FA, Morlegston' 1275 RH, Morleystayn 1281 QW, Morleston 1316 FA, Morlegheston 1317 Fine; also: wap of Morle

name here. -- The original post-Domesday name of the hundred is: waupentac et hllndredruJn de Rapendona probably 1158 DC, Wapentac de Rapendon' 1lfi6, Rependon'1vapentacum 1185, 1194 P, wap of Rapindon 1202 FF, Hundr' de Rapendun' 1218 Cl, hd of Repindon 1265 Mise, hundr' de Repindon' 1275 RH, 1280 Ass 147 m 17d (wappentach'), Wapentacum de Repyndon 1302 FA.

1252 Mise. - The name is a compound of the name of the viI. of MORLEY,' 4 m. NE. of Derby, and OE stiin, meaning 'the stone at Morley' or the like. The exact site of the stone is unknown. Morley is: Morlege 1002 (11) Thorpe 546, Morleia, Morelei 1086 DB, Morle c. 1200 BM, Morlega 1208-26 Werb, Morlegh 1231 Pat, Morleye 1236 FF, Morleygh 1295 Ch; -- from OE mol' and le(a)h; cf. MORLEY YWR above p. 25. Litlecherehewapentacum 1185, 1194, Wapentaeum de Litt足 leehurehe 1230 P, wap of Littelehirch 1265 Mise, Loehirche wap 1269 Ipm, 1J'apent' de Litilehirche 1275 RH, wappentach' de Lutcherch' 1280 Ass 147 m 13, Dimidium wappentaeum de 'Lueltirche 1284-15 FA, Luechurch' 1327 SR 91/6. The hundred is named from the viI. of LITCHURCH, now in the borough of Derby: Ludecerce 1086 DB, Luchercha 1154-76 (1337) Ch, Lutchurch' 1212 Fees, Lutchirche 1221----30 Fees, 1251 Ch, Lucchirch' 1229 Cl, Ludchurch 1234 Fees, Lotchirche 1235 FF, Littelchyrche 1258 FF, Litelchirche (P) 1275 Cl.

OE lfitel and cirice 'small church'. Repton and Gresley hd. Includes the S. part of the county, S. of the Trent; and Barrow upon Trent, Swarkeston and Chellaston to the north of the Trent. Overseal and Netherseal were in Leicester till 1893, when they were exchanged for Appleby, Stretton-en-le-Field, Oakthorpe, Donisthorpe and Willesley, whieh till then were in this hundred.

The modern name of the hundred is post-Domesday; in 1086 DB the hundred is called Wale eros Wap'; this name is probably identical with WALSIICROFT Li (Wale(s)cros 1086 LiDB, see further below p. 52), from ON Fdli pn and kros:s. It is to be noted that there must have been a strong Scandinavian colony in this part of Derbyshire and in the adjoining part of Leicestershire (cf. IPN 86), which explains the existence of a Scandinavian hundred足

The name is derived from that of the viI. of REPTON, in its NW. corner, near the Trent: jEt Hrypadune 848 (c. 1200) BCS 454, Hrypadun 10 (c. 1050) Guthlac 1; on Hreopadune 891 (s. a. 755), to Hreopedune 891 (s. a. 874, 875) ASC(A), Hreopedune c. 1025 Saints, on Hreopandune c. 1100 (s. a. 755) ASC(F), to Hreopendune c. 1100 (s. a. 874) ASC(D), on Reopandune 1121 (s. a. 755) ASC(E), Rapendun(e) 1086 DB, Repedona Stephen BM, Rependone 1154-60 Db Ch, Rapenduna 1158 France, c. 1162 Db Ch, Rappendona ?1175 Db Ch; Rependon' 1197 FFP, 1200 Cur, 1236 Cl, Repedon 1198 BM, Repindon' 1253 Cl.

As explained by Professor Ekwall (in lectures), the name is to be connected with that of R1PON YWR: Inhrypum c. 730 (8) Bede, Inhreopmn c. 890 (11) OE Bede (MS B), eet Hryopan c. 1025 Saints, both deriving from a tribal name, an i-stem of obscure origin. The eo-forms are to be explained from u- (and a-) umlaut of OE y, cf. OE seylon, sciolon (Btilbring 則 252), a phenomenon, which, in the nature of things, is very rare, as OE y seldom occurs in a position where umlaut is possible. - The later a-forms are due to Norman influence, v. IPN 112. Second e1. OE dun 'hill'. In the 13th century and later, part of the hundred is called the hd of GRESLEY. It is first mentioned soon after 1200 (waps of Rapendon and Gresley c. 1232 Db Ch, wapentacwn de Greseleg' 1242 Fees), later the name is generally coupled with that of Repton hd. In RH (ll f. 297) it is 8aid to consist of one half of Repton hd (medietas hundredi de Repindon' guro vocatur hundredum de Greseleg'), which shows that Repton hd was the older name of the district. The origin and the extent of this hundred cannot be detertnined without special investigation. It is remarkable that it does not occur in the headings of the assize or the 8ubsidy rolls (it is mentioned in the text of one assize roll; Ass 166 m 2d, A.D. 1330), which suggests that it was not regarded as being on a par with the other hundreds. It is named from the viI. of CASTLE GRESLEY, in the southern part of the hundred (Gresel[e] (p) 1124-9 LeS, Griseleia, Greseleia (p) 1166 RBE, Greselea (p) 1176 P, Castelgresele 1252 FF). 1

There is a place called MORLEY PARK (Morie 1330 QW) in the north of the hundred, 2 m. NE. of Belper, but there seems to be no reason to associate the hundred-name with that place. 1

The Latin has Ripadum.

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O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Xames

Nottinghamshire.

festow (p) c. 1180 Genealogist N.S. XVI 155, Brokelestoua (p) 1182, Bra culuestowe (p) 1187 P, Broculvestowe c. 1200 Middleton, 1212 Fees, Bro colvistow 1242 Fees, Brocoluestoue n. d. AD VI, Brocholwestouwa al. Brakestou 1457 BM.

The mQdern wapentakes of Nottinghamshire are on the whole iden tical with those in existence at the time of the Domesday survey; the mo dern waps of Broxtowe, Bassetlaw, Thurgarton, Newark, Bingham and Rushcliffe are all found in DB, but two Domesday wapentakes, viz. those of Lith and Oswaldbeck, have since been merged in Bassetlaw and Thurgarton waps respectively. To judge from the somewhat scanty evidence of Do mesday, the wapentake boundaries have remained practically unchanged since 1086. - Just as in the case of Derbyshire, there is great variation. in the areas of the Nottinghamshire wapentakes; they are smallest in the south and the east, whereas for instance the wap of Bassetlaw occupies almost all the northern half of the county. This may to some extent be explained from topographical conditions; Sherwood Forest must have covered a large part of Bassetlaw wap, and also parts of the waps of Brox towe and Thurgarton; the northern part of Bassetlaw wap also includes considerable areas of thinly-populated marsh-land. The Nottinghamshire wapentakes are divided into two blocks by the Trent. Broxtowe, Bassetlaw and Thurgarton are N. and W. of the Trent; Newark, Bingham and Rush· cliffe are E. and S. of the river. The three first-mentioned wapentakes were separated by Sherwood Forest, but the three wapentakes in the south and the east of the county are not divided by natural boundaries. The wapen takes are as a rule regular in shape and compact if regard be taken to the nature of early Nottinghamshire, except Newark wap, consisting of the long, narrow strip of land to the east of the Trent. - (In the 13th and 14th centuries there are repeated references to wapentakes called Plum tree, Ollerton, and Risley (Db); (1264 Ipm, 1275 RH, 1311 Ipm, 1325 Pat, 1327, i330 Ch etc.). In 1264 they are stated to belong to the manor of Kneesall, and in 1311 to that of Castle Donington (Le); the nature of these 'wapen takes' cannot be determined without special investigation; they are pro bably simply examples of the term wapentake being used for manor or liberty or the like; as they are accordingly of no particular interest for the matter in hand, they will not be further noticed here).

Broxtowe wap. In the west of the county on the Derbyshire border, N. of the Trent and mainly W. of the Leen, including in the east the pars of Mansfield Wood house, Sutton in Ashfield, Newstead, Papplewick and Arnold.

Brocolvestov, Brolvestov Wapentac, BrochelestOll Wapent' (Ru) 1086 DB, lVapentac de Broculuest01lJe 1166, Brocoluestowe Wap' 1169 P, Broculvestowe 1212, Brocolvistow.1219 Fees, Brocolstowe 1275 RH, 1285 FA, wap of Brokolvestowe 1276 Pat, Wapp' de Brokholstow 1280 Ass 667 m 9d, YJap of Brokestowe 1315 Pat. The wapentake is named from BROXTOWE, a hamlet, 3 m. NW. of Not tingham: Brochelestou 1086 DB, Brocolvestou (p) c. 1175 Middleton, Brokel-

The first el. has been derived from an otherwise unrecorded OE pn *Broc7Vulf, v. Crawford Charters p. 70; second el. OE stOl/) 'place'. Bassetlaw wap. In the north of the county, N. of Broxtowe and Thurgarton waps, including in the south the pars of Warsop, Clipstone, Rufford, Bilsthorpe, Eakring, Ompton, Laxton, Egmanton, Tmdord, Darlton and Ragnall. The NE. part of this district, corresponding to the modern North Clay division of the wapentake, was formerly a separate wapentake, known as:

OSYJardebec, Wardebec Wapentac 1086 DB, Oswardebec TVa pentac 1153 BM, Dim' Wap' de Oswardesbech 1169, dimidium wapentacu1n de Oswardesbec 1180, Oswardesbecwapentacum 1183, Oswardesbechwapentacum 1194 P, wapentaca de Bers' et Oswar debec 1242 Fees, dimid' u'appentach de Osewardebek 1280 Ass 667 m 1, Wapentach' de Bersetlawe ... cum dimid' wapp' de Osewardbek' 1329 Ass 683 m 13. The wapentake is named from OSWALDBECK, a lost manor, c. 6 m. NE. of Retford: Oswardesbec 1130, Oswardebech' 1165 P, Oswardebec 1212 Fees, 1216 Cl, Oswaldebec 1217 Cl, 1228 Fine; in the 18th century it still existed as a hamlet,' but the name is now only preserved in the name of the OSWALD BECK, a small tributary of the Trent, in West Burton par; - Oswaldbeck was also the caput of a soke (Socha de Osewardesbec 1169 P, Osewardes beksokene 1349 Pat, Oswalbeksokne 1411 Ipm).

ON Asvarar, ODa Asvarth pn and ON bekkr 'stream'. For the form Osward v. Bjorkman NP 10, s. n. Asbeorn and passim; and for the relation between the wapentake and the soke of Oswaldbeck, Stenton, Manorial Structure 44 f.

Bernedeselawe, Bernedela'we, Bernesedelawe 1086 DB, Dersete lawahdl" 1157, Bersetela"im 1166, 1180, 1188, 1194, Bersetewap' 1169, Bersetelawewap' 11"70, 1186 P, Bersetelaw 1219 Fees, 1275 RH, Bersetelawe 1230 P, 1280A8s 667 m 1, 1303 FA, Bersetelowe 13Hi FA, BersetllJwe 1327 SR 159i4, Barsettelowe 1331 Fine, Barsetlow 1377 SR 159/26, Bassetlowe 1402 FA. - Nothing defi 1 Thoroton's History of Nottinghamshire, pub\. by JOhn Throsby, Lon don 1797, III 334.

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The English Hundred-Names

nite is known about the site of the place from which the hundred is named. The hundred-name is perhaps to be connected with pratum de Bersebrigga early 12th Man VI 118 (also Ch III 295), near Worksop; on the other hand, Professor Stenton kindly suggests that the place may be identical with BLYTH LAW Hill, near the Ryton, about 4 m. NE. of Worksop, as this is the only name in 'low' in the district; but these possibilities need not be mutually exclusive. - The etymology of the name is uncertain. Professor Ekwall (AB 25, 199) compares BARNSlDF. La (Bernesete 1258, 1296 PNLa 88) from OE Beorn or ON BiQrn, Biarne pn and set 'shieling'. On the other hand, it has been suggested that the first el. is a compound in OE siidan 'settlers' but it is not easy to find an explanation of the first member of such a compound; if the suggestion is correct, and on the assumption that the Domesday forms are genuine, the most likely connection might seem to be OE bcernan or OE beornan 'burn'. One might think of OE bcernett, bernett meaning 'burning' but also 'burnt clearing' in PNs (v. EPN); it seems doubtful if the first el. of the compound could be this word itself, but it might be some derivative formed on similar lines and with a similar sense-development. - The -d- of the Domesday forms is an AN spelling, v. IPN 109. Second el. OE hliiw 'hill, mound'.

Torgartone, Turgastune (Ru) Wapentac 1086 DB, Turgartone Wapentac 1130, Turgarton"wapentacum 1183, Turgardton'wapen tacum 1194 P, Turgarton' et Lithe wapentacum 1219 Fees, wap of Turgerton and Lye 1274 Ipm, wapentacum de Thorgerton et Lythe 1316 FA.

Thurgarton wap. W. and N. of the Trent, S. and E. of Bassetlaw and Broxtowe waps. The

northern part of the district was originally a separate wapentake, the (half) wap of LITH or LYTH. The two wapentakes are generally combined in records from the 13th century onwards; as late as the 18th century Thur garton wap was known as Thurgarton-a-Lee (Throsby op. cit. I 1). Lith wap corresponded approximately to the North Division of the present wapentake extending southwards to Maplebeck, Caunton, Bathley and N. Muskham (inclusive).

Lide Wapentac 1086 DB, dim' Wapentac de Lide 1166, dimi dium wapentacum de Lie 1180, Lithewapentacum 1185 P, Lithe 1219 Fees, Lye 1274 Ipm, 1280 Ass 667 m 5, Lith 1303, Lythe' 1316, 1428 FA, Lith' 1327 SR 159/4, Lyth 1348 Pat, Lithe 1542 LP. - The wapentake name is no doubt - as kindly pointed out by Professor Stenton - to he connected with that of the locality called Lythe 1316 Ch, near Normanton on Trent; - from ON hlio 'slope'; cf. IPN 87.

The wapentake is named from the viI. of THURGARTON, 3 m. S. of South well: Tvrgarstvne 1086 DB, Turgaston 1156-7 (1308) YCh 354, Turger tona 1175 P, Turgarestun' 1205 Pat, Turgerton' 1207 Cur, 1242 Fees, Thur gerton 1225 Pat, 1280 Cl, Thurgarton 1228 Pat, 1303 Cl, Thurkerton' 1242 Fees, Thurgeirton 1271 Pat.

ODa (runic) PurgiR (OSw Pm'kir (runic), Thorger; ON Porgeirr) pn, v. Bjorkman NP 156, ZEN 86; and OE tun 'fa.rm'; cf. Lind kvist 94. :- In the 12th century the court of the wapentake was held at IVERSHAGH, in Oxton par, as appears from a reference to Wappent' de Thurgerton apud lverishaghe .. , existens c. 1180 (14) MS Harley 3640 fol. 92b '; this is the place where Camp is marked on the Ordnance Survey a mile north of Oxton village (cL IPN 160 note 3). Newark wap. E. of the Trent on the Lincolnshire border, including in the north the pars of N. Clifton, Thorney and Broadholme, extending southwards as far as Syerston, Sibthorpe, Shelton, Flawborollgh and Alverton (inclusive), bordering on Bingham wap. In some sources it is stated to be half a wapentake.

Neuuercam, Newerca, Newerce Wapentac 1086 DB, wapentac ... de Niwercha 1123-35 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Niwewerch wapen tacum 1176, dimidium wapentacum de Niwerc 1180, Niwewerc wapentacum 1183, Niwercwapentacum 1196 P, wapentacum de Newerk' 1242 Fees, dimid' wapp' Newerk 1276 RH, villata de Newerk' et dimid' wappent' ejusdem 1280 Ass 667 m 7. The wapentake is named from the manor of NEWARK (upon Trent), which was also the capu.t of a soke, coextensive with the wapentake; for the relation between the soke and the wapentake v. Stenton op. cit. p. 44. - NEWARK is: Newarcha 1060-66 KCD 818 (copy), Newerca 1061 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Neuuerc(h)e 1086 DB, Newercham 1090 (c. 1225), Niwerca 1101 15 (c. 1225), Neewerc 1139 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Niwerc 1140 (c. 1200) Reg Ant, 1167 P, Niu'ewerch' 1180 P.

OE neou'e and yeweorc 'new fortification'. 1

I owe this reference to the kindness of Professor Stenton.

O. S. Anderson

Bingham wap. S. of Newark wap and the Trent on the Leicestershire border, bounded on the west by Rushcliffe wap, from which it is separated by the Fosse Way farthest south and including the pars of Clipston, Tollerton and Gamston farther north.

Bingehamhov, Bingamesho'/J Wapentac 1086 DB, Bingeham Wap' 1169, Bingehamu:apentacum 1177, Binghamwapentacum 1179 P, Bingham wapentacum 1219 Fees, wapp' de Byngham 1276 RH, 1280 Ass 667 m 7d, 1316 FA, 1332 SR 159/5. - In the 18th century the court of the wapentake was held 'in a cer tain pit on the top of the hill on the contrary side of the Fosse Way, near the most westerly corner of Bingham lordship, called :Moot-House Pit', though it was usually adjourned to the neigh bouring village of Cropwell Butler (Throsby op. cit. I 139). The place is a mile W. of Bingham, just south of the crossing of the Fosse Way with the Bingham-Nottingham road. l\loothill farm is marked at this spot on the 1" OS map (lithogr. ed.). The wapentake name is derived from that of the town of BINGHAM, approximately in its centre. The Domesday name is composed of the name of Bingham and OE hoh (or ON haugr) 'spur of land, hill', no doubt referring to the same hill where the courts of the wapentake were held in 'Thoroton's day. BINGHAM: Bingheham 1086 DB, Binyeham 1165 P, 1226 Pat (-ham), Bingham 1205 Cl, Byngham in Le Vale 1578 BM, should be compared with BlNGLEY YWR: Bingheleia 1086 DB, Binggeleia 1182-5 (15) YCh 199, Bingelea 1196 P, Bingele 1208 Cur, 1227-30 YD I, 1254 Pat, and BlNGFlELD Nb: Bingefeld' (p) 1181 P (PNNb 22); cL also binguuellan 772 (c. 1300) BCS 208 (Bexhill S-x), and perhaps wowbincg, wopbinc BCS 982, 1319 (Meon Ha). The el. common to these names is an OE eognate of ON bingr 'boxed off chamber', Sw binge 'bin', Norw binge 'boxed off chamber, stall', G Binge 'hollow'; v. Torp, Hellquist. The meaning of.OE *bing- is difficult to determine exactly; it may have meant 'hollow, valley'; cf. PNSx 464 s. n. Bingletts. Rushcliffe wap. In the SW. corner of the county, S. of the Trent and W. of Bingham wap. It is sometimes accounted half a wapentake; in 1280 Ass it is treated as half a wapentake, represented by six jurors only at the assizes, but in 1305 it is treated as a full wapentake represented by twelve jurors.

Riseclive 1086 DB, 1130 P, 1219 Fees, 1265 :Misc, 1267 Pat,

The English Hundred·Names

1269 Ipm, 1316 FA, Dimid' Wapentac de Risecliue 11613, 1182, Risecliuewapentacum 1179, dimidium wapentacum de Risecliua 1185, 1194, Risecleuawapentacutn 1195 P, Risclil!c 1266 Pat, Reseclif 1280 Ass 667 m 8d, Riseclif 1305 Ass 676 m 3, Risclef 1332 SR 159/5, Rysclyf 1339 Fine, 1539 LP, Rysclive 13,16 FA, Risclif 1362 Cl, Risshclyve 1428 FA, Rushcliff 1569 D. - There is a small station called Rl:SHCLIFH Halt 1 on the Nottingham Loughborough railway-line, about a mile N. of East Leake. It is in a range of low hills running east and west, called RUSHCLIFFr. Hills locally (East and West Leake Hills on ma.ps). The wapen take must be named from these hills, and its meeting-place was no doubt somewhere near here (the exact spot may be Court Hill, 2 m. NW. of E. Leake). - The name is from OE hris or *hrisen (cf. PNBk 170, PPN 57 note) and clir. 'brushy slope', an apt name; for the northern, steeper slopes of the Rushcliffe Hills are in places thickly covered with brushwood. The modern form of the name is due to association with ModE Tush, OE hris having become obsolete.

Leicestershire. Leicestershire is now divided into six hundreds, viz. Goscote East and West, Guthlaxton, Sparkenhoe, Gartree and Framland; in 1086 the num ber was four; Sparkenhoe hd is of post-Domesday origin, and the partition of Goscote hd into two does not seem to have taken place till the 14th cen tury. It will be seen that the old hundreds must have been of very wide extent. Goscote and Guthlaxto·n hds, which occupied the west part of the county, were roughly equally large, but either of these hundreds occupied about twice the area of either Gartree or Framland hd. The hundreds as a rule consisted of compact areas, but on the east side of the county parts of Gartree, Goscote and Framland hds are intermixed in a curious manner. They are on the whole not separated by natural boundaries, except for Goscote and Guthlaxton Ms, separated by the broken country of the district known as Charnwood Forest; the circumstance that these two hundreds were partly forest may also help to explain their comparatively large areas. The Fosse Way was chosen for boundary between Guthlaxton and Sparkenhoe hds, and the boundary between E. and W. Goscote hds fo ]lows the Soar.

Goscote East and West hds. Occupy the northern half of the county, extending from Derbyshire to the Rutlandshire border, bordering on Sparkenhoe and Gartree hds in the 1

Marked on the map in Kelly's directory: v. also Barth.

O. S. Anderson

The English Uundred·Names

south and on Framland hd in the east, there including the pars of Old Dalby, Wartnaby, Asfordby, l"riEby, Ashby Folville, Gt Dalby, Thorpe Satchville, Twyford, Lowesby, Halstead, Whatborough and Launde. The division of the hundred into two parts is said in VHLe I 304 to have taken place in 1346, though no authority is quoted for this statement..

of land, called Guthlaxton Meadow in Cosby par (S. of Nar borough); this place was clearly near those marked on the Ordnance Survey.

Goseeot(e), Goseneote (1) Wapent' 1086 DB, Goseeote Wap' 1124-9 LeS, f166, et passim P, 1229 Ch, 1247 Fees (hundredum), 1284 Ass 457 m 42 (llundredum), 1296 rpm (hd), 1327 SR 133/1, hundredum de Goseeot' 1242 Cl, 1260 Ass 456 m 1, Gosekote 1252 Fees, Gosseeote 1275 rpm, Goseote 1316 FA. - First el. probably OE gosa 'of geese'; second el. OE cot, -It, for which see PNLa 9. One of the Domesday forms might point to an OE pn *Gosa which, in spite of Forssner's doubts (p. 130 note 2), would seem to have existed (cI. PNSx 514 s. n. Gostrow), but the evidence is in this case not decisive. - The place from which the hundred takes its name is not known with certainty, but it may have been in Syston where, according to Nichols,' the hundred court used to be held, at a place called 'Mowdebush-hill'.

GutblaxtQn hd. This hundred originally included the whole SW. part of the county, but now only consists of the eastern part of this district, E. of the Fosse Way, S. of Leicester, including in the east the pars of Oadby, E. Wigston, Kilby, Arnesby, Shearsby, Knaptoft and N. Kilworth; the rest of the old hundred is now known as Sparkenhoe hd.

Gvtlaeistan, Gvtlagi.stan Wap', Gutlacis Wapent' (1) 1086 DB, Gudlaeheston Wap' 1166, Gudlaehestanwap' 1167, Gudlakestan 'wap' 1170, Gudlaekistan1.Oap' 1175, Gudlacstanwapentaeum 1180, Gudulue!,tan1Vapentaeum 1 t 93, Guthlakeston'wapentae 1195 P, Hundredum de Guthlakestan 1247 Fees, Gutlacston hd 1255 rpm, 1265 Mise, Guthlakstan 1260 Ass 456 m 12, Guthlaston 1276 RH, Gouthelaston' 1306 Ass 467 m 5, Guthlaxton 1316 FA, Goulaston 1327 Cl, Gudlakston 1342 Pat, 1428 FA. - OE Gilplac pn .:'nd stan 'stone'. The name is preserved in GUTHLAXTON Bridge (Old 1" OS), 1 m. SW. of Narborough, carrying the Fosse Way across a tributary of the Soar (also in Guthlaxton Gap 6" 43 NE, in the Fosse Way); according to Nichols (op. eit. IV pt 1 p. 140) there was a tradition that the hundred-court used to be held on a piece 1 John Nichols, The History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester, 1795-1815, vol. Ill, pt 1, pp. 2, 453.

Sparkenboe bd. The SW. part of the county, ·W. of Guthlaxton hd and S. of Goscote hd. It is of late occurrence, and Nichols (op. cit. IV pt 1 pp. 8, 669 note 10) states that it was created in 1346. To judge from the first reference given below, however, it was far older, though it is remarkable that it is not mentioned on the assize rolls or on the subsidy rolls prior to the reign of Henry VI. It is coextensiva with the deanery of Sparkenhoe, first men· tioned in the early part of the 13th century.

Hundret de Sparchenhou Hy I Sloane Roll XXXI 7 m 12,' deeanatus de Sparkeno 1209-35 WellsR, Sparkenho 1254 Nor wich (deanery), 1428 FA (hundredum), Sparkenhowe 1291 Tax (decanatus), 1340 SR 133/8 (decanat'), Sparkenhou 1342 Pat (deanery), Sparkn01lJe 1402 FA (hd), Sparkynhowe 1428 FA (deanery), hd ot Sparkenhoe 1571 D. -- Etymology uncertain; the first el. may be connected with OE spree 'shot, twig', Norw sprek 'slender, dry twigs'; v. further Torp p. 515, Holthausen s. v. sprax, in which. case the second el. would be OE hoh 'spur of land'. Cf. SPARKEN HILL, 1 m. S. of Worksop Nt (no early forms found). Sparkenhoe is probably to be connected with the group of names in Spark- dealt with in PNDv 520; further examples are SPARK FORD (lost?) in Hintlesham Sf (Spurkeford' (p) 1229 Cl, Sparkeford 1262 AD Il). SPARK FORD (lost) in Winchester Ha (Sparkeford 1323 Pat, 1385 BM); cf. also SPARKET CUi and Sparkmedwe 1283 AD III 82 (Henley in Arden Wa). SPARCHFORD in Diddlebury Sa (Sparcford 1209 Eyton V 178, Sparcheford 1395 AD VI) seems to have a pronunciation with [tf] and does perhaps not belong here.

Gartree 'hd. In the SE. of the county, E. of Guthlaxton hd and S. of Goscote East hd, including in the north the pars of Scraptoft, Houghton on the Hill, Bil lesdon, Rolleston, Goadby, Hallaton and Horninghold. It has two detached areas farther north, on the Rutlandshire border, surrounded by Framland and Goscote hds, one including Pickwell and Leesthorpe and the other BUl'rough on the Hill, Marefield, Knossington, Owston and Newbold.

Ger(e)trev Wap', Geretre~7Ves TVapent' 1086 DB, Gertrewap' 1175, 1185, 1193 P, Gertru'Wapentaeum 1176, Geretrewapentacum 1

I owe this reference to the kindness of Professor Stenton.

1 46

O. S_ Anderson

1186, 1188, Gertriewapentacum 1193 P, Gairtrieu'apentacum 1203 P 49, Gertre 1226 Fees, 1265 .Misc (hd), 1266 Pat (hd), 1292 Fine, 1302 Ipm, 1316 FA, 1354 Fat, 1428 FA, Hundredum de Gayretre 1247 Fees, Gertree 1260 Ass 456 m 3, Gartre 1285, 1331 Cl, Geyrtree 1306 Ass 4/57 m 9. - The name is probably identical \vith Gartree Li q. v.; cf., however, Lindkvist 49 note 2. The hundred is named from GARTRE BUSH in Shangton par, near its centre. It is on the Gartree Road or Via Devana, a Roman road running south-east from Leicester, half a mile N. of Shangton village. Nichols has a detailed description, with plans, of the place (op. cit. II pt 2 pp. 431, 791); according to him the county courts used to be held there.

The English Hundred-Names ~

Framland hd.

I \

In the NE. corner of the county, E. of Goscote East hd, and mainly N. of the rivers Wreak and Eye. S. of these rivers it includes the pars of Kirby Bellars, Burton Lazars and Stapleford, and a narrow strip extending south eastwards to the Rutlandshire border, consisting of the pars of Little Dalby, Somerby and Cold Overton; Withcote is a detached part of this hundred; v. also Gartree supra.

Fran(e)lvnd, Franel1'n, Franland (1), Frandone (1) Wap' 1086 DB, Pramelaund 1124-9 LeS, Franelun 1130, Franelundwap' 1167, 1183, 1193, Fralundwap' 1170, Freneslund'wap' 1175, Frenelund wapentaeum 1176, Fremelundwapentacum 1180, Framelundwapen taeum 1184, Freneslundwapentaeum 1191, Frenelun'wapentacum 1195 P, Frarnelund 1226 Fees, 1260 Ass 456 m 12 (hundr'), 126;' Misc (hd), 1307 Fine (hd), Frameslund 1247 Fees, Framelund' 1247 Ass 455 m 14, 1252 Fees, Framelond' 1260 Ass 456 m 9, Frame laund 1284 Ass 457 lJl 39, Framelalld 1337 Pat, 1428, FA. - The hundred is named from GREAT FRAMLANDS, 2 m. N. of Melton Mow bray, referred to as (in) bosea de Framelund 1276 RH; cf. IPN 85. - From OE Frrena, Frena, Frana pn (from ON *Frceni, *Frdni, according to Bjorkman (NP 42) identical with the weak form of ON [rann 'flashing', Sw [ran), and ON lundr 'grove'.

Lincolnshire. The wapentake division of Lincolnshire follows the old division of the county into three districts, Lindsey, Kesteven and Holland, and of the first of these into three Ridings: North, South and West Riding (Norttreding, Sudtreding, Westreding 1086 LiDb, from OScand priojungr, v. IPN 86;

there are traces of a similar division in Kesteven; cf. Nesse Wapentac et totum Treding 1086 LiDB, though later evidence seems to suggest that this designation was used of the whole of Kesteven; cl. H. M. Cam, The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls p. 14f. and references; the three wapentakes of Holland are referred to as Treys wapintakes, III U'apintak', tria wapp' in 1275 RH I f. 275a, 307b). - The number of wapentakes is nearly the same now as in 1086; the wapel).take boundaries are also nearly identical. Four of the Domesday wapentakes (Epworth, Haverstoe, Boothby and Threo) have been combined with other wapentakes ~ince Domesday; Skirbeck wap is a post-Domesday name for the Domesday wap of Wolmersty. The number of wapentakes is now twenty-nine. - There are great variations in the areas of the Lincolnshire wapentakes. The smallest of them, for instance Lud borough or Boothby (now in Boothby Graffoe wap), only number as many as eight or nine parishes, whereas the largest, as Elloe and Yarborough, occupy many times the area of one of the former wapentakes; but as a rule they are fairly uniform in extent, their areas being somewhere in the middle between these extremes. As regards the Holland wapentakes, it should be taken into account that they include much marsh-land that was not brought under cultivation till a comparatively modern period. -- The Witham forms the boundary between Kesteven and Lindsey, and the An cholme that between the North and the West Ridings of Lindsey, but on the whole the wapentakes join on to one another without being separated by natural boundaries. In the eastern part of Lindsey, however, the Lin colnshire Wolds form the division between the wapentakes on the coast and those farther inland, though at present both groups of wapentakes in clude parts of the Wolds district. In Kesteven, the ridge that carries Ermine Street southwards from Lincoln separates Langoe and FlaxwelI waps on one hand and Graffoe and Loveden waps on the other; on the east the Kesteven wapentakes are bounded by the fen district. The Holland wapen takes are divided by the rivers Witham and Welland.

Lindsey. The West Riding. -

Manley wap.

Consists of the NW. corner of the county including the Isle ofAx holme, W. of the Ancholme, bounded by Corringham and Aslacoe waps on the south, where it includes the pars of Messingham, Manton, Hibaldslow, Redbourne and Waddingham.

In Domesday the Isle ofAxholme is treated as a separate wapentake, called Epeurde Wapentae (it forms a separate wapen take also in the LiS, but is there surveyed under the heading In Haxehalm) , named from the town of EpWORTH: Epeurde 1086 LiDB, Appeu'rda c. 1145 Mon VI 3HI, Appe(l)u'urda (p) 1179 P, Epewurd c. 1200 DC, Appew'd' 1212 Fees, Eppewarth 1233 Pat, 1234 WellsR, 1282 Cl, Eppe 1Durth 1241 Lib, Eppelwrth' 1254 Nor

0_ S_ Anderson

The English Hundred-"Narnes

wich, Epewrthe Hy3 B.M, Epworth 1327 Tpm; - from OE Eop(p)a pn (Redin (5) and war!) 'enclosure, farm'. Manelinde 1086 LiDR, Jlaneli 1115-18 LiS, Maneslei 1130, Manlea 1166, Manelea 1167, lllannelaiwap' 1168, 1I1.anlewap' 1170, 1183, 1191, Mannesleawap' 1175, Manleawapentacum 1181, 1188, 1193 P, Manled Hy2 (1311) Ch, Manlet 1185 Rot Dom, Malle wapentacum 1195 P, Manle 1200 SR 242/113, 1202 Ass, 1219 Fees, 1275 RH, 1301 Cl, 1327 SR 135/11, Manlei 1202 Ass, ManleJj 1265 .Mise, Manlee 1285 FA, 1300 Ipm, Manlayh 1319 Tpm. - The earliest forms seem to indicate that the second el. was not origi nally OE leah 'clearing'; the LiS form points to ON hliiJ 'slope' (the Domesday -linde might be due to the scribe having read 1: instead of i in the original return). If this is so, the first el. may be derived from ODa Manne pn (Bjorkman NI' 95; IPN 185), which is apparently also the first el. of MANBY in :Manley wap, 2 m. W. of Broughton: Mannebi 1086 LiDB, Manneby 1257 Ch, 1316 FA; Manley: Manby might be a case analogous to those mentioned above p. XXXIX. The meeting-place of the wapentake might in this case have been somewhere on the slopes to the west of Manly. - If the second el. is after all OE leah, which in my opinion is unlikely,' the name may be compared with names like MANHOOD PNSx 79, MAN.4DON, MANLEY PNDv 246, i>49, and references, whose first el. is OE (ge)mijjne 'common'!

Coringeham wap l1H)~-18 LiS, 1130 P, 1138-9 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, 1168 P, 1200 SR 242/118, 1202 Ass, Corinham Wap' 1166, Cornehamwapentacum 1195 P, lVapentacum de Coringham 1202 Ass, 1265 Mise, 1300 Tpm, 1316 FA.

Corringham wap. In the west of the county on the Trent, S. of Manley wap, including in the south and the east the pars of Lea, Corringham, Springthorpe, Heap ham, Southorpe, Grayingham, Kirton in Lindsey and Cleatham, bordering on Well and Aslacoe waps. 1 The 12th century forms Manled and Jlanlet might also be quoted in support of ON hlio, but it seems more likely that they are errors of transcrip. tion for Manlea and Manlec respectively; for Manlec cf. the form of the name of the deanery, below. • The name of the rural deanery corresponding to the wapentake, has a different form; it is Decanatus de Manlack 1254 Norwich, Manlak 1291 Tax, 1347 Pat, 1428 FA, Manloke 1526 SR, Manlake 1535 YE; see also the map in VHLi II 79. In view of this form being restricted to the name of the deanery, the most likely explanation is perhaps that it was modelled on the pattern of (BEVERLEY:) BEVERLAC(UM), just across the Humber, which ought to be well-known to ecclesiastics, cf. also Zachrisson. Latin Influence p. 18.

The wapentake is named from the viI. of CORRINGHAM, 4 ffi. E. of Gains borough: Coringeham 1086 LiDB, 1100-15 (c. 12"25) Heg Ant, 1162 P, Coringham 1086 LiDB, 1163 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, 1196 P, Coringheham 1115 ~18 LiS.

For the etymology v. PNing 140; PNSx 371 s. n. Corsley.l Well wap. On the Trent, S. of Corringham and W. of Aslacoc and Lawress waps, including in the east the pars of Upton, Kexby, Willingham, Stow and Sturton by Stow, and in the south those of Kettlethorpe and Newton on Trent.

Welle 1086 LiDB, 1115-18 LiS, 1123--33, 1135--9 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, 1168 P, 1202 Ass, 1275 RH, 1327 SR 132/11, Welle wapentacwn 1090 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, 1181 P, Well' 1202 Ass. - OE wella 'spring'!

Aslacoe wap. S. of Manley and Corringham waps, E. of Corringham and Well waps, W. of the Ancholme, bounded by Lawress wap on the south, where it includes the pars of Cammeringham and Hackthorn.

Aslacheshou 1086 LiDB, Aslocahou 1115-18 LiS, Aslachou 1130, Aslacheho 1166, Oselacheho 1168, Aselachishowap' 1175, Haselakeshowapentacum 1178, Aselakeshowapentacum 1183, Ase lakehowapentacum 1191, Oselakeshowapentacum 1193 P, Aslahou 1200 SR 242/113, ·llaselachog', Aselakeho 1202 Ass, Aslachow 1242 BM, Aslachou 1254 Norwich, 1300 Tpm, Aselachou 1265 Mise, 1316 FA, Aslakhowe 1287 Tpm, 1332 SR 135/16. - ON 1 Coringatune c. 1066 (c. 1200) Thorpe 595 (Li) might be compared, but it has been identified with Kirmington (LiDE XLII), or Quarrington or Cockerington (Karlstr(jrn 82); in either case the form in Thorpe must be corrupt. But it may possibly be the name of a lost place, to be connected with Corringham etymologically. • The wapentake was also known as the wap of Stow: del wapentac del Estou 1093---7 (e. 1225) Reg Ant, Wapentac del Estou 1130 P, de wapen taco del Estowa 1155--8 (1329) Ch, Stou Wapentac 1156 et passim P, wapen tak de Stowa 12J.5 Ch, from Stow St Mary. The wapentake is coextensive with the soke of Stow, which is apparently the reason for this name; cf. DC p. CIX note 5.

I 1 1

1 l

Asl6kr, OESc Aslak pn and ON haugr 'mound'; cf. Bjorkman NP 20, Lindkvist 175, IPN 87; and for the LiS form IPN 62.

Lawress wap. A district to the north of Lincoln, bounded on the south by the Wit ham, on the west by Well, on the north by Aslacoe and on the east by Wraggoe waps, including in the east the pars of Faldingworth, Busling thorpe, Friesthorpe, Snarford, Dunholme, Scothern and Barlings.

The English

O. S. Anderson

Lagvlris 1086 LiDB, Lagolfris 1115---8 LiS, Laulris c. 1155 DC, Lauriswap' 1168, Laulriswap' 1170 P, Lauelris 1202 Ass, Lauris 1200 SR 242(113, 1202 Ass, 1254 Norwich, 1265 Mise, 1316 FA, La Wris 1242 Fees, Laurys 1275 RH, 1287 Ipm, Laweris 1276 RH. Lawris 1285 FA. - First el. no doubt an ON pn *Lag-Ulfr, as suggested already by Streatfeild: Professor Ekwall (IPN 88) com pares Icel. names like Laga-Ulfli6tr, LQg-Skapti. Second el. ON hris 'brush-wood, coppice'. The name should perhaps be connected with that of RISEIIOLME, 2 m. N. of Lincoln: Rismu BCS 22 (spurious; . 14th cent.), Risun 1086 LiDB, 1115---8 LiS, 1207 FF, Rison c. 1100 LN Petrob, 1123 France, Risum 1229 Ch, 1234 Cl; - from ON hrisum (or OE hr'isum) dat. pI. of hris.

The North Riding. -

Yarborough wap.

The NE. part of the county on the Hllmber, E. of the Ancholme and Manley wap, and N. of Walshcroft and BradleyHaverstoe waps, including in the south the pars of N. Kelsey, Nettleton, Caistor, Gt Limber, Keelby and Stallingborougb.

Gereburg, Gereberg 1086 LiDB, lerburc 1115-8 LiS, Gereburc 1162, Yerburc 1166, Yereburc 1168, lerburcwapentacum 1179, Gerburcwapentacum 1183 P, Jareburg 1185 Rot Dom, Jereburg 1200 SR 242/113, Gierbu1'c', Yerdeburga 1202 Ass, Jerdebrug' 1219 Fees, Jordeburg 1238 Gross, Jorburg' 1238--41 Fees, lerde burg' 1254 Norwich, Yerdeburg 1265 Mise, Jertheburg' 1275 RH, Yardeburg 1288 Ipm, Jordeburgh 1316 FA. - The wapentake is

named from Y.ARBOROUGH CAMP, an earth-work 7 m. NE. of Brigg, on the boundary-line between Melton Ross and Croxton pars, a mile NE. of Melton ROBS viI., approximately in its centre. - From ON jara-borg 'earth-work' (Streatfeild), or, less likely, from OE corp-burh. YARBURGH, 4 m. NE. of Louth (Louthesk hd) has the same origin (Gc-reburg 1086 LiDB, lerburc 1115-18 LiS, Gerdebur (p) c. 1175, Jerdeburc (p) late 12th DC, lerborc 1195, Jerdeburg 1208 FF, Jertheburg (p) 1276 Cl).

Hundred·~alI1es

Bradley Haverstoe wap. On the coast S. of Yarborough wap, including the pars of Rothwell, Cuxwold, Beelsby, Hatcliffe, E. and W. Ravendale, Swinhope, Wold Newton, Hawerby cum Beesby, N. Thoresby and Marsh Chapel in the south. Bradley and Haverstoe were till recently separate wapentakes, the former inclu ding the N. part of the district, extending southwards as far as Swallow, lrby, Bradley, Scartho, Holton le Clay and Tetney (inclusive).

Bradelai wap 1086 LiDB, Bredelai wap 1115---18 LiS, 1166 P, Bradelaewapentacum 1181, Bredelawapentacum 1182 P, Braitele -wapentak' 1185 Rot Dom, Bradeleawapentacum 1188, Bradelawap' 1189, Bradelewapentacum 1191 P, Bradeleia wap' 1200 SR 242/ 113, Bradel' ll'apentak 1202 Ass, Wapentacum de Bradele 1242 Fees, 1265 Mise, Wappentacmn de Bradelee 1316 FA, Wap'n' de Bradeleye 1327 SR 135/11. The wapentake is named from the viI. of BRADLEY, 2 m. SW. of Grimsby: Bredelou 1086 LiDB, Bredelai 1115-18 LiS, Breidala c. 1150 BM, Bradela (p) 1163, Bradelai (p) 1170, Bredelay 1177 P, Braidela (p) 1175--81 DC, Bradele before 1183 DC (p), 1212 Fees, Bradeleg' 1196 P, 1204 Pat.

OE brad and le(a)h 'wide clearing'. The forms in -e- and -ai (ei) are due to influence from the ON cognate breior. Hawardeshou 1086 LiDB, 1115--18 LiS, 1238-11 Fees, 1275 RH, 1316 FA, HmJJardesho 1168, 1185 (-wapentacum), 1201 P, 1202 Ass, HaiwaTdho 1185 Rot Dom, Hawurthehowapentacum 1200 P 46, Hawardishou 1219 Fees, Hawardeho 1230 P, Hawardhou 1242 Fees, 1265 Mise, Hay1L'ardeshow 1275 RH, 1281 QW, Hawar deshow 1288 Ipm, Hawardeshowe 1327 SR 135/11, llawardshowe 1428 FA. - ON Havaror, OSw Havardh, ODa Hawarth pn and ON haugr 'mound'; v. Lindkvist 181 f. - The viI. of HAWERBY, in Haverstoe wap, no doubt takes its name from the same man; cf. IPN 87 f.; it is: Hawardeb'i 1086 LiDB, 1196 P, 1202 BM, Hawardabi 1115-18 LiS, Hawrtherbi 1204 P 50 rot. 5 m 1, Hawardeby 1204 BM, 1244 Gross, 1261 FF. 1

Walshcroft wap.

S. of Yarborough and Bradley waps, bordering on Aslacoe wap in the west, from which it is separated by the Ancholme, and on Wraggoe wap in the south, where it includes the pars of Binbrook, Stainton le Vale, 1

The same name is found in HAWTHORPE (Irnham par, in SW. Lines):

Awartorp 1086 LiDB, Hawrtorp early Hy2, Hawrthorp c. 1160 DC, Ha wartorp 1202 FF, Hauerthorpe early Hy3, Hagherthorpe 1297, lluuurthorpe

1325 BM.

O. S. Anderson

The English Hunched-Names

Tealby, N. Willingham, Linwood, Middle Rasen, Newton by Toft and Toft· nexL Newton.

Wrackou 1212 Fees, Wragho 1254 Norwich, Wraggehow 1288 Ipm, Wraghowe 1323 Cl, 1327 SR 135/11, Wraggowe 1428 FA. - The first el. is explained by Bjorkman (ZEN 94) from an unrecorded pn *Wragge of Scandinavian origin; second el. ON haugr 'mound'. - The same man no doubt also gives name to the town of WRAGBY, in the west of the wapentake, 7 m. S. of Market Rasen: Waragebi 1086 LiDB, Wrag(h)ebi 1115--18 LiS, Warkebi (p) c. 1150-60 DC, Wraggebi Hy2 DC, 1194 P, 1202 Ass (p), 1221 Cl, Wrracheby (p) 1154-72 (1407) Gilb, Wragebi c. 1175 DC, 1200 Cur, Wrage nebi 1200 Cur, Wrackebi 1212 Fees, Wraggeby 1226 FF; v. IPN 87. - Cf. WRAGBY YWR: Wraggebi 1160-c. 1170 (c. 1250) YCh 1597, Wraggeby (p) 1308 WCR.

Wale(s)cros 1086 LiDB, Walescroft 1115--18 LiS, 1166, 1168 P, 1200 SR 242/113, 1202 Ass, 1254 Norwich, 1316 FA, Waliscros wap' 1175, lValescroswapentacum 1183, Walescroftwap' 1189, Walecroft1Dapentacum 1191 P, Walsecroft 1238 Gross, Walscroft 1242 Fees, 1276 RH, Walscros 1275 RH, Walshecroft 1287 Ipm, 1327 SR 135/11; cf. Alsi de Walescroft 1130 P (Li). - FiI:st el. probably ON Vdli pn (OSw *Vale, ODa *Wali in PNs); second el. ON kross 'cross'. - The viI. of WALESBY in this wapentake, 3 m. NE. of Market Rasen, no doubt takes its name from the same VdU; cf. IPN 87 f.; it is: Walesbi 1086 LiDB, 1115--18 LiS, 1154 BM, 1188 P (p), 1204 Cur, Walesby 1187 (1409) Gilb, 1227 WellsR, 1240 FF, Walebi 1196 Cur, Waleby 1239 Gross, 1246 Pat. Ijudborough wap. A small district S. of Haverstoe and E. of Walshcroft waps, including the pars of Wyham, Ludborough, Fulstow, Covenham St Bartholomew and St 1tIary, Utterby, N. Ormsby, Fotherby, Lt Grimsby and Bracken borough. In 1086 (DB) and 1316 (FA), Fulstow was in Haverstoe and Brackenborough in Louthesk wap.

Ludeburc wap 1115--8 LiS, Lueburc Wap' 1168 P, Luburg' wap' 1200 SR 242/113, Luburc', Lueburga Wapentak 1202 Ass, wapentacum de Luburg 1238-41 Fees, wap of LUdebur 1265 Mise, uJapentag' de Ludeburg 1275 RH, de Ludeburgh 1316 FA, de Lud burgh' 1327 SR 135/11. The wapentake is named from the viI. of LUDBOROUGH: LudebuTg 1086 LiDB, LudebuTc 1115-18 LiS, Hy2 (1409) Gilb, LudbuTC (P) 1177, LubuTC 1191 P, LeubuTC 1197, LubuTg 1210 FF, LuthbuTg (p) 1245 Gross, Luthe bUTg 1269 FF, LouthebuTgh 1297 Pat.

First el. the river-name LUD, second el. OE burh 'castle'; v. ERN 262. The South Riding. -

Wraggoe wap.

In the west of the Riding, S. of Walshcroft wap, including in the east and in the south the pars of Ludford Magna, Burgh on Bain, Biscathorpe, Benniworth, Sotby, Hatton, Langton, Apley and Stainfield, bordering on Louthesk and Gartree hds.

Waragehou 1086 LiDB, TVraghehou 1115--18 LiS, Wrangho 1166, Wragehou 1168, TVraghowapentacum 1180, 1193, Wrangho wapentacum 1183 P, Wrchou : 200 SR 242/113, Wraghog', H'raggeho 1202 Ass, Wraghou 1206 Ass, 1242 Fees, 1285 FA, 1332 SR 135/16,

Gartree wap. On the Witham, S. and E. of Wraggoe wap, bordering on Louthesk and Hill hds and the Soke of Horncastle in the east, where it includes the pars of Donington on Bain, Stenigot, Cawkwell, Scamblesby, Belchford, Hemingby, Edlington, Woodhall, Langton, Thornton, Martin, Dalderby, Scrivelsby, Kirkby on Bain, Tumby and Tattershall. In 1086 its area was considerably smaller than at present (v. map in LiDB).

Cheiretre 1115--18 LiS, Gertrie 1167 P, Geretre 1168, 1185P, 1234 WellsR, Gertrewapentacum 1178, 1188, 1193 P, Jeretre 1185 Rot Dom, Gairtre 12 (14) Bardney 88, 1201 P, 1219 Fees, 1332 SR 135/16, Geirtre 1200 SIl 242/113, 1202 Ass, Gaertre 1202 Ass, Gayretr' 1212, Gertre 1242 Fees, Gertr' 1254 Norwich, Gayrtre 1265 Misc, 1275 RH, 1327 SR 135/11, 1428 FA, Gayrretre 1275 RIT, Gartre 1275 Misc, 1526 SR, Gayrtree 1316 FA. - Derived by Lindkvist (p. 49) from ON geiri 'gore' and ON tre 'tree'; cf. GARTREE Le (above p, 45); also GARSTANG PNLa 163. The occur rence of this first el. in compound with a word for 'pole' twice, and with one for 'tree' twice (probably) casts some doubt on the etymology proposed by Lindkvist; at least, these compounds may have had some technical sense, now lost. Louthesk hd. On the coast, E. of Wraggoe and Gartree waps, and S. of Bradley Haverstoe and Ludborough waps, including in the south the pars of Farforth cum 1tIaidenwell, Ruckland, Burwell, Authorpe, Castle Carlton, Great Carlton and Saltfleetby, bordering on Hill and Calceworth hds.

Ludes 1086 LiDB, Ludesc 1115-18 LiS, Ludesca c. 1155 DC, 1209-19 WellsR, Ludeswap' 1168, Ludheswap' 1175, Ludhesche

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred·Names

1176, Ludese-wapentacum 1183, Ludeschewapentacum 1188, Ludesc 'Wapentacum 1197 P, Luddeske 1200 SR 242/113, Ludeske, Luth esch 1202 Ass, Luthesk' 1212 Fees, 1254 Norwich, 1276 RH, Luthesch 1219 Fees, Ludescha early Hy3 (1409) Gilb, Ludesh' 1233 WellsR, Luthesk 1265 Mise, Ludesk 1270 Grav, 1316 FA, Lutheeske 1275 RH, Ludesch 1288 rpm, Louthesk' 1327 SR 135/11. - 'The ash-tree of Louth'; v. ERN 262; the first eI. is the river name LUD,' the second a Scandinavianised form of OE G?sc, or OScalld eski; cf. IPN 87.

takes its name from the same man; cf. IPN I. c. It is Calesbi 1086 LiDB, 1115--18 LiS, e. 1150-60 DC, 1198 Cur (p), Kalesbi (p) 1206 Ass, Calcebi 1219 FF, Calesby 1209-35 WellsR, Calseby 1242 Fees, 1254 Norwich, Calceby 1269 Grav.'

Hill M. A small district in the Wolds, S. of Louthesk hd, and E. of Gartree wap and the Soke of Horncastle, including in the west the pars of Fulletby, Greetham, Scrafield, Winceby, Hameringham and-Claxby Pluckacre, in the south those of Hagworthingham, Aswardby, Sausthorpe and Langton by Spilsby, and in the east those of Harrington, Brinkhill, S. Ormsby cum Ketsby and Walmsgate, bordering on Calceworth hd.

Hylle 1086 LiDB, 1209-19 WellsR, 1242 Fees, 1275 RH, Hille 1086 LiDB, 1168 P, 1202 Ass, 1212 Fees, 1265 Mise, 1287 Ipm, 1316 FA, Hula 1115-18 LiS, Hille-wap' 1170 P, Hul(le) 1275 RH. -- OE hyll 'hill'.

Calceworth hd. On the coa~t, S. of Louthesk and E. of Hill hds, N. of Candleshoe wap, including the pars of Ulceby, Claxby, WiIloughby, Hogsthorpe and Anderby in the south. Legbourne and Lt Cawthorpe, locally in Louthesk hd, are a detached part of this hundred.

Calsvad 1086 LiDB, Calsuad 1086 LiDB, 1167 P, Calswat 1115 -18 LiS, early Hy2 DC, 1242 Fees, Hy3 BM, 1275 RH, Cals-wath wap' 1168, Calshowad 1169, Caltwait-wapentacum 1178, Cals-wad wapentacum 1181 P, Kalsewath 1185 Rot Dam, Gals-watwapen tacum 1196 P, Calswath 1200 SR 242/113, 1209-19 WellsR, 1359 Ipm, 1428 FA, Calswat', Kalswath' 1202 Ass, Calswad early Hya BM, Cals-wath' 1242 Fees, 1827· SR 135/11, Calsewat 1265 Mise, Calsewath 1284 BM, 1316 FA, ralcewath 1431 FA, 1526 SR, 1539 LP, Calsewaythe 1535 VE,· Calseworth 1585 D; cL also: Gillebertus de Calsuade 1193 P Cc.i). - ON Kdltr, OSw Kalt, ODa Kalft pn and ON vad 'ford'; v. IPN 87. 1 - The viI. of CALCEBY on a small stream on the western border of the hundred probably 1 The ford may be the one marked on the OS map just W. of Calceby; cl. IPN 88.

Candleshoe wap. On the coast S. of Calceworth hd and E. of Hill hd, bordering in the south on Skirbeck wap in the Parts of Holland, including in the west and in the south the pars of Driby, Dalby, Partney, Ashby, Gt Steeping, Firsby, Irby in the Marsh, Bratoft, Croft, Wainfleet All Saints and St Mary, and Friskney.

Calnodeshou 1086 LiDB, 1115-18 LiS, Calnodesho 1167, Cainadehou 1168, Canleshowap' 1170, Canleshou-wapentacum 1178, Candlesho-wupentacu1n 1183, Candeleshowapentacum 1193 P, Candleshov 1200 SR 242/113, Kand(e)lesho 1202 Ass, Cande leshou 1212 Fees, Candleshou 12tj5 Mise, Candelshou 1275 RH, 1316 FA, Candelleshowe 1327 SR 135/11, Candeshou 1428 FA. - The same first el. is found in CANDLESBY, in Candleshoe wap, 3 m. E. of Spilsby: Calnodesb'i 1086 LiDB, Calnosbeie early 12th YCh II p. 435, Canlouesbi 1140-60 (early 13th) Kirkstead 3/8, Kannosbi (p) 1166 RBE, Calosbi (p) Hy2 DC, Kanleby (p) 1196 FFP, Kandlobi 1200 SR 242/113, Candlouebi, Kand(e)lesbi 1202 Ass (p), Canloueby 1202 FF, Candluobi, Candlouby (p) 1212 Fees, Kanlouby 1245 Ch, Kanloby 1247 FF, 1250 rpm; Candelesby 1238 FF;-alld in CAUNTON Nt: Calnestune 1086 DB, Kalnadatun (p) c. 1150-60 DC, Calnodeston 1167, Calnaton' 1194 P, Caltnadtun early 13th, Kal nadton early Hy3 BM, Calnetheton' 1241 Ebor. - In PNDv 276 it is suggested that the first el. may be an OE pn composed of OE calu 'bald' and nO!1 'daring'; or could it be a Seandinavianised form of OE CeolnOf!? - Se~ond elements ON hau,gr 'hill, mound' and byr 'village' and OE tun 'farm'. Candleshoe and Candlesby are no doubt named from the same man; cf. IPN 87. The Rev. Canon C. W. Foster kindly suggests that Candleshoe may be identical with CANDLESBY HILL, half a mile N. of Candlesby.

Bolingbroke wap or soke. Occupies a district in the south of the Riding W. of Candleshoe and Skirbeck wilPs and S. of Hill hd, including in the west the pars of Asgarby, Miningsby, Revesby, Westville and Frithville, bordering on Horncastle soke. 1 Bjiirkman (ZEN 50 f.) derives this name from ON Kali pn, but there can scarcely be any doubt that it is to be connected with Calceworth.

o. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

Bolinbroc wap 1086 LiDB, 1115--18 LiS, Bulinbroc wapen足 tacum 1140-47 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Bulingbroc Wap' 1168, Bullingbroch'wap' 1175 P, Wapentac de Bulinbroc 1202 Ass, wapp' de Bulingbroc 1275 RH, soka de Bolingbrok 1316 FA.

wapentacum 1180, Langhou'apentacum 1185 P, Langhov 1200 SR 242/113, Langehowe 1285 FA, Langho1J'e 1323 Cl, 1327 SR 135/10. - ON langr a.nd haugr 'long mound or hill'; cf. IPN 87.

The wapentake and the soke, which are coextensive, are named from the manor of BOLINGBROKE: Bolinbroc 1086 LiDB, c. 1135 DC, Bullinbroca c. 1145, Bulingbroch 1142-53, Bulinbroc' 1151-3 DC, Bulincbroc 1154-60 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Bulinbroc 1190 DC; Bulebroc 1200 Cur, Bulingbroc 1202 Ass.

OE bula 'bull' or Bula pn (cf. PNing 145) and brac 'brook'. On the relation between the wapentake and the soke, v. Stenton, Manorial Structure 44 f. Horncastle wap or soke. Consists of an irregular, straggling district between Bolingbroke soke and Gartree wap surrounding Horncastle, and a detached portion on the Witham, including Coningsby, Wildmore, Thornton le Fen and Langriville. The area included in Horncastle wap in DB was considerably larger than that of the present soke; see above under Gartree.

Hornecastre U'apentac 1086 LiDB, Hornecastra wap 1115-18 LiS, Wapentac de Hornecastr' 1166, Hornecastra Wap' 1168 P, Wapentacum de Hornicastr', Soca de Hornecastr' 1202 Ass, wapp' de Hornecastr' 1275 RH, soka de Horncastre 1316 FA, Libertas de Horncastr' 1332 SR 135/16; The wapentake or soke is named from the manor of HORNnASTLE: Horne足 castre 1086 LiDB, Hornecastra 1130 P, Hornekastra 1153--69 DC, Hornecastr' 1158 P, Horncastre 1230 BM, Homecastle 1317 Ipm.

OE horn and ceaster 'the castle in the tongue of land'; v. Ekwall StNPh II 35. On the relation between the soke and the wapentake, v. Stenton op. cit. 44 f.

Kesteven. Langoe wap. On the Witham SE. of Lincoln, bordering in the west on Boothby Graffoe wap and in the south on Flaxwell wap, including the pars of Washingborough, Canwick, Heighington, Branston, Potter Hanworth, Nocton, Dunston, Metheringham, Blankney, Scopwick, Kirkby Green, Martin, Tim足 berland, Thorpe Tilney, Walcot, Billinghay and N. Kyme.

Langehou 1086 LiDB, Langeho 1130 P, Langhou c. 1155 DC, 1212 Fees, 1276 RH, 1316 FA, 1328 Pat, Langho 1166 P, 1185 Rot Dom, 1202 Ass, 1254 Norwich, Langeh01oap' 1168, Langhou-

Boothby Gra:lfoe wap. Formed from the two wapentakes of Boothby and Graffoe; the former consisted of the E. part of the modern wap, including the pars of Wadding足 ton, Harmston, Coleby, Boothby Graffoe, Navenby, Skinnand, Wellingore and Welboum; the latter included its western and larger part, on the Notts border extending to Stapleford and Carlton le Moorland (inclusive) in We south, bordering on Loveden wap.

Hobi Wap' 1166 P, Bobi u'ap' 1168, 1178 P, 1200 SR 242/113, 1202 Ass, 1212 Fees, Boby wapentak' 1219 Fees, 1276 RH, 1327 SR 135/10, wapentacum de Botheby 1285, 1316 FA. The wapentake is named from the viI. of BOOTHBY GRAFFOE, 8 m. S. of Lincoln: Bodebi 1086 LiDB, Bodebeia 1094 France (copy), Bobi 1198 Cur, 1244 Fine, Bothebi 1202 Ass, Boby 1211-12 RBE, 1233 Cl, 1245 FF, 1288 Ipm, Botheby 1209-19 WellsR, 1257 Ch. - Cf. also BOOTHBY PAGNELL, on the river Glen, 5 m. SE. of Grantham: Bodebi 1086 LiDB, before 1183 DC (p), Boebi (p) 1147-66 (1409), Bodeby (p) c. 1150-60 (1409) Gilb, Boebia Hy2 DC, Bobi 1202 Cur, Boby 1203 Cur, 1238 Gross, Botheby 1274 Cl, 1304 Jpm; - BOOTHBY in Welton (Candleshoe wap): Bodebi 1086 LiDB, ?Bothebi (p) 1170 P, Boebi 1212, Butheby 1242 Fees, Botheby 1276 RH, late 13th BM, 1431 FA; - and Bodebi 1086 LiDB, probably an extinct hamlet Cl or near Thornton Curtis (near Barton upon Humber).

Bjorkman (NP 27) suggests that the first el. is OESc Bo pni but the forms without a medial [Cl], on which this derivation is rested, are merely spelling-variants, due to Norman scribes (cf. IPN 109 ff.), of the original form in [0], which must accordingly be chosen for a starting-point; the first el. may be OSw bop, Da bod 'hut, shed' as suggested by Streatfeild; second el. ON byr 'village'. Grafhoo 1166 P, Grafho 1167 P, 1219 Fees, 1223 WellsR, Grafho-wap' 1175, 1180, 1193, Gralhohundredum 1195 P, Grafhov 1200 SR 242/113, Grafhow', Graffo 1202 Ass, Grafhou 1212, 1242 Fees, 1276 RH, 1281 QW, 1345 Pat, Graffho 1245 Gross, Grapho 1254 Norwich, Graffhou 1265 Misc, 1285 FA, Grafhow 1275 RH, 1287 Ipm, Graffo11J 127'7 Grav, 1428 FA, Graffhowe 1327 SR 135/10, 1402 FA. - Probably from OE gr{jf 'grove' and hOh 'spur of land'. Less likely to be connected with Sw gravhog, Da gravhfJj

(Streatfeild), as this seems to be a modern compound.

I The English Hundred·Names

O. S. Anderson

Loveden wap. On the Nottinghamshire border, S. of Boothby Graffoe wap, bordering in the east on FlaxwelJ wap, from which it is divided by Ermine Street, and in the south on Winnibriggs and Threo wap, including in the east the pars of Leadenham, Fulbeck, Caythorpe, Normanton and Ancaster and in the south those of Carlton Scroop, Marston, Foston and Long Bennington.

Lovedun(e) 1086 LiDB, Louendene 1130, Luuendon' 1166, Louedonewap' 1168 P, Luuedon' 1170 P, 1227 Cl, Lodunewapen tacum 1183, Louendon' 1185, Louendenwapentacum 1186, Louedon' 1193, Luvedun 1201 P, Louedun 1200 SR 242/113, Lovedon' 1202 Ass, 1242 Fees, Lovedon 1265 Mise, 1288 Ipm, 1316 FA, 1342 Pat, 1428 FA, 1585 D. - OE Lufa pn (Redin 51; also in lufan mere BCS 21e.) and dun 'hill'. The name is taken from LOVEDEN HILL, near Gelston. Loveden Hill, the traditional meeting-place of the wapentake, is in Hough on the Hill par half a mile NW. of Gelston vi!. It is a conspicuous hill with a commanding view of the surrounding country-side. A broad grass road leads up to it from the village, and on its top, in the centre of a large field, is a tumulus which has recently been excavated and found to contain the remains of several burials. The finds may be assigned to the half century of which A.D. 600 is the central year. For a full descrip tion, v. C. W. Foster in Associated Societies' Reports vo!. 38 pp. 313 ff. If Lufa was the name of one of the men buried in this tumulus that would furnish a means of dating this PN approximatel~T, but it is impossible to know with certainty.

Winnibriggs and Threo wap. On the Leicestershire border, S. of Loveden, N. of Beltisloe and W. of Aswardhurn and Aveland waps, containing in the east the pars of Wils ford, Heydour, Braceby and Sapperton, and in the south those of Humby, Boothby Pagnell, Gt Ponton, N. and S. Stoke, Easton and Wyville. Until re cently, the wapentake consisted of the waps of Winnibriggs and Threo, the former consisting of the western portion of the present wapentake, mainly W. of Grantham, including Gt Gonnerby, Barrowby, Harlaxton and Gt and Lt Ponton in the east.

Winegebrige, Winebruge 1086 LiDB, Winerbrugge 1167, Winer brigewap' 1168, Winneurebrigewap' 1170, Wenebriggewap' 1175, Wimeresburcwapentacum (for Winier-?) 1183, Winierbrigewapen tacum 1186, Winierebrigewapentacum 1188, Winieresbrigewapen tacum 1191, Willebrigewapentacum, Winierebr' 1193, Winierbrigg' 1195 P, Winierebrigge 1200 SR 242/113, 1202 Ass, Winieuebrig' 1202 Ass, Wineirebrig' 1212, Winardebr' 1226-8, Wynerburg' 1242 Fees, Winesbrigg 1255 Pat, WJJnierbrig 1265 Mise, Wyneth-

brigg' 1275, Wym'brigg' 1276 RH, Wynyerbrig' 1281 Ass 486 m 5, Wymerbrigg . (for Wynier-?) 1287 Ipm, Winnebrigg 1316 FA, Wynierbrigg' 1327 SR 135/10, Wynerdbryg 1402 FA. - First el. perhaps OE Winegiir (-ga:r?) pn; if so, the second el. is most likely OE brycg. If the second component of the pn was -ga:r, the palatalisation of the -g- may have a parallel in the development of OE Eadgfj p. - The wapentake is named 'from an insignificant bridge over the Mowbeek(?) on the Harlaxton road, called Winnibriggs' ! Trehos, Treos waft 1086 LiDB, Treho 1130 P, 1202 Ass, Trihous Wap' 1166, T1'eiho 1168, Trihowap' 1169, 1180, Trehowap' 1170, Threhowap' 1171, Trahowapentacum 1185, Treowapentac~lm 1196 P, Trihou 1200 SR 242/113, TTehow' 1202 Ass, Trehou 1212 Fees, 1265 Mise, 1281 QW, Treou 1212, Threho 1226-8 Fees, Threhow 1275 RH, wapp' de Trehowes 1281 QW, 1332 SR 135/15, Trehous 1316 FA, Wappent' de ThTehowes 1327 SR 135/10, 1402 FA, Threhows 1428 FA, Threhose 1535 VE, Thmhoe 1585 D. -- 'Three mounds', from ON prir, OSw prir, pre and ON haugr 'mound'; cf. FOREHoE Nf, below p. 78. Flaxwell wap. E. of Loveden wap and Ermine Street, S. and W. of Langoe wap, and N. of Aswardhurn wap, including in the east the pars of Ilowston, Digby, Dorrington and Ruskington, and in the south those of Anwick, New Sleaford, Holdingham and S. Rauceby.

Flaxewelle, Laxewelle 1086 LiDB, Flaxwell' 1166 P, 1202 Ass, 1275 RH, 1327 SR 135/10, PZaxwelle 1168, 1176 P, 1185 Rot Dom, 1202 Ass, 1242 Fees, 1265 Mise, 1;~32 SR 135/15, Flaxewellewap' 1175, Flaxwelle hundredum 1176, Flexwellewapentacum 1178, 1183, 1188, 1191, 1201 P, Flaxewell' 1200 SR 242/113, 1221 WellsR (-wll'), Fla:rweil1275 RH, 1316 FA. - OE fZ(px, flex, flea x 'flax' and wella ':;:pring'. Aswardhurn wap. S. of Flaxwell and Langoe waps, E. of Winnibriggs and Threo wap, bordering on the Parts of Holland in the east, and on Aveland wap in the south, where it includes the pars of Aunsby, Aswarby, Scredington and Hel pringham. Ingoldsby, locally in Beltisloe wap, is a detached part of this wapentake. 1 B. Street (Curate of Grantham), Historical Notes on Grantham, p. 36. I owe this reference to the courtesy of Professor StenIon.

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

Aswafdetierne 1086 LiDB, Haswertherne 1130, Hasewardes thirne 1166, Oswardtirne 1168, Aswardehirnewap' 1175, Aswar deschirne 1176, Aswardeskirnewapentacum 1178, Aswardeskerne wapentacum 1185 P, Aswarehirne 1185 Rot Dom, Aswardethirne 1200 SR 242/113, 1212 Fees, ASf:10ardethirn', Asewardesthirne 1202 Ass, Hasewrtheshurn 1209-19 WellsR, Aswardhyrne 1265 Misc, 1332 SR 135/15, Asewardthyrne, Asewardthirn' 1275 RH, Asewardhirn' 1275 RH, 1327 SR 135/10. - ON Asvaror, ODa Aswarth, Osward pn and ON pyrnir 'thorn'; v. Lindkvist 175 f., IPN 87. 1 - The viI. of ASWARBY in the south-west of the wapen take is no doubt named from the same man; cf. IPN I. c.; it is: Wardebi 1086 LiDB, Aswardebi 1086 LiDB, Hy2 (14) Bardney 61d, Aswardbi 1212 Fees, Assewartheby c. 1219 WellsR, Aswarby 1242 Gross, Assewardeb' 1253 Cl, Aswardeby 1254 Norwich, 1263 Grav. 2

The same man no doubt gave name to the lost viI. of AVETHoRPE, in Aslackby par, the site of which must have been near that of the Aveland (cf. LiDB I. c.): Auetorp 1086 LiDB, 1202 Ass (p), Hy3 BM, Auethorp' c. 1170 Genealogist N. S. XV 224, Auethorp 1212 Cur {p), 1264 Ipm, 1316 FA, 1363 Pat, Authorp 1316 Ipm, 1354, 1371 Pat, 1402 FA, Haugthorp' 1327, Hauthorp' 1332 SR 135/10, 15, Athorp 1359 Ipm. 1

A veland wap. S. of Aswardhurn wap and E. of Winnibriggs and Threo wap, bordering in the east on the Parts of Holland and in the south on Ness wap, extending southwards as far as Bourne (inelusive).

Am;lunt 1086 LiDB, Auelun 1130, 1162, Auelundwapentac 1163, 1180, 1193, Hauelundwap' 1170, Auelund'wap' 1175 P, Auelund' 1200 SR 242/113, 1226---8 Fees, Avelund 1202 Ass, 1212 Fees, 1240 Gross, 1254 Norwich, 1287 Ipm, 1316 FA, Avalund' 1223 WellsR, Avelound 1276 RH, Auelound' 1327 SR 135/10, Avelond 1428 FA. - The wapentake is named from the AVELAND, a moated site c. 1 m. W. of Aslackby village; cl. LiDB p. XLVIII. It is said that, till about 150 years ago, the Sessions opened there and were then adjourned to the market town of Folkingham (kindly communicated by the Rev. Canon C. W. Foster). - OSw, ODa Ave pn (Bugge), and ON lundr 'grove'. 1 The Pipe roll forms in -ch-, -k- are due to the substitution of -ch- for -h- (-ch- might also be for -th-), and of -k- for -ch- in the process of copying this entry from one roll on to another; the -k- was later also introduced

into entries relating to new pleas. • The Rev. Canon C. W. Foster suggests that Aswardhurn may be identical with Mount Plantation, a moated enclosure, 3 m. NE. of Aswarby, which is referred to as: (super) ilium montem qui voeatur Pinghon (for -hou) juxta Caldmarham c. 1150-uO Genealogist N.S. XVI 77, and aeeordingly an old meeting-place; cf. Lincoln Record Soc. vo!. 17 p. L; vo!. 19 p. LXI.

Beltisloe wap.

In the SW. part of the comity, S. of Winnibriggs and Threo wap, and

W. of Aveland and Ness waps, including in the east the pars of Lenton, Keisby, Irnham, Edenham, Toft and Lound, Manthorpe, Witham on the Hill, Careby I)-nd Aunby.

Belteslau 1086 LiDB, 1200 SR 242/113, 1212 Fees, Belteslau'e 1086 LiDB, 1202 Ass, 1240 Gross, 1275 RH, 1288 Ipm, 1360 Pat, 1428 FA, Belteslawewap' 1168, 1195, Belteslewap' 1170, Beltele wap' 1175, Belteslawawapentacu1n 1178, 1193, Belteslaw'hund redum 1181 P, Balteslawe 1185 Rot Dom, Beltislowe 1242 Fees, Belthislowe 1265 ~fisc, Belteslauhe 1268 BM, Beltislawe 1277 Grav, Beliteslawe 1316 FA, Belteslowe 1327 SR 135/10. - The first eI. may be an OE pn "'Belt or the like; cf. Beltinge PNing 159. Second eI. OE hlaw 'hill, mound,.2 Ness wap. The southernmost part of Kesteven on the Welland and the Northamp tonshire border, including the pars of Carlby, Braeeborough, Wilsthorpe and Thurlby in the north.

Nesse 1086 LiDB, 1185 Rot Dom, 1202 Ass, 1226-8 Fees, 1265 Mise, 1288 Ipm, 1316 FA, 1332 SR 135/15, 1402 FA, Neswap' 1168, 1189 P, Nes 1212, Ness 1219 Fees, le Nessee 1277 Mise. - ON nes 'headland'. Streatfeild (p. 194) thinks the wapentake was so named from projecting into the fen-land to the east; cl. Nassaborough below p. 114.

Holland. Skirbeck wap. The northern portion of the Parts of Holland, N. of the Witham. 1 The forms from BM, Ipm, FA and Pat are wrongly indexed under Hawthorpe (in Irnham); for this name see above p. 51 note. • The site of the place is unknown but in the 13th century the court for the hundred was held at Corby (cf. RH I, f. 262 b.).

O. S. Anderson

)

l 1

In Domesday this wapentake is called Ulmerestig wap, named from WOLMERSTY, a lost place in Wrangle par (v. LiDB p. LXXI): Wu1meresti (p) 1185 P, Wlmeresti late 12th (14) Goxhill 142, 1206 Ass, Wolmeresti (p) 1200 Cur, 1202 Ass, W1maresti (p) 1202, Wlmerstig, W1mol'stig' 1206 Ass (p), Wu1mersti 1206 Ass (p), 1311 Pat, Wolrnal'esty 1225 FF, Wulmeresty 1242 FF, 1254 Cl, Wu1mersty 1250 FF, 1276 RH, Wolmersty 1275 RH, 1329 Pat, Walm'sty 1276 RH, Wolmaresti (p) 1282 AD IV; probably from OE Wulfmer pn and stig; cf. Bjorkman NP 166 note 2. An OE *wu1f-mere-stig 'wolf-pool path' is also possible.

Scirebech Wap' 1168, 1188 P, Schirebech wapentak' 1185 Rot Dam, Schirbec lVapentac 1202 Ass, Wapentacum de Scirbec 1242 Fees, wap of Skirbeck 1265 Misc, Skirebek wapentak' 1275 RH, Wapentach' de Skyrbeck' 1332 SR 135/14. The wapentake is named from the viI. of SKIRBJ;:CK, SE. of Boston:

I 1

Schirebec 1086 LiDB, 1188 P (p), R I Cur, 1238 Gross, Scirebec 1086 LiDB, 1189 (1308) Ch, 1212 Fees, 1237 Cl, Scirbec late Hy2 DC (p), 1200 Cur, Skir bek c. 1200 (1411) Gilb, Skirebec 1202 FF, Sirebec 1202 Ass, Skirbec 1210 FF, Skirebeck 1254 Norwich.

Most likely from ON skirr and bekkr 'clear stream'. Kirton wap.

The part of Holland that lies between the Witham and the Welland,

including Gosberton, Surfleet and Fosdyke in the south.

Chirchetone wap 1086 LiDB, Cerchetone Wapentac 1130, K'irketon' Wap' 116S P, Chircheton' Wapentak' 1185 Rot Dam, Kierketon'wapentacum 1197 P, Kirketon' Wapentacum 1202 Ass, Kirketun wapentacum 1212 Fees, wap of Kirketon 1265 Misc, 1275 RH, 1316 FA. The wapentake is named from the viI. of KIRTON IN HOLLAND, 3 m. S. of Boston: Chirchetune, Cherchetune 1086 LiDB, Kirketon' 1170 P, 1202 Ass, 1237 Cl, Kirketon' in Hoyland' 1209~35 WellsR, Kirketon in Holand 1268 Pat.

Most likely a Scandinavianised form of an OE *cirictiln 'churCh village'; cf. Kirkham PNLa 152; Peakirk Np IPN 66, PNNp 241; PPN 34 f. ElJoe wap. In the SE. part of the county on the Norfolk border, S. of the Wash and E. of Kirton wap.

The English Hundred-Names

Elleho 1086 LiDB, 1168 P, 1202 Ass, E1neho 1158, E1no :159, E1ho 1160, 1188 (-wapentacum), Hellowapentacum 1195 P, Hellov 1200 SR 242/113, Hellog', Hello 1202 Ass, Ellou 1212 Fees, 1275 RH, E1hou 1242 Fees, Hellohu 1265 "Mise, Ellowe 1266 Pat, 1316 FA, 1327 SR 135/14. - OE Ella pn and hOh 'spur of land'; cf. Ekwall StNPh II 35. The name is preserved in ELLOE Stone, at a cross-road 3 m.W. of Holbeach, near the boundary of Moulton and Whaplode pars; v. Lincolnshire Notes and Queries vol. I pp. 141-4.

Norfolk. Norfolk differs from the counties already dealt with in being originally divided into hundreds, not into wapentakes. There is no trace of the latter division in the East Anglian counties, though these also belonged to the Danelaw. The division found in the south of England was here adopted or retained. There are now 32 hundreds in Norfolk, all of which are mentioned in Domesday. Two additional hun~eds are mentioned in Domesday, viz. those of Docking and Winfarthing, for which see further below. The hundred-boundaries are the same now as in 1086, with exception of the boundaries of some of the hundreds of the north-western part of the county. The hundreds are as a rule compact; they are comparatively small in area in the east, but they grow in size towards the west and south-west, in the parts adjoining the fen dist.rict. In the north and east of the county the general arrangement is: one row of hundreds along the coast and one on either side of the rivers Yare and Wensum, which form hundred-boun daries for almost all their lengths. In the west there is no such general arrangement, though the hundreds are partly divided by rivers and heath land. - In a fragmentary survey dating from the middle of the eleventh century 1 there appears a list of some other hundreds, which have not been found in later sources. They are seven in number and are localised in the northern part of the present Freebridge-Marshland hd, and their extent was consequently of a quite different order from that of the present Norfolk hundreds. As they cannot be brought into line with the Domesday hundreds, they are best mentioned here. They are: Elsington hundred, Spelhoge

hundred, In hundred, Fuwelege hundred, JErnehogo hundred, Clencware hundred, Lynware hundred. The first two of these names are identified by Dr Douglas with ISLINGTON' (Tilney cum Islington par) and SPELLOW FIELDS (6"'; in the north part of Tilney All Saints par).' The last two are 1 Printed by D. C. Douglas, ERR 43, 381 ff. (The MS seems to date from the 11th century), • llsinghetuna, Ilsinghatuna 1086 DB, llsingtune 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Ilsington 1196 FFP. , Spelhohe 13 Lewes Cartulary f. 269 (kindly communicated by Dr O. K.

O. S. Anderson

clearly connected with CLENCIIWARTON and LYNN! The remaining three are unidentified. Dr Douglas suggests that these hundreds are a Norfolk coun terpart to the system of small hundreds found in Lincolnshire and in some other counties of the northern Danelaw. It should be noted, however, that these Norfolk hundreds have names different from those of the Lincoln shire hundreds. These latter are invariably named from a vill in the hundred, and many of them have Scandinavian names. Of the Norfolk names in question, on the other hand, two are old names of districts, and one, Spel hoge, is a typical name of a meeting-place. Fuwelege (probably OE fugol 'bird', and leah) and /Ernehogo (OE *earna-hOh, 'eagles' hill') may also be names of meeting-places. (In is more uncertain: OE 'inn 'dwelling, house'?). - This in my opinion makes Dr Douglas's conclusion somewhat doubt ful. 2

The English Hundred·Names

Freebridge hll. A comparatively large district in the western part of the county, on both sides of the Ouse. It is divided into Freebridge-Lynn and Freebridge Marshland, the latter part including the district west of the Ouse extending southwards as far as Emneth and Wiggenhall St Mary (inclusive), the for mer that east of the Ouse bordering in the south on Clackclose hd, from which it is divided by the river Nar, including in the east the pars of Castle Acre, Gt and Lt Massingham and Harpley bordering on Launditch and Gallow hds, and in the north those of Anmer, Dersingham and Wolferton bordering on Smithdon hd. In Domesday it is also made to include Snettis ham, now in Smithdon hd. It counted as a hundred and a half.

Fredebrvge If' et dim', H' et dim' de Fredrebruge, H' de Fridre bruge (1), Fredreburge 1 H' et dim' (1), H' et dim' de Fredrebruga (1), Pridebruge 11' (1) 10R6 DB, Fridebriqge }wn' et dim' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Fridebrygge Hundret 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Fredebruge Hy I (1327) Pat, Fredebr'/mnd' 1156, Freoebr'hdr' 1160, 1166, Freoebrigehdr' et dim' 1168, Fredebriggehundredum et dimidium 1183, Fredebregg'hundredurn 1195 P, Frethebrigg' 1199 Fees, 1206 Cur, 1208 Ass 558 m 2, Frethebrig' J Ass 55\) m 1, 1220 Fees (in hoc hundredo et dimidio), 121)8 Ass 569A m 32 (Hundr' et dimid'), Prethebrigge 1219 Fees, 1306 Ipm, Frethe brug 1244 Lib, Frethebruge. Frithebruf] 1250 Ass 562 m 24 f., Frethebrig 1265 Mise, Frethebrigg 1273 Ipm, 1316 FA, Hundr' et dirnid' de Frethebregg' 1286 Ass 573 m Id, Frythbrugg 1295 Pat, Frethbrigg 1302 FA, Frethebrugge 1306 Cl, Frethbrigg' 1332 SR 149/9, Frebrigge 1428 FA. - The first el. of the name may be identical with that of FREEBY Le (Fredebi 1086 DB, Fredebia 1124 -9 LeS, Fretheby 1227 Ch, 1265 Pat, Fritheby 1322 Cl; cL perhaps also FREETHoRPE.Nf: Infrietorp 1086 DB, Frethorp 1234 FF, 1286 Cl), which is supposed by Dr Smith (PNNR 50) to be ODa Frithi

pn; but English origin is also possible. In that case the most likely connection would seem to be with OE fripu, freopu 'peace, protection'; the meaning of such a compound offers difficulties, but it may be suggested that the name refers tu a bridge put under protection for the holding of the hundred-court. Connection with OE fyrhp, fyrp 'frith, wood' is also possible theoretically. but seems more doubtfu1. 2

Schram), Spellowe 1293, Spelhowe 1302, Spelhogh, Spelhouwe 1310 FF(p) from OE *spell-hoh 'speech-hill'; cf. Spelhoe hd Np infra p. 122. 1 Ecleuuartuna 1086 DB, Clenchewarton' 1190 FFP, Clencwarton' 1205 Cur, Clenchwarton 1209 FF, Chlenswartone 1210-12 RBE, Clenchewardeton 1228 FF, Clenchewartun' 1236 Cl, which seems to be a compound of an OE element *clenc, probably to be connected with ModE clench, clinch, OE clencan (cf. Linscott PNDv 121), OE ware 'inhabitants' and tun. The hundred-name was formed before the original meaning of Clencware had been lost. LynU'are is formed in a similar way from the name of LYNN: Lena, Lun 1086 DB, Lenn 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Lynna 1103-6?, Linna 1136---45 BM (copies), Luna 1121 AC, Lenna 1167, Len 1177 P. • Some other hundred-names of various kinds are mentioned now and then in early sources: hundredum de Kaustun (Cawston) 1222 Pat is identi fied with S. Erpingham hd, but the reason for the name is not clear. The same applies to the hd of Plumpstede 1341 Ipm (= Blofield hd ?). The hd of Walpol 1331 Ipm may be an instance of the term hundred applied to a manorial court (cf. Intr. p. XX). Keteringehamhundredum 1193 P is pro bably a scribal error for Keteringeham owing to the preceding Sud-, Nordherpingehamhundredum.

Smithdon hd. On the coast, E. of the Wash, N. of Freebridge hd and ,W. of Gallow and Brothercross hds, including in the east the pars of Gt Bircham, Birc ham Torts, Barwick, Stanhoe, Docking and Brancaster.

In 1086 the eastern part of Smithdon hd seems to have formed a separate hundred called: Il' de Dochinge, Dochinga, Dokinga, Dechinga 1086 DB, which has not been found after Domesday. The second r is written above the d. The last alternative might seem to gain support from the OCCurrence of several FRITH Fields (6") in Tilney All Saints par, in the western part of the hundred (del Frio 1170 P, Frid (p) 1197 FF, Frith' (p) 1199 Cur 1,1228 FF, Fridh (p) 1200 FF, del Frith' 1205, in Frith' 1207 Cur, del Frith 1250 Ass 562 m 25), but the early forms of the two names do not agree, and it is probably a mere coincidence. 1

I O. S. Anclerson

The English Hundred-Names

It is named from the village of DOCKING, for which see PNing 76. - Smithdon hd is: S-metheduna, 11etheduna (1), S-mezeduna (1), Smeteduna (1), Smethetuna (1) 1086 DB, Smethedune Hy I (1327) Pat, Smeoedun'hdr' 1168, Smeoedenehdr' 1170, Smeoedon'hdr' 1172, 1177 P, Smethedon' 1208 Ass 558 m 1, 1220 Fees, Smededon' J Ass 559 m 1, Smethedun' 1212 Fees, 1243 Cl, Smethedun 1265 Mise, Smethedon 1275 RH, 1320 Pat, Smeddune 1284 Ipm, Smedon 1295 Pat, Smethdone 1302 FA, Smethdon 1359 Pat, 1593 BM, Smythedon 1486 Ipm, Smythdon 1535 YE. - OE smede and dun 'smooth down'.

GalgoD, Galhou, Gi1hov (1) 1086 DB, (;-a1ehohdr' 1158, Galho hdr' 1168, 1196, Ga1eehhohdr' 1109 P, Galeho 1185 Rot Dom, 1219 Fees, 1250, 1282 Ass 562 m 14, 570 m 2d, Galehohundredum 1195, Galewhohundredwn 11\:17 P, Ga1ehog' 1220 Fees, 1275 RH, Gale hOll) 1235 Ass 1173 m 7d, 1295 Pat, 1428 FA, Galehowe 1265 Mise, 1302 FA, Galeghowe 1316 FA, Ga1hou 1319 Cl, Galhowe 1329 SR 149/7, Gallou'e 1394 Ch. - First el. OE g(e)alga or ON galgi (OSw ga1ghe, ODa galie); second el. OE hoh or ON haugr, 'gallows hill'. The place has not been identified with certainty, but Blome field 1 notes a place called Galehoges 1312-3 in 'Dunton field', which he thinks may have given name to the hundred.

The site of the place from which the hundred is named is lost; but to judge from the entry: (Robertus de Monte Alto implacitat Robertum atte Stone et XV alios per eo quod ceperunt wreccum maris) apud Smetheton, Hecham et Hunstanston infra hundredum SUUln de Smetheton ... 1318 Abbr, it may be somewhere on the coast, near Heacham amI Hunstanton.

Brotbercross bd.

Gallow hd.

These two hundreds are E. 'tIf Smithdon hd. Brothercross hd consists of a small district on the coast, including the pars of Burnham Deepdale, Burnham Norton, Burnham Overy, Burnham ThOrPe, Burnham Market, N. and S. Creake and Waterden. Gallow hd is S. of Brothercross and N. Greenoe hds, extending eastwards as far as Fulmodeston and Stibbard (inclusive) and southwards as far as Gt and Lt Ryburgh, Testerton, Pud ding Norton, Toftrees and K, S. and W. Rainham (inclusive). In Domes day the joint area of the two hundreds was the same as now (Saxlingham, now in Holt hd, seems to have been included in Gallow hd), but it was divi ded between them in a different manner. Brothercross hd seems to have included almost all the western part of the modern Gallow hd, the boundary between them being for some distance the Wensum, whereas the .latter hundred included the eastern part of the modern Brothercross hd, exten ding northwards to the coast. In VHNf (ll 5) it is suggested that they were so arranged 'to give each hundred a proportion of salt-marsh for its sheep'. The two hundreds are often mentioned together, and in 1373 Cl they are treated as one hundred called the hd of Galowebrothyrcros.

Brodereros, Brodeseros, Brodeeros (1), Dros eros (1) 1086 DB, Brodeerose (var. Brodrecrose Hamilton) 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Brode eros 1130, 1230 (var. Brodereros), Brooereros 1168, 1185, Broder· croshundredum 1190 P, Brod'ereseros 1199 Fees, Brothereros 1212, 1220 Fees, 1250 Ass 562 m 14d, 1265 Misc, 1295 Pat, 1347 Ipm, 1428 FA, Brotheeros' 1219 Fees, Brother Croz 1242 P, Brothere(s) eros 1275 RH, Brothereors 1361 Pat. - First el. a pn correspon ding to OSw Brodher, ODa Brother (Bjorkman NP 30, ZEN 27); second el. ON kross 'cross'. The site of the cross is unknown.

North

~reenoe

On the coast, E. of Brothercross, N. 01 Gallow and W. 01 Holt hds, in chIding in the east the pars of Stilfkey, Cockthorpe, Binham, Field Dalling and Hindringham, and in the south those of Barney, Thursford, Gt Snoring, Houghton St Gill'S and Egmere.

Grenehov, Grenehoga, Grenaho!la (1), Greneov (1) 1086 DB;, Northgrenehohundredum 1183, Nordgrenehohundredum 1185, 1188 P, North Greneho 119tl Fees, Northgrenesho 1208 Ass 558 m 2, Northgreneho 1212 Fees, 1257 Ass 568 m 28, 1337 Cl, Norgreneho 1226-8 Fees, Northgrenhou 1266 Pat, Northgrenehog' 1275 RH, Northgrenehowe 1287 Ipm, 1302 FA, North Grenehowe 1316 FA, Northgrenhoo 1352 Pat. 2 - ON gr(Enn, OSw gran and ON haugr 'green hill', v. IPN 87, but derivation from OE grene and hoh 'spur of land' seems also possible. North in distinction from S. Grecnhoe below p. 74. -- The meeting-place of the hundred may have been at Grel1ehowhyll (Wighton par) 1470 Binham Cartulary f. 130b. 3 Holt bd. On the coast between N. Greenoe hd to the west, N. and S. ErPingham hds to the east and Eynsford hd to the south, including in the east the pars of Weybourne. Bodham, IJempstead and Edgefield and in the south those of Briston, Melton Constable and Swanton Novers. 1 Francis Blomefield, History of Norfolk, 1805---9, vol. VII p. 2; Dun· ton is in Brothercross hd in DB. • The hundred was appurtenant to Wighton manor and is sometimes called the hd of Wighton, as in 1223 Cl. 3 Kindly communicated by Dr O. K. Schram.

O. S. Anderson

H' de Holt 1086 DB, Ho hdr' 1163,' Holthdr' 1168, 1188, 1195 P, hundredum de Holt' 1201 Cur, Hundr' de Holt 1250 Ass 562 m 15d, 1261 Ipm, 1275 RH, 1304 Cl, 1346, 1428 FA, hundr' de Haut 1275 RH, 1290 Mise. The hundred is namcd from the town of HOLT, near its ccntre, where its meeting-place may have been': Halt 1086 DB, 1242 Fees, 1287 Ipm, 1316 Cl, Holte 1203 FF, IIout 1205 Cl, 1236? Fees, HouU 1254 Norwich, Holt Market 1321 FF. OE holt 'a wood'.

North antI South Erpingham hds. E. of Halt and Eynsford hds. The former is on the coast, extending southwards as far as Plumstead, Matlask, Aldborough, Thurgarton, Han worth, Gunton, Suffield and Antingham (inclusive) and eastwards as far as Trunch, Knapton and Mundesley (inclusive). The latter includes a di strict S. of these parishes, round Aylsham, on the upper Bure, including the pars of Heydon, Cawston, Hevingham, Rtratton Strawless, Buxton, Hautbois, Lamas, Coltishall, Bclaugh, Scottow, Swanton Abbot, Skeyton, Tuttington and the pars N. of these.

Erp'ingeham Nort(h) H', North- Norterpingeham H', Erpingaham nort (Nord) H', Erpinham North Hvndret (1), Erpincham nord Hund' (2) 1086 DB, Nonlherpingehamhundrcdum 1193 P, Norther pingham 1212 Fees, 1265 Mise, 1302 FA, Northerpingeh' 1219 Fees, Northerpingeham 1257 Ass 568 m 26, Northerpyneham 1302 FA. - Erpincham Svd 11', £rpincham s'vd H', Svderpincham, Sud Herpincham, Erpingaham Svd, Erpingeham Suth', Sud Her pingeham 1086 DB, Suterpingehamhdr' 1168, Sudherpingeham hundredum 1188, 1193, Suderpingehamhundredum 1191 P, and

further forms corresponding to those of N. Erpingham. The hundreds are named from the village of ERPINGHAM, just S. of the boundary-line that divides them: Erpingham 1044-7 (13) KCD 783 (spu rious), Erpincham, llerpincham 1086 DB, Arpingeham (p) 1177 P, Herping ham 1185 Rot Dam, Erpingham 1200 Cur, 1210-12 RBE, 1242 Fees, 1234 Norwich, Erpingeham (p) 1201 FF, Arpyngham 1545 AD V. 1 The entry runs in full: Ricardus Vetulll XXIIII s. numero per breve Regis in Sochemannis de Ho hdr'. It is copied on the roll of each following year at least up to 1242, but by a scribal error H6 hdr' became Hiidr' on the roll for A.D. 1172, and on the roll for 1190 cum was substituted for de. The identity is proved by an entry on the Rotuli de dominabus (1185), viz.: Ricardus Vet[ule] ... habet in hundredo de Halt XXIIII s. de redditu quos pater suus habuit ex don 0 Regis (Rot Darn 56). • In 1203 FF there is a reference to a place caned Thinghou in Halt, which may refer to the meeting-place of the hundred (kindly communicated by Dr O. K. Schram).

The English Hundred-Names

The first eI. of the name is derived by Professor EkwalI from a short form of OE names like EOl'p1Veald, Eorpwine (PNing 136; cf. also IPN 172), Second eI. OE Mim 'home', '!'unstead hll. A narrow, irregular district between N. and S. Erpingham hds on the west and Happing hd on the east, extending from the river Bure northwards to the coast, bounded on the east by the river Ant.

hundreduTn de Tunstede 1044-7 (lB) KeD 785 (spurious), Ton(e)steda H', l'unesteda H', H' Stunetada (1) 1086 DB, Tunste de hundred 1101-7 (13) BH, 1177 P, Tunstedahundredum 1193 P, Hltndr' de TunstaZZ' J Ass 559 III 1d, hundredum de Tunstede 1206 Cur, 1302 FA, !lundr' de Tunsted 1250 Ass 562 m 19d, 1316 FA, hd of Thunstede 1265 Mise, hundr' de Thunsted' 1268 Ass 569A m 20, hd of Tonstede 1295 Pat. The hundred is named from the village of TUNsTEAD, 5 m. S. of N. Walsham: Tunesteda 1086 DB, Tunstede 1185 Rot Dom, 1233 Cl, 1254 Nor wich, 1272 Ipm, Tunsteda 1187 P, Tunsted 1199 FF, 1262 Pat, TOl1stude 1236 Fees, Tansted 1275 RH, Tonsted 1361 Cl!

OE tilnstede 'farmstead'. Happing M. On the coast, E. of Tunstead hd and the river Ant and N. of W. Flegg hd, from which it is separated by the Thurne R., called Hundred Stream in its upper part. Between the Ant and the Thume the boundary is formed by a Hundred Dike. On the north it includes the pars of E. TInston and Walcolt.

Hapincha, Hapill,qa 1086 DB, Happinygehundred Stephen (l3) Mon III 88, Hapinyeh' 1156, llappinyehdr' 1168, 1177 P, Happing' 1168, 1195 P, 1212 Fees, 1268 Ass 569A m 27, 1275 RH, 1332 SR 149/9, Hundredum de Happinges 1185 Rot Dom, 1266 Pat, Hundredum de Happi'ges 1230 P, Happing 1265 Mise, 1302 Fine, hundr' de Happingges 1286 QW, lIappinge 1250 Ass 562 ill 27, Happyng 1302 FA. OE *ha?ppingas derived by Professor Ekwall (PNing 77) from a pn related to OHG Heppo, and probably to OE gehcpp 'fit', The same person no doubt gave name to the viI. of HAPPISHURCiH in this hundred: Hapesburc 1086 DB, Hapes 1 Rye (Hundred Courts ... in ::"orfolk. ::"orwich 1920, p. 33) thinks that the meeting-place of this hundred was at the Hundred Hill on Bradfield Common, but as the hill is 'on the very extreme boundary of Tunstead and N. Erpingham hundreds', it is more likely to mark the boundary of the hundred than its meeting-place.

O. S. Andersoll

The English Hundred·Name8

burg Hy I ~lon HI 330, Apesburga Stephen France, Hapebllre, Happesburc 1208 Ass 558 rnlI, Happesburg 1229 Pat.

outside Flegg hd. Cf. also: (locus qui vocatur) Fleggisdam 1303 Abbr (in Wroxham), Stephanus Atteffleg' de Wyrham (Wereham) 1323 Abbr.

East and West Flegg bds. The district S. of the river Thurne, E. andN. of the Bure. There is a natural boundary between the two hundreds formed by the broads (Filby Broad, Rollesby Broad, and Ormesby Broad) and marshland.

East (Est) H' de Flee, Easttlee Ht/nil' 108G DB, Esttleggehdr' 1175 P, Fleg' 1212 Fees, Esttleg' 121\-) Fees, 1268 Ass 569A m 28, 1275 RH, 1303 SR 149/1, Esttleg 1250 Ass 562 m 27d, 1265 Mise, 1302 FA, Esttlegg 1302 Fine, 1346 FA, Est Fleg 1310 Mise, 1428 FA, Esttlegg' 1329, 1332 SR 149/7, 9, Esttlege 1334 Fine, Esttlegge 1361 BM. - Flee rVest H', Flecwest H' 1086 DB, Westtleghund redum 1183, 1193, hundredum de Westtleg 1195 P, and further forms corresponding to those of E. Flegg. - The two hundreds probably once formed a whole (see Intr. p. XLIII). In 1168 P they are referred to as 1/ hd," de Fleg, and they form one deanery (Deeanatus de Fleg 1254 Norwich). 'Flegg' is also often added to PNs as: Stikisby Flech 1275 RH, Stokesby in Fleg' 1319 Cl (Stokesby); Burg in Fleg 1286 FF, Burgh in Fleg 1305 FF, 1342 BM, 1378 AD IV, Burgh in Flegg 1307 Cl, 1369 FF, Borgh in Flek 1371 Pat (Burgh SI, !lfargaret or Flegg Burgh: Flegburg 1232 FF); Ecles in Fleg 1294 Cl (Eccles, Rapping hd); Castre in Fleg 1311 FF, 1323 AD IV (Caister); 111alteby in Fleg 1332 FF (Mautby); Reppes in Fleg.q' 1333 Inq aqd, Reppys in Fleg 1448 FF (Repps); Heringby in Fleg 1362 Cl (Rerringby); Askeby in Fleg 1379 FF (Ashby) etc. - Also in pns: Nicholas de Fleg 1172 P, Simon de Fleeg' 1196 Cur, Henricus de Fleg 1199 Fees, de Flee (Fleg) 1200 Cur etc.

The name is probably identical with the word ftlegge (idem quod segge) recorded in the Promptorium Parvulorum/ here used of marshy land Qvergrown with flags. 'I'his is no doubt to be identified with ModDa theg, a name applied to various kinds of water-plants, chiefly such with broad, sword-like leaves. - Dr Schram would take the name to refer to the marsh on Flcgg Burgh Common, S. of Burgh St. Margaret, which might have been the meeting-place of the district, but I think it is more likely a name applied originally to the whole district. This seems to be suggested by the numerous places that are said to be 'in Flegg'. The district is referred to in: (in) regione qU(E dieitur Flee 1014? (c. 1100) MemStEdm. If the reference to EGles in Fleg given above is trustworthy, there would seem to have been a district so called 1

As kindly pointed out by Di' O. K. Schram.

WaJsham M. A narrow, straggling district between the Yare and the Bure, including the par of Woodbastwick in the north-west and in the west, bordering on Blofield hd, the pars of Remblington, Beighton and Moulton St Mary.

H' Walessam, Walesham llund', Walesam H' (1), II' de Wa lassam (1) 1086 DB, Walesham/ulr' 1168, 1180 P, Walesham 1199, 1220 Fees, Hundr' de Wales ham 1235 Ass 1173 m 7d, 1266 Pat, 1286 Ass 573 ID 49, Hundr' de Walsham 1275 RH, 1302 FA,

1313 Cl, 14:?8 FA.

The hundred is named from the viI. of SOUTH W ALSHA~I, 3 m. NW. of Acle: Suowalsham 1044-7 (13) KCD 785 (spurious), Wales am, Walessam, Walsam, Walassam 1086 DB, Walesham 1086 DB, 114&.-9 (13) BH, 1166 RBE, 1203 Cur, 1250 Ass 562 m 20, Suthwalesham 1141-9 BH, 1227 Pat; cl. also NORTH WALSHAM (Tunstead hd): Norowalsham 1044-7 KCD 785, Walsam 1086 DB, Norwalesham 1169 P, 1199 FF, North Walesharn 1196 FF, 1235 Ass 1173 m 7d, Norhwalesham 1213 Pat; and WALsIlAM-le-WILLoWS Sf: Walesam, Walsam 1086 DB, Uualsham 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Wales ham 1166 RBE, 1236 Fees, Walesham' 1185 Rot Dom, Walsham 1254 Norwich, 1282 Cl.

OE *Wales Mm from OE w(e)alh 'serf, foreigner, Briton'; or OE W(e)alh pn (Redin 8), and OE Mm 'homestead'.

Blofield M. N. of the Yare, W. and S. of Walsham hd, extending from Norwich City in the west to Freethorpe and Limpenhoe (inclusive) in the east.

Blate/da H', Blawetelle H' (1), Blastevda H' (1) 1086 DB, Blatelde Hundret 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Blatelda c. 1129-33 BM, Blateld hundr' 115t3, Bladteld' 1168, Bladteldhdr' 1189 P, Blateld 1212 Fees, 1265 ::\lIisc, 1311 Fine, Blateld' 1220 Fees, Bla teud 1254 Norwich (decanatus), 1275 RH, Blauteud 1275 RH, Bloyfeld' 1286 Ass 573 m 40d, Blauteld 1302 Fine, Bloteld 1302 FA, 1330 Ipm, 1428 FA, Blonteld (for Blou-) 1303 Cl. The hundred is named from the viI. of BLoFIELD, or both are named from the same 'field' probably the heath N. of Blofield: Blauuetelda, Bla telda 1086 DB, Bladteld Hy2 (1306) Mon IV 17, 1193 pep), Blateld 1199 FF, 1212 Fees, 1252 Ch, Blatteld,' 12iiO Fees, Bloteld 1286 FF, Blowfeild 1621 BM.

O. S. Ancterson

The English Hundred·Names

The first el. is probably an OE "'<bla(W)l 'blue' (cf. OE blre htEtl'cn 'light blue', bla;wen 'bluish'), cognate with OSax, OHG bliio, ON bldr. Dr Schram suggest~ that this may have reference to the profusion of scabious on Blofield Beat.h. The word is also assumed to mean 'cold, exposed' (v. EPN s. v., PNDv 282 s. n. Blowden), but thi::; seems uncertain. - The forms in Hlad·, Blat- are probably due to anticipation of the d of teld. The derivation suggested by Lindkvist p. 176 f. (ON bldr, OE teld) is unlikely on account of the hybrid formation involved. - CL also BLOFIELD Sf (Trimley St .Mary par): Rloteud 1293, Blotelde 1433 Ipm, Bloteld 1459 BM.

1212 Fees, 1275 RIl, 1332 SR 149/9, Eynetord 1219 Fees, 1257 Ass 568 m 21, Hy3 Ipm, Aynestord' 122fi.-8 Fees, Eynestord 1250 Ass 562 m 17, 1288 Ipm, 1291) Pat, 1316 FA, 1373 Cl, 1428 FA, Enetord 1260 Ipm. 1 Identical with E,'NsFoRD Kt (/Enestord, ./Einestord c. 960 BCS 1097 L, huther Wallenberg 289). First el. probably a short form of OE pns in IEgen-; v. Ainsworth PNLa 53 (differently Wal1enberg 1. c.); second el. OE tord.

Taverham Jul. Between the Wensum and the Bure, W. and N. of Walsham and Blofield hds, including in the north the pars of Horstead, Frettenham, Hainford, Felthorpe and Attlebridge, bordering in the west on Eynsford hd and in the north on S. Erpingham hd.

R' de Taverham, Tallresham, Taureham 1086 DB, Tauerhamhdr' 1168, (.ham-) 1193 P, 'l'averham 1212 Fees, 1265 Mise, 1302, 1428 FA, llundr' de Tauerham 12.00 Ass 562 m 20d; Hundredum de

Thaverham 1219 Fees, 1268 Ass 569A

lld.

The hundred is named from TAvERHA~I. a parish and seat, Gm. NW. of Norwich on the Wensum: Tauerham, Tauresham 108B DB, Taverham Wm2 (1806) Ch, 1199 FF, 1210" Cur (p), 1225 Pat, 1242 Fees, 1254 Norwich, 1292 Ch, 1814 AD II, 1319 Cl, 1il24 tpm, 1355 BM, Taucrham (p) 1168 P, Thaverham 1272 Ipm, 1291 Tax, 1321 Ipm.

The first el. is perhaps OE teator 'red lead, tiver' (on which see Forster AB 34, 100 ff.); cf. Tceaterseeat KCD 721; and Fager sten 230 s. n. Evershot. The place is N. of the river between two marked bends, and the second el. is no doubt OE hamm: 'river bend where red lead is found'? Eynsforll bd. Mainly N. of the Wensum and W. of Taverham and S. Erpingham hds. To the south of the Wensum it includes the pars of Ringland, Morton on the Hill, Weston Longville, Lyng and Elsing. It is bounded on the west by the Wensum, which separates it from Launditch hd, and by Gallow hd.

Enstord(a), En8tort, Enford (1) 1086 DB, Einesfordhdr' 1168, 1181, 1188, 1191, Einestorthll1lndredum 1180, Amesfordhundredum (for Aines-) 1185, -iEinest07'd'hundredum 1186 P, Einetord' 1185 Rot Dom, 1199 Fees, Einestord' 1208 Ass 558 ID 8, Eynestord' 1

Found according to NED in haui-blauum (Erfurt Gloss. 1152), glossing

blat(t)a, pigmentum.

J,aunditch lId. W. of the Wensum and Eynsford hd, S. of Gallow hd and E. of Free· bridge hd, including in the south the pars of Gt and Lt Dunham, Gt and Lt Fransham, Seaming, Gressenhall, Hoe and Swanton Morley bordering on S. Greenhoe and Mitford hds.

Lawendic, Lauuendie, La17endie (1), T"a1l'edie (1) 1086 DB, Lauuendiee 1086 (c. 1180) IE, LUltndie 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Landiehllndr' (for -die-) 1156, Lawendiehdr' 1160, 1167, Lawen diehhdr' 1166, 1185, 1199, Lauwendirh 1168, Langediehdl" 1175. Lagendiehhdr' 1176 P, Lawendich 1208 Ass 558 m Id, Lawendieh' .J Ass 559 m 1, 1212 Fees, Landieh' 1218 Cl, Lauendie 1230 P, Landiz 1235 Ass 117"3 m 6d, Lauendich 1250 Ass 562 m 1, Laundis 1257 Ass 568 m 7d, Laundiz 1268 Ass 569A m 33, 1275 RH, 1293, 1305 Ipm, Laundieh' 1268 Ass 569A m 11, 1329 SR 149/7, Landizeh' 1275 RH, Landieh 1286 QW, Lallndich 1295 Pat, 1316 FA, Laundyz 1302 FA, 1332 SR 149/9, Laundych 1428 FA, Laundish 1151 Ipm, Lawndieh 1593 B.M.- The hundred-name is the old name of the Devil's Dyke (in Lawendieh and Diewude 1203 FF), in the western boundary of LONGHAM par, 'where at the crossing of it by the Nor wich road the hundred was anciently kept' (Blomefield, op. cit. IX p. 456). Longham is: La Wingham 1086 DB, Lawingh' 1200 Cur, Laningham (for Lau-) 1242 Fees, Langeharn 1250 Ass 562 m 1, Laungham 12(i8 Ass 569A m 10, Lavyngham 1300 Ch. - The first el. of the hundred·name is explained by Professor Ekwall (PNing 138) from OE *Liiwa pn, the first el. of Longham being derived from the same name (*Uiwan die, "'<Liiwinga Mm). 1

According to Blomefield (op. cil. VIII 182, cf. also p. 248) the hundred

was 'so called from some ford over the riyer Eyn, which was (as is said) at Repeham'. This is apparently the stream running E. of Reepham. Unless it. is an antiquary's invention, the llame may furnish a clue to the site of the

ford.

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Kames

South Greenhoe hd.

ODa Klakki pn and OE hlose 'pig-sty', though clacces wadlond 744 (11) BCS 216 ' may point to the existence of a native name *Clacc-. - According to the court-rolls of the hundred for A.D. 1294, its courts were then sometimes held at Clakhose (AuIt 155). Blomefield says (op. eit. VII, 268) that the place, which he call., Clackclose-hill, was on the common at Stradsett.'

The district round Swaffham, S. of Launditch hd and the Nar, including in the west the pars of Narborough, Swaffham, Cockley Cley, Caldecote and Oxboroagh bordering on Clackclose hd, in the south those of Foulden, Didlington, Langford and Bodney bordering on Grimshoe hd, from which it is partly separated by the river Wissey, and in the east those of Gt and Lt Cressingham, N. and S. Pickenham, Houghton on the Hill, Holme Hale and E. and W. Bradenham bordering on Wayland and Mitford hds.

Grimshoe lid.

Grenehov, Granahou (1), Greneho (1) 1086 DB, Greneshou (var. Grenehou Hamilton) 1086 (e. 1180) IE, Sudgrenho 1156, Suthgrenehohdr' 1158, 1166, Suthgrenehogehdr' 1167, Sudgren hohdr' 1168, Sudgrenehohundl'edum 1185 P, Sudgreneho 1197 P, 1226--8 Fees, 1268 Ass 569A m 13, Sud Greneho 1199 Fees, Suthgreneho 1208 Ass 558 m ld, 1219 Fees, Sudgreneho 1218 Cl, Suthgren(e)ho 1250 Ass 562 m 2d, 6d, Suthgrenehowe ib. m 7d, 1305 Ipm, Suthgrenehow 12'95 Pat, South Grenhowe 1346, Suth Grenehogh 1428 FA; - v. N. Greenoe above p. 67. According

In the south of the county, on the Little Ouse R., E. and 8. of Clack close and S. Greenhoe hds. It is bounded on the north.by the Wissey and on the east, where it inclulles the pars of Stanford, Sturston and Croxton, by Wayland and Shropham hds.

Grimes.hou 1086 DB, 1086 (c. 1180) lE, 1199 Fees, 1257 Ass 568 m 6, Greneshou (1) 1086 DB, Grimeshohdr' 1158 P, Grimesho 1212 Fees, 1250 Ass 562 m 4, Grimeshowe 1265 .Mise, 1275 RH, 1302 FA, 1328 Ipm, Grymeshowe 1268 Ass 569A m 3, 1302 FA, 1341 Cl, Gremmeshowe 1275 RH, Grimeshogh 1291 Mise, Grenehow 1295 Pat, Grymysho1De 1310 Ipm, Grymsew 1428 FA. Cf. Edw' de Grimesh6 1166 P (Nf & Sf). -- ODa Grim (OSw Grimber, ON Grimr) pn and ON haugr 'mound'.'

to B10mefield (op. cit. VI p. 1) it takes its name 'from the green hills or tumuli lying by the London road to Swaffham, on the heath between (Cockley) Cley and North Pickenham', where it used to meet 'even to the last century '" as appears from its old rolls'.

Guiltcross Ild. In the south of the county on the Suffolk border, bounded on the north by Shropham hd, from which it is divided by the river Thet. In the east it includes the pars of Banham, Kenninghall and N. and S. Lopham, bor dering on Diss hd. Between S. Lopham and Bressingham the boundary is formed by a Hundred River (6").

Clackclose hd. Occupies the south-western corner of the county, on both sides of the Ouse, S. of the Nar and Freebridge hd, W. of S. Greenhoe and Grimshoe hds. Like the adjoining hd of Freebridge it counted as a hundred and a half.

Gildecros 1086 DB, 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, 1208 Ass 558 m 2d, 1212 Fees, 1243 Cl, 1250 Ass 562 m 3, 1275 RH, 1295 Pat,

H' et dim' de Clache(s)losa, Clakeslosa 1086 DB, Clache(s)lose hundr' et dim', Clachslose hundr', Lacheslose Hundr' et dim' 1086 (c. 1180) IE, Clakeclose Hundret 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Clacc lose hundredum et dimidium 1109-11 (c. 1350) Rams (Clacclose c. 1109-15? BM), Clacheclosehundred et dimidium 1129 Rams ChI'on, Claclosehundredum et dimidiurn 1130 (c. 1350) Rams (Clachelosh. 1130? BM), Claccheslosehdr' 1158, Clacchelosehdr' 1161, Clachelosehdr' 1167, Clakelosehdr' 1168, 1187 P, Clacklos 1189 BM, Clackleshundr' et dimid' 1200 Ch, Clakclos'(for Clake-?) 1200 Cur, Clakeslose 1208 Ass 558 m 1, Clakelose ib. m 2, 1226 -8 Fees, 1235 Ass 1173 m 6, 1265 Mise, 1286 Ass 573 m 69 (Hundr'm et dim' de), .1316 FA, Clakelos' 1212 Fees, Clakkelose 1250 Ass 562 m 21d. - Perhaps a compound of OSw Klakke,

1 On the identification of the places mentioned in this charter (E. Ox fordshire) see Ekwall in Germanska namnstudier tillagnade Evald Liden, Uppsala 1932, p. 51 note. 2 The hundred is also called hundredum pt dimidium infra Bichamdic, e. g. Rams II 75; cf. also seo socne widinnen Bichamdic ... ealle da men . .. in dmt oder halfe hundred 1042-66 KCD 853. - Bichamdic is no doubt an old name of the Devil's Dyke between Beechamwell (Bicham 1086 DB, Bichham Welles 1212 Fees, Bichamwell 1230 FF) and Narborough, near the eastern boundary of the hundred. • Blomefield sa'jffl (op. cit. II 148) that the hundred met on a large tumulus near a 'Danish encampment' (in reality a number of prehistoric flint-mines) called Grime's Graves, 2 m. E. of ,'"eeting (marked on the OS, also as Grimmers Graves on Bryant's large map of Norfolk, 1826). The interrelation of the two names is somewhat uncertain.

•

I 77

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred·Names

1302 FA, Gillecros 1086 DB, 1220 Fees, Gildecrose 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Gillecroshdr' 1161, 1177, Gildecroshdr' 1168 P, Gillecros' 1199 Fees, Gyldecros 1257 Ass 568 m 16, 1286 QW, 1402 BM, Gyldcros 1265 Misc, 1284 rpm, 1402 FA, GUldecros 1428 FA, Guyldcrosse 1535 VE, Gyltcross 1586 D; cf. luo de Gillecrns 1166 P (Nf & Sf). - Probably OSw Gilde, ODa Gildi pn and ON kross, 'cross'; cf. perhaps: (in bosco qui vocatur) Gilderis (in Fornesete et Tacolffis tun) 1275 RH (sec. el. ON hris?).

identieal with OE sceorp 'dress, apparel', which is also connected with OE sceorpan and screpan by Torp and Holthausen; this word may have had some earlier meaning which would admit of its being used in a PN. The metathesis that would have to be assumed is perhaps not very convineing at first sight, but it may be pointed out that the position of the r is very variable in the words be longing to this group (cf. Torp 1. e.); some of the earliest forms· may equally well represent [ferp) as [frep), and there is actually some evidence for the form [ferp) in Domesday. Cf. also Zach risson SfMSp rx 133 f. - Seeond el. probably OE ham.

Shropham hd. N. of Guiltcross hd and E. of Grimshoe hd. It is bounded on the north by WayJand and Forehoe hds and on the east by Depwade hd. It includes in the north the pars of Hockham, Hockland, Gt Ellingham and Attlebo rough, and in the east those of Besthol'pe and Old and New Buckenham.

Serpeham H' (1), Scerpham H', H' Scerep(e)ham, Serepham Hund' (1), H' de Screp(e)ham 1086 DB, Scereham hundr', Scere peha' hund' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Screpham Hundret 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Shrephamhdr' 1158, Schrephamhdr' 1167, 1168, 1189, Screphamhundredum 1177, 1199 P, Srepham 1199 Fees, 1208 Ass 558 m 10d, 1212 Fees, Scropham 1220 Fees, 1265 Misc, 1268 Ass 569A m 1, 1354 rpm, Hunred' de Sropham 1250 Ass 562 m 9d, 1275 RH, llundredum de Shl'opham 1257 Ass 568 m 10, 1288 lpm, 1316 FA, Shrepham 1303 Fine, 1332 SR 149/9, Schropham alias Schl'epham 1303, Shroppeham 1350 lpm. The hundred is named from SHROPHAM, a village near its centre, 4 m. W. of Attleborough: Seer(e)pham 1086 DB, Serepeham 1154--69 Mon V 150 (copy), Schrepham (p) 1166 P; Srepham 1199 FF, Strepham (for Se-) 1208 Cur (p), 1252 Ch, Seropham 1242 Fees, 1252 Cl, 1254 Norwich, 1286 BM, Shorpham 1283 Ipm, Shrepharn 1325 Cl.

The first el. of the name is no doubt to be connected with the word-group including OE saepan and sceorpan 'scrape, scratch', scearp 'sharp' and the like, v. further Torp 456, Holthausen s. v. scearp. If the form [frep] which is well evidenced in early sources should form the basis of the etymology, one might think of com parison with Sw slcrap, Norw skrcp 'rubbish', but also 'dry twigs' etc, which are connected by Hellquist with this stem; but this would leave the later o-forms unexplained. The only possibility of explaining the o-forms as well, if they are phonologically developed, would seem to be the assumption of an OE base sceorp for the first eL, which might become ME *sherp and *sharp, and with metathesis *shrerl and *shl'Op. This base would be formally

Waylantl M. Consists of a district round \Vatton, N. of Shropham hd and E. of Grimshoe and S. Greenhoe hds. It is bounded on the east, where it includes the pars of Carbrooke, Scoulton and Lt EJlingham. by Mitford and Forehoe hds.

Wanelvnd -t, Wenelvnt, Wainelvnd (1) 1086 DB, Wenelundhdr' 1168, 1170, Weinelundhundredum 1188, Weineslundhundredum 1190, Wainelundhundredum 119lJ P, Wainelund' 1199 Fees, Wain lund 1208 Ass 558 m 3, Woinelund 1212, Woinlund' 1220, Wayn lund' 1226-8 Fees, Waynlund 1235 Ass 1173 m 6d, Waylund 1250 Ass 562 m 3d, 1265 Misc, 1275 RH, 1302 FA, 1329 SR 14917, Weylund 1286 Ass 573 m 32d, 1332 SR 149/9, Weyland 1295 Pat, Waylound 1310 Ipm,Waylund' 1382 SR 149/63. - The hundred is named from WAYLAND 'VOOD, 1 m. SE. of Watton on the road from Watton to Hockham. Blomefield says (op. cit. Il, 318) that 'the sheriff's turn ... was always kept at a certain place in this wood'. - The name is of Scandinavian origin, its second el. being ON lundr 'grove', but no definite suggestion can be made as to the etymology of the first el. Bugge's derivation (from ON vanir 'gods', cf. IPN 89) is not in accordance \vith .the regular form of the name; the -eo, -0- of early forms are AN spellings (op. ciL 113). llitford bd. N. of Wayland, E. of Lallnditch and S. of Eynsford hds, including the pars of Shipdham and E. Dereham in the west, and those of E, Tuddenham, MattishaJl, Thuxton, Hardingham, Southbllrgh and Woodrising in the east, bordering on Forehoe hd. It ranked as a hundred and a half.

Mittefort H' et dim', Hvnd' et dim' de Mitteford -e -a 1086 DB, Mideforde, Miteforde h~ndr' et dim' 1086 (c. 1180) IE, Mithes fordhdr' et dim' 1168, Mittesfordhdr' et dim' 1169, Mitford'hund-

O. S. Anderson

l'edu11l et dimidium 1183 P, hUlldredum et dimidium de Midford' 1185, 1192 P, 1232 Cl, 1268 Ass 569A m Hi, Afuteford 1212 Fees, hundredwn et dimidium de .Mitford' 1220 Fees, 1236 Cl, 1286 Ass 573 m 39d, 1332 SR 149/9, Middeford' 1224 Cl, Mitteford 1265 Misc, Mitefort 1268 Ass 569A m 2. -- Identical with MIDFOTID So (Mitford 1001 (14) KCD 706, Mitteford 1375 Pat) and MITFORD Nb, which Professor Mawer explains as 'middle ford' (OE midde). A better derivation is from OE (ge)my[Je 'junction of streams'; cf. mypford BCS 756 (W), 802 (Berks). This suits Midford and Mit

ford Nb, and is possible for Mitford Nf also, though nothing is known about the site (it might be at the confluence of the Yare and the Blackwater River). }i'orehoe hd.

E. of Mitford hd, S. of Eynsford hd and the Wensum and N. of Shrop ham hd, including in the south the pars of Ilingham, Deopham and MoTley St Botolph and St Peter, and in the east, bordering on Depwade and Humbleyard hds, the pars of Wymondham, Wramplingham, Marlingford, Bawburgh, Bowthorpe and Costessey. Like the adjoining hd of Mitford it counted as a hundred and a half.

Feorholl H' et dimidiwn 1086 DB, FeouerllOue Hundret 1087 -98 (c. 1190) Bury, Foerhohdr' 1158, FoU'erhohdr' 1166, 1'011,1' hohdr' et dim' 1168, Fourhohdr' 1175 P, Foul'hou 1199 Fees, Fouherho, Fuherho, Foherho 1208 Ass 558 m 1d, Foureho 1212 Fees, hundr' et dim' de Fourho 1214 Pat, 1230 P, FugerhoU'e 1219, 1'ourhog' (hundredo et dimidio) 1220, Forhou 1226-8 Fees, 1'owl'O 1235 Ass 1173 m 6, 1'011,1'0 1250 Ass 562 m 6, 1'ourho 1257 Ass 568 m 16d, 1428 FA, 1'orho 1265 Misc, Fourhowe 1275 RH, 1316 Ipm, Fowerhowe, Fauerhowe 1282 Ass 570 m 2d, Foreho 1283 Ipm. - The hundred met 1 at FOREHOE HILLS (6"; marked Tumuli), S. of the road from Norwich to llingbam, "/2 m. W. of CARLETON FOREHOE, which has its second name from the same hills: Carleton forro 1263 FF, Karleton' Fourhowe 1268 Ass 569A m cId, Carleton Fourehough (p) 13::11, Fourehowe Ca1'leton 1350 Pat, 1'ourho Carleton 1371 FF, Carleton Fourhowe 1373 Pat, Carletonfourhowe 1375 Bodl, FOllrhowe Carleton 1385 FF; cL also: Hubertus de Fuerh6 1166 P (~f & Sf). -- The name means 'the four tumuli', 1

Cf. Blomefield op. cit. Il, 374, 405.

The English Hundred·Names

the second el. being ON haugr. The first el. is derived by Professor Ekwall (lPN (8) from OSw {iurir, ODa fiura! or fyne, 'four'." Hllmbleyard hll. E. of Forehoe hd, bounded on the north by the river Yare, on the east by the river Tas and on the south by Depwade hd, extending southwards as far as Wreningham and Flordon (inclusive).

Humiliart, Humilgar (1), Hwniliat (1) 1086 DB, Humiliardhdr' 1158, 1161, 1185, 1193, Vmiliard' 1195 P, Humiliard' 1198 Fees, 1235 Ass 1173 m 8, Humelliard' 1199 Fees, Humiliard 1208 Ass 558 m 3, 1230 P, Humilliard' J Ass 559 m 1, Humelgard 1212, Humeliard' 1220, Humilhard 1226-8 Fees, Humilierd 1254 Nor wich, 1257 Cl, 1265 Misc, 1266 Pat, Humelyerd 1268 Ass 569A m 38, 1302 Cl, 1341 Fine, Humilerd 1275 RH, Hummiliat 1282 Cl, Humilyerd 1286 Ass 573 m 1, Hymylyerd 1295 Pat, Humeleyerd 1313 Cl, Homelierd 1340 Pat, Ilumlyerd 1342 Fine, Homelyerd 1357 Cl, Humbylyerd 1402 FA. - 'Hop-garden', from OE humele, 'hop-plant' 2 (BT Suppl), an unmutated form of OE hymele, for which see further Hemlingford, below p. 138, and OE geard 'enclosure'. - HUMBLEYARD WOOD (1", lithogr. ed.), HUMBLE YARD (Site of, 6") is marked a quarter of a mile SE. of Swardeston Hall, at a foot-path near the boundary of Swardeston par. Here the hundred used to meet (B1omefield op. cit. V, p. 1).

Henstead M. E. of Humbleyard hd and the river Tas ·and S. of the Yare. On the south, where it includes the par of Saxlingham Nethergate, it is bounded by Depwade hd, and on the east by Loddon hd. It here includes the pars of Rockland St Mary, Hellington, Bergh Apton and Brooke.

Heinestede -a, Hainesteda (1), Henesteda (1) 1086 DB, Henestede -a 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Henstede 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, 1230 P, 1250 Ass 562 m 12d, 1265 Mise, 1275 RH, 1302 FA, Hanstede c. 1160 (lB) BH, Henstedahdr' 1168, Henstedehdr' 1169, 1188, 1193, Haustedehundredum (for Han-) 1199 P, Hensted 1212 Fees, 1402 BM, Hemstede 1235 Ass 1173 ID 7d, 1257 Ass 568 ID 6,' Henestede 1275 RH, Hanestede 1295 Pat, Heynestede 1 Blomefield says that there were f 0 u r hills here, though this may, of course, be his own conclusion from the name. According to Dr Schram, the hills are not now distinguishable. 2 Others assume a meaning of 'bryony' or 'bind-weed' for this word; see Holthausen s. Y. humele, and references there given.

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

1373 Cl. - The etymology to some extent depends on the site of the meeting-place, which is lost. Dr Schram, however, kindly suggests that the site may be in Upper Stoke (Stoke Holy Cross par), one of the highest points in Norfolk, and that Modberge « OE *gemot-beorg, 'hill of assembly') 1219 pp (in Stoke par) refers to that place. If that is true, the name might be from OE Man stede 'high place'. The diphthongs of the DB forms may be due to AN influence, v. IPN 113.

hdr' de Dize 1168 P, Hundr' de Dice 1197 FFP, Disce (dimidio hundredo) 1220 Fees, Dimidium hundredum de Disce 1226--8 Fees, 1250 Ass 562 m 5, 1275 RH, 1329 SR 149/7, Dimid' Ilund redwn de Dysse 1257 Ass 568 m 9d.

Named from the town of DISS, in its southern part near the vVaveney: Dice 1086 DB, 1166 RBE, Dize 1158, Disze 1161 P, Disce 1162 P, 1196 FF, 1212 Fees, 1216 Pat, 1236 Cl, 1254 Norwich, Dysse 1291 Tax, Disse 1362 FF.

Doubtless from OE mc, as suggested by Professor Zachrisson (AN Inll 22, Melanges ... Vising 179 ff.); cf. also Dishforth PNNR 184 and references, also the forms of Launditch supra p. 7B. OE die has perhaps here, like G- Teich, MHG tich, the sense of pond, not otherwise recorded in OE/ the reference being to Diss llfere, a large pond on the south side of the town, a suggestion made already by BlomefieId (op. cit. I p. 1), cf. also Zaehrisson I. c. 179, 181.

Depwalle lId. S. of Humbleyard and Henstead hds, on the upper Tas. It is bounded on the west, where it includes the par of Carleton Rode, by Shropham hd, on the south by Diss and Earsham hds, and on the east by Loddoll hd. In the south it includes the pars of Tibenham, Aslacton, Moulton St Michael, Wacton, Stratton St Mary, Hardwick and Shelton, and in the east that of Hempnall. On the south it is partly bounded by a Hundred Lane (between Moulton and Tivetshall).

Earsham hll.

Depwade 1086 DB, 1168 P, 1250 Ass 562 m 8d, 1254 Norwich, 1275 RH, 1302 FA, 1313 lpm, 1428 FA, Depewade 1086 DB (1), 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, 1235, 1268 Ass 1173 m 7, 569A m 5d, 1295 Pat, Diepauuade 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Diepwadahdr' 1158, Deppewadehdr' 1169, Depewadehdl" 1175 P, Depwad' 1199 Fees, 1226 Cl, Diepwad' 1220 Fees, Depewat' 1230 P, Depwad 1265 Misc, Deppewade 1268 Ass 569A m 2, 1346 FA. Cf. Willelmus de DelJ wade 1166 P (Nf & Sf). - OE deop and w(Ed 'deep ford'.'

E. of Diss hd and S. of Depwade and Loddon hds, including the par of Earsham in the east. Like the adjoining hd of Diss it counted as half a hundred.

Dim' H' Hersam 1086 DB, Hersham dimidium hU71dr' 1086 (c. 1180) IE, Earesham dimidio hundret 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Ereshamhdr' 1168 P, DirnidiuJn hundredum de Eresham 1177 P, 1225 Pat, 1226--8 Fees, 1250 Ass 562 m 10, 1286 Ass 573 m 1, Dimidiurn hundredum de Erlharn 1198, Ersham' 1212 Fees, Heres ham 1219 Fees, 1275 RH, dirnidiurn Hundl" de Ersham 1235 Ass 1173 m 7, 1275 RH, 1286 Ass 573 ID 14, 1329 SR 149/7.

Diss lId. On the Waveney, S. of Depwade hd, E. of Guiltcross hd and W. of Earsham hd, including in the west the par of Fersfield, in the north the pars of Winfarthing, Gissing and Tivetshall St. Margaret and in the east those of Dickleburgh, Thelveton and Scole. Like Earsham hd it counted as half a hundred.

The hundred is named from the village of EARSHAM in its NE. corner, in the sharp bend of the Waveney to the west of Bungay: Hersam, Ersam 1086 DB, Hersham 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Eresham 1158 P, -ham 1190 P, 1254 Norwich, Ersham' 1199 Cur, Ersham 1212 Fees, 1254 Norwich, 1270 Ipm, 1290 Cl, 1307 Ipm, 1361 Pa.t, 1402 FA, 1551 PCC, Erlsham 1248 Cl, Erssham (PJ 1350 Pat.'

Dice Dimid' Hund' 1086 DB,· Disee dimidium hundr' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Dize dimidio Hundret 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, dim'

of Diss in 1086: H. M. Cam EHR 47, 363). If so. Winfarthing may have been the meeting-place of the hundred. Dr Schram kindly calls my attention to the mention of a. field eaUed Thine in Winfarthing 1267 Misc, which may be the actual spot. 1 Mdf (p. H) thinks this sense is found in an OE example. • EARSHAM Sf (Wingfield par) probably takes the modern form of its name from the mOre important Norfolk Earsham; it is: Esham 1254 Norwich, 1285 Ch, 1301 Pat, 1340 NI, 1358 Cl.

1 The site of the ford is lost, but Blomefield (op. cit. V 123) thinks that the hundred may be so named from 'the Depe ford over the river by Tase burgh ... the river Taiis being (in early days) very broad, and fordable in no place in this hundred, but here only'(?) • In Domesday there is also mention of a hundret de Wineferthinc (f. 130 b). This is possibly arrother name for Diss hd. Diss hd is probably so called from its belonging to the manor of Diss (cf. RH I f. 501 b: Dicunt quod ... Rex ... feoffavit ... Ricardum de Lucy de toto manerio de Disce cum dimidio hundredi ... ; the soke of Diss hd wa.s appurtenant to the manor

O. [-;. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

If the modern pronunciation with (f] is genuine, the only possible derivation would seem to be from OE cerse, erse, the meaning of the name being 'stubble bend' (second e1. OE hamm).

Knaverynge 1275 RH, 1286 Ass 573 m 21d, 1428 FA, Claveringe, Gla"vering', Guavering' (for Cn-), Knaveling' 128fi QW, Knaver yngg 1295 Pat, 1302 FA, 1336 SR 238/111, Clavering 1302 Fine, 1333 Cl, Knaveryng 1311 Fine, 1316 FA, 1402 BM, 1535 VE, Clm;eringe 1610 Speed..- Assumed by Professor Ekwall (PNing 15) to be identical with CLAVEHlNG Ess (0£ Clrtfring) , meaning 'clover field' or the like, perhaps denoting the meeting-place of the hundred; the numerous forms in -n- are remarkable.

But in spite of the early form in -ssh-, it seems to me more probable that sand h belonged to different syllables. If this is correct, the first e1. might be a pn (OE *Ear- postulated for Eastbury Wo (pNWo 129 f.) might be thought of), but the 1248 (Cl) form, if trustworthy, points to OE eorl 'earl' for the first e1. A further possibility might be OE ears 'podex', ME ers, but the medial -e- of some early forms renders this less likely. Loddon hd. S. of the Yare, E. of Henstead and Depwade hds, N. of Earsham hd and the Waveney. On the east, where it includes the pars of Hardley, Lod· don and Broome, it is bounded by Clavering hd.

Lothinga, Lothninga (passim), Lotninga, Lod(d)inga 1086 DB. Lodinge 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Lodninge 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, 1250 Ass 562 m 12, Lodningehdr' 1158, 1166, 1189, Lodlingeshdr' 1168, Loingehundredum 1181, Lodingehundredum 1190 P, Lod ninges 1199, Loding' 1219, Lodding' 1226-8 Fees, Loddinges 1235 Ass 1173 m 7, Lodning' 1257 Ass 568 m 18d, Lodenynges, Lodningges 1275 RH, Lodning 1302 Pat, Lodenyng 1333 Cl; hundred' de Lodene 1275 RH, 1295 Pat, hundr' de Lodne 1286 QW, 1302, 1428 FA. _. OE *lodningas, probably 'the dwellers on the river Loddon' (see below), cf. ERN 258. The old hundred name was later ousted by the name of the town of LODDON: Lodne 1037 (14) Thorpe 566, 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, 1282 Cl, Lotna, Lothna, Lodnam 1086 DB, Lodnes 1086 DB, 1166 RBE (p), 1204 Cur, 1242 Fees, Lodena 1194 P, Lodene 1270 Ipm, Lodden 1369 Fine; also: villata de Lodding 1250 Ass 562 m 12; very likely an old name of the Chet (ERN 1. c.). Clavering hd.

In the south-east corner of the county, N. and W. of the Waveney and

E. of Loddon hd, from which it is partly divided by the Che!.

Clavelinga, Cla'L'erinca (1), Claueringa (1), Glauelinga (1), Gnaveringa (1), Gnaverinc (1), Gnaueringa (2) 1086 DB, Cnave "ninge 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Clavering' 1130, Cnaueringehdr' 1168 P, Crauering' 1185 Rot Dom, Cnauering'hundredum 1199 P, Knavering 1212 Fees, 1265 Mise, 1304 Cl, Cnauring' J Ass 559 m 1d, Cna'L'ering' 1220 Fees, Cnaueringe 1250 Ass 562 m 5d,

Suffolk. Suffolk is now divided into twenty-one hundreds. At the time of the Domesday survey the number was twenty-four. Four of these have been combined with other hundreds since 1086, and one new hundred has been fonned. Some of the hundreds are irregular in shape and broken up in several parcels, but as a rule they consist of compact areas. The size of the Suffolk hundreds on the whole varies more than is the case in N or folk. They are generally smallest in the south and east and comparatively large in the west and north. They may be said to be arranged in three series, one along the north border of the county, one along the south border and the coast, and one central, the latter including the hds of Thingoe, Thedwestry, Stow, Bosmere and Claydon, Carlford, Loes and Plomcsgate. In some cases hundreds are separated by rivers, but on the whole no natural boundaries seem to exist. - In medieval times the Suf folk hundreds were divided into three groups according to tenure. The soke over eight hundreds and a half, those forming the modern division of West Suffolk, belonged to the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds; the soke over five hundreds and a half belonged to St JEtheldred's Abbey at Ely; only the remaining ten hundreds belonged to the crown and were geld able. Each of the two sokes formed a unit of jurisdiction and had a court of its own: that for the franchise of Bury St Edmunds seems to have been first held at the thing·place that gave name to Thingoe hd (q. v.). (Later the court of the franchise was held at Cattishall Green, E. of Bury St Edmunds (it is first mentioned in 1187: curia regis apud Catteshale extra Sanctum JEdmundum Bury 187; in the 13th centmy the Suffolk assizes were held at Ipswich and Cattishall), and after 1305 at Henhou:e on Shirehouse Heath just N. of the town; cf. J. Gage, Thingoe Hundred, London 1838, p. XI). - The franchise of Ely included the hds of Plomes gate, Wilford, Colneis, Carlford, Loes, the half hd of Parham (now merged in Plomesgate hd) and the modern hd of Thredling, all in the south-eastern part of the county. The soke over 'five hundreds was granted to the abbey by King Edgar in 970 (... causas seculares ... quinque centuriatuum in

Uuichlauuan in provincia Orientalium Saxonum; ... on east Englan ad Wichlawan eac ealle pa socna ofer fit hundredum BCS 1266 f.). The grant, then said to include five hundreds and a half, was confirmed by King

0. S. Anderson

The EngliRh

Eadward (ad Wichelau quinque et dimidium centuriatum KCD 907). Wichlaw, apparenlly the meeting-place of the franchise (in 1160 a grant was made in ... multorum presencia apud Wychelau Bury XLI), is lost, but Mr. V. B. Rcdstone suggests that it may be identical with GALLOWS HILL in IIacheston par, near Wickham Market. ThiR seems likely, for it is sometimes associated with Ha(:heston, e. go. 1327 SR, where Johannes de Wyckclowe is assessed under Hachetone. - One additional Suffolk hund red is often mentioned in early sources, viz. the half hd of Exning; it is: Dim. hundredum de Exninge 1199 P, Dimid' hundr' de lxninghe 1240 Ass 818 m 53, Dirnidiu' Hu'dr' de Exning' 1275 RH, Dimid' hundr' de Exningg' 1286 Ass 829 m 53, lxninge dimidium hundredum 1316 FA, Hundr' de l.rnygg 1340 NI, lxnyng haulff 111lndcred 1534 SR. It is now included in Lackford hd. It seems to have included only the yill of Exning, but why exactly it was regarded as a separate hundred is difficult to say. - A hd of Wykes, Wyke is mentioned in 1229 Ch, 1230 Pat. It is identified with Wick near Ipswich (Pat, Index), but for what reason does not appear.

which may be compared with Ludinga-Kerk NGN IV, 210, Lunia

bird « Ludinga-) ib. 1, 165, in Friesland. The etymology is

uncertain; if the OE form began in hl-, it may be a derivative of

a. pn *Hluua, connected with OE Hlud, OHG Hlad-, Hlud-.' Mutford hd is: Mutlord' (dimidio hundredoj 1220 Fees, Dimid'

llundr' de Mutford 1240, 1286 Ass 818 m 48, 827 ill 1, 1316 FA,

Hundr' de Mutteford 1275 RH, dimid' hundr'm de Matlard' 1286

QW, Hundred de 111utlarde 1327, the halff hundred of Mutfard

1524 SR.

It is named from the manOr of MUTFORD, to which it was appurtenant

(cf. Ipm I 183, QW 732): Mutlord 1086 DB, 1157 P, 1198 FF, 1199 (1319)

-----

Uutford and Lothingland hd. Formed in 1763 (A. Suckling, History and Antiquities of the County of Suffolk, I p. 291) from the half hundreds of Lothingland and Mutford. Lothingland hd embraced the Island of Lothingland, S. and E. of the Waveney and N. of Oulton Broad and Lake Lathing, and Mutford hd the district between Lothingland and B1ything hds, including the pars of Barnby, Carlton Colville, Pakefield, Ke~;;ingland, Gis]eham, Rushmere and Mutford, bounded on the south by the Hundred River.

Lothingland hd has retained its Domesday name, but Mutfora is a post"Domesday name for: Lwlinga, L1)dinga H' 1086 DB; Lothingland hd is: Dim' H' de Lvdinga~anda 1086 DB, dimidium hundredum de Laingeland' 1185 P, dimidium hundredurn de Lu dinglond' 1205 Cur, dimidium hundredum de Luthingeland 1212 Fees, Dimid' Hundr' de Ludillglond 1240 Ass 818 m 52, dimid' hundr' de Luthingland 1275 RH, Dimidiurn hundrpdum de Luth lingland 1316 FA, the half! hundred of Lathyngland 1524 SR; the following examples seem to refer to the Island itself: pat land at Luthinglond (LuCtillglond Thorpe 513) c. 950 (14) BCS 1008 (probably here), Loingeland' 1158, 1168, LuiHngeland 1197 P, Ludingeland' 1199 Cur, Lllthingeland' 1205 Pat, Ludinglaund' 1215, Ludingeland' 1230 Cl; it is also frequently referred to as the manor of Lothingland, e. g.: mallerium de Lud'ingeland' 1203 Cur, malleria de Lud'ingeland' 1217, 1224, 1230 Cl, et passim. Cr. PNing 74: the old name of ~futford hd as well as the first ~ cl. of Lothingland 1 derives from OE *luaingas or *hlurJingas, 1 The name of Lowestoft: Lothu Wistott 1086 DB, Lothewistoft 1212 Fees, Lodell:ustoft 1229 Oh, Lowisthott, Lowithetolt 1254 Norwich, Lothu·

Hundred·~a[nes

wistoft 1445. Ch, may also be related, ef. PNing I. c., whereas. Lake Lothing is perhaps most probably to be regarded as a back-formation. 1 I do not think Karlstrom's solution of the name (p. 118) is satis factory. He considers Lothingland to be originally the name of a lost place in B1undeston in Lothingland· hd, an .identifi{lation taken from the index to the Curia Regis Rolls II p. 377. It is clear, however, that this identification is based solely on conclusions from the text, and its autho rity is aecordingly not very great. The naUle of Lothingland is invariably applied to the whole Island of Lothingland in medieval records, and I do not think there is any justification for the assumption of the existence of a vill of Lothingland. The, sense of the instance from BCS 1008 should not be pressed too closely. It occurs in the middle of a list of grants of land at places that mi~ht be adequately described with the formula pat lond at .. , and it is not to be expected that the scribe should have varied the formula only in the case of Lothingland, even though the meaning became slightly incorrect. The word manor can hardly in this case be regarded as the equivalent of vill. It was doubtless used of the whole district, just as for instance Wormelow hd He is often described as 'the manor of Wormelow'. This is also clear from the account of the manor in RH II 160 f. - Lothingland and Ludinga are two separate hundreds in DB, Lothingland N. and LUdinga S. of Oulton Broad (= the modern hd of Mutford) - not different forms of the same name. The relation between the two names may be the matter for some doubt, but it seems probable that Lothingland may have been regarded as an outlying district belonging to the (h)luOingas, perhaps a colony from out a settlement to the south of Oulton Broad; or - more likely - it need be no name in -land at all, as the forms may well be from OE (h)luilinga ealand, the island of the (h)luaingas, as distinct from their mainland settlement. If that is correct the 'Island' of the m~dern name is in reality a redundancy. - As regards the ultimate etymology -of the first el., it can hardlr, be :connected with Loddon Nf, as unhesitatingly assumed by Karlstriim, qecause _ apart from the difference in the stem-vowel - Loddonhad OE medial -do; cf. ERN p. LXXII.

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Xames

Ch, 1204 Cl, 1212 Fees, 1228 FF, 1266 Pat, Mutford' 1204, 1237 Cl, Mutfurd' 1212 Fees, Mudford' 1232 Cl, Muteford 1254 Norwich, Muthford, Mutford 1264 Ipm.

ford 1303 Pat, Waineford 1466 Suckling op. cit. I p. 143, Wayn forth 1491 BM 1). - OE wmgn and ford 'ford where a cart may

Derived by Skeat from OE mu/;a 'mouth of river', on the strength of the form from the Tpm; this is an isolated form, ami may well be simply a bad spelling, but even so, Skeat's derivation is no doubt possible; it may be noted that two small streams join about half a mile S. of the village. Other possibilities that might be taken into consideration are: OE *(ge)motford 'ford of assembly'; if this etymology could be established it would be of interest as showing that the hundred-name denotes an old meeting-place, but it would involve the assumption that {j had become shortened into u as early as Domesday, which is perhaps not admissible; it should be noted, however, that OE 0 seems to have become u early in some East Anglian dialects, at least after m; cf. mustp < moste, mUllendai < rmJnandreg already G. Ex. (c. 1250); tuk, forsuk, Bokenham (Jordan § 35 Anm. 2). - One might also think of OE ""mud-, ME mudde, :ModE mud (cL NED s. v.) for the first el.; in favour of this derivation the early spelling with -d- might be quoted, but on the whole this seems less likely.' Wangford bd. On the Waveney, W. of Mutford hd and N. of Blything hd, including in the south the pars of Sotterley, Shadingfield, Redisham and the Elm" hams.

Wanneford(a) , Waineforda, -rVenefor!, TVaneforda 1086 DB, Weinforde 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Weinef' 1170, lVineford' (error for Weine-?) 1174, Waneslord'hdr' 1175, Wainesforohdr' 1176, Wainesfordhundredmn 1183, 1191, Weinesford' 1187, TVeine fordhundredum 1188 P, Wayneford' 1219, Wainford' 1235 Fees, lflayneford 1240 Ass 818 m 48, 1254 Norwich, 1267 Misc, 1275 RH, 1292 Ipm, 1402 FA, WaJlnesford 1275 RH, 1286 Ass 827 ill 1, 1311 Fine, Wayncforde 1327 SR, Weynford 1335 Fine, Waynford 1357 Pat, 1524 SR, 1535 VE, TF angford 1516 BM, Wainford, Warigford 1568 SR. - The hundred is named from a ford at W AINFORD Mills, 1 m. E. of Bungay, where the Stone Street crosses the Waveney (Waineford' 1197 FFP, Wayneford E T BM, Wayn 1 There is a MUTFORD BRIDGE ford itself; it is Morefordbregge (kindly communicated by Mr_ V. ton, 1610 Speed. This most likely

across Oulton Broad, 4 m. NE. of Mut (for Mote-) 1421 HMC 9th Rep. p. 229a. B. Redstone), Mutford bridge 1577 Sax means 'the bridge on the Mutford road'.

pass' (Skeat for Wangford, Lackford hd). Blything hd. A large district on the coast, S. of Wangford and Mutford hds on both sides of the river Blyth. It is bounded by Hundred Rivers on the north and the south where it borders on the franchise of Ely. In the west it includes the pars of Chediston, Linstead Magna and Parva, Cratfield, Ubbeston, Heveningham and Peasenhall, bordering on Hoxne hd.

Blidinga, Blidigga, Bledinga (1) 1086 DB, Blidinc 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Blithinge 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, 1265 Mise, 1316 FA, Blidingehundr' 1130, 1159, 1.191, BliOingehdr' 1160, Blioinga 1168, Blidinghuudredum 1179, Blideringeshundredum 1199 P, Blithing' 1212 Fees, 1275 RH, 1313 Cl, Blithinghe 1240 Ass 818 m 52, hd of Blythynges 1315 Pat, Blythyngge 1327 SRi hds of Blythe (and Wayneford)' 1363 Fine. - OE *bl'ioingas 'the dwellers beside the Blythe' (Skeat); v. PNing 71, ERN 38.

Hoxne bd. W. of Blything hd, N. of Loes and Thredling hds in the liberty of Ely, E. of Hartismere hd and S. of the Waveney. It includes in the west the pars of Hoxne, Denham, Horham, Athelington, Southolt, and Beding field and in the south those of Monk Soham, Bedfield, Saxtead, Den nington and Badingham. Kelsale par is a detached part of this hd.

In the earliest sources it is called: Bis(s)opes, Biscopes If', Ifvnd' de Biscopes 1086 DB, Biscopes hundred 1086 lE, 1087-98 Bury from the bishop of Thetford (afterwards Norwich), who held it TRE. After Domesday the name was changed to Oxne hundredum 1191, Ifoxnehundredum 1195 P, Bundr' de Ifoxne 1240 Ass 818 m 51, Ifundr'm de Ifoxene 1275 RH, etc., the name being taken from the episcopal manor of HoxNE (Ifoxa manerium episcopi 1080 DB), to which the hundred was appurtenant (cL: Hoxn' with the hundred 1239 Lib). Hartismere bd. W. of Hoxne hd, from which it is partly divided by the river Dove, N. of Thredling, Bosmere and Claydon, and StQW hds. On the west it borders on Blackbourn hd of the liberty of Bury St Edmunds. It is bounded almost all the way round by Hundred Lanes. Five are marked on the 6" OS map. There is a Hundred Lane in the SW. boundary of 1 Waineford' 1208 Cur, which is referred to Wangford, Blything hd, probably also belongs here.

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred·Names

Redlingfield par, an Old Hundred Lane in the S. boundary of Mendlesham par, one Hundred Lane in the S. boundary of Cotton par, one in that of Bacton par, and one in the W. boundary of \Vyverstone par.

Rot Dam, 1205 Cur, 1212 Fees, 1234 Cl, 1235, 1240 Ass 1178 m 7, 818 m 46, 1254 Norwich, 1260 Ipm, 1265 :Misc, 1275 RH, 1327 SR, Bosmer 1291 Tax, Bosmere 1316 FA. - The hundred is named from a lakelet (Bos MERE 6", also Bosmere Hall SE. and Bosmere Bush at some cross-roads E. of Bos Mere) formed by the river Gipping, 1 m. SE. of Needham Market. In 1086 (lE) St Etheldred held Barking and -una pars Bosemaris. - First eI. perhaps OF, B6sa pn (Redin 86); second eI. OE mere 'pool'. Cf. Bosmere (in ::->elborne Ha) c. 1250-60 Selborne, Bosemere 13 PNBeds 298; also Bosham PNSx fi7, Bozenham, Bozeat PNNp 100, 189. Claindone H', Claind'V1te H' 1086 DB, Claidune hund' 108t) (c. 1180) IE, Claindone (var. Claiendone 1) 1123--33, Clandone 1155, Clandon 1189 France, Cleidune Hundret 1158-62 (1331) Ch, Claidonehundredum 1195 P, Cleidunehundr' 1204 Ch, Cleidun 1212 Fees, Cleydon' 1235 Ass 1173 m 7, 1275 RH, Cleidun 1265 Misc, Cleydon 1316 FA, Cle,ydone 1827 SR.

Hertesmera, Hertesmara 1086 DB, Hertesrnere 1086 DB, 1086 (c, 1180) lE, 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, 1185 Rot Dom, 1219 Fces, 1226 Pat, 1235, 1240 Ass 1173 m 6d, 818 m 46, 1288 Ipm, 1327 SR, Hertemere hdr' 1168, 1170, 1183, 1189, He1'tesmerehundredum 1181, Ertemerehundredum 1191 P, HerUsmere 1254 Norwich, 1280 Pinchbeck Il, 32, Hartesmere 1523 SR. - OE heor(o)t 'hart', or "<'Heor(o)t pn (cL PNDv 72) and mere 'pool'.

Stow hll. S. of Hartismere hd, E. of Thedwestry hd and N. and W. of Bosmere and Claydon hd, including in the east the pars of Gipping, Stowupland and Creeting St Peter and in the south those of Combs, Gt and Lt Fin borough and Buxhall.

Hundret de Stav, Stohu, Stoh'e H', St~ hvnd' 1086 DB, Stou hundr' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Stowe Hundret 1087-98 (c. 1190), hundredum de Stowa 1135--54 (13) Bury, Stohdr' 1168, Stowa hundredum 1185, 1191, St01/JehWldredum 1188 P, Hundredum de Stowe 1219 Fees, 1240 Ass 818 m 47, 1254 Ipm, 1265 Misc, 1275

The hundred is named from CLAYDON, 5 m. NW. of Ipswich: Clain duna -e 1086 DB, Cleidun 1203 FF, Cleydon' 1242 Fees. OE cU,,>ig 'clayey' (cf. on oa clmian lane KCD 741) and dun

'hill'. Claydon Hill is S. of the village.

RH, 1316 FA, 1327 SR.

Samford hd.

The hundred is named from STOWMARKET (now divided into the pars of Stowmarket and Stowupland): Stou 1086 DB, Stou:e 1207 FF, (in foro de) la Stou:e 1253 Cl, Stoumarkez 1266 Pat, StoU'cmarket 1269 FF, 1294 AD IV, Stoumarket 1286 Ch, Stou;e Market 1299 Orig, Stou:e Mercati 1302 Cl, Stowemarked 1338 Ch.

In the south of the county on the Essex border between the Stour and the Orwell, E. of Babergh and Cosford hds, from which it is partly divided by the Bret, and S. of BORmere and Claydon hd. It counted as a hundred and a half.

OE stow, perhaps here meaning 'meeting-place, market-place'.

Sanfort H' et dim' 1086 DB, hdr' et dim' de Samford' 1158 P, 1203 Cur (hundredum de), 1215 Cl, 1220 Fees, Sanfordhdr' 1166, Sanlord et dimidium hundredum 1181 P, hundredum et dimidium de Sanford' 1183 P, 1212 Fees, 1217 Cl, 1230 P (hundredum de), Sanford 1175-1200 BM, 1235 Ass 1173 m 7, Saunford' 1219 Fees, 1275 RH, 1286 Ass 827 m 1 (hundr' et dimid' de), hundredum et dimid' de Sampford' 1224 Cl, Snmford 1265 Misc, Sandford 1275 RH, Saumford 1286 QW, Saunford 1303 Ipm, 1327 SR, Sampford 1402 FA. - OE *sand-ford 'sandy ford'. - SANDFORD White House is marked on Bryant's map of Suffolk (1826) at some cross-roads, c. 1 m. NE. of Branthain church, 1/. m. S. of Brantham Bridge over an unnamed stream. As there is no other Sandford known

Bosmere and Claydon Ild. S. of Hartismere and Stow hds, E. of Cosford hd in the liberty of Bury St Edmunds, W. of Carlford hd in the liberty of Ely and N. of Samford hd, including in the south the pars of Flowton and Bramford and in the east those of Westerfield, Akenham, Henley, Swilland, Ash bocking, Helmingham, Stonham Aspall and Mickfield. Bosmere and Clay don were originally separate hundreds. In DB the latter included Swil land, Henley, Barham, Claydon, Akenham, Whitton, Westerfield, Helm ingham and the parishes now in Thredling hd. Theseparisbes form two blocks separated by part of Bosmere hd, to whiCh the majority of the villages of the modern hundred belonged. In 1316 FA the areas of the two hundreds were the same as in Domesday, except that Thredling hd had then been formed. They are mostly coupled in early records.

Bosemera 1086 DB, Bosemara 1086 DB, 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Bosemere 1086 JE, 1123--33 France, 1178 P (-hundredum), 1185

j~ :; :

,.,

(Ii

1 In another MS of the charter, printed in Douglas, Social StnlCture of Medialval East Anglia p. 255.

(

from this hundred, that may be where the hundred takes its name from. Plomesgate bll. On the coast in the east of the county, S. of Blything hd, from which it is partly divided by a Hundred River, on both sides of the river AIdE', including in the west the pars of Bruisyard, Cransford, Parham, Gt and Lt Glemham, Blaxhall and Tunstall, bordering on Hoxne and Loes hds, and in the south those of Wantisden, Chillesford and Gedgrave, bordering on Loes and Wilford hds, partly along the Butley River.

The English Hundred-Names

S. Anderson

In Domesday part of the modern hundred including Parham, Blaxhall, Tunstall, Wantisden, Beversham (cf. VHSf I, 575n.) and an unidentified Br-utge, is treated as a separate hundred, the half hundred of PARHMf: Pen-eham Dim' H' 1086 DB, Per-eham dimium hundr 1086 lE, named from the village of PARHAM on the river Ore, 2 m. SE. of Framlingham: Perreham 1086 DB, Perham 1086 DB, 1204 Ch, 1208, 1221 FF, Pereham, Parham 1206 Cur, from OE *peru-harmn, d. PNSx 152. - This hundred was later merged in that of Plomesgate, which, seemingly in consequence, is sometimes referred to as a hundred and a half in the thirteenth century. It is: Plvmesgata, Plvmesgate, Plvsmes gata, pz,vmestgata, Plrmgata 1086 DB, Plum(m)esgete (var. Plumesiete Hamilton) 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Hundr' de Plummesgate ... hundr' et dimid' (18 jurors) 1240 Ass 818 m 49, Plimgate, Plumesgate 1242 P, Plumesgate 1250 Ass 819 m 13, 1254 Norwich, 1265 n-Iisc, 1275 RH, Hundr' et Dimid' de Plumesgate 1286 Ass 827 m 1d, 829 m 49d, 53d, Hundr' de Plumgate 1286 Ass 829 m 50d, Plumbisgate 1287 Ipm, Plomisgate 1316 FA, Plomesgate 1327 SR. - The first el. of the name is probably to be associated with OE plUme 'plum-tree'. It can hardly be that word itself (cf. Skeat), but is probably a derivative of or compound with plUme, though no definite suggestion seems possible; if this is true, the second el. is from OE geat 'gate'. - According to information kindly supplied by Mr. V. B. Redstone, PLOMESGATE Mill is mentioned in a deed of c. 1770 belonging to Mill House, now Rose Hill House (87 B 8) in Farnham. Here the hundred-court was probably held, and the exact spot may be the slight hill on which Rose Hill House stands, where two roads meet. IJoes bd. W. of Plomesgate hd, S. of Hoxne hd and N. of Wilford and Carlford hds, mainly S. ~nd W. of Framlingham, ineluding in the west the pars of

Earl Soham, Cretingham, Monewden and Charsfield, but with a, narrow strip extending southwards consisting of the pars of Hacheston, Marles ford, Campsey Ash, Rendlesham and Eyke. Butley, Woodbridge and Renton also belonged to this hundred.

Losa 1086 DB, 1086 (c. 1180) lE, 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Lose 1086 (c. 1180) lE, 1135---9 France, 1185 Rot Dam, 1226 8 Fees, 1235 Ass 1173 m 7, 1242 P, 1250 Ass 819 m 13, 1275 RH, 1307 Ipm, 1327 SR, Loose 1371 SR 180/28, 1462 Ipm, 1523 SR. - OE hlose 'pig-sty' (v. PNLa 12 f.). Cf. LOOSE HALL ill Hitcham (Cosford hd): Losam 1086 DB, Losa c. 1110 Mon VI 174, Lose 1207 Cur, 1286 AD I, Lose by Hetham 1288 Ipm, la Lose in Hecham 13, Losse 1296 AD I. The meeting-place of the hundred is unknown. Thredling hd is a small district W. of Loes hd including the pars of Debenham, Ashfield, Framsden, Pettaugh and Winstoll. In Domesday it was included in Claydon hd, of which it formed a third. It is called Trelling' de Claidon' (i. e. the third part of Claydon hd) in 1168 P, and Tertia pars de Trillingehundredo in 1188 P, the rest of Claydon hundred being referred to as Cleidon'. In his duabus partibus hundredi .. in 1220 - Fees. Cf. also: Hundr' de thredling que est tercia pars hundredi'de Cley don' 1240 Ass 818 ill 48. The hundred belonged to the liberty of the mo nastery of Ely, and Thredling is often mentioned together with the other five hundreds and a half belonging to the liberty, e. g.: in quinque cen turiatibus et dimidio de Wichelare.. et in trilinguo de Winestune 1 12 Lib El 169; in V hundredis et dimidio et Thredling' Sancte Atheldr' 1220 Fees; intra quinque h2mdr' et dimid' de Wichelawe et de triling' de Wyne stan' 1224 Cl et passim. The reason why it was made into a separate hundred may be that as it belonged to the franchise of the Abbey of Ely it was not under the same jurisdiction as' the rest of Claydon hd. Later it is sometimes referred to as a half-hundred, probably on account of its small size, its origin being then forgotten, e. g.: di' hundr' de Tedlyng' 1275 RH, Dimid' hundr' de Thryldhyngg' 1286 Ass 829 m 73d. - The name means 'third part', from OE. *pridling, cf. PNillg 26.

CarlCord

hI].

E. of Bosmere and c!aydon hd, W. of Wilford hd, from which it is partly separated by the Deben, and N. of Collleis hd, inclUding in the west the pars of OtIey, Witnesham, Tuddenham and RI~shmere St Andrew, in the east those of Clop ton, Burgh, Hasketon and Martlesham, and in' the south AlnesbouTll Priory, Purdis Farm, Foxhall, Brightwell, Newbourn and Waldringfield. 1 Winston; apparently ill some way the centre of the hundred, per haps its meeting-place.

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred·Names

Carleford(a), CaTlaforda, Calleforda 1086 DB, Karleforde -a, Carleforda, Caresforda 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Carlesforde 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, {{arleford' 1185 Rot Dom, 1250 Ass 819 m 13, Carleford c. 1205 BM, 1260 Ipm, 1265 Mise, 1316 FA, Karleford 1235, 1240 Ass H73 m 7, 818 m 56d, 1254 Norwich, 1275 RH, Carlesford 1275 RH, Carleforde 1R27 SR. .- The hundred is named from a ford, still known as CARLFORD locally, across a small stream in Hasketon par, about a mile W. of Hasketon village. 1 - Domes day mentions a place called Kalletuna in this hundred; the same place is referred to as Carletun.a 1086 (c. 1180) lE. In the SR for 1327 Johannes de Carleforde and Gilbertus de Carleton are both assessed under Hasketon. If this Carleton refers to the same place as the Domesday name, it was no doubt near Carlford, and the two names may derive from the same person; if so, the first eL may be ON KarU, OESc Karle-pn (Bjorkinan NP 77 f.); second elements OE ford and tun 'farm'.. Cf. also Keysford PNSx 342. If CarIford should be taken alone, on the other hand, the original form may be OE *ceorlaford, which may mean 'ford where the freemen of the hundred meet'; this is the more interesting deriva tion, and should perhaps be givcn the preference.

Middlcton, Wileford 1227 Pat, lVilletord (p) c. 1240 l\fiddleton, Wylford' 1259 Cl). l\futschmann suggests OE Wila pn for the first eL, but this is unlikely in view of the same PN occurring twice. :More likely the first el. is OE *uJilig, welig 'willow'.1

Wilford IIIJ. On the coast, S. of Plomesgate and Loes hds, mainly E. of the Deben. To the west of the Deben it includes the pars of Melton, Ufford, Pettistree, Wickham Market, Dallinghoo, Bredfield, Boulge and Debach.

Wileford(a) , Wilesfordn, Wile fort 1086 DB, Uuilleforda, lVille forde 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Wilefordhdr' 1158 P, Wyleford 1240 Ass 818 m 49, 1254 Norwich, 1275 RH, 1286 Ass 827 m ld, 1308 Ipm, 1316 FA, 1327 SR, Wileford' 1242 P, Wileford 1265 Mise, Wille ford 1275 RH, 1346 FA, Wilford 1346 l"A. - Domesday mentions a place called Wileford(a) in this hundred, also referred to as Wileford c. 1150 Crawf. This must have been at WJLFORD BRIDGE (Old 1" OS) over the Deben, 1. m. NE. of Woodbridge, from which the hundred is also named. - Thc name should be compared with WJLFORD Nt (Wilesforde 1086 DB, Wileford' (p) c. 1190 1 I <lm indebted to Mr. V. B. Redstone for this information. The place is often mentioned in the court-rolls of the manor of Hasketon, of which Mr. Redstone kindly showed me transcripts, e. g. under the year 1580-1, and the bridge now replacing the ford seems then to have been of a certain importance.

Colneis hd. The southern part of the peninsula forined by the Deben and the Orwell extending northwards as far as Nacton, Bucklesham and Hemley (inclusive).

Colenesse, Colenes(e), Colones(s)e 1086 DB, Colnesse -a 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Colenese 1158-62 (1331) Ch. Colenexe 1185 Rot Dom, Colnes' 1204 Ch, 1250 Ass 819 m 14, Colnese 1235 Ass 1173 m 7d, Colneyse 1240 Ass 818 m 50, 1242 P, 1254 Norwich, 1265 :Mise, '1275 RH, 1286 Ass 829 m 46, 1327 SR, 1402 FA, Colnes 1524 SR, 1601 BodL - Perhaps from ON Koli pn (Bjorkman NP 84) and ON nes 'headland'. The forms in -el/se may be due to Norman influence; cf. Furness PNLa 200, Totnes PND" 3il4. In the court-rolls of Walton manor,' s. a. 1394-5 there is reference to a place called Colneyslond, apparently in the SE. corner of the peninsula. In the report of the commissioners for inspecting the sea-coast of Essex in 1539 the following passage occurs': 'There is between that h(aven' and) Colnes being on the Suffolk syde a point called Lan(ger Point") .. .'. In 1322 an order was issued for one ship to he found for the army of Scot land by the towns of Gusion, WaletrJ"n, Filthusto11Je' and Colneyse (Cl 4(3). From these references it seems clear that the headland from wbich the hundred is named was E. of Felixstowe in the soutb-east part of the pen insula. Its character cannot now be determined, as the coast-line is here very different from what it was a thousand years ago owing to the en croachments of the sea.

Babergh hd.

A comparatively large district in the south of the county on the Stour.

W. of Samford and Cosford hds, including in the east the pars of Stoke by Nayland, Polstead, Boxford, Groton, Monks Eleigh and Preston, in the 1 Professor Zachrisson (StNPh II 56 f.) assumes a river-name *Wili, a lost name of the Deben, as the first el. of the name, but I do not think this convincing. • From transcripts in the possession of Mr. V. B. Redstone. I am also indebted to him for the following particulars. • Printed in J. H. Leslie: History of Landguard Fort in Suffolk, London 1898,. p. 4. • i. e. Orwell Haven.

" Landguard Point.

S Felixstowe.

-r

O. S. Anderson

north, bordering on Thedwestry and Thingoe hds, those of Cockfield, Lawshall and Butest, and in the west, bordering on Risbridge hd, those of Somerton, Boxted and Cavendish. It ranked as a double hundred. Like the following hundreds it belonged to the franchise of Bury St Edmunds.

an old name of the Bret, derived from the British word for 'reed, bog' found in W COl'S; v. ERN 95. Second el. OE ford. Risbridge Illl. In the SW. corner of the county, W. of Babergh and Thingoe hds, including in the north the pars of Moulton, Kentford, Gazeley and Hig ham and in the east those of Denham, Ousden, Depden, Chedbnrgh, Haw kedon, Poslingford and Clare.

Babenberga duo hund', B.binberfjlJ, duo W, Banberca dvo H' (1), Baberga dro H' 1086 DB, Babenfjbei (Babengb'ei Hamilton) hundr' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, (in) Basbenberge duo bus hundretis 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Babbenbergahdr' 1166, 11 hundr' Babenberga 1168, Babinbergehclr' 1170 P, Babenberg' 1182 Samson f. 101d, (de) Jl hundredis de Babenberga 1189, 1193, Babbingebergahundredum 1193 P, Babbeberg' 12]9, (in) duobus hundredis de Badberee 1220 Fees, Babbergh' 1226--8 Fees, 1275 RH, Babberghe 1240 Ass 818 m 54, Babenb' 1250 Ass 819 m 2d, Badberewe 1275 RH, Babberge 1316 FA, 1327 SR, Badbere 1346 FA, Babberwe 1355 lpm, Babber 1535 VE. -- The hundred meeting-place was no doubt on BABERGH HEATH (Balberg' (sic) heath 1304 AD n 532, Balberte 1311 AD Ill, Barbary Heath Old 1" OS map) between Acton, Chilton and Gt Waldingfield, from which it takes its name. (Babergh Hall and Place and Babergh Heath Fm (6") are on the modern map, c. 1 m. W. of Gt Waldingfield.) - From OE Babba pn (Redin 83) and be(o)rg 'mound' (cf. Barrow Hill in Aeton?). Cf. BAYTHORN Ess, C. 10 m. to the west: Babbingperne c. 958 (14) BCS 1012; further Karlstrom 125.

Risebruge 1086 DB, Risebrigge 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, 1240 Ass 818 m 54d, Risebrigehundredum 1188, Risebriggehdr' 1189 P, Risebreg' 1219, Risebrug' 1220 Fees, Rysebreg 1265 ~iisc, Rise bregg' 1275 RH, Risebreg 1280 Pinchbeck II 273, Rissebrig, Rese breg 1287 Ipm, Rysebrege 1316 FA, Rysebregge 1327 SR Risshe breg' 137-1 SR 180/28. - In the NE. corner of Barnardiston par, there is a small district (measuring 129 acres), according to Bartholomew 'an uninhabited parish', called MONKS R1SBRIDGE (marked on the 6", 1" (not popular ed.) and OS Index maps). Very likely the hundred is named from the bridge that gave name to this district. There is now no river near it, but on his large map of Suffolk (1826?) Greenwood marks a small stream in its southern boundary. - From OE hr'is or *hr'isen 'of brushwood' and brycg; 'bridge built of brushwood', perhaps over the stream just mentioned. Cf. PNW 0 22, PNSx 258. Thingoe bd.

Cosford bd.

A district mainly W. of Bury St Edmunds, Babergh and W. of Thedwestry hds, bounded on the Illcluding in the north the par of Lackford and in Nowton and Hawstead. Sudbury, now in Babergh to this hundred.

W. of Samford hd, N. and E. of Babergh hd on the river Bret, includ ing in the north, bordering on Thedwestry hd, the pars of Hitcham, Brettenham and Thorpe Morieux. It counted as a half-hundred.

Dim' H' de Costort, Costorda; Corstorde Dim' h', Dim' H' de Crostort 1086 DB, Corsforda, Crostorda dimidium hundr' 1086 (c. 1180) IE, (in) dimidio hundredo de Corstorde 1087-98 (e. 1190), Costord 1148---56 (14) Bury, Corestorde hundr' 1182 Samson f. 101, Cosfordhundredurn 1191, dim. hundredum de Costeld 1195 P, Costord' 1219, dimidium hundredum de Corstord' 1220 Fees, de Corstord 1210 Ass 818 m 55, 1265 Mise (half hd of), 1275 RH, 1286 Ass 829 m 33, Corstorde 1327 SR, Costord 1346 FA. - The hundred is named from a ford over the Bret at COSFORD BRIDGE (6"), 1 1 / 2 m. NW. of Hadleigh: Corstorde 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Cost' 1205, Corstord' 1206 Cur, (eheminum quod tendit versus) Corstord Hy3 Mon VI 592, Corstord (Mill) 13 AD Il 209, Costord 1340 Ch, 1398 BM. - The first el. is very likely

The English Hundred-Names

E. of Risbridge, N. of

north-east by the Lark, the south-east those of hd, originally belonged

pe half nigende hundredes sokne into Dinghowe 1042-66 (14) Thorpe 418, Tingohou, Til1gohv, Tinchou, Chinhoge, Thingohov, Thingehov, Tingoov, Tingov; Tingoho 1086 DB, Tingehou 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Thinghoge 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Tinghowe 1182 Samson f. 89, Tinghohdr' 1189, 1193 P, Thinghoghe c. 1190-1200 Bodl, Thinghog' 1220 Fees, l'hyngho 1240 Ass 818 m 54d, Thingml'e 1254 Norwich, Thinghowe 1275 RH, 1316 FA, Tyngho 1275 RH, Thynghowe 1327 SR - From ON pinghaugr 'mound of assembly'; cf. lPN 87 f. Gage (op. cit. p. XI) locates the mound on Shirehouse Heath just N. of Bury St Edmunds and suggests that the exact spot may be a mound (marked on his map of the hundred), where a mill stood in his day. The mound is referred to as Thinghogo

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

by Hermannus e. 1100 (i\femStEdm I 31). Originally all the eight and a half hundreds of Bury St Edmunds apparently met here. For the later meeting-plaees of the liberty see above p. 83.

but in the Feudal Book of Abbot Baldwin (Bury p. 7) only the manors of Ingham, Culford and West Stow in the SW. part of the present hundred are assigned to Brademere, the remaining parishes of the modern hundred being assigned to Blackbourn hd. - The name is from OE brad and mere 'large pool'. It has been suggested 1 that the name is preserved in BROAD MERE in Troston par, c. 1 m. N. of Troston, whieh presupposes, however, that the hundred was once of considerably wider extent than in 1086. - No mention of the hd of Brademere has been found after the 11th century. It was apparently completely merged in Blackbourn hd, which accordingly appears as a double hundred in the 12th century: Blacbruna -e, Blachebruna -e, Bla(c)kebrune 1086 DB,' Blac(h)ebrune 1087-98 (e. 1190), Blakebourne 1121 -48 (15) Bury, (in) duobus hundred' de Blakebrun' 1182 Samson f. 92d, 1220 Fees, Blakebrunnehundredum Sancti iEdmundi 1185, (de) II hundredis 2 de Blakebrunnehundredo 1188 P, Blakebrunne 1219 Fees, Hllndr' de BlacbTllnne (23 jurors) 1240 Ass 818 m 55, Blakeburn' (respondet per duobus hundr') 1275 RH, Blakebllrne 1316 FA, Blakebourne 1327 SR. - OE bla!c and burna 'black stream'. The name is probably, as suggested by Powell,· preserved in BLACKBURN Farm in Stanton par (1 m. N. of Stanton; to judge from the map the nearest stream is now a mile away, but on the old 1" map a small stream is marked running past Blackburn HOllse). In modern times the hundred met at Stanton!

Thedwestry bd. E. of Thingoe hd and N. of Rabergh and Cosford hds, bounded by Blackbourn hd on the north, where it includes the pars of Woolpit, To stock, Thurston, Pakenham, Gt Livermere, Ampton, Tirnworth and Forn ham St Geneveve. Its northern boundary has a curious shape with two long, narrow strips reaching up towards a place called Rymer Point, apparently a spot of some importance in early days, for the boundaries of all the parishes in a wide circle round it, nine in all, are made to meet there.

Theod Wardes Treo, Thewardestr(e)u, Thewardestre 1086 DB, Tedeuuartstreu, Teodeuuardes treou 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Theod uuardesthreo, TheowardestJ'e 1087-98 (c. 1190), Teodwardestre 1121-48 (15) Bury, Thedwarder;tre 1182 Samson f. 81, 1240 Ass 818 m 55, 1247 MemStEdm, 1254 Norwich, 1265 Mise, 1;~03, 1344 Ipm, Tedwardestrie 1199 P, Thedwarestre 1220 Fees, Thedwar distre 1316 FA, 1327 SR, 1360 Pat, Thedwarstre 1320 Tpm, Thedwastre 1539 Bodl. - OE *Peodweard pn and treo 'tree'; for the pn cf. the field-name Thiedwarescroft, Tedwardescroft (Chattisham Sf) AD II 195, 217. - The hundred-name survives in THEDWASTRE House and THEDWASTRE Hill Farm (both 6") in Thurston par, c. I/ l m. E. of Thurston station, on either side of the railway! B1ackbourn hd, On the Norfolk border, N. of Thedwestry and Thingoe hds and Eo of Lackford hd, including in the west the pars of Barnham and West Stow.

In Domesday this hundred was divided into two hundreds, Blackbourn hd and Brademera lhmd', also mentioned as Brademere Hundret 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury.c No definite boundary between the two hundreds can be evolved out of the Domesday entries, 1 The entry on the Patent rolls quoted above contains that some persons named 'conspired at Thurston on Monday after Michaelmas ... that (one of them) would act so that no execution of right by plaint or otherwise should be done in the abbot of Bury SI. Edmunds's hd of Thed wardistre'. This may be taken to show that the hundred-court was then actually Ileld at this place. 2 In the Pinchbeck Register I 328 (MS c. 1333) Brademer is written in the margin against a list of the vills of B1ackbourn hd.

Lackford hd. Consists of the NW. corner of the county, N. of Risbridge and \V. of Thingoe and Blackbourn hds, from which it is separated by the Icknield Way.

Lacforda -e, Lacheforda, Leac;orde H' 1086 DB, Lecforde -a hundr' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Leacforde Hundret 1087-98 (c, 1190) Bury, Lacford hdr' 1168 P, Hundredum de Laford' 1185 Rot Dom, Lacford' 1226-8 Fees, llundr' de Lacford 1240 Ass 818 m 56, 1265 Mise, 1275 RH, 1303 FA, 1327 SR, Lackford 1316 FA. The hundred is apparently named from the ford still in existence below LACKFORD BRIDGE (del Punt of Lacford 1301 Cl), where the Icknield Way crosses the river Lark. The viI. of LACKFORD, in Thingoe hd, c. I m. E. Powell, A Suffolk Hundred in 1283, Cambridge 1910, p. XVIII. 11 hundredis interlined. s op_ cit. p. XIX. • ib. p. XVIII.

{

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

SE. of Lackford Bridge, is named from the same ford: Lectorde, Lactorde 1045-98 (11) EHR 43, 382 f., Le(a)ctordam 1086 DB, Leactorde 1087--'-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Dactord' 1204 Obl (p), 1250 Cl, Lacto rd 1215 FF, 1253 Ch,

meeting-place and marked for the purpose with a pillar'. Accor ding to Lysons 1 STAPLOE Balk was the name of a balk 'in Burwell field', probably in the eastern part of the parish not far from Exning, for in a grant of land in Exning in 1198 (FFP) half an acre of land is said to lie ad uiam de Stapelhoue. This was doubtless the meeting-place from which the hundred is named.

Laketord 1248 Pat.

The first cl. of the name goes back on an OE base in -(E- or -ea-, as indicated by the 11th century forms in -eo, -ea-; second 1

et OE f9 rd .

Cambridgeshire.

There is a marked difference in the hundred divisions of the southern part of Cambridgeshire and the part of the county north of the Ouse. Cambridgeshire S. of the Ouse is now as it was in 1086 divided into 14 comparatively small hundreds, some of them very small, only including four or five parishes (Cheveley, FIendish, Whittlesford). The areas of these hundreds are everywhere the same now as they were at the time of the Domesday survey. The hundreds on the whole consist of compact areas except for the north-western part of the district, the bds of Chester ton and Northstow, which are broken up in several parcels. In this part of the county the hundreds are divided into two groups by the river Cam, whose marshy banks formed an effective boundary. The Cambridgeshire dykes' and the Roman roads that cross the county also provided boun daries for some of the hundreds. - The hundredal division of the Isle of Ely makes a more artificial impression. It lacks the stability of the hun dreds S. of the Ouse, and very likely the hundredal division cannot be very old in this part of the county.

Staploe bd. S. of the Ouse, E. of the Cam and N. of Staine hd, from which it is separated by the Devil's Ditch. In Domesday it is made to include also Exning, now in Sf.

Staplehou 1086 DB, (c. 1180) ICC, lE, Stapelhohundr' 1168, 3 Stapelfordhundr' 1175/ Stapelawahundredum 1193 P, Stapelho 1218 SR 81/1, 1236--8 Barnwell, 1272 Ass 85 m 1, 1279 RH, 1284-6, 1316 FA, 1329 SR 81/6, Stapelhowe 1261 Ass 82 m 25, 1279 RH, Stapilho 1276 RH, 1336 SR 81/12, 1401 FA, Stapulho 1428FA. - OE *stapol-hoh perhaps 'spur of land used as a

Cheveley hd. A small district including the pars of Woodditton, ChevelE!y, Ashley cum Silverley and Rirtling, E. of Staploe hd and N. of Radfield hd, from which it is divided by the Devil's Ditch.

C(h)avelai hvnrl' 1086 DB, Caueleie hundr' c. 1080 (c. 1180) hund' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Chauelaihdr' 1166, CheaueleJiundr' 1175, Chaueleahundredum 1188, 1193, 1195 P; Bundr' de C(h)auelc 1218 SR 81/1, lIundredum de Cheuele 12313 -8 Barnwell, 1329 SR 81/6, llundr'm de Chauelee 1261 Ass 82 m 28, Bundr' de Chwuele 1276 R.H, 1316 FA.

ICC, Cauelai

The hundred is named from CHEVELEY, where its meeting-place may have been: Cceafle post 991 BM, uillam siluosam uocabulo Cheatlea 1022 (18) KCD 734, Chavelai, silua regis de Chauelai 1086 DB, in Caueleio, silua regis de Cheueleie c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, silua Ceauelai 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Chetle 12 Lib El 183, Chauelai 1161, Chauelay 1176, Cheuelea (p) 1188 P, Che'velay late Hy2 BM, Chauel' 1199 Cur 11, 1200 FF, Chevele 1200 Pap, 1271 FF, Chavele 1201 Cur, 1254 Norwich, 1303, 1342 Ipm, Chavelay 1203 FF, Chaveleia 1205 Obl, Chatle 1242 Fees, Caveley 1246 Cl, Che1!elegh 1287 Fine.

Skeat's derivation from OE ceaf 'chaff' and le(a)h is undoub tedly correct, but the exact meaning of the compound is obscure. The intrusive vowel of the ME forms is due to the difficulty of the combinat.ion -'Vl-; cf. Jordan § 216. [nitial cea- (C(E- ce-) developed as in OE ceaster (cf. Chesterton below). - CHEVELEY (in Huntington) co. Ch (Cavelea 1086 DB, Ceueleiam c. 1150 Werb, Che'Vely 1244 Ch, Che'Velegh 1295 Misc) is different; it is Ceofanlea 958 (13) BCS 1041. Staine bd.

Professor Ekwall now wishes to withdraw the suggestion for the etymology of the name made in ERN 236. In his opinion, the first el. is OE leae 'garlic'. This word is generally assumed to have become lee by smoothing in all Anglian dialects, but there is nothing to prove that this was the case in Suffolk. A PN like Yaxley may indicate that ea was

E. of the Cam, S. of Staploe and W. of Radfield hds, bordering on the south on FIendish hd, from which it is divided by the Fleam Dyke, inclu ding the pars of Swaffham Prior and Bulbeck, Lode, Stow cum Quy, Bottisham and Gt and Lt Wilbraham.

preserved here. 2 Preceded by Witletordhdr'; Stapelhouhdr' in the Cbancellor's Roll. • Preceded by Trepelau·ahdr'.

note.

Daniel Lysons, Magna Britannia vo!. 11, pt I, London 1808, p. 97

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100

Stanes kond' 1086 DB, Stane c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, hund' de Stanas, Stane hundret 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Stanehundredum 1185, Sian hundredum 1188 P, Stane 1199 P, 1218 SR 81/1, 1236--8 Barnwell, 1261 Ass 82 m 26, 1304 Ipm, 1316 FA, 1329 SR 81[6, 1428 FA, 1457 lpm, 1583 BM, 1610 Speed, Stone 1272 Ass 85 m 5d, 1286 Ass 86 m 46, Stayne 1592 BM. - OE stan 'stone'. The preserva

tion of the long a is difficult to explain. Skeat's suggestion that it is due to Scandinavian influence can hardly be correct, as there is no trace of the diphthong of ON steinn in early forms. Cf. also

Staines Mx (Gavel') and Steane PNNp 57. The ai of the modern

form is an inverted spelling for a, a and ai having coincided in

early ModE. The site of the stone(s) is unknown.

FIendish hd. E. of the Cam, S. of Staine hd, W. of Radfield hd from which it is separated by the Icknield Way. N. of Chilford and Thriplow hds, from which it is partly divided by the Via Devana, including the pars of Hor nings ca , Fen Ditton, Teversham, Cherry Hinton and Fulbourn. Its north boundary is formed partly by the Fleam Dyke. Flamingdiee. Flammindic, Flammidinc, Flamiding. Flammiding 1086 DB, Flamenedie c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, Flammigedic, Fla' mincdie 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Flam'diehdr' 1158, Flamedieh'hund redum 1176, Flemediehhundredum 1188, Flamediehhundredum 1191, Flamedieh 1199 P, Flemedie, Flemesdich 1218 SR 81/1, Fleniedieh 1236--8 Barnwell, 1265 Mise, 1276 RH, Flemedieh' 1261 Ass 82 m 33, Flemesdieh 1284-6, Flemdiehe 1303 FA, Flemdisch 1372 SR 81/28, Flendiehe 1428 FA, Flemedyssh 1457 Ipm, Flendyche 1548 D, Flendyshe 1583 BM. - The hundred is

named from the FLEAM DYKE, and old dyke 1 now largely levelled, which forms the northern boundary of the hundred. The exact spot for the hundred meeting-place was nO doubt at MUTLOW HILL (probably from OE * (ge)mot-hWw 'hill of assembly', though no early forms have been found), a tumulus at the point where Fleam Dyke is intersected by the lcknield Way 2 in the eastern corner of Fulbourn par. FleaID' Dyke is the die referred to in BCS 1305 (A.D. 974). It is also mentioned as Flemesdieh c. 1260 BodL Flemdieh, Flemigdich' 1279 RH, Flemdich 1346 Ipm (the Earl 1 Excavations have shown it to be post-Roman; see Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, vo!. 24 p. 28 ff., vo!. 25 p. 21 ff. 2 Op. cit. vo!. 25 p. 36.

101

of Richmond's tourn for Gt Wilbraham is held there). It seems to have a counterpart in le Flemdich AD V 183 (Lt Waltham Ess). _ From OE *tlemena die 'fugitives' dyke' (first el. OE tlema, mema 'fugitive' cf. Flimwell PNSx 452). The 11th century forms may represent OE tlemena-, though they may be influenced by OE fleming 'fugitive' (cL Zachrisson StMSp IX 118, StNPh V 4).1 As there is no trace of the -ing in later forms, it seems less likely that the first el. is that word itself. The .ME forms, which show no trace of OE -ena are perhaps influenced by ME tli!:me 'flight' (from OE tleam; cf. Fleamstede 990 (c. 1250) KCD 672: Flamstead Herts), as seems certainly to be the case in the modern name of the dyke itself. The dyke was perhaps a place of refuge for fugitives (cf. Liebermann Il 290 s. v. Asyl). The development of [ditf] > [dif] is too late to be due to French influence. It may perhaps be due to analogy from words in -dish (cf., however, ANlnfl 159 f.). Radfield bd. S. of Cheveley hd and the Devil's Ditch. E. of Staine and Fiendish hd~ and N. of Chilford hd, on the Suffolk border, including the pars of

Stetchworth, Dullingham, Burrough Green, Westley Waterless, Brinkley, Carlton cum Willingham, West on Colville, West Wratting and Balsham. All the parishes oecupy the whole width of the hundred their boundaries running parallel from NW. to SE. Radptelle 1086 DB, Radesteld c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, Radetelde 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Radeteldhdr' 1157, 1188 P, Redeteld' 1185 Rot Dom, Radefeld' 1218 SR 81/1, 1286 Ass 86 m 44, 1329' SR 81/6, Radefeld 1236-8 Barnwell, 1276 RH, 1284-6 FA, 1340 Cl, Radeteud' 1261 Ass 82 m 23, Radtelde 1303, 1316 FA. OE read and teld 'red field'. The place is lost but may possibly have

been near Westley Waterless, for in Domesday the hundred seems also to be called Weslai hvnd' (f. 199a). Chilford M. In the SE. corner of the county S. of Fiendish and Radfield Ms, from which it is partly separated by the Via Devana, E. of Thriplow and Whittlesford hds, including the pars of West Wickham, Horseheath, Shudy and Castle Camps, Bartlow, Linton, Hilder~,ham, Gt and Lt Abing ton, Babraham and Pampisford. 1 Influence from AN Flaming, Plemin.fJ is also possible (the word is found in ASC(C) s. a. 1066, in the form Flreminy; cf. also Skeat).

Cildeford 1086 DB, Childeforda c.l080 (c. 1180) Ice, Cildeforde 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Childefordhr' 1169, Chilford'hundredum 1179, Chillefordhundredum 1185 P, Chileford' 1185 Rot Dom, 1218 SR tU/l, 1261 Ass 82 m 2:3, Chilleford 1199 P, Chilleford' 1218, 1329 SR 81/1, 6, Chilford 1236-8 Barnwell, 1276 RH, 1284-6 FA, 1312 lpm, 1334 Pat. - OE *cilda ford 'children's ford' (Skeat).

Cf. PNLa s. n. Childwall and references thcre quoted, and for the gen. pI. cilda Sievers 則 290 n. 2. The mcanin~ of the name is uncertain; Skeat suggests that it refers to a shallow ford; cf., however, PNWo 50. The name survives in LITTLE CmLFoRDs (Chil足 ford 1279 RH), a farm a mile NW. of !.inton, near the river Bourne; CH1LFOR~ Hall is a mile farther north. From ChiIford Hall a track leads past LiWe ChiIfords acrosS the Bourne. The ford must be where this track crosses the stream. This was no doubt the meeting-place of the hundred. Whittlesford hd.

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102

A small district in thc south of the county, W. of Chilford hd, including the pars of Hinxton, Ickleton, Duxford, Whittlesford and Sawston.

Witelesford hd', TVitelesfeld 1 hund' 1086 DB, (in) hundreto de Witlesforda c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, Witelesforda hltnd' 1086 (c. l180) lE, lflitlefordhundr' 1175, Witlesfordhundredum 1185 P, Hundredum de Witlesford 1199 P, 1236-8 Barnwell, Hundr' de Witlesford', Witellestonl' 1218 SR 81/1, hd of Wittlesford 1265 Misc, Hundr'm de Wytlesford' 1286 Ass 86 m 43d, Hundredum de Wytlesford 1316, de Witlesforde 1428 FA. The hundred-name is derived from that of the viI. of WHlTTLESFORD, or from the ford that gives name to ,he village:' lVitelestorde 1086 DB, Witlestorda c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, Witlesford 12 Lib El 151, ?1185--95 France, 1254 Norwich, 1316 FA, Witlesford' 1206 Cl, Wyttlesford 1228 FF, Wytlefo rd' 1241 Cl, Wittlestord 1251 Pat.

The name should probably he connected with that of WHITT足 LESEY, Ca: Witlesig 973 BCS 1297 (copy), and WHlTTLESEY MERE, Probably an erroneouS extension of Witelest', cf. f. 190a. Possibly the ford was one at WHlTTLESFORD BRIDGE (ad pontern de Wytlesf ord ' 1242 Cl, Wytlisfordebrige 1279 RH, lVitlesfordebrigg 1303 FF, Wytlesfordebrigge 1309 Pat, Wytletord Brugge 1345 Fine, Wittlesto rd Brugge 1361 Pat) at the junction of the parishes of Duxford, Whittlesford, Pampisford and Hinxton, where an old road connecting Royston with the Icknield Way crosses the R. Cam or Granta, which would be a good meeting-place. But the village itself is a mile farther down-stream and the ford may have been one nearer the village. 1

103

Hn: Witlesmere 963--84 (c. 1200) BCS 1128. Cf. also WHlTTLEBURY and WHITTLEWOOD, PNNp 2, 45. These names have been derived from OE Witil (*Witela) pn (Redin 139), a diminutive of OE Wita pn. OE (1In-, fore-)wit(t)ol '(un)wise, (fore)knowing' used as a pn or as a noun might also be thought of. Thriplow hd. W. of Whittlesford and Chilford hds, S. of FIendish hd and the river Cam and E. of Armingford hd.

Trepela'v, Trepeslal' hL'nd' 1086 DB, hundr' de TripeWl1e c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, Trepeslau, Treppeslaue hund' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Treppel' hdr' 1158, Trepelawehltndr' 1168, Treppelawahundredum 1179, Tripelawahundredurn 1185 P, Hundredum de Trapelawe 1185 Rot Dom, Triplawahundredum 1188, Trepelawahundredum 1193, Tripelmcehundredurtl 1195, Hundredum de Trepelawe 1199 P, Hundr' de Treplawe, Trippelawe 1218 SR 81/1, Hundredum de Trippelawe 1236-8 Barnwell, 1261 Ass 82 m 24, 1303 FA, Hund足 redurn de TrNPpel010e 1272 Ass 85 ID 12, Hundr' de Trippelowe 1276 RH, 1316 FA, 1329 SR 81/6, 1401 FA. The hundred is named from the viI. of THRIPLOW,' or both are named from the same hill or tumulus, perhaps the one marked on the OS just E. of Thriplow church: Tripelan 1042-66 KCD 907 (late copy), Trepeslau, Trepeslai 1086 DB, Trippeldue c. 1080 (0.1180) ICC, Treppeslaue 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Tripelaue 12 Lib El 201, Trippelawa 1177 P, Treppelawe 1206 Cur, Trippelau'e 1228 Pat, Treplawe (p) 1232 FF, Trappelowe, Trcplowe 1276 RH, Thrippelowe 1279 RH, 1332 Fine (p), 1333 rpm, Thirppelowe 1428 FA, Trepelowe 1446 AD VI.

Skeat derives the first el. from a pn *Trippa, which, however, does not account for the early forms in -e-. The Th- of the modern form is undoubtedly misleading, as forms in Th- occur only very sporadically and late in the sources. The foms are . best in accordance with an OE base in *tryp-. Perhaps a pn connected with OE treppan 'tread' is possible, or else OE *Tryppa may have existed as a short form of OE Trumbeorht by the side of *Trumpa and *Tryrnpa (cf. PNWo 252 s. n. Trimpley). Second el. OE hlaw. Armingford Ild. In the SW. corner of the county,W. of Thriplow hd, mainly S. of the Cam or Rhee; to the north of the stream it includes the pars of Croydon cum Clapton, Tadlow and E. Hatley, and in the east the pars of Meldreth and Melbourn.

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O. S. Anderson

104

Emingford 1086 DB, Herningeforda e. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, Ermingetorde, Erningetord (var. Ernin(c)gafo rd , .Erningef' Hamil ton) 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Erningef' 1159, Erningefordhdr' 1166, 1175, 1188, 1191, llerningetordhr' 1169, Herningefordhundredurn 1180, 1188, 1193 P, Emingeford 1199 P, 1236--8 Barnwell, Arningford' 1218 SR 81!1, Arningeford' 1261 Ass 82 m 26d, Arnyngefo rd 1272 Ass 85 m 11, Aringford 1276 RH, Arnyngford 1310 Ipm, 1316 FA, Armyngford' 1336 SR 81/12, Armyngeforth 1428 FA. - The ford is generally assumed to be at the point where the Ermine Street crosses the river Cam or Rhee! The only evidence I have found to that effect is from Lysons, who once refers to the bridge now occupying the site as Armingford Bridge! But as he calls it Arrington Bridge (the modern name) elsewhere, it is somewhat inconclusive; still, that is probably the site of the ford; it is called: .£rningaford, Earmingaford, Earniga ford 970 BCS 1265 (18), 1266 L,' Earningefo rd , Erningefort 12 Lib El 159, 212; cf. ARRINGTON, on Ermine Street, 1 m. N. of Arrington Bridge: ?Carmigtone (var. Earmingtone) c. 950 (14) BCS 1008, Erningtrne 1086 DB, Brningetone tvar. Ernincgetune, '&rningetune Hamilton) 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Erningatone ?1086--7 France, Erningeton' (p) 1166 P, Arningtun' 1218 SR 81!1, Arington 1258 FF; and ERMINE STREET: on Earninga strcete 955 (e. 1200), 957 BCS 909, 1003; 1012 (12) Proc Soe Ant, 2 Ser., III 49, Ermingestrete c. 1090 (c. 1230) Laws, Erningestrate c. 1200? AD IV, Arnyngestrete 1299 Ass 95 m 56, Arnyngstrete 1438 AD Ill. - The first el. of all three names is the gen. pI. of OE *Earningas, a tribal name, probably it derivative of OE Eaern pn (Redin 6); cf. PNBeds 2 f., Zachris50n PN & RN 10, Karl strom' 46.

WetherJey Jut N. and W. of the river Cam or Rhee, SW. of Cambridge, including the pars of Arrington, Wimpole, OrweIl, Barri~gton, Harlton, Haslingfield, Grantchester, Coton, Barton, Comberton and, S. of the river, Shepreth.

Wederlai, Wedrelai 1086 DB, Werleia c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, PNBeds 3; H. ~f. Cam, The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls, p. 172. • op. cit. p. 46. 3 An inspeximus (A.D. 1323) of BCS 1266 f. in the Exchequer Memoranda Rolls (E 159/97 m 16; about the middle of the roll) has Earningalord, as kindly pointed out by Mr. V. B. Redstone.

101)

Wederlai (var. Weverlai Hamilton) 1086 (c. 1180) lE, rVeaerleahdr' 1166, Wederleahdr' 1175, Wethcreahundredum 1183 P, Werle 1185 Rot Dom, Wereslea 1199 P, Wetherle 1218 SR 81/1, 1242 P, Hy3 Ipm, 1272 Ass 85 III 11, 1284--6, 1316 FA, 1329 SR 81/6, Wetherl' 1223 Cl, 1261 Ass 82 m 34, Wethersle 1236-8 Barnwell, Weresle 1276 HH, Wetherley 1428 FA. --- OE weoeT (or 1JJeOra gen. pt) and le(a)h 'clearing for sheep or rams" (Skeat).

Longstow hd. N. and W. of Armingford and Wetherley hds, including in the north the pars of Eltisley, Caxton, Bourn, Caldecote and Hardwick. Stov hd' 1086 DB, hundr' de Stduue c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, Stouu ~

:. $

.;«

hund' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Stohdr' 1161, Stowahundrcdurn 118;-) P, Hundr' de' St01ce 1218 SR 81/1, 1236-8 Barnwell, 1261 Ass 82 III 33d, 1276 RH, 1316 FA, 1328 Cl, 1548 D. The hundred i~ named from the viI. of LOllG STOWE, 10 m. W. of Cam bridge: Stowe before 985 (14) BCS lOGO, 1114~'30 (14) Rams, 1201 Cur, 1254 Norwich, Stou 1086 DB, Stowa 1109----35 (14) Ram~, late 12th BM, Longa Stowe 1272 FF, Longestowe 1314 Ipm, Longa Stoll'e juxta Brunne 1317 FF, Langestowe juxta Caxton 1364 Orig.

OE stow perhaps here meaning 'meeting-place'. Northstow hd. N. of Cambridge and Wetherley hd and W. of the Cam, including the pars of Waterbeach, Landbeach, Milton, Irnpington, Clirton, Madingley, Oakington, Long Stanton St Michael and All Saints, and Lolworth. Its shape is irregular owing to its being interspersed with parts of Chesterton hd.

Norestol', Orneston (1) 1086 DB, Nordstouua c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, Nordstouue 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Nordstowehundr' 1168, 1185, Northstowehdr' 1170 P, Norstowe 1185 Rot Dom, iVordstowa hundredum 1191 P, Nortstowe 1218 SR 81/1, 1279 RH, Northstowe 1261 Ass 82 m 24, 127(', RH, 1428 FA, Northstouwe 1335 Fine. - Its vicinity to Longstow lId might create the impression that these two hundreds once formed a whole. Such a hundred, however, would have been very irregular in shape and of quite unusual length, and unless the hundred-boundaries have here been completely rearranged, I think it is more likely that North stow was named from a separate stow or meeting-place, though

1 Dr W. Palmer, Linton, kindly infonns me that there is mention of a field called Wetherle, from which the hundred may be named, in Orwell par, in a 15th century charter in Bodl. MS. Rawlinson B 278, but I have no exact reference to the charter in question.

,------------ O. 1>. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

as no such place has been found, the matter must remain some what uncertain. North- to distinguish it from Longstow.

1218 SR 81/1, PappewTihe Agn[etis] 123~ Barnwell, Anneys Papwrth 1241 FF.l - PAPWORTlI EVt;RAHD is: Pappawyroe 1012 (12) Proc Soc Ant, 2nd Ser., III 49, Papeworde 1086 DB, Pappewrth' Everard 1254 Norwich, Pappeworth' Euerard, Purua Pappeworth' 1286 Ass 86 ID 48, 54d.' - Cf. also PAPLEY GROVE, 1 m. SW. of Papworth Everard (Eltisley par), which has the same first el.: Pappele 1279 RH, 1329 SR 81/6 m 7d (p), Pappele in Ellesle 13.34, 1385 BM. - There are also some other PNs of apparently iden tical origin, viz. PAUPERHAUGH Nb: Papwirthhalgh c. 1120, Papwurthhalgh c. 1250 PNNb 156, also Papworthele ib.; PAPERCOURT in Send Sr: Pappe worth 1320, Papeworth 136.3 Ch: and Papworthbank 1312 Cl (Wm?); PAPLEY Np: Pappele 12, et pass. PNNp ~16; and GT PAPELF.Y WOOD Sf (Barrow par): Ureate Papeley 1597 Gage op. cit. p. 16 (map); cc. also P APCASTLE Cu: Pape caster 1265 Sedgefield, Papecastre 1300 Cl, and PAVt;NHAM PNBeds 36.

106

(1hesterton bd,

Consists of three separate pieces uivided by parts of Nort hstow hd,

one including the village of Chesterton, one the pars of Cottenham, Westwick and Histon and the third those of ChilderIey and Dry Drayton.

Cestreton(e) hvnd' 1086 DB, Cestretona, Cestretlme hund' 1086 lE, Cestretonehundr' 1130, Cestreton'hundredum 1191 P, Hundr' de Cest1'etun', Cestertun' 1218 Sll 81fl, Hundredum de Cesterton 1236--8 Barnwell, 1275 Mise, Hundr' de Cestreton' 1261 Ass 82 m 30, 133G SR 81/12, Hundr' de Cestretun 1276 un, Hund redurn de Cestertone 1284-6, de Chestertone 1346 FA. (c. 1180)

The first el. of these names is probably a pn *Pap(p)a as assumed by Skeat (v. also PNBeds 3G s. n. Pavenham, PNNp 216 s. n. Papley), who adduces ]Japan halt S 901 BCS 596 -in support of this name. It should probably be compared with the OG pn Papa, Papo of uncertain origin, for which see Mansion 34, NGN VII 144. Mansion points out that in hypocoristic names p. may enter for any labial, as in Polly for Mary, Peg for Meg, Spanish Paco for Fransisco, Frisian Pim for Willem. Panne for Frans. It is hardly identical with OE papa 'pope' (MM; Forssner 203). especially as the meaning 'priest' of this word does not seem to occur in English. It is remarkable that this first el. should be so frequently coupled with OB 1001'1) and le(a)h.

The hundred is named from the viI. of CHESTERTON, now a suburb of Cambridge: Cestretone 1086 DB, Cestretu-n' 1156 P, 1222 Cl, Ceslertune 1198 FF, Cestreton' 1200 Cnr, 1208 Cl, Chesterton 1207 FF, 1295 Cl, Chastreton 1277 Cl, Chasterton 1305 FF.

The village takes its name from the casLle (OB ceaster) of Cambridge (Grantacaestir Bcde). The castle mound in Castle Street, Cambridge, is still in Chesterton par.' Pa'llworth bd.

W. of Chesterton and Northstow hds, N. of Longstow hd. S. of the Ouse, on the Huntingdonshire border.

Papeword(e) , Papesword, Pampesword hd' 1086 DB, Pampe 'worda, Pampeullorde 2 Hund' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Pappewuroe hundredum 1176, 1195 P, Hundredum de Papewurthe 1185 Rot Dom, Papewllrdehundredum 1185, Papewurdahundredum 1191 P, Hundr' de Papworth', Pappewrth' 1218 SR 81!1, Hundredum rle Pappewrthe 1236--8 Barnwell, Hundr' de Pappewurth' 1261 Ass 82 ID 36, Hundr'm de Papwrthe 1272 Ass 85 m 15, Hundr' de Pampeworth 127G RH, Hundredum de Papewurth 1284-6, de Pappeworth 1316 FA, Hundr' de Pappeworth' 1329 SR 81/6, hd of Papworth 1335 Fine. The hundred is named from the settlement now represented by PAPWOHTH ST AGNES and PAPWORTH EVERARD in the sout.h-western corner of the hund red. PAPWORTH ST AGNES is: Papeuuorde 1086 DB, Pappe-wrda 1147 BM, Papewurda (p) 1160 P, Papewurth' 1198 Cur, 1208 Ch, Papu:orth' Agnetis I Cf. A. Gray in Cambridge Antiquarian Society Quarto Publications, N. S. I p. 15. I owe the reference to the courtesy of Miss H. M. Cam. • The forms containing an m are due to confusion with Pampisford Ca: Pampesuuorde 1086 DB.

107

The Isle of Ely seems to show a more artificial hundred-division than Cambridge S. of the Ouse. In 1086 it was divided into two hundreds: In Dvobus Ihndredis de Ely qui cOl1veniunt apud Wicetorde DB f. 191b; In duo bus hundretis de Ely qui conveniunt apud Wichtordam lE 498. This arrangement dates back to the 10th century, for the two hundreds are men tioned in King Edgar's charter granting to the monastery ... intra paludes causas seculares duorum centuriaiuum; ealla pa socna eac oter p[ret] tenn land into pam twam hundredum ... 970 BCS 1266 f. (confirmed by King Eadward: ... In comitntu- Gmntecestrire ipsa insula cum duo bus centuria tibus ... KCD 907). The two hundreds are often mentioned in Lib El, e. g. p. 134 (consilium duorom hundretorum); p. 169 (duorom centuriatuum qui ad Ely ab antiquo pertinent; ... omnes homines duorom centuriatuum 1 According to W. Farrer, Feudal Cambridgeshire, Cambridge 1920, p. 96, AGNES is doubtless from Agnes de Papewurda mentioned in 1160 P. • According to Farrer (op. cit. p. 97) the distinctive addition to this name is doubtless from Everard de Beche, who flourished c. 1156 (BarnweII 66 f.). a Near Micheldever Ha; later forms are: Papeholt 1167 P, Pappenholt 1228, Papholte 1250, Papenholt 1253 Cl.

108

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insul:e. " debent convenire ad Ely vel ad vVicheforda qu:e caput centuria tuum insul:e dicitur ....); - In DB and lE, Whittlesey, Doddington, Chat teris, Littleport, Stuntney, Thetford, Stretham, Wilburton, Haddenham, Lindone (cf. Linden End in Haddenham) and Helle (Heilla) (cf. Hill Row, ib.) are apparently considered to form one of the two hundreds; then after the heading: Hvcvsque zmum H'Ilnd'. ]V vnc alterum (DB); Explicit hoc Hundretum, incipit aliud (lE), are enrolled Wisbech, Ely, Haneia, Downham, Witchford, Wentworth, Witcham and Sutton. - At present the Isle of Ely is divided into 3 hundreds: ELY BD ((firma) Hundredi de Ely 1170 P (or = the two hundreds of Ely?), Hundredum de Ely 1299 Ass 95 m 64, Hundr' de Ely 1329 SR 81/6) including Ely, Littleport and Downham; WITCHFORD (N. and S.) HD (Hundr'm de Wycheford 1286, Hundredum de Wicheford' 1299 Ass 90, 95, Hundr' de Wycheford' 1329 SR 81/6) including Thetford, Grunty Fen, Witchford, Coveney, Manea, March and Whittlesey, and the pars W. of these; and WISBECH BD (Hundr'm de Wysbech' 1286 Ass 90 ID 6, Hundredum de Wisebech' 1299 Ass 95 m G4, Hundredum de Wysebeche 1303 FA, 1315 Pat, Hundr' de Wysebech' 1329 SR 81/6), including Up well, Elm, Wisbech, Thorney, Parson Drove, Leverington, Newton and Tydd St Giles. _ ELY (Elge c. 730 (8) Bede, Elige 891 (s. a. (73) ASC(A), Elig 970 BCS 12(6) is from OE el, {El 'eel' and OE "ge, cognate with Goth gawi, meaning 'the eel district' (Skeat). WISBECH (Wisebece 1121 (s. a. (56) ASC(E)) has as its first el. the river-name Wissey (ERN 465). WlTCHFORD is: Wiceford 1086 DB, Wichforda 1086 (c. 1180) IE, Wichefort 1109-31, 1133--69 BM, Wicceford(e) 12 Lib El 130 f., Wyccheford 1252 Ch, Wycheford 1254 Nor wich, 1268 Pat, Wycheford' 1286 Ass 90 m 8; cf. WITCH AM, 3 m. to the west, which may have the same first el.: Wiceham 1086 DB, Wiccheham 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Wicheham 1109-31 BM, Wicceham 12 Lib El 131, Wyccham 1252 Ch, Wicheam 1254 Norwich, Wytcham 1282 lpm, Wycham 1286 Ass 90 ID 7. First el. of the names perhaps OE u'ice 'wych-elm'; Witcham may alter natively be from OE wichilm, though it is true this generally yields Wick ham with hard [k].

Huntingdonshire. The hundred-organisation of this county has not changed since the time of the Domesday survey, There are now as in 1086 four nearly equally large hundreds, viz. Hurstingstone, Toseland, Leightonstone and Norman cross. The two hundreds of Hurstingstone and Nonnancross which occupy the northern part of the county bounded on and partly belonged to the fen district. The western part of the county consisting of the hd of Leighton stone, is an old forest region. The Huntingdonshire hundreds have no natural boundaries, except that the Ouse forms the boundary between Hurstingstone and Toseland hds. - The hd of Kimbolton mentioned in Domesday (l. 206a, b) seems to be an alternative name for Leightonstone hd.

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Hurstingstone bd. Contains the eastern part of the county N. of the Ouse, including in the west the pars of Stukeley (Gt and Lt), Abbots Ripton, Wood Walton and Ramsey. .

Hyrstingestan, IJerf'ingstan 1086 DB, Herstingestan 1086 DB, c. 1136-40 BM, Herstingestana c. 1120--30 BM, Hurstingestan 1168 P, Hurstinct. 1189 BM, Hirstlillgstan 1199 P, Hirstingestan 1200 Ch, 1261 Ass 343 m 12, Herstengestan' 1207 Ch, Hurstinge ston' 1220 Fees, Hirstingeston', Ilil'stlingestan 1228 Ass 341 m 1, 2d, Hyrstlingtone 1236-8 Barm~-ell, Hyrstingston' 1255 Seld 13, Hirstingstan 1276 RH, Hyrstingstan 1286 Ass 345 m 24, Hursting ston 1291 Pat, 1318 Abbr, Hurstyngston 1303 FA, Hirstingston 1327, Hirstyngstone 1332 SR 122/4, 5, Hirstyngstan 1339, Ilirst lyngstone 1364 Cl. - The hundred is na.med from the HURSTING STOKE (marked on Emmanuel Bowen's Large English Atlas, 1750) or the Abbot's Chair (the stone resembles a chair and seems to have formed the base of a cross perhaps datiIlg from the 12th or 13th century), situated on a hill called Hurstingstone Hill in Woodhurst, at the highest point of the road from St Ives to Old Hurst. The boundary of Old Burst par is carried down to touch the stone. Bere the courts of the hundred were held up to 1446 when they were removed to Broughton (VHHu II 150). - From OE *hyrstinga-strin 'the wood-dwellers' stone'. Cl.: land in Broc tonfield 1 called Hirstingra1!e n. d. AD I 14t1, doubtless from OE *hyrstinga-graf. the grove belonging to the same wood-dwellers; also: land in Wold Hyrst .,. by the road '" extending from Hyrstinge to Houtton 2 1306 AD III 236, perhaps preserving a trace of OE ""hyrstingas (or short for Hyrstingeston?). - There seem to be twp ways of illterpreting this name. Either OE ~'hyrstingas may be the name of the people dwelling in the settlement now represented by WOODHURST: Wdeherst 1208. TYdehirst 1235 FF, Wodehyrst 1252 BM, Wodehurst 1253 FF, 1261 Ass 343 m 12; OLD HURST: Waldhirst, -hurst 1228 Ass 341 m 1, 4d, Waldhurst' 1228 FF, TValdehyrst 1252 BM, Woldhirst 1258 FF; and the lost Derhirst c. 1850 Rams, in St Ives (v. Darwood Place PNHu 221). This is in my opinion the most probable explanation. - Or, it may, as in PNHu 203 f" be 1 2

Broughton, adjoining Old Hurst on the west.

Houghton S. of Woodhurst.

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associated with the Here{inna (var. Herfuina (for -inna), Herstina.. Heresinna, Hersinna) of the Tribal Hidage (BCS 297). If that is 1 true, the tribe of the *hyrstingas must have occupied not only north Hunts, but probably extended into Northants as well (cL op. cit. p. XIX), and in that case there can have existed no par ticular connexion between the *hyrstingas and the names of Woodhurst etc. The fact that both Hursting Stone and Hirstin gra1.-·e are in or near Old IJurst and Woodhurst, seems to me to speak definitely in favour of the former alternative; otherwise this would be a very remarkable coincidence indeed; the formal difficulties in connecting the Tribal Hidage forms with the forms of the hundred-name are very great, both as regards the vowel and the consonants. The forms in -SO, on which the explanation offered in PNHu is founded, are all in late copies and may be errors for -f-, just as well as the reverse.

'foseland hd. Contains the southern part of the county, S. of Hurstingstone hd, from which it is separated by the Ouse, and Leightonstone hd. To the west of the Ouse it includes the pars of Gt Staughton, Midloe, Buckden and the parishes to the south of these.

Toleslvnd, Toleslvnt h'vnd' 1086 DB, Toleslundhdr' 1166, 1168, 1185, Thoneslundhundr' (for T houes-) 1175, Toulislundhundredum 1179, Touleslundhundredum 1183, 1193 P, Tolleslundhundred 1190 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Hundredum de Touleslund 1220 Fees, 1228, 1261 Ass 341 m 1,343 m 14, 1265 Misc, 1303 FA, hundred' de Toul,is lund 1279 RH, Hundredum de Thouleslund 1286 Ass 345 m 25, de Toulislond 1303 FA, 1327 SR 122/4, Touleslond' 1332 SR 122/5, Touleslond 1364 Cl, Tousland 1428 FA. The hundred is named from thc viI. of TosELAND in the eastern part of the hundred, where the meetings of the hundred were held. - (A large stone called the 'Moot-stone' in the church-yard is said to have been the ancient hundred-stone (VHHu Il 374); part of an old Roman road in the neighbourhood of the village is known as 'Moots Way'; PNHu 252). TosELAND is: Toleslund c. 1180 PNHu 272, Teuleshand' 1202 Cur, Toleslund' (p) 1229 Cl, 1255 Seld 13, Toules-, Toulislund' 1232, Tholeslund' 1241 FF; Tolleslund (p) 1261 Ass 82 m 22d, Touleslond 1274 Cl, Touleslound' 1281 FF, Thouleslond 1293 AD Ill, Thouleslound 1308 Ipm, Toweslond' 1363 FF, Touslond 1370 Cl.

The first el. has been explained (PNHu 272) from ON T6U and OE Toglos (from ON *tauglauss 'ropelcss'according to Bjol'kman's suggestion), but it does not seem very likely that two names should

111

lie behind the name in this way. It should be noted that the forms in -ou- which presuppose OE Toglos according to PNHu, are definitely later than those in -ol(l)-; similar forms occur in Tollesby PNNR 163 from 1166 onwards, and on the whole it seems most probable that the -ou- forms are developed from those in -oW)-. The vocalizing of 1 > u before a consonant is a well-known phenomenon in PNs, though this case is not quite analogous, as -l(l)- is kept in the majority of forms. If this view is correct, ON T6li seems most likely for the first eL, but in that case it seems impossible to associate the name with the Toglos of the ASC. Second el. ON lundr 'grove'; cf. boscus de Tolleslond 1245 PNHu 273. Leightonstone M.

Consists of the western part of the county, W. of Toseland and Hur

stingstone hds and S. of Normancross hd, including in the north the pars of Alconbury, Alconbury Weston, Upton, Coppingford and Gt, Lt and Steeple Gidding.

Lest1me, Lestone, Delestvne hvnd'; Lestunestan, Lectunestan, Lectunestane 1086 DB, Lehtunestan hdr' (var. Lectunestaneshdr') 1163, Legtonestan hundr' 1168, Lectunestanhundr' 1175, Leoctone stanhundredum 1176, 1188, 1193, Lectonistanhundredum 1179, Leochtonestonhundredum 1180, Leochtonestanhundredum, 1183 P, Lectonestanhundredum 1185 P, 1190 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Leitone sted' 1185 Rot Dom, Leitonestanhundredum 1195 P, Leytthonestan 1220 Fees, Wapent' de Lehtonestan 1228 Ass 341 m 1, Lechtone stann' 1242 P, Leghtonston' 1261 Ass 343 m 12, Leytuneston 1265 Misc, 1295 BM, Lectoneston 1276 RH, 1285 FA, Leghtanstan 1286 Ass 345 m 27, Leyghtoneston 1291 Abbr, 1327 SR 122/4, Leytone stone 1303 FA, Leghtonstone 1332 SR 122/5, 1364 Cl. - The hundred is named from LEIGHTONSTONE, a stone (still extant) just S. of Leighton Bromswold (marked on Emmanuel Bowen's Large English Atlas, 1750) where the meetings of the hundred were held. - The hundred-name is composed of the name of LEIGHTON (Bromswold) and OE sUin, meaning 'the stone near Leighton' or the like. For other similar names see above p. XXXVII. LEIGHTON BROMSWOLD is: Lestona (var. Lectona) 1070-87 Reg Ant, Lectone 1086 DB, Lestunam (var. Lectunarn) 1090 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Lectona 1130 P (p), 1135-::-53, 1146 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Lehtona 1191-5 Reg Ant, Lehton' 1203-5 Reg Ant, 1228 Ass 341 m 1

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(p), Lecton' 1208 Ch, 1212 Cur, 1229 Cl, 12-12 P, Letton 1231, Leghton 1253 FF, Lechton in Brunneswaud 1249 Gross, Letton' ecclesia super Bruneslwld 1254 Norwich, Lehton super Brunnes wald 1263 Grav, Leghton' super Brouneswald' 1286 QW, Leghton in Bruneswold 1343, Leyghtonbrouneswold 1369 Pat. It is from OE leactiin 'kitchen-garden' according to the authors of PNHu, but the possibility of derivation from OE *le(a)htun 'clearing farm' should also be taken into consideration. OE le(a)ctiin is recorded in that form only in the compound lectunesward 'gardener'; the regular OE form is lehtun (v. BT s. v., also NED s. v. leighton). Lectiin had clearly become lehtiin already in OE, consequently it is impossible to decide from ME forms alone if a PN like the one under discussion should be derived from OE le(a)htiin 'a ga,rden' or from OE *le(a)htiin a 'clearing-farm'. It seems to me that in PNs generally the latter derivation is more plausible. As regards Leighton Bromswold, the fact that the village is in an old forest district seems to tell in favour of the latter' alternative. The addition Bromswold is noteworthy; it was the name of a forest covering the western part of Hunts and the adjoining part of Northants (v. P~1Np XVI and 193 f.). - The frequent -ct- of the early forms is the common ME rendering of the combination [X t ]; the -eo- of some Pipe roll forms is no doubt an inverted spelling for -eo. N ormancross bd.

Includes the northern part of the county W. of Hurstingstone hd and

N. of Leightonstone hd.

(of) {Jam twam hundredurn pe seclEo into Normannes eros 963 -84 (c. 1200) BCS 1128, Noromannes eros hundred 1121 (s. a. 963) ASC(E), Normanecros, Normanescros 1086 DB, Normanero.'l Wm Il, Stephen, By II (c. 130~25) Thorney f. 8, 9d, 10d, 1261 Ass 343 m 9, 1265 Misc, 1276 RH, 1292 Ipm, 1303 FA, 1327 SR 122(4, Normanneseros 1152-4 (1314) Ch, Norrnanneeroshdr' 1160, 1166, Norrnanneseroshundr' 1168, 1185, Nordmanneseroshund redum 1183 P, Normanneeros 1215 Ch, 1228 Ass 341 m ld, ]\'!orthrnanneeros 1220 Fees, Normaneseros 1~61 Ass 343 m 11, Northmannescros 1329 QW, Normancrosse 1364 Cl. - From ON norrJmaor, either the appellative or the pn (Bjorkman ZEN 64) and ON kross 'cross'. The hundred is named from NORMAN CROSS on Ermine Street at the point where it is crossed by the road from

Folksworth to Yaxley, a mile and a half SW. of Yaxley village. It is now the name of a hamlet (Barth). This part of the Ermine Street is sometimes called Norman Cross Way on old maps. According to Morton 1 it was called Norman-Ga,te at Castor (Np) .. ~ No further reference to the hundred as a 'double hundred' has been met with. N orlhamptonshire. Northamptonshire is now divided into twenty hundreds, but the mo dern hundred-division is the result of extensive rearrangement and com bination of hundreds. In Domesday no less than twenty-nine hundreds are mentioned, apart from Witchley hd, which was included in Northants in Domesday, but is now in Rutland. Of the nine additional hundreds eight were combined with other hundreds in the course of the 12th and 13th centuries; one of the hundreds mentioned in Domesday, that of Geritone, has not been met with elsewhere; it is mentioned only once in the text (L 220a, in the description of land belonging to the manor of Finedon), and has not been identified (Geritone = Gretton, Corby hd?). A hundred called Ectonhundredum is mentioned in 1183 P, of which nothing further seems to be known (from Etton, Nassaborough hd?)! The hundreds are fairly uni form in extent; they are generally largest in the north-west, in the district of Rockingham Forest. They are mostly compact and regular in shape, but Higham Fcrrers hd, for instance, includes the narrow strip of land E. of the Nene; Polebrook and Towcester hds are also straggling and irregular. The former has part of its area detached, as have also Hnxloe, Greens Norton and Warden hds. The hundreds in the east of the county are arranged on either side of the Nene; there are also some other cases where hundreds are separated by rivers; Watling Street, which passes through the southern part of the county, has been made the boundary of the hundreds on either side of it, but otherwise no natural boundaries can now be traced. Northamp tonshire belonged to the Danelaw as regards the part that is N. of Watling Street, and especially in the north of the county there is considerable Scandinavian influence on the place-nomenclature. There are also one or two hundred-names of Scandinavian origin, but the hundred-organisation as a whole is that of southern England. The term wapcntake, characteristic of the northern Danelaw, is met with once, however, Nassaborough hundred being so termed, alternating with hundred, in 'Domesday. ~ - - ~ -

The Natural History of Northamptonshire, London 1712, p. 502.

• hund' in: 'hund' Norht', Stauntord' etc. RH II 5a, is an error of

transcription for MS Nund' (with a capital n) = nundinw and its cases,

referring to the markets of Northampton etc. The indexer made bad worse.

by extending it into Hundr', thus creating a string of highly peculiar

'hundreds'.

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Nassaborough bd. Consists of the NE. corner of the county, between the Nene and the Welland, bordering on Willybrook hd in the west, where it includes the pars of Wansford, Thornhaugh, Wittering and Wothorpe.t

From early times the Abbey of Peterborough was in possession of a district in the north of the county, said to consist of eight hundreds (cf. ASC (E) s. a. 963: a charter of King Edgar granting to the Abbey ... pone tun pc man cleopao Vndela rnid eall llet pfEr to lid pet is pet rnan cleoped Eahte hundred). These eight hundreds seem to have been split up into minor groups of hund reds. In BCS 1130 (A. D. 972-92) are mentioned: (on) pere III hund red (gewytnesse) eet Wydrede crosse (OE *Wigpryp; v. Zachrisson, StNPh VI 77); (on) perm preora hundrede (gewytnesse) into Undelurn (Oundle); (on) [Jeere twegera hundreda (gewitnesse) eel Dieon. The two last-mentioned hundreds are no doubt identical with the later hundred of Nassaborough. - In the 11th ce~tury it was called: pas twa hundred to Uptune grene 1066-75 (e. 1200) Geld Roll, Opton(e)gren hd', Optone hvnd', Optonegrave TVap' 1086 DB. The first part of the name is the name of the viI. of UPTON, 5 m. W. of Peterborough: Uptun 948 (c. 1200), on Uptune, Optune 972-92 (c. 1200) BCS 871, 1130, Huptun' late Hy2 NRS IV, Vppetona 1175, Vpton' 1180, Vpeton' 11\10 P, Opton' 1199 Cur II, Upton' 1225 Cl; - from OE ftp and tun, referring to its position on 'the slope, rising northward from the valley of the Nene' (VHNp II 473). - The latter part is OE grene, apparently used as a noun as in 'village green', a meaning not on record in literature before 1300 (Havelok; it is found in PNs in the 13th cent., v. PNBeds, passim; in a different sense it was used as a noun already in OE). For similar hundred-names, sec above p. XXXVII. - 'Up ton Green' may have been in the north of the parish, for later the court of the hundred was held at LANGDYKE BUSH (6"; called rnarnan (i. e. rneenan?) llorn in BCS 871, v. PNNp 228 note), at the junction of the pars of Upton, Ufford, Helpston and Ailsworth, where the road from Peterborough to Stamford crosses the Roman road from Castor! Langdyke is the name of the latter of these roads, a branch of Ermine Street, and it seems likely 1 It is also called Nassaborough or Peterborough Liberty, or The Soke of Peterborough. • John Bridges, The History and Antiquities of Northamptonshire. Oxford 1791, II 488.

that the two hundreds at Dieon mentioned above were named from this dyke, as assumed in PNNp 223. The hundred is also sometimes later named from the dyke itself, as: the hd ot Lange dyk 1305, of Langdyk U89 Ipm; cL also PNNp 214. From the 12th centnry onwards, the name of the hundred is: the two Ms de Nasso 12 NpS, (de) 11 hundredis de Nesse de Bure 1182 P, (de) dllobus hw/dr' de Nassoburg'i 1200 Ch, lhtndredum de Nesteburg 1203 P 49, Nasslls Burgi 1220 Fees, 1276 RH, (de) Neste Burgo 1232 Ass 614A m 1, (de) ,Vasso 1301 Cl, (de) Nasso Burgi 1316, Nassaburgo 1~46 FA. The two hundreds are also mentioned in: (of) pam tWGrn hundredum ute on !Iam nesse pe Medeshamstede onstent 963-84 (c. 1200) BCS 1128, where the reference 'is to the district included in the hundred; the district IS also meant in: Nes de BUTe 1180, (de) Nesso 13urgi 1190 1', 1215 Pat, Nesto burgi 1218 Cl, IVasto de BUTg' 1221 Cl, 1242 Fine, (in) Nasso Burgi 1228 Pat, Nest' de B1Irgo 1237 Cl. - The name means 'the head-land of Peterborough', the latter part being the medieval name of Peterborough (Medeshamstedi c. 730 (8) Bede, Buruh 963--75 (c.1200) BCS 1131, Burh 972-92 (c. 1200) BCS 1130, 1050 ASC(C), Bureh Saneto Petro 1060 (c. 1200) Thorpe 385, (de) Burgo Saneti Petri 1216 Pat, Petreburgh 1333 Cl, Peter burgh (p) 1345 Pat; v. PNNp 224). The first part is OE ncess 'headland'; the early e-forms may be due to Norman influence, and to some extent to influence from ON nes. The hundred-name mostly appears in a Latinised form, and there are indications that this form was actually in living use. The forms Nesteburg, Neste Burgo must be due to ul1voicing of the d of de after s in the form Ness (Nass) de Burgo; afterwards Nesteburg, *Nasteburg was wrongly divided up into Nest (Nast) de 8urgo, and with fur ther Latinising (de) IVesto (Nasto) de Burgo. For a similar case, cf. Boroughbridge above p. 21. Nassaborough was doubtless, as suggested already by Bridges (1. c.), a name applied to the whole district from its situation between the Nene and the Welland, stretching out into the fen di.otrict in the form of a promontory; cf. Ness Li, Amounderness La and Holderness YER. Willybrook bd. W. of Nassaborough hd, including in the west the pars of Duddington, King's Cliffe and Southwick, and in the south those of Glapthom, Cotter stock, Tansor and Lutton. The par of Warmington is in Polebrook hd,_

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The English Hundred-Names

Wilebroce hundred 1066--75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Wilebroc, Wilibroc, }Valebroc (1) 1086 DB, T-Villebrochllndredum 1180 P. Wilebroc 1185 Rot Dom, 1199 P, Wylebrok 12 NpS, 1253 Ass 615 m 10, 1276 RH, Wilibroc 1202 Ass, 1224 Cl, 1252 Misc, Wily broc 1220 Fees, Wilibrok 1247 Fees, 1285 Ass 619 m 83d, 134H Ipm, Welybrok 1316 FA, lFellebrok 1322 Ipm, Willibroke 1346

north the pars of Kettering, Warkton, Grafton Underwood, Slipton, Sud borough and Aldwincle; also the par of Denford to the east of the Nene, and, detached, Barnwell All Saints and Lilford cum Wigsthorpe. In Domesday only the NE. part of the present hundred, includ"ing Twywell, Islip, Slipton, Lowick, Sudborough, Aldwincle, and the detached pars of Barnwell and Lilford, is stated to belong to Huxloe hd; the rest of the hundred was known as North and South Neveslvnd hd.

FA. - The hundred is named from the WILLOW BROOK (Bridges op. cit. II 423), a small stream that rises W. of Corby and runs past King's Cliffe to the Nene! From OE *1.l'ilig, welig 'willow' (cf. NED s. v. willow, EPN s. v, welig, wylig) and OE bri5c 'stream'.

Neresforda hundred 1066--75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Nar(r)ei5 ford 1086 DB, Nauenesfordhundredum 1180 P, Nauesford 12 NpS, Nauesford' 1202 Ass, 1247, 1253 Ass 614B m 38, 615 m 15rl, Naveresford' 1220, Nwrisford' 1242 Fees, Navesford 1265 Mise, 1285 Chron Petrob, Na1'esforde 132H QW, 1539 LP.

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Polebrook hd, S. of Willybrook hd, including the par of Benefield in the west, and those of Barnwell St Andrew and Thurning in thc south. Warmington is a detached part of this hundred. Pocabroc hundred 1066--75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Pochebroc Hvnd' 1086 DB, Pokebroch'hundredum 1182 P, Pokebroc 12 NpS, 1265 Misc, Hundredurn de Pokebrok' 1247 Fees, de Pokebrok 1276 RH, de POlebroke 1316, de Pokesbroke 1412 FA, Pokebroke

hd 1535 VE, 1539 LP. The name is taken from that of the vi!. of POLEBROOK, 2 m. SE. of Oundle on a small tributary of the Nene: l'ochebroc 1086 DB, 1166 P (p), l'occhebroc 1147 Mon VI 80 (copy), l'ockebroc 1203 Ass, Pokebroc 1205 Cur, 1227 Ch, 1232 WellsR, Pokbrok 1229 Cl, Pokebrock' 1254 Norwich, Pokebrok 1285 Pat; Polebroc 1254 Seld 13, Polbrok 1316, Polebroke, Poke broke 1428 FA. The first el. is probably identical with OE pohha, pocca 'bag'

(cf. Torp 219, Holthausen s. v, and PNBeds 176 f.), either used in some topographical sense, or as a pn (cf. Redin 77); the Geld Roll form may tell in favour of the former alternative. Less likely from OE pUca 'goblin' (PNNp), as no form, not even the Geld Roll one, shows the u to be expected.

Navisford hd,

Huxloe hd,

These two hundreds are S. of Pole brook and Corby hds, the former mainly east, the latter west of the Nene. NavisIord hd includes the pars oI Stoke Doyle, Pilton, Wadenhoe, Thorpe Achurch, Clapton, Titchmarsh and Thrapston. Huxloe. hd is between the Nene and the lse, including in the 1 The hundred-court seems to have been held at King's CliIIe in the 14th century (v. VHNp II 542 note 6), whence the hundred is called the hd of Clyve 1290 Ipm.

117

This name should be considered together with that of the Domesday 'hd of Nev('slvnd: Nauereslund twa hundred 1066--75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Neveslvnd 1086 DB, North- Suthna~~eslunt 12 NpS, Nornaueslond, Sudnaweslond 1202 Ass, Nord- Sudnaves lund 1220, North- Suthnaveslond' 1242 Fees, North- Suthnaues lund 1247 Ass 614B ill 36, Hundr'm de Suthnaueslund' et North laueslunrl' 1253 Ass 615 m 15d, North- Southnaveslound 1329 QW; - and, as discovered by the editors of PNNp, with the name of (andlang) Nafrysbroce 1013 (14) Thorney IV (15), a small stream forming the southern boundary of Twywell par and falling into the Nene near Thrapston. The site of Neveslvnd is unknown, but N ~':;"ford is preserved in the name of two fields in Titehmarsh, just W. of Thorpe sta., about three miles NE. of Nafrysbroc (pNNp 216). Neveslvnd is dearly of Scandinavian origin, its second el. being ON lundr 'grove'; the first el. is taken in PNNp (I. c.) to be ON Nafarr pn; Na;rysbroc was probably named from the same man. The early forms of Navisford are conflicting and difficult to judge of, and it seems more doubtful if it can be of the same origin; cf., however, PNNp I. c. Hoches hlawa hundred 1066--73 (e. 1200) Geld Roll, Hocheslau 1086 DB, Hochelai 1161, Hokeslawahundredum 1188 P, Hockes lawe 1185 Rot Dom, Hokeslawe 12 NpS, 1202 Ass, 1242 Fees, 1253 Ass 615 m 7d, 1276 RH, 1329 QW, Hoggeslawe 1247 Ass 614B m 36, Hokislawe 1265 Mise, llokeslowe 1281 Ipm, 1316 FA, 1336 SR 155/5, 1412 FA, 1539 LP, Howkeslawe 1285 Chron Petrob, Howkeslowe 1535 VE. - OE Hoc pI! (Redin 20, and references) and hliiw 'hill, mound'. The name survives in a field called HuxLOw on the Drayton estate in Lowick, and in Huxloe Field

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118

The English Hundred-Names

Clipston, Sibbertoft and Sulby. The western part of the hundred, including the pars of Gt Oxendon, Kelmarsh and Maidwell, and the pars west of these, formed a separate hundred till about the middle of the 13th century, known as:

(1801) in Islip (PNNp 177), and according to Bridges (op. ch. II 24&) the 'statutes' used to be held at a place called Huxlow Cross and Huxlow Furlong in the fields, about half a mile SE. of Lowick church.

Stotfalde hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Stodfald(e) , Stotfald, Stofald(e) 1086 DB, Stotfolde 12 NpS, Stofald 1199 P, Stodfald' 1202 Ass, Stotfald 1220 Fees, Stodfold 1232 Ass 614A, 1246 Seld 13, Stodfold' 1253 Ass 1)15 m 15, Stotfold 1276 RH,l 1329 QW. - OE stodfald 'stud-enclosure', usually referring 10

Corby bd. In the north-west of the county, W. of WiJlybrook and Polebrook hds, N. of Huxloe and Rothwell hds, including in the south the pars of Weekley, Geddington, Newton, Gt Oakley, Wilbarston, Stoke Albany, Brampton Ash and Dingley. The western part of the hundred, including the pars of Rockingham, Cottingham, Middleton, Wilbarston, and the pars W. of these was formerly a separate hundred, known as Stoke (Albany) hd. Stoce hundred 106li----75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Stock(e), Stoc M'

an eart,h-work used as or resembling such; ef. IPN 150 H., VHY II 62 f. The hundred may be named from the locality called z Stodfold E I BM in Clipston. lloi'Jewelle hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Rodewel(le) hd' 1086 DB, Bdr' de R01vell' 1156 P, 1202 Ass, 1247 Fees, Rowellehundredmn 1179 P, hd of Rowell 12 NpS, 1284 FA, Hund reduJIl de Rothewelle 1285 Ass n1H III (j;'). The hundred is named from the town of ROTmvELL: Rodewelle 1086 DB, Roewella 1152-73 Werb, Rowella 1185 P, Rowell' 1188 P, 1254 Norwich, Rou;ell 12 NpS, 1221 WellsR, 1274 Fine, Rouwelle 1210--12 RBE, 1274 Ipm (-well); Rothewell' 1238 Cl, Rothewell 1284 Pat.

1086 DB, Bundredum de Stokes 1185 Rot Dom. 12 NpS, 1220 Fees, de Stok' 1202 Ass, hundreda de '" Stoke 1246 Seld 13. The hundred is named from the viI. of STOKE ALBANY, 6 m. W. of Corby: Stoche 1086 DB, Stoches Hy I (1333) Ch, Stoch' 1156, Stoch' Willelmi de Albinni 1167 P, Stokes 1154--3 (1235), Estokes 1201 Ch, Stok' 1209 Fees, 1233 Cl, Stok' Daubeny (p) 1249 Gross, Stole Aubeney ]25-1 Norwich. OE stoc 'place', of uncertain origin; cf. BT, EP~, Holthausen

s. v., NED s. v. stoke sb'. The addition Albany is from William de Albinni, the one-time owner of the place (cf. the 1167 quota tion). In PNNp 155 it is suggested that the meeting-place of the hundred was near a field in Wilbarston called Speller (oUm Spel low) Close; cf. Spelhoe below p. 122.

The first el. of the group of PNs to which Rothwell belong::: is explained by Professor Ekwall (PNNp 118 f.) from OE *ro[1 'clearing', recorded as Rode g25-39 BeS 737 (ROE GREEN Herts; for further examples v. PNNp 1. c.), cognate with ON 1'00.. 1'110, OHG rod, OFris 1'Othe. Second el. OEwella 'spring'."

Copebi hundred 10(1&-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Corbei, Corbi(e) hd' 1086 DB, Corbihdr' 1162, Corebihdr' 1175, 1188 P, !Id of Coreby 12 NpS, 1253 Ass 615 m 15, 1291 Cl, llundredmn de Corb"i 1199 P, 1202 Ass, de Cor by 1220 Fees, 1265 Mise, 1412 FA, hundr'm de Correby 1276 RH, hd of Caresby 1293 Mise. The hundred is named from the manor of CORilY, to which it was ap purtenant (cf. 1205 Ch p. 151a: Sciatis nos concessisse ... Roberto de Brai broc manerium de Coreby cum hundredis): Corbei 1086 DB, Corbi 1086 DB, 1130 P, Corebi 1167 P, Coreby 1205 Ch, 1252 Cl, Corby 1208 Ch.

ON Kori pn (OSw *Kori in PNE) and byr 'village'; v. Bjorkman ZEN 57. Rothwell hd. On the Leicestershire border, S. of Corby and W. of Huxloe hds, On the upper lse, bounded in the south by Guilsborough and Orlingbury hds, in cluding in the east the pars of Rushton, Barford and G1endon, and in the south those of Thorpe Malsor, Loddington, Draught on, ~faidweJl, Haselbech,

119

.~ -j

,i ~,

1 In RH II f. 13a the viii of Sibbertoft, which used to come to the sheriff's turn of Stotford, is said to have had its suit withdrawn to the hd of Rothwell 'tempore comitis Gilberti avi comitis qui nunc est'. This seems to show the disintegration of the old hd of Stotfold . • In PNNp 121 it is suggested that the meeting-place of the hundred was at MOOT HILL, 1 m. E. of Sibbertoft; but Bridges (op. cit. I 575, II 31) says that in this part of the county, near the source of the WeJland, are several mounds of this kind, called 'moot·hills'; he mentions another near (East) Farndon, and it must remain uncertain whether these mounds of as sembly were connected with the hundred·court. • Other names that belong here are RothwelJ Li, YWR, Rothley Le, Nb; cf. also PNNp J. c.; the first e1. of one or more of these names has been variously explained from ON rauar 'red' (Lindkvist 158); OE *HrOi)a pn (Mawer PNNb); or ON roa, rut} 'clearing' (Zachrisson StMSp IX 134), but none of these explanations i~ satisfactory from all points of view.

The English Hundred·Names

O. S. Andel'son

120

Guilsborough hd. S. of Rothwell hd, on the Leicestersbire border, bounded on the west by Watling Street, on the south by Nobottle Grove hd, and on the east by Orlingbury bd, including in the south the pars of Long Buckby, W. Haddon, Coton and Hollowell, and in the east those of Gt Creaton, Cottesbrooke and Naseby. Like Nobottle Grove hd to the south it counted as a hundred and a half.

p::et oaer healfe hundred into Gildesburh 106H-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Gislebvrg hd' et dim id' 1086 DB, Gilleburc 1161, GUde burchundredum et dimidium 1186 P, hd of Gildesboru 12 NpS, Hundredum de Guildeburc 1199 P, hundredum de Gildesburc 1202 Ass, de Giltesburgh' 1220, de Gildeburg 1247 Fees, hd of Gildesbur 12H5 Mise, Hundred' de Gildesburgh' 1285 Ass H19 m 61d, de Gilsburgh 1346 FA. The hundred is named from the viI. of GUlLSBOROUGH, 10 m. NW. of Northampton: Gislebvrg 1086 DB, Gildesburc late 12th, Gildesburch J BM, Gildebllrg 1212 RBE, Ghildebllrc 1218WellsL, Gildesburg' 1225 WellsR, 1254 Norwich, Geldeburg' 1242 Fees, Geldesbllr' 1290 Ipm, Gildesburgh 1303 BM.

First el. probably an OE pn *Gyldi, as assumed by Ekwall (PPN 8) and Mawer (PNNp 71); second el. OE bIlrh, referring to an encampment at the top of the hill on which the village stands (Bridges op. cit. I 566). Nobottle Grove hd. S. of Guilsborough hd, W. of Northampton and Spelhoe hd, bounded on the west by Watling Street, including the pars of Bugbrooke, Kislingbury and Upton in the south, and in the east those of Duston and Church and Chapel Brampton. Like the adjoining bd of Guilsborough it counted as a hundred and a half.

aet oper healfe hundred into Neowbotle graue 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Niwebote, Nivebot, Niwebotle, Niwebold hd'; Nivebotlegrm'e, Niwebotlagrave, Nevbotlagrave 1086 DB, Newe botlehdr' 1170, hU71dredum et dimidium de Newebotle 1182, .Veubot legrauahundredum 1186, Niwebotlesgrauehundredum 1188, Neu'e botlesgrauahundredum 1195 P, Neubotlegrave 12 NpS, 1250 Fees, 1347 Cl, Neubotlegrawc 1202 Ass, Newebotlegrave 1220 Fees, Neubotelgrave 1249 Ipm, 1301 Pat, .Veubottlegrave 1284, Neubot legrove 1316 FA. - The hundred-name is composed of the name of the hamlet of NOBOTTLE in Brington par, and OE griif 'grove'. Nobottle Grove is marked on the old 1" OS map just N. of Nobottle (cf. also Harrow Hill PNNp 280). - Nobottle is: Nevbote 1086 DB, Neobotum 1166 RBE, Niewebotle 1189 P, Neubotle 1199

121

Obl, 1248 Ch, 1284 Ipm, 1288 Fine, 1312 Cl, 1325 Ipm, Neuwe botle (p) 1202 Ass, Neubothle 1205 Pap, Neubottell' 1255 Ipm; Neubotlegrave (manor) 1322 Ipm; Neubottlefercrs 1329 Ass 632 m 41 (-ferers is from the Ferrers family, owners of the place as early as 1166); - from OE neowe and botl 'new building'; eL Ekwall AB 28, 82 ff., esp. p. 85. Orlingbury hd. E. of Guilsborough, S. of Rothwell hds and W. of Huxloe hd, from which it is separated by the lse, bordering on Spelhoe and lIamfordshoe hds in the south, where it includes the pars of Brixworth, Walgrave, Han nington, Hardwick and Gt Harrowden. The western part of the hundred, including Hanging Houghton, Lamport, Faxton, Mawsley, Scaldwell, Old, Walgrave and Brixworth, was formerly a separate hundred, known as Mawsley hd. .

1I1ales le hundred 1066--75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Maleslea hd' 1086 DB, hd of Mallesl[e] 12 NpS, Mallesleahundredum 1182, Malesleahundredum 1184, Meleslaihundredum 1186, Melesleahund redum 1193 P, Hundredum de ?I'laleuesle, Malesleia 1202 Ass, l1und redum de Malesle 1220, de Ordlingber' et 1l1alesl' 1247 Fees, Hundr'm de Orlingberge et Malesl' 1253 Ass H15. The name is derived from that of MAWSLEY, a parish in the NE. corner of the hundred, in the 17th century a hamlet 'of one or two houses' (Brid ges op. cit. II 96): Malesleia a 1185 BM, Malesle 1247 Ass 614B m 41 (p), 1248 Seld 13 (boscus), 1272 Pat (wood), 1275 Cl (pl, 1284 FA, 1373 SR 155/25, 1I1aleslewode 1292 Pat, Mallesle 1293 AD III 359, 1325 Ipm, Malleslee 1387 BM.

The name should be taken with that of WITHMALE, c. 3 m. to the south-east (Widmale 1086 DB, Wismalua (p) 1130, Wizmalua (p) 1156 P, Wimalue 1220 Fees; further PNNp 129), as shown by Professor Ekwall (v. PNNp 1. c.). The el. common to the two names is explained from an OE *mealu, gen. *mealwes, cognate with ON mQl, Sw mal 'stones, gravel', referring to an oolite ridge on which the place was. Second el. OEleah 'clearing', OrdlingbfRre hundred 1066--75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, OrdUn)baro hd' 1086 DB, Orniberihdr' 1166 P, hd of Orlingberge 12 NpS, 1253 Ass 615, 1284 FA, hundredum de Ordlingber' 1220 Fees, hd of Ordelyngberge 1293 Mise, Orlyngbere 1316, Orlyngbury 1428 FA. The hundred is named from the viI. of ORLINGBURY, 4 m. NW. of Welling borough: Ordinbaro 1086 DB, Orlinberga (p) 1130, Orlimberg' (p) 1176 P, Ordelinberg' (p) 1202 Ass, Horlinbere 1203, Ordi(n)bere 1207 Cur (p), Or lingber, Ordligeber' 12,12 Fees, Ordlingberg' 1254 Norwich.

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred·Names

First el. perhaps an -ingas-derivative of an OE pn *Ordla, a diminutive of pns in Ord-, cf. PNNp 129. Second el. probably OE bearu 'grove'.

and in PNNp 136 from OE *AndterhO pn. Names in Ean- are very common in OE, whereas only two or three certain cases of names in And- have been found. The only objection to the former alternative seems to be the Geld Roll forms in An- and And-; but this is not decisive, and on the whole I think that Lindkvist's derivation is to be preferred; the numerous ME forms without a -d- do not seem to be in favour of derivation from a pn in And-. Second el. OE hoh 'hill'. -- The Ilame is taken from a conspicuous hill on the boundary of Earl's Barton amI Mears Ashby pars, called Alfordes Hoo in 1565, where the hundred court used to be held (PNNp I. c.).

122

Spelhoe bd. S. of Orlingbury hd, E. of Nort.hampton and NObottIe Grove hd, from which it is separated by a tributary of the Nene, N. of the Nene, including in the north t.he pars of Spratton, Pitsford, and Moulton, and in the east, bordering on Hamfordshoe hd, those of Overstone and Gt Billing.

Spelhoh hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Spelehov. Spelho, Spelehot, Sperehov, Spereholt 1086 DB, Spcleho 12 NpS, Speleshohundredu1n 1186 P, Spelho 1185 Rot Dam, 1202 Ass, 1220 Fees, 1224 Cl, 1247 Ass 614B ID 41d, 1265 Mise, 1285 Cl, 1316 FA, 1365 Pat, 1412 FA, Spelholt 1275 RH, Spelowe 1354 Pat, Spel lowe 1428 FA, Spelhoo 1531) "E. - OE *spell-hoh 'speech-hill'; eL spclstol1:e BCS 165, 882 and BT s. v., Spellow PNLa 115, Spelthorn hd Mx (Gover 78), and PNNp passim; for the sense of OE spell in these componnds there is a parallel in a passage

Higbam. Ferrers bd. The narrow strip of land to the east of the Nene, N. and S. of Higham Ferrers, including the pars of Ringstead and Rannds in the north, borde ring on Hnxloe hd, and those of Wollaston, Strixton, Easton Mandit and Bozeat in the south, bordering on Wymersley hd. Uke the latter hundred it was regarded as a hundred and a half.

ooer healfe hundred into Ilehham 106G--75 (c. 1200) Geld . Roll, Hecham hd' 1086 DB, hd and a half of Hecham 12 NpS, hundredum et dimidium de Ilecltam 1180, Ilechamhundredwn et dimidium 1186, hun.dredum et dimidium de Hegltam 1188 P, Hundredum de Ilecham 1202 Ass, 1284 FA, ltundredum de Hecham de libertate manerii de Hecham 1248 Cl, hundr' de Heyghamferers 1329 QW, hd of Hegham Ferres liHil Pat.

from DCS 591 (901-24; orig.), referring to an assembly: ... oa W:I~S ic oara manna sum oe O::Br to genemned W::Bran .. , oa reahte heora <.egoer his spell ... - For the Domesday forms cL Zach risson ANlnfl 128, 151 note. The name survives in SPELHOE Bush, half a mile N. of Weston Favell viI.; it is in the N. of the par, on high ground with old tracks leading to it (v. Bridges op. cit. I 400, Baker 1 I 5, PNNp 1;~2).

The hundred is named from the manor of IIIGHA~1 FERRER~, to which it was appurtenant (cf. RBE 1166: Comes de Ferrariis tenet Hecham cum uno hundredo et dimidio cum pertinentiis ... p. 336): Hecham 1086 DB, 1164 P, 1205 Cl, Hehham 1156 P, Hegharn 1229 Cl, Hekham 1253 Ass 615 m 13d, Heccham Ferrar' 1279 01.

I1amfordsboe lid. E. of Spelhoe and S. of Orlingbllry hds, N. and W. of the ~ene, inclu ding WeIlingborough in the NE.

Anfordes lw, Andueroes hnh hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Andferdesho, Ha111Jerdesho (1), Anl'esdesov (1) 1086 DB, Anwardeshowap' 1175, As·wardeshohundredum. 1180 P, Anfordesho 12 NpS, 1220, 1247 Fees, 1285 Ass 615 m 71d, Amfordesho 1202 Ass, 1265 Mise (Amph-), 1313 lpm, Aunfordesho 1253 Ass 61~) m 10d, 1316 FA, 1325 Ipm, 1336 SR 155/5, 1348 Ipm, Andfordeshn 1276 RH, Hamfordesh 1284 Fit, Aumfordesho 1329 Ass 632 m Id, 1412 FA, Haumfordesho 1539, Alforde howe 1542 LP. - The first el. is derived by Lindkvist (p. 171 f.) from OE Eanfer /1 (Eanfrio, Anfred; also in Eanferfies hlau (0) 956 BCS 945) pn; 1 G. Baker, History and Ant.iquities of the County of Northampton, London 1822-30.

123

OE *hehham 'high homestead'. 'The town stands high above the Nene valley' (PNNp 191). For the distinctive addition v. the RBE quotation. Wymersley bd.

J '~<

S. of the Nene, SW. of Higham Ferrers hd, including in the west the pars of Rothersthorpe, Milton and BIisworth, bordering on Nobottle Grove and Towcester hds, and in the south those of Courteenhall, Quinton, Pid dington and Horton, bordering on Cleley hd. - In the 11th century, and apparently also for some time afterwards, the western part of this hundred, said to include (in DB) Hardingstone, CotlrteenhaIl, B1isworth, Milton, CoIlingtree and Rothersthorpe, but probably including also Wootton, was a separate hundred called:

124

O. S. Anderson

Coltrewestan hd', Colestrev, Colentre1: hd' 1086 DB, qlloddam This 1I1lndr' vocatum Colyngtreston 1329 Ass 632 m flld. 1 name is composed of that of the viI. of COLLINGTREE, 3 m. S. of Northampton, and OE stan 'stone'; for other similar cases, and for the variation between forms with and without -stan, see above p. XXXVII. - Collingtree is; Colentrwu 1086 DB, Colintrie 1163 P, 1199 FFP (p), Colentreie 1199 Cur Il, Colentr' 1200 Cur, 1216 Cl, Colintre 1201 Ch, 1295 Ipm, Colentre 1236 Fees, 1254 Norwich, 1587 BM, Colyntre 1241 Gross, Colyngtre 1315 Pat, Colyngetre 1322 Cl, Colyntreu (p) 1339 Pat, Colyngtrow 1358 BM, Colyn(g) troughe 1367 Cl, Colingtrough 1390 Ipm. ~ First eI. probably OE Cola pn (PNNp 145); second el. OE treo 'tree'. p<Bt oaer healfe hundred into Wimereslea 1066--75 (c. 1200) Geld Holl, Wimeresle, Wimereslea, Wimerlev, Winemereslea (1) hd'; Wimareslea hd' et dimid' 1086 DB, Wimereslehundredwn 1180, Wimereslea hundredum et dimidium 1182, Winemereslea hllndredum et dimidium 1183, h1mdl'edum et dimidium de Wime resleahundredum 1188 P, hd of IVymeresle 12 NpS, 1253 Ass 615 m 15, 1316 FA, 1337 Cl, Wirneresleia 1199 P, H'imeresle' 1202 Ass, 1220 Fees, Wymersle 1265 Mise, 1336 SR 155/5, 1348 Ipm, Wymerle 1276 HH, IVymersley 1346 FA, 1539 LP. - OE Winemrer pn and le(a)h 'clearing'. The name is preserved in WYMERSLEY Bush, the name of a field in Little H(~ughton par; the spot is probably referred to as Motelowe 'hill of assembly' in the 13th century, and it is no doubt the site of the hundred meeting-place (v. PNNp 142),

The English Hundred·Names

125

Ipm, Cleyley 1346, Cleilley 1428 FA. - OE cliEg 'clay' (or cliEig 'clayey') and le(a)h 'clearing'. The hundred meeting-place was at CLELEY Well (Bridges I Hit); referred to as Clayliewel feUd, Cleylyfeld t. Eliz PNNp 105; Cheley Well on the OS), half a mile NE. of Potterspury near Watling Street, whence the hund red is called hundr' de Pirie 1226 Cl. - The soil is clay here, as may be inferred from the name of Potterspury; Bridges (I. c.) says that 'the clay which is lIsed by the potters ... lies so near the surface that it is sometimes turned up by the plough'. Towcester hd. A district to the north and south of Towcester, including the pars of Cold Higham, Pattishall, Gayton, Tiffield, Towcester and Abthorpe. In DB the hundred is also made to include Wappenham, and in NpS also Whittle bury, Evenley (partly) and Hinton in the Hedges.

into uyceste hundred 1 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Tovecestre hd' 1086 DB, hd of Toucestr[el 12 NpS, Hundredum de Thouecestria 1202 Ass, de 7'ouecestr' 1220 Fees, hd of Touuecestre 1265 Mise, Hundredum de Toucestre 1316 FA. The hundred is named from the town of TOWCESTER, on the rivcr Tove: (Et Tofeceastre 921 ASC(A), Tovecestre 1086 DB, Touecestr' 1158 P, 1199 FFP (p), 1221 Cl, Thauecestr' 1207 Pat, Touecestre c. 1207 BM, Tuu(e)cestre J AD Il, TOfcestre 1266 Pat.

Explained by Professor Ekwall as a compound of the river name TOVE and OE ceaster 'castle'; v. further ERN 414. Greens Norton hd.

The SE. corner of the county, S. of Wymersley htl, and E. of Towcester and Greens Norton hds, including in the west the pars of Easton Neston, Paulerspury and Potterspury.

W. of Towcester hd, bounded on the south by Kings Sutton, on the west by Chipping Warden, and on the north by Fawsley hds, including the parS of Greens Norton, Blakcsley, Bradden, Slapton, Woodend, vVeedon Lois, Plump ton, Adstone, }'faidford, Canons Ashby, Moreton Pinkney, and, deta. ched, Silverstone and Whittlebury. It corresponds to the Domesday hd of Foxle.

Klegele hundred 1066--75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Clailei, Claile(a), Claislea, Claiesle(a), Cailre (1) Cla1.'eslea (1), Claislvnd (1) 1086 DB, Claela 1162 P, Cleile 1185 Hot Dom, Cleyle 12 NpS, 1220 Fees, 1265 Mise, 1284, 1316 FA, Glaile 1202 Ass, Clayl' 1235 Cl, Cleyl' 1247 Fees, Cleyele 1276 HH, Cleyleye 1301, Chell' 1341

Voxle hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Fox(e)le(a), Foxesle(a), Foxhela (1), FOJ:lev (:1), FO,Tcslav (1) hvnd' 1086 DB. - It is named from the hamlet of FoXLEY, in the NE. corner of Blakesley par, on the boundary of the hundred 2; Foxeslea 1086 DB, Foxle 1100-28 Mon V 192 (copy), 1155-8 (1329) Ch, 1220

1 In the entry where this form occurs the jurors of Wymersley hd present that Henry de Hastynges, who formerly held the hd of Wymersley at farm of King Henry (Ill), had combined (attra.Tit) a certain hundred called Colyngtreston with the hd of Wymersley.

1 For into Touyceste by haplography; the y is an inverted spelling for cf. py for pe at the end of the text. • According to Bridges, op. cil. I 234, it is partly in Fawsley and Tow. cester hds; in DB it is returned under Towcester.

Cleley hll.

I I

Fees, 1304 Ipm, Fnxleia Hy2 BM, Foxleya 12 NpS, Foxlea (p) 1190 P, Foxele 1230 P, 1316 FA (p); -- from OE fox(a) le(u)h 'fox elearing'. In the 12th century this name was exchanged for that of the caput of the hundred: hd of .Vortnn 12 NpS, hundredum de Norton' 1185 Rot Dom, 1220 Fees, 1276 RH, hundr'm de NOTton Davy 1329 QW. The name is taken from that of the manor of GREENS NORTON, to which the hundred perta.ined (Baker, op. cit. n 1, states that the hundred was granted with the manor of Norton to Baldwin de Betun temp. Richard 1; cf. also: fVillelmus le Mareschal tenet maneriwn de Norton' s'imul cum hundredo isto 1258 Ass 615 m 2). For the various forms assumed by the PN v. PNNp 42.' Kings Sutton bd. Occupies the SW. corner of the county, S. of Greens Norton and Chip ping Warden hds, including the pars of Thorpe Mandeville, Culworth, Stutchbury, Helmdon, Astwell, Wappenham and Syresham in the north. Greatworth is in Chipping Warden hd. - In the 11th century the NE. part of the district, including Chacombe, Thorpe Mandeville, Marston SI, Law rence, Steane, Evenley (partly) and the pars E. of these, fonned a separate hundred known as:

Tbe English Hundred-Names

O. S. Anderson

126

Eadboldes stowe hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Elbol deston (for -stov), Elboldestov, Edboldestov, Edboldeston, Hole boldest', Odboldestov, Otboldestol" Alboldest01' 1086 DB, Albode st01lJe 12 NpS, Alboldestovhdr' 1157, Albodestohdr' 1159 et passim, Ailbodistouhdr' 1175," Alewestohundredum 1193 P; hundr' de Sutton et Abbotstowe sub nominacione humlredi de Sutton' 1329 Q.W; - OB Eadbald pn and stow 'place': Apart from the Pipe In PNNp it is suggested that the hundred meeting-place was near some fields called MODLEY Gate in Greens Norton, which may represent an old moot-stow, but if so, it must remain uncertain whether it was associa ted with the hundred-court. o Apart from these forms, which are in entries relating to new pleas, the name occurs, in combination with that of Sutton hd, at the beginning of e,-ery roll at least down to 1242; it was copied from one roll on to the other, and the spelling-variants that occur are of little interest (it is spelt Abbodesiowe 1156 RBE, and Abbotestan 1230, 1242 P). 3 The name has not survived, but Bridges says (op. cit. I 203) that according to tradition the hundred-court used to be held in Gallows-field in Stutchbury; but it seems doubtful if this can really have been the court for this hundred, as it had been lost for several hundred years by nridges' time. 1

127

rolls the hundred is not mentioned in 13th century records, though a reminiscence of it seems to have lingered on down into the 14th century. It seems to have been always closely connected with Sutton hd, and v.-as apparently definitely combined with i.t in the 13th century. Sutton hd sometimes appears as a double hundred, which may refer to the combined hundreds. Suttunes hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Svton(e), Svdtone hd' 1086 DB, Sutton' ... II hundr' 1156, Suttun hdr' 1157, Suttonehdr' 1166, Suttone 11 hundr' 1168, (de) II hundredis de Sutton' 1182 P, Duo hundreda de Suttan' 1185 Rot Dom, 1199 P, Hundredum de Sutton' 1220 Fees, de Sutton 1276 RH, 1316 FA, 1539 LP; hundredurn de Sutton Regis 1250 Cl. The name is derived from that of the manor of KINGS SUTTON, to which the hundred was appurten:mt (cf. H. M. Cam EHR 47,357, and reference): Sudtone, Sutone, Sui one 1086 DB, Suttun. e. 1190-1200 BM, Suttun Regis 1252 Ch, Kinges Sution 1294 Cl.

OE *sup-tiin 'south farm'; it was a royal manor already in 108(>' Cbipping Warden M. N. of Kings Sutton hd and W. of Greens Norton hd, Oil the Warwick shire border, including in the east the pars of Byfield, Woodford cum mem bris, Eydon, Chipping Warden and Edgcote. Sulgrave and Greatworth are detached parts of this hundred.

Werdunes hundret 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Wardone, Ward-vne, Wamdone, Waredon(e) hvnd' 1086 DB, hundredum de Wardon' 1179 P, 1220 Fees, Wardlln'hundrcdllm 1180 P, hd of Ward on 12 NpS, 1276 RH, 1316 FA, hundr'm de West Wardon 1329 QW, manor and hd of West lVardon a1. Chepyng Wardon 1486 Ipm. The hundred is named from the manor of CHIPPING WARDEN, to which it was appurtenant (cf. Walterus L.edet et .. , a tempore quo non extat memo ria seisiti fuemot de predicto hundredo in manerio de West Wardon' QW 574; also Ipm VII 423): Waredone 1086 DB, Wardon 1163 BM, Wardon' 1203 Cur, Wardun' 1222 Fine, WestlJ'ardon"--1,242 Fees, Chepyngwardon 1387 nM.

OE *weard-di1n 'watch hill', referring to Warden Hill, a mile NE. of the viI. of Chipping Warden; v. PNNp 36.

Fawsley bd. W. of Watling Street on the Warwickshire border, N. of Chipping Warden and Greens Norton hds. The modern hd corresponds to the 11th century hundreds of Alwardeslea and Gravesende. The former consisted of the northern part of the present hundred, the latter of the southern part.

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The boundary between them is somewhat uncertain. According to the NpS, Gravesende included only Catesby, Fawsley, Everdon and Weedon Beck, and the places S. of these, but it must also have included at least Badby (v. DB L 222b). Probably the boundary was more or less uncertain even at t.his date. Towards the end of !he 12th cent.ury they were combined to form one hundred. Egelweardesle hundred 10G6-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Alwar

deslea, Al1:ratlev 1086 DB, Aylwoldesle 12 NpS, Aiwardeslea 1186, Halwardesleahund1'edum 1188, Ailwardeslea, Alwardesleahdr' 1189 P. - OE JEgelu'eard pn and le(a)h 'clearing'.! Grauesende hundred 106G----75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Graves end(e) 1086 DB, Grat'eshende Falewesle 12 NpS, Grauesend' hundredum 1186, Grauesendehundredum 1191 P. - OE grates ende 'the border of the grove'. For ende = border cf. hoUes on ende (BT Suppl s. v. ende)! in Falewele et in hundredo, Falewel'hundredum 1193, Duo hundreda de Falesleia 1199 P, Hundr' de Falgesl' 1215 Cl, Hund redum de Falewesle 1220 Fees, 1256 Pat, 1316 FA, hundredum de Falewel' 1234, de Falelheleg' 1246 Cl, hd ot Falwesle 1265 Mise, Hundr'm de Faluwesle 1276 RH, de Fallesle 1428 FA. The name is taken from the manor of FAW8LEY, t.o which the hundreds belonged (cf. t.erram ... in Falgesleg' et Trap' cum omnibus pertinentiis suis et cum Hundr' de Falgesl' 1215 Cl; in Domesday the sake over a large part of the hundred (the manors of Braunston, Everdon, Staverton, Dodford and Farthingst.one) is stated to belong to l<'awsley): (to) Fealuwes lea 944 BCS 792, Falelav, Felesleuue, Felveslea, Faleuuesle(i) Falewesleie, Feleuuesleie 1086 DB, F(e)aleweslea 1107-11 NRS IV, Falewe(s)lea 1167L P, Falewesle 1202 Ass, Faleuwesl' 1218 WellsL; ~ v. PNBk 175, PNNp 23. In the 13th century the courts of the hundred were held at a thorn-tree in Newnham; cf.: Hundr' Domini Regis (Fawsley hd) solebat teneri ad spinam de Newenham et predictus Abbas (the Abbot of Evesham) modo non per mittit illud ibo teneri 1247 Ass 614B m 47d.' Later they are said to have been held under a large beech-tree called Mangrave in Fawsley Park (PNNp 9). The exact site of the t.ree has been fixed as being on a high 1 There does not seem to be any reason to doubt the genuineness of the Geld Roll form; it is perhaps worth noticing that the interchange of forms in Ail- and Al- is also found in a name like Albodestov (above; from OE Eadbald), which lessens its value as a criterion. • It is tempting to think that p(£s grates ende BCS 792, a boundary mark to the north of Badby, may represent the meeting-place of the hundred, though it may of course be a mere coincidence. The later meeting-place of Fawsley hd is about two miles farther south. , Quoted by Miss Cam, The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls, p. 172.

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ridge near the junction of Faw8ley, Badhy and Everdon pars, and in land still common to the pars of Badby and Newnham (op. ciL p. LII). It seems very likely, therefore, that the thorn-tree which marked t.he meeting place in 1247 may have stood near that spot, too. If, as suggested in PNNp 9, Mangrave and Gravesende are identical, the suggestion for the identi fication of the latter made on the previous page must probably be abando ned.

Rutland. This small county now contains five hundreds: East, Wrangdike, Alstoe, Martinsley and Oakham-soke hds. In 1086 its area was still smaller than at present, its eastern portion, corresponding to the modern East and Wrangdike hds, being then included in Northants. The remaining part of the county :was divided into two wapentakes in 1086, the present Oakham soke hd being of late origin. The Northamptonshire portion of the county is called the hundred or wapentake of Wiceslea in DB; later the district contained two hundreds (in the Geld Roll it is also divided into two parts, east and west, corresponding to the later hundreds). For a full account of the Domesday organisation of the county, v. VHRu I 121--36. The ' two western wapentakes, Alstoe and Martinsley, were of the same size, but the hd of Wiceslea was very long and irregular in shape, which may be the reason for its being split up into two hundreds.

East bd.

Wrangdike bd.

These two hundreds occupy the SE. part of the county on the Wel land. East hd consists of the eastern (or northern) part of the district, including Empingham and Ketton, and the pars E. of these; Wrangdike hd consists of its western part, including the pars of North Luffenham, Pilton, Glaston, Bisbrooke, Liddington and Stoke Dry in the north. The district corresponds to the 11th century hd of:

Hwicceslea east, west hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Wice(s)lea Wapent', Wicesle Hvnd', Wiceslea hd' (Wap' in the margin) 1086 DB. -The hundred was named from WITCIILEY Heath, in its centre, on the boundary of Ketton and Edith Weston pars (also called Witchley Common in J. Cary's map 1787; Witchley Warren Farm and Spinney (6") are on the modern map near the 1 The county seems to be referred to as Rotelande Wapentach 1168 P; at first sight, this might seem to bear out Professor Stenton's sugges tion (VHRu I 136 note 30) that the county originated as a wapentake, but the entry is probably too late to be of any value in this respect; the com parison with the names of Framland and Aveland waps which seems to have suggested this explanation is not quite to the point, as these are Scand. names (ending in lund). A different view of the original status of the county is taken by Professor Ekwall (StNPh II 36 L).

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E. boundary of Edith Weston par): wasto de Wieheslea 1185 P, Whieehele 1299 Seld 13, (waste ... called) Wyehele in Edithe Weston 1310 Pat, lVicheley Heath 1610 Speed. - First el. probably an OE pn *Hwieee, derived from the tribal name Hwieee; cf. PNWo XV; Karh,trom 86, StNPh I 136; PNNp 152 s. n. Whiston; also WHISSENDINE Ru (Wichin.qedene 1086 DB, Wissendena 1176 P, Wicsinden' 1212 Cur, fVissenden 1241 FFLi) , 10 m. to the north-west? (Hwicceslea) east hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Esthdr' 1166, 1187 P, 1202 Ass (Np), 1263 Ass 721 m 10 (Hund redum de), 1265 Mise, 1275 RH, 1301 Cl (hd of), 1316 FA. The simplest way of explaining the name seems to be that suggested above. The two parts of Hwieeeslea hd may have been called simply East and West hd for shortness' sake. Easthundred survived but *Westhundred got a new name. Cf., however, VHRu I, 125 note 10, where the identity of the modern East hd with the 11th century 111IJieeeslea east is doubted for reasons of assessment. Wrangediehhdr' 1166, Wrongediehhundr' 1168, 1176 P,

IVrangedieh eal'ly 13th NRS IV, Wrongedik 1257 Ipm, 1263 Ass

721 m 9, 1265 Mise, 1286 QW, Wrangedik 1275 RH, 1327 SR

165/3, Wmngedyk1286 Ass 722 m 10, Wronggedik' 1296 SR 165/1,

Wrangdik 1300, (a hundred called) Le Wrondik 1315 Ipm, Wrang

dyke 1344 Pat, Wrangdyk 1370 Cl, Wrangdiehe 1396, Wrandyk 1401 Ipm. - ON (v)rangr and dik 'crooked dyke' (= road? Cf. Langdyke above p. 114), but the site of the place is lost. Wrang is commOn in field-names (cf. e. g. PNNp 266 f.). AIstoe bd. The NW. part of the county, including in the east the pars of Stretton, Greetham and Horn, and in the south those of Whitwell, Exton, Burley, Ashwell and Whissendine.

Alfnodestov Wapentac 1086 DB, Alnestowa 1183, Alnesto wapentaeum 1184, Alnodestouhundredum 1195 P, Hundr'm de Alnathestowe 1263, 1286 Ass 721 m 13, 722 m 10, Alnastowe 1263 Ass 721 m 12, 1296 SR 165/1, Alnestowe 1276 RH, 1286 QW, 1300 Ipm, 1312 Pat, 1327 SR 165/3, Alstowe 1535 VE, - OE JElfnop pn and stow 'place'. The name is taken from MOUNT ALsToE (6"), a tumulus a mile NE. of Burley (Alstoe House is SE. nf Mt AlstoeV 1

ALSTBORPE, the name of a lost place in Burley par, which must have

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131

ltlartinsley bd. S. of Alstoe and W. of Wrangdike hds, including the pars of Hamble ton, Normanton, Edith Weston, Lyndon, Manton, Wing, Preston, Rid lington, Ayston, Uppingham and Martinsthorpe. It origina.lly included all the SW. part of the county, but the 'V. part of the district is now in Oakham soke bd.

Jlfartineslei(e) Wapentae 1086 DB, Martineslea Wap' 1169, 1201 P, 1202 Ass (Np) (Wapentacum de), Martinesleawapentaeum 1179, Martinesfeldwapentaeum 1187, llundredum de Martinesleia 1199 P, Hundr'm de Martinesle 1268 Ass 721 m 12, 1265 Mise, 1276 RH, 1300 Ipm, 1816 Pat, 1327 SR 165/3. - OE Martin pn (Searle) and le(a)h 'clearing'; ef. Martinscroft PNLa 96. The site of the place is unknown, but it is doubtless to be associated with :M:ARTlNSTlIORPE, a par 3 m. S. of Oakham, in the centre of the old hundred: Martinestoeh' (p) 1176 P, Martinestorp' 1206 Cur (p), 1250 Cl, Martinstorp' 1254 Norwich, Thorp Martur (for -in?) 1259 Grav, Martinesthorp' 1263 Ass 721 m 12, Martinstok 1286 QW, Martynesthorp 1315 Ipm; the second el. may be OE stoe 'place', replaced by thorpe, or OE porp. Oakham·soke hd includes the district W. of Martinsley hd, formerly belonging to the latter hundred; also Clipston in the north of the county. It is mentioned together with lIfa.rtinsley hd in 1428 FA (Hundreda de Okeham cum Martyn[es]ley) and on Speed's map 1610 (Oukhamsook Hundred), but otherwise I have found no references to it. It is apparently the soke of Oa.kham made into a hundred, and of recent origin.

Warwickshire. The old Warwickshire hundreds have undergone rearrangement and amalgamation to a very great extent. At present the county is roughly quartered, the partitions being known as Knightlow, Kington, Barlichway and Hemlingford hds, but in 1086 Barlichway consisted of two, Knightlow of three, and Kington of four or five hundreds. Most of the old hundreds disappeared in the 12th century, but those of the present Knightlow hund red seem to have been distinguished as 'Ieets' down to the 16th century. Hemlingford was by far the largest of the old Warwickshire hundreds, occupying the whole of the NW. quarter of the county; this may to some been near Mount Alstoe (Speed (1610) marks the place some distance _ about a mile - NNE. of Bnrley), is of different origin. It is Alestanes torp 1086 DB, Alstanthorp 1282 Ipm, Alestantorp 1327 Ch; Alstorp 1202 Ass (Np) , AlesthoTp 1286 Ass 722 m 13, Alsthorpe juxta Burle 1399 Ipm; first el. OE .tE1lstiin or Al (h)stiin.

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The English Hundred·Names

O. S. Anderson

extent be accounted for by its being partly an old forest region. The early hundreds in the remaining part of the county were of the samc order of extent, those of Knightlow hd being sliglItly larger than the rest, those of Kington smallest. Some of the Domesday hundreds apparently had parts of their areas detached (Pathlow, Fexhole, Berricestone), but on the whole they seem to have been compaet and fairly regular in shape (for an attempt at reconstructing the Domesday hundreds v. B. Walker, The Hundreds oC Warwickshire, Antiquary 39; the hundredal rubrication of DB is incomplete). The river Avon was mostly chosen for a boundary between the hundreds in the SE., and those in the NW. part of the county, and the old Forest. of Arden must, in early days, have separated Hem lingford hd from the hundreds to the soutb and east. - Wixford is treated as a separate hundred in RH, but this seems to have been due to a mistake, v. QW 783. Knightlow M. The E. part of the county, bordering in the west on Hemlingford and in the south on Kington hds, including in the north the pars of Stretton Baskerville, Burton Hastings, Bulkington, Bedworth, Astley and Arley; in the west Exhall, Keresley, Allesley, Kenilworth and Leek Wootton; and in the south Leamington, Whitnash, Harbury, Bishop's Itchington, Water gall, Hodnell, Radhourn, Napton on the Hill and Wolfhampcote. In the 11th and 12th centuries the district was divided into three hundreds: Brinklow (DB Bomelav) , Marton and Stoneleighj in the latter half of the 12th century these hundreds were replaced by tbe 'sbipsoke', later tbe hd, of Knightlow, but they seem to have continued to exist down to the 16th century as separate units known as 'leets', and accordingly having sepa rate courts. The boundaries of the early hundreds cannot be determined with certainty from Domesday, but they were probably nearly identical in area witb the later leets; the leet of Brinklow consisted of the NE. part of the present hundred, N. of the Avon (also Long Lawford S. of the Avon) including Keresley, Exhall, Foleshill, Shilton, Ansty, ?Oombefields and Brinklow in the west. The leet of MlLrton was S. oC the Avon and E. of Wolston, Stretton on Dunsmore, Wappenbury, Hunningham, Long It chington, Southam, Ladbroke and Hodnell (inclusive). The leet of Stone leigh included the western part oC t.he hundred consisting of the district surrounding Ooventry, Stoncleigh and Kenilworth, but with a strip ex tending southwards as "far as Bishop's Itchington.

Bomelav hd' 1086 DB, Brinkelawehdr' 1175, 1188, Brinkelawa hundredum 1180, Hundredum de Brinkelewe 1195 P, Brinkelawe 1226-8 Feesj (Hundr' de Knygthelowe). Leta Brynkelowe in hund redo predicto 1327, Leet at Brinkelowe in hd ot Knythelowe 1332 SR, Leet ot Brinklow 16 BM. The Dame is derived from that oC the viI. of BRINKLOW, on the Fosse Way, 5 1 /. m. NW. of Rugby: Brinckelawe 1155-7 (1251) Ch, Brinchelawa 1174, 1180 P, Brinkrdulce 1201 Cur, 1218 Cl, 1221 Ass 950 m 6, 1298 rpm,

133

Brinkelowe 1262 Ass 954 m 55, 1282 Ipm. -

The same first e1. is found in: BRENKLEY and BRINKlll1RN Nb (Mawer); BRINKHURST and BRINKSOLE SXj BRINKWORTH W (Brinkewroa 1065 KCD 817; v. Ekblom); BRINGSTY He (Bannister); probably also BR1NKLEY HILL He (in Brockhampton; no early forms. found); BRlNKLEY Ca (Brinkelai ?1177-94 France, Brinkele 1201 Obl, 1208 Cur, Brinkelay 1208 Cur, Brinkeleg 12fl3 FF); and probably in BRINKHlLL Li (Brincle 1086 LiDB, 1200 Our, 1219 Fees, 1246 Gross, Brincla, Brinche 1115-18 LiS, Brinkel c. 1150-60 DO (p), 1226 FF, 12f\4 Norwich, 1276 Ipm, Brinckell' 1212, Brinkil 1242 Fees, Brinkhil 1250 FFj second el. probably OF. hyll; Cor the forms in -le, v. Harthill above p. 18; Streatfeild's explanation (from Da brink and kliJl) seems less likely).

The received explanation of the first el. of Brinklow and similar names is from OE Brfjnca pn, a diminutive of BTun, occurring twice in LVD; v. Mawer PNNb 31, EPN 9, IPN 179, PNSx 11.5, 131; but it seems hardly likely that all the PNs mentioned should contain this rare name.. As moreover all the places 1 are on hills or slopes, i~ is difficult to avoid the conclusion that we have here an OE *brinc- 'hill, slope', cognate with ON brekka 'steep slope', :MLG brink 'margin, hill, slope'; v. Torp 277' - The second el. of Brinklow is OE hUiw 'hill, mound'. - The DB form Bomelav is probably corrupt.

Mereton(e) hvnd' 1086 DB, Meretonehdr' 1175, Mereton'hund redum 1180, 1191, Mareton'hundredum 1183, Mettonehundredum 1184, Mertonehundredum 1188 P; Leta Mertone in Hundr' Knyg 1327, Leet of Merton 1332 SE. The hundred is named from the vi1. of MARTON, at the junction of the rivers Learn and Itchen: ?Mortone 1086 DB, Merton ?1151-7 France, 1231 Pat, 1302 Ipm, Mereton' 1206 Cur, Menon' 1235 Cl, 1262 Ass 954 m 54d, Marton 1344 BM.

Probably from OE *mere-tiln 'farm by the pool', though OE (ge)mere 'boundary' is also possible for the first cL; v. Duignan.

Stanlei(e) hvnd' 1086 DB, Stenleahdr' 1175, Stanlegehundredum 1180, Stanleahundredum 1183, Stanlegahundredum 1188, Stanle/ hundredum 1191, Hundredum de Stanleg' 1195 P'; Leta Stonler!e in Hundr' Knygth 1327, Leet of Stonleye in the lid of Knythelowe 1332 SR, Leet of Stanley 16 BM. I can make no statement as regards Brinkhurst Sx. • The exishmce of an OE *brinc is assumed by Professor Zachrisson

(StNPh V 61 note),

• According to Dugdale, Antiquities of Warwickshire (1730), I 2, Hund' de Stunley is mentioned as late as 1279 in a Memoranda roll. 1

The English Hundl'ed-Names

The hundred is named from the viI. of STONELEIGH, on the river Sowe, 3 m. E. of Kenilworth: Stanlei 1086 DB, Stanleia juxta Coventreiam 1153 BM, Stanlea 1156, Stanlega 1157 P, Stanleia early Hy2 BM, Stanleg' 1203 Cur, Stanleya 1204 Ch, Stanlegh' 1227 Fees, Staneleg in Aerdern 1259, Stonleye in Ardern 1286 Pat.

century the Domesday hundreds were replaced by the 'shipsoke', later the hundred, of Kington.

OE stan and le(a)h 'stony clearing'; 'where the town stands is rocky' (Dugdale). - The court for the manor of Stoneleigh was held at MOTSLOW HILL (La Mostowe 1268 Ch), opposite the village (Dugdale I 254).

Sipe Socha de Cnichtelawa 1170 P, Hundredum de Knictelawe 1221, 1232 Fees, Knichtelawe 1221 Ass 950 m 8, 1270 Pat, Knyctelawe, Knitelawe 1247 Ass 952 m 32d, 36d, Knightelawe ib. m 40, 1281 Pat, Knytelowe 1265 Misc, Knytelau'e 1272 Ipm, Knygthelawe 1276 RH, Knygthelowe 1327, Knythelowe 1332 SR, hd of Knyghtlowe Crosse 1495 Ipm. - OE cniht (or cnihta gen. pI.) 'knight' and OE hliiw 'hill, mound'. - The hundred is named from its meeting-place 1 at KNIGHTLOW Cross (6") on Knightlow Hill, on Dunsmore Heath, by the Coventry-Daventry road, 6 m. SE. of Coventry, on the boundary of Stoneleigh and Marton hds. - For the term Sipe Socha v. above p. XIX.

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O. S. Anderson

134

Kington bd. The SE. portion of the county mainly E. of the Avon, and S. of Knight low hd, till recently including also Tanworth, Packwood, Nuthurst and Lapworth in the west of the county; formerly also the town of Warwick. In DB four hundreds are located within this district. Tremelav hd included the NW. part of the present hundred, extending southwards as far as Kineton, Butlers Marston, ?PilIerton and Eatington (inclusive); Honesberie hd was in the cast of the county, E. of Tremelav hd; Fexhole hd was S. of Tremelav hd, including Tysoe, ?Compton Wynyates, Oxhill, ?PiIlerton, ?Whatcote, Idlicote, Honington and Brailes, and probably also Lapworth, Rowington and Shrewley in the west of the county (v. Walker op. cit. p. 181 and see above). Berricestone hd was in the southern extre mity of the county, S. of Fexhole hd, and also included an isolated area consisting of Ilrnington, Whitchurch and Stretton on Fosse (the part of Worcestershire that separated these places from Warwickshire was inclu ded in the latter county in 1931). - In the 12th century a fifth hundred is mentioned as belonging to the district in question, viz. that of Cotes. It is associated with Warwick, but its exact area is uncertain. - In the 13th 1 A curious old custom, the collecting of 'Wroth-Silver', was still ob served at this place as late as 1902; v. Dugdale op. cit. I 4; H. M. Cam, The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls p. 126 f.

Tremelav, Tremeslav (1) 1086 DB, Tremelawahundredum 1180, Tremlawehundredum 1188 f. P. CL (Richard de) Thrimelowe 1334 Misc (Th1'ymelowe 1334 Cl), apparently the name of a War wickshire man (associated with Erdington in Birmingham), who may have come from this hundred. - Perhaps from OE (:Et) Jlreom hliiwum 'three mounds'; formulas of this type are common in names of boundary-marks in OE; cf. especially (of) preom hlawan KCD 65:3 (Wo); also TWEMLOW Ch: Twamlow (p) 1192 1208, Twamelawe (p) c. 1190-1220, Twamlowe (p) 1208-29 Werb, from OE (:Et) twam (twmm) hliiwum. Honesberie, Onesberie 1086 DB, Hunesberihundredum 1191 P. OE Hun pn (Redin 17) and OE be(o)rg 'mound, hill'; cf. (be) hunesbiorge BCS 562 (Kt), and Hunningham Wa (PNing 133), near Leamington. 1 Fexhole hvnd' 1086 DB. Probably an error for Foxhole, i. e. OE foxhol -u 'foxes' burrows'. Bedriceston (1), Bedricestone (1), Bel"Ticeston(e), Bericest' hd' 1086 DB; named from the viI. of BARcHEsToN, opposite Shipston on Stour: Berricestone, Berricest1me 1086 DB, Bercheston' 1193, 1195 P (p), 1205 Cur (p), 1221 Ass 950 m 7, 1232 Cl, Berkeston' (p) 1199 Cur, Bercheston' Symonis 2 1236 Fees, Bercheston 1294 Misc, Berchiston 1319 Pat, Byrcheston 1325 Ipm, Berchistone 1327 SR. - Duignan suggests OE Beornrlc pn for the first eI.; if the Domesday forms in -d- stand for anything, they may perhaps indicate that it is rather OE Be(o)rhtrlc pni cf. Brightston PNDv 584: brihtrices stane 1050--73 Earle, Bedricestan 1086 DB. Second eI. OE tun 'farm'. No weight should be attached to the form in -k-. Coteshundredum 1183, Cotehundredum 1184 P, Hundr' de Cotes cum suburbio de Warewic 1221 Ass 950 m 3d, Hundr' de 1 It is tempting to associate the hundred-name with that of HENS BOROUGH Hill in Thurlaston, but this is no doubt impossible for topographi cal reasons; cf. Walker in Birmingham Arch. Soc. Trans. XXXI 30 note. 2 The person referred to in the preceding examples is called Simon de Bercheston'.

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The English Hundred·Names

Cotes quod 1Jocatur suburbium de Warr' 1232 Ass 951 m 22d. 1 - It was named from COTON END, i. e. 'the part of Warwick which lyes on the east of the town' (Dugdale), also known as 'the suburb of Warwick' (e. g. 1232 Ass, 1242 Fees etc.): Cotes 1086 DB, 1229--42 BM, 1247 Ass 952 m 39d (vicus), Cota 1123 Mon VI 1327 (copy), Cotis 1315 Ipm, in Warrewych, in the street called Coton 1420 AD III 473; from OE cotu(m) 'cottages'. In 1221 Woodloes and Cherlecot' seem to be referred to this hundred (cf. partem orientalem suburbii dicUB villre cum tota Stochulle et Wodelawe Mon VI 1329); but otherwise no account can be given of its extent.

Fernecvmbe hvnd' 1086 DB. OE fearn 'fern' and cumb 'valley'. Patelav hvnd' 1086 DB, Pattelawahdr' 1175 P, Hundr' de Pathelawe 1221, 1232, 1247, 1262 Ass 950 m 2, 951 m 1, 952 m" 32, 954 m 65, 1242 P, Patelawe 1252 Fees, Pathelowe post 1257 BM, 1285 QW, 1332 SR (liberty), hd of Patthelowe 1265 Misc, 1327 SR (libertas), Hundr'm de Patlawe, Pattelowe 1276 RH, hd of Paththelowe 1340 Pat, hundred' de Pathelow 1535 VE. - The hundred was named from a tumulus called PATHLOW, in the SE. corner of Aston Cantlow par, on the road from Stratford on Avon to Wootton Wawen, 3 m. NW. of Stratford on Avon. According to Dugdale (op. cit. II 642) a court used to be held here twice" a year. The place is referred to as Pathelawa 1174 P, Pathelowe 1290 Cl, 1327 SR (p), Potfelouie 1320 Ipm. - The first el. may be compared with that of PANBoROUGH S'o: (at) Pathenebergh'e 956, Papeneberga 971 BCS 920, 1277 (copies), Wadeneberie 1086 DB, Patheneberg Hy2 (1227) Ch; PAYTHORNE YWR: Pahtorme, Pathorp 1086 DB, Paththorn late 12th Pudsay, Pathorn 1195 P (p), 1208 Cur, 1248 Cl, Patthorn' 1210 Cur; PAINLEY YWR (1 1 / 2 m. SE. of Paythorne): Padehale, Paghenale 1086 DB, Pathenhal (p) c. J Pudsay, Pathanle, Patenhale 1200 45 (c. 1350) Percy, Pathenhale (p) 1226 FF; and PATELEY BRIDGE YWR: Pathelaywath 1210-30 Furness, Patheleybrigge 1320 Ch. The first el. of these names may be an OE *papa 'wanderer', related to OE pmp 'path', and pmppan 'to wander'; cf. stapa and stmppan. Barlicheweihdr' 1175, 1179, Barlinge1ceihundredum 1176, Bar ligweihundredum 1183, 1190, Barlichweihundredum 1188 P, Bal richweie 1221, Barlichewaye 1232 Fees, Barlicheweye 1247, 1262 Ass 952 m 31, 954 m 65, 1265 Misc, 1276 RH, Barlichesweye 1252 Fees, 1276 RH, Rarlichwey 1274 Ipm, Barlichweye 1316 FA, Barlycwey 1327, Barlichway 1332 SR, Barlochwey 1428 FA. OE *ba?rlic-weg 'road where barley is carted' or the like; cf. NED s. v. barley and PNBeds 52; also Barlichul n. d. AD I (Market Bosworth Le), and PNNp passim. - The name survived as BARLICHWAY on the old 1" OS map, in the name of a field on the boundary of Binton and Haselor pars, but is given as Barley Leys on the modern map. Dugdale says (op. cit. II 641) that the pars of Binton, Haselor and Temple Grafton used to hold a court here.

136

Sipe Socha de Chinton' 1170 P, Hundredum de Kinton' 1221 Fees, hundred' de Kintun' 1222 Cl, de Kincton' 1225 Fine, hd of Kynton 1265 Misc, 1274 Ipm, 1316 PA, Hundr'm de Kynton' 1276 RH, de Kingtone 1327, hd of Kyngton 1332 SR. The hundred is named from the town of KINETO~, 10 m. S. of Warwick: Cyngtun, (into) Cyngtune 969 (18) BCS 1234, Qvintone 1086 DB, Chintona 1124-7 (1314) Ch, Chinton' 1166, Kinton' 1171, 1192 P, Kincton' 1216 Cl, 1232 Fees, Kynton' 1217, Kintun' 1220 Cl, Kyngton 1291 Tax.

OE *cyne-tiln or *cyng-tun 'royal estate'. Kineton belonged to the king in 1086. - Por the term Sipe Socha v. above p. XIX. BarIichway hd. The SW. part of the county, W. of Kington and Knightlow hds, S. of Hemlingford hd, mainly W. of the Ayon, including the pars of Wootton Wawen, Preston Bagot, Rowington, Wroxall and Honiley in the north. In 1086 the district was divided into two hundreds, Fernecvmbe and Pathlow; the former has not been met with after Domesday, but the latter survived into the 16th century. In 1327 (SR) Path!ow consisted of two distinct parts, one in the SE. of the hundred, including A!veston, Tid dington, Clifford, Lox!ey, Stratford on Ayon, Old Stratford, We!combe, Bishopton, Shottery, Hampton Lucy, Ingon, Hatton (in Hampton Lucy), Clopton, Luddington, Drayton and Wilmcote; and one in the NW. of the hundred, inclUding Wootton Wawen, Ullenhall and Henley in Arden. The hundred seems to have had nearly the same extent in 1086, but may have included also Aston Cantlow and Billesley (cf. Walker, Antiquary 39, 182 f.), thus making the district c,ontinuous. 1 The hundred of Chikenes (Chikeneshundredum 1183 f., Chicheneshdr' 1189 P, Chikenessehundredum 1203 P 49), which makes its first appearance at the same time as Cotes hd, has not been identified. Is it from OE *Cicca pn (cf. Cichus Redin 28, Chickering PNing 72, Chicksands PNBeds 168) and OE (Csc 'ash-tree'?

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Hemlingford bd. The NW. part of the county, N. and W. of Barlichway and Knightlow hds. The modern name does not occur till the 12th century; the Domesday name of the hundred was:

Coleshelle hvnd' 1086 DB. - The name is derived from that of COLESHILL, E. of Birmingham, on the river Cole: (in eodem concilio qui dicitur) Colles hyl 799 (11) BCS 295, Coleshelle 1086 DB, Coleshell' (p) 1162 P, Coleshull' 1200 Cur, 1207 Ch, 1222 Cl, Coleshill' 1206 Cur, Colleshull in Arderne 1294 Mise, 1327 Cl. Professor Ekwall suggests that both the river-name and the first el. of the PN are derived from W coll 'hazels' (ERN 86). - The quotation from BCS 295 seems to show that this was an old meeting-place. Humilieford 1162, Sipe Socha de Humeliford' 1170, Sibbe Soka de Humiliford' 1175, (de) Sibbesocha et de Humeliford' 1178, (de) Sibbesocha et Humilifordhundredo 1179, Humelesfordhundredurn 1180, Hurnelifordhundredum 1183, Hurneliefordhundredum 1184, Hurnilifordhundredum 1190, Vrniliford' 1195 P, Hurniliford' 1221, 1247, 1262 Ass 950 m 3d, 952 m 35, 954'm 52, Humeliford' 1226 -8 Fees, 1232 Ass 951 m 5d, Hwniliford 1265 Mise, Humbelford 1276 RH, Hurnelyngford' 1285 Ass 956 ID 34, H1tmelingforth 1316 FA, Humelingforde 1327, Humlyngford 1332 SR, Humyliford 1346 Pat, Hemlingford 1587 D; cf. Robertus de Humeleford' 1195 P (Wa). - OE hymele (hurnele) and ford 'ford where wild hops grow'. Cf. HIMBLETON, HIMBLE BROOK PNWo 135, ERN 196; and HIMLEY St (4 ID. W. of Dudley): Himelei 1086 DB, Humelilega 1185 P, Humelele 1242 Fees, Humeleleg 13 AD Ill; also HUMBLEYARD above p. 79. For the term Sipe Socha v. above p. XIX. - The hundred-name survives in HEMLlNGFORD BRIDGE (6") and HEMLlNG FORD Green, half a mile S. of Kingsbury church, where the Bir mingham-Tamworth road crosses the Tame.

Worcestershire. This county is now divided into five hundreds, Blackenhurst, Pershore, Oswaldslow, Doddingtree and Halfshire. Of these only Doddingtree is a.n old hundred; the rest were formed from other hundreds at different pe riods. In Domesday Worcestershire is stated to contain twelve hundreds CL 172 a). In the north and east of the county these old hundreds were preserved; but in the south the origjnal hundreds had been lost by the

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time of DB (the names of three old hundreds arc given in an OE charter), though it is possible to trace them in the number of hides attributed in DB to the holdings of the churches of Worcester, Wcstminster, Pershore and Evesham, to which this part of the county belonged. The church of Worcester had 300 hides, forming the triple hd of Oswaldslow, Westmins ter approximatcly 200 hides, Pershore 100 hides, and Evesham 100 hides. Part of the lands belonging to Evesham formed the Domesday hd of Fisses berge, now included in Blackenhurst hd. The lands belonging to Pershore and Westminster are known as Pershore hd from the 12th century. - The remaining five hundreds, out of the twclve assigned to Worcestershire in Domesday, were in the northern half of the county - also known as Kinetolk,t i. e. :the king's people', because belonging to the Crown, in contrast with south Worcestershire which was in the possession of the churches. They are all mentioned by name in DB; they were Dodintrev, Cresselav, . Clent, Came and Esch. Here the original hundredal division was accordingly preserved in 1086, but in the 12th century the four last mentioned hundreds were replaced by Halfshire hd; thus Doddingtree is the only survival of the old hundredal system. - Hardly anything is known about the topography of the old hundreds of southern Worcester shire. The modern hundreds are much broken up in isolated areas scat tered over the whole county. The old hundreds of northern Worcestershire on the whole consisted of compact and fairly regular areas, though parts of Clent and Esch hds seem to have been detached. As a rule, no natural boundaries seem to have existed here, the only case being Doddingtree and Cresselav hds which were separated by t.he Severn. The five northern hundreds were of roughly equal extent, Doddingtree being slightly larger than the rest.

Rlackenburst bd. Occupies the SE. corner of the county, including Abbots Morton, Atch Lench, Sheriff's Lench, Church Lench (part), Norton, Gt and Lt Hampton, and the pars E. of these. Harvington and Cleeve Prior are in Oswaldslow hd, and Broadway in Pershore hd. Oldberrow, now in Warwickshire, was in this hundred till 1894. It also used to include the par of Ombersley, near Worcester. but Omberslev was included in Oswaldslow hd in 1760. The mo dern hundred consists ~f the DB hd of Fissesberge which originally con~ 1 Kin(e)folka 1108-18 WoS, perhaps only a nonce-formation; it is from OE *cyne-tolc. The view held in PNWo and elsewhere that the name was applied to the scattered holdings of the Bishop of Worcester in the north of the county, seems to be due to a misapprehension. It must refer to the whole northern part of the county, where these holdings lay, the 'king's land' as distinct from the church lands in the south (Summa in Kinetolka = the sum of the Bishop's holdings in the part of the county belonging to the King, i. e. outside Oswaldslow hd proper!). Only thus is it possible to give a reason for the name at all.

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tained 65 hides; of part of the DB hds of Oswaldslow (Hampton and Bengc worth; v. DB f. 175b) and Esch (Abbots Morton, Atch, Sheriff's and part of Church Lench) (v. further VHWo Il 374 f.). - The hundred formerly be longed to the abbey of Evesham, whence it is also called Eueshamhundredum 1180, 1185, 1187 P, Hundr' de Euesham 1221 Ass 1021 m 1, 1230 P.

rounding Worcester, extending northwards as far as HartIebury, with a narrow strip extending east and south, including Inkberrow, Flad bury, Cropthorne, Netherton, Charlton, Elmley, Overbury and Sedgeber row. The DB hundred of Oswaldslow differed considcrably in extent from the modern hundred; the isolated areas now belonging to Oswaldslow in the north of thc county, for instance, were then included in the hundreds in which they are situated; for further particulars, v. VHWo III 246 ff. - Some account of the early history of this hundred is given in BCS 1135. The charter, whose authenticity has been doubted, but which is now considered in the main genuine, contains a grant by King Edgar to Bishop Oswald to unite the three hundreds of Wulfereslaw, Winburge trowe and CuiJburgelawe to form a sCYPfylleiJ oppe scypsocne (v. above p. XIX), which was to meet at a place called Oswaldeslaw in memory of Bishop Oswald. One of the three hundreds, that of CuiJburgelawe, was originally half a hundred, consisting of 50 hides at Cropthorne, Netherton, Elmley, Kersoe (in Elmley), Charlton, Gt and Lt Hampton, and Benge worth (v. BCS 235); but was made up to a full hundred by the addition of a number of manors (in reality consisting of 70 hides; v. VHWo I 246 f.) in different parts of southern Worcestershire; at least one of the hundreds that are stated to have preceded the modern hd of Oswaldslow seems ac cordingly to have been of a somewhat artificial nature (v. also VHWo I 247 f.). Winburgetrowe hundred is known to have included Blockley, Tredington and the other isolated areas of Oswaldslow in Gloucestershire (v. VHWo III 246f.); the court for this hundred continued to be held at the place that gave name to the hundred down to the 15th century. Nothing further is known about Wulfercslaw hd.

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Fissesberge hd' 1086 DB. OE Fisc pn (Ellis II 111; v. Redin 20) and be(o)rg 'hill,

mound'; PNWo 260. Blacahurste 1100-8 VHWo I 330 note 6 (Blakhurst (1330) BM, Blakehurste (1241) Ch), Blakehurst 1255 Ass 1022 m 24, 1276 RH, -hurste 1275 SR, Blakeherste 1275 Ass 1025 m 18d: Blakenhurste 1265 Mise, 1315 lpm, 1327 SR, Blakenhurst 1431 FA, Blakynhurst 1539 LP. -- OE blrec and hyrst 'black wood'. Pershore hd. Consists of the manors belonging to the monasteries of Westminster and Pershore in 1086, but is not mentioned by name in Domesday. Its shape is very irregular with several detached portions. Its main part is N. and S. of Pershore itself, extending beyond the Severn to the Here fordshire border. Broadway, locally in Blackenhurst hd, and Beoley, locally in Halfshire hd, belong here; for further particulars, v. VHWo IV 1 f.

hundredum de Persom c. 1150 Feud Engl 178, 1212 Fees, Persorehundredwn 1176 P, hundreduJn de Persor' 1235 Cl, hundr' de Persouere 1275 Ass 1025 m 14, llundredum de Perssore 1275, de Pershora 1327 SR. The hundred is named from PERSHORE, on the Avon, 8 m. SE. of Wor cester: (into) Perscoran 972 (c. 1050) BCS 1282, 1062-95 (12) Thorpe 615, . (on) Presc oran 1033--8 Earle, (on) Persceoran 1049--58 (18) KCD 804, !l23, Perscoram (ace.) 1066 (13) Thorpe 404, Persore 1086 DB et passim, Pershour' 1234 Cl, Pershouere 1242 Cl, 1282 Pat, Persouere 1247, Pcrsour' 1251 Cl, Perschore 1315 Ipm, Pershourc 1341 Pat; v. Ritter 133, PNWo 217; the 13th cent. forms point to interchange of OE ora and ofer in the second 1'1. - The hundred courts were held at Calcroft (in Pershore), Rhydd Grcen (on the bounda.ry of Hanley Castle and Malvern pars) and Pinvin (VHWo IV 3).

Oswaldslow bd. This hundred, like that of Pershore, consists of a number of separate portions of varying extents, scattered over the larger part of the county, and till recently (1931), of several isolated pieces in NE. Gloucestershire (v. also under Kington above p. 134), constituting the estates of the church of Worcester. The main part of the hundred is in the southern half of Worcestershire, where it includes a continuous district sur-

dimidium centuriatum quod Anglice vocatur Cuabergehl[awes h]undred, Cuobur.qelawe 964 (12) BCS 1135. OE Cilpbu7'h (f.) pn and hlaw 'hill, mound'. Wulfereslaw 964 (12) BCS 1135. OE Wulfhere pn and hliiw 'hill, mound'. Winburge trowe 964 (12) BCS 1135, hundredum apud Wibur gecroe (for -troe), Winburnetre, Wiburnestr' 1240 WoP, hundrm de Wimburntr' 1276 RH, hundred' de Wymburghtree 1376 Ipm; curia de Wymeburnetre 1408 PNWo 87. - OE Wynburh (f.) pn and treo 'tree'.

There is also mention of a fourth hundred-court within the area belonging to Oswaldslow hd, viz. that of Dryhurst. In 1276 RH the courts for Oswaldslow hd are said to be held extra Wygorn', ... apud Druhurst et apud Winburntre; in 1301 Wigorn, an inquisition is said to have been made at Dryhm'st; and in 1319 Pat, there is a referenee to the court of Rippel (Ripple) and hund red of Bruhurste (PNWo); this place was perhaps the meeting

Ir place for the parts of Oswaldslow that are in SW. Worcestershire. ~ The name is from OE dr.ilge and hyrst 'dry wood'; cf. (of) driganhurste BCS 112 (So). Oswaldes lau 11 Heming, Oswaldeslav, Oswoldeslav 1086 DB, Oswaldes lawes Hundret 1108~18 WaS, Oswaldestanehdr' 1175, Oswaldeslawahundredum 1176, Oswaldeslawehllndredum 1182 P, Osewaldeslawe 1221 Ass 1021 m 14, Oswaldeslawe 1255 Ass 1022 ill 25d, Oswoldeslowe ib. m 29, 1315 Ipm, 1346 FA, Oswaldelewe 1265 Misc, Oswaldeslowe 1275 SR, Oswoldeslewe 1352 Pat. OSWALDSLOW (now Low Hill) is on the boundary of White Ladies Aston and Stoulton pars, 4 m. SE. of Worcester, on the Worcester Evesham road. It is mentioned as (to, of) OsuJaldes hlawe 977 (11) KCD 612, in the bounds of Wolverton. The evidence of meetings being held in this neighbourhood is interestingly con firmed by the names of the adjacent villages of Spetchley (from OE SP(flC 'speech') and Stoulton (from OE stDl 'seat') v. PNWo 165 f. - The name is from OE Osu'ald pn and hUiw 'hill', but it seems rather doubtful whether the story told in BCS 1135 of its origin can be true; its occurring as a boundary-mark about ten years afterwards seems to prove it of older standing.

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Doddingtree bd.

In the NW. of the county, W. of Oswaldslow hd and the Severn, by which it is separated from Halfshire hd, extending southwards along the Herefordshire border as far as Suckley, with a detached part in Cotheridge. Eardiston and Knighton, locally in this hundred, belong to Oswaldslow hd. The area of the hundred has not changed much since Domesday; v. VHWo IV 218f.

Dodintret, Dodintrev, Dodentreu 1086 DB, Dudintree 1108 18 WoS, Dudintrehdr' 1175, 1182, 1185, Dudintrohundredum 1185, Dodintrehllndredum 1191 P, Dudintr' 1212 Fees, 1276 RH, Dudintre 1221 Ass 1021 ID 14d, Dodintr' 1255 Fees, Dodintre 1265 Misc, 1275, 1327 SR, 1305 Ipm, Dodyngtr' 1307 Ass 1033 m 1. - The meeting-place of the hundred was at the HUNDRED House near Redmarley (Gt Witley par) referred to as terra ... Ryd merlehge nominata, juxta fluddantreo sita 11 Heming (PNWo), Rudmerlege(?) ju.Tta Dodintrou 1182 PNWo; it is at the junction of the roads from Tenbury and Cleobury Mortimer towards Worcester. - From OE Dudda pn (Redin 63, PNWo 23) ani} treo 'tree'; for the DB form in -t, v. IPN 94 and cf. Condetret below p. 160.

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Halfshire hd. Occupies the N. half of the county, E. of the Severn. It was formed in the 12th century from the DB hds of Cresselav, Clent, Cam(m)e 1 and part of Esch. Cresselav consisted of the western portion of the present hundred, including Hartlebury in the south, and in the east Doverdale, Elmley Lovett, Rushock, Chaddesley Corbett, and perhaps Churchill.> Clent hd, E. of Cresselav, seems to have consisted of two distinct parts, one including Droitwich, Hadzor, Salwarpe, Hampton Lovett, Upton War ren, and probably Elmbridge and Dodderhillj3 and one farther north, in· eluding Belbroughton, ?Romsley (not in DB), ?IlIey (ditto), Halesowen and Warley, and the manors N. of these. - Came hd consisted of the NE. corner of the county E. of Clent hd, including in the south Tardebigge, Stoke Prior, probably Bromsgrove (part with certainty), and perhaps Grafton. - Esch hd, S. of Cresselav hd, on the Warwickshire border, in· cluded Feckenham, Hanbury, Kington, Inkberrow, Abbots Morton, Church Lench and, detached, Crowle and Cleeve Prior. Of these Feckenham, King ton and the greater part of Church Lench went to Halfshire, the rest to Oswaldslow and Blackenhurst. - HaIfshire hd is sometimes called the hd of Wick (from Droitwich).

Cresselav hvnd' 1086 DB, hundret of Kerselau 1108--18 WaS. OE cresse (cressa, CrErse, cerse) 'cress' and hlaw 'hill'; cL Creslow PNBk 77; also Cresswell PNNb 57, Caswell PNNp 43. Glent hvnd' 1086 DB, hundredum de Clent c. 1150 Feud Engl 178, Clenthundredum 1193 P. Named from the viI. of CLENT, in the Clent Hills, 4 ID. SE. of Stourbridge: Glent 11 Heming, 1086 DB, 1169 P, 1204 Ch, 1212 Fees, et passim; cf. also DUN CL ENT Farm, c. 5 m. SW. of Clent, on lower ground: Dvnclent 1086 DB, Dunclent' 1212 Fees, Dunclent 1230 P (p), 1294 Ipm, Dounclent 1315 Ipm, 1317 Pat (p). - In PNWo 279 the name is shown to represent an OE *clent 'rock' (also 'hill'?), cognate with Norw klant 'rock, hill'; and, with a different ablaut grade, ON klettr, Sw, Da, MLG 1 The parts of Cresselav and Came that belonged to the churches of Worcester and Pershore were later included in Oswaldslow and Pershore hds respectively (Hartlebury, Wolverley (Cresselav), Alvechurch and Stoke Prior (Came) in Oswaldslow, and Beoley and Yardley (Came) in Pershorej Yardley, like Northfield and parts of King's Norton is now incorporated in Birmingham). The vills of Clent and Broom were in Staffs from the 12th cent. to 1844. Halesowen was in Salop for a similar period. 2 In Cresselav according to the map in PNWo, but in Clent according to the text; the former seems mOre likely. 3 Elmbridge, and Wychbold in Dodderhill are stated in VHWo IV 218 to have been in Doddingtree in 1086, but a heading is no doubt missing here in Domesday.

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klint 'hill'. -

Dunclent means 'lower Clent', and seems to show that the name was once used of a fairly large district (op. cit. 255 f.). Came, Camrne hd' 1086 DB, Kamel 1108-18 WoS, Camele c. 1150 Feud Engl 178. - No definite etymology seems possible of this name; the forms in -l- are doubtless the original ones, as shown in PNWo 332; cf. also Hesetre below p. 162. It may possibly be identical with CAMEL So, whose second el. is derived by Professor Ekwall (ERN 64) from W moel 'bare', also 'conical, bare hill'; if so, the reference might be to some part of the Lickey Hills; -but no certainty is possible. Esch, Naisse (He) hd' 1086 DB, AEsc 1108--18 WoS, Leisse c. 1150 Feud Engl 178. -- OE resc (ad pam resce) 'ash-tree'; the L- of one form being the French definite article. It is suggested in VHWo In 1 note 3, and PNWo 314 that the hundred was named from a manor called Heisse (Haisse) , mentioned as belonging to this hundred- in a 12th century document (c. 1190). hundredum de dimidio comitatu 1176, hundredum Dimidii Conte 1191 P, hundredum Dimidii Comitatus 1195 P, 1276 RH, 1346 FA, (ad) dimidium comitatum, scilicet undredum de Wich' qui ita vocatur 1200 Cur, Dirnidii ComUatus de Wych' 1275 SR, (hund reder of) half the county of Worcester 1292 Misc, the hundred called'Demy Counte' 1315 Ipm, Halfe Shire Hundred 1610 Speed. - A name applied to the combined Domesday hundreds because occupying almost all the northern half of the county. The English form of the name was presumably in use by the side of the Latin, French and semi-French forms found in records, though not met with till the 17th century.

Staffordshire. The hundredal division of Staffordshire differs markedly from that of the counties to the south and west in showing far greater stability - all the Domesday hundreds are kept practically unchanged down to modern times - and in the size of the hundreds. The Staffordshire hundreds, five in number, are on the whole far larger than any in the adjacent counties; more especially as regards northern Staffordshire. The two hundreds in the south-west are of more normal extent. It seems to me that this must be due chiefly to the nature of the county. Northern Staffordshire is to a large extent moorland, which must have been unattractive to early

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settlers. It is noteworthy, as showing where the centres of these hundreds lay, that the meeting-places of the two northern hundreds (Pirehill and Totmonslow) are in the extreme south of the respective hundreds. Southern Staffordshire was largely a forest-district. The southern part of Seisdon hd was covered by Kinver Forest, and large parts of the two hundreds in the central part of the county, those of Cuttleston and Offlow, must have been occupied by Cannock Forest. The old Forest of Brewood formed the boundary of Seisdon and Cuttleston hds. The cultivated areas of these hundreds must in early days have been considerably smaller than at present.

Seisdon bd. In the SW. corner of the county, including the pars of Codsall and Bushbury in the north and Wolverhampton, Coseley and Rowley Regis in the east. In 1086 it also included the part of Shropshire that is between the present hundred and the Severn (except Quatford).

Saisdon(e) hvnd', Seiesdon hvnd' 1086 DB, hdr' de Saiesdona 1130, Seidon'hltndredum 1182, Seisdon'hundredum 1185 P, Hund redum de Seisdon' 1199 P, 1226--8 Fees, hdof Seisduna 1227 Ass, Seysdon' 1255 RH, hd of Seylesdon 1272 Ass, Seesdon 1285 FA, Seysdon 1316 FA, 1327 SR. The hundred is named from SEISDON, a hamlet on the river Smestow, near Trysull, practically in the centre of the old hundred: Seisdone 1086 DB, Seisdun (p) 1160-1206 Salt OS Ill, Seyxdun 1236 Fees, Seydon' 1236 Cl, Seisdon' 1242 Fees, Seysdone 1292 Ipm, Seyseden 1323 Cl, Seysedon, Sexe don 1428 FA.

A pn *Si.e{i)ga, a derivative of the name-theme Sfe-, has been inferred from Seabrook Bk, Seaton Ru, v. PNBk 98, though at least the first instance is doubtful (v. also ERN 284). A pn connec ted with OE names in SiiJ- might also be the first el. of Seisdon, though its exact type of formation would have to be left open. - The old explanation 'Saxon's hill' (W Sais; Duignan) is impro bable as shown by W. H. Stevenson (v. note in Duignan), Possibly, however, the name may represent OE *Seaxa dun 'the hill of the Saxons'. The s of the ME forms might be due to AN influence (c.£. IPN 114, 12; also Saxlingham PNing 138, Sessacott PNDv 162). The two forms showing an x might point to this, but the regular diphthong is hard to account for on that supposition; also the gen. pI. is generally Seaxna. Cuttleston bd. N. of Seisdon hd, including in the east the pars of Essington, Gt Wyr ley, Cannock and Brereton (part), bordering on Offlow hd, and in the north 10

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those of Brocton, Baswich, Coppenhall, Bradley, Haughton, Gnosall, Nor bury and Weston Jones, bordering on Pirehill hd.

Cvdvl,,"'estan, Cvdolvestan, Colvestan, C'l.'lvestan, Codvvestan (Np) 1086 DB, Cudeluestan 1130, Cudestanhundredum 1185, Cutul uestanhundredum 1187, C()duluestanhundredum 1193, Cuduluestan' 1199 P, Kudolvestan' 1199 Fees, Cuthulvestane 1203, Cuthul vestan 1227 Ass, Cuthulfestan' 1255 RH, Couthelleston 1272 Ass, Couthelston 1327 SR, Cuthelston 1347 Pat. - OE Cupwulf pn and stan 'stone'. For the DB form Cvlvestan cf. Cuulf Ellis II 73. - The name is preserved in CUTTLESTONE BRIDGE, a mile SW. of Penkridge, which carries 'an ancient thoroughfare called King Street' across the Penk (Duignan). Mr. Goodall conjectures that the place takes its name from the Cupa who fell in the battle of Fepanleag in 584 (ZONF I 175). Offlow bd. Consists of the SE. part of the county, E. of Seisdon, Cuttleston and Pirehill hds.

Offelav 1086 DB, Offelawahdr' 1175, Offelau'ehundredum 1182, 1185 P, Offelaw' 1199 Fees, Offelaue 1203, Offelawe 1227 Ass, Offeloue 1255 RH, Offelowe 1272 Ass, 1327 SR, 1330 Cl, 1402 FA, Uffelowe 1307 Ass. - OE Offa pn and hliiw 'hill, mound'. The hundred is named from OFFLOW, a tumulus (marked on the os, but now according to Duignan much reduced by ploughings) in Swinfen, at some cross-roads, half a mile N. of Watling Street and 2 1 / 2 m. S. of Lichfield. Pirebill hd. Roughly the NW. quarter of the county, N. of Cuttleston hd, inclu ding the upper part of the Trent valley, E. of Offlow and Totmonslow (q. v.) hds, extending northwards as far as Biddulph.

Pirehel, Pireholle, Pereoll(e) , Pereholle 1086 DB, Pirhullhund redum 1179, Pirehullehundredurn 1180, Pyrehullehundredum 1182, Pirhullehundredum 1187, 1191, Pirrehullehundredum 1188, Fir hellehundredum 1193, Pirehulhundredum 1195, 1199 P, PirhW' 1199 Fees, Pirehulle 1201 SP, Pirhulle 1203 Ass, Pirhull' 1212 Fees, 1230 P, Pyrhull 1227 Ass, 1275 Fine, 1283 lpm, 1350 Cl, Pirhul 1228 Pat, 1252 Fees, Pirul 1254 Ipm, 1255 RH, Pyrehull 1269 Ass, 1310 Cl, Pirihull 1285 FA, Pyrhul 1327, Pyrhull' 1333 SR. The hundred is named from PIRE HILL, on the south side of the Trent, 2 m. S. of Stone. - The first el. is no doubt

The English Hundred-Names

147

to be connected with ME piren 'to peer', ModE peer 'to look narrowly', EFris, LG piren 'to scan', Norw pira 'to trickle'; v. ERN 333 s. n. Pur Brook, and references. The meaning of the name would be 'look-out hill'. Pire Hill is the highest point for some distance; there is none higher between it and the river, and it. seems to have a good view down the Trent valley; on topo graphical grounds there is nothing against such a derivation. OE pirige, pyrige 'pear-tree' may be possible phonologically (for the type of composition cf. OE pirgriif 'pear-orchard' (Duignan); v. also Parlick PNLa 140), but seems less likely for other reasons. Totmonslow hd. The NE. part of the county, N. and E. of Pirehill and Offlow hds, including in the west and the south the pars of HOl·ton, Endon and Stan ley, Cheddleton, Caversvall, Forsbrook, Draycott in the Moors, Leigh, Field, Gratwich, Kingston and Uttoxeter.

Taternaneslav, Tatesla1), Tarnenaslav 1086 DB, Tatesmannislawa 1175, Tatemanneslat.oehundredlJ,m 1185, Tatemanneslawa 1187 P, Tatemaneslawe 1199 Fees, 1227 Ass, Tatemanelawe 1253 Mise, Taternanneslowe 1262 Pat, Tatemonnelowe 1272 Ass, Tatemones lowe 1293 Ass) 1316 FA, 1333 SR, 1348 Pat, Tatemonlowe 1327 SR, Tatmanneslawe 1327 Pat, Tarnmeslowe 1338 Cl, Tattemannes lowe 1356 Fine, Tatmondeslowe 1402 FA. -- OE Tatmonn pn and hlaw 'hill, mound'. The pn is found in OE in Tatrnonnes apoldre 947 (12), and Tatemannes beorgel(e)se 963 (12) BCS 834, 1125, names of a boundary~mark in the bounds of Washington Sx. It is also found later (e, g. Roberto Tateman 1190-1200 YCh 618, Hugo Tateman (Y) 1195 P). For the first el. of the pn v. Redin 54 f. - The place from which the hundred is named is now represented by TOTMoNsLow, a hamlet in Draycott in the Moors par, 2 m. S. of Cheadle.

Cheshire. Cheshire is now divided into seven hundreds, Macclesfield, Bucklow, Northwich, Nantwich, Eddisbury, Broxton and Wirral. Only one of these names, viz. Bucklow, is an old hundred-name, most of the other old names preserved in Domesday have later been replaced by names taken from the chief place within the hundreds and in the case of Wirral by the name of a district; as these late names are of little interest here, it has not been thought necessary to deal with them fully below. Two modern hundreds (Bucklow and Eddisbury) are composed of two Domesday hundreds each,

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

but otherwise the modern arrangement of the hundreds is the same as that of Domesday; some minor changes in the boundaries are to be noted (v. Tait, The Domesday Survey of Cheshire, Chetham Society N. S. 75, p. 75). In some cases the hundreds have rivers for their boundaries (v. below). Macclesfield hd in the eastern, hilly part of the county was the largest of the Domesday hundreds, but otherwise the variations in area are not very great; for a full treatment of questions of extent and assessment, v. op. cit. p. 16 ft. - In 1086 Cheshire also embraced a considerable portion of modern Wales, viz. the whole of present Flintshire and the greater part of present Denbighshire (op. cit. 22 ft.). Within this district two hund reds are named in Domesday: AtisCTOS hd' and Exestan, Extan hd'.' As these hundreds have no place in the hundredal organisation of the mo dern county, some words might be said of them here. The former, which was only partly hidated, included the main portion of modern Flint shire. It was named from CROES AT! between Flint and Leadbrook (op. cit. p. 16 note, p. 101 note 61; the cross itself is referred to in: (the place of) Crucem At ye 1282 Cl). The latter included the district between the Dee and Wat's Dyke, in modern Denbighshire. The name is apparently of English origin, its second el. being OE stiin 'stone', but it is hardly pos sible to decide the etymology of its first el. on the evidence of the Domes day forms only.

separated by the rivers Peover and Weaver. In 1086 this hundred was divided in two; Bucklow then only included its eastern portion including Lymm, High Legh, Tabley and Wincham in the west; the rest of the pre sent hundred was called:

148

T~'nendvn(e) hvnd' 1086 DB. The first eL of this name is no doubt OB Tun(n)a pn, a short form of OE names in Tun-; cf. Redin 50; second eL OE dun 'hill, down'. Bochelav hd' 1086 DB, Boclawe, Buckel', Buchelawe, Bukelawe 1260 Court, Buckelowe 1350 Chamb, Bokkelowe 1354, Bukkelowe 1357 Black Prince, Bucklowe 1392 Deputy Keeper's 36th Rep. p. 160, Buclowe 1427 37th Hep. p. 153. - First eL OE bucca 'buck' or Bucca pn; second eL OE hUi:w 'hill, mound'. The name is taken f~om BUCKLOW HILL, on Watling Street 3 '/ 2 m. SSW. of Altrincham, practically in the centre of the old hundred; cf. Tait op. cit. p. 16 note.

Northwicb bd. S. of Bucklow hd and W. of .Macclesfield hd, bounded by the Weaver on the west and by Nantwich hd on the south, where it includes the town ships of Minshull Vernon, Warmingham, Elton, Wheelock, Sandbach, Arclid, Smallwood, Odd Rode and Church Lawton.

"ftlacclesfield bd. The eastern portion of the county including Wilmslow, Chorley, Gt Wadord, Chelford, Snelson, Withington (Old and Lower), Somedord Booths, Eaton, N. Rode a·nd Bosley in the west, bordering on Bucklow and Northwich hds.

In Domesday the hundred is called Mildest1'ic(h) hd', taking its name from MIDDLEWICH, where its meeting-place may have been: Wich 1086 DB, Mildeluuicho 1153--81 (1346) Ch, Midil 'wich 1179 Mon V 662 (copy), .Middelwich' 1185 P, Middewiz 1351 Black Prince; the name usually Occurs in a Latin (more rarely in a Norman) garb: Medius Wicus 1240 Cl, 1280 Ipm et passim; Meynwych 127~j Ipm, Menewiz 1352 Black Prince. 'The middle Wich' (DE 'wic, v. EPN s. v., PNWo 286), that is, in relation to Northwich and Nantwich. The DB form exhibits the superlative, OE midlest, which was later apparently replaced by the positive. - Afterwards the hundred was named from the town of NORTHWICH: Nortwic Hundred 1260 Court, hd of Northwich 1320 Chamb, hd of Norwiz 1355 Black Prince.

The modern hundred corresponds to the DB hd of Hamestan (passim),. Hamstan (2), Hamstane (1). The second eL of the name is OE stiin 'stone'; first eL perhaps OE Hama pn, but in the absence of later forms no certainty is possible; cf. Hammenstan, Hamele- . stan Db, the DB name of Wirksworth hd. - The hundred belonged to the manor of MACCLESFIELD (cf. Tait op. cit. 31, 113; also: the manor of Macclesfeld with the Hundred 1354 Chamb), whence it is called: Macclesfield 2 hd 1248(?) Ipm, hd of Makelisfeld 1286 Court, hd of Maclesfeld 1316 Chamb, hd of Maklesfeld 1355 Black Prince etc. Bucklow bd.

In the north of the county on the Mersey, W. of Macclesfield hd, bor

dering in the south on Northwich and Eddisbury hds from which it is The hvnd' Arvester mentioned in the Cheshire Domesday is identi· cal with the cantred of Arwystli in Montgomeryshire (Tait op. cit. p. 24).

- For the DB hd of Chester see above p. XIX f.

• The modern spelling. -1

149

t 'I¥; -.;.' <.

Nantwicb bd. In the south of the county, S. of Northwich hd, including in the west the townships of Church Minshull, Cholmondeston, Stoke, Hurleston, Brindley, Faddiley, Chorley, Norbury and Wirswall, bordering on Eddis bury and Broxton hds.

The Domesday name of the district was Warmvndestrov hd'.

I If.iO

O. S. Andcrson

This is a compound of OE lVermund pn and treo 'tree'. Professor Ekwall (PNing 146) connects this name with that of WARMINGHAM (lVermingham 1260 Court, 1289 Cl, lVermyngham 1302 Chamb), just beyond the northern boundary of the hundred. - The modern name of the hundred is derived from that of NANTWICH, its caput: lVich Malbanc' 1260 Court (a hundred rubric), hd of lVyco Malb' 1283 Ipm, hd of Wych Malbank 1355 Black Prince (the distinctive name is from the family of Malbank; v. further Tait op. cit. 47 f. - For the etymology of the name of Nantwich v. Ekwall, ESt 64, 224). Eddisbury bd. Between the rivers Weaver and Gowy, NW. of Nantwich hd. In 1086 this district consisted of two hundreds, Risetone and Roelav, the former including the southern portion of the present hundred extending north· wards as far as Barrow, Ashton and Willington, the latter its northern part, but Alpraham, Rushton and Eaton, Little Budworth, Oulton, Over and Thornton le Moors apparently belonged to the DB hd of Dvdestan; v. Tait op. cit. p. 13 f., and map.

Riseton(e) hd' (passim), Risedon hd' (1) 1086 DB.

The first el. is probably OE *hr'isen 'of brushwood', cf. Princes

Risborough PNBk 170 f. The second is either OE tun 'enclosure

farm', or dun 'hill'; on general grounds the latter alternative seems

more plausible; the -t- of the majority of the Domesday forms

may perhaps be due to AN influence, ef. IPN 109 note 2. Roelav hd' 1086 DB. OE ruh and hliiw 'rough hill'. The name survives in RULOE, 2 m. SW. of Weaverham (v. Tait op. cit. p. 99 note). Another' Ruhelawe (in Leese) is mentioned in the Chester Cartulary (Werb 409). Edisbury 1260 Court (a hundred rubric), hd of Edesbury 1309 Deputy Keeper's 36th Rep. p. 474, 1350 Chamb, 1353 Black Prince, hd of Eddesbury 1391 Deputy Keeper's 36th Rep. p. 430. The name is derived from that of EDDISBURY, a par, 7 m. W. of Northwich: ?(ret) Eadesbyrig c. 1050 (s. a. 914) ASC(C), Edesberie 1086 DB, Edisbury 1288 Vale Royal. If the Chronicle form belongs here, the first el. would seem to be OE *Ead pn (cf. Redin 47); second el. OE burh 'fortification'. The name may denote the meeting-place of the combined hundreds; if so, the exact spot was perhaps at EDDISBURY HILL in Eddisbury par (the hill called Edesbury 1354 Black Prince).

The English Hundred·Names

151

Broxton hd. In the west of the county, W. of the Gowy and of Nantwich hd.

In Domesday the hundred has the name of Dvdestan hd'; this is apparently a compound of OE Dud(d)a pn and stiin 'stone'. The modern name is derived from that of the manor of BROXTON; it appears as Brexis 1260 Court ( a hundred rubric), hd of Broxon 1350 Chamb, 1355 Black Prince. For the etymology v. Ekwall ESt 64, 219. Wirral bd. Consists of .the peninsula of Wirral between the rivers Mersey and Dee.

The Domesday name of this hundred was Wilaveston hd'. It is taken fro.m the viI. of WILLASTON, 2 m. E. of Neston (Wilaston 1305 Werb). Afterwards this name was replaced by that of the district, the Wirral peninsula (Wirhale 1260 Court (hundred rubric), hd of Wyrhale 1320 Chamb, hd of Wirhale 1352 Black Prince), but the hundredccourt apparently continued to be held at Willaston, and there are some later references to it: the hundred (court) of Wilaston 1278 Ipm, hundr' de Wilaston 1354 QW,' the hundred court of Wilaston 1360 Black Prince..- The name is from OE W'iglat pn and tun 'enclosure, farm'. In the 12th and following centuries, there are some references to ano ther hundred belonging to this district, viz. that of Caldy: Caldeihundre dum 1183, hundredum de Caldeia 1185 P, hd ot Caldey 1285 Ch, 1304 Chamb, 1307 Ipm, hd ot Calday 1359 Deputy Keeper's 36th Rep. p. 342. It is named from CALDY (Gt or Lt), near W. Kirby: Calders 1086 DB, ?1096 1101 (1280) Werb, 1287 Court, utraque Caldera 1240--9 Werb, Kaldeye 1283 Ipm. Onnerod' says that the hundred-court of Caldy was quite distinct from the manorial rights of this manor and that its jurisdiction extended over several of the townships adjacent, but nothing seems to be known of its origin. The name seems to be from OE cald 'cold' and ears 'buttocks' (here = 'hill'?).

Shropshire. There are now fourteen hundreds in Shropshire, vix. Bradford North and South, Pimhill, Albrighton, Oswestry, Ford, Chirbury, Condover, Purslow, Clun, Munslow, Overs, Brimstree and Stottesdon; Domesday mentions fifteen hundreds wholly or partly within this county, but the 1 G. Ormerod, History of the County Palatine amI City of Chester (1819 ed.) II 258. • Op. cit. II 270.

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O. S. Anderson

modern and the Domesday hundreds are by no means identical. Some of the modern hundreds· are quite late, and some of the DB hundreds had disappeared before the end of the twelfth century; in 1255 (RH II 64), the number of hundreds was only ten. The DB hd of Lentevrde (I,eintwar dine), though included in Shropshire in Domesday, is better dealt with under Herefordshire, where the main part of its area lies. Of the hundreds wholly within the present county, the DB hds of Odenet (Hodnet) and Recordine (Wrockwardine) were combined in the 12th century to form the present Bradford hd; that of Mersete was included in one of the marcher liberties; those of Patintvne (Patton) and Cvlvestan are included in the modern hd of Munslow. The remaining DB hundreds (for that of Shrews bury see above p. XX) were in the main prese'rved, though their names were mostly changed, but their areas differ much from those of their mo dern counterparts. The most salient changes are the disappearance of the isolated areas that belonged to certain hundreds in 1086, and those which affected the county boundary; Chirbury hd formerly extended into the present Wales probably as far as the Severn; in the SE. the Severn for med the county-boundary as far north as Newton, a few miles N. of Bridgnorth. - The old hundreds were on the whole uniform in extent, though there are exceptions; Overs hd, for instance, which was smallest, is only about a fifth the area of the largest DB hundred, that of Recordine; this is also reflected in the number of hides given to each hundred in Domesday (v. VHSa I 283). Apart from the isolated areas just mentioned, for which Domesday is the sole authority, they were also on the whole regular in shape; in several cases they were separated by natural bounda ries and might represent old communities; for examples see further below. The Severn forms the boundary of Brimstree, Bradford and PimhilI hds on the one hand, and those in the south of the county on the other.'

North and South Bradforll bds. In the NE. of the county, N. of the Severn and Brimstree hd, from which it is separated by Watling Street, and by the broken country E. of Wellington; bordering on Pimhill hd in the west, where it includes the pars of Wem, Moreton Corbet, Shawbury and Upton Magna. In 1086 Moreton Corbet belonged to Baschurch hd, but Uffington and Albrightlee, now in PimhiIl hd (DB Baschurch) were in this hundred; Buildwas helonged to Condover hd in 1086. In Domesday the district is divided into the hds of Odenet and Recordin. They correspond approximately to the modern North and South Bradford, but Hinstock, Child's Ercall, Stoke upon Tern and Shawbury pars, which are in N. Bradford hd, belonged to the DB hd of Recordin. 1 In RH there is mention of a hundred (stated to contain Pickthorn) whose name is given as hundr' de Wybth't', of which no solution has been found. Eyton's explanation (v. R. W. Eyton, Antiquities of Shropshire, London 1853-60, I 238), that it is an error for Webtree, is probably not correct, as the MS-reading is almost certainly Wyvtht (no abbreviation marks).

The English Hnnrlred·Names

153

Hodenet hvnd', Odenet hvnd' 1086 DB was named from the manor of HODNET, to which the hundred is said to belong in DB (f. 253a col. 2): Hodenet c. 1071-86 (1423) Mon III 520, 1200 Cur II (p), 1244 Pat, 1284 Ipm, Odenet 1086 DB, 1267 Pat (p), Hodeneth Wm2 (1423) Mon III 521, 1292 Ch (p), Odinet 1215 (p), Hodenat 1284 Pat, Hoddened 1295 Ch (p). - No doubt of Celtic origin. Professor Ekwall derives it from W hawdd 'easy', origi nally 'pleasant', and nant 'stream, valley'; cf. also Seknent ERN 355. The village stands on a small tributary of the Tern. Recordin(e) hel' 1086 DB, (de) duobus hundredis Wroke wordhina et Cunedoure 1189 Mon V 359; named from the manor of WROCKWARDINE, to which it is stated to belong in DB (f. 253a; cf. VHSa I, 293): Worgordina c. 1071-86 (1423) Mon III 520, Recordine 1086 DB, Werecordina Wm2 (1423) Mon III 521, Wroch Wurain 1169, Wrochewurain 1172, Wrochwurdin 11'77 P, Wrocwurthin 1182 P, 1238 Cl, J,Vrocwurthin' 1212 Fees, Wrecwrthin 1255 RH, Wrecu'rthyn 1275 Pat. - The first el. is the name of the WREKIN, a well-marked hill S. of Wellington (O,'n(!ou6noY c. 150 Ptolemeus (Rhys 324), Viroconio 4 (8) Itinerarium Antonini (ib.),' (on, and lang) Wrocene 975 (12) BCS 1315, Lfl Wrekene 1278, 1351, La Wrokene 1284 Ipm, Wrokene 1300 Cl, le lVrekene 1323 Bodl, Wrokne 1335 Cl, Wrecken 1340 Pat; also in Wocensa?tna 7 (c. 1000), (in) Wreocensetun 855 (11), Wrocensetna 963 (12) BCS 297, 487, 1119; and WROXETER: Rochecestre 1086 DB, Wroccestr' 1240 Cl); second el. OE woraign 'enclosure, homestead'. Wrock wardine is about 2 m. N. of the Wrekin. - For the variation between e and 0 in the stem-vowel v. ERN 450. Bradeford' 1203, 1221, 1249, 1256 Ass 732-4, Bradeford 1255 RH, 1264 Mise, 1267 Pat, 1290 Ipm, 1316 FA, 1327 SR, Bradford 1428 FA. - The name is derived from that of a ford near High Ercall, of which Eyton (op. cit. VII 293, IX 65 f., 81) quotes the forms (molendinum de) Bradeford(e) 1141-8, 1176 from the Haughmond Cartulary. It is from OE brad and ford 'broad ford'. The site is lost; the ford may have been either across the Tern or the Roden, which join S. of High Ercall, but the most likely place is perhaps where the road from High Ercall to Shrewsbury crosses the Roden, a mile SW. of High Ercall village. , Both properly referring to the Roman station nr the Wrekin, i. e. Wroxeter.

I 154

0. 8. Anderson

Pimhill hd. W. of Bradford hd, N. of the Severn, bordering on Oswestry hd in the west, where it includes Ellesmere, Hordley, Baschurch, Gt and Lt Ness and Shrawardine. With the exceptions noted under Bradford, and with the addition of the modern par of Ruyton, now in Oswestry hd, and of four isolated areas one including Shifnal and Kemberton (Brims tree hd), one Neenton, Cleobury North and BUIwarton (Stottesdon hd), one Sidbury (ib.), and the fourth Chelmarsh (ib.; see map in VHSa I), the present hundred corresponds to:

Basecherch(e) (passim), Basecherc (passim), Bascherche hd' 1086 DB; named from the manor of B.~SCHURCH, to which the hundred belonged (DB f. 253a, and VIIS a I 293): Bassecherche c. 1071-86 (1423) Mon III 520, 1204 P 50 (p), Bascherche 1086 DB, Bassecherch Wm2 (1423) Mon III 521, Baschirche 1100-12 (1267) Ch, Bascerce 1121 Eyton X 69 (copy), Bascherch' (p) 1217 Cl, Bassecherch' (p) 1221 Ass 733A m 9d, Baschirche 1255 RH, Bassechirch 1256 (1332) Ch, Bassichurch' 1256 Cl, Baschyrche 1272, Bassech'irche 1292 Ass 736 m 38d, 739 m 70d, Bastchyrch' 1327 SR. - Probably from OE Bassa pn and cirice 'church" (Bowcock).' Pemhull' 1203 Ass 732 m 2d, Pebenhull' 1221 Fees, Penbenhull, Pendenhull 1255 RH, Pemenhull' 1256 Ass 734 m 25d, 1274 RIl, 1292, 1307 Ass 739 m 46, 746 m 3, 1327 SR, Pymenhull' 1272, 1292 Ass 736 m 39, 739 m 55, 1332 SR 166/2, Pimehull 1285 FA, Pymehull 1290 Ipm, Purnenhull' 1292 Ass 739 m 94, Pymenhull 1316, 1346, 1428 FA. - The name is derived from that of PIM HILL, a conspicuous hill in Preston Gubbals par, 4 m. S. of Wem. The hill itself is referred to in (Lee subtus) Pebenhul c. 1220-60 Eyton X 172 f. (now Lea Hall); (vivarium de) Pimenhull' 1256 Ass 734 m 22d. - The name should no doubt be connec足 ted with that of PlMLEY Manor, about 4 m. SSE. of Pim Hill, 1 Professor Zachriswn (ZONF VI 43---6) rejects this etymology, as few early forms show the medial e to be expected, and suggests derivation from an OE base *b(ps, *base, related to Norw dial bas 'underwood' etc. The forms in -e- are, however, commoner than Bowcock's material shows. Baschurch can hardly be named from the pool called Bassmere in the 15th cent. (now Marton Pool; v. Eyton X 78; called simply Mara 1199, la Mere 1240-50 etc. ib., also 134-8), as the pool is nearly 2 m. NE. of the viI, in another parish; the reverse process seems more likely. The Welsh form Eglwysseu bassa (J. Lloyd-Jones, Geirfa Barddoniaeth Gynnar Gymrmg (1931), s. v. Baschurch) tells distinctly in favour of the pn-derivation.

The English Hundred-Names

155

on a small stream called Pimbroc 12 Eyton VII 308, Pymbrok' 1292 Ass (ERN 54): Punelegam 1136 (c. 1290) Mon III 519, Pimbelega c. 1190 Eyton VII 305, Pimelberge (sic) 1201 Cur, Pimbeleg' (p) 1203, Pimbelee (p) 1221 Ass 732 m 6d, 733A m 11, Pimelegarn 1227 (c. 1290) Mon IH 523, Pimbeleg 1252 Eyton VII 308, Pembeleg' (p) 1255 RH, Pirnbelbll (sic) 1275 Cl, Pympe足 le ye 1291 Tax, Pembeley (p) 1327 SR, Pembeleye 1327 Pat (p), 1332 SR 166/2 m 2, Pympley 1535 VE. - The first el. is probably OE Pymma pn, as suggested by Bowcock for Pimley (cf. perhaps also the common ME pn Pimme, Pymme, e. g. Fees 1196 (Nt); 1251 Ch (Np), 1260 Court (Ch), 1293 AD IV 151 (Mx); 1289 Cl (Ch), et passim); v. also ERN 1. c. - Second elements OE hyll 'hill' and le(iI)h 'clearing'. The modern Albrighton hd is not mentioned by Eyton, and not in the Population Abstract of 1841, but there it corresponds to the Albrighton Division of Pimhill hd; the hundred no doubt originated as a Petty Sessions division, but it is difficult to say why this particular division is regarded /LS a separate hundred. That it cannot be an old hundred is seen from Pim Hill itself being in this hundred. Oswestry hd. The NW. corner of the county, N. of the Severn, and W. of Pimhill hd. With the exception noted above under Pimhill, it corresponds to:

Merset(e) hd' 1086 DB. OE *(ge)mer(e)setan 'the border-settlers'. The PNs MAESBURY (Meresberie 1086 DB, Meresbury 1302 Ipm, 1307 Pat) and MAEsBRooK (Meresb1'Oc 1086 DB) in this hundred, may have the same origin (derived by Bowcock from OE Mrere pn). Cf. also (parcum de) ;'rlarsetelie DB (Sa). A hd of OSW.;STRY is sometimes mentioned in the 13th century, and later, e. g. (de assise de) Albo Monasterio ... (de placitis et perquisitionibus nundinis et) hundredo 1242 P, hd of Oswaldestre 1279 Pat, 1282 Cl, hu de Albo Monasterio 1285 Cl, but these examples may refer to the barony of Oswestry. The modern hundred was created in 1535 (cf. above p. XXI), and not till after that date does it occur on the subsidy rolls (Hundr' de Oswester 1544 SR 166/161 m 1).

Ford hd. On the Welsh border, S. of the Severn and of Oswestry and Pimhill hds, bordering in the south on Chirbury hd and in the east on Condover hd, from which it is separated by the hilly district E. and S. of Pontesbury; including the pars of Alberbury, Wollaston, Westbury, Minsterley, Hab足 berley, Pontesbury, Gt Hanwood, Ford, Bicton, and Montford (part). With

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O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred·Names

the exception of Bansley, now in .Montgomeryshire, the hundred corres ponds to:

seem to gain support from the occurrence of the same name elsewhere (Witentre, la Witetre 1206 Cur, in Compton Sr). Cf. also (on) witena leage BCS 1312. Hundred' de Chireb' 1203 Ass 73? m 2, llundredum de Chirisbir' 1226-8 Fees, hd of Cholebiry on this side Offedich 1 1233 Pat, Hundr' de Chirburi 1255 RH, de Chirbury 1316 FA, hd of Cher bury and Halseten 2 1332 Pat.

156

Rvesset, Reweset (1) hund' 1086 DB. The name may be derived from W rhiw 'hill' (cf. Scandina vians 111, IPN 25) and OE setan 'settlers', as suggested by Profes sor Ekwall. This may have reference to the Long Mountain, which forms the western boundary of the hundred, and the name would thus mean 'the settlers by the mountain'. Hundr' de Ford' 1203 Ass 732 m 2, Hundredum de Forda 1221, de la Ford' 1252 Fees, de Forde 1255 RH, 1316 FA, 1327 SR, Hundr' de la Forde 1256 Ass 734 m 25d. - This name is apparently derived from that of the viI. of FORD, in the NE. of the hundred, on a tributary of the Severn (Forde 1086 DB, 1177 P, Forda 1160 P, 1226-8 Fees, Forthe1260 Abbr). Chirbury bd. On the Welsh border, S. of Ford hd, in the valley of the Camlad, separated from the hundreds to the east by the Long .Mynd, and the hilly district to the west of it, including the pars of Worthen, Shelve, Chirbury, and the townships of Brompton and Rhiston. In DB it also includes Mont gomery and a number of other manors W. and S. of the present hundred, probably extending to the Severn in the west. "Part of its area became marcher land and the portion W. of the present hundred was placed in Montgomeryshire in 1536 (VHSa I 287). The old name of the hundred is:

Witentrei, Witetrei, Witentrev, Witetrev hd' 1086 DB, hd of Whityntren (for -treu) 1329 Pat. l - The name is preserved in WITTERY (hamlet), and WlTTERY BRIDGE (6"), half a mile E. of Chirbury, on the other side of the Camlad; the place is referred to as: Wintr' 1228 Lib, Wittintre, TVytintr' (p) 1250, Wyntintr' 1252 Fees, Wititre 1255 RH, Wyttere, Whytintr' 1256, Whytitre 1272 Ass 734 m 25, 736 m 41, Wyntre (p) n. d., Wyttrue (p) 1370 .AD I, Whittre 1354 Pat. - The first el. may be OE Wita pn, but it is also possible that the name may represent OE *witena treo 'the tree of the men of the hundred'! The latter view might 1 Identified with Whittington (Oswestry hd), but this must be a mistake. The places mentioned as belonging to this hundred in the entry (Gt and Lt Hemme, Werbeton, Yornebury (for Th·), Norton, Eldeston, Wedleston and Weston) are in the part of Montgomery included in Witen trev hd in DB (f. 254a, col. 1). 2 A similar sense of OE 1vita is found in the pas~age: pa sende se cyning ... his insegel to palm] (sc. scir·)gemote :et Cwicelmes-hl:ewe and grette ealle pa witan pe p:er gesomnode W:Bron ... KCD 693.

The name is taken from that of the manor of CHIRBURY, to which the hundred is stated to belong in DB (L 253b, colI): (mt) Cyricbyrig 915 ASC (C), Cireberie 1086 DB, Chirebir' 1224 Cl, Chirebiri 1227 Ch, Cherebyri 1290 Ipm; for the etymology v. PPN 35-54, esp. 40 f.

Condover bd. E. of Cl1irbury and Ford hds, S. of Shrewsbury and the Severn, W. of Wenlock Edge, bounded by Purslow and Munslow hds on the south, where it includes the pars of Smethcott, Woolstaston, Leebotwood, Longnor, Frodesley, Church Preen and Kenley; it is separated from these hundreds by the Long Mynd and the hilly district round Cardington. In Domesday it also includes Ratlinghope, now in Purslow hd, and Buildwas, now in Bradford hd; Sheinton is now in Stottesdon hd.

COTlOdovre, ConedO'l~re, hand' Conendoure 1086 DB, Hundred' de CundouT' 1203 Ass 732 m 2, Hundredum de Cuned01.rr' 1221 Fees, hundred' de Conedover 1255 RH, Hundredum de Conedovere 1285 FA, de Conedouere 1332 SR 166/2. The name is derived from that of the manor of CONDOVER, to which the hundred belonged in 1086 (DB f. 253a, and VHSa I 293): Chonedoura c, 1 Offa's Dike, which here forms the boundary between Shropshire and Montgomeryshire. • There are several references to this place in early records. In 1249 Misc, the yearly rents of (del) Halchseten are said to be valued at £ 5. In 1318 Mise (Cl) the men of the townships of Brompton and Rhiston in Chirbury hd are said to owe no suit to the court of Halsetene (-tone). It is called Halcetour 1425 Ipm and the lordship of Halcetyr 1483 AD n. Eyton (op. cit. XI 73 note 2) says that it was the name of a district or manor, which included the par of Churchstoke (co. Montgomery, S. of Chirbury) except the manors of Brompton and Rhiston; with parts of Hopton, Mellington and Bishop's Tiertref(?). 'Somewhere in this district thus defined', he says, no doubt referring to the quotation from 1318, 'sat the court which in Edward I1's time regulated the civil concerns of the whole Bailiwick of Montgomery Castle'. It seems likely that Halseten may be the name of this meeting-place itself its second el. being OE seten, perhaps referring to some building used for the purpose; cf. seten PNSx 561 f.

1171~6 (1423) .Man III 520, Conendovre 1086 DB, Cunedofre 1169 P, Cunedovr' 1212 Fees.

The first el. is the name of the COUND BROOK, on which the village stands; the second may be W dwfr 'water' or OE ofer 'bank'; v. ERN 99. Purs]ow bd. In the SW. of the county, mainly S. of the Long ~fynd and the hilly region to the west of it, including the pars of More, Wentnor and Ratling足 hope in the north, and those of Myndtown, Wistanstow, Sibdon Carwood, Hopesay and Clungunford in the east. It corresponds in the main to the DB hd of (De)rinlav, hut Ratlinghope was in Condover hd, and Wistan足 stow, Clungunford, Bedstone, Bucknell and Stow in Lentevrde (Leint足 wardine) hd in 1086. The western part of the distriet is now ealled Clun hd; it is uneertain in how far this distriet was ineluded in the DB hd of (De)rinlav (ef. VHSa I 287).

The English Hundred-Names

O. S. Anderson

158

Derinlav (1), Rinlav (3) hcnd' 1086 DB. Second el. apparently OE hHlw 'hill, mound', but the explana足 tion of the first el. must be left open; it is even uncertain whether the first form or the second is the original one. Pusselawahundredum 1183 P, Htmdred' de Pusselawe 1203

Ass 732 m 2, 122~8 Fees, 1255 RH, 1311 Cl, Pusselowe hd

1272 Ipm, 1316 FA (hundredum de), 1327 SR, hd Of Posselowe

1290 Ipm, 1428 FA.

The name is derived from that of the viI. of PURSLOW, 4 In. E. of Clun:

Posselav 1086 DB, Posselawe 1242 Fees, Pusselawe 1256 Ass 734 ID 17.

First el. probably OE Pusa pn (from OE pusa 'bag'; cf. RediD

78); second el. OE hliiw 'hill, mound'.

ClUD hd is the name of the SW. corner of the county, W. of Purslow hd, including the pars of Clun, Mainstone, Bettws-y-Crwyn and Llanfair Waterdine. The hundred of Clun (de Cluna) is mentioned in a eharter as early as c. 1225 (Eyton op. cit. XI 230), but there is no reference to it in public records till the 16th century (Hundred de Clone 1542 SR 222/335). Clun was also the caput of the honour of Clun, and it is the honour that has been made into a hundred, as in the ease of Oswestry above; cf. Eyton XI 229.

Muns]ow bd. E. of Purslow hd, S. of Condover hd, bordering on Herefordshire in the south. It is eomposed of the Domesday hds of Cvlvestan and Patintvne and part of Lente'vrde (All, Chureh and Lt Stretton, Minton, Acton Scott and Plaish). Cvlvestan hd included the southern part of the present hundred, S. of Wenlock Edge, W. of the Clee Hills and Overs hd, in Corve Dale, with a detached portion including Hope Bowdler and Car-

159

dington. Patintvne hd was N. of Cvlvestan hd, E. and S. of Condover hd, mainly S. of Wenlock Edge, extending northwards to the Severn, and ineluding Lt Wenlock and Madeley to the north of the Severn. It included Ticklerton, Millichope, Stanway, Shipton, Stanton Long, Tugford, Clee St ~fargaret and Stoke St MHborough in the south, and Abdon, Ditton Priors, Acton Round, Barrow, PosenhalJ and Benthall in the east, and, detaehed, Beekbury and Higford (Brimstree hd). The N. part of this distriet belonged to the liberty ofWenlock, fonned shortly before 1200, but for purposes of taxation, at least, the whole of it was included in Munslow hd (v. SR 1327). After the abolition of the liberty of Wenlock the pars belonging to it were divided between Munslow, Brimstree and Stottesdon hds.

Cvlvestan (passim), Colmestan(e) (2), Comestane (1) 1086 DB.

Perhaps

id~ntical

with Cuttleston St (above p. 146), from OE

CiiJYWulf pn. and stan 'stone'. The forms in lm might be due to confusion >yith Culmington (in this hundred): Cornintone 1086 DB, Colminton' 1161, Culminton 1195 P. Patint1m(e) hund', Patinton hund' 1086 DB is named from PATTON, a locality 1 m. E. of Easthope, on the main road from Wenlock to Ludlow: Peat(t)ingtune 901 BCS 587, Patintvne 1086 DB, Patinton' 1214 Cl (p), 1255 RH, 1256 Ass 734 ID 21, Patyton' 1327 SR. - The first el. is a derivative of OE *Peat(t)a pn, also in Peat(t)anige BCS 1118 (Patney W); second el. OE tun 'farm'; cf. Karlstrom 88, who connects the name with that of the lost DB manor of Petelie (Patintvne hd); cf. also Pattingham St. Mulselawahundredwn 1187 P, Hundred' de Musselawe 1203 Ass 732 m 2, 1221 Fees, 1256 Ass 734 III 18, Tlundr' de Munselawe 1255 RH, hd Of Munceloue 1261 Pat, of Munselau 1274 Ipm, Hundredum de Monselowe 1285 FA, de Munselowe 1316 FA, 1327 SR.

The name is derived from that of the viI. of .ltluNsLOw, near the Corve 6 m. SE. of Church Stretton: lIlulsleie, -laye 1108---15 (1348) Eyton TTT 233 (ef. Pat Ed3 vol. 8 p. 186), lflosselau'a 1167, Musselawa 1187 P, Mosselawe 1242 Fees, lIfuscelawe 1252 Pat, Munselowe 1252 Cl, 1266 Pat, Mounselowe (p) 1321 Cl, 1347 Pat.

Bowcock starts from the form MUlsleie, which (if belonging here) seems to be supported by an early P form, and explains the first el. from OE Mill pn; but this leaves the later forms unexplained. I think the two forms in -l- may be disregarded as due to AN influence (cf. IPN 1060. This presupposes that the forms in -ns- are the original ones. The first el. may be a pn, but a definite suggestion is difficult (connected with OE Mund-?

Ii.'· ,(

160

O. S. Anderson

cf. Redin 172). Cf. Munsley He (Bannister). Second el. OE hUiw 'hill, mound'.

Overs hd.

A small district in the south of the county, E. and S. of Munslow hd,

W. and S. of the Clee Hills, bordering on Stottesdon hd in the east, inclu ding the pars of Silvington, Bitterley, Neen Sollars, Milson, Boraston, Bur. ford, Nash, Whitton and- Greet. In DB Caynham and Coreley pars, which are now in Stottesdon hd and divide the pars of Bitterley and Silvington from the rest of the hundred, were also in Overs hd; v. Eyton op. cit. IV 298 f. Neen SoHars was in Condetret (Stottesdon) hd in 1086.

First el. probably OE stod 'stud of horses'; second el. OE dun 'hill'; cf., however, Zachrisson ESt 62, 104; also Stadson PNDv 132.

Stottesdon lId.

Herefordshire.

These two hundreds occupy the SE. portion of the county; the former is (mainly) E. of the Severn and S. of Bradford hd, extending southwards as far as Worfield and Claverley (inclusive). Stottesdon hd includes the rest of the district, E. of ~funslow and Overs hds. In DB the district is also divided into two hundred8, those of Alnodestrev and Condetret. The former roughly corresponds to the present Brimstree hd, but also inclu ded a considerable area. W. of the Severn, E. of the DB hd of Patintvne, in c4Iding Aston Botterell, Middleton Scriven, Deuxhill, Glazeley and Ear dington in the south. Condetret hd consisted of the S. part of the pre sent Stottesdon hd. The district Eo of the Severn, as far north aB Wor field (inclusive) belonged to Staffordshire in 1086 (except Quatford).

Alnodestrev, Elnoelstrvi, Elnoelstrv(i)l hd' 1086 DB. OE LElfnop (probably) pn and OE treo 'tree'. For the final -l v. IPN 94. Condetret, Condretret (1) hd' 1086 DB. First el. perhaps OE Cunda pn (Forssner 57, Redin 62; cf. also CUDliffe PNLa 73). Second el. OE treo 'tree'; for the -t cf. Doddingtree above p. 142, and v. IPN 94. Conditre 1317 AD VI 96 (Walton, S. of Stottesdon) may be a trace of the Dame. Brunestr' 1203 Ass 732 ID 1, 1327 SR 166/1, Brunestre 1221 Ass 733A m 9, 1255 RH, 1256, 1272 Ass 734 m 24d, 736 m 22, Brimnestr' (for Brunnes-?) 1226-8 J<'ees, Bromstre, Brumstre 1272 Ass 736 ID 22d, 23, Brenestre 1285 FA, Brunestrete 1292 QW, Bremistre 1316 FA, Brunnestr' 1332 SR 166/2, Bremistree 1346. Brynstre 1431 FA. - The hundred is named from BRIMSTREE Hill,

c. 1 m. S. of Shifnal; the place is referred to as (the field of) Brunestree a 1231 Eyton II 327. - First el. perhaps OE BryTli pn; second el. OE treo 'tree'. hundredum de Stodesdone c. 1157 Byton IV 242, Hundred' de Stottesdun' 1203 Ass 732 m 2d, de Stottesdon' 1221 Fees, de Stottesden' 1255 RH, de Stoteresdon 1285 FA, de Stottresdon' 1327 SR The name is derived from that of the viI. of STOTTF:SDOK, 7 m. SSW. of Bridgnorth: Stotesdona c. 1071-86 (1423) Mon III ti20, Stodesdone 1086 DB, Stottesdun' 1160, Stodesdon' 1162, 1167, Stottesdon' 1180 P, Stoters dun' 1223. Stotesdon 1237 Cl, Stotieresdon 1317 AD VI.

Ovret hd', Ovre hd' 1086 DB, Our' 1203 Ass 732 m 2, Lovre 1221 Fees, Overes 1252 Fees, 1255 RH, 1285 FA, 1308 Ipm, 1316, 1428 FA, Owes 1274 rpm, 1330 Cl. - OE oter 'bank'. Cf. OVERS in Ratlinghope (near the E. OnDy R); iJvre 1086 DB, des Oures 1236 Cl. For the final -t of the DB-form cf. IPN 94. Brimstree hd.

161

The English Hundred-Names

The number of the modern Herefordshire hundreds is eleYen. In Do mesday sixteen are mentioned,> to which may be added Lentevrde (Leint wardine), which was in Shropshire in 1086. As in the ca.se of Shropshire, the modern hundreds by no means agree with the Domesday ones. All the hundred-names recorded in Domesday have perished, except Wolphy, Stretford, Radlow, Greytree and Wormelow, but most of the modern hundreds so named are very different in area from their Domesday coun terparts. In most rases the Domesday hundreds have been combined by twos to form modern hnndreds. The hundredal division has also been influenced by changes in the county boundary and the like. In 1086 the larger portion of the part of the county that is W. and S. ot the river Wye was still Welsh amI only partly hidated. The Dore valley seems to have formed the SW. boundary of the county at that period (VHHe I 266). In the NW. the county was more extensive, including part of the modern county of Radnor as well (part of this district belonged to Lentevrde hd, and was consequently in Shropshire in 1086).' After the Conquest the district included in Lerdevrde, Hesetre and the greater part of Elsedvne hds, in the west of the county, was placed under marcher jurisdiction, and nothing further is heard about hundreds in these parts till the 16th cen tury (1535) when the district (as also Ewyas Lacy hel) was again included in Herefordshire. - The DB hd of Lene is mentioned only once and is made to include apparently only part of the modern Kingsland par. The name of Lene must originally have been applied to a considerable district 1 Tragetrev is in all probability a mere error for *Grayetrev; see under

Greytree, below. Svlcet is probably to be judged in the same way: see note

to Wolphy.

{

The English Hundred-Names

on the Arrow and the Lugg (v. ERN 248), and may have been used as a hundred-name, but it is difficult to see the reason for the arrangement shown in DB. - In the 12th century and later, there is reference to a hd of LEOMIKSTER (hundreda de Redingia et de Leoministria c. 1125 EHR 39, 80, Hundr' de Leimenistr' 1215 Cl, Leomenistr' 1242 Fees, Hundredum intrin secum, forinsecum de Lemenistr' 125fi Ass 300C m 29, 35, Hundredum de Leoministre 1303, 1346 FA). This 'hundred' consisted of a number of scattered vills belonging to the manor of Leorninster (DB f. 180, VHHe I 284 f.). - The Domesday hundreds were of roughly equal extent: they seem also as a rule to have been compact and fairly regular in shape, but their boundaries are sometimes uncertain. For detached parts belonging to Cvtethorn and Stretford hds see below. Hesetre hd is very long and straggling, but its southern portion, that between the Arrow and the Lugg, may originally have been a separate hundred (cf. above). - The hundredS are divided into different blocks by the rivers Wye and Lugg, but otherwise they do not seem on the whole to have been separated by natural boundaries.

For WIG)IORE hd (hundred' de IVigmore 15,11 SR 117/123) see above p_ XXI.

Wigmore hd.

Consists of the NW. portion of the county, including the pars of Aston, Elton and Aymestrey (part) in the east, and Byton, Combe, Tilley and Harpton in the south. In Domesday only the SE. part of the district is referred to Herefordshire, and is included in Hesetre hd. The remaining part, including Lingen, Walford, Adforton and Leintwardine in the east, belonged to Lentevrde (Leintwardine) hd, which was in Shropshire. This hundred also included some manors in the south of modern Shropshire, and two detached areas farther north (see under Purslow and Munslow above): also part of modern Radnorshire, including Cascob in the west. Hesetre also included the district between the Arrow and the Lugg (ex cept part of Kingsland), now in Stretford hd, and part of Radnorshir.e to the south of that which was in Lentevrde hd.

Lentevrd(e) hd' 1086 DB is named from the viI. of LEINTWARDlNE, on Watling Street at the confluence of the rivers Teme and Chm: Lentevrde 1086 DB, Lenttuwurda 1180 P, Leintewurthe 1221 Ass 733A m 5, Leynwarthin 1256 Ass 734 m 7, Lentword. Hy3 BM, Leintwarthin (p) 1277 Heref, Leyntwardyn 1303 Ipm. - Professor Ekwall suggests (ERN 250) that the first el. is an old name of the lower Clun, or else W lliant 'torrent, flood, stream' used as a common noun. The second el. is OE wor p 'farm, enclosure', replaced by wor pign. Hezetre, Hesetre (facs. ed.) hd' 1086 DB.

OE *hceseltreo 'hazel-bush'; for the loss of the 1 cf. Hazelbury

W: Heselberi 1001 KCD 706, Haseberie (4) 1086 DB (Ekblom), Hessle YER (above p. 16), and Zachrisson ANInfl 152 f.

163

O. S. Anderson

162

Wolphy lId. In the north of the county, E. of Wigmore hd, including in the west the pars of Lucton, Eyton and Leominster, and in the south those of Hope under Dinmore, Stoke Prior, Humber, Docklow and Hatfield and, deta ched, Sarnesfield and parts of Almeley and Kinnersley, Edvin Ralph and Rochfonl (transferred to Worcs in 1837). The extent of the DB hundred of this name was approximately the same.

Vlfei, Wlfagie (1), Vlfegie (1) 1086 DB,' Wulfheie 1221 Ass 300A m 1, lVulfeye 1242 Fees, 1275 RH, Wlfhey 1249 Fees, Wol feheye 1256 Ass 300C ID 32, Wolfhey 1292 QW, Wolfeye 1303, 1346 FA, Wolfheye 1306 Ass 306 ID 6, 1334 SR 117/4, 1428 FA, Wolfey 1428 FA. -- OE *wulf-(ge)hceg 'hay in which wolves are caught'; ef. ET Suppl s. v. geh~g; NED s. v. hay sb 2 ; EPN, Holthausen s. v. h:l?g; for the sense PNLa 93 s. v. Wolfenden; DB f. lS7a, col. 2: fbi est una haia in qua q!tod potest capere captal; f. 260a col. 2: Iif haice capreolis capiendis; and VHHe I 295; cf. also: (a park called) Wulfheye 1307 Cl fNewhall Db); Wu.lfhaia 1222 PNNp 263. - The site is lost, but there is a place called the HUNDRED (also a Hundred Lane) at the junction of Eye, Middleton on the Hill and Kimbolton pars. If this was the place, the 'hay' may have been in the woods just N. of the 'Hundred'.

Stretford bd. S. of Wigmore hd and W. of Wolphy hd, including in the south the pars of King's Pyon, Weobley, Kinnersley and Letton, bordering on Grimsworth hd, and in the. west those of Almeley and Lyomhall, borde ring on Huntington hd. The corresponding DB hundred was much smaller; it feerns only to have extended to the Arrow in the north, and as far as Pembridge(?) in the west; in the south and east the boundaries seem to haye remained unchanged. In 1086 the hundred seems also to have inclu ded a detached area S. of the Wye including Dorstone, :Moccas(?), Preston,

1 The DB hd of Svlcet, a name that occurs only once (f. 187a; it is stated to include a place called Etone, identified (VHHe I 343) with ?Eaton in Foy) may be simply a scribal error for *Wulfei or the like, though it is true the contents of the entry seem to place it in the Welsh district (cf., however, op. cit. 292). Etone might be Eyton or Eaton (or Leominster); the suggestion might be proyed (or disproved) by tracing the descents of these manors. If it is the name of an independent hundred, I can offer no solution.

•...

,·','1

,1~',

O. S. Anderson

:164

'Tyberton, (part?).'

Madley

(part?),

Eaton

Bishop,

The English Humlred·Names AlIensmore and Clehonger

Stradford, Stratford hd' 1086 DB, Straffordhundr' 1169, Strad !ord'hdr' 1175, Stratford'hundredum 119:3 P, Strafford' 1221 Ass 300A m 1, Hundredum de Stratford' 1230 P, 1242 Fees, hundredum de Stretforde Hy3 Mise, Hundr' de Stretford' 1256, 1292 Ass 300C m 32d, 302 m 68d, 1334 SR 117/4,.Stratforde 1275 RH, Hundredwn de Stretford 1303, 1428, de Stratford 1346 FA. - The hundred

is in. all probability named from the ford where Watling Street crosses the Stretford Brook, which also gives name to the viI. of STRETFORD (Stratford 1086 DB, Stretford' (p) 1256 Ass 300C m 32d, Stretforde 1277 Heref, Stratford 1341 NI), 4 m. SW. of Leominster. -- From OE stret 'street' and ford. There is another STRETFORD 2 m. SE. of Leominster (Stretford 1376 Pat). Huntington hll. On the Welsh border, W. of Stretford hd and S. of Wigmore hd, including the par of Clifford in the south. This district was mainly in the DB hd of Elsedvne, but there can be no direct connection between these two hundreds, as the former was created in 1535 out of a marcher lord ship. Elsedvne hd was considerably larger than the modern hd, including also the modern pars of Letton, Kinnersley, Almeley, Lyonshall and Titley, now in Stretford and Wigmore hds, but it was bounded by the Wye on the south.

Elsed1m(e) hd' 1086 DB was apparently named from ELSJ)ON, now a hamlet. 1 m. SW. of LyonshalL Ellesdon' (p) 1256 Ass 300C m 23, Ellesdon(e) 1347 Cl, ?Hellysdon' (p) 1379 SR 117/16 (sub Leonale). - To judge from the DB form, the first el. might be OE El(e)sa pn (Redin 95), also found in ELSI:-IG Nf (PNing 77) and in ELSENHAM Ess (Elsenham 1086 DB, 1254 Norwich, Elsene ham 1248 Ch). The later forms, on the other hand, might point to OE ~Elli pn, though this ought strictly to give ME Al- in tl1is dialect (cf. Ekwall, Contributions 40 f., PNLa 145 s. n. Alston); the material is too scanty to allow of quite safe conclusions. Second el. OE dun; the reference must be to the hill to the west of Elsdon, probably the meeting-place of the hundred. For HUNTINGTON hd (Hundred' de lluntJlngton' 1541 SR 117/ 122) see above p. XXI. It is named from HUNTlNGTON, 4 m. SW. of King-ton. , For Lene hd see above p. 161.

165

Grimswortb M. Between the rivers Lugg and Wye, S. of Stretford hd. It was formed in the 12th century from the DB hds of Stepleset and CvtethoT71, the for mer of which consisted of the western portion of the modern hundred, extending eastwards as far as Wormsley, Mansell Lacy, Bishopstone and Kenchester; the latter consisted of its eastern part, surrounding Here ford, but according to the rubrication of DB, the castelries of Ewyas Ha rold and Richard's Castle also belonged to this hundred.

Stepleset (passim), Stfl!pleset (1), Stapel (1) hd' 1086 DB. From OE *stepel-setan 'the settlers near the steeple'? (referring to some natural object, a hill or the like?). Cl'tethorn, Cvtestorn, Cvtestornes hd', hund' ... C'histestornes

(1) 1086 DB. -. The first el. is perhaps to be connected with :ModE cut, ME kutte(n) , kitte(n), kette(n) 'to cut'. 'Pollarded thorn-tree'? Cf. Cutmill PNWo 91, Cutthorn Gill PNSx 513, and for the sense a name like Copthorne (EPN s. v. coppede). Grimesworne lmndr' 1169, Grimeswrosnehdr' 1175, 1193, Grimeswurdehundredum 1185 P, Grimeswosn' 1221 Ass 300A m 1, GrimesU'rosne 1242 Fees, 1256 Ass 300C m 27, Grimewosen 1251-2 Fees, Grymmeswrosne 1254 Mise, 1292 Ass 302 m 52, Grimeswrose 1275 RH, 1306 Ass 306 m 9, Grimmeswrosene 1292 QW, Grymeswrosn' 1295 SR 117/2, Grymeswrosne 1322 Inq aqd, Grimeswrosen 1346, Grymeswros, Grimesworth 1428 FA. - For the first el. cf. Grimley PNWo 126 f., Grimspound PNDv 482. It is hardly a pn, as it only occurs in nature-names. Grim was probably the name of some figure in popular superstition, not necessarily the devil, as some of the names at least may date from heathen times. One might compare Da (kirke) grim, Norw (fosse)grim (from ON grimr). The second el. is OE wriisn 'nodus'; cf. Wrens Nest Hill PNWo 290. Further examples are: Wrosenhulslade 1331 AD II 150, TVrosenhul n. d. AD III (Welton Np); le MogwTOsene 12b7, 11ugrozen 1571 PNNp 274 (Cosgrove Np);· Wrosenhey, Wroseney 1462 AD V (Boreham Ess), Swyne wrose 1345 AD III (Edenham Li). - The sense of the word in the first two instances is apparently 'hill', 'hill-knot' (PNWo). If the place called the 'Hundred Pit' in Credenhill. where the hundred court used to be held/ represents the old meeting-place of the

, J. Duneumb: Collections towards the History and Antiquities of the County of Hereford, vo!. V p. 1.

166

hundred, the Herefordshire name may have denoted some part. of Credenhill Hil!. Broxash hd. E. of the Lugg, in the NE. of the county, S. of Wolphy hd, bordering on Radlow hd in the south, where it includes the pars of Stanford Bishop, Avenbury, Stoke Lacy, Much Cowarne, Ocle Pychard and Withington. It corresponds on the whole to the DB hds of Thornlav and Plegeliet, though the boundaries are somewhat uncertain in some places; Much Cowarne seems to have been in the DB hd of Radelav (Radlow). Tornelav consi sted of the western part of the district, including Pencombe and Ullings. wick in the east. Edvin Loach was in Wo res till 1893.

The English Hundred-Names

O. S. Anderson

T hornlav, Tornelavves hd',. 1'ornelwl.',~ hd' 1086 DB.

OE *porn-hliiw 'thorn-tree hill'.

Plegeliet (passim), Plegelget(e) (2) hd' 1086 DB.

Second el. OE geat 'gate, narrow pa8sage'. First el. probably

OE Pleghelm pn as kindly suggested by Mr. F. T. S. Houghton. For the loss of the -m- cf. e. g. Beni(n)col DB (Benningholme YEH: Beningholm (p) 1193 P). Similar hundred-names are KIFTS GATE (Chettesihat DB) and RAPSGATE (Respiget(e), Respiet DB, Respiate 1169 P) GI. Brokeshashr' 1169, Brakesessehdr' 1175, Brokesaishundredum 1178, Blokesessehundredum 1180, Brochesashundredum 1193 P, Brokeshasse 1226-8 Fees, Broekesesse 1242, Brokesas 1252 Fees, Brokesesch 1254 Mise, Brokcsasse 1256 Ass 300C m 24, Brochesasse 1275 RH, Brokesesche 1277 Pat, Brockesasshe 1292 Ass 302 ID 52, Brockeshashe 1316 FA. - The name survives in BRoxAsH Wood (Old 1" OS, also 6"), referred to as Brockeshes 1186 (14) Glouc (Bannister), on the boundary of Little Cowarne and UlIingswick pars, near the boundary between the DB hundreds. A HUNDRED BANK is marked in the SE. corner of the wood, and it was accor dingly the hundred meeting-place. - The second el. seems to be OE resc 'ash-tree'; the first el. is perhaps to be connected with the OE broce found in broccesham BCS 506 (Broxham Kt), broccres !drew KCD 673 (Ha), brocces slrede BCS 1299 (Wo), which Mawer (MLR 14, 235) derives from OE bmcc 'badger' or, less likely, ... Brocc pn. If this case is analogous the pn-derivation would seem more likely.' 1 Pnog(g)es(h)essehundredum 1180 f., Hundredum de Frogesesse 1197 f. P is identified with Broxash in the index to 1197 P, but it is curious that

167

Radlow lld, In the east of the county, S. of Broxash hd, bordering on Gr,eytree hd in the south, where it includes the pars of Lt Marcle, Aylton, Pixley, Tar rington, Stoke Edith, Weston Beggard, Bartestree and Lugwardine. The DB hd of Radelav only included the W. portion of this district, as far Eo as Evesbatch, Castle and Canon Frome, lII:unsley and Lt Marcle (inclu sive), apparently also Much Marcle, now in Grey tree, and one hide in Mathon (the rest of Mathon and Acton Beauchamp were formerly in Worcs). Lug wardine and Bartestree, now in Radlow, were in Greytree hd in 1086. The rest of the district then formed a separate hundred known as:

Wim7Jndestrel', Wimvndsfr'7)il, Wimestrvil, Wim'strvi hd' 1086 DB. - OB Wigmu'lid pn and treo 'tree'. For the forms in -l cf. Alnodestrev above and v. TPN 94. Rade1av, Radenelav (1) hd' 1086 DB, Radelawehundredum 1183, Redelawahundredum 1187, Radelawahundredum 1195 P, Radelawe 1226---8 Fees, Hy3 Mise, 1256 Ass 300C m 25d, Rade lowe 1275 Heref, 1292 Ass 302 m 52, 1316 FA. - OE read and hliiw 'red hill'. - The name survives in RADLOW Field, marked on Bryant's map of Herefordshire (1826?) some distance to the west of Tarrillgton vi!., near the boundary of Stoke Edith par. The hundred-court was held (in 1652) 'at a bush in Much Taddington Field' (Duncumb op. cit. IV 5), apparently the same spot.

Greytree bd, Consists of the SE. portion of the county, S. of Radlow hd and E. of the Wye. In 1086 Greytree hd only included the northern portion of the district (also Lugwardine and Bartestrec, now in Radlow hd), as far south as How Caple (in Tragetrev hd) and Sollers Hope (also Yatton?); the rest of the district formed a separate hundred known as: Bremesese (passim), Bremesse, Bromesais (1), Bromesesce (1)

hd' 1086 DB, Bromessehdr" name survives in BHO"ISASH: hamlet at some cross-roads and Linton pars, 3 m. E.

(var. Bromesesse) 1175 P. - The Br01neshett' (for -e8s') 1228 Cl, a on the boundary of Up ton, Westoll of Ross. -- First el. perhaps OE

the same error should occur twice (the two forms quoted doubtless refer to the same hundred, either the n or the r must be misread), and on the rolls for 1180 and 1181 both Fnogesesse and Blokesesse occur close to gether under the same heading; this might point to its being a separate hundred, but, if so, nothing more seems to be known, about it. But cf. per haps Fucogeaishe (Fneo-?) 1421 Ipm (in Foy?), and Snogsash(?),Bannister.

O. S. Anderson

The English Hundred-Names

pn (for which see Bromsgrove PNWo 336 f.); second el. 'ash-tree'. Greitrewes, Gretrewes (1) lld', Greitrev, Tragetrer (1; no doubt for Grage-) 1086 DB, Greitre 1242 Fees, 1256 Ass 300C m 26d, Greytre 1242 P, 1275 RH, 1292 Ass 302 m 52, 1316, 1428 FA, Gretre 1283 Fine. -- OE *'Gr(ega pn ('grey one'), or grceg 'gray' and treo 'tree'.

Webetriehdr' 1160, IV ebetrehr' 1169, Wibbetrehdr' 1175, IVibetr'hundredum 1180, Webbetrehundredum 1185, 1193 P, Wabbetr' 1221 Ass 300A m 1, Webbetre Hy3 Mise, 1242 Fees, 1256 Pat, 1275 RH, 1278 Ipm, 1316, 1428 FA, Webetre 1262 Pat, 1275 RH. -- OE *Webba 1 (-= OE webba 'weaver') or possibly *Wibba pn (= OE wibba 'beetle') and treo 'tree'. In the former case one may compare WEBTON in Webtree hd, 3 m. W. of AlIens more: Webetone 1086 DB, Webbeton' 1230 P, ·1237 Cl; and in the latter WWBLEY, 7 m. SW. of Leominster: Wibelai 1086 DB, Wibelay 1198 Cur I, Wybbel' 1231, Webbelegh' 1238 Cl (or from the noun wibba?). - The place from which the hundred is named is now represented by WEBTREE, a hamlet at the junction of Clehonget, Haywood and AlIensmore pars, on the main road from Hereford to Abergavenny, 3 m. SW. of Hereford.

168 Brem~

(ESC

Webtree bd. S. and W. of the Wye, including the Golden Valley in the west and the pars of Kentchurch, Kenderchurch, \Vorrnbridge, St Devereux, Abbey Dore, Kingstone, Thruxloll, Allensmore, Clehonger, Grafton, Callow and Holme Lacy in the south, bordering on W ormelow hd. The Domesday arrangement of this district is not easy to account for; part of it, inclu ding at least Holme Lacy, Dinedor, Lower Bullingharn, Allcnsmore and Webton, perhaps Clehonger (at least partly), was in the DB hd of Dvnre (Dinedor); part was apparently in Stretford hd (g. v.). The Dore valley is surveyed under the heading (in) Falie Stradelei and (once) Stradel hd. But of a considerable portion of the present hundred nothing is said in Domesday.

Dvnre hvnd' 1086 DB was named from the viI. of DINEDon, 2 m. SE. of Hereford: Dvnre 1086 DB, Dinra (p) 1170 P, Dunre 1176 P (p), 1221 Ass 300A m 1 (p), 1242 Fees, 1288 Heref, Duyndre 1349 Heref. - Probably of Celtic origin. Professor EkwalI suggests W din 'fort' and bre 'hill'; if so, the reference would be to Dinedor Hill and Camp W. of the village. Stradel hd' 1086 DB,! Stradehdr' 1175P.-,--The old name of the Dore valley: Valle Stradelei, Stratelei, Stradelie, Stratelie 1086 DB, Straddele a 1118 Flor Wore, 1294 Heref, 1302 Pat, 1335 Ipm, Estradel By I (1376) Mon III 448, Stradell' 1213 Cl, Strathel 1227 Ch, Stradel Hy3 Mise, Stratdeleye 1279 Cl, Straddel 1301 Ipm, 1306 Cl, surviving in l\[ONNINGTON STRADEL and STRADEI. BRIDGE, both in Vowchurch (Bannister). It is composed of Brit *strat 'valley' and, probably, OE dwl 'valley', thus a tautological com pound. The P form of the hundred-name is from *strat- alone, which was used as an alternative name of the valley: valle de Strade 1127 (1376) Mon UI 448, Valle de Strada 1169 P, (honor de) Stradie 1242 Fees; cf. further ERN 128 s. n. Dore. , Under this heading is mentioned a place called More, identified with Moore, near Hereford (VHHe); can that explain the entry: apud Straddele in Blakemonstone (BJackmarston, a suburb of Hereford)? Ct. Bannister 178.

169

Wormelow bd.

The southern port.ion of the county, W. the Wye, and S. of Webtree

hd. The hundred is mentioned (once) in Domesday, but the district was then for the most part still Welsh (v. VHHe I 266ft.).

Wermelav 1086 DB, Wurmelawe 1227 Cl, 1232 Pat, Wir melauwe 1228 Ch, Wuremelowe 1256 Ass 300C m 25d, Wyrme lawe 1269 Pat, Wurmelou 1278, Wormelowe 1280 Ipm (also called the 'manor' of Wormelow, e. g. 1346 Ch, 1346, 1356 Ipm etc.). - The hundred is named from a hill called WORMELOW TUMP, the meeting-place of the district, referred to in DB as: (... ad hundrez ad) Vrmelauia, at the source of the Worm Brook. The name is a compound of the name of the WORM BROOK and OE hlaw 'hill'; v. further ERN 471. The name of the hundred is often given as ARCBENFJELD, the old name of the district: Hundredum de lrchinefeld' 1242 P, de Urchenefeld 1242 Fees, hd of lrchenfcud 1264 Pat etc.; the hd of Wormelowe in lrchenfeld 1337 Pat etc.; the hd of lrchyngfeld and the manor Of Wormelowe 1346 Ch. - For Archenfield v. Bannister 6, Karlstrllm 106. Ewyas Lacy hd includes the SW. portion of the county, W. of Web tree hd and S. of Huntington hd. In 1086 this district seems still to have been Welsh (v. VHHe I 266). Later it was one of the marcher lordships, and waJ;. not. definitely included in Herefordshire till 1535 (v. above p. XXI), when it was organised into a hundred. It is mentioned as (hundreds Of lVebtre and) Ewiaslacy 1543 SR 117/134. It is named from the lost manor of EwYAS LACY (in Clodock). • For Ueba, Redin80, see PNing 41.

1 'I

'I·

I I r I I'

I I

,_.

- - - - - - - - - - - -_._-_.-

._-..

.,__.

.• . S::·.:·

__ ~ ". -" '. .

IW-F,,'

The English Hundred Names

Index. Acklam Y

Alboldestou Np Albrighton Sa AlIeTton Y AlnodestTeu Sa AIstoe Ru AlwaTdeslea Np Amounderness La Appletree Db Archenfield He Armingford Ca Aslacoe Li Aslakestou Db? Aswarby Li Aswardhum Li AtiscTOS Ch Aveland Li Avethorpe Li

. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

Babergh Sf Barcheston Wa Barkston Ash Y Barlichway Wa Baschmch Sa Bassetlaw Nt Beltisloe Li Bingham Nt Birdforth Y Biscopes Sf Black bourn Sf Blackbum La Blackenhurst Wo BlackwelI Db Blofield Nf

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AETnehogo Nf

Aggbrigg Y Ainsty Y

Blything Sf

Boles/ord Y

Bolingbroke Li

Bomelau Wa

126

Boothby Li

155

Borgescire Y

Bosmere Sf

160

Brademere Sf

130 128 29 35 169 103 49 32 60 59 148 60 61

Bradford Sa Bradley Li Brimstree Sa Brinklow Wa Bromsash He Brothercross Nf Broxash He Broxton Ch Broxtowe Nt Bucklow Ch Buckrose Y Bugthorpe Y Bulmer Y Burton Agnes Y

135 23 137 154

39 61 42 7 87 96 29 139 32 71

Calceby Li Calccworth Li Caldy Ch Came Wo Candlesby' Li Candleshoe Li Carlford Sf Cave Y Chesterton Ca Cheveley Ca Chikenes Wa Chilford Ca Chipping Warden Np Chirbury Sa

. . . .. . . . .. 132

153

160

132

167

166

151

149

151

144

106

136

101

127

156

Clackclose Nf ..'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Clareton Y . .. ... .. Claro Y Clavering Nf Claydon Sf Cleley Np ClencwaTe Nf Clcnt Wo Clun Sa Coleshill Wa Collingtree Np Colneis Sf .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. CondetTet Sa Condover Sa' Corby Np Corringham Li . . . . . . .. Cosford Sf Coton End Wa Cresseluv Wo Culvestun Sa CutethoTn He Cuttleston St CurJbuTgelawe Wo

74 21 21 82 89 124

63 143 158 138 124 93 160 157 118 48

Depwade Nf . . . . . . . . . . . .. Derinlav Sa Die Y Dickering Y .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dicon Np Dinedor He Diss Nf Docking Nf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Doddingtree Wo Driffield Y Dryhurst Wo Dudestun Ch

80 158 3 13 115 168 80 65 142 15 141 151

Earsham Nf .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. East Ru EddisbuTy Ch ElIoe Li Elsdon He '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Ely Ca Epworth Li Erpingham Nf ". .. .. .. Esch Wo Evesham Wo

81 130 150

62 164 108 47 68 144 140

135 143 159

165 145 141

Ewcross Y Ewyas Lacy He Exestan Ch Exning Sf Eynsford Nf

171 26

169

-. 148

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 72

Fawsley Np

128

137

135

140

Flaxwell Li 59

Flegg Nf 70

FIendish Ca " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100

Ford Sa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 155

Forehoe Nf 78

Foxley Np 125

Franiland Le 46

Freebridge Nf 64

Fuwelege Nf 63

Fernecumbe Wa Fexhole Wa Fissesberge Wo

Gallow Nf Gartree Le Gartree Li Gereburg Y Gerlestre Y Gilling Y Goscote Le Graffoe Li

. . . ... .... ..

...... ......... 7

9 43

Gravesende Np 128

Greenhoe S. Nf 74

Greenoe N. Nf 67

Greens Norton Np 125

Gresley Db.................... 37

Grey tree He 167

Grimshoe Nf 75

Grimsworth He 165

liuilsborough Np 120

Guiltcross Nf 75

Guthlaxton Le .. . . . . . . . . . • . . .. 44

Halfshire Wo 143

Halikeld Y 10

Hamestan Ch 148

Hamfordshoe Np 122

HammplIstan Db .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 34

Hang Y 10

Happing Nf 69

172 Happisburgh Nf Harthill Y Hartismere Sf Haverstoe Li Hawerby Li Hemlingford Wa Henstead Nf IIessle Y Hezetre He Higham Ferrers Np High Peak Db Hill Li Ho Nf Hodnet Sa Holderness Y Holt Nf Honesberie Wa Horncastle Li Howden Y Hoxne Sf Humbleyard Nf Huntington He Huntou Y Hurstingstone Hu Huxloe Np Nf Islington Nf

69 18 87

51 51 138 79 16

162 123

32 54 68

, 153 19 67 135

. . . . . . .. .. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 87 79 164 12 109 117

63 63

Kings Sutton Np 126 Kingt,on Wa 136 Kirton Li .. _................. 62 Knightlow Wa 134 Lackford Sf '... Langbargh Y Langdyke Np Langoe Li .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Launditch Nf _. . . . . . . . . . . . Lawress Li Leightonstone Hu Leintwardine He . .. Lene He _. _ : Leominster He Leyland La :.. Litchurch Db _ , Lith ~t

97 2 114 56 73 50 111 162 161 162 30 36 40

Loddon Nf 82 Loes Sf _. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Longham Nf .. 73 Longstow Ca 105 Lonsdale La _................. 28 Lothingland Sf 84 Lonthesk Li __ 53 Loveden Li -................... 58 Ludborough Li 52 Ludinga Sf 84 Lynware Nf 63 Macclesfield Ch Makerfield La Manby Li Maneshou Y . ........... _.. __ .. _. . . . . Manley Li Market Weighton Y Martinsley Ru " Martinsthorpe Ru " _. . . . . . . . . .. Marton Wa _ Mawsley Np Merset Sa Middlewich Ch ....... Mitford Nf Modeston Db _. . . . . . . . . . . . .. MorIey Y _. .. . Munslow Sa Mutford Sf Nantwich Ch Nassaborough Np Navisford Np , Ness Li Neveslund Np Newark Nt Newton La Nobott.le Grove Np . _ Normancross Hu Northstow Ca Northwich Ch

173

The English Hundred·Kames

O. S. Anderson

148 30 48

5 47

16 131 131

Papworth Ca _ Parham Sf .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Pathlow Wa Patton Sa Pershore Wo Pickering Lythe Y Pimhill Sa , Pimley Sa " __ . __ Pirehill St ., Plegeliet He Plomesgate Sf .. _. . . . . . . . . . . .. Pocklington Y Polebrook Np _ Purslow Sa __ . . . ..

106 90

Radfield Ca .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Radlow He Repton Db ,............. Rinlau Sa . . . . . . . . . . .. Risbridge Sf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Riseton Ch Roelau Ch RothwelI Np Ruesset Sa Rushcliffe Nt Ryedale Y

101

137 159 140 3 154 154 146 166 90

15 116 158

133 121

155 149 77 36 25 158 85

149 114

__ .. 116 61 117

Oakham Ru.................... Offlow St Optongren Np Orlingbury Np '" Osgoldcross Y _........ . . . . . ..

Oswaldbeck Nt 39 Oswaldslow Wo 140 Oswestry Sa .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 155 Ouse and Derwent Y 19 Overs Sa _ _ 160

41 30 120 112 105

149 131 146 114

121 23

Sadberge Du Salford La Samford Sf Scard Y Scarsdale Db Seisdon St Shropham Nf Skirbeck Li Skyrack Y Smithdon Nf Snecultcros Y Sparkenhoe Le Spelhoe Np Spellow Nf

167 36 158 95

150 150 118

156 42

5 1 31 89

13 33 145 76 62 22

65 16 45 122

Staincliff Y Staincross Y Staine Ca _. . . . . . .. Staploe Ca .. '................. Stepleset He Stoke Albany Np Stoneleigh Wa Stottald Np __ Stottesdon Sa _.. Stow Li Stow Sf _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stradel He _. Strafforth Y " Stretford He Sulcet He . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Taverham Nf Thedwestry Sf __ Thingoe Sf T hornlau He . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Thredling Sf Threo Li Thriplow Ca .. , _ " Thurgarton Nt Tingley Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Torbar Y __ Toreshou Y ............. Toseland rIu Totmonslow St Towcester Np _.. " Tragetreu He Tremelau Wa Tunendun Ch TUIlstead Nf .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

WnlecTOs Db Walesby Li Walsham Nf Walshcroft Li Wangford Sf Warmulldestrou Ch Warrington La Warter Y Wayland Nf Webtree He Well Li Welton Y

:?5 H9 '38 165 118 133 119 160 49 88 168

24 163

161 72 96 95 166 91 59

103 40

26 11

13 110 147 125 161

135 149 69 36 52

71 51 86

149 30

15 77 " .. 168

49 17

I f

'~p

174

O. S. Anderson

West Derby La 30 Wetherley Ca 104 Whit by Strand Y 2 Whittlesford Ca 102 . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Wighton Nf Wigmore He 162 Wilford Sf 92 Willaston Ch 151 Willybrook Np 115 Wimundestreu He 167 Winburgetrowe Wo 141 Winnibriggs Li 58 Wirksworth Db 34 Wirral Ch 151 Wisbech Ca .. , 108

Witchford Ca Witchley Ru Wittery Sa W olmersty Li Wolphy He Wormelow He Wragby Li W raggoe Li . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. Wrangdike Ru Wrockwardine Sa Wulfereslaw Wo Wymersley Np Yarborough Li

--- ----:I-4c.+---足

108 129

156 62

163 169 53 52

130 153 141

123 50