The Misreport A study of media literacy
Steven Youngblood is the director of the Center for Global Peace Journalism and associate professor of communication and peace studies at Park University. Here he teaches a peace journalism seminar in Cameroon in 2018.
table of
contents Featured:
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Media Literacy Seminar
Park University student Hilton Horne II gives a review of the Media Literacy Seminar on Sept. 23, 2020.
Trends in the Industry
Park University student Matheus Teles analyzes biases in the journalism industry, and its impact on media consumers’ literacy.
Undermining a Movement Park University student Savannah Oesterle discusses the impact of the media’s portrayal of the Black Lives Matter Movement.
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Politics on Social Media Center High School student Brianna Bell discusses how quickly political misinformation spreads on social media.
Covering COVID-19
Park University student Jack Gunderson shares his opinion on the success of media coverage surrounding COVID-19.
Biases of CNN
JCCC student Grace Pierpont analyzes CNN’s media coverage of the death of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.
Additional Content:
5 9 Protests for Peace 13The Anti-vaxxer Movement 11Teens on Tik Tok 15 Looking to the Future Confirmation Bias
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a study of media literacy
Media literacy seminar launches into
sea of necessity As America winds down the road toward the election, it’s become abundantly clear, if it wasn’t already, that social and traditional media are being weaponized by political operatives and malevolent foreign actors against the American people.
How can we fight back? I think one of the best ways is through media literacy. Media literacy is the thrust behind a project I lead this fall. Sponsored by a Citizen Diplomacy Action Fund Rapid Response award from the U.S. Department of State, the project is titled, “Media Literacy for Students: Lessons from COVID-19.” It kicked off yesterday with a Zoom conference for Center Middle and Center High School students from Kansas City, and college students from
Johnson County Community College (Overland Park, Kan.) and Park University (Parkville, Mo.).
Co-presenters Lewis Diuguid (journalist/ multicultural education trainer), Allan Leonard (Fact Check Northern Ireland), and I presented the attendees with an introduction to mis, dis, and malinformation and an overview of mis/ disinformation in media reports about COVID-19 and the recent civil rights protests. We armed the students with information about how to sniff out “fake news” (e.g. consider the source, the target audience, double-check info, examine the writer’s motivations, etc.); how to conduct their own fact checking; and how to implement their own basic content analysis study to detect media biases.
Written by Steven Youngblood, director of the Center for Global Peace Journalism and associate professor of communications and peace studies
a study of media literacy
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Seminar Review
Media Literacy
Seminar
Park University student Hilton Horne II gives a review of the Media Literacy Seminar on Sept. 23, 2020. The media literacy seminar was very informative and beneficial. I learned a wealth of information from Lewis W. Diuguid and Allan Leonard. I enjoyed the conciseness of Mr. Leonard’s presentation and his PowerPoint was easy to follow and understand. I also appreciated the complexity of Mr. Diuguid’s presentation, as the information he provided was excellent on discerning what’s accurate and true when it comes to the media. The information that shocked me the most was “The Five Media Functions” analysis by Mr. Diuguid of a book called Minorities and Media, by Felix Gutierrez and Clint Wilson. The analysis broke down each racial ethnicity in America, and I found the findings to be eye opening. There was a ton of valuable information I gathered from the seminar. I learned the definition of news media literacy, which is the ability to identify different types of media and the messages being sent. Mr. Diuguid gave a great example from his college philosophy class about Plato, explaining how humans only have the ability to only see the shadows on the cave. Explaining that we only get to see what is in front of us, and as consumers of the media we only see the shadows of the shadows—because we are humans and not gods. Mr. Leonard introduced the Three Information Disorders, which are misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation. He
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also provided definitions of how each works: Misinformation is a false connection or misleading content. Disinformation is false, imposter, manipulated or fabricated content. Malinformation are sometimes leaks, sometimes harassment and sometimes hate speech. Mr. Leonard also provided some valuable resources and tools that I can use to fact check my sources, whether that be articles, videos or images. Mr. Youngblood provided insight on slanted media coverage and how we are affected by our news consumption—meaning we are responsible for the information that we take in. I also learned about the Information Ecosystem, which involves an Agent, a Message, and Interpretation. The Agent is the source of the news and there are two types: Official Agents, accountable sources like intelligence services and news organizations, and Unofficial Agents, unaccountable sources like citizen groups and individuals free to express their views. Identifying the correct Agent creating a message will help consumers to interpret a message accurately and appropriately. With the information I learned from the seminar I can become a smarter media consumer and better journalist. I want to become a smarter consumer because I want to share factual information that informs others responsibly. Mr. Diuguid explained how good information allows us to make good choices, so I want to do my part. Written by Hilton Horne II
Confirmation
Bias
Confirmation bias is a psychological occurrence that explains why we look only at news sources or information that line up with what we already believe is true. Knowing and understanding confirmation bias and its effects are important when trying to find the facts, since our instinct is to consume what aligns with our morals or beliefs. For instance, I like reading opinion pieces by left-leaning journalists, because I find them to have interesting insights that mostly align with my viewpoints. Written by JCCC student Hannah Scheck Youngblood shared this cartoon, as he talked about media bias. “It’s slanted information. It’s information that’s only giving part of the story. Something is missing or it’s giving a distorted view” Youngblood said.
Game Changer The rise in media has been a game changer for the way we receive news today. We can receive news almost instantly from the moment the event occurrs. Although being able to spread news quickly is a huge benefit, it also means it is a lot easier to spread misinformation.
We are so consumed by the media today that it has become much more difficult to differentiate a fact from an opinion. Alongside the use of media, people get a sense of reliability, and this is why many viewers don’t bother to check the media they’re consuming. It’s important to always check what you’re reading or watching, not just because some news may be fake but also because the media has the power to manipulate any points of view any person may have. Written by JCCC student Jasmine Jimenez
On Sept. 23, 2020, Youngblood, Multicultural Educator, long time opinion columnist and editorial board member of the Kansas City Star, and president of the Kansas City Association of Black Journalists Lewis Diuguid and journalist and director of Fact Check Northern Ireland Allan Leonard led a Media Literacy Seminar on Zoom. They informed students about media literacy, the different kinds of information they consume through media, and analyzed case studies that highlighted the topics discussed.
a study of media literacy
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Media Ethics
Trends Industry in the
Park University student Matheus Teles analyzes biases in the journalism industry, and its impact on media consumers’ literacy. A new phenomenon has developed in many media outlets throughout the world. Now, when we read newspapers, websites and especially news TV shows, it is common to see some journalists expressing their opinion in the end of each news piece. Media outlets are trying to get closer to their audience and reduce the gap between the public and journalists. They are trying to do it in different ways and the opinions expressed by journalists is just another method to build this chemistry. According to the Society of Professional Journalists’ code of ethics, revised in 2014, a journalist should act independently and be transparent with his audience. It says that the highest and primary obligation of ethical journalism is to serve the public, and that a journalist should deny favored treatment to advertisers, donors or any other special interests. This resistists internal and external pressure on a journalist to influence coverage. The journalism profession and the approach with the public has changed a lot over years. Now, with social media, people are able to follow their favorite
Fact Check Written by JCCC student Alyssa Penn
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Diuguid discusses the effect of constant, yet unfounded, charges of “fake news” at the Media Literacy Seminar. Diuguid goes on to explain how President Donald Trump’s consistent charges of “fake news” impact media credibility in the eyes of media consumers.
The Misreport
a study of media literacy
journalists during their day-to-day life and get to know their opinions and lifestyle. This makes it difficult for journalists to hide their thoughts and be impartial in their coverage. So, these professionals use these networks as a tool to spread their opinion and also gather more audience for themselves, possibly increasing their value and making an impact in the media outlet where they work. But, the fact that journalists are giving more of their opinion right now can be dangerous. With so many things changing in our world and with so many events happening at the same time, an opinion given by a famous journalist can cause a big problem for the people covered in the story. When it comes to politics, it is even more common to see journalists giving their opinions about candidates and the government in general, making it clear to see that media outlets often times choose sides. They either agree with the government or they go against it, instead of remaining neutral. This can also explain why the country, and our world, is so divided nowadays.
It’s no secret that the media feeds us false information sometimes. Recently, there have been a few controversial topics in the news: COVID-19, the Black Lives Matter movement and the presidential election. All three topics have been presented in the media in numerous ways by various sources. Who exactly, as a society, are we supposed to trust with providing us factual information on this important topic? It is difficult to know sometimes if what we are reading is 100% real. That is why it is important to research before sharing or believing something presented by the media.
Journalists have become opinion makers, as whatever they say in front of a camera or write in a newspaper will spread quickly to their audience. It resonates with people because they have an established connection to the reporter, and it gives the reporter credibility. So, when a professional chooses a side, people who think the same way as them will continue to follow him and his media outlet, while people who do not agree with him will no longer pay attention to his news or to the company where he works. The presidential election of 2020 in the United States can be a huge example of how journalists tend to choose sides and give their opinion when it comes to politics. It is known that CNN criticizes the current administration and, on the other hand, Fox News tend to agree with President Donald Trump and his administration. So, when people watched news coverage about the election race, the election day itself and as the results were coming out, it was clear that the coverage was completely different in these two media outlets. The coverage was influenced by the opinions of the journalists who wrote it, and this
is something becoming more and more common. A consequence of this is the division that the United States faces at the moment. Journalists play a big role in this divide and politicians tend to use this in their favor. It has become common to see the actual U.S. president attacking media outlets and saying that the news that they spread are fake. Due to the growing practice of journalists expressing their opinion while they give news, some part of the population tends to believe that they are really giving “fake news”. This causes damage to the journalist profession and reporters that are carrying out ethical coverage. Another concept in the SPJ code of ethics is the concept to minimize harm. Journalists should find a balance between giving the news the way it should be and giving their opinion. But when their opinion becomes more important than the news that is being given, something is wrong. These professionals must find a balance between these two elements in their profession and with that, maybe the society can start to close the divide that we see nowadays and come together as a unit. Written by Matheus Teles
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BLM Coverage
Diuguid discusses how the media handled coverage of the protests that arose after the fatal shooting of George Floyd. “We see the violence that broke out outward, not just in Minneapolis, but in cities all over the country. But, the protests were actually about a lot more, but this is what is carried in the media dominantly and this is what becomes a problem in people,” Diuguid said.
Protests for
Undermining a movement Park University student Savannah Oesterle discusses the impact of the media’s portrayal of the Black Lives Matter Movement. May 25, 2020, marks an important milestone in the fight against systemic racism in the United States. George Floyd, a 46-year-old African American man, was killed by four Minneapolis police officers—all of which were white. Floyd’s death sparked nationwide protests, demonstrating the unity between citizens and a need for change. But that’s not what the media showed. Instead, media sources focused on the conflicts that took place during the protests, such as looting and violent interactions between citizens and law enforcement. Not only did the media misrepresent a majority of protesters by emphasizing the looting and violence that was not connected to their peaceful protests, but they also undermined the Black Lives Matter movement by pushing a negative narrative about African Americans and the fight for equality in America. However, not all of the media coverage during this time was negative. Several media sources provided information about African Americans and their culture, such as news stories focusing on the events leading up to the protests that date back to the early 1600s. Furthermore, several influencers on Twitter used their voices to share lists of documentaries and TV series that demonstrate what it’s like to be
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an African American in the U.S., and why change is so important to all citizens. Even though these influencers stepped forward and made their voices heard, there was a lot more the media could have done. But instead, they chose to focus on the negative aspects of the protests by emphasizing the violence and blaming the protesters, even though the majority of them were peacefully marching in the streets. To make matters worse, in recent years, the media created a stereotype for the African American community that showed them as violent and problematic, which was only strengthened by the constant coverage of riots and violence during these protests. George Floyd’s death marked a turning point in America as it united citizens with different backgrounds for a common cause: civil rights. While thousands of people gathered in the streets with their signs and chants, peacefully protesting for equality, a few groups vandalized buildings, threatened protesters, and acted violently against law enforcement. Even though these instances were rare, they were emphasized by the media, suggesting that the Black Lives Matter protests were dangerous. Written by Savannah Oesterle
Peace
Park University student Quyen Tran analyzes the media coverage of the George Floyd protests. The killing of George Floyd while in custody of Minneapolis police, as well as the protests that ensued across the country, have dominated news coverage for the past few months. There were different stages of media coverage throughout this event. In my opinion, the media seemed to focus a lot on the violence side of the story. The death of Floyd was the reason for the Black Lives Matter movement and the protests. However, there was so little coverage about the actual story, the truth behind it and how things turned out with the people involved. The media also did not focus much on the actual meaning behind the protests, instead, there was a lot of “violence” and “chaos” in the media coverage. The reason I think the media focused too much on the violence stories, is because there were many nonviolent and peaceful protests,
but all we saw in the media was extreme chaos and violence. The nonviolent protests got significantly less coverage and attention from the media. There was a lot of misleading information in the media as well. I saw a lot of media coverage about the Black Lives Matter protest attached with “rumors” and “conspiracy theories”, which I believe was not trustworthy, and it caused the chaos itself. Personally, I think the media have been both instruments to spread misinformation and dispel misinformation. However, by the observations mentioned above, the media dealt more in the spreading of misinformation. Some of the mainstream media outlets seemed to give an effort into dispel the information and get the facts right. However, it was lost the sea of misleading and violence-focused news articles. Written by Quyen Tran
a study of media literacy
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Social Media
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Politics on
Teens on
Social Media
TikTok
Center High School student Brianna Bell discusses how quickly political misinformation spreads on social media. Multiple social media platforms, such as TikTok, Instagram, Twitter, and more, talk about politics. Lots of schools don’t talk about politics as much as they should, to inform teens about what is going on in the world. So, most teens get their political information from social media. Because of their lack of access to politics, they just take any information on social media as the truth. The information that they take in from those people is mostly based on opinions that people post to the public to get them to agree, which makes it hard for students to know the difference between fact and opinion. The main political topic that has been talked about lately is the presidential election between Donald Trump and Joe Biden. Over the past year there have been multiple people posting on social media about the pros and cons of both Trump and Biden. Most have been based on opinions leading others to believe what they are saying is true—which is very misleading. On the news, they have shown information on Trump’s and Biden’s
conversations at the presidential debate. They were both disrespectful to each other, and it was very unprofessional. Yet people on social media deny that Trump or Biden said what they did or say that were just joking but all the while leading others on social media to think what they said is fact. Other than the election there are many political topics that have been talked about like abortion, gay marriage, health care, police brutality, etc. Many people have a different way of seeing things and by posting on social media it is just showing others what you stand for. When talking about politics you have to look deeper into the topic to find out what’s true and what’s not. If you see one person talking about something, but with nothing to prove it, then it’s likely not true. Although everyone has something different to say only you can push yourself to believe what you want. Don’t let others on social media persuade you or change your thoughts even if they’re your friend. Written by Brianna Bell
Center High School student Jasmine Mitchell discusses how TikTok users are inadvertently spreading misinformation. TikTok is one of the most popular apps out there right now. Social media is free; people take advantage of this and share their opinions, without having to think twice about how it will affect others. Hiding behind usernames, people think they are immortal online; they don’t notice how much they actually influence younger people. When you share a TikTok video, the algorithm made the the video and its context spread, making the video easier to find and putting it on more people’s “for you pages.” A For You Page (FYP) is the main feed page when you open the app. The FYP consists of creators you follow, content you like, and videos made by people near you. When you see a video on
Fake News Written by Center High School student Dominic Tarr
The Misreport
a study of media literacy
your FYP you are able to comment on it. Comment sections are full of all different people who are sharing their thoughts and opinions. Users see a comment with that information, and they could consume that information as fact. Therefore, misinformation on TikTok is spread through comments, shares and likes. If a video has a large number of likes, users are more likely to believe it. TikTok is an app for entertainment, but videos of politics and other non-entertainment issues become mixed in, and teens treat them like any other video, consuming the context. These videos that younger people are consuming are not always true. Written by Jasmine Mitchell
Most of the information on social media is seen by teens. Because they are on the platforms so much, they pick up and run with much of the information they see. They share this information with others, and it just keeps on spreading. That is why it is also important to fact check what you hear to make sure its not “fake news” or information. I tested this on TikTok, a popular social media platform to see if news was true or false. At first, I saw primarily similar posts on various topics dealing with the presidential election. I wrote down everything that I saw on that page and researched it later and found out that the majority of people were posting misinformation, and very little factual news, which did not spread.
a study of media literacy
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Health & Medical
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Covering COVID-19
Park University student Jack Gunderson shares his opinion on the success of media coverage surrounding COVID-19. I think the media has done a near-perfect job of covering the crisis of COVID-19, whether anybody agrees or disagrees. They have done a fantastic job staying on top of any news relating to new cases, hot spots, healthcare worker interviews, and listing off new symptoms. What the media essentially has done in this crisis, without trying, is divide nearly all of the United States. They have done this with the unacknowledged assistance of Donald Trump. Trump has downplayed COVID-19, saying that it is fake and is not that big of a deal. When it comes to the influence of the media on COVID-19, they have the power to scare people, maybe skew numbers here and there, or give out an “accidental” fake report on how many deaths have occured within a day. Therefore, I think that the media has done a great job at keeping information fresh and alive around COVID-19, giving out stories on what’s new with cases and testing, and presenting both sides of the argument that discuss how to handle this virus.
Now has the media been an instrument to spread misinformation, dispel misinformation or some of both? I would say it is a big mess of both. The media nowadays makes information spread faster than ever, making it absolutely critical that they have the correct information before releasing official statements. A lot of times in this modern world, even if a report is 100 percent factual, people will do what they can to twist it around somehow to fit their own agenda, and feel comfortable about what they are absorbing from the media. When you think about it even deeper, it is more of an instrument to spread misinformation rather than eliminate it. Because with the power of social media and the internet, once something is out there, it is practically impossible to permanently remove it. It’s possible to keep it private, but once it is officially out there and someone else besides the original poster gets a hold of it, they can do whatever they please with that given information, which can lead to very dangerous consequences.
Written by Jack Gunderson
Applying the
Seminar
Written by Park University student Averyl Crouse
The Misreport
In the media seminar, there were several examples of how audiences fall prey to misinformation, which impacts how effective media coverage is. One fault of social media in regards to COVID-19 is the amount of false information that quickly spread. With something as new as COVID-19, which has virtually no information about it, it’s very hard to fact check. Simple repetition, as mentioned in the seminar, is at fault for this. People will believe something, even if it has not backed up by science, just because it has been shared a million times and they’ve seen it on their feed several times.
a study of media literacy
The Anti-vaxxer
Movement
JCCC student Isiah Moos analyzes three news outlets’ coverage of vaccines and the anti-vaxxer movement. I am very passionate about vaccines and believe everyone that can get them should have them. They are essential to our health, and at this point we need them to make sure horrible diseases don’t spread. We also need them to keep up the herd immunity so that people with allergies and compromised immune systems can stay healthy. Unfortunately, there have been a lot of people recently, who call themselves “anti-vaxxers,” that believe in false studies that say vaccines are dangerous. I will be looking at three different sources, MSNBC, Fox News, and Associated Press to see how they look at vaccines and anti-vaxxers.
MSNBC left biased news source
In the video I found, Chris Hayes, host of “All In with Chris Hayes,” is reporting about a surge in Anti-vaxxers and a rise in measles in the U.S. He shares this point of view to spread awareness that the studies these people use to tell people not to vaccinate are completely false. Hayes shared this information in a video format, including an interview with someone who studied the origin of these antivaxx claims. The points Hayes makes are all supported by science, meaning he took the steps to refute the misinformation by bringing in experts, showing numbers, and creating easy to understand visuals to show the facts.
The article, written by a Fox News reporter Daniella Genovese, discusses how recent polls have shown that so far only 60 percent of people will get a COVID-19 vaccine when one is available to them. She then writes that “The results reflect the power of the anti-vaccine movement, despite claims that it spreads misinformation and places followers at higher risk.” She also writes about a study that’s found that since the creation of vaccines, there have always been people who oppose it. She tried to spread awareness about the effects anti-vaxxers are having on others that will easily believe this misinformation, and the points she makes are supported by science.
Associated Press very slight left-leaning biased news source
Fox News right biased news source
In an article written by David Klepper and Beatrice Dupuy, who are both journalists for Associated Press, they discuss how anti-vaxxers are doubting the COVID-19 vaccine, although it has not been perfected yet. They go on to write about how anti-vaxxers feel that it would not be fair to force a vaccine on people and others are claiming that it would be infringing upon their religious freedom. They also write about how these people are claiming that unapproved treatments work and are trying to make people fear mandatory vaccination. The reporters tried to spread awareness from multiple angles of this topic, with accurate points.
a study of media literacy
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Political News
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Biases of CNN JCCC student Grace Pierpont analyzes CNN’s media coverage of the death of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. There is always a bias between news sources and how they obtain their data, especially when it comes to national stories. Whether it is the questions they ask, the video clips they use, or even the people they interview, everything is done intentionally. The passing of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg made national headlines, leaving people heartbroken and scared for the loss of their rights. Justice Ginsburg made an effort to protect women’s rights and evened out the Supreme Court with her more liberal ideologies.
the replacement of Justice Ginsburg.
I feel directly affected by this event as I am a young woman. Justice Ginsburg was an advocate for me and an advocate for the millions of women in the U.S. This was a tragic loss, that was followed up by bold and understated actions from the nation’s president. Media coverage about Justice Ginsburg has been vast but commonly accompanied by Donald Trump’s reaction to her death. I analyzed an article from CNN, “Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg has died.” CNN is known to be a much more democratic news source but, despite their biases, still showed many viewpoints of different government officials and their stance on
CNN favors Justice Ginsburg and her policies, and many of the titles of stories are positive things about her. Then there are other stories that talk about President Trump and his choice to replace Ginsburg’s seat. This sets the reader up to see numerous things saying how Ginsburg’s life should be remembered and honored and then right after you see Trump trying to replace her after just three days of her death. It automatically makes Trump out to look bad. Whether or not his actions were of malicious intent, CNN does a good job to slip their bias into their article. Written by Grace Pierpont
Abortion
Future Looking to the
In the seminar, we were informed about all the critical concepts such as the difference between mis, dis, and malinformation, what media literacy is, its importance for combating biases and disinformation in the media. We didn’t talk much about the importance of this concept being taught in schools, which I think we as young individuals, either in high school or college, need to learn this skill in order to analyze information critically. As media consumers, I also think we need to propose initiatives to the government so that they can be more involved and even support fact-checking organizations all around the states through funding. I would like to know what other ways the government can help media consumers and diminish disinformation, but at the same time, without regulating or controlling media content. Meanwhile, we all should know that we need to be skeptical about what we see in the media. Question everything all the time.
Written by Park University student Gabriela Perez
JCCC student Isaiah Langzion discusses how sensitive topics, such as abortion, are portrayed in the media.
The word alone generates an intense divide between people. On one side of the movement are those who are pro-choice, arguing that a mother has a right to do what she wants with her own body. On the other side, those who are pro-life argue that the fetus is a person with a right to life. Leaving the media in the middle of the dispute. The media, and specifically news outlets, give the public information about current events and issues, including abortion. Often, though, news outlets give that information in a biased way, allowing The Misreport
The style that the news is presented is a modern and new way, which is usually to catch the eye of the younger population. This article, in particular, doesn’t have any obvious bias, however when you dive deeper things like the titles, for example, “Ginsburg was a ‘champion of justice and women’s equality,’ Jill Biden says,” it becomes a little more noticeable where the biases are located in the coverage.
a study of media literacy
their own opinions to affect the way they present the facts. In my opinion, both sides could try to be more objective by using neutral wording and avoiding images or phrasing that portray events, beliefs, or people in a way not warranted by the facts. I’m not saying that there isn’t a time and place for opinion pieces, but when it comes to genuine news articles, journalists in major news networks should either try to be objective, or share their opinion but not allow it to influence their reporting of the facts. Written by Isaiah Langzion a study of media literacy
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Media Literacy Seminar Presenters Lewis Diuguid
Multicultural Educator, long time opinion columnist and editorial board member of the Kansas City Star, and president of the Kansas City Association of Black Journalists
Allan Leonard Steven Youngblood
Journalist and director of Fact Check Northern Ireland
Director, Center for Global Peace Journalism; Assoc. Professor of Communications and Peace Studies
Contributors Park University
The Misreport A study of media literacy
Averyl Crouse Gabriela Perez Jack Gunderson Matheus Teles Hilton Horne II Quyen Tran Savannah Oesterle
Johnson County Community College Jasmine Jimenez Alyssa Penn Isaiah Langzion Grace Pierpont Isiah Moos Hannah Scheck
Center High School Dominic Tarr Brianna Bell Jasmine Mitchell
The Misreport Editor and Designer Park University student Shelby Adkins