Violent Deradicalisation Binder by Jessica Brown

T R A I N I N G

Fa i t h-

Se ns i t i ve

Tool ki t

Vi ol e ntAc t or s Pe a c e f ulAl t e r na t i v e s

De a rRe a de r , Tr a di t i ona ls t a t i s tv i ol e nc e-t ha ti s ,wa r f a r ebe t we e ns t a t e sov e rac ommongr i e v a nc e-i sgi v i ng wa yt oi nc r e a s i ngl e v e l sofv i ol e nc ewr oughtbynons t a t ea c t or s .The s enons t a t ea c t or sc a nbe i ndi v i dua l s ,c ommuni t i e s ,c or por a t i ons ,orot he rgr oupswhi c he xe r tac e r t a i nl e v e lofi nflue nc e a nd ha v et he pot e nt i a lt oc r e a t el a r ge s c a l e de s t r uc t i on or c ha os .Unde r s t a ndi ng t he i ndi v i dua l s ,c ommuni t i e sa ndpr oc e s s e si nv ol v e di nt hi ski ndof‘ nons t a t ea c t orv i ol e nc e ’i s t hushi ghont hea ge ndaofi nt e r na t i ona lbodi e s ,na t i ona lgov e r nme nt s ,t hi nkt a nksa ndc i v i l s oc i e t yor ga ni s a t i ons ,i nc l udi ngPa xChr i s t iI nt e r na t i ona l .Asagl oba lpe a c emov e me nt ,we v i e wt hi se me r gi ngt a r ge t e d,de l i be r a t ev i ol e nc ewi t hde e pc onc e r n,notonl ybe c a us eoft he de t r i me nt a li nflue nc et he s ea c t sha v eon c ommuni t y pe a c ee ffor t s ,buta l s o be c a us et he phe nome non i t s e l fi sa r e fle c t i on of t he de e p di s c or da nd di v i s i on i n our wor l d. Be c a us eoft he i rowns t a t usa snons t a t ea c t or s ,nongov e r nme nt a lor ga ni s a t i ons( NGOs )s uc h a s Pa x Chr i s t iI nt e r na t i ona lc a n be e xt r e me l ye ffe c t i v ei nc ount e r i ng t he s ee me r gi ng v i ol e ntt r e nds .Unl i kegov e r nme nt s ,NGOsa r eof t e n we l lpl a c e dt o ga t he ra ni nde pt h unde r s t a ndi ngofl oc a lpr oc e s s e swhi c hpr oduc ev i ol e nta c t or s ,t oobt a i na c c e s st oi ndi v i dua l s a nd c ommuni t i e spr onet ov i ol e nc e ,a nd t oe ffe c t i v e l yi nt e r v e nea tt hegr a s s r oot sl e v e l . Ne v e r t he l e s s ,i tr e ma i nsa da unt i ng c ha l l e nge f orc i v i ls oc i e t y or ga ni s a t i onst o de v e l op pr a c t i c a lt ool s .The r ei ss t i l la l a r ge di s c r e pa nc y be t we e nt he or e t i c a ls t udi e s on t he phe nome nona ndt hes ma l lnumbe rofc onc r e t ei ni t i a t i v e sa ndt ool st oa ddr e s si ti nanonv i ol e ntwa y . Pa xChr i s t iI nt e r na t i ona li swi l l i ngt of a c et hi sc ha l l e ngehe a dona ndov e r c omet hedi v i de be t we e nt he or ya ndpr a c t i c e .Tot hi se nd,weha v ede v e l ope dt hi st ool ki t ,e s pe c i a l l yde s i gne d t oc ount e rt hepr oc e s sofnons t a t ea c t orv i ol e nc ei nanonv i ol e nta ndnone xc l us i v ewa y .Thi s t ool ki tpr ov i de sa ne a s i l ya c c e s s i bl et he or e t i c a lov e r v i e w of‘ r a di c a l i s a t i on’pr oc e s s e s ,e ffe c t i v e s t r a t e gi e sa nda ppr oa c he sf ora ddr e s s i ngt hi si s s uea tt hegr oupa ndi ndi v i dua ll e v e l ,a nde nds wi t hat r a i ni ngki tf ort r a i ne r s .I tc a nbeus e da sas ol i dba s i suponwhi c hc i v i ls oc i e t ya c t or sc a n bui l da nde xpa ndt he i rc a pa c i t yt oope r a t ee ffe c t i v e l yont hegr ound. Thi st ool ki ti sa pr e l i mi na r y publ i c a t i on,a fir s tofs e v e r a lv e r s i onst o bede v e l ope d by Pa xChr i s t i .Ass uc h,i tr e pr e s e nt sav i t a ls t a r t i ngpoi nti nPa xChr i s t i ’ sgl oba le ffor tt ot ur nt he t i dei nt hef a v ourofpe a c ea ndj us t i c e .

Your sSi nc e r e l y ,

Aut hor :J e s s i c aBr own Publ i c a t i onCons ul t a nt :I nkaDa ma Edi t or s :St i j nSnoe c k,I nkaDa ma De s i gna ndLa yout :Na me e t a AnnMe ne z e sDe c r uz Pr i nt i ng:Ge or ge sChe l hot ,Dr i f os e t tPr i nt i ng

i n t r o d u c t i o n

Vi ol e ntAc t or s , Pe a c e f ulAl t e r na t i v e saFa i t hSe ns i t i v e Tr a i ni ngTool ki t

Thi st ool ki te xa mi ne s vi ol e nc e pr ovoke d by e xt r e mi s t i de ol ogi e sort e nde nc i e s .I tbe gi nsby de ﬁni ng t e r msa nd s ke t c hi ng a br i e fa na l ys i s of t he r oot c a us e s of vi ol e nt e xt r e mi s mf r om as oc i ol ogi c a lpe r s pe c t i ve .Thi sa na l ys i si s r e f e r r e dt ol a t e ri nt het ool ki t ,a swee xpl or ec onc r e t ee xa mpl e s ofpe a c ea ndc onﬂi c tr e s ol ut i onpr oc e s s e si nat r a i ni ngba s e d f or ma t .

Wee mpl oyt het e r m‘ t ool ki t ’be c a us et hi spubl i c a t i oni sme a ntt obeat oolf ort r a i ne r saba s i cs e tofr e s our c e swhi c hwehopepr a c t i t i one r swi l ldr a wf r om i na nal ac a r t ema nne r a st he ys e eﬁt .Weha vede s i gne dt het ool ki tt obet a c t i l e-you wi l lnot i c epul lout c ha r t s / gr a phs ,a swe l la sr e mova bl ec ont e nta nd s pa c ef ornot e s .We hope t ha t pr a c t i t i one r sus i ngt hebi nde rwi l la ddt he i rownt hought st ot hec ont e nta nde xe r c i s e s a nds ha r et he m wi t husi nt heI nt e r na t i ona lSe c r e t a r i a t .

Thi st ool ki tus e sapa r t i c i pa t or ya ndi nt e r a c t i vet r a i ni ngme t hodol ogy ,whi c hr e qui r e s t ha tt r a i ni ngpa r t i c i pa nt sbea c t i ve l yi nvol ve d.Exe r c i s e sa r ede s i gne dt ot a kea dva nt a ge oft hes ki l l s ,e xpe r i e nc e sa nd knowl e dgepa r t i c i pa nt sbr i ng wi t ht he m.Mos toft he e xe r c i s e sa r ede s i gne dt oe l i c i t ,dr a woutore ve npr ovoker e s pons e sa ndus epa r t i c i pa nt s ’ knowl e dgea st heba s i sf ordi s c us s i ona ndl e a r ni ng. Us i ngt hi sa ppr oa c ha l l owspa r t i c i pa nt sa ndt r a i ne r st oi de nt i f ya ndf oc ust he i re ﬀor t son l oc a lne e dsa nda da ptt het r a i ni ngc ont e ntt oﬁtt he i rc ul t ur a lc ont e xt ,r a t he rt ha nt he ot he rwa ya r ound.

i n t r o d u c t i o n

Asa ‘ f a i t hs e ns i t i ve ’r e s our c eki t ,t hi spubl i c a t i on s e e kst o be i nc l us i ve ,i nt e nt i ona l ,a nd r e ﬂe c t i ve .I ndi vi dua l sa r e mot i va t e d by s phe r e sofl oya l t y whi c hc e nt r eon t hemos t i nt i ma t eoff a mi l yorf r i e ndsa ndf a nout wa r dt oe nc ompa s sa l l s oc i a la r e a sofa ni ndi vi dua l ’ sl i f e-wi t hi nt he s es phe r e sf a i t h a ndbe l i e fs ys t e msa ndc ommuni t i e smus tbedul yr e c ogni s e d a nda ddr e s s e d.Pa xChr i s t iha swor ke df orove r60ye a r swi t h i ndi vi dua l sofa l lma j orf a i t ht r a di t i ons ,a ndt hust heor ga ni s a t i on’ sc ont r i but i ont ot he r e s our c e sont hi si s s uei suni que ,i nt hes e ns et ha ti tc ome sf r om t hee xpe r i e nc eofour Me mbe rOr ga ni s a t i onswor ki ngont hegr ound t oa ddr e s s-a nd t he ms e l ve sof t e ni n s i t ua t i onsof-vi ol e ntc onﬂi c t .

Ye thow dowe ,a spe opl eoff a i t hmot i va t e d byva l ue sofj us t i c ea ndpe a c e ,c onc r e t e l y a ddr e s svi ol e nc epr ovoke dbye xt r e mevi e ws ?How c a nwedi ﬀus ec onﬂi c ta ti t sor i gi n, a nds hi f tf r om a ni de ol ogyofmyopi ce ndst ohol i s t i cpos s i bi l i t i e s ?How dowec r e a t e hopea mi ds tar e a l i t yofi nj us t i c e ?I sape a c e f ula l t e r na t i vepos s i bl e ? Thi st ool ki ts e e kst obear e s our c et ha tbe gi nst oa ns we rt he s eque s t i ons .I ti sme a ntt o bepr a c t i c a l ,ha nds on,pa r t i c i pa t or y ,a ndus e di nt r a i ni ngs ,whi c hpr oduc emul t i pl i e r s a nddi s s e mi na t ec ont e ntf ort hewi de s ti mpa c tpos s i bl e . The s et r a i ni ngsc a nbewi t h i ndi vi dua l s ,s ma l l ,me di um,orl a r gegr oups ,a nd weha vei nc l ude de xe r c i s e sf ora l l f or ma t s .

1 c h a p t e r

De ﬁni ngTe r msa nd De c ons t r uc t i ng Vi ol e nc e

An i ndi vi dua lc ons t r uc t s he rr e a l i t y ba s e d on c onc r e t e e xpe r i e nc e sa ndout s i dei nﬂue nc e swhi c hhe l pt ode t e r mi nehe r de c i s i ons .Some woul da r gue t ha tr e ac t i onar yv i ol e nc e or e xt r e mi s mc a nbee xpl a i ne dbyac ons t r uc t e dr e a l i t yorwor l d vi e w,s ha r e dbyagr oup,whi c hf r a me spr obl e msnotj us ta smi s f or t une s ,buti nj us t i c e s , a t t r i but e sr e s pons i bi l i t yf ort he s e‘ i nj us t i c e s , ’a nd c ons t r uc t sa na r gume ntf ort he e ﬃc a c ya nd/ orus i ngvi ol e nc et or i ghtape r c e i ve dwr ong1.Suc hs oc i a lne t wor ksc a nbe us e da sve hi c l e sf ort hedi s s e mi na t i onofgr i e va nc e s ,i de a sa ndi de ol ogi e s .The ya c tt o r e i nf or c eape r c e i ve di nj us t i c e ,a si ndi vi dua l si nl i ke mi nde dc ommuni t i e sorgr oupsof t e n pr oduc e‘ f e e dba c kl oops ’whi c hmut ua l l yr e i nf or c et hi sc ons t r uc t e dr e a l i t y .

Anj aDa l ga a r dNi e l s e n,“ St udyi ngVi ol e ntRa di c a l i s a t i oni nEur opeI ,ThePot e nt i a lCont r i but i onof Soc i a lMove me ntThe or y” ,DI I SWor ki ngPa pe r ,2008,7.

1 c h a p t e r

TheI ndi v i dua l As‘ Se l f ’

Tool ki t sa nd ma nua l son pe a c e of t e n be gi n by di s c us s i ng di a l oguepr oc e s s e sa nd t heva l ueofgr oup e xc ha nge .Ma ny s uc hma nua l si mme di a t e l yj umpt ot hephe nome nonofs oc i e t a l vi ol e nc ef r om a‘ gr oupc e nt r e d’a ppr oa c h,ora na ppr oa c ht ha t e xa mi ne shi s t or i cgr i e va nc ea nds oc i a lopi ni onswhi c hmot i va t eac ul t ur eorgr oupt o r e a c ta ga i ns tape r c e i ve d‘ ot he r ’ .Thi sa ppr oa c hi se xt r e me l yhe l pf ulf ori de nt i f yi ngt he unde r l yi ng c a us e sofc onfli c tbe t we e n wa r r i ng f a c t i onsa nd i mpl e me nt i ng e ffe c t i ve pe a c e bui l di nga ndpos t c onfli c tr e c ons t r uc t i one ffor t s .

Howe ve rt hi st ool ki ts e e kst oa ddr e s sa muc h mor ee l us i vee l e me ntofvi ol e nc et hepr oc e s sofc ons t r uc t i ngav i ol e nti de o l o g y ,f r om t hebas i cl e v e lofani ndi v i dual par adi gm s hi f tt ot hef ac t or swhi c hc ont r i but et ot hegr owt h,de v e l opme nt ,and di s s e mi nat i onoft hati de ol ogyt o‘ e ar l yadopt e r s ’ .I fwec oul di de nt i f yt hee l e me nt s whi c hr e i nf or c eavi ol e ntpa r a di gm i ni ndi vi dua l s ,wec oul dl i ke wi s ebe gi nt ode ve l op r e s our c e sorme t hodst oa ddr e s st hi sphe nome non,a nddi ﬀus epot e nt i a lvi ol e nta c t sby i ndi vi dua l ,nons t a t ea c t or sa tt he i re vol ut i ona r ys t a ge . Wewi l lbe gi n byde c ons t r uc t i ng t hebui l di ng bl oc ksofa ni ndi vi dua l ’ sc ons t r uc t e d r e a l i t y-a tt hepe r s ona l ,s pi r i t ua l ,a nds oc i a ll e ve l .

1 c h a p t e r

ThePe r s ona l

Ani ndi vi dua lbui l dsar e l a t i ons hi pwi t hot he r sa nds e l fa ta ve r yba s i c ,pe r s ona ll e ve l .Thea wa r e ne s sofs e l f ,pl a c e ,pur pos e a nd mot i va t i on t hus s t a r t s wi t ha ni nt e r na lmonol ogue . Exa mi ni ngpe r s ona lde ve l opme nta ndps yc hol ogys houl dbea pr i or i t yoft r a i ne r swor ki ngi n ve r ys ma l lgr oups ,orwi t hi ndi vi dua l s .Thene e df or pe r s ona ls pa c et oe nga gewi t h‘ s e l f ’ a ndpe r s ona lwe l l be i ng( bot hf ort het r a i ne r ,a ndt he t r a i ne e )i sa ni mpor t a nte l e me nti na nyt r us t bui l di nge xe r c i s e ,di a l oguepr oc e s s ,or t r a i ni ng.

TheSp i r i t ua l Thes pi r i t ua lf ounda t i on ofa ni ndi vi dua lne e d notbet i e dt oa ny onepa r t i c ul a r or ga ni s e df a i t ht r a di t i onorbe l i e fs ys t e m.Howe ve ra ni ndi vi dua l ’ ss pi r i t ua lhe a l t h-t he me t hod by whi c ht he yl oc a t e nonc e r e br a ls our c e s ofi nne rc a l m,pe a c ea nd/ or di r e c t i on -oughtt o be i nt he mi ndsoft r a i ne r sde a l i ng wi t h di ve r s e gr oupsof i ndi vi dua l s .Ti mes houl dbea l l ot t e df ore xe r c i s e swhi c hi nvi t epa r t i c i pa nt st or e ﬂe c ton t he i rowns pi r i t ua lne e dsa ndde s i r e s .Ca t hol i cs oc i a lt e a c hi nghol dsupt heva l ueof di s c e r nme nta sa s pi r i t ua le xe r c i s e br i ngi ng one c l os e rt o‘ r i ghtr e l a t i ons hi ps ’ -a n i nt e r i ors e a r c hf orha r monywi t ht heCr e a t or ,s e l f ,a ndot he r s .

1 c h a p t e r

TheSoc i a l Fi na l l y ,huma n be i ngsa r e ,by na t ur e ,s oc i a lc r e a t ur e s .We l e a r na boutourwor l d,our s e l ve s ,a ndourr e l a t i ons hi pt oe a c h ot he rt hr ought he‘ r e a lwor l d’ r e l a t i ons hi pswec ons t r uc t .Thus di a l ogue ,gr oup s ha r i ng,a nd c ol l e c t i ve l e a r ni ng e xe r c i s e s s houl dbea tt hehe a r tofa nyt r a i ni ngwhi c hs e e kst odi ﬀus ea vi ol e nti de ol ogi c a lbe nt ,pe r s pe c t i ve ,orwor l dvi e w.

TheI ndi v i dua l a s‘ Ac t or ’ Ass ke t c he di nt hei nt r oduc t i on,t hi st ool ki ti suni quei nt ha ti ndoe snotme r e l ys e e kt o a na l ys et r a di t i ona ls i t ua t i onsofc onﬂi c t-i . e .t her e l a t i ona lorgr ouppr oc e s sa na l ys i st ha t s oof t e na c c ompa ni e st ool ki t sonc onﬂi c tt r a ns f or ma t i on.Whi l ewewi l ldr a wf r om t he s e r e s our c e s ,t hi st ool ki tl i ke wi s ee xa mi ne se xt r e mei de ol ogi e st ha tpr oduc e svi ol e ncvi ol e nc et ha ti sof t e nt a r ge t e d,c a l c ul a t e d,a ndc a r r i e doutbys ma l l e r ,i ns ul a rgr oupsor i ndi vi dua l s .I nor de rt ounde r s t a nds uc ht a c t i c a lvi ol e nc ewemus ta na l ys et hei ndi vi dua l s t ha tga t he rt oge t he rt oc a r r youts uc ha c t s .

1 c h a p t e r

NonSt a t eAc t or

Ne w t e c hnol ogi e s a nd a ve nue s of e nga ge me nt ha ve e mpowe r e dt he i ndi vi dua lhuma na ge nta s ne ve r be f or e . Gl oba l i s a t i ona ndt hepr ol i f e r a t i onofc ompe t i ngs t r uc t ur e sof powe ra nd i nﬂue nc e ha ve ,i n ma ny wa ys ,we a ke ne dt he s upr e mepowe roft hes t a t ea st hegove r ni nga ndj ur i di c a la c t ori na ni ndi vi dua l ’ sl i f e .I t i snots ur pr i s i ng,t he n,t ha tt r a di t i ona lwa r f a r ebe t we e nna t i onsi sdi mi ni s hi nga snons t a t ea c t orvi ol e nc e( c a r r i e doutbyi ndi vi dua l s ,c or por a t i ons ,gue r r i l l amove me nt s ,dr ug c a r t e l s-t ona meaf e w)i sont her i s e .

I de ol ogi e s pr omul ga t e d by nons t a t ea c t or s whi c hi nc i t e vi ol e nt r e a c t i ons f r om a dhe r e nt sof t e na ddr e s sa ni ndi vi dua l ’ ss e ns eoff a i r ne s sa ndj us t i c e .The ya r ec onvi nc i ng be c a us et he ys pe a kt oape r c e i ve di nj us t i c e ,s e ns eofhumi l i a t i on,l a c kofc ont r ol ,a nd s t a t eofi ns t a bi l i t ywi t hc l e a r c utl ogi ca ndr e a di l ya va i l a bl ea ns we r s .The s ei de ol ogi e s c r e a t eor de routofc ha os .Thust os hi f ta ni ndi vi dua l ’ spe r s pe c t i vea wa yf r om vi ol e nt e nds ,a nyt r a i ne rwor ki ngwi t h/ a mongs tvul ne r a bl es oc i a lgr oupsori ndi vi dua l smus t c r e a t ea ne nvi r onme ntwhi c ha l l owspa r t i c i pa nt st or e ﬂe c tont hes t a bi l i t y ,l ogi c ,a nd j us t i c ef oundi npe a c e .Wewi l lc a l lt hi sde ve l opi nga‘ na r r a t i veofpe a c e ’ -orc r e a t i nga s pa c ef or‘ pe a c es pi r i t ua l i t y’ .

1 c h a p t e r

Not e s

2 c h a p t e r

Shi f t i ngTowa r d APe a c e f ulPa r a di gm

TheNa r r a t i v eofVi ol e nc e Vi ol e nta c t sbe gi nwi t hvi ol e ntt hought sorobj e c t i ve swhi c ha r e f or mul a t e da nd a dopt e d byonepe r s on,orgr oup a c t i ngi n c onc e r t .Shi f t i ngape r s pe c t i veorpa r a di gm -notne c e s s a r i l y c ha ngi ngmi ndsorc onve r t i nghe a r t s-r e qui r e st ha tavi a bl e a l t e r na t i vebepr e s e nt e dt ot hea c t ororgr oupi nque s t i on.

Onec a nnot‘ pr e a c hpe a c e ’ ,howe ve r ,i fonedoe snotfir s ta ut he nt i c a l l yhe a ra nda bs or ba nar r at i v e ofv i ol e nc e .Al l owi ng a pe r s pe c t i ve t o be he a r da nd di ge s t e d me a ns pr ovi di ng a pl a t f or m f or vi e ws t ha ts e e m hor r e ndous or f r i ght e ni ng a tt i me s . Thi sa ppr oa c ha ppe a r sc ount e r i nt ui t i vea tfir s t ,f ort hos ei npe a c ewor kof t e na r r i veon s c e nee qui ppe dwi t ht ool sf orpe a c e bui l di ng.Be f or eonec a n‘ bui l d’pe a c ehowe ve r ,t hi s t ool ki ta r gue sonemus tfir s tbr e a kdownpe r c e pt i onsof‘ t heot he r ’he l dbyt hea c t or , whi c hof t e nma keupavi ol e ntna r r a t i ve . A na r r a t i veofvi ol e nc ei sas e r i e sofs t or i e s ,e ve nt s ,orc ons i s t sofl e s s onsl e a r ne da nd s ha r e de xpe r i e nc e swhi c hma keupape r s pe c t i vea ndf or ma ni ndi vi dua l ’ sorac ol l e c t i ve ’ s wor l dvi e w.‘ Theot he r ’i sa ni mpor t a nte l e me nti nt hena r r a t i ve .Thi s‘ ot he r ’of t e nuni t e s ac ommuni t ybypr ovoki ngc ol l e c t i ver e s pons e sofl oa t hi ng,ha t r e d,ordi s gus t .Whe n wor ki ngwi t hi ndi vi dua l s ,s ma l l ,me di um ore ve nl a r gegr oups-a c t i ve l yl i s t e ni ngt ot hi s na r r a t i vea ndpr ovi di ngr oom f ori tt obea i r e da ndhe a r doutl oudof t e nbe gi nst he pr oc e s sofunpa c ka gi ngi t .I nt het r ai ni nge xe r c i s ec hapt e ryouwi l lfinde xe r c i s e st ha t de di c a t et i met owr i t i ngdown, i nj our na l s , t het hought sonemi ghte xpe r i e nc el e a di ngup t oordur i ngape a c et r a i ni ng.Thebe s ta ppr oa c hf ordi ffus i ngavi ol e ntna r r a t i vewi l l de pe ndupont hec i r c ums t a nc e s ,c ul t ur e ,s i z eoft hegr oup,a nds pe c i ficgr i e va nc et he t r a i ne rs e e kst oa ddr e s s .Howe ve r ,ke e pi ngi nmi ndt hepowe roft hevi ol e ntna r r a t i ve s houl dbef or e mos ti nt hemi ndsofpr a c t i t i one r sbe gi nni ngt r a i ni ngswi t hvul ne r a bl e popul a t i onspr onet ovi ol e nta c t s .

Na r r a t i v e sofPe a c e A‘ t hi c k’ na r r a t i ver e f e r st ot hede e ppa t hol ogyt ha tde ve l opsa r oundas t a t i cbe l i e fs ys t e m -qui t es i mpl yt hebe l i e fs ys t e mi sbl a c ka ndwhi t e , a bs ol ut e , i nc a pa bl eofbe i ngs hi f t e dor c ha nge d,a ndt ot a l l ye nc ompa s s i ng.A‘ t hi n’ na r r a t i ve ,ont heot he rha nd,i sape r s pe c t i ve ore xpl a na t i onofs ome t hi ngwhi c hc a nbes t r e t c he da c r os st r ut hsa ndc a nbea da pt e dt o pr e s e ntr e a l i t i e sa ndc i r c ums t a nc e s .I ti sl i ght ,i ti sma l l e a bl e ,a ndi tc a nbet hi c ke ne dby 1 t hos ewhot a keowne r s hi pofi t . Thes t a r t i ngpoi ntofavi ol e ntna r r a t i ve-i nt e r msoft he ‘ t hi c kne s s ’oft hi se xpl a na t i oni nt hemi ndsofi t se a r l ya dopt e r sora dhe r e nt s-s houl dbe e xpl or e dt hor oughl yi fonewi s he st o moveon t o di s c us s i ng pe a c e f ula l t e r na t i ve s .

Mi c ha e lWa l z e r ,Thi c ka ndThi n:Mor a lAr gume nt sa tHomea ndAbr oa d( Not r eDa me :Uni ve r s i t yof Not r eDa mePr e s s ,1997) .

2 c h a p t e r

Vi ol e nc ea ndvi ol e ntna r r a t i ve sl e a vel i t t l er oom f orc r e a t i ve , dyna mi ci nt e r a c t i onwi t hs e l fa ndot he r s .Asme nt i one da bove , ‘ t heot he r ’i si de nt i fie d,c a t e gor i s e d,a ndt a r ge t e da st hes our c e ofa pe r c e i ve d gr i e va nc e .Pe a c e f ulna r r a t i ve s ,on t heot he r ha nd,a r e‘ t hi n’-t he ybe gi nbyi de nt i f yi ngt hei nne rc a l mt ha ti st hes our c eofpe a c e ,a nd e qua t i ngt ha ts pi r i t ua lc ont e mpl a t i onwi t har e a l wor l da ppl i c a t i onofa c t i ont owa r dsr e c onc i l i a t i on.The r ei snos i ngul a r‘ na r r a t i veofpe a c e ’ ,a ndt husi ti sof t e ndi ffic ul tt ol oc a t e a ndde finee xa c t l ywha tpe a c el ooksl i kei nar e a lwor l dc ont e xt-howe ve rwemus tt r y . The Re ve r e nd Doc t orMa r t i n Lut he rKi ng J r .s a i di n hi se l oque ntLe t t e rf r om Bi r mi ngha mJ a i l ,“ Tr uepe a c ei snotme r e l yt hea bs e nc eoft e ns i on:i ti st hepr e s e nc eof j us t i c e . ”Asas t a r t i ngpoi ntt he n,wec a ns a yt ha tpe a c e f ula l t e r na t i ve sbe gi nwi t ha r e f us a loft he i nt e l l e c tt oa c c e pti nj us t i c ea nd a bs ol ut ea ns we r st o mul t i l a ye r e d pr obl e msa nd i s s ue swhi c h pl a gue s oc i e t i e sa nd c ul t ur e s .Pe a c ec a nnots i mpl y be a c c ompl i s he d,howe ve r ,bya ppe a l i ngt oa ni ndi vi dua lorc ommuni t y’ sr a t i ona ls e ns eof 2 r i ghta ndwr ong,orj us t i c ea sf a i r ne s s . Of t e nj us t i c ef ort hegr e a t e rgood,orj us t i c ef or t hemos t ,me a nsac e r t a i nc ompr omi s ei n wha ti sr a t i ona l l ype r c e i ve da s‘ f a i r ’bya mi nor i t y .How dower e c onc i l et hi sr e a l i t y ,a ddr e s sa l lpa r t i e sa ut he nt i c a l l ya ndwi t h r e s pe c t ,a ndope r a t ei nawor l dwhe r ec ompe t i ngl oya l t i e spul la ndpus hi ndi vi dua l si n ma ny di ffe r e ntdi r e c t i ons ? The s e que s t i onsmot i va t e d Pa x Chr i s t it o publ i s ht hi s t ool ki t .

Pe a c eSp i r i t ua l i t y Pa xChr i s t ifir s tbe ga na ddr e s s i ngt hei s s ueofpe a c es pi r i t ua l i t yi npubl i c a t i onsa sf a r 3 me nt ’ s Ca t hol i c he r i t a ge c ont r i but e st o our ba c k a st he 1980s . The move unde r s t a ndi ngoft hi ss pi r i t ua l i t y ,butt hec or eoft hi ss pi r i t ua le xpr e s s i onne e dnotbe t i e dt oa nypa r t i c ul a rf a i t ht r a di t i onorbe l i e fs ys t e m.Pe ac es pi r i t ual i t yr e f e r st ot he c e nt e r i ng of one ’ s t hought s a nd i nt e nt i ons on nonvi ol e nt a ppr oa c he s of c ommuni c a t i ng a nd a c t i ng -wi t hi n one ’ si nt e r na lmonol oguea nd wi t hout-i nt he pr e s e nc eofa ndwi t hmi ndf ul ne s sf oraCr e a t ororc e nt r a ll i f ef or c ewhi c hor i e nt sa l l be i ngsa ndc r e a t i oni na ni nt e r wove nf a br i c .Wi t hi nt hi smi ndf ul ne s s ,j us t i c ec a nbes e e n a ss ome t hi ngf a rgr e a t e rt ha ns i mpl yf a i r ne s s .J us t i c ec a nbe‘ t hi n’ -i nt hes e ns et ha ti tc a n bea nove r l a ppi ngc ons e ns uswhi c ha ddr e s s e s‘ t hegood’f ormos ta ndt he‘ be s tpos s i bl e ’ f ora l l .J us t i c ene e dnota l wa ysbef a i rbye a r t hl ys t a nda r dsofhuma ne nga ge me nti n or de rt obr i ngpe a c et oa ni ndi vi dua lorc ommuni t y . Pe opl eof t e ne qua t epe a c ewi t hpa c i fis m,nona c t i on,ort hea bs e nc eofc onfli c t .Tr ue pe a c e ,howe ve r ,c a nbequi t epos s i bl yt hemos tt r yi ng,de e pl yuns e t t l i ng,a ndl ogi c a l l y unde r mi ni ngpr oc e s sf ora ni ndi vi dua lt oa ut he nt i c a l l y‘ own’ .Pe a c et a ke swor k.Pe a c e t a ke ss a c r i fic e .Pe a c et a ke ss uffe r i ng.Pe a c et a ke se nga ge d di a l ogue ,s us t a i ne d ove r ge ne r a t i ons a nd pe opl e s of di ffe r i ng ba c kgr ounds , be l i e f sa nd or i e nt a t i ons . J ohnRa wl s ,AThe or yofJ us t i c e( Ca mbr i dge :Ha r va r dUni ve r s i t yPr e s s ,1971) . Pa xChr i s t i ,Pe a c eSpi r i t ua l i t yf orPe a c e ma ke r s( Br us s e l s :Pa xChr i s t iI nt e r na t i ona l ,1983) .

2 3

2 c h a p t e r

Ca t hol i cSoc i a l Te a c hi ng Spe a ki ngf r om aCa t hol i cf a i t hba s e dpe r s pe c t i ve ,wec a ns a y t ha tpa r t i c ul a rpa r a bl e si nt heGos pe la ddr e s st hi si s s ueof ‘ none a r t hl y’ j us t i c e , a ndr e mi ndusoft heﬂe e t i ngna t ur eofma t e r i a lorc or por a lwe a l t h-whi c hof t e nl i ea tt hehe a r toft he vi ol e ntna r r a t i veof‘ ot he r ’-e s pe c i a l l yi ni de ol ogi e swhi c h f oc usonal os sofl a nd,c ul t ur e ,he r i t a georwa yofl i f e .

I nCha pt e r15ofLuke ’ sGos pe lwer e a dt hepa r a bl eoft hepr odi ga ls on, whi c hChr i s t i a ns of t e nc i t ea st hec e nt r a ls t or yde pi c t i ngGod’ se ndl e s sc a pa c i t yt of or gi vea ndr e c onc i l e be i ngst oHi ms e l f .I nt hes t or yt he r ei saf a t he rwi t ht wos ons ,oneofwhom i sgi ve nha l f ofhi ss ha r eofhi sf a t he r ’ se s t a t e .Thi syounge rs onl e a ve shomea nds pe ndshi se nt i r e i nhe r i t a nc e .Theol de rs on s t a ysbe hi nd a nd wor kst hel a nd wi t h hi sf a t he r ,ne ve r di s obe yshi m,a nds a ve shi ss ha r e .Theyounge rs one ve nt ua l l yr e t ur ns ,pove r t ys t r i c ke n, s i c kl ya ndhumi l i a t e d, a ndhi sf a t he rwe l c ome shi m wi t hope na r ms , put t i nghi sbe s tr obe onhi ma ndki l l i nghi smos tpr i z e dl i ve s t oc kt oc e l e br a t et hi ss on’ sc omi nghome .The ol de rs onbe c ome se nr a ge da nddoe snotunde r s t a ndwhyhi sf a t he rha sa bus e dhi m by f a vor i ngt heyounge rs on,whoha sc ompl e t e l yr ui ne dhi ms e l fa ndhumi l i a t e dhi sf a mi l y . Atﬁr s tgl a c e ,t hepa r a bl eoft hepr odi ga ls on i si nde e da boutr e c onc i l i a t i on a nd f or gi ve ne s s .Howe ve rt her e a de rof t e nmi s s e st hee l e me nt sc e nt r a lt ot hes t or y-t ha tt he f a t he rt r e a t e dt hes onsdi ﬀe r e nt l ya ndga vet oe a c he xa c t l ywha thene e de da ndwha t woul dbr i nge a c ht hemos tgr owt h,wi s dom,a ndi nne rpe a c e .Thef a t he ra ns we r st he ol de rs on’ sa nge rbys a yi ngt ohi m,“ Mys on,youa r ea l wa yswi t hme ,a nde ve r yt hi ngI ha vei syour s .Butweha dt oc e l e br a t ea ndbegl a d, be c a us et hi sbr ot he rofyour swa sde a d a ndi sa l i vea ga i n;hewa sl os ta ndi sf ound. ”I not he rwor ds ,t hef a t he ra s kst heol de rs on t obea ts pi r i t ua lpe a c ewi t ht hej us t i c eofe a r t hl yUNf a i r ne s s .Theyounge rs onne e de da l onge r ,mor epa i nf ul ,mor emi s t a ke r i dde ns pi r i t ua lj our ne yt obe‘ f ound’-t oknow t he pe a c et ha tc ome swhe nonea c c e pt st hegi f tofone ’ sf a mi l ya ndt hel ovet ha tor i gi na t e si n c ommuni t y . Now wha tdoe st hi ss t or yt e l lusa boutpe a c es pi r i t ua l i t y?Fi r s t l y ,Ca t hol i cs oc i a l t e a c hi ngha sde ve l ope da‘ pr e f e r e nt i alopt i onf ort hepoor ’-ba s e di nt hej us t i c eoft he 4 Be a t i t ude s ,orJ e s us ’Se r monont heMount . TheBe a t i t ude sr unc ont r a r yt ot r a di t i ona l , e a r t hl ynot i onsofpowe ra nd f a i r ne s s .Fore xa mpl e ,“ Bl e s s e da r et heme e k,f ort he y

Ma t t he w5 :1 1 2,( a l s oLuke6:2026) ,NRSVc i t e d.

2 c h a p t e r

s ha l li nhe r i tt hee a r t h. ”Onemi ghta s k:whys houl das hy ,me e k pe r s onbegi ve nt hee a r t h?Or“ Bl e s s e da r et hepoori ns pi r i t , f ort he i r si st heKi ngdom ofHe a ve n”-mos tpe opl et hi nkof ki ngs a nd ki ngdoms a s ha vi ng we a l t h a nd ma t e r i a l goods .Thi sc ount e r c ul t ur a lvi s i onofwha tj us t i c eoughtt ol ookl i kei snotonl yc e nt r a l t o ourdi s c us s i on ofpe a c es pi r i t ua l i t y ,buta l s o ourdi s c us s i on ofdi ﬀus i ng vi ol e nt na r r a t i ve swhi c hc i t ee a r t hl yf a i r ne s sa st her e a s onf orr e s or t i ngt ode s t r uc t i veout c ome s ( i . e .t oa c hi e vea n‘ e ve n’pl a yi ngﬁe l d) .

Ac c e pt i ngaj us t i c eofnonwor l dl y‘ f a i r ne s s ’doe snots i mpl yme a na c c e pt i ngi nj us t i c e-i t me a nse nga gi ngi nt hepr oc e s sofs e e i ng‘ t heot he r ’a sc e nt r a lt oone ’ sunde r s t a ndi ngof s e l fa nd c ommuni t y wi t hi na ni nt e r wove nf a br i cofc r e a t i on a nd huma ni t y .Pe a c e s pi r i t ua l i t y ,orde ve l opi nga ni nt e r na lna r r a t i veofpe a c ewi t hi none s e l fora l ongs i dea c ommuni t y ,de ma ndsac e r t a i nme a s ur eoft hi sdi ffic ul te nga ge me nti nt hee s s e nc eofour c ommon he r i t a ge a nd c ommon r e s pons i bi l i t i e st oe a c h ot he r . Di s c e r ni ng t hi s r e s pons i bi l i t yt a ke st i me , s pa c ef orr e fle c t i on, a ndc ons t a nte ffor ta ndi nvol ve me ntwi t hi n s e l fa ndwi t hout-i nf a mi l y ,c ommuni t y ,f a i t ht r a di t i on,a nd/ orna t i ona la nde t hni che r i t a ge .Ea c hoft he s es phe r e sofl oya l t ywe i ghupona ni ndi vi dua la sa c t or .

Tr a i ni ngf orPe a c e f ulAl t e r na t i v e s Thene xtc ha pt e rwi l lpr ovi deas e r i e sofba s i ce xe r c i s e si ndi vi dua lt r a i ne r sc a ne mpl oy whe n wor ki ngwi t h vul ne r a bl egr oupspr onet ovi ol e nta c t smot i va t e d byi de ol ogi e s whi c hpe r c e i vegr os si nj us t i c e .Thee xe r c i s e sa r eas t a r t i ngpoi nti nal onge rpr oc e s sof e nga ge me ntPa xChr i s t ipl a nst opubl i s ha nddi s s e mi na t e , a sourpa r t ne r se mpl oyt hef ol l owi ngpr e l i mi na r yt ool sa nd r e por tba c kt o uson pos s i bl ea r e a sofe xpa ns i on a nd r e vi s i on. The s ee xe r c i s e st a kei nt oa c c ountt hec e nt r a le l e me nt sofa ni ndi vi dua lhuma npe r s ona s out l i ne di nc ha pt e rone-t hepe r s ona l ,t hes pi r i t ua l ,a ndt hes oc i a l .I ti shope dt ha tt he y wi l le nga gea nde ne r gi s ei ndi vi dua l s ,s ma l l ,me di um a ndl a r gegr oups ,buta l s opr ovi de i ns pi r a t i onf orr e ﬂe c t i ves pa c e .Tr a i ni ngs ,c onf e r e nc e s ,a ndde di c a t e dt i mede vot e dt o t a ki ngi ndi vi dua l sf r om t he i re ve r yda yl i ve sa nds us pe ndi ngt he mi nt i mef oras hor t pe r i od t oge t he rc a n bea ni mpor t a nt-i fnott hemos ti mpor t a nt-t ooli n di ﬀus i ng vi ol e nta c t or sa tt he i re a r l i e s ts t a ge .The s ee xe r c i s e sa r eme a ntt o beus e dt ot r a i n t r a i ne r s ,buta l s ot o ber e pl i c a t e df ort hos et r a i ne r st o us ei nt he i rown t r a i ni ngs . Ha ppyr e a di ng.

3 c h a p t e r

Tr a i ni ngTool ki t

Thi sc ha pt e roft he t ool ki twi l loﬀe rpr a c t i c a lt ool sa nd e xe r c i s e sf ort r a i ni ngs ,a ndbe gi nswi t hl ogi s t i cs ugge s t i ons ,a s we l la spr e l i mi na r yc ommuni c a t i ons ki l l st r a i ne r sma ywa ntt o c ons i de rbe f or ee mba r ki ngona ne xe r c i s e .Thet ool ki tt he n 1 pr ovi de ss ugge s t i onsf ori ndi vi dua le nga ge me nta ndgr ouppr oc e s s e se xe r c i s e s .

Tr a i ni ngLogi s t i c s Tr a i ni ngAi ds

Tr a i ni nga i dsi nt he ms e l ve sa r enotme t hodsoft r a i ni ng;t he yr e ma i nt ool swhi c hdonot r e pl a c et het r a i ne r .I ti sus e f ult oe mpl oyava r i e t yofa i ds ,butva r i e t y( ort e c hnol ogy! )i s nota ne ndi ni t s e l f .I ti sa dvi s a bl et opr a c t i c eyours e s s i ont oc he c kt ha tt hema t e r i a lyou a r eus i ngi sr e a l l ya na i da ndnotahi ndr a nc et oyourme s s a gege t t i nga c r os s .Youma y ﬁndt het a bl ebe l ow,a da pt e df r om t heEur ope a nCommi s s i ona ndCounc i lofEur ope ’ s 2002TKi to nT r a i n i n gEs s e n t i a l s ,us e f uli nt hi nki nga bouta i dst ous e :

Ai ds Vi s ua la i ds OHP Sl i de s Shor tc l i porﬁl m Pi c t ur e s Fl i pc ha r t s Col our e dc a r ds Pos t i t s Ha ndout s Powe r Poi ntpr e s e nt a t i on Audi oa i ds Mus i c Mi c r ophone

Comme nt s Ma ke s ur et ha tt he s e t t i ng oft he r oom i s a de qua t ea ndt ha ta l lpa r t i c i pa nt sc a npr ope r l y s e et hepoi ntoff oc us .Thi si nvol ve sc he c ki ng t hel i ght i nga nds c r e e npos i t i oni nt her oom. I ti sbe t t e rt ol i mi tyoura i dst oe s s e nt i a lde t a i l s a nda voi ddi s t r a c t i ons .Choos ea na ppr opr i a t e l a yout ,wi t ha na ppr opr i a t el e t t e r i ng s i z e . Spa c el e t t e r sa de qua t e l ya nd pr e f e rt a l l e r l e t t e r st owi deone s .I fyouc hoos ec ol our s ,pa y a t t e nt i on nott o ove rc ombi nef a dec ol our s .

Mus i ci sof t e nus e dt or e l a xpa r t i c i pa nt sort o he l p t he t r a i ne r t o c r e a t e a di ﬀe r e nt a t mos phe r e . Ta l ki ng i nt o a mi c r ophone i s not a l wa ys s t r a i ght f or wa r d-r e he a r s et oﬁndt her i ghtdi s t a nc ef r om t hemout ha ndt oa voi df e e dba c k.

Ma nyoft he s ee xe r c i s e sha vebe e na da pt e df r om:Ca r i t a sI nt e r na t i ona l i s ,Pe a c e bui l di ng:ACa r i t a s Tr a i ni ngMa nua l( Pa l a z z oSa nCa l i s t o:Va t i c a nCi t y ,2002)a ndus e dbype r mi s s i on.

3 c h a p t e r

Ai ds Phys i c a lma t e r i a l s Ba l l s Ava i l a bl es por t se qui pme nt Ma t e r i a l sf orr ol e pl a y , di s gui s e se t c Ma t e r i a lt omoul da nd c r e a t eavi s ua l

Phys i c a ls e t t i ng Pl a c i ngt hec ha i r si nac i r c l e i si nf or ma la nd c ont r i but e s t oa na t mos phe r eofe xha nge a nde ve ni nt i ma c y .Eve r body c a ns e ee a c hot he r ,a ndt he r e a r enopr e f e r e nc es e a t s . Pl a c i ngt hec ha i r si nar ows o t ha ts pe a ke r sa r ei nf r ontof pa r t i c i pa nt si s us e f ul f or vi s ua lpr e s e nt a t i ons ,a sl ong a se ve r ybody c a ns e e . As oppos e dt oac i r c l ehowe ve r , i ts e t supa nobvi ouspowe r r e l a t i on. Pl a c i ngt hec ha i r si nas e r i e s ofs ma l lc i r c l e si sus e f ulwhe n youc r e a t ewor ki nggr oupst o c a r r youts ma l le xe r c i s e sor t a s ksdur i ngt hes e s s i on.The s pe a ke rc a n be a c c ommoda t e donar a i s e dpl a t f or ma t t hemos ta ppr opr i a t epoi nti n t her oom.

Comme nt s

Dur i ngt het r a i ni ngpa r t i c i pa nt swi l la ppr e c i a t ephys i c a lmove me ntwhe t he ri ti sas i mpl e ga meorac r e a t i vee xe r c i s ewi t hc l a yors ome s i mi l a rma t e r i a l .Ma ke s ur et ha tyou ha ve a de qua t ea mount sofa l lma t e r i a l sne e de df ora pa r t i c ul a re xe r c i s e ,a nd t ha twhe r er e l e va nt , t hes a f e t ya nds e c ur i t yoft het r a i ni nge nvi r onme nts houl dbec ons i de r e d.

Thephys i c a ls e t t i ng i si mpor t a ntf orgr oup dyna mi c sa ndha sa ni mpa c tont hel e a r ni ng pr oc e s s . Pa r t i c i pa nt ss houl d bephys i c a l l ya te a s e ,be a bl et o he a ra nd s e ea de qua t e l ya nd t he r e s houl d be e nough r oom f or t he pl a nne d a c t i vi t i e s . The r oom s houl d ha ve s uďŹ&#x192;c i e nt a i r ,a nd a t t e nt i ve pa r t i c i pa nt s pr os pe ri nr e gul a t e d t e mpe r a t ur e s ;t ha ti si nr oomst ha ta r enot t r opi c a l l yhotornumbi ngl yc ol d. Pa r t i c i pa nt sa ndt r a i ne r ss houl dbei nf or me d a nda wa r eoft hel oc a t i onofďŹ r ea nde me r ge nc y e xi t s .

3 c h a p t e r

Gr oupSi z ea ndPa r t i c i p a t i on

Toopt i mi s epa r t i c i pa t i on,i ti si mpor t a ntt oc ont r olgr oups i z e a nd t o us ear a nge ofme t hods s ui t e dt o wor ki ng wi t h di ﬀe r e nt gr oup s i z e s .No gr oup i ss t a t i c ,a nd f r om t he be gi nni ng oft he t r a i ni ng t he pa r t i c i pa nt st he ms e l ve swi l l moul dt hedi r e c t i ona ndﬂowoft hegr oup’ sdyna mi c .Howe ve r ,t hec ha r tbe l owgi ve sa 2 ge ne r a love r vi e woft het ypi c a lna t ur eofgr oupc ommuni c a t i on:

Gr oupSi z ea ndPa r t i c i p a t i on Si z e

Communi c a t i oni nt hegr oup Gr oups t r uc t ur e / me t hods

36pe opl e :

Eve r yones pe a ks

710pe opl e :

Al mos te ve r yones pe a ks . Wor ki nggr oups ,s ma l l Qui e t e rpe opl es a yl e s s . t t he ma i cwor ks hops Oneort woma ynots pe a ka t a l l .

1118pe opl e :

5or6pe opl es pe a kal ot , Wor ks hop,pl e na r ys e s s i on 3or4ot he r sj oi ni noc c a s i ona l l y .

1930pe opl e :

3or4pe opl epot e nt i a l l y domi na t e

Pl e na r ys e s s i ons-pr e s e nt a t i ons ( r e s ul t s ,ﬁl m) ,s hor tt he or e t i c a l i nput ,e va l ua t i onsa ndwor ki ng gr oups

30+pe opl e :

Li t t l epa r t i c i pa t i onpos s i bl e

( t he bi gge rt he gr oup, t he s hor t e rt hepl e na r y me e t i ngs )

Buz z gr oupsl i ke me t hod 66 ( 6pe opl es ha r ef or6mi nut e s a bout a s ubj e c t ) , wor ki ng gr oups

Counc i lofEur opea ndEur ope a nCommi s s i on,TKi tonTr a i ni ngEs s e nt i a l s( St r a s bour g:Counc i lof Eur opePubl i s hi ng,2002) ,81.

3 c h a p t e r

Communi c a t i onSki l l s : SomeAp p r oa c he st oCons i de r 3

I nc ommuni c a t i ng e ﬀe c t i ve l y ,ma ny c onﬂi c tr e s ol ve r sa nd c ommuni c a t i one xpe r t se mpha s i s et hei mpor t a nc eofpa r t i c ul a r c ommuni c a t i on s ki l l s .The s es ki l l sa r ee xt r e me l y us e f ulf or t r a i ne r sa ndt r a i ni ngpa r t i c i pa nt sa swe l l .The s ec ommuni c a t i ons ki l l si nc l ude :

Re f r a mi ng Re f r a mi ngi nvol ve sgi vi nga na l t e r na t i vei nt e r pr e t a t i on ofi s s ue sorbe ha vi our . By r e f r a mi ng,t hel i s t e ne rva l i da t e st hes pe a ke r ’ se xpe r i e nc ebutope nst hedoorf or a l t e r na t i vei nt e r pr e t a t i onsoft hec ont e nt .Cha ngi ngt hef r a mema ke sr oom f ordi ﬀe r e nt pe r c e pt i onsa nd i nt e r pr e t a t i onsofi s s ue sa nd be ha vi our .Re f r a mi ng mi ghti nvol ve movi ngas pe a ke rf r om mor ege ne r a lt os pe c i ﬁcc omme nt s ,mi ghti de nt i f yunde r l yi ng f e e l i ngs ,mi ghtne ut r a l i s ea t t a c ksori de nt i f ya r e a sofc ommoni nt e r e s t s .

Re s t a t i ng Thi si ss i mi l a rt or e f r a mi ng,e xc e pti ti nvol ve sr e s t a t i ngwha ts ome ones a ysi nl a ngua ge t ha ti sl e s sa c c us a t or y .Thepe r s onr e s t a t i ngdoe snota dda nyt hi ngt ot hes t a t e me nt ,but s i mpl ypa r a phr a s e st hes pe a ke r .Whe nr e s t a t i ng,t het hi r dpa r t ys houl dc he c kwi t ht he s pe a ke rt oma kes ur et hepa r a phr a s ei sa c c ur a t e .

Ac t i v el i s t e ni ng Us i nga c t i vel i s t e ni ngde mons t r a t e st ot hes pe a ke rt ha tyou,a sal i s t e ne r ,a r er e a l l y he a r i ngwha tt hes pe a ke ri ss a yi ng.Youc ommuni c a t et hi sbyr e fle c t i ngt hef e e l i ngsof t he l i s t e ne r ,r e s t a t i ng t he c ont e ntoft he s pe a ke r ’ sc omme nt s ,a s ki ng ope ne nde d que s t i ons ,a nd ge ne r a l l yc ommuni c a t i ng e mpa t hy wi t ht he s pe a ke r . Empa t hy c ommuni c a t e st ha tt hel i s t e ne rr e a l l yunde r s t a ndst hes pe a ke r ’ spoi ntofvi e w.Whe n ove r us e d,a c t i vel i s t e ni ngc a nbei r r i t a t i ng,a nd i ti sdi ffic ul tt odoi nc r os s c ul t ur a l s i t ua t i onswhe r epe r c e pt i onsa ndi nt e r pr e t a t i onsofc ont e nta ndunde r l yi nge mot i onsi n c onve r s a t i ona r ec ul t ur a l l yi nflue nc e d.

Re di r e c t i ng Re di r e c t i ngc omme nt st ot het r a i ne ra l l owst het r a i ne rt ot a kec ha r geoft hedi r e c t i onof t hec ommuni c a t i on.Howe ve r ,oneoft hepur pos e soft r a i ni ng i st o mode lgood c ommuni c a t i ona nde nc our a gec ommuni c a t i onbe t we e ni ndi vi dua l s ,s ot hi spa r t i c ul a r t e c hni ques houl dbeus e ds pa r i ngl y .

Re a l i t yt e s t i ng Re a l i t yt e s t i ngi sat e c hni quet r a i ne r sma yus et owa r dt hee ndofat r a i ni ngs e s s i on.The t r a i ne rpl a yst her ol eofa na ge ntofr e a l i t ybya s ki ngque s t i onsa boutt hea c c e pt a bi l i t y a ndr e l e va nc eoft het r a i ni ngf or‘ r e a lwor l d’s i t ua t i onsa ndc ont e xt s . Ca r i t a sI nt e r na t i ona l i s ,120121.

3 c h a p t e r

I ndi v i dua lEnga ge me nt

Thi sc ha r ts howsa na ppr oa c ht ha tat r a i ne rma ywa ntt ot a ke wi t hi ndi vi dua l swhoha ver e c e nt l ya r r i ve da tat r a i ni ng.I tde pi c t st hepr oc e s sof“ c he c ki ngi n”wi t hi ndi vi dua l sa boutt he i r f e e l i ngsa ndpe r c e i ve dne e ds / c onc e r nswi t hi nac onﬂi c tma p. Thec onﬂi c tma pc a nbeke ptwi t ht het r a i ne rf orhi s / he rus eorputupont hewa l lf ora l l pa r t i c i pa nt st os e e ,de pe ndi ngont hes i z eoft hegr oup a nd de s i r e d out c omeoft he 4 e xe r c i s e .

Ma p p i ng I nt hec e nt r ec i r c l e ,de finebr i e flyt hei s s ue ,t hepr obl e ma r e a ,orc onfli c ti nne ut r a lt e r mst ha t a l lwoul da gr e eona ndt ha tdoe s n’ ti nvi t ea“ ye s/no”a ns we r . I nt hes e c t or soft hel a r gec i r c l e ,wr i t et hena meofe a c hi mpor t a ntpe r s onorgr oup. Wr i t edowne a c hpe r s on’ sorgr oup’ sne e ds .Wha tmot i va t e shi m /he r ? Wr i t edowne a c hpe r s on’ sorgr oup’ sc onc e r ns ,f e a r sora nxi e t i e s . Bepr e pa r e dt oc ha nget hes t a t e me ntoft hei s s ue , a syourunde r s t a ndi ngofi te vol ve st hr ough di s c us s i onort odr a wupot he rma psofr e l a t e di s s ue st ha ta r i s e .

ne e ds :

who:

c onc e r ns : ne e ds :

ne e ds : who:

TheI s s ue

who:

c onc e r ns :

c onc e r ns : ne e ds :

c onc e r ns :

who:

“ Co n ﬂ i c t Ma p p i n g ”byTheConﬂi c tRe s ol ut i onNe t wor k,Aus t r a l i a . I nt hedi a gr a m,t het e r mc onc e r nsi sus e di nt hes a mes e ns ea spos i t i onsi nt hea bove di s c us s i on.

Counc i lofEur opea ndEur ope a nCommi s s i on,89.

3 c h a p t e r

Gr oupTr a i ni ngs

I c e b r e a ke r s

Pa r t i c i pa nt sof t e ndonotknow e a c hot he rbe f or et he ya r r i ve . I c e br e a ke r sa r ee xe r c i s e sorga me st ha ti nt r oduc epa r t i c i pa nt s a ndhe l pbui l dac omf or t a bl ee nvi r onme nti nwhi c ht os ha r e a ndc ont r i but e .The s ee xe r c i s e sc a ni nc l udec ont e ntt ohe l ps e t pa r a me t e r sf ort hewor ks hop a nd i de nt i f ywha tpa r t i c i pa nt shopet o ge toutoft he t r a i ni ng, me r e l yi nt r oduc e pa r t i c i pa nt s , or s ha r e pa r t i c i pa nt s ’ ba c kgr ound a nd e xpe r i e nc e s .Exe r c i s eopt i onsi nc l ude :

I c e b r e a ke r1: Br i e fI nt e r v i e ws5 Pur p os e :

I nt r oduc epa r t i c i pa nt s ,ga t he rs omei nf or ma t i on a boutt he m,a nd he l p pa r t i c i pa nt s r e l a xa tt hebe gi nni ngoft het r a i ni ng.

Ma t e r i a l s : Pa pe r ,pe ns( opt i ona l )

Ti me : 20–40mi nut e s ,de pe ndi ngonnumbe rofpa r t i c i pa nt s

Pr oc e dur e : 1)Le tpa r t i c i pa nt sknowyouwi l lbea s ki ngt he mt obr i e ﬂyi nt e r vi e wt hr e epe opl ei nt hi s e xe r c i s e ,a ndt ha tt he ywi l lbea s ke dt or e por twha tt he yha vel e a r ne dt ot her e s toft he gr oup t o he l pi nt r oduc ee a c h oft he m.Le tpa r t i c i pa nt sknow t he ywi l lha vet hr e e mi nut e st oi nt e r vi e we a c hpe r s on,a ndt ha tyouwi l lt e l lt he m whe nt os t op. 2)As kpa r t i c i pa nt st os t a r tbyi nt e r vi e wi ngs ome onet he ydonota l r e a dyknow. 3)Gi vepa r t i c i pa nt st hr e emi nut e st oi nt e r vi e wt he i rﬁr s tpa r t ne r .Whe nt hr e emi nut e s a r eup,t e l lt he mt os wi t c ht oane w pa r t ne r .Gi vepa r t i c i pa nt sa not he rt hr e emi nut e s , a nda s kt he mt os wi t c ht ot he i rt hi r dpa r t ne ra tt hee ndoft hea l l ot t e dt i me .I ti sagood i de af oryout opa r t i c i pa t ei nt hei nt e r vi e wsa swe l l . 4)As kpa r t i c i pa nt st or e t ur nt ot he i rpl a c e s . 5)St a ndbe hi nde a c hpa r t i c i pa nti nt ur na nda s kt hos ei nt hegr oupwhoi nt e r vi e we d t ha tpe r s ont os houtoutwha tt he yl e a r ne d.Dot hes a mef ore a c hme mbe ri nt hegr oup. Whe ni ti syourt ur n,e i t he ra s kac ot r a i ne rt os t a ndbe hi ndyouori fyoua r et r a i ni ng a l one ,poi ntt oyour s e l fa nda s kwha tpe opl el e a r ne da boutyou.

Di s c us s i on: Nodi s c us s i onne e de d

Tr a i ne rNot e s : Thi se xe r c i s ea l l owspa r t i c i pa nt st os t a yr e l a xe ds i nc et he ydonotha vet or e por ton t he ms e l ve s .I ta l s oa l l owspa r t i c i pa nt st or e l a t et oe a c h ot he re qua l l y ,r e ga r dl e s sof pos i t i on.I nl a r gegr oups ,wi t hove r20pa r t i c i pa nt s ,t hee xe r c i s ema yt a ket ool onga nd pe opl ewi l lge tbor e d.Toa voi dt hi spr obl e m,a s kpa r t i c i pa nt st or e por tba c kj us tt hr e e t hi ngst he yl e a r ne da boutt hepe r s on. Ca r i t a sI nt e r na t i ona l i s ,21.

3 c h a p t e r

I c e b r e a ke r2: Si tDo wn! Ga me Pur p os e :

I nt r oduc epa r t i c i pa nt s ,ga t he rs omei nf or ma t i ona boutt he m, a ndhe l ppa r t i c i pa nt sr e l a xa tt hebe gi nni ngoft het r a i ni ng.

Ma t e r i a l s : None

Ti me : 10–20mi nut e s ,de pe ndi ngonnumbe rofpa r t i c i pa nt s

Pr oc e dur e : 1)As kpa r t i c i pa nt st os t a ndi nac i r c l e ,e xpl a i nt ha tonepe r s onwi l ls t a r tt hega meby i nt r oduc i ngt he ms e l ve st ot hegr oupa nds ha r i ngaf a c ta boutt he ms e l ve s ,f ore xa mpl e , “ Hi ,myna mei sJ e s s i c a ,Ia ma l l e r gi ct oc hi c ke n. ” 2)I fa not he rpa r t i c i pa nti sa l s oa l l e r gi ct oc hi c ke n,heors hemus ts i tdowni mme di a t e l y . 3)I fnoonei sa l l e r gi ct oc hi c ke n,t heor i gi na ls pe a ke rmus tc ont i nuewi t hamonol ogue off a c t sa boutt he ms e l ve sunt i loneot he rpa r t i c i pa nts ha r e saqua l i t ywi t ht he ma nd i ndi c a t e st hi sbys i t t i ngdown. 4)Onl yonepa r t i c i pa ntc a ns i tdowna tat i me . 5)Al lpa r t i c i pa nt smus tbes i t t i ngf ort hega met oe nd. 6)I ft he r ei sc onf us i ononwhos a tdownﬁr s tt hegr oupmus tde c i dequi c kl ywhot heﬁr s t s i t t e rwa sa ndha vet hel a t es i t t e r( s t i l ls t a ndi ng)i mme di a t e l ys t a r tt he i rmonol ogue .

Di s c us s i on: Nodi s c us s i onne e de d

Tr a i ne rNot e s : Thi se xe r c i s ea l l owspa r t i c i pa nt st oha veabi toff unwhi l ea l s ol e a r ni nge a c hot he r ’ s na me sa ndr a ndom i nf or ma t i ona boute a c hot he r .

3 c h a p t e r

I c e b r e a ke r3: Outo ft heHa tGa me Pur p os e :

I nt r oduc epa r t i c i pa nt s ,ga t he rs omei nf or ma t i ona boutt he m, a ndhe l ppa r t i c i pa nt sr e l a xa tt hebe gi nni ngoft het r a i ni ng.

Ma t e r i a l s :

Aha t , s t r i psofpa pe rwi t hr a ndom wr i t t e ns t a t e me nt sorf a c t st ha tc oul de a s i l ybea gr e e d upon/ s ha r e di nc ommonbe t we e npe opl e

Ti me : 15–25mi nut e s ,de pe ndi ngonnumbe rofpa r t i c i pa nt s

Pr oc e dur e : 1) Le tpa r t i c i pa nt sknowt he ywi l lbea s ke d,a tt hes t a r toft hega me ,t odr a wf ol de ds l i ps ofpa pe routofaha t( t hi snumbe rc a nva r yba s e dont het i mea l l owe df ort hee xe r c i s e a ndt henumbe rofpa r t i c i pa nt s ) .The s es t r i pswi l lha ves t a t e me nt sorf a c t sont he m, s uc ha s ,“ Iownac a r ”or“ Idonotl i kePr e s i de ntOba ma . ” 2)As k pa r t i c i pa nt st o ke e pt he c ont e ntoft he i rs l i pst ot he ms e l ve sunt i le ve r y pa r t i c i pa ntha shi s / he rde s i gna t e dnumbe rofs l i psa nde ve r yoneha st hes a menumbe r ofs l i ps( s oc omepr e pa r e dwi t he xt r a s ) . 3)As kpa r t i c i pa nt st oge tupf r om t he i rc ha i r sors t a t i ona r ypos i t i onsi nt her oom a nd c i r c ul a t e ,wi t ht hegoa lofi nt r oduc i ngt he ms e l ve st of e l l ow pa r t i c i pa nt sa ndﬁndi ng ONE whos ha r e sas t a t e me nt / f a c ti nc ommonwi t has l i pi nt heor i gi na lpa r t i c i pa nt ’ s pos s e s s i on—onc eapa r t i c i pa ntﬁndsape r s onf orhi s / he rs l i pt he ys houl dma r kt ha t pe r s on’ sna meont heba c koft hes l i pt oa voi dc onf us i on. 4)As kpa r t i c i pa nt st or e t ur nt ot he i rpl a c e s . 5)As kpa r t i c i pa nt st ogoi nor de r( a r oundat a bl ef ore xa mpl e )r e por t i ngwha tt he y l e a r ne da boutt he i rf e l l ow pa r t i c i pa nt s ,i nor de roft he i rs l i ps .Fore xa mpl e ,“ Himy na mei sMe ga na ndIl e a r ntt ha tmyc ol l e a gueTom l i ke ss hr i mp. Ia l s ol e a r ntmy c ol l e a guePa t r i c ks ki ppe d agr a de .And myc ol l e a gueTonibe l i e ve si ne vol ut i on. ” Pa r t i c i pa nt sa r ewe l c omet oa dd i t e msnotc ove r e d byt hes l i psi ft he ye nga ge di n l onge r t e r mi nf or ma ldi s c us s i onswi t ht he i rf ol l owpa r t i c i pa nt sa spa r toft hef r e e dom of t hee xe r c i s e .

3 c h a p t e r

Sma l lgr oupExe r c i s e s Ex e r c i s e1: Pe a c eThr o ug hDi a l o g ue6 Pur p os e :

The a i m of t hi se xe r c i s ei st oe nc our a ge di a l ogue a nd pa r t i c i pa t i ona ndt oe ne r gi s et hepa r t i c i pa nt swhi l epr ovi di ng ac r e a t i vewa yf orde l vi ngde e pl yi nt os omei nt e r e s t i ngdi l e mma swhi c hc omeupwhe n di s c us s i ngpe a c e .Someque s t i onsa r epe r s ona lwhi l eot he r sa r emor e‘ pol i t i c a l ’ i nna t ur e . Thee xe r c i s ec a nber e pe a t e ds e ve r a lt i me sdur i ngt het r a i ni ng;wee nc our a geyout o pr ovi deami xofque s t i onse a c ht i meyouus et hi sa c t i vi t y .

Ma t e r i a l s : None

Ti me : 10mi nut e s–5mi nut e sf ore a c hpe r s on

Pr oc e dur e : I nt r oduc et hePe a c eThr oughDi a l oguee xe r c i s ebya s ki ngpa r t i c i pa nt st os i ti npa i r swi t h ac onve r s a t i onpa r t ne r , f a c et of a c e ;pr e f e r a bl ymovea wa yf r om e a c hot he rt oc r e a t es ome s pa c e .Thef a c i l i t a t orc hoos e saque s t i ona ndpos e st heque s t i ont ot hegr oup;r e pe a tt he que s t i oni fne c e s s a r y ,a nda l l ow 1 0mi nut e sf ort hec onve r s a t i on.I nr e s pondi ngt ot he que s t i on, pa r t i c i pa nt sma yf oc usonac onfli c tf r om t he i rownc ount r ywi t hwhi c ht he ya r e f a mi l i a rort he yma yc hoos et of oc usonage ne r a lpoi nt . 1)Doyout hi nkt heha r dl i nee xt r e mi s t si nvol ve di nt hec onfli c ts houl dbei nvi t e dt ot he c onve r s a t i ont a bl e ? 2)Hi s t or yi sac r uc i a lc onc e pti nc onfli c ta ndi npe a c e bui l di ng:howf a rba c ki nhi s t or yi s f a re nough? 3)I nac onfli c ts i t ua t i ont ha tyouknow we l l ,i nwha twa ysha veyoungl e a de r sbe e n br oughti nt ot hepe a c epr oc e s s ? 4)I nac onfli c ts i t ua t i ont ha tyouknow we l l ,i nwha twa ysha vewome nl e a de r sbe e n br oughti nt ot hepe a c epr oc e s s ? 5)Wha twor dswoul dyouus et ode s c r i bet hei de a lr e l a t i ons hi pbe t we e nc hur c hort he domi na ntr e l i gi ona ndt hes t a t e ?Wha ti st her e l a t i ons hi pa c t ua l l yl i kei nyourc ount r y? Howc oul di tbebe t t e r ? 6)I nge ne r a l ,wha tc r i me sdoyoufindha r dt of or gi ve ?Why? 7)Thede s i r ef orr e ve ngec a nbeve r ys t r ongi ns omei ndi vi dua l sa ndc ul t ur e s :how do yout hi nkr e ve ngec a nbet ur ne di nt os ome t hi ngpos i t i veora tl e a s tne ut r a l i s e d? 8)Whe nha veyous e e nr e l i gi onus e dpos i t i ve l yi nt hepe a c epr oc e s s ?Whe nwa si tus e d ba dl y? Cont d. . .

Ca r i t a sI nt e r na t i ona l i s ,26.

3 c h a p t e r

9)I fyouc oul ds a yonet hi ngt ot hePr i meMi ni s t e rorPr e s i de nt ofyourc ount r ywha twoul di tbe ?Wha twoul dyous a yt ot he Oppos i t i on?Why? 10)Wha tdoyouﬁndi ns pi r i ngorbe a ut i f ula boutt hepe opl e i nyourc ount r y? 11)I fyouc oul dc ha ngeonet hi nga boutt hedomi na ntc ul t ur eofyourc ount r ywha t woul di tbe ? 12)Ha veyoue ve rbe e ndi s c r i mi na t e da ga i ns t ?Wha twa si tl i ket of e e ldi s c r i mi na t e d a ga i ns torpe r s e c ut e dbe c a us eofs ome t hi nga boutyour s e l ft ha tyouc oul dn’ tr e a di l y c ha nge ,e g.l a ngua ge ,r a c e ,e t hni corr e l i gi ousi de nt i t y ,ge nde r ,he i ght ,we i ght ,orc ul t ur e ? 13)Ha veyoue ve rha ds uc c e s si nt hewor kpl a c ei nc ha l l e ngi ngi nj us t i c e ? 14)Wha t ’ smor ei mpor t a ntt oyou:ha r monyort r ut ht e l l i ng?Ca nyour e c a l la ne xpe r i e nc ewhe nyouf e l tt het r ut hj us tha dt obet ol d? 15)Wha tf r i ght e nsyout hemos ta boutt hewor l da tt hemome nt ?Wha ti ns pi r e syou?

Di s c us s i on: Att hec onc l us i onoft he1 0mi nut e s ,t hef a c i l i t a t orma ywi s ht oc a l lf orge ne r a lr e s pons e s f r om t hewhol egr oup,butt hi si snotne c e s s a r y–unl e s st hedi s c us s i onsa r er e a l l y e ne r ge t i ca ndi ts e e mst ha tage ne r a lc onve r s a t i onwoul dhe l p!

Tr a i ne rNot e s :

Ast hi se xe r c i s es e r ve st hef unc t i onsof‘ e ne r gi s i ng’a nd‘ t r us tbui l di ng’i tc a nbeus e d e i t he ra tt hebe gi nni ngofas e s s i onora tt hee nd.I tma ybene c e s s a r yt oa l l ow ﬁve mi nut e spe rpe r s on,a ndt oc a l l‘ t i me ’or‘ s wa p’a f t e rﬁvemi nut e s .Youma ys uppl e me nt t he s eque s t i onswi t hot he r st ha ta r emor ea ppr opr i a t et oyourl oc a ls i t ua t i on.

Ex e r c i s e2: TheVa l ueo fPr e p a r a t o r ySt udi e s Ca s eSt udy : Le b a no n

I tma ybet hec a s et ha tt r a i ne r sonei nvi t e st o at r a i ni ng wi l lwa ntt oe nga gei n pr e pa r a t or ywor kt oe xa mi net he i rl oc a lc ont e xtbe f or et he ya r r i vet o bet r a i ne d. Pr ovi di ngt he s epot e nt i a lt r a i ne r swi t hc l e a rpa r a me t e r sa ndgoa l sf ora ni nde pt hs t udy pr i ort ot he i ra r r i va lwi l le ns ur et ha tt he yde e pl ye nga gewi t ht hema t e r i a li na dva nc e . Onee xa mpl eoft hi si sapr e pa r a t or ys t udyonvi ol e ntde r a di c a l i s a t i onaPa xChr i s t i Me mbe rOr ga ni s a t i on i n Le ba non ( As s oc i a t i on J us t i c ee tMi s é r i c or de ,orAJ EM) , c onduc t e dpr i ort oPa xChr i s t i ’ sMa y2010Tr i e nni a lWor l dAs s e mbl y .Wewi l li nc l ude e xa mpl e sofhowt hi sMe mbe rOr ga ni s a t i ons ha r e da ndpr e s e nt e dt he i rﬁndi ngs-whi c h we r ede l i ve r e di nas ma l lgr oupe xe r c i s ef or ma t .Thi sf or ma tpr ove de xt r e me l yhe l pf ul a ndi ns pi r i ngt oot he rPa xChr i s t ide l e ga t i ons ,whot he ms e l ve swi l lnow e nga gewi t h AJ EM’ sma t e r i a la nda ppl yt heme t hodol ogyt ot he i rownl oc a lc ont a c t s .Wei nc l ude he r et e ns uc hgr a phi ce xa mpl e sofwa yst ode c ons t r uc tapr e pa r a t or ys t udyl e a di ngt oa s ma l lgr oupt r a i ni ng.Youwi l lnot i c et ha tweha vea l s oi nc l ude dac onc r e t ee xa mpl eof howt opr e s e ntt hema t e r i a li nat r a i ni ngbi nde r ,i naf ol dout ,whi c ha l l owspa r t i c i pa nt s t or e a dt hema t e r i a li na ni nt e r a c t i vema nne r :

Towa r dsaPr e v e nt i v ePol i c y t oCount e rExt r e mi s maMul t i s e c t or a l , Mul t i l e v e lPa r t ne r s hi p

3 c h a p t e r

Pr ot e c t i v ef a c t or s

Towa r dsAPr e v e nt i v ePol i c y ToCount e rExt r e mi s mAMul t i s e c t or a l , Mul t i l e v e lPa r t ne r s hi p

Cr e a t i onof de moc r a t i c i ns t i t ut i ons

Fe e l i ngof na t i ona la nd i nt e r na t i ona l be l ongi ng

Ac c e s st o di ﬀe r i ng c ha nne l sof pol i t i c a l de c i s i onma ki ng

I nt e r na t i ona l Ha r moni s e d i nvol ve me nt a nddur a bl e -pe a c e f ul l oc a l r e s ol ut i onof de ve l opme nt c onﬂi c t s

Cr i t i c a l a c a de mi c e nvi r onme nt ope nt o di ve s i t y

Cons t r uc t i ve i nt e gr a t i on ofr e l i gi ous va l ue s

Ec onomi c , ﬁna nc i a la nd e mpl oyme nt de ve l opme nt

Ma s s i nf or ma t i on ( publ i c i nf or ma t i on)

Ne ut r a l i t y ofpr e s e nt e d i s s ue si n me di a

I nt e r na t i ona l c onve nt i ons -c ont r ol a nd r e pr i ma nd

Me di aope n t odi s c us s s e ns i t i ve r e gi ona l i s s ue s

Re s pe c tof pol i t i c oc ul t ur a l s pe c i ﬁc i t i e s

Pr omot i on ofs oc i a l j us t i c ea nd huma n r i ght s

Ri s kf a c t or s

Ext r e mi s mr a t e

Cul tofpe r s ona l i t y-l oya l t yt o l e a de r

Pa s s i veore xc l ude dc i t i z e ns

Pr i ma c yt oc ommuni t y be l ongi ng

I nt ol e r a nc ef ordi ve r s i t y -i gnor a nc e

Une mpl oyme nti ns e c ur i t y– s oc i a lmi s e r y

Us eofs e ns a t i ona lf a c t sor s t or i e s-ac ul t ur eofve nge a nc e

I nt e r na t i ona lor ga ni s a t i ons pe r c e i ve da s“ t a ki ngs i de s ”

Popul a t i onGr owt h-ne w ne e dsunme t

Unc onde mne da ndunpuni s he d i nva s i onsoft e r r i t or i e s

3 c h a p t e r

Ext r e mi s m

Be t we e np e r c e p t i onsa nda t t i t ude s : t owa r dsap ol i c yofp r e v e nt i on

Ca s eSt udyLe ba non

Compl e t e dbyPa xChr i s t iMe mbe r Or ga ni s a t i onAs s oc i a t i onJ us t i c ee tMi s é r i c or de

he debat e about ENRI CH t s t r at egi esofpos s i bl eact i ons i nf undament al r el at i on t o humanr i ght s

St udy Ob j e c t i v e :

EXAMI NEt he s i gni ﬁc anc et hat r epr es ent at i onsofLebanes e s oc i et ygi vet oext r emi s m -t r yi ng t oﬁndac ommonr at i onal e

3 c h a p t e r

Da t aCol l e c t i on:

Da t aCol l e c t i oni n Ar a bi c ,ﬁndi ngs publ i s he di n Fr e nc h/ Engl i s h

Ope ndi s c us s i on -a ne mot i ona l l yc ha r ge ds ubj e c t

Gr oupba s e da t Ant oni ne sUni ve r s i t y

Da t a Col l e c t i on: 3Foc usGr oup s 3El e me nt sGui di ng Col l e c t i on

Cl i ma t eoft r us t , l i s t e ni nga nd e xc ha nge ,s ome t i me s e nt hus i a s t i ca nd s ome t i me sa ggr e s s i ve

Oﬃc i a lAJ EM l e t t e r : r e s ponde nt s

Gr oupt ha tha d di s c us s i onsby t he me swi t h pr e de t e r mi ne d t i me( e a c h2h)

3 c h a p t e r

Gr oupi nt e r v i e ws c he me ,t e s t e di n a dv a nc ewi t hp e r s onsf r omdi f f e r e nt s c hool soft hi nki ng Wha tdoe st hewor de xt r e mi s m me a nt oyou? Wha ta r ei t sma ni f e s t a t i ons?

1 Wha tdoe se xt r e mi s ms e r ve ? Wha ta r et her e a s onst ha te xpl a i ni t ?

2 Ext r e mi s ma sapr oc e s sge t sc ons t r uc t e dbyi t s e l ft hr ought i me ,wha t doyout hi nkofi t sdi ﬀe r e nts t e ps ?Whoi sa ne xt r e mi s tpe r s on?

Howe xt r e mi s ms e r ve si t sobj e c t i ve s ?Wha tc a nbeot he rme a ns e mpl oye dt os e r vet he s eobj e c t i ve sdi ﬀe r e nt l y?Wha tmi ghtbet he be s twa yst ode a lwi t he xt r e mi s t s ?

Howt her e s p onde nt sde ﬁnee xt r e mi s m Si nc et he e a r l y hi s t or y of huma ni t y ,e xt r e mi s m ha se xi s t e da sa uni ve r s a lphe nome non t ha tc a n be r e c ogni s e di na l lc ul t ur e s wi t h di ﬀe r i ngvi e wsonc ont e xt ,t i me ,pl a c ea ndde s t i ny . Ext r e mi s m i s a pos i t i oni ng a wa yf r om " c e nt r e "a nd c a nt ouc ha l l a s pe c t sofl i f e-bei tr e l i gi ous ,s oc i a l ,e c onomi c ,e t c .

Howe ve rt hepr obl e mi sde ﬁni ngt hi s" c e nt e r i ngpoi nt "a nd de ﬁni ng whi c hc r i t e r i ama keupe i t he rs i deoft hes pe c t r um.

3 c h a p t e r

Thena t ur eofe xt r e mi s mha snotb e e n a nob j e c tofc ons e ns us a mongr e s p onde nt s

Ext r e mi s m a sa na c t i on

Ext r e mi s ma sa r e a c t i on,s ubj e c t t oa na c t i on

I nbot hc a s e s I tc a nde s t r oyt hepe r s on c onc e r ne da ndot he r s whe ni tbe c ome sa vi s c ousc i r c l e

Ther e s ponde nt sa gr e e dt ha ta nye xt r e mi s m mus t bes t udi e df r om age ne r a li nc l us i vepe r s pe c t i vet o c onďŹ r m ori nva l i da t ee i t he roneoft he2hypot he s e s .

3 c h a p t e r

Ec os y s t e mi cr e a di ngof e xt r e mi s mf a c t or s

I ndi vi dua lc a pt ur e d by: Expl oi t a t i on( mi s e r y , e xc l us i on,c onﬂi c t wi t ht hel a w) I ndoc t r i na t i on Soc i a lpr e s s ur e s Que s tf orpe r s ona l i de nt i t y

Vi ol e ntp r ov oc a t i v e e v e nt s

Pr e c i p i t a t i ng f a c t or s

Fa mi l i a l

Soc i op ol i t i c a l

Fa mi l i e s :

Ci vi lwa r s ,i nva s i ons , oc c upa t i ons Soc i a lmi s e r y Abus eofpowe rby l e a de r s Ne pot i s m

Re l i gi ousi de nt i t y Soc i a lr e f uge Tr a uma t i s e dbywa r s Ec onomi cs e c ur i t y

Soc i oc ul t ur a l

Pr i ma c yt or e l i gi ous be l ongi ng St a bl er e l i gi ous i de nt i t y Se a r c hf orc ommuni t yquot a / pol i t i c a l powe r Re l a t i vea nd c ons e ns ua l de moc r a c y

I nt e r na t i ona ls oc i e t y Uni t e dna t i ons Di ﬀe r e ntpol i t i c a la ge nda s Ac c e s st ona t i ona la ndi nt e r na t i ona lpol i t i c a lpowe r Re s pe c tofdi ﬀe r e nc e s Soc i a lj us t i c e Huma na ndna t i onsr i ght s

Mode r a t i ng f a c t or s

Pr e di s p os i ng f a c t or s

I ndi v i dua l

Ongoi ngc onﬂi c t si n r e gi on Pr ovoc a t i onof ma s s e sbyl e a de r s us i ngme di a

I nt e r p r e t a t i on

Pe r c e i v e dt hr e a t s

Thr e a t st ol i f e ¸t o i ndi vi dua l ,c ol l e c t i ve , r e l i gi ousa ndnonr e l i gi ousi de nt i t y Te r r i t or i e sa nd r e s our c e s

I ns pi r e dbyDOROTHY,C e ta l l,( 1984)a da pt e df r om Ga r ba r i no

Compl i c i t ybe t we e n e xt r e mi s t sa ndwor l d powe r s Dut yt oﬁghtf ort he c a us e

Re a c t i ona l s c e na r i os

Vi ol e nta c t i ons

3 c h a p t e r

Wha tc a nwec onc l ude f r omt hi ss t udy ?

Ext r e mi s mi sapr obl e mt ha tt ouc he s : I ndi vi dua l s Gr oups Soc i e t i e s a ndNa t i ons

Bounde d t ol oc a l ,r e gi ona la nd i nt e r na t i ona lphe nome na ,e xt r e mi s m r a i s e se s s e nt i a l que s t i ons a t di ďŹ&#x20AC;e r e ntl e ve l s :l e gi s l a t i ve ,j udi c i a l , s oc i a l ,e c onomi c ,r e l i gi ousa swe l la s l oc a la nd i nt e r na t i ona l pol i t i c s .

Ext r e mi s mc a nb es e e ni nr e l a t i ont o 3t y p e sofv i ol e nc e :

Pe r c e i v e d Vi ol e nc e

Vi ol e nt Ext r e mi s m Suf f e r e d f r om Vi ol e nc e

Ac t e dout Vi ol e nc e

3 c h a p t e r

Ex e r c i s e3: Pe a c eFr ui t7 Pur p os e :

I de nt i f yt hee l e me nt sofs uc c e s s f ulpe a c e .

Ma t e r i a l s : La r ges he e t sofne ws pr i ntorﬂi pc ha r tpa pe r ,ma r ke r s .

Ti me : 30-60mi nut e s

Pr oc e dur e : 1) Di vi depa r t i c i pa nt si nt os ma l lgr oups . 2)As kt hes ma l lgr oupst odr a w at r e eont he i rpi e c eofpa pe r ,a ndt he na s kt he m:“ I f pe a c ewe r eaf r ui t ,wha tdoe st het r e ene e dt opr oduc et hef r ui t ? ”Fore xa mpl e ,wha t woul dbet hee a r t h,wa t e r ,oxyge n,s uns hi ne ,r oot s ,e t c ? 3)As kgr oupst odr a wt hos ee l e me nt sont he i rt r e e . 4)Af t e rgr oupsha vedr a wnt he i rpi c t ur e ,ha vet he m br i e ﬂypr e s e ntt he mt ot her e s tof t hegr oup.

Di s c us s i on: Dur i ngt hedi s c us s i on,a s kpa r t i c i pa nt st oi de nt i f ys i mi l a r i t i e sa nddi ffe r e nc e sa c r os st he di ffe r e nti ma ge s–hi ghl i ghta nyc ul t ur a la ndr e l i gi ousdi ffe r e nc e st ha tma ybee vi de nt . Pos s i bl eque s t i onsf ordi s c us s i on: Whydi dyourgr oupi nc l udet hos epa r t i c ul a re l e me nt s ? Howdoyout hi nkr e l i gi onpl a ysi nt ope a c e ? Wha ti st her ol eoff or gi ve ne s si npe a c e ? Howdoe sc ul t ur ea ffe c tpe a c epr oc e s s e s ?

Tr a i ne rNot e s : Youc a na s ks ome onet ot a kenot e sonﬂi pc ha r tpa pe rdur i ngt hedi s c us s i oni nor de rt o c omeupwi t hagr oupunde r s t a ndi ngofpe a c e ,whi c hma ybeus e f ult or e f e rt ol a t e r .

Ca r i t a sI nt e r na t i ona l i s ,38.

3 c h a p t e r

Ex e r c i s e4: TheGi f t8 ( Ca na l s ob eus e df o rme di um/l a r g eg r o up s ) Pur p os e :

Enc our a gepa r t i c i pa nt st or e ﬂe c tona ndnur t ur et he i rs pi r i t ua l he a l t h.

Ma t e r i a l s :

1not e bookpe rpa r t i c i pa nt

Ti me : 15mi nut e spe rda yove rt hec our s eoft het r a i ni ng( onl ya ppr opr i a t ef orl onge rt r a i ni ngs )

Pr oc e dur e : 1) Ont hefir s tda yoft het r a i ni ng,gi vee a c hpa r t i c i pa ntt henot e booka sagi f t . 2)Att hebe gi nni ngore ndoft heda y , t a ke1 5mi nut e sf orpe opl et os i ti ns i l e nc ea ndwr i t e ordr a wi nt he i rbooks . As kt he mt or e fle c tonwha tt he y’ vehe a r d, t hr oughdr a wi ngs , doodl e s ,poe t r y ,e t c . 3)Le tpa r t i c i pa nt sknowt he ya r enotr e qui r e dt os ha r et he i rnot e bookorha ndi ti n. 4)Ont hel a s tda ya spa r toft hewr a pup,a s kpa r t i c i pa nt st os ha r es ome t hi ngoutoft he i r ownr e fle c t i ons ,whe t he rama t e r i a li t e m,s ome t hi ngt he ywr ot eordr e w.Le tt he m know t he ywi l lha veaf e wmi nut e se a c ht os ha r ewha tt he yha vewr i t t e n.

Di s c us s i on: Nodi s c us s i onne e de d.

Tr a i ne rNot e s : Thi se xe r c i s ei smos tf r ui t f uli nwor ks hopst ha ta r es e ve nt ot e nda ysl ong.Thes i l e nc e a l l owspe opl et ot ur ni nwa r d,a ndt a keave r ydi ffe r e ntdi r e c t i ont ha ngr oupdi s c us s i ons . I ti sa noppor t uni t yt oge ti nt ouc hwi t ht he i ri nne rors pi r i t ua ls i de .Thefina ls ha r i ng r i t ua lpr ovi de sapowe r f uls e ndofff orpa r t i c i pa nt s .I ti spr e f e r a bl et ogi vepa r t i c i pa nt s not e bookst ha ta r es pe c i a li ns omewa y–pe r ha psc ont a i ni ngha ndma depa pe r ,not e booksma debyal oc a lc oope r a t i ve ,orwi t hs omeot he rpa r t i c ul a rs i gni fic a nc et ot he r e gi on–t hi sa mpl i fie st hei nc l i na t i ont or e fle c t .

I bi d,46.

3 c h a p t e r

Ex e r c i s e5: Fi x e dPo s i t i o ns9 Pur p os e :

Exa mi nehowpe r c e pt i onsde pe ndonourpe r s pe c t i ve .

Ma t e r i a l s : None

Ti me : 10mi nut e s

Pr oc e dur e : 1) For m ac i r c l ea nd a s konegr oup me mbe rt os t a nd i nt hemi ddl e .As ks ome one s t a ndi ngi nf r ontoft hepe r s oni nt hemi ddl e ,“ How ma nye ye sha vet he ygot ? ”As k s ome ones t a ndi ngbe hi ndt hepe r s ont hes a meque s t i on.As ks ome ones t a ndi ngdi r e c t l y t ot hes i deoft hepe r s oni nt hemi ddl et hes a meque s t i on.Thepe r s oni nt hemi ddl e s t a ndss t i l l ,f a c i ngt hes a mewa yt hr oughoutt heque s t i onsa nda ns we r s .Ata l lt i me s pa r t i c i pa nt sa ns we ra c c or di ngt owha tt he yc a na c t ua l l ys e ef r om t he i rs t a t i cpos i t i on, notwha tt he yknow i st he r e .Thea ns we r swi l lbet wo,none ,a nd oner e s pe c t i ve l y . 2)I fde s i r e d,f ol l owt hes a mepr oc e dur ewi t ha not he rpe r s oni nt hemi ddl e ,a ndc hoos e t hea r mst hi st i me .

Di s c us s i on: Howdoe syourpe r s pe c t i veonas i t ua t i ons ha peyourunde r s t a ndi ngofi t ? Howc a nwegi veour s e l ve samor ec ompl e t epi c t ur emor eof t e n? I nwha twa yc a nyour e l a t et hi se xe r c i s et oyoure ve r yda ye xpe r i e nc e ? I tmi ghtbeus e f ult ogi vepa r t i c i pa nt st heoppor t uni t yt owa l ka r oundt hec i r c l ea nd pe r c e i ve t he pe r s on i nt he mi ddl ef r om a l la ngl e s .As kt he m t o gi ve a r unni ng c omme nt a r ya boutwha tt he ya r es e e i nga ndhow t he i rpi c t ur eoft hepe r s onc ha nge s . Thee ve r yda ya na l ys i sc a nbede ve l ope ddur i ngt hi spa r toft hee xe r c i s e .Youc oul da l s o pl a c eapa r t i c i pa nta tt heot he re ndoft her oom a nda s kt ha tpe r s ont owa l ks l owl y t owa r dst her e s toft hegr oup.Howdoe sdi s t a nc ei nﬂue nc ewha tde t a i lc a nbeobs e r ve d?

Fi onaMa c be t ha ndNi cFi ne ,Pl a yi ngWi t hFi r e( Phi l a de l phi a :Ne wSoc i e t yPubl i s he r s ,1995) ,35.

3 c h a p t e r

Me di um/ La r geGr oupExe r c i s e s Ex e r c i s e1: Wha tDoY o uEx p e c t ?10 ( Ca na l s ob eus e df o rs ma l lg r o up s ) Pur p os e : I de nt i f ywha tpa r t i c i pa nt swa ntf r om t het r a i ni ngs e s s i on.

Ma t e r i a l s : Fl i pc ha r tpa pe r ,ma r ke r s ,t a pe .

Ti me : 15mi nut e s–40mi nut e s

Pr oc e dur e : 1)Pr e pa r el a r gepi e c e sofpa pe r ,orﬂi pc ha r tpa pe rt ha ts a y“ Expe c t a t i ons , ”“ Wor r i e s , ” a nd“ Gr oundr ul e s . ”Expl a i nt ha t“ Expe c t a t i ons ”r e f e rt owha tpa r t i c i pa nt shopet oge t outoft het r a i ni ng;“ Wor r i e s ”r e f e rt owha tpa r t i c i pa nt sa r emos tc onc e r ne da bouti n doi ng i nt het r a i ni ng;a nd “ Gr ound r ul e s ”r e f e rt o wha tki nd ofr ul e st he yt hi nk pa r t i c i pa nt ss houl df ol l ow t oc r e a t ea n ope na nd r e s pe c t f ula t mos phe r ewi t hi nt he t r a i ni ng. 2)As kpa r t i c i pa nt st owr i t eonet hi ngone a c hpi e c eofpa pe r . 3)Whe na l lpa r t i c i pa nt sha vewr i t t e nt he i rc omme nt s ,r e vi e wa nddi s c us s .

Di s c us s i on: Di s c us s i ng e xpe c t a t i ons ,wor r i e sa nd gr ound r ul e sc a n pr ovi de you wi t h a good oppor t uni t yt or e s pondt oe xpe c t a t i onst ha twi l lnotbeme ti nt het r a i ni ng.I ti sa l s oa c ha nc et oi de nt i f yba s i cr ul e sf ordi s c us s i on,t hi ngst oa voi di nt het r a i ni ng,a ndi s s ue s t ha tc a nbebr oughtupl a t e r .

Tr a i ne rNot e s : Wr i t i ngonﬂi pc ha r tpa pe rpr ovi de savi s i bl er e mi nde rofwha tpa r t i c i pa nt shopet oga i n f r om t het r a i ni ng.Thi sc a nhe l pf oc ust het r a i ni nga ndgi ve spa r t i c i pa nt saba s e l i nef r om whi c ht oe va l ua t et het r a i ni ngonc ei ti sc ompl e t e .

Pr e t t ye ta l . ,Pa r t i c i pa t or yLe a r ni nga ndAc t i on:ATr a i ne r ’ sGui de( London:I nt e r na t i ona lI ns t i t ut ef or Envi r onme nta ndDe ve l opme nt ,1995) ,132.

3 c h a p t e r

Ex e r c i s e2: Thr e eQue s t i o ns11 Pur p os e :

Enc our a gepa r t i c i pa nt st or e fle c ton how s t e r e ot ype sa ffe c t c onfli c t ,pr ovi dea noppor t uni t yf orpa r t i c i pa nt st ot hi nka bout t heva r i ousgr oupst he ya r eapa r tof ,he a rot he r s ’pe r c e pt i ons a boutt hegr oupst owhi c ht he ybe l ong,a ndc ha l l e nges t e r e ot ype s .

Ma t e r i a l s : Bl a nki nde xc a r dsors ma l lpi e c e sofpa pe r ,t a pe .

Ti me : 40–45mi nut e s

Pr oc e dur e : 1) As kpa r t i c i pa nt st ot hi nki ndi vi dua l l ya boutt hec ul t ur a lgr ouporgr oupst owhi c h t he ybe l ong.Ea c hpe r s onma ybe l ongt omul t i pl egr oups .Enc our a get he mt onotonl y t hi nkofr a c eore t hni cgr oups ,buta l s ogr oupsba s e donr e l i gi on,ge nde r ,s oc i a lc l a s sor l a ngua ge . 2)Ha vepa r t i c i pa nt swr i t et hena me soft hegr oupswi t hwhi c ht he ya s s oc i a t et he ms e l ve s oni nde xc a r ds .Thet r a i ne rc ol l e c t st he s ec a r dsa ndpos t st he m onawa l la r oundt he r oom t oc r e a t ea“ wor dpi c t ur e ”oft hegr oup’ sdi ve r s i t y . 3)Di vi depa r t i c i pa nt si nt ogr oupsoff our .Ea c hpa r t i c i pa nts houl dt hi nki ndi vi dua l l y a boutonegr oupt ha tt he ys t r ongl ya s s ; oc i a t ewi t h,ort ha tt he yf e e lha saf or ma t i ve i nflue nc eont he m.As kt he mt or e fle c tont het hr e eque s t i onsl i s t e dbe l ow. Wha ti sas t r e ngt ht ha tyouha vega i ne df r om be i ngapa r toft hegr oupyoui de nt i fie d? Wha ti sonet hi nga boutyourgr oupt ha tyouwoul dl i ket oc ha nge ? Wha ti sonet hi ngt ha tyoune ve rwa ntt ohe a rs a i da ga i na boutyourgr oup? 4)I ns ma l lgr oups ,a s kpa r t i c i pa nt st os ha r ewi t ht he i rgr oupt he i rr e s pons e st ot he s e que s t i ons ,t a ki ngnomor et ha n5mi nut e spe rpe r s on.Re mi ndpa r t i c i pa nt st ha tt he y ha vet her i ghtt o“ pa s s ”ornots pe a ki ft he ys oc hoos e . 5)Di s c us s i oni napl e na r ys e s s i on.

Di s c us s i on: Que s t i onst oa s ki nc l ude : Wha twa syourr e a c t i ont ot hi sa c t i vi t y?Wa si tc omf or t a bl eorunc omf or t a bl ef oryou? Di dyoul e a r na nyt hi nga boutt hea c t i vi t y?I fs o,wha tdi dyoul e a r n? Di dyoul e a r na nyt hi ngne wors ur pr i s i nga boutme mbe r sofva r i ousc ul t ur a lgr oups ? Ca nyous ha r et hi si nf or ma t i onwi t ht hegr oupwi t houtr e ve a l i nga nyc onfide nt i a l i nf or ma t i on? Wha ta r es omeoft hec ommons t e r e ot ype sa boutva r i ousc ul t ur a lgr oupst ha tot he r s hol d? How mi ghts omeoft hes t e r e ot ype syoudi s c us s e dc ont r i but et oc onfli c t ?How doe s c onfli c ti nflue nc es t e r e ot ype s ?

Tr a i ne rNot e s : Thi se xe r c i s es houl dbeus e donl ya f t e rs uﬃc i e ntt r us tha sde ve l ope da mongpa r t i c i pa nt s t oa l l owdi s c us s i onofpot e nt i a l l ye mot i ona ls ubj e c t s . Ca r i t a sI nt e r na t i ona l i s ,72.

3 c h a p t e r

Ex e r c i s e3:Va l ue sEx e r c i s e Pur p os e :

Pa r t i c i pa nt sha vet oc hoos ebe t we e nt wodi ﬀe r e ntopi ni onsa nd pos i t i on t he ms e l ve sa l ongal i nebe t we e nt het woe xt r e me s . Thei de ai st ha tt heopi ni onsa r es uppos e dt obeabi te xt r e me a ndmor eorl e s si mpos s i bl et oc hoos ebe t we e na nda l s oc ont r a di c t or y ,t hegoa lbe i ngt o pr ovokedi s c us s i ona mongs tpa r t i c i pa nt s ,i ns ma l lgr oups .

Ma t e r i a l s : Ove r he a dpr oj e c t ororﬂi pc ha r t ,t owr i t ea nddi s pl a yt het wooppos i ngvi e wpoi nt st ha t wi l lbe gi nt he e xe r c i s e .( Ma ny r oundsoft wo oppos i ng vi e wpoi nt sc a n be done , pr ovi de dpa r t i c i pa nt sdonott i r eoft hedi s c us s i on. )Al ongpi e c eofma s ki ngorduc tt a pe t ha ti sr e a di l yvi s i bl eont heﬂoor ,de pi c t i ngt her a ngeofvi e wpoi nt s ,wi t he i t he re nd be i ngt hee xt r e me .

Ti me : 45mi nut e s–60mi nut e s

Pr oc e dur e : 1)I nvi t eapa r t i c i pa ntt or e a da l oudonepr e pr e pa r e dopi ni ononac ont r ove r s i a li s s ue t ha tha sbe e n wr i t t e ni na nt i c i pa t i on oft het r a i ni ng,pe r ha psi n di s c us s i on wi t ha pa r t i c i pa nt . 2)I nvi t eas e c ond pa r t i c i pa ntt or e a da l oud t hepr e pr e pa r e d oppos i ng vi e wpoi nt . 3)As kt het wor e a de r st omovet ot hee ndoft het a pe‘ s pe c t r um’t he yj us tr e a da l oud. 4)As kpa r t i c i pa nt st ot hi nka boutt heoppos i ngvi e wpoi nt sa ndpl a c et he ms e l ve sa tt he a ppr opr i a t es potont hes pe c t r um ofopi ni on.Gi vepa r t i c i pa nt st i met ol oc a t et he i rpl a c e . 5)As kpa r t i c i pa ntt obr e a ki nt ogr oupsof34, be i ngs ur et oﬁndpa r t i c i pa nt swhol oc a t e d t he ms e l ve sa tdi ﬀe r e nts pot sont het a pe .

Exa mp l e sofp os i t i ons : Pos i t i onA: “ Le t ’ sber e a l i s t i c–t he r ea r es i t ua t i onswhe nt heus eoff or c ei sne c e s s a r y .Shoul dt he r ebe noc oe r c i vepowe ra ta l li nours oc i e t i e s ?The r ea r es i t ua t i onsi nwhi c hwene e dt obea bl e t ode f e ndour s e l ve sa ndt he r e f or eourf a i t hl e a de r sa l s oa l l owust opr oduc ec e r t a i na r ms . ” Pos i t i onZ: “ Nonvi ol e nc ei st heonl yr i ght e ouswa ya nde s pe c i a l l ya syoungpe opl eoff a i t h,wemus t s howt hewor l da ne xa mpl e .I ti swor t ht a ki ngt her i s ka ndt he r e f or ewemus tbe l i e vei n a nda c tf oras oc i e t yt ot a l l yf r e ef r om a r ms .Ze r ot ol e r a nc eona r msi st heonl yr e a s ona bl e pos i t i on.Be s i de st ha ti swha tourf a i t ht e l l sus . ”

Di s c us s i on: Af t e r510mi nut e sofdi s c us s i onsi nt hes ma l lgr oups ,ar e por t e rs houl ds t a ndupa nd gi veas umma r yoft hegr oup’ sove r a l lﬁndi ngs . Thepa r t i c i pa nt sa r et he ni nvi t e dt o e xpl a i nwhyt he yopt e df orac e r t a i npos i t i ona nda r ea l l owe dt omovea l ongt hel i ne ,i n a c c or da nc ewi t ht hede ve l opme ntoft hedi s c us s i on.

Tr a i ne rNot e s : Thi se xe r c i s es houl dbeus e donl ya f t e rs uﬃc i e ntt r us tha sde ve l ope da mongpa r t i c i pa nt s t oa l l owdi s c us s i onofpot e nt i a l l ye mot i ona ls ubj e c t s .

T H A N K

You

Pa xChr i s t iI nt e r na t i ona li sgr a t e f ulf ort hefina nc i a ls uppor t oft hef ol l owi ngor ga ni s a t i ons : CAFOD –Ca t hol i cAge nc yf orOv e r s e a sDe v e l opme nt( UK) CORDAI D( TheNe t he r l a nds ) I KVPa xChr i s t i( TheNe t he r l a nds ) Se c our sCa t hol i que( Fr a nc e ) Founda t i ons Thev i e wse xpr e s s e di nt hi spubl i c a t i ondonotne c e s s a r i l yr e fle c tt heoffic i a lpos i t i on ofPa xChr i s t iI nt e r na t i ona l ,i t si ndi v i dua lme mbe ror ga ni s a t i ons ,ort hedonor swho fina nc i a l l yc ont r i but e dt ot hi spr oj e c t .

Pa xChr i s t iI nt e r na t i ona li sanonpr ofit ,nongov e r nme nt a lCa t hol i c pe a c emov e me ntwor ki ngonagl oba ls c a l eonawi dev a r i e t yofi s s ue si n t hefie l dsofhuma nr i ght s ,huma ns e c ur i t y ,di s a r ma me nta nd de mi l i t a r i s a t i on,j us twor l dor de ra ndr e l i gi ona ndv i ol e ntc onfli c t .

RueduVi e uxMa r c héa uxGr a i ns ,2 1 1 0 0 0Br us s e l s ,Be l gi um Te l .+ 3 2( 0 ) 25 0 25 55 0 Fa x.+ 3 2( 0 ) 25 0 24 62 6 www. pa xc hr i s t i . ne t