The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon) Francesco Vitali CeTAmb (Research Centre on Appropriate Technologies for Environmental Management in Developing Countries) Università degli Studi di Brescia
Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 Smart Cooking International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Impacts of traditional solid fuel (wood, biomass) use
2 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Household energy interventions: range of objectives
Reduced levels of IAP and human exposure
Increased fuel efficiency (combustion and heat transfer)
Reduced time spent in collection fuel and cooking
Reduced stress on the local environment (forest cover, erosion and soil fertility)
Reduced global warming emissions
Increased opportunities for income generation Bruce NG, Rehfuess EA and Smith KR, (2011) Household Energy Solutions in Developing Countries. In: Nriagu JO (ed.) Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, v 3, pp. 6275 Burlington:Elsevier, 2011. Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
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Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Why an improved stove?
4 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Why an improved stove?
5 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Project and study area
Project location: Bongor and Yagoua (rural area) in the river Logone valley
Partner: ACRA NGO (Milan)
Projet de gestion participative des ressources forestieres dans la vallee du Logone ENV/2006/114-‐747 funded by EU Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
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Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
The issue
Deforestation of the rural areas at the border between Chad and Cameroon 7 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
The household energy crisis in Chad
Since January 2009 the government banned the production and sale of charcoal (primary household energy source)
Alternatives available in Chad are wood and gas
Gas is too expensive for most of the users (both for investment costs and usage costs), it is not appreciated (it does not fit the local cooking practices) and it is not enough to supply all the needs (available only in urban areas)
Wood comes from the same production chain of charcoal, but its price is continuously growing (reduced offer, increasing demand) 8 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
The household energy crisis in Chad Collection and transport
Sale at local markets Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
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Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
The household energy crisis in Chad
Combustion in low efficient and smoky stoves
10 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
The household energy crisis in Chad Survey among 161 households using questionnaires: 115 rural/ 46 urban, 9 people per family monthly average income: 63000 francs CFA
156 use wood, 58 use also biomass (crop residues) in 91% cases woman is responsible for fuel supply 111 use a 3 stone fire or a rudimental fireplace monthly fuel expenditure: 9000 francs CFA (14%) 96 cook indoor (154 during the rainy season)
Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
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Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
The household energy crisis in Chad Within the project, the activities aim at the reduction of wood consumption at household level by means of dissemination of appropriate technologies
In particular the study deals with: Increasing the efficiency of traditional cooking systems, comparing different technology options Experimentation of new technologies for the recovery of wasted materials as alternative energy sources
12 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
The Centrafricain stove Stove supports Combustion chamber
Insulation belt
Fuel feeding opening
Air inlet
External drum 13 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
The Centrafricain stove
Profiles provided to the trained handicrafts in order to guarantee an easy reproduction and a standardized sizing of the stove 14 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Activities -‐ project Improved stove dissemination Main project results:
2 stove models (ceramic and Centrafricain) introduced and tested by CeTAmb; writing of production manuals
36 handicrafts (directly) trained
3724 improved stoves sold
15 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improves stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Activities -‐ project
Awareness of the population and trainings for local handicrafts Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
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Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Activities -‐ research Comparison (according to recognized scientific methods) of the performances of several stove models for household cooking Water Boiling Test Controlled Cooking Test Kitchen Performance Test
17 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco  Vitali Â
The  Centrafricain  improved  stove  as  appropriate  technology   for  household  cooking  in  the  Logone  Valley  (Chad-Ââ€?Cameroon) Â
Activities  -Ââ€?  research Â
Water boiling tests comparing traditional and improved stove models Bongor 1Âś'MDPHQD &KDG Yagoua (Cameroun) 18 Varese  ʹ  6-Ââ€?30-Ââ€?2011  -Ââ€?  Smart  Cooking  -Ââ€?  International  Workshop  on  Improved  stoves,  Gasifier  stoves  and  other  cooking  technologies  for  cooperation  projects Â
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Results: Water Boiling Tests units
Fuel used 1. High power (cold start) Time to boil Burning rate Thermal efficiency Specific consumption Power 2. High power (hot start) Time to boil Burning rate Thermal efficiency Specific consumption Power 3. Low power (simmering) Burning rate Thermal efficiency Specific consumption Power
improved stove
Ceramic improved stove
Gas stove
Ganoum traditional fire
Wood
Wood
Butane gas
Doum nut
3-stone fire
Centrafricain
Wood min g/min % g/L watt
23 39 17 196 12066
24 32 16 159 9721
24 31 18 161 9438
19 5 61 22 4284
25 31 18 158 7314
min g/min % g/L watt
20 43 16 179 13247
18 40 17 153 12470
19 44 16 161 13641
20 4 75 13 3024
-
g/min % g/L watt
19 17 245 5696
13 26 166 3897
11 27 157 3499
3 58 32 2285
14 46 150 3171
Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
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Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Results: Water Boiling Tests
C. Collivignarelli, A. Mazzù, M. Vaccari, F. Vitali (2010) Comparison of biomass stoves as appropriate technologies for household energy in developing countries. In Proceedings Venice 2010, Third International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy; 8-11 November 2010. Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
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Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Results: Controlled Cooking Tests
21 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improves stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Results: Controlled Cooking Tests
-15000 FCFA per year
22 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Results: Kitchen Performance Tests Paired-‐sample test in 8* households. On the field main finding: Standard Per capita consumption Per capita consumption adults* (3stone fire) (foyer Centrafricain) (p) (kg/ p d) (kg/ p jd) Average 6.5 1.04 0.47 * According to FAO guidelines, male adult = 1 person , female adult = 0.8 person, child = 0.5 person Centrafricain stove vs 3stone fire
-‐55% wood consumption * Sample size required to show statistically significant reductions in per capita fuel consumption (95% confidence) 23 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Results: IAP monitoring 24h monitoring of CO and PM in 4 selected households Average 1h CO Concentration 3stone fire (3p) vs Centrafricain stove (FC)
24 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Results: CO2 emission savings Woodfuel savings per stove 1.9 tonnes/year CO2 emission avoided per stove 1.8 tonnes/year
AMS-II.G.: Energy efficiency measures in thermal applications of non-renewable biomass 25 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improves stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Main findings Huge lacks in energy access at household level have critical impacts on family income, indoor air quality due to poor combustion devices, indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources High participation of users once the effectiveness of the stove has been proved by the daily use (reduced wood consumption = money saving)
Scarce dissemination in rural areas (where wood is collected) Self-sustainable market: trained handicrafts producing and selling stoves without incentives; self±organized trainings in other regions Reduced interest of EU organizations and donors in cook-stove programs (shifting towards renewable energies); renewed interest from international bodies (WHO, UNEP, WB, GACC) and carbon market 26 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Francesco Vitali
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon)
Bibliography Bruce NG, Rehfuess EA and Smith KR. (2011) Household Energy Solutions in Developing Countries. In: Nriagu JO (ed.) Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, v 3, pp. 6275 Burlington: Elsevier, 2011. Collivignarelli C, Mazzù A, Vaccari M, Vitali F (2010) Comparison of biomass stoves as appropriate technologies for household energy in developing countries. In Proceedings Venice 2010, Third International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy; 8-‐11 November 2010. International Energy Agency, UNDP and UNIDO (2010) Energy Poverty: how to make modern energy access universal? Available online. IPCC (2011) AMS-‐II.G. Energy efficiency measures in thermal applications of non-‐renewable biomass -‐ Version 3.0. In CDM Methodologies. Available online. Madine T, Mazzù A, Vaccari M, Vitali F (2010) Foyer modele Centrafricain. Fiche tecnique de realisation. In press. PCIA (2011) Stove Performance Testing Protocols. Partnership for Clean Indoor Air. Available online Practical Action (2010) WŽŽƌ WĞŽƉůĞ͛Ɛ ŶĞƌŐLJ KƵƚůŽŽŬ ϮϬϭϬ. Rugby, UK. Available online.
Rehfuess EA, Bruce NG and Smith KR. (2011) Solid fuel use: Health Effect. In: Nriagu JO (ed.) Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, v 5, pp. 150161 Burlington: Elsevier, 2011. Sanchez T (2010) dŚĞ ŚŝĚĚĞŶ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĐƌŝƐŝƐ͘ ,Žǁ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĨĂŝůŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͛Ɛ ƉŽŽƌ͘ Practical Action Publishing. World Bank (2011) Household Cookstoves, Environment, Health and Climate Change. A new look at an old problem. Available online. 27 Varese ʹ 6-‐30-‐2011 -‐ Smart Cooking -‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects
Thank you for your attention. For further information: francesco.vitali@ing.unibs.it http://www.ing.unibs.it/~cetamb/
Improved stove Workshop Yagoua (Cameroon)
The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-‐Cameroon) Francesco Vitali CeTAmb (Research Centre on Appropriate Technologies for Environmental Management in Developing Countries) Università degli Studi di Brescia