6
Outside of national wealth, Johnson argues that other attributes are necessary for successfully implementing these activities, such as focused targeting, all-source synergism, and strong communication.8 These activities are important, but they are a result
of three basic
features,
collection
and
analysis,
covert
action,
and
counterintelligence. The ultimate goal of these activities is to reduce the level uncertainty for the decision-maker.
The end goal for national intelligence agencies is also inherently
different from other governmental entities with similar features.
For instance, law
enforcement bodies often engage in Johnson’s three basic actives.
They collect and
analyze crime statistics in order to identify problems and determine the best preventative measures.9 They engage in undercover operations, as well as establish security measures to prevent the dissemination of sensitive information. In short, many law enforcement agencies engage in intelligence. However, the purpose of having a law enforcement agency is to enforce laws, while its end goal is to facilitate crime and problem reduction.10 Nevertheless, the primary attribute for the successful implementation of Johnson’s activities is national wealth, suggesting that only wealthy nations have large, integrated, intelligence systems. Yet Johnson is quick to admit that there are some exceptions to his
8
Ibid. Veronica Coleman and others, "Using Knowledge and Teamwork to Reduce Crime," National Institute of Justice Journal 241, (1999): 18-20, http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/jr000241d.pdf. 10 Jerry H. Ratcliffe, "Intelligence-led policing: Anticipating Risk and Influencing Action," in press 2009, 3, http://jratcliffe.net/papers/Ratcliffe%20(draft)%20ILPAnticipating%20risk%20and%20influencing%20action.pdf. 9