mus-A Especial Hablamos de Arte Emergente

Page 1



bjh"6

C책B:GD :HE:8>6A

=67A6BDH

9: 6GI:

:B:G" <:CI:


bjhÄ6 G:K>HI6 9: ADH BJH:DH 9: 6C96AJ8Þ6 '° C° :HE:8>6A ;:7G:GD '%%.

:9>I6

8dchZ_Zg V YZ 8jaijgV# ?jciV YZ 6cYVajX V 9^gZXX^ c <ZcZgVa YZ BjhZdh n 6giZ :bZg\ZciZ 8DCH:?D 9: G:9688>âC EG:H>9:C8>6

EVWad Hj{gZo BVgi c 9>G:8IDG <:C:G6A 9: BJH:DH N 6GI: :B:G<:CI: H:8G:I6GÞ6

BVg V HdaZYVY <^a YZ adh GZnZh ?:;6 9:A H:GK>8>D 9: BJH:DH 9>G:88>âC :9>IDG>6A 9:/ bjh"6 =67A6BDH 9: 6GI: :B:G<:CI:

DhXVg 6adchd Bda^cV 8DDG9>C68>âC :9>IDG>6A

BVg V YZa BVg 6c\dhid 6Xj V 8g^hi^cV <VgX h =dndh 8DCH:?D 9: G:9688>âC

7dhXd <VaaVgYd Fj^g h! EZYgd H{cX]Zo 7aVcXd! 9dadgZh 7VZcV 6aX{ciVgV! 6aWZgid BVgXdh :\aZg! Ajo E gZo >g^VgiZ! 7ZVig^o HVc_ Vc 7VaaVcd HJE:GK>H>âC Iw8C>86

;gVcX^hXd ?dh GdbZgd GdbZgd ;DID EDGI696

Gd\Za^d A eZo 8jZcXV! YZiVaaZ 9d Cdi 8gdhh 6gi HXZcZ# BjhZd EVi^d =ZggZg^Vcd# KVaaVYda^Y! '%%+# IG6CH8G>E8>âC:H 8DCK:GH68>DC:H

HiZcdineZ :heV V h#a 9>H:xD N B6FJ:I68>âC

BVc^\jV >BEG:H>âC

IZXcd\gVe]^X 9>HIG>7J8>âC

6ijgZbÄ8:9:E6 h#a# >HHC/ &+.*Ä,''. 9Ze h^id AZ\Va/ H:Ä&+.)Ä'%%' 9^hig^WjX^ c cVX^dcVa Z ^ciZgcVX^dcVa/ '#%%% j#

EVgV Zck d YZ XdaVWdgVX^dcZh d ^c[dgbVX^ c! gZb^iV hj cdbWgZ n VeZaa^Ydh! Y^gZXX^ c! X Y^\d edhiVa n X^jYVY V/

GZk^hiV bjhÄ6 9^gZXX^ c <ZcZgVa YZ BjhZdh n 6giZ :bZg\ZciZ 8dchZ_Zg V YZ 8jaijgV AZk Zh &,! )&%%) HZk^aaV bjhV#XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

lll#bjhZdhYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

bjhÄ6 eZgb^iZ aV gZegdYjXX^ c eVgX^Va d idiVa YZ hjh Vgi Xjadh h^ZbegZ fjZ hZ X^iZ hj egdXZYZcX^V# Adh Vgi Xjadh ÒgbVYdh hdc XdaVWdgVX^dcZh XZY^YVh V aV gZk^hiV n bjhÄ6 cd hZ gZhedchVW^a^oV c^ hZ ^YZci^ÒXV! cZXZhVg^VbZciZ! Xdc aVh ^YZVh fjZ Zc Zaadh hZ ZmegZhVc#


bjh"6

=67A6BDH

9: 6GI:

CåB:GD :HE:8>6A

:B:G" <:CI:

EG:H:CI68>âC =67A6BDH 9: 6GI: :B:G<:CI:

ADH 8G:69DG:H EDGI;DA>D )

âH86G 6ADCHD BDA>C6

&%

>CIGD9J88>âC JC6 B>G696 6A E6CDG6B6 68IJ6A

+

E67AD HJÛG:O B6GIÞC

8DBEG6H! 8DA:88>DC:H! EG:B>DH½ 6GI: N Eå7A>8D >CI:GwH &%

&.

A6 8GÞI>86 N ADH B:9>DH &) 8DCK:GH68>âC 8DC ?J6C 7DH8D 9Þ6O 9: JGB:C:I6 : >KÛC 9: A6 IDGG:

*'

:A 6GI: ?DK:C :C E:GHE:8I>K6

&. 8DCK:GH68>âC 8DC H:B6 9É68DHI6 N B6GÞ6 ?DHw HDA6CD

A6 8DH6 CDHIG6# EwG:O K>AA6AI6 B>G6 6A 6GI: ?DK:C &&% 9DHH>:G 6GI>HI6H :B:G<:CI:H &&-

GD<:A>D AâE:O 8J:C86

:A EJCID 9: K>HI6 8GÞI>8D

+& ?68D7D 86HI:AA6CD! 96K>9 :H86ADC6! ?DHw B6GÞ6 B:AA69D! B6GÞ6 ?DHw <6AA6G9D! B>@> A:6A! ?DHw AJ>H B6GÞC! ?:HåH OJG>I6! 8G>HI>C6 B6GIÞC A6G6! BE BE GDH69D! B6GIÞC ;G:>G:! 6C6 HDA:G! O:BDH.-

86GADH 6>G:H! B6CDAD 76JI>HI6! 8=>8D AâE:O! 6HJC8>âC ADO6CD! B6G>H6 B6C8>AA6 ! 6CIDC>D BDCI6AKD! G6BâC 96K>9 BDG6A:H <6G8Þ6! GJI= BDGÛC BwC9:O! 86GADH DGI6 86GG6H8D! ?DHw E:G:xÞ<J:O! E68D EDB:I! B6G>C6 G# K6G<6H

A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H +&

:A E6E:A 9: A6 >CHI>IJ8>âC &)'

A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

8DCK:GH68>âC 8DC ?DHw A:7G:GD HI6AH 8668 ! ;G6C8>H8D 9:A GÞD D7G6 HD8>6A 86?6HDA N NDA6C96 GDB:GD 8:CIGD ?DHw <J:GG:GD #

:CIG:K>HI6H 6 ( <6A:G>PHIR6H

6EDHI6C9D 9:H9: A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H

'* ?J6C6 9: 6>OEJGJ '+ E:E: 8D7D (' B6<96 7:AADII> (-

&&%

9:H9: :A BD9:AD 9: A6 <6A:GÞ6 )) 8DCK:GH68>âC 8DC A6H <6A:GÞ6H G6;6:A DGI>O! ;JAA 6GI! H6C9JC<6 N ;wA>M <âB:O

&*' 8DCK:GH68>âC 8DC 8G>HI>C6 <6G8wH >C>8>6GI: N B6G>C6 Cåx:O EGD<G6B6 8>G8J>IDH 9: 6GI: ?DK:C 8DBJC>969 9: B69G>9

:A 8DA:88>DC>HBD &&-

DIGDH :HE68>DH! DIGDH BD9:ADH! DIGD B:G869D

8DBEG6G! 8DA:88>DC6G N 9>H;GJI6G½ &+% 8DCK:GH68>âC 8DC E>A6G 8>IDA:G! ;:GC6C9D B6GÞ6 8:CI:C:G6 ?6G676 N B6G8DH B6GIÞC 7A6C8D

*' 8DCK:GH68>âC 8DC H6A6 9: ZHI6G! ADH 8A6K:A:H! A6 C6K: HE68>6A N BDCI6C6 H=DE <6AA:GN

FJ>wC :H FJ>wC

&)'

&+-


) BJH"6 EG:H:CI68>âC

=67A

6 B:9>69DH 9:A 6xD eVhVYd gZX^W YZhYZ aV 8dchZ_Zg V YZ 8jaijgV YZ aV ?jciV YZ 6cYVajX V Za d[gZX^b^Zcid eVgV dg\Vc^oVg jc c bZgd ZheZX^Va YZ aV gZk^hiV bjhÄ6! hiZ fjZ Za aZXidg i^ZcZ ZcigZ hjh bVcdh! YZY^XVYd V aV ZhXZcV Vgi hi^XV VcYVajoV ZbZg\ZciZ# 8dbd YZhYZ ]VXZ i^Zbed Zc b^ aVWdg Xdbd Xg i^Xd kZc\d bVc^[ZhiVcYd e Wa^XVbZciZ b^ ZheZX^Va ^ciZg h edg XjVcid dXjggZ Zc gZaVX^ c Xdc aVh ai^bVh egdbdX^dcZh YZ Vgi^hiVh Zc ZhiV 8dbjc^YVY! fjZ! Zc hj Xdc_jcid! n Zc b^ de^c^ c! Xdc[^\jgVc jcd YZ adh bdbZcidh b{h h a^Ydh n eajgVaZh YZ aVh ai^bVh Y XVYVh! aV VXZeiVX^ c YZa ZcXVg\d ]V XVb^cVYd YZhYZ ZcidcXZh YZ aV bVcd YZa Zcijh^Vhbd n aV Xdc[^VcoV Zc fjZ aV ejWa^XVX^ c gZhjaiVciZ hZ Xdck^gi^ZgV Zc jcV ]ZggVb^ZciV b{h ZcigZ aVh fjZ YZhYZ aV VYb^c^higVX^ c hZ Zhi{ YdiVcYd YZ gZ[ZgZciZh YdXjbZciVaZh XaVgdh Va VgiZ ai^bd YZ aV gZ\^ c#

9: 6

:B <:C

:c Z[ZXid! 6cYVajX V Vh^hiZ ]dn V aV XgZVX^ c VXZaZgVYV YZ ^c[gVZhigjXijgVh n Y^c{b^XVh YZ Vednd! egdbdX^ c n [dgbVX^ c Zc idgcd Va VgiZ VXijVa fjZ! h^c YjYV! hjhX^iVc aV Xjg^dh^YVY n Za Vc{a^h^h XdbeVgVi^kd YZhYZ digVh gZ\^dcZh! V c iZc^ZcYd Zc XjZciV fjZ! Xdc [gZXjZcX^V! bjX]Vh YZ ZaaVh VXjbjaVc jcV igVnZXidg^V Zc ZhiZ XVbed b{h aVg\V! Xdchda^YVYV n [ZXjcYV! YZhYZ fjZ ZbeZoVgVc V YZhVggdaaVgaV Vaa{ edg adh V dh dX]ZciV# 6 c Vh ! aV bZgV Zm^hiZcX^V YZ jc ZheVX^d VYb^c^higVi^kd Vji cdbd eVgV aV \Zhi^ c YZa VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ VcYVajo! Va fjZ hZ ]V YVYd jc {gZV YZ bVc^dWgV ZheZX [^XV! VWg^ cYdhZaZ ^cXajhd gZX^ZciZbZciZ ]jZXd Zc Za b^hbd cdbWgZ YZ aV VXijVa 9^gZXX^ c <ZcZgVa YZ BjhZdh n 6giZ :bZg\ZciZ! Zh fj^o{ aV bZ_dg egjZWV YZ ZhV kdajciVY eda i^XV YZ YZhi^cVg jcV eVgiZ h^\c^[^XVi^kV YZ hjh Zh[jZgodh n egZhjejZhidh V ZhiZ XVbed YZ aV XjaijgV! igVY^X^dcVabZciZ bZcdh ViZcY^Yd#

Adh gZhjaiVYdh cd hZ ]Vc ]ZX]d ZheZgVg! n ]dn X^[gVh! cdbWgZh n! hdWgZ idYd! adh Ydhh^Zgh YZ adh Vgi^hiVh d[gZXZc Za bZ_dg iZhi^bdc^d YZ fjZ Za Vednd aaZ\V Zc jc bdbZcid ^Y cZd! ]VW^ cYdhZ VegdkZX]VYd YZ bdbZcid! aV dedgijc^YVY ]^hi g^XV YZa bV\c [^Xd eVcdgVbV YZ Æ_ kZcZhÇ XgZVYdgZh VcYVajXZh gZegZhZciVi^kdh Zc ZhiV Y XVYV YZ adh Y^Zo# HZg V jc Zggdg YZ_VgaV ZhXVeVg# Cd dWhiVciZ! eVgZXZ XaVgd fjZ! h^ adh {c^bdh cd YZXVZc n aV XdbeaZ_V h^ijVX^ c ZXdc b^XV gZX^ZciZ cd dWa^\V V edcZg aV bVgX]V Vig{h! c^ V ZX]Vg Zc Za dak^Yd iVc Zhi^bjaVciZ ^c^X^Vi^kV! d gZWV_VgaV V hjh b c^bdh! adh bVndgZh WZcZ[^X^dh ÅZcigZ Zaadh adh b{h k^hidhdhÅ YZ hZbZ_VciZ Xdc_jcX^ c YZ [VXidgZh Zhi{c idYVk V edg aaZ\Vg# 6h ! fj YjYV XVWZ fjZ jcd YZ adh [gjidh b{h ZheZgVYdh YZ ZhiZ ^bejahd ^c^X^Va YZWZg V hZg XdchZ\j^g fjZ ad fjZ ]VhiV V]dgV hZ k^kZ Xdbd jcV h^ijVX^ c XVh^ ZmXZeX^dcVa hZ igVch[dgbZ! Xdc Za eVhd YZa i^Zbed! Zc Va\d ]VW^ijVa! Zc jcV XdchiVciZ0 n Xdbd


*

A6BDH

XdchZXjZcX^V [jcYVbZciVa! fjZ hZV Za egde^d iZ_^Yd YZ XgZVYdgZh jcd YZ adh [VXidgZh YZiZgb^cVciZh eVgV fjZ! Xdc hj egde^V egZhZcX^V Zc aV ZhXZcV! Xdc hj Z_Zbead! hjh ad\gdh n igVnZXidg^Vh! hZ Zhi^bjaZ Åb{h Vaa{ YZa gZVXi^kd YZ aV ^c^X^Vi^kV eda i^XVÅ Za egde^d YZkZc^g [jijgd YZ aV ZhXZcV Vgi hi^XV YZ 6cYVajX V# :c ZhiZ hZci^Yd! b^ ^ciZcX^ c V aV ]dgV YZ aV hZaZXX^ c YZ XdciZc^Ydh YZ aV gZk^hiV ]V h^Yd VWg^g eVhd V cjZkdh cdbWgZh! Va\jcdh eg{Xi^XVbZciZ YZhXdcdX^Ydh eVgV Za \gVc e Wa^Xd! fjZ eZgb^iVc Vi^hWVg Za ^cb^cZciZ gZZbeaVod V aV nV ZmiZchV a^hiV YZ m^idh YZ aV ea{hi^XV VcYVajoV Zc ad fjZ kV YZ h^\ad! n fjZ cdh ]V YZ_VYd [^\jgVh YZa gZcdbWgZ YZ ?jVc 8Vgadh 7gVX]d! H^bdc OVWZaa! 8g^hi^cV AjXVh! HVci^V\d 8^gj\ZYV! ZcigZ digdh#

6GI:

:G" CI:

D_Va{ ad fjZ eVgZXZ jcV h^ijVX^ c iVc [VkdgVWaZ cd hZ YZhY^Wj_Z VciZh YZ kZghZ eaZcVbZciZ Xdchda^YVYd Za eZhd YZ hj kVadg cZid# EVgV VedgiVg b^ \gVcd YZ VgZcV V ad fjZ ]V YZ hZg ZhiZ Zh[jZgod XdaZXi^kd! ]Z fjZg^Yd iVbW^ c XZYZg aV eVaVWgV V jcV hZaZXX^ c YZ gZegZhZciVciZh YZ adh hZXidgZh ^bea^XVYdh b{h YZhiVXVYdh0 YZ V] Za i ijad YZ ZhiZ c bZgd ZheZX^Va! ad b^hbd fjZ Za [dgbVid egZYdb^cVciZ Zc hjh e{\^cVh/ aV ZcigZk^hiV d Za Y^{ad\d# Edg ad iVcid! ad fjZ aZh egZhZcid Zh jcV bjai^ijY YZ eZgheZXi^kVh n ZcXjZcigdh! YZ Xdc[gdciVX^dcZh! fjZ edcZc YZ bVc^[^Zhid gZVa^YVYZh n YZhZdh! fjZ_Vh n Xg i^XVh! eZgd! hdWgZ idYd Za kVadg YZ XVYV ZmeZg^ZcX^V# Cd Zhi{c idYdh adh fjZ hdc! a \^XVbZciZ! eZgd h^c YjYV hdc idYdh adh fjZ Zhi{c/ aV ^chi^ijX^ c e Wa^XV d hZb^e Wa^XV! Xdc hjh hVaVh n bjhZdh0 aV ^c^X^Vi^kV eg^kVYV! YZhYZ aV \VaZg V Va ZheVX^d VaiZgcVi^kd! eVhVcYd edg Za XdaZXX^dc^hiV0 adh bZY^dh YZ Vc{a^h^h/ Xg i^XV! eZg^dY^hbd! Za ]^hidg^VYdg d Za Xdb^hVg^d0 eZgd! hdWgZ idYd! adh egde^dh XgZVYdgZh/ k^hidh Zc aV Y^hiVcX^V ÅYZhYZ [jZgV YZ ZhiV \ZcZgVX^ c fjZ ]dn cdh dXjeVÅ! d Zc eg^bZgV eZghdcV# :c ZhiZ ejcid! fj^Zgd YZhiVXVg bjn ZheZX^VabZciZ aV XdaVWdgVX^ c ZmegZhV fjZ ]Vc bdhigVYd jcV hZaZXX^ c YZ Zaadh! XgZVcYd eVgV aVh e{\^cVh YZ bjhÄ6 jcV egdnZXid ZheZX [^Xd eZghdcVa fjZ! h^c YjYV! Zh aV bZ_dg egjZWV YZa bV\c [^Xd bdbZcid fjZ k^kZ aV b{h ^cX^e^ZciZ XgZVX^ c VcYVajoV# 6YZb{h! XaVgd! YZ XdckZgi^ghZ Zc jcd YZ adh kVadgZh dW_Zi^kdh YZ ZhiZ h^c\jaVg c bZgd YZ aV gZk^hiV# Edg ai^bd! fj^h^ZgV YZ_Vg Vfj bVc^[^Zhid V\gVYZX^b^Zcid Va Zfj^ed fjZ! cd [^gbVcYd ZhiZ ZY^idg^Va! ad ]Vc ]ZX]d edh^WaZ! egde^X^VcYd VYZb{h jcV ^cdak^YVWaZ Y^c{b^XV YZ igVWV_d# N YZ bVcZgV ZheZX^Va V 8g^hi^cV <VgX h! jcd YZ adh eZghdcV_Zh YZX^h^kdh Zc aV VXX^ c eda i^XV Zc idgcd Va VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ VcYVajo YZ ]dn Y V! YZhYZ ajZ\d YZ adh b{h Zc g\^Xdh n Zcijh^VhiVh# :heZgd fjZ Y^h[gjiZc idYdh jhiZYZh! YZhYZ aV Xjg^dh^YVY n aV aZXijgV Xg i^XV Xdc ZhiZ c bZgd YZ bjhÄ6# âH86G 6ADCHD BDA>C6 8g i^Xd YZ 6giZ


+ BJH"6 >CIGD9J88>âC

JC6

B>G696 6A E6CDG6B6

68IJ6A E67AD HJÛG:O B6GIÞC 9^gZXidg <ZcZgVa YZ BjhZdh n 6giZ :bZg\ZciZ


,

EVWad Hj{gZo BVgi c#

8J6C9D H: B: HDA>8>Iâ JC 6GIÞ8JAD ÆYZ [dcYdÇ eVgV ZhiV gZk^hiV! jcV XdaVWdgVX^ c fjZ! VYZb{h! cd [jZgV jc iZmid ZmXZh^kVbZciZ ^chi^ijX^dcVa! h^cd b^ k^h^ c eZghdcVa YZa eVcdgVbV VXijVa YZa VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ! hZ bZ eaVciZ jc Y^aZbV! n Y^\d W^Zc/ jc Y^aZbV# Nd ejZYd ZhXg^W^g Va bVg\Zc YZa ejZhid fjZ dXjed! eZgd iZc\d Y^[ X^a dak^YVg aV \Zhi^ c gZVa^oVYV edg n YZhYZ aV 8dchZ_Zg V YZ 8jaijgV Zc Zhidh ai^bdh V dh# 6h fjZ fj^o{ jc WgZkZ gZXdgg^Yd edg Zaadh YZc XjZciV YZ ad fjZ fj^Zgd YZX^g# JcV gZ\^ c Xdbd aV cjZhigV! g^XV Zc XgZVi^k^YVY! eZgd YZ ZhXVhd iZ_^Yd egd[Zh^dcVa n Xdc edXV ^beaVciVX^ c YZ gZYZh [dgbVaZh Z ^c[dgbVaZh! YZbVcYVWV jc hVWZg ]VXZg0 iVgZV cVYV [{X^a! ejZh idYd Za Zfj^ed YZ eZghdcVh fjZ XdaVWdgVWVc eVgi Vc Xdc aV ^YZV YZa VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd YZhYZ WVhZ iZ g^XVh# 6h ! [jZ V eVgi^g YZ ^YZVh egde^Vh! _jcid V digVh ZmegZhVYVh edg Vgi^hiVh! \VaZg Vh! \ZhidgZh XjaijgVaZh! ZiX iZgV! aVh fjZ cdh h^gk^Zgdc YZ ejcid YZ eVgi^YV0 iZc Vbdh fjZ igVWV_Vg eVgV egdYjX^g jc egd\gVbV YZ ^c^X^Vi^kVh YZ VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd V_jhiVYd V cjZhigV gZVa^YVY n ad b{h ÆgZYdcYdÇ edh^WaZ# 6]dgV! jcdh edXdh V dh b{h iVgYZ! gZk^hVcYd ad ]ZX]d Zc eZgheZXi^kV! bZY^id hdWgZ h^ ]VWg{ XVbW^VYd Va\d aV Òadhd[ V ^c^X^Va YZa egdnZXid YZ Vednd Va VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd n ZbZg\ZciZ fjZ egZhZciVbdh jc &) YZ [ZWgZgd Zc BVYg^Y! Zc aV MM>K ZY^X^ c YZ 6G8D# 8gZd! h^cXZgVbZciZ! fjZ cd# >c^X^VgiZ ]V ZkdajX^dcVYd ÅXdbd cd ejZYZ hZg YZ digV [dgbVÅ! eZgd Za Òc n Za bZY^d h^\jZc h^ZcYd ÒZaZh V hj dg^\Zc/ jc XdcXZeid VkVcoVYd n VYVeiVYd V aVh cZXZh^YVYZh gZVaZh0 d[gZXZg gZXjghdh Va fjZ! Zc ZhiZ {bW^id! bZcdh i^ZcZ igVY^X^dcVabZciZ adh n aVh Vgi^hiVh 0 ^cXZci^kVg aV egdYjXX^ c0 Xdch^YZgVg Za VgiZ n aVh \VaZg Vh Xdbd ^cYjhig^Vh XjaijgVaZh0 gZY^hig^Wj^g \Zd\g{ÒXVbZciZ aVh VnjYVh0 [VX^a^iVg hj Zm]^W^X^ c Zc XjVafj^Zg aj\Vg YZ cjZhigV \Zd\gV[ V WV_d aVh egZb^hVh YZ aV XVa^YVY! ]dcZhi^YVY n igVcheVgZcX^V###


- BJH"6 >CIGD9J88>âC

:c Za [dcYd! Va edh^X^dcVgbZ Zc gZaVX^ c V aV XgZVX^ c VcYVajoV! cd bZ fjZYV b{h gZbZY^d fjZ ]VXZgad YZhYZ aV ei^XV YZ ad k^k^Yd0 h^ Za dg^\Zc ZgV YVg gZhejZhiV! Zc aV bZY^YV YZ ad edh^WaZ! V aVh YZbVcYVh YZ aV bVndg V YZ adh V\ZciZh fjZ ^ciZgk^ZcZc Zc Za X gXjad YZ aV XgZVX^ c! Zhd XVh^ hZ ]V XdchZ\j^Yd! Z ^cXajhd ejZYd YZX^g fjZ Zc X^ZgiVh dXVh^dcZh ]Zbdh ^Yd edg YZaVciZ# EZgd hZ bZ e^YZ Xdc gZaVX^ c V ZhiZ Vgi Xjad fjZ bZ YZÒcV! fjZ ÆbZ bd_ZÇ! hdWgZ Za eVeZa d XdcXZeid YZ ÆZbZg\ZciZÇ! Æ_dkZcÇ! ÆXg^h^h YZ aV XgZVX^ cÇ! ÆXg^h^h YZa bZgXVYdÇ d hdWgZ Za ÆW^ZcVa^hbdÇ! Vh Xdbd b^ de^c^ c gZheZXid V aV egda^[ZgVX^ c YZ XZcigdh YZ VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd Zc :heV V# Ad X^Zgid Zh fjZ idYdh Zhidh Vhjcidh cd ejZYZc dWk^Vg aV Xg i^XV V aV ZhXVhZo YZ Xdci^cZciZh n YZ VnjYVh! Za ^ciZgkZcX^dc^hbd YZ aV VYb^c^higVX^ c! hj egZhjciV VgW^igVg^ZYVY! aV ZhXVhZo YZ jcV gZY h a^YV YZ \VaZg Vh! Za egZX^d YZ aV dWgVh YZ VgiZ Z! ^cXajhd! Za b^hbd XdcXZeid YZ VgiZ Zc cjZhigd i^Zbed½! Zc Òc! jc c bZgd Vbea h^bd YZ XjZhi^dcZh Zc XjnV gZhejZhiV! V b^ eVgZXZg! eVgVY _^XVbZciZ! hZ hjZaZ dak^YVg V jcd YZ adh V\ZciZh YZX^h^kdh/ hj YZhi^cViVg^d! Za e Wa^Xd0 ZciZcY^ cYdhZ hiZ Xdbd Za XdaZXi^kd Xdc Xjg^dh^YVY ^ciZaZXijVa edg kZg! VegZcYZg! Y^h[gjiVg d VYfj^g^g Za VgiZ YZa egZhZciZ# Jcd hZ ]V VXdhijbWgVYd V iZcZg egZeVgVYVh idYVh aVh ;6Fh & fjZ YZhYZ adh bZY^dh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c hZ aZ eaVciZVc! fjZYVcYd h^ZbegZ XjZhi^dcZh Y^[ X^aZh YZ gZhdakZg# AV Xjg^dh^YVY ^ciZaZXijVa edg Za VgiZ n aV XgZVX^ c YZ cjZhigd i^Zbed Zh XVYV kZo bVndg! n Va b^hbd i^Zbed hZ eaVciZVc b{h ^ciZggd\VciZh# Jc X^jYVYVcd bZY^d! VciZ jcV Zmedh^X^ c! cdgbVabZciZ hZ Zc[gZciV V hjh XdciZc^Ydh Xdc bZciZ VW^ZgiV! eZgd Xdc XVgV YZ ^cXgZYja^YVY# H^ W^Zc YZhYZ aV WVcVa^YVY YZa b^hbd XdcXZeid YZ VgiZ hZciZcX^VYd edg 9jX]Vbe ]VhiV aV eZg[dgbVcXZ d aVh bVc^[ZhiVX^dcZh b{h gVY^XVaZh ]Vn jc aVg\d gZXdgg^Yd XgZVi^kd fjZ hZ ]V Xdchigj^Yd Va bVg\Zc YZa e Wa^Xd! ZheZgVg fjZ idYd hZV igVcfj^aVbZciZ VXZeiVYd Zh jcV ZhigZX]Zo YZ b^gVh# FjZ Za VgiZ cd i^ZcZ ZYVY iVbW^ c Zh h^bea^hiV! ejZh Zh cd iZcZg Zc XjZciV Za XdcXZeid Æi^Zbed ]^hi g^XdÇ n adh bZY^dh YZ egdYjXX^ c egde^dh YZ XVYV edXV# EgjZWV YZ Zaad Zh Za k^YZdVgiZ! XjnV bVndg VXZeiVX^ c hZ ]V YVYd gZX^ZciZbZciZ ZcigZ jc e Wa^Xd nV VXdhijbWgVYd V aV ^bV\ZcÄbdk^b^Zcid! eVhVcYd edg YZaVciZ YZ digVh eg{Xi^XVh XdcXZeijVaZh! edg Z_Zbead! eVgV aVh XjVaZh cd hdad cd ]V ]VW^Yd ZYjXVX^ c hjÒX^ZciZ Zc adh ai^bdh V dh Zc cjZhigd eV h! h^cd fjZ VYZb{h i^ZcZc fjZ hjeZgVg hj [VaiV YZ ZbeVi V Xdc Za e Wa^Xd! Va fjZ V bZcjYd hZ aZ ]V VX]VXVYd YZ [dgbV b{h d bZcdh hji^a aV gZhedchVW^a^YVY YZ hZbZ_VciZ Y^hiVcX^Vb^Zcid edg hj ^cXjaijgV! VciZh fjZ edg aV XVeVX^YVY Xdbjc^XVi^kV YZ aV dWgV! d hj XVa^YVY# EdgfjZ aV [jZgoV XgZVYdgV Xdbd [jZciZ gZkdajX^dcVg^V! hZ\ c adh Xa{h^Xdh! cd ejZYZ aaZkVg V aV Z\daVig V YZ jcdh edXdh! _jcid Xdc aV ^\cdgVcX^V Z ^\cdb^c^V YZ jcdh bjX]dh! Zc aV VjhZcX^V idiVa YZ gZaVX^ c ZcigZ VgiZ n hdX^ZYVY# 9^[ X^a ZXjVX^ c aV YZa VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ VXijVa/ YZiZgb^cVg fj dWgV Zh YZ XVa^YVY! fj igVnZXidg^V Vgi hi^XV YZhiVXV [gZciZ Va gZhid! d V fj^ c XdggZhedcYZ _jo\Vg idYd Zaad! ejZh Zc ZhiZ iZggZcd! iVc aVbZciVWaZ Zh aV VjhZcX^V YZ iZ_^Yd egd[Zh^dcVa n ZbegZhVg^Va! Xdbd YZ Xg i^Xdh YZ VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ Zc 6cYVajX V# :a bZgXVYd Zh digd YZ adh ejcidh XVcYZciZh V iZcZg Zc XjZciV/ cd idYdh adh n aVh Vgi^hiVh i^ZcZc Va\jcV d kVg^Vh \VaZg Vh YdcYZ Zm]^W^g! egdbdX^dcVg n XdbZgX^Va^oVg hj dWgV# 6Yfj^g^g dWgV Y^gZXiVbZciZ V adh n aVh XgZVYdgZh kV hjejZhiVbZciZ XdcigV Za egde^d bZgXVYd! eZgd YZhYZ aV VYb^c^higVX^ c e Wa^XV Zc b{h YZ jcV dXVh^ c cdh ]Zbdh ZcXdcigVYd egZb^VcYd V Vgi^hiVh h^c \VaZg V fjZ adh gZegZhZciVgVc# Edg Zhd Vfj ]Vn fjZ ]VWaVg YZ ^cYjhig^Vh XjaijgVaZh fjZ! Xdbd iVaZh! hdc ZbegZhVh0 hj b{m^bV Zh Za WZcZÒX^d! V aV eVg fjZ hj ZheZX^Va^oVX^ c n eVh^ c edg Za VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd# :aad YZ_V [jZgV V aV bVndg V YZ adh n aVh Vgi^hiVh! hjh dWgVh n XVh^ h^ZbegZ V aVh VejZhiVh b{h Vgg^Zh\VYVh0 idYd Zhid h^c ZcigVg V ]VWaVg YZ adh egZX^dh fjZ! edg ad \ZcZgVa! ]jnZc YZ jc e Wa^Xd b{h Vbea^d! Zc WjhXV


.

FJ>:GD H67:G N K:G AD FJ: =DN H: =68:! I:C<6 HJ 9:CDB>C68>âC 9: DG><:C 6FJÞ D ;J:G6

9>;Þ8>A :8J68>âC A6 9:A 6GI: :B:G<:CI: 68IJ6A/ 9:I:GB>C6G FJw D7G6 :H 9: 86A>969! FJw IG6N:8IDG>6 6GIÞHI>86 9:HI686 ;G:CI: 6A G:HID! D 6 FJ>wC 8DGG:HEDC9: ?JO<6G ID9D :AAD

ZmXajh^kVbZciZ YZa h^ZbegZ hZaZXid \gjed YZ adh XdaZXX^dc^hiVh! WVhiVciZ gZYjX^Yd edg X^Zgid! d h^ cd Zc WjhXV YZ Va\jcV Zci^YVY ÒcVcX^ZgV! fj^o{ YZ aV egde^V 6Yb^c^higVX^ c# 6h ejZh! ´X bd ]VXZg eVgV k^k^g YZa VgiZ Xdc ZhXVhdh XdbegVYdgZh n bjX]V XgZVX^ c½4! Y^[ X^a hdajX^ c# NV h fjZ aV bVndg V YZ adh n aVh XgZVYdgVh XdbeVi^W^a^oVc hj aVWdg XgZVi^kV Xdc Va\jcV digV VXi^k^YVY aVWdgVa! Va\d fjZ Zc h cd Zh c^ WjZcd c^ bVad! cdh WVhiVg{ Xdc gZeVhVg aVh W^d\gV[ Vh YZ aV bVndg V YZ adh Vgi^hiVh XdchV\gVYdh# 6a\jcV kZo Zc ZhiZ YZWViZ ]Z VXVWVYd bVa^X^dhVbZciZ ^ciZggd\VcYd V Va\ c Vgi^hiV hdWgZ Xj{cidh Zc hj [Vb^a^V iZc Vc Za ]{W^id! VjcfjZ [jZgV dXVh^dcVa! YZ VYfj^g^g dWgVh YZ VgiZ# :c Za eVeZa fjZ bZ ]V idXVYd YZhZbeZ Vg fj^Zgd VkVaVg aV XViZ\dg V YZ ZbZg\ZciZ0 cd hZ Xdc[jcYVc! cd bZ gZÒZgd V jcV XViZ\dg V YZcigd YZ aV ]^hidg^V gZX^ZciZ YZa VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd0 Zh jcV ^YZV! jc egd\gVbV! aV VejZhiV YZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh e Wa^XVh edg eZghdcVh! dWgVh n ZheVX^dh fjZ hjg\Zc XVYV Y V# Edg h^ [jZgV egZX^hd! ad YZÒc^g Xdbd idYV XgZVX^ c fjZ cd [dgbV eVgiZ! hZV XjVa hZV aV XVjhV! YZ aVh XdaZXX^dcZh YZ cjZhigdh bjhZdh n fjZ edg ZcYZ iZcZbdh aV dWa^\VX^ c i^XV YZ Y^[jcY^gaV# :a VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ VXijVa YZWZ hZg ZmejZhid! n fj bZ_dg fjZ YdiVgcdh YZ jcV gZY YZ hVaVh Xdbd aV fjZ aV 8dchZ_Zg V YZ 8jaijgV Zhi{ YZhVggdaaVcYd edg idYV aV \Zd\gV[ V VcYVajoV# EVgV Zaad iZcZbdh iVbW^ c fjZ hVWZg n Zmea^X^iVg fj^ cZh hdc adh n aVh fjZ egd\gVbVc! WV_d fj Xg^iZg^dh n eVgV fj^ cZh ad ]VXZc# EdYZbdh iZcZg bjX]Vh gZhZ Vh Zc egZchV n bjn WjZcVh Xg i^XVh! eZgd cd e Wa^Xd# 6]dgV! Zc ZhiZ cjZkd h^\ad! Zh b{h [{X^a/ Za XdcXZeid YZ e Wa^Xd Zh bjiVWaZ n XVYV kZo b{h VW^Zgid! bZcdh XVeg^X]dhd0 aV bVndg V cd Zci^ZcYZ YZ Xg^h^h YZ W^ZcVaZh n Zhdh YZiVaaZh eVgV ZheZX^Va^hiVh! eZgd fj^ZgZc kZg n Vh^hi^g V \gVcYZh ZkZcidh Vgi hi^Xdh# :a bZY^d XVYV kZo ^bedgiV bZcdh Åea{hi^XV! [did\gV[ V! k YZd! cZi 6gi#! ]VeeZc^c\Å! hdc idYVh XjZhi^dcZh iZ g^XVh d YZ bZgXVYd! Za e Wa^Xd h ad Zm^\Z XVa^YVY! Xd]ZgZcX^V n! edg fj cd! Va\jcV Zmea^XVX^ c h^ Zh edh^WaZ# BjX]Vh YZ ZhiVh gZÓZm^dcZh! Xdbd Va ^c^X^d hZ VaVWV! YVc XjZciV YZ b^ k^h^ c Zc idgcd V aV XgZVX^ c VcYVajoV! jcV [jZgoV XgZVi^kV cVYV Xd]Zh^dcVYV n edXd YZhVggdaaVYV! eZgd h^c egZXZYZciZh Zc aV ]^hidg^V gZX^ZciZ YZ cjZhigV Xdbjc^YVY# :h bjn cdiVWaZ Zc adh ai^bdh i^Zbedh Za ^cXgZbZcid YZ edh^W^a^YVYZh fjZ i^ZcZ aV hdX^ZYVY Ån nd b^hbd Zc XjVcid fjZ ZheZXiVYdgÅ! YZ edYZg VYfj^g^g n Y^h[gjiVg aVh b{h Y^kZghVh XgZVX^dcZh d Zmedh^X^dcZh! n! edg fj cd YZX^gad! YZ Y^kZgi^gbZ! VegZcYZg d YZaZ^iVgbZ Xdc aV bZgV XdciZbeaVX^ c Z ^ciZgVXX^ c# EZgd! Va b^hbd i^Zbed! ^\jVa fjZ aV jc^kZghVa^oVX^ c YZ aV ZXdcdb V e^YZ iZbeaVcoV! hdh^Z\d n gZÓZm^ c! XgZd fjZ Zc Za VgiZ VXijVa iVbW^ c ]V YZ hjXZYZg# N eVgV VXVWVg cd edYZbdh dak^YVg >ciZgcZi! ZhV ]ZggVb^ZciV fjZ eZgb^iZ V b^aadcZh YZ eZghdcVh VXZgXVghZ V adh Y^[ZgZciZh {bW^idh YZ aV XjaijgV! V aV Vgi hi^XV iVbW^ c0 cd idYd Za bjcYd Zh XaVhZ bZY^V jgWVcV Xdc ZheVX^dh Zmedh^i^kdh XZgXVcdh V hj gZh^YZcX^V# AV XgZVX^ c YZWZ ^cXdgedgVghZ Xdc b{h [jZgoV V >ciZgcZi Xdbd ZhV edYZgdhV VgbV fjZ eZgb^iV VXZgXVg Za VgiZ YZ cjZhigdh i^Zbedh V hjh k^YVh Xdi^Y^VcVh n eZghdcVaZh0 cd Zh jc [jijg^WaZ! nV Zhi{ dXjgg^ZcYd! NdjIjWZ! L^`^eZY^V! LZW '#% d <dd\aZ YVc [Z Zaad# 6a ÒcVa YZ ZhiZ k^V_Z h^\d VedhiVcYd edg aV XgZVX^ c! hj c bZgd edXd ^bedgiV! fj^Zgd hVWZg n kZg ad fjZ ]dn hZ ]VXZ! iZc\V hj YZcdb^cVX^ c YZ dg^\Zc Vfj d [jZgV! n YZcigd YZ Va\jcdh V dh edYZg b^gVg Vig{h n kZg fjZ c^c\ c Zh[jZgod [jZ Zc kVcd! fjZ adh n aVh Vgi^hiVh VcYVajXZh edg h b^hbdh [jZgdc XVeVXZh YZ h^ijVg Za VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd VcYVajo YdcYZ YZWZ ZhiVg! fjZ cd Zh c^ b{h c^ bZcdh fjZ Zc jcV h^ijVX^ c ^\jVa^iVg^V Xdc Za gZhid# CDI6 '$ 6Xg c^bd YZ ;gZfjZcian 6h`ZY FjZhi^dch# :c ZheV da/ EgZ\jciVh b{h [gZXjZciZh#


&% BJH"6 >CIGD9J88>âC

8DBEG6H! 8DA:88>DC:H!

EG:B>DH½

6GI:

N Eå7A>8D

>CI:GwH GD<:A>D AâE:O 8J:C86 6gi^hiV


&&

Gd\Za^d A eZo 8jZcXV# 9d Cdi 8gdhh 6gi HXZcZ# BjhZd EVi^d =ZggZg^Vcd# KVaaVYda^Y! '%%+#

6 EG>C8>E>D 9: ADH 6xDH CDK:CI6

[dgb eVgiZ YZa _jgVYd YZ jc XdcXjghd YZ VgiZh ea{hi^XVh fjZ YZX^Y^bdh YZXaVgVg YZh^Zgid! YZW^Yd V aV cdidg^V YZhegdedgX^ c ZcigZ aV XVa^YVY YZ aVh dWgVh egZhZciVYVh n aV YdiVX^ c YZa egZb^d c^Xd fjZ ]VW V fjZ XdcXZYZg/ jc b^aa c YZ eZhZiVh# 6XdchZ_Vbdh V aV ^chi^ijX^ c XdckdXVciZ aV gZ[dgbV YZ aVh cdgbVh YZa XdcXjghd V Òc YZ ]VXZgad b{h _jhid n gVodcVWaZ! gZXdbZcYVcYd iVcid Za VjbZcid YZ adh [dcYdh Vh^\cVYdh Xdbd hj gZY^gZXX^ c V aV VYfj^h^X^ c YZ dWgVh fjZ! V aV aVg\V! ejY^ZgVc aaZ\Vg V Xdc[dgbVg jcV XdaZXX^ c# N h^ W^Zc! Zc jc eg^bZg bdbZcid! hZ bdhigVgdc gZi^XZciZh V VWVcYdcVg jcV igVY^X^ c fjZ aZh egdedgX^dcVWV jcV egZX^dhV dXVh^ c YZ ^cbdgiVa^oVghZ Xdbd gjbWdhdh bZXZcVh _jcid Va ZmjaiVciZ Vgi^hiV V\gVX^VYd Xdc Za h W^id b^aa c! V dh b{h iVgYZ! Za cjZkd [dgbVid fjZ egdedc Vbdh ]V VXVWVYd Xdck^gi^ cYdhZ eg{Xi^XVbZciZ Zc aV cdgbV#


&' BJH"6 >CIGD9J88>âC

JcV YZ aVh gVodcZh edg aVh fjZ edhiZg^dgbZciZ ]Z YZXa^cVYd [dgbVg eVgiZ YZ Va\jcdh _jgVYdh gVY^XV Zc aV egZXVg^ZYVY YZ aVh XdcY^X^dcZh Zc fjZ hZ gZVa^oVc aVh YZa^WZgVX^dcZh n Za [Vaad YZ adh b^hbdh/ XdckdXVYdh jc Y V V YZY^XVg aV bV VcV V ]d_ZVg aV YdXjbZciVX^ c YZ adh XdcXjghVciZh n! YZhej h YZa VabjZgod n YZa XV[ ! V V_jhiVg Za egZhjejZhid egZk^hid eVgV aVh XdbegVh Xdc adh egZX^dh YZ aVh dWgVh egZhZciVYVh# ´=Vn Zc iVc edXd i^Zbed kZgYVYZgV dXVh^ c YZ edcYZgVg Va\d b{h fjZ aV XVa^YVY YZ aV YdXjbZciVX^ c VedgiVYV4 ´cd ZhiVgZbdh b{h W^Zc egZb^VcYd Za bVg`Zi^c\ YZa Wdd` b{h hZYjXidg4 EZgd ´ZgV Zhid jc XdcXjghd YZ Y^hZ d YZ Ydhh^Zgh4 DigVh kZXZh aV YdXjbZciVX^ c aaZ\V Va _jgVYd nV ejg\VYV! egZÄhZaZXX^dcVYV! Xdc aV h^c YjYV hVcV ^ciZcX^ c YZ ]VXZg bZcdh \gVkdhd! b{h {\^a n b{h [{X^a hj igVWV_d# EZgd ZhV hZaZXX^ c egZk^V! ´fj^ cZh aV ]Vc ]ZX]d4! ´Zc_j^X^VcYd n kVadgVcYd fj 4 N jc _jgVYd cd h ad ÒgbV Za VXiV YZ adh egZb^dh! nV fjZ ^bea X^iVbZciZ hj hZaZXX^ c VkVaV Za YZhXVgiZ YZ adh ZmXaj^Ydh# 9Z digd aVYd! n YZW^Yd V ad XVbW^VciZ n Y^heVg YZ aV Xdbedh^X^ c YZ adh Y^hi^cidh _jgVYdh! ZhiV eg{Xi^XV ]V iZc^Yd Xdbd XdchZXjZcX^V fjZ aVh XdaZXX^dcZh fjZ hZ WjhXVWV VgbVg cd eVhZc Xdc [gZXjZcX^V YZ jc Xdc_jcid YZ e^ZoVh! XVgZciZ aVh b{h kZXZh YZa hZci^Yd d aV jc^YVY YZ Xg^iZg^d fjZ ]VWg V XVW^Yd ZheZgVg YZ jc igVWV_d YZ ZheZX^Va^hiVh n YZ aV ^ckZgh^ c gZVa^oVYV# H^ZcYd Vh ! cd Zh gVgd fjZ YZhej h aVh dWgVh VYfj^g^YVh gZVeVgZoXVc! YZhXdciZmijVa^oVYVh! [VciVhbVaZh! Zc YZheVX]dh n eVh^aadh! XjVcYd cd fjZ YjZgbVc VbdcidcVYVh Zc VabVXZcZh b{h d bZcdh ^begdk^hVYdh Zc aVh YZeZcYZcX^Vh YZ aVh Y^hi^ciVh VYb^c^higVX^dcZh# HZ edYg V YZX^g! Zc \ZcZgVa! YZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh! fjZ! edg YZÒc^X^ c! kVc h^ZbegZ edg YZig{h YZ ad fjZ eVhV0 fjZ XjVcYd Va Òc Xdch^\jZc gZ\jaVg^oVg hj gZaVX^ c Xdc VfjZa dW_Zid d [Zc bZcd Va fjZ egZiZcY Vc gZXdcdXZg! VXVZXZ fjZ Za egdXZhd Zc XjZhi^ c ZkdajX^dcV! hZ YZhk V n idbV ^cZheZgVYVh Y^gZXX^dcZh# :hid egdkdXV jc ZhiVYd YZ Vch^ZYVY ^chi^ijX^dcVa! jcV YdWaZ ododWgV XVjhVYV! YZ jc aVYd! edg aV jg\ZcX^V Zc hVcX^dcVg ad cjZkd! ad ai^bd n b{h gZX^ZciZ! edg b^ZYd V VeVgZXZg! jcV kZo b{h! V aV oV\V YZ aV VXijVa^YVY! n edg digd! edg Za iZbdg V fjZ ZhVh b^hbVh eg^hVh kVnVc V YVg aj\Vg V idgeZh YZhVi^cdh# N Za gZhjaiVYd bVc^ÒZhid Zh aV \ZcZgVa iZcYZcX^V V fjZ aV XdcXZh^ c YZ \VaVgYdcZh dÒX^VaZh kVnV Xd^cX^Y^ZcYd egd\gZh^kVbZciZ Xdc ad fjZ Zhi{ YZ bdYV! Xdc VfjZaad fjZ \doV YZ VciZbVcd Zc jc YZiZgb^cVYd Ån YZ dgY^cVg^d [j\VoÅ bdbZcid YZa [Vkdg YZ adh Xdchjb^YdgZh! nV hZ igViZ YZ VXidgZh YZ m^id! YZ XVbeZdcZh YZ jc YZedgiZ j digd! d YZ Vgi^hiVh ea{hi^Xdh fjZ hdc kVadgZh hZ\jgdh Zc Za bZgXVYd# N Zh! h^ hZ XdciZbeaV Zc i gb^cdh YZ hj ZmeadiVX^ c bZY^{i^XV! XdbegZch^WaZ aV YZkdX^ c edg aV XjaijgV YZ aV [did n aV ^cVj\jgVX^ c! Za ]ZX]d YZ k^cXjaVghZ V XjVafj^Zg XdhV hjhXZei^WaZ YZ Xdc[Zg^g egZhi^\^d! V aV iZcYZcX^V Zc kd\jZ! Va kZgc^hhV\Z0 V aV egZhZciVX^ c! Zc k^kd d Zc bVfjZiV! YZ ZY^ÒX^dh h^c\jaVgZh Xdc aV dhiZch^WaZ ÒgbV YZ Vgfj^iZXidh ZhigZaaV0 d Va deZc^c\ YZ ZkZcidh [Vhijdhdh n ZheZXiVXjaVgZh½ HZ Zci^ZcYZ! ejZh! Za ^ciZg h edg gZigViVghZ V aV kZgV YZ aV XZaZWg^YVY YZa Y V d ^bedcZgaZh bZYVaaVh! X]VeVh! WVcYVh n XdcYZXdgVX^dcZh n Xda\VciZh Zc cdbWgZ YZa hdWZgVcd ejZWad0 eZgd cd ejZYZ YZ_Vg YZ dWhZgkVghZ Zc ZhiVh XZgZbdc^Vh jc gZ\jhid YZ ZmXZeX^dcVa^YVY! Xdbd aVh XZaZWgVX^dcZh dÒX^VaZh YZa Y V ^ciZgcVX^dcVa YZ aV bj_Zg! YZa bZY^d VbW^ZciZ! YZ hda^YVg^YVY Xdc EVaZhi^cV! YZ adh YZgZX]dh ]jbVcdh d YZ adh bjhZdh! n fjZ hdc Za gZXdcdX^b^Zcid hj VWVcYdcd Xdi^Y^Vcd! YZ fjZ Xdck^k^bdh Xdc aV ^c_jhi^X^V0 hdc Za gZXdgYVidg^d YZ jcV XjZciV eZcY^ZciZ fjZ hZ fj^ZgZ! VjcfjZ hZV h^bW a^XVbZciZ! a^fj^YVg# 9Z V] fjZ adh ]dbZcV_Zh hZ g^cY^ZhZc igVY^X^dcVabZciZ V VjidgZh egdiV\dc^hiVh YZ jcV X^ZgiV igVnZXidg^V! YZ Va\ c bdYd edhiZg\VYdh Zc jcV XVggZgV YZ gZh^hiZcX^V [gZciZ V aVh ^cXdbegZch^dcZh n Va dak^Yd#


&(

E6G6 A6 B6NDG E6GI: 9: ADH 8G:69DG:H :H I6C I6G9: E6G6 :B:G<:G 8DBD 9:B6H>69D EGDCID E6G6 A6 7:6I>;>868>âC N :A DA>BED

EZgd! µVn ! ZcigZ Za ÆVgi^hiV VYdaZhXZciZÇ n aV k^Z_V \adg^V! hZ Zmi^ZcYZ jcV iZggV cjaa^jh! iVc VaZ_VYV YZ aV W^ZckZc^YV n Za V\VhV_d V aV _dkZc egdbZhV Xdbd YZa YZhV\gVk^d V aV bZg^idg^V VcX^Vc^YVY# EVgV aV bVndg eVgiZ YZ adh XgZVYdgZh Zh iVc iVgYZ eVgV ZbZg\Zg Xdbd YZbVh^VYd egdcid eVgV aV WZVi^ÒXVX^ c n Za Da^bed0 eVgV aV bVndg V! Za i gb^cd ÆZbZg\ZcX^VÇ i^ZcZ jc h^\c^ÒXVYd VaZYV d V egZbjgV! V V\dW^d! V jg\ZcX^V! fjZ YZhkZaV aV egZXVg^ZYVY ZhigjXijgVa! ^cig chZXV! YZ hj h^ijVX^ c aVWdgVa# 7^Zc hVWZbdh fjZ eVgV aV VYb^c^higVX^ c cd Zh eg^dg^iVg^d! c^ [{X^a! n fjZ cd Zh iVc k^hidhd c^ bZY^{i^Xd! n fjZ VYZb{h cd h ad Zh XdbeZiZcX^V YZ adh gZhedchVWaZh YZ 8jaijgV! h^cd iVbW^ c YZ :Xdcdb V n =VX^ZcYV n YZ IgVWV_d½ eZgd ad fjZ b{h cZXZh^iVc adh Vgi^hiVh hdc bZY^YVh fjZ aZh eZgb^iVc \VcVghZ aV k^YV Xdc Y^\c^YVY/ jc hVaVg^d V XVbW^d YZ hj igVWV_d Ån hj igVWV_d cd Xdch^hiZ h ad Zc aV egdYjXX^ c YZ dW_ZidhÅ# =Vn fjZ ZciZcYZg fjZ Za VgiZ Zh iVbW^ c jcV ^chigjbZcid YZ XdcdX^b^Zcid n! Zc ZhZ hZci^Yd! egde^X^Vg n ÓZm^W^a^oVg aVh edh^W^a^YVYZh YZ eVgi^X^eVX^ c YZ adh Vgi^hiVh Zc Za bjcYd YZ aV ZchZ VcoV! n cd h ad jc^kZgh^iVg^V# N cd Xdc[jcY^g ZhiV YZbVcYV YZ gZbjcZgVX^ c Xdc aV egdejZhiV YZ aVh ZbegZhVh YZ Æ\Zhi^ c YZ YZgZX]dh YZ VjidgÇ fjZ egZiZcYZc fjZ k^kVbdh YZ Zhd½ nV fjZ ´Xj{cidh edYg Vc4! ´fj Vgi^hiVh hdc Zhdh XjnV dWgV Zh iVc gZegdYjX^YV fjZ Zh XVeVo YZ YVgaZh YZ XdbZg4 IdYd eVgZXZ b{h W^Zc jcV bVc^dWgV YZ aVh \gVcYZh XdgedgVX^dcZh egde^ZiVg^Vh YZa cZ\dX^d YZ aVh Xdbjc^XVX^dcZh n YZ aV ^cYjhig^V YZa dX^d Å[VWg^XVciZh YZ ]^ih n YZ WZhihZaaZgh! YZa X^cZ n aV b h^XV XdbZgX^VaZhÅ bjn edXd! YZhYZ ajZ\d! fjZ kZg Xdc Za VgiZ n Xdc adh Vgi^hiVh# N hZ ZhXjYVc Zc Zaadh! Zc Za b^id edejaVg YZa edWgZ Wd]Zb^d! eVgV! igVh aV eVciVaaV YZ hj eViZgcVa^hbd! Wa^cYVg hjh WZcZÒX^dh! hj edYZg YZ ZmeadiVX^ c XdcigV aV a^WgZ X^gXjaVX^ c YZ ^c[dgbVX^ c n YZ XdcdX^b^Zcid# N ]Vn fjZ VYb^i^g fjZ ZhiV h^ijVX^ c ]Vn fjZ VX]VXVgaV Zc \gVc eVgiZ V adh egde^dh Vgi^hiVh! Zc 6cYVajX V! ^cXVeVXZh YZ edcZg Zc bVgX]V jcV VhdX^VX^ c egd[Zh^dcVa! ^cXVeVXZh YZ kZghZ V h b^hbdh Xdbd igVWV_VYdgZh! k Xi^bVh gZh^YjVaZh YZa b^id gdb{ci^Xd fjZ cdh gZigViV Xdbd jc W^X]d gVgd! jc \Zc^d d jc bVaY^id! ]VW^iVciZ YZ jc bjcYd hjeZg^dg! b{h Vaa{ YZ aVh b^hZgVWaZh bjcYVcVh XdcY^X^dcZh YZ aV Zm^hiZcX^V YZ adh YZb{h bdgiVaZh### µfj bZofj^cYVY ! µfj [VaiV YZ \gVcYZoV ! ´Vgi^hiVh gZXaVbVcYd YZhZbeaZd! hZ\jgd b Y^Xd½4 Za VaWVigdh YZ 7VjYZaV^gZ! Za {c\Za XV Yd! V]dgV VhjhiVYd VciZ aV Zc[ZgbZYVY! aV ^ckVa^YZo! aV kZ_Zo½ µh^ 7jcWjgn aZkVciVgV aV XVWZoV :c Òc! eVnVhVYVh eVi i^XVh VeVgiZ! h^ ad fjZ hZ fj^ZgZ Zh [VkdgZXZg Za YZhVggdaad YZ jcV XjaijgV Xg i^XV n cd Za bZgd ^cXgZbZcid YZa c bZgd YZ ZheZXiVYdgZh! aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh cd ejZYZc YZY^XVghZ V d[gZXZg Åc^ V XdbegVg c^ V egZb^VgÅ ad b^hbd fjZ ig^jc[V nV Za bZgXVYd0 adh [dcYdh e Wa^Xdh i^ZcZc fjZ YZY^XVghZ Va Vednd YZ eg{Xi^XVh Vgi hi^XVh iVbW^ c YZ ^ciZcX^dcVa^YVY Z ^ciZg h e Wa^Xd! YZ ZÒXVX^V eda i^XV! egdnZXidh n egdXZhdh bZcdh ZheZXiVXjaVgZh n b{h eVgi^X^eVi^kdh! VaZ_VYdh YZ adh [jZ\dh YZ Vgi^ÒX^d YZ aV ^cYjhig^V YZa ZcigZiZc^b^Zcid n b{h k^cXjaVYdh V aV ^chigjXX^ c e Wa^XV! Va YZgZX]d Va XdcdX^b^Zcid Xdbd ]ZggVb^ZciV YZ ZbVcX^eVX^ c#


&) BJH"6 A6 8GÞI>86 N ADH B:9>DH

:A EJCID 9: K>HI6

8GÞI>8D 8DCK:GH68>âC 8DC ?J6C 7DH8D 9Þ6O 9: JGB:C:I6 : >KÛC 9: A6 IDGG: ;didh XdckZghVX^ c/ 6cidc^d E gZo <^a#


&*

A6 8GÞI>86 9: 6GI: :H! H>C 9J96! N E:H:

6 AD 8DCIGDK:GI>9D H>:BEG: 9: HJ 68IJ68>âC! JCD 9: ADH H:8IDG:H 9>G:8I6B:CI: >BEA>869DH 8DC A6 8G:68>âC 6GIÞHI>86 68IJ6A FJ: BÛH E:HD :HE:8Þ;>8D =6 >9D 8D7G6C9D :C A6H åAI>B6H 9w8696H# ;G:CI: 6 HJ A67DG =>HIâG>86! 9: 8DC;><JG68>âC N <JÞ6 9:A <JHID! :C :A EG:H:CI: HJH I6G:6H H: =6C BJAI>EA>869D! 96C9D 8J:CI6 6 HJ K:O 9: JC BJC9D 9: 8DBEA:?>969 8G:8>:CI:! 8DBD :A B>HBD 6GI: 8DCI:BEDGÛC:D/ A67DG:H 9: 8DB>H6G>69D! EG:CH6 :H8G>I6 N EJ7A>868>DC:H! 68I>K>HBD : >BEA>868>âC 9>G:8I6 :C 8DDG9>C68>âC! 9D8JB:CI68>âC! 6H:HDG6B>:CID! EJ7A>868>DC:H! :I8wI:G6### ?J6C 7DH8D 9Þ6O 9: JGB:C:I6 : >KÛC 9: A6 IDGG:! 9DH 9:HI6869ÞH>BDH 8GÞI>8DH 9:A E6CDG6B6 6C96AJO! 9>6AD<6C 9: Iå 6 Iå HD7G: 8âBD K:C N H>:CI:C :A BJC9D :C :A 8J6A A:H ID86 >CI:GK:C>G I6C 9>G:8I6B:CI:#

bjhÄ6 E6G6 67G>G :HI6 H:G>: 9: 8DCK:GH68>DC:H :C IDGCD

6A 6GI: :B:G<:CI:! 8G:D FJ: H:GÞ6 C:8:H6G>D 8DB:CO6G EDG 8DCD8:G KJ:HIG6 9:;>C>8>âC 9: 6GI: :B:G<:CI: ´FJw >9:CI>;>8Û>H 8DC :HI: 8DC8:EID4 ?J6C 7DH8D 9Þ6O 9: JGB:C:I6 BJxDO 6giZ :bZg\ZciZ eVgV b cd Zh cZXZhVg^VbZciZ VgiZ _dkZc! edgfjZ ejZYZ ]VWZg dWgVh YZ VjidgZh XdchV\gVYdh fjZ Zc Zaadh VeVgZXZc Xdbd cdkZYdhVh# Edg Z_Zbead aVh eg^bZgVh ZhXjaijgVh YZ 8VgbZc AV[[ c d aVh e^ZoVh YZ Vc^bVX^ c YZ 8jggd <dco{aZo#

6giZ ZbZg\ZciZ iVbW^ c ejZYZ hZg VgiZ cjZkd/ eZghdcVh fjZ Zc iZdg V i^ZcZc jcV [dgbVX^ c Vgi hi^XV aZh XjZhiV VXZgXVghZ Va k YZd! aV Vc^bVX^ c! d aV ^c[d\gV[ V# DigV edh^WaZ YZÒc^X^ c Zh eaVciZVg Za VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ gZ[Zg^Yd Va VgiZ ]ZX]d edg \ZciZ _dkZc! eZgd eVgZXZ Va\d b{h W^Zc ejWa^X^iVg^d# >KÛC 9: A6 IDGG: 6B:G><=> :a XdcXZeid YZ ZbZg\ZcX^V cd

i^ZcZ VWhdajiVbZciZ cVYV fjZ kZg Xdc aV ZYVY# N fj^o{h h iZc\V b{h fjZ kZg Xdc aV k^h^W^a^YVY fjZ hZ i^ZcZ d cd# 6] ZcigVg V bjX]V \ZciZ fjZ ]V eZgbVcZX^Yd ^ck^h^WaZ! ^cYZeZcY^ZciZbZciZ YZ aV ZYVY! YjgVciZ V dh! edg bjX]Vh XjZhi^dcZh/ edgfjZ hZ ]Vc WdggVYd YZ bVcZgV eZghdcVa YZa ZhXZcVg^d d edgfjZ Zc Za bZgXVYd cd ]Vc ZcXdcigVYd gZhejZhiVh V hjh egdejZhiVh# Edg Za XdcigVg^d ]Vn bjX]dh Vgi^hiVh _ kZcZh fjZ hdc k^Z_dh

egZbVijgdh! fjZ Xdbd Y^XZ jc egdkZgW^d ]^cY ! eVgZXZc ÆXVWVa\Vg V adbdh YZ jc i^\gZÇ! edgfjZ i^ZcZc bjX]V k^h^W^a^YVY eZgd XdggZc h^c gjbWd c^ dW_Zi^kd! cVY^Z hZ VigZkZ V YZX ghZad edg iZbdg Va i^\gZ eZgd cd ejZYZc WV_Vg! edgfjZ Zc Za bdbZcid Zc fjZ hZ VeZZc YZ hj bdcijgV ZhZ b^hbd i^\gZ aZh YZkdgVg{# IVbedXd Zhidn YZ VXjZgYd Xdc aV Zi^fjZiV ÆZbZg\ZciZÇ! bZ eVgZXZ iVbW^ c jc iZbV ejWa^X^iVg^d! VjcfjZ V kZXZh gZXdcdoXd fjZ eVgV Za igVWV_d n aV ^YZci^ÒXVX^ c gZhjaiV bjX]d b{h [{X^a edcZgaZ Zi^fjZiVh V aVh XdhVh# bjhÄ6 8DBD 8GÞI>8DH 9: 6GI: ´8âBD 67DG9Û>H A6 8GÞI>86 9:A

6GI: :B:G<:CI:4 ?#7#9#J#B# Jcd YZ adh egdWaZbVh fjZ hZ eaVciZVc Zh ´fj YZWZ ]VXZg jc Xg i^Xd Xdc Za VgiZ _dkZc4 :c eg^bZg aj\Vg! VjcfjZ ejZYZ eVgZXZg eVgVY _^Xd! ]Vn fjZ hZg iVc g^\jgdhd d b{h fjZ Xdc adh VjidgZh Xdchda^YVYdh# HZcX^aaVbZciZ edgfjZ hZ aZ ]VXZ jc [Vkdg Va Vjidg fjZ Zbe^ZoV# DigV XdhV Zh XVg\Vg aVh i^ciVh# :hd bZ eVgZXZ bVa# AV \ZciZ _dkZc fjZ ]VXZ VgiZ i^ZcZ fjZ Zc[gZciVghZ Xdc bjX]dh egdWaZbVh! i^ZcZ fjZ Zc[gZciVghZ Xdc jc aZc\jV_Z fjZ idYVk V cd Zh hjnd! ZhZ Zh jc eg^bZg egdWaZbV# Jc hZ\jcYd egdWaZbV Zh fjZ YZhXjWgZc jcV a cZV YZ igVWV_d n h^ aZh kV W^Zc! V] hZ fjZYVc# Edg Zhd Zc XjVafj^ZgV YZ Zhdh Ydh XVhdh Zh [jcYVbZciVa jc eaVciZVb^Zcid Xg i^Xd fjZ aZh Y^\V Æb^gV! Vfj ]Vn iVa YZÒX^ZcX^VÇ#


&+ BJH"6 A6 8GÞI>86 N ADH B:9>DH

>#I#6# AV gZeZgXjh^ c fjZ i^ZcZ Za Xg i^Xd hdWgZ aV dWgV YZa Vgi^hiV! Zh ^ckZghVbZciZ egdedgX^dcVa Va hiVijh fjZ i^ZcZ Za Vgi^hiV d V aV igVnZXidg^V fjZ ]V VaXVcoVYd# 6 kZXZh hZ ZbeaZVc Xdc YZbVh^VYV hV V X^Zgidh Xg i^Xdh Xdc Vgi^hiVh fjZ Zhi{c XdbZcoVcYd0 V hidh ]VWg V fjZ kVadgVgaZh! ZcXVjoVgaZh! gZXdbZcYVgaZh! YZhZhi^bVcYd X^Zgidh ViVfjZh fjZ hZ ]VXZc hdWgZ Zaadh! fjZ hdc VWhdajiVbZciZ YZhigjXi^kdh# HdWgZ idYd edgfjZ ejZYZc hZg! VYZb{h! [ViVaZh Zc hj VjidZhi^bV# ´Fj^ c hVWZ fj^ cZh hZg{c adh Vgi^hiVh YZa bV VcV4 Jcd ejZYZ hZg Xg i^Xd eZgd cd egd[ZiV# ?#7#9#J#B# 8jVcYd i ZhXg^WZh YZ Va\j^Zc _dkZc Za aZXidg WjhXV ij Xg^iZg^d hdWgZ ZhV eZghdcV# 8jVcYd i Y^XZh Va\d fjZ e^ZchVh hdWgZ jcV eZghdcV XdchV\gVYV ZcidcXZh iZ Zhi{ aZnZcYd V i^! aZ ^ciZgZhVh i ! ij ^YZci^YVY Xdbd Xg i^Xd! b^ZcigVh fjZ! edg Za digd aVYd! aZ ^ciZgZhV ij Xg^iZg^d hdWgZ Za Vgi^hiV# >#I#6# Edg digd aVYd! iVbW^ c Zh kZgYVY fjZ adh Xg i^Xdh ]dn cd hdbdh h ad Xg i^Xdh! hdbdh Xdb^hVg^dh! YdXZciZh! ]VXZbdh iZmidh eVgV XVi{ad\dh### :a Xg i^Xd! YZ Va\jcV bVcZgV! Zh jc Y^cVb^oVYdg YZa ZheVX^d XjaijgVa Zc Za fjZ k^kZ! Xdc ad XjVa ]dn Zc Y V adh Xg i^Xdh iVbW^ c YZWZg Vc ]VXZg egdhZa^i^hbd eVgV Zhdh Vgi^hiVh _ kZcZh Zc adh fjZ XgZZc d Zc adh fjZ ]Vc YZhXjW^Zgidh kVadgZh# N nd XgZd fjZ ZhV aVWdg YZa Xg i^Xd Zh ^ciZgZhVciZ# Cd ]Vn fjZ YVgaZ bVndg ejWa^X^YVY fjZ ZhV! eZgd iVbW^ c Zhi{# ?#7#9#J#B# EZgd ]Vn fjZ iZcZg Zc XjZciV cjZhigV edh^X^ c# 6a Òc n Va XVWd ZhiVbdh Zc aV iZgXZgV d XjVgiV ÒaV! cd Vgg^Zh\Vbdh Xdbd Vgg^Zh\Vc adh Vgi^hiVh c^ Vgg^Zh\Vbdh Y^cZgd! Xdbd adh \VaZg^hiVh# CjZhigV edh^X^ c Zh gZaVi^kVbZciZ X bdYV n Zhd ]Vn fjZ iZcZgad bjn Zc XjZciV# >#I#6# N iVbW^ c ]Vn fjZ iZcZg Zc XjZciV fjZ Zh bjn Y^[ X^a hZ\j^g Y V V Y V idYd ad fjZ hZ Zhi{ ]VX^ZcYd! k^h^iVg idYdh adh iVaaZgZh! V eZhVg YZ fjZ Zc aV ZhXZcV VcYVajoV adh ZheVX^dh hdc gZaVi^kVbZciZ a^b^iVYdh# H^ cd iZ YV i^Zbed V XdcdXZgad idYd V i^Zbed gZVa! edg ad bZcdh i^ZcZh WVhiVciZ ^c[dgbVX^ c0 ]Vn WjZcV Xdbjc^XVX^ c Xdc adh Vgi^hiVh! Xdc aVh \VaZg Vh! Xdc aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh# IVbW^ c Zh X^Zgid fjZ ZhV aVWdg hZ hjZaZ ]VXZg Xdc Vgi^hiVh b{h _ kZcZh fjZ Xdc digdh b{h XdchV\gVYdh# ?#7#9#J#B# EZgd YZcigd YZa Vednd V Vgi^hiVh ZbZg\ZciZh!

Xdbd iVgZV YZ aV 6Yb^c^higVX^ c! iZc\d aV ^begZh^ c YZ fjZ hZ Zhi{c dak^YVcYd adh X^b^Zcidh# Jc egdWaZbV [jcYVbZciVa Zc 6cYVajX V Zh aV ZYjXVX^ c Vgi hi^XV d aV ZchZ VcoV YZ XjZhi^dcZh gZaVX^dcVYVh Xdc Za VgiZ# :a aj\Vg YZa VgiZ Zc Za h^hiZbV ZYjXVi^kd Zh ZhXVhd Z ^ch^hiZ h ad Zc VheZXidh VXVY b^Xdh n bjn igVY^X^dcVaZh# 6h Zh Y^[ X^a iZcZg jcV

XdbegZch^ c YZa VgiZ# :hi{ bjn W^Zc VednVg V _ kZcZh Vgi^hiVh eZgd [VaaVc adh X^b^Zcidh# Edg digV eVgiZ hZ ]VWaV YZ [dbZciVg aV XgZVi^k^YVY! eZgd h^c ^cXdgedgVg ZhZ Zh[jZgod V aV XjaijgV# 9^g V fjZ Zh jc egdnZXid eZYV\ \^Xd eZgd cd ZYjXVi^kd# 6a hZeVgVg aV XgZVi^k^YVY ^cY^k^YjVa YZ aV XjaijgV hZ Zhi{ [dgbVcYd V aV \ZciZ eVgV Za gZVa^inÄh]dl# >#I#6# :c ZYjXVX^ c hZXjcYVg^V d ^cXajhd Zc aV jc^kZgh^YVY! Za VXXZhd V ZheVX^dh YZ XjaijgV XgZd fjZ cd h^\c^ÒXV b{h Vaa{ fjZ jc eZfjZ d ^ciZgbZY^d dX^dhd# 9Z ]ZX]d! VjcfjZ ]Vn jcV kdajciVY bjn \gVcYZ YZ aVh VYb^c^higVX^dcZh edg aaZkVg V adh c^ dh n _ kZcZh V adh bjhZdh! igVhaVYVghZ n eVhZVg edg jc bjhZd! jcV \VaZg V! Xdbd fj^Zc kV V XdbZg Va XVbed cd ad Zh idYd# =Vn fjZ [dbZciVg digdh VheZXidh# Cd ejZYZ hZg fjZ jc Vgi^hiV XdciZbedg{cZd cd h ad cd hZeV kZg! h^cd fjZ cd hZeV aZZg# N XaVgd! adh fjZ ]dn ZhiVbdh [dgbVcYd Xdbd eZghdcVh eVgV Za [jijgd iZcYg{c bjX]Vh XVgZcX^Vh Zc adh c^kZaZh YZ aZXijgV# Cd XdcdXZg{c c^ hZ egZdXjeVg{c edg XdcdXZg hjh [jZciZh d aV ]^hidg^V YZ aV fjZ eVgiZc# :hV \ZciZ! XjVcYd aaZ\jZ V iZcZg k^h^W^a^YVY! ]Vg{ jc i^ed YZ VgiZ fjZ cVYV iZc\V fjZ kZg Xdc hj Zcidgcd d Xdc aV ^YZci^YVY YZ aV XjVa egdk^ZcZc! n XjVcYd adh XdaZ\^dh kVnVc V kZg ZhVh dWgVh eZchVg{c fjZ cd i^ZcZ cVYV fjZ kZg Xdc Zaadh# :h jcV eZhXVY^aaV fjZ hZ bjZgYZ aV XdaV# 8jVcYd ]Vn jcV X^ZgiV ^YZci^ÒXVX^ c hZ gZYjXZ Za i e^Xd n hZ ]VWaV YZ digVh egdWaZb{i^XVh XdciZbedg{cZVh! Zc aVh fjZ idYdh ZhiVbdh ^cXaj^Ydh# ?#7#9#J#B# =Vn jc ZmXZhd YZ Y^[ZgZcX^VX^ c ZcigZ ad fjZ ejZYZ ^ciZgZhVg XjaijgVabZciZ n ad fjZ Zh cZXZhVg^d VegZcYZg VXVY b^XVbZciZ# BZ eVgZXZ fjZ aV ZkdajX^ c YZ adh \VW^cZiZh eZYV\ \^Xdh YZ bjhZdh n YZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh! adh fjZ XdcdoXd YZ 6cYVajX V! Zh VaZciVYdgV# EZgd ]Vn jc kVX d ZcigZ aV XdcXZeX^ c VXVY b^XV YZa VgiZ n aVh XdhVh fjZ ]dn ]VXZc adh Vgi^hiVh n fjZ hdc cjZhigV XjaijgV# 8jVcYd VXdbeV d V Vajbcdh YZ ^chi^ijid! edg Z_Zbead V AV 7^ZcVa! hj hZch^W^a^YVY Zh Zk^YZciZ! XdcZXiVc eZg[ZXiVbZciZ Xdc aVh dWgVh! eZgd YZhej h! ad fjZ i^ZcZc fjZ egZeVgVg eVgV aV hZaZXi^k^YVY cd i^ZcZ cVYV fjZ kZg Xdc VfjZaad# >#I#6# ; _ViZ edg Z_Zbead Zc aV gZeZgXjh^ c fjZ Za VgiZ i^ZcZ

]dn Zc cjZhigV hdX^ZYVY# H^ dWhZgkVbdh adh bZY^dh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c! fjZ Zc iZdg V hdc ZhV XVYZcV YZ igVchb^h^ c ZcigZ ad fjZ hjXZYZ n Za aZXidg! gZhjaiV fjZ Za VgiZ h ad hVaZ Zc eg^bZgV e{\^cV XjVcYd Zh edg jcV eda b^XV! XjVcYd Zh Va\d YZhbZhjgVYd! XjVcYd Va\j^Zc ]V [VaaZX^Yd½ EdgfjZ cd ]Vn ^ciZg h Zc jcV gZÓZm^ c VcVa i^XV hdWgZ cVYV# AV Xg i^XV YZ VgiZ Zc :heV V! cd h Zc digdh eV hZh! Zhi{


&,

hdWgZY^bZch^dcVYV# :heV V Zh YdcYZ b{h hjeaZbZcidh Vgi hi^Xdh ]Vn! b{h e{\^cVh YZ XjaijgV hZ YZY^XVc Zc adh bZY^dh YZ egZchV Y^Vg^dh! hZbVcVaZh! ZiX# N h^c ZbWVg\d Zh YdcYZ! fj^o{! bZcdh gZeZgXjh^ c iZc\V# Nd h^ZbegZ ]Z eZchVYd fjZ Zh edgfjZ cjZhigd eV h Zh jc eV h YZ ^cXg Yjadh# =Vc h^Yd edfj h^bdh adh XVhdh Zc adh fjZ jcV Xg i^XV VaZciVYdgV d YZh[VkdgZXZYdgV ]VnV gZeZgXji^Yd Zc Za bZgXVYd# :h bjX]d b{h ^bedgiVciZ aV egZhZcX^V fjZ i^ZcZc ]dn \gVcYZh XdbegVYdgZh Zc Za bVcZ_d YZ adh bdk^b^Zcidh bZgXVci^aZh fjZ aV de^c^ c fjZ edYVbdh iZcZg adh Xg i^Xdh#

>KÛC 9: A6 IDGG: 6B:G><=>

:A 8DC8:EID 9: :B:G<:C8>6 CD I>:C: 67HDAJI6B:CI: C696 FJ: K:G 8DC A6 :969 ?J6C 7DH8D 9Þ6O 9: JGB:C:I6 BJxDO

6A H:E6G6G A6 8G:6I>K>969 >C9>K>9J6A 9: A6 8JAIJG6 H: :HIÛ ;DGB6C9D 6 A6 <:CI: E6G6 :A G:6A>INÄH=DL

bjhÄ6 ´N 8J6A :H KJ:HIG6 G:A68>âC! 8DBD 8GÞI>8DH 9: 6GI:!

8DC A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H4 ?#7#9#J#B# :c :heV V ]Vn jcV Xdbjc^XVX^ c WVhiVciZ

XaVgV ZcigZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh n aV Xg i^XV# AVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh hjZaZc XdciVg Xdc cdhdigdh! edgfjZ adh Xdb^hVg^VYdh hdc [jcYVbZciVaZh n XVh^ idYdh adh Xg i^Xdh iVbW^ c hdbdh Xdb^hVg^dh# EZgd jc iZbV fjZ bZ eVgZXZ egZdXjeVciZ YZcigd YZa eVcdgVbV Vgi hi^Xd ZbZg\ZciZ Zh fjZ ZhiZ ZhXZcVg^d fjZ iZcZbdh V]dgV YZ Vgi^hiVh ZbZg\ZciZh hZ Xdck^ZgiV Zc VgiZ VcYVajo# 8gZd fjZ YZWZ YZ ]VWZg jc ^ciZgXVbW^d Xdc aV ZhXZcV ^ciZgcVX^dcVa b{h Vbea^d# 8Vh^ edYZbdh ]VWaVg YZ aV \ZcZgVX^ c IVhX]Zc d aV \ZcZgVX^ c Ndj IjWZ! JcV YZ aVh iVgZVh YZ aV VYb^c^higVX^ c Zh ZhiVWaZXZg n [VX^a^iVg ^ciZgXVbW^dh ZcigZ Vgi^hiVh! fjZ ejZYVc ^g Va XdciZmid YZ YdcYZ k^ZcZc aVh [jZciZh! aVh XdcdoXVc n aVh XdbegZcYVc n h^ZbegZ Xdc jc X^Zgid ijiZaV_Z# :a VgiZ ]Vn fjZ kZgad Zc k^kd n ZcigVcYd Zc Za XdciZmid XjaijgVa YdcYZ hZ egdYjXZ# >#I#6# :h bjn ^bedgiVciZ fjZ cd hZ aZ Y V Va\j^Zc Y^cZgd eVgV ]VXZg ad fjZ fj^ZgV V bZcdh fjZ ajZ\d hZ aZ Zm^_V jcV _jhi^ÒXVX^ c YZ ad fjZ ]V ]ZX]d! n fjZ VYZb{h ZhV _jhi^ÒXVX^ c hZV ZkVajVYV edg ZmeZgidh# bjhÄ6 N N6 FJ: =67A6BDH 9: ADH >CI:G86B7>DH N 9: AD FJ: H:

=68: ;J:G6 ´E:G8>7ÞH G6H<DH 9>;:G:C8>69DH :C A6 :H8:C6 6C96AJO6 8DC G:HE:8ID 9: :HE6x6 N 6 C>K:A >CI:GC68>DC6A4 >#I#6# BZ eVgZXZ fjZ Zh bjn Y^[ X^a ]VXZg jcV aZXijgV YZa VgiZ hZk^aaVcd! YZa VgiZ VcYVajo! YZa VgiZ ZheV da! h^c XdcdXZg kZgYVYZgVbZciZ Za hjhigVid Zc Za XjVa hZ bjZkZc ZhZ VgiZ n Zhdh Vgi^hiVh# IVa kZo Va\d fjZ ]V [dgbVYd XVg{XiZg YZ adh XgZVYdgZh YZ Vfj ]V h^Yd kZghZ h^ijVYdh [gZciZ V jcV hdX^ZYVY fjZ cd h ad ^\cdgV ad fjZ ]VXZc! h^cd fjZ VYZb{h! YZ Va\jcV bVcZgV! aZh YVc aV ZheVaYV# N ZhiZ Zc[gZciVb^Zcid Xdci^cjd XgZd fjZ ZcYjgZXZ hj XVg{XiZg# :h bjn Yjgd kZghZ gdYZVYd edg idYV jcV hdX^ZYVY fjZ kZgYVYZgVbZciZ ^\cdgV ad fjZ Zh n ad fjZ eVhV Zc Za VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd! jcV hdX^ZYVY fjZ i^ZcZ ]dcYVh

egZdXjeVX^dcZh Zhi i^XVh n Vgi hi^XVh eZgd V digdh c^kZaZh# Nd VYb^gd V adh Vgi^hiVh VcYVajXZh edg Zhid# :a XVg{XiZg hZ ZcYjgZXZ! Va i^Zbed fjZ idYd hZ YZhdW_Zi^kV! hZ gZaVi^k^oV# JcV XVgVXiZg hi^XV eg^cX^eVa YZa Vgi^hiV VcYVajo fjZ igVWV_V YZhYZ Vfj Zh aV VXi^ijY fjZ nd aaVbd YZ h^i^VYd# Fj^Zc hZ ]V Xg^VYd Zc eZgbVcZciZ ZhiVYd YZ h^i^d ÅXZgXVYdh edg aV igVY^X^ c! aV VXVYZb^V d aV ^cXdbegZch^ c \ZcZgVaÅ edhZZ jc XVg{XiZg ZheZX^Va/ d W^Zc hZ VWVcYdcV V jc ZhiVYd YZ bdYdggV n ]Vhi d! Zc jcV ZheZX^Z YZ Zm^a^d ^ciZg^dg! d W^Zc hZ idbV hj h^ijVX^ c Xdc ^gdc V! Xdck^gi^ cYdhZ Zc jc egdYjXidg YZ bZchV_Zh X c^Xdh! d W^Zc hZ igVch[dgbV Zc Za ] gdZ fjZ cVYV i^ZcZ fjZ eZgYZg n gZVa^oV gVoo^Vh edg Za ZmiZg^dg eVgV Vegde^VghZ YZ VfjZaad fjZ aZ ^ciZgZhV! VjcfjZ Va ÒcVa h^ZbegZ kjZakV Va gZY^a# :hd bZ aaZkV V eZchVg iVbW^ c fjZ Za Vgi^hiV VcYVajo Zh jc Vegde^VX^dc^hiV YZ b^gVYVh! YZ b^gVYVh ]VX^V Za VgiZ egZi g^id! cd h ad eVgV kZcZgVgad! h^cd iVbW^ c eVgV hjWa^bVgad n gZVegdkZX]Vgad# ?#7#9#J#B# Nd XgZd fjZ Vfj ]Vn jcV egdXa^k^YVY XjaijgVa! V jc hdedgiZ bjn ZheZX^Va fjZ Zh aV e^cijgV# :cXdcigVbdh Zc aV e^cijgV! VXi^ijYZh bjn XdcXZeijVaZh! nd Y^g V fjZ ZcigZ Za ZbWaZbV n aV ^bV\Zc ed i^XV! h^ZbegZ ZcigZ aVh Ydh XdhVh# :c digdh h^i^dh YZ :heV V Ydb^cV b{h Za VgiZ XdcXZeijVa ejgd n Yjgd! fjZ Vfj ejZYZ YVghZ eZgd Zc bVc^[ZhiVX^dcZh XVh^ V^haVYVh! VjcfjZ YZhYZ ajZ\d i^ZcZc bjX]V XVa^YVY#

DigV Y^[ZgZcX^V Zh fjZ Vfj ]Vn V]dgV b^hbd jc c bZgd Xdch^YZgVWaZ YZ VjidgZh _ kZcZh! ad fjZ cd dXjggZ ÅfjZ nd hZeVÅ Zc digVh odcVh# IVbW^ c Zh ^bedgiVciZ aV VXi^ijY YZ Va\jcVh \VaZg Vh! ?B Z >hVWZa =jgaZn Zc B{aV\V! HJ;;>M n ;jaa 6gi Zc HZk^aaV! HVcYjc\V Zc <gVcVYV ÅVjcfjZ ZhiV ai^bV ad aaZkV


&- BJH"6 A6 8GÞI>86 N ADH B:9>DH

]VX^ZcYd YZhYZ ]VXZ bjX]d i^ZbedÅ fjZ VejZhiVc edg Za VgiZ cjZkd! hZV YZ Vfj d hZV YZ [jZgV# >#I#6# >cXajhd Zc \VaZg Vh fjZ YjgVciZ WVhiVciZh V dh cd

]VW Vc ^cXaj^Yd V c^c\ c Vgi^hiV VcYVajo _dkZc! ai^bVbZciZ hZ ]V gZVXi^kVYd Za ^ciZg h edg ^cXaj^g V \ZciZ cjZkV# <VaZg Vh Xdc bjX]V igVnZXidg^V! Xdbd 6a[gZYd K^ Vh d GV[VZa Dgi^o! XjnVh a cZVh hZ bjZkZc ZcigZ Vgi^hiVh cVX^dcVaZh Z ^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh eVgZXZ fjZ iVbW^ c fj^ZgZc b^gVg ]VX^V ZhiVh cjZkVh \ZcZgVX^dcZh# ?#7#9#J#B# Digd [Zc bZcd fjZ Zh cjZkd n fjZ nd XgZd fjZ Zh XVh^ ZmXajh^kd YZ ZhiV \ZcZgVX^ c! Zh Za [Zc bZcd HVaV YZ ZHiVg Zc HZk^aaV d aV 6ojXVgZgV Zc <gVcVYV/ \gjedh [dgbVYdh Zhedci{cZVbZciZ fjZ! V aV kZo fjZ igVWV_Vc! ]VWaVc n Y^hXjiZc# 6h hZ ]Vc [dgbVYd# Hdc VjidY^YVXiVh fjZ cd ]Vc gZX^W^Yd aVh ijiZaVh YZ digVh \ZcZgVX^dcZh VciZg^dgZh Z ^cXajhd ]Vc dg^ZciVYd V \ZciZ Va\d b{h _ kZcZh fjZ Zaadh#

:h jcV eZcV fjZ [Zc bZcdh Xdbd HVaV YZ ZHiVg hZ VXVWZc! eZgd Za i^Zbed eVhV n Ò_V cjZkVh VXi^ijYZh# KZgZbdh Xdc fj cdh hdgegZcYZ jcV cjZkV \ZcZgVX^ c# >#I#6# Ad ^ciZgZhVciZ Zh fjZ h^gkVc YZ gZÓZ_d V hZ\j^g n fjZ! jcV kZo XZggVYdh Zhidh ZheVX^dh! hjg_Vc b{h ^c^X^Vi^kVh YZa b^hbd iVaVciZ n Xdci^cjVbZciZ hZ Zhi c gZedc^ZcYd ZhiZ i^ed YZ deX^dcZh# ?#7#9#J#B# :h ^bedgiVciZ fjZ ZhiZ i^ed YZ ZheVX^dh cd hZ

^chi^ijX^dcVa^XZc# >#I#6# Ad fjZ hjXZYZ Zh fjZ! edg aV egde^V \ cZh^h YZ Zhidh

ZheVX^dh n Za XVg{XiZg YZ hj \Zhi^ c! aV bVndg eVgiZ YZ aVh kZXZh cZXZh^iVc aV VnjYV YZ aV VYb^c^higVX^ c e Wa^XV n Zhd igVZ hjh g^Zh\dh# N h^\j^ZcYd Xdc adh egdWaZbVh YZ ZhiV \ZcZgVX^ c ´fj kV V eVhVg bV VcV Xdc Zhidh Vgi^hiVh! fjZ hdc bjX] h^bdh b{h n! VYZb{h! Zc bjX]dh XVhdh! bjn ^ciZgZhVciZh4 ;gZciZ V ad fjZ hjXZY V ]VXZ YV dh! ]dn YZ aVh [VXjaiVYZh hVaZc X^cXjZciV! X^Zc! YdhX^Zcidh! n bjX]dh YZ Zaadh Xdc ^ciZg h! Xdc kdajciVY! Xdc \VcVh YZ ZmedcZg n YZ ]VXZg Va\d Zc ZhiZ bjcYd! n VYZb{h Xdc WjZcVh ^YZVh# EZgd XaVgd! idYd kV bjX]d b{h g{e^Yd! aVh ZiVeVh hZ fjZbVc VciZh# =Vn fj^Zc hZ hjW^g{ Va igZc! n fj^Zc cd edYg{ ]VXZgad###

bjhÄ6 ´N 8J6A :H! H:<åC KJ:HIG6 :ME:G>:C8>6! A6 E:G8:E8>âC

FJ: I>:C: :A Eå7A>8D 9: ADH 8GÞI>8DH 9: 6GI:4 >#I#6# AV ZiZgcV egZ\jciV fjZ hjZaZc ]VXZgcdh Zh/ ÆWjZcd! ´fj ]V ZhijY^VYd jhiZY4! ´fj YZWZ ZhijY^Vg Za Xg i^Xd YZ VgiZ4! ´YZ fj XVggZgV hVaZ jc Xg i^Xd YZ VgiZ4Ç# ´IZ ]Vh Ò_VYd fjZ ]Vn bjX]V \ZciZ ^ciZgZhVYV edg Za iZbV YZ aV Xg i^XV4 Edg Za bdYd YZ ]VXZg Xg i^XV! edg adh Xg^iZg^dh YZ aV de^c^ c# ?#7#9#J#B# H ! eZgd cd h h^ ZhVh eZghdcVh ad fjZ fj^ZgZc Zh

gZVabZciZ ZciZgVghZ YZ fj Y^XZ jc Vgi^hiV d h^beaZbZciZ ^cÓj^g Zc aV de^c^ c# >#I#6# ´N cd e^ZchVh fjZ ad fjZ fj^ZgZ aV \ZciZ Zh! Zc

bjX]dh XVhdh! YZhXjWg^g fj fj^ZgZ YZX^g Za Xg i^Xd XjVcYd YZhea^Z\V idYV ZhV kZgWdggZV4 BjX]V \ZciZ bZ Y^XZ/ Æcd h ad fj^h^ZgV ZciZgVgbZ YZ ad fjZ ZhXg^WZc jhiZYZh! h^cd YZ edg fj ad ZhXg^WZcÇ# :hid Zh! YZ edg fj hZaZXX^dcVbdh jcV Zmedh^X^ c n cd digV# :c XjVafj^Zg hjeaZbZcid XjaijgVa ]Vn fj^ZcZh egdeZcYZc b{h V jcV aVWdg YZ igVYjXX^ c! gZÓZm^kV! n digV \ZciZ fjZ Zh VWhdajiVbZciZ ^cigdheZXi^kV! Xg ei^XV# HZ ]VXZ Y^[ X^a YZ XdbegZcYZg! edgfjZ hZ WVhV Zc jc Y^hXjghd idiVabZciZ XZggVYd hdWgZ h b^hbd! n fjZ XjVcYd ^ciZciVh VXZgXVgiZ! iZ YV jc Wd[Zi c n iZ ZX]V ]VX^V Vig{h! iZ YZheaVoV# N Vh cd XgZd fjZ YZWV hZg aV Xg i^XV# ?#7#9#J#B# AV Xg i^XV i^ZcZ jc egdWaZbV# :h bjn hZcX^aad/ h^ ZgZh XaVgd iZ ejZYZc eZ\Vg edg idYdh aVYdh#

EZgd Zh [jcYVbZciVa hZg XaVgd! XVh^ eZYV\ \^Xd! edgfjZ h^ cd! ad fjZ ]VXZh cd kVaZ eVgV cVYV# N hZg XaVgd cd fj^ZgZ YZX^g hZg gVbea c# >#I#6# H ! nd VWd\d iVbW^ c edg aV XaVg^YVY Zc aV aVWdg Xg i^XV# EZgd iVbW^ c ]Vn fjZ gZXdcdXZg fjZ aV Vajh^ c d aV VY_Zi^kVX^ c! ZiX#! cd gZfj^ZgZc c^ b{h c^ bZcdh fjZ jc X^Zgid Z_ZgX^X^d YZ VXX^ cÄgZVXX^ c! YZ Xdbegdb^hd! edg eVgiZ YZa e Wa^Xd aZXidg! fjZ V kZXZh Zh WVhiVciZ kV\d! H^ cdh ideVbdh Xdc jc XdcXZeid YZhXdcdX^Yd! ]Vn fjZ ^g Va Y^XX^dcVg^d n VegdkZX]Vg ZhiV ZmXjhV eVgV ZciZgVgiZ YZ Xj{a Zh hj h^\c^ÒXVYd# Ad b^hbd fjZ aVh Vajh^dcZh V X^Zgidh Zhi^adh! V X^Zgidh VYZbVcZh d V X^Zgidh Vgi^hiVh0 iZ Zhi{c edh^W^a^iVcYd VWg^g ejZgiVh### 8jVcYd jcd Vgi^XjaV jcV Xg i^XV! ad eg^bZgd fjZ YZWZg V ]VXZg Zh h^ijVg V ZhZ Vgi^hiV Zc hj XdciZmid#

HZk^aaV! &. YZ cdk^ZbWgZ YZ '%%?#7#9#J#B# 6 b bZ eVgZXZ fjZ Zhd cd YZ_V YZ iZcZg kZciV_Vh#

Fj^Zgd YZX^g fjZ aV [dgbVX^ c YZ jc e Wa^Xd YZ VgiZ YZeZcYZ YZ fjZ ]VnV bjX]V \ZciZ ^ciZgZhVYV VjcfjZ hZ fjZYZ V b^iVY YZ XVb^cd! edgfjZ h^ZbegZ iZcYg{ ZhZ WV\V_Z n edYg{ igVchb^i^gad#


BJH"6 A6 8GÞI>86 N ADH B:9>DH

:A 6GI:

?DK:C

:C E:GHE:8I>K6 8DCK:GH68>âC 8DC H:B6 9É68DHI6 N B6GÞ6 ?DHw HDA6CD

8DCI>CJ6BDH CJ:HIGD G:8DGG>9D

EDG :A K6HID N 8DBEA:?D E6CDG6B6 9:A 6GI: 6C96AJO 9:A EG:H:CI: 8:9>:C9D A6 E6A67G6 6 9DH 9: ADH CDB7G:H BÛH 9>G:8I6B:CI: G:A68>DC69DH 8DC A6 :H8:C6 :B:G<:CI: 68IJ6A# B6GÞ6 ?DHw HDA6CD =>HIDG>69DG6 9:A 6GI: N H:B6 9É68DHI6 E:G>D9>HI6 9: :A 8DGG:D 9: 6C96AJ8Þ6 N 8GÞI>8D 9: 6GI: 9: Æ:A 8JAIJG6AÇ :A BJC9D CDH D;G:8:C :C :HI: 9>ÛAD<D 6A FJ: 6H>HI>â bjhÄ6 H:C96H E:GHE:8I>K6H HD7G: :HI: I:GG>IDG>D 9DC9: A6 8GÞI>86! :A E:G>D9>HBD D A6 =>HIDG>6 9:A 6GI: CD HDC :HE68>DH I:âG>8DH :HI6C8DH! N G:E6H6C ?JCIDH! 8DCIG6HI6C9D HJ :ME:G>:C8>6 N DE>C>âC! 6A<JC6H 9: A6H 8J:HI>DC:H BÛH 86C9:CI:H FJ: A:H 6;:8I6C# ;didh XdckZghVX^ c/ <dcoVad EdhVYV#

&.


'% BJH"6 A6 8GÞI>86 N ADH B:9>DH

B6GÞ6 ?DHw HDA6CD

´IJ 8G::H FJ: JC 8GÞI>8D! :C :HE6x6! EJ:9: =JC9>G 6 JC 6GI>HI64 H:B6 9É68DHI6

ND 8G:D FJ: =6N 6GI>HI6H FJ: H: :8=6C 6 I:B7A6G 8J6C9D A::C A6 DE>C>âC 9: 9:I:GB>C69DH 8GÞI>8DH

bjhÄ6 8DBD ADH 9DH I:Cw>H :ME:G>:C8>6H 9>HI>CI6H :C A6

8GÞI>86 N :C A6 I:DGÞ6 9:A 6GI: 8DCI:BEDGÛC:D! FJ>OÛ AD B:?DG E6G6 :BE:O6G :HI6 8DCK:GH68>âC H:GÞ6 8DCD8:G A6 9:;>C>8>âC 9:A EGDE>D 9: 6GI: :B:G<:CI:! FJ: 6 B:CJ9D G:HJAI6 JC I6CID 8DC;JHD :C KJ:HIGDH G:HE:8I>KDH B:9>DH! CD FJ:96C9D 9:A ID9D 8A6GD FJw 8DH6 H:6 wHI:! FJw 86BED 9:A>B>I6###! ´CD 8G:w>H4 B6GÞ6 ?DHw HDA6CD H ! bZ eVgZXZ jc i gb^cd Y^ÒXjaidhd!

VbW^\jd0 ´i fj e^ZchVh4 H:B6 9É68DHI6 Cd h h^ ZbZg\ZciZ hZ gZÒZgZ V \ZciZ _dkZc! V \ZciZ fjZ Zhi{ hVa^ZcYd½ VYZb{h Zc VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ cd h ad ]Vn Vgi^hiVh! iVbW^ c ]Vn Xg i^Xdh! XdaZXX^dc^hiVh! \VaZg^hiVh½ ]Vn eZghdcVh cjZkVh YZ bjX]Vh bVcZgVh½ B#?#H# 9Z ad fjZ hZ igViV Zc gZVa^YVY Zh YZ ]VXZg jcV gZÓZm^ c hdWgZ aV Òadhd[ V VXijVa# :cidcXZh kVaZ XjVafj^Zg cdbWgZ0 iZcZbdh ÆVgiZ ZbZg\ZciZÇ n Xdc hZ edYZbdh igVWV_Vg# H#9# H eZgd YZcigd YZ ZhiZ \gjed ]Vn \ZciZ fjZ Zh bjn

bVndg n fjZ V]dgV hVaZ [jZgV! XjVcYd nV i^ZcZ bjX]V ZYVY# B#?#H# EZgd cdh ZhiVbdh gZÒg^ZcYd V aV ai^bV \ZcZgVX^ c!

V ZhiV \ZcZgVX^ c YZ \ZciZ _dkZc0 _dkZc Zc Za hZci^Yd YZ VfjZaadh fjZ cdh hdc XdciZbedg{cZdh# 9^bZ! i fjZ ZgZh Za Xg i^Xd! edgfjZ gZVabZciZ! b^ k^h^ c Zh aV YZ ]^hidg^VYdgV YZa VgiZ0 gZVabZciZ nd Xg i^XV cd ]Z ]ZX]d# Ad fjZ h ]Z h^Yd Zh iZhi^\d YZ idYd ad fjZ ]V eVhVYd Vfj Zc Zhdh V dh edgfjZ Zhidn bjn k^cXjaVYV Xdc Zhdh Vgi^hiVh fjZ kVbdh V aaVbVg ZbZg\ZciZh! eZghdcVa n egd[Zh^dcVabZciZ! n ]Z ZhXg^id bjX]d! eZgd h^ZbegZ YZhYZ Za ejcid YZ k^hiV YZ ]^hidg^VYdgV YZa VgiZ#

H#9# N edg fj Xg i^XV! ´V fj b{h iZ gZÒZgZh4 B#?#H# EdgfjZ nd XgZd fjZ aV Xg i^XV! edg ad bZcdh Zc hj

ai^bV YZÒc^X^ c! h^ cdh ViZcZbdh V aV YZÒc^X^ c YZ Xg i^XV YZ adh h^\adh MK>>> n M>M! fjZ Zh aV fjZ hZ jhV Zc Za h^\ad MM! i^ZcZ aV ÒcVa^YVY YZ XgZVg Za \jhid! YZ XgZVg YZWViZ# AV Xg i^XV Zc ZhiZ eV h Zh ^cZm^hiZciZ edgfjZ cd XjbeaZ c^c\jcV YZ ZhVh Ydh egZb^hVh! Zh bjn Y^[ X^a eVgV b ]VWaVg YZ Xg i^Xdh# H#9# 9Z idYVh bVcZgVh! nd ]VWad YZ ^cY^k^Yjdh Xdc de^c^dcZh

[jcYVYVh n bjX]d XdcdX^b^Zcid YZa bZY^d fjZ ZhXg^WZc Zc gZk^hiVh ZheZX^Va^oVYVh Y^g^\^YVh V jc e Wa^Xd b{h d bZcdh cjbZgdhd# AV iZcYZcX^V VXijVa YZ adh Xg i^Xdh! V Y^[ZgZcX^V YZ aV \ZcZgVX^ c VciZg^dg! fjZ ZgV b{h Xg ei^XV! fjZ bZoXaVWV hjh XdbZciVg^dh Xdc bjX]Vh XjZhi^dcZh YZ Òadhd[ V! Zh bjX]d b{h egV\b{i^XV# Eg^bZgd egZiZcYZ h^ijVg Va aZXidg n YZhej h ]VWaVgaZ YZ aV Zmedh^X^ c# DXjggZ iVbW^ c fjZ Vfj Zc :heV V! V Y^[ZgZcX^V YZ aV Xg i^XV Zc :hiVYdh Jc^Ydh d Zc digdh eV hZh! hZ bVci^ZcZ jcV gZaVX^ c bjn XdbeaZ_V Xdc idYd Za bZY^d# EdgfjZ adh Xg i^Xdh cd h ad hdc Xg i^Xdh! hdc VXijVciZh eda^[VX i^Xdh fjZ gZVa^oVc aVWdgZh YZ Xdb^hVg^VYd n VhZhdgVb^Zcid eVgV ^chi^ijX^dcZh½ VYZb{h YZ hZg bjn Vb^\dh YZ Va\jcdh Vgi^hiVh### B#?#H# EZgd ad fjZ iZ YZX V Zh fjZ Zc adh eZg^ Y^Xdh cd ]Vn

Xg i^XV# N Zc aVh gZk^hiVh iVbedXd# IVa Xdbd hZ Zci^ZcYZ aV Xg i^XV# Ad fjZ ]Vn hdc gZhZ Vh fjZ! d_d! iZ ejZYZc VnjYVg h^ ZgZh Vgi^hiV! ejZYZc VnjYVg Va Vgi^hiV edh^i^kVbZciZ! Zhd Zhi{ XaVg h^bd! edgfjZ aZ YVc ejWa^X^YVY# H#9# EZgd YZ idYVh bVcZgVh ]Vn Xg i^XVh fjZ h^i Vc Va Vgi^hiV eVgV W^Zc d eVgV bVa# B#?#H# ´Ij XgZZh fjZ jc Xg i^Xd! Zc :heV V! ejZYZ ]jcY^g V

jc Vgi^hiV4 H#9# Nd XgZd fjZ ]Vn Vgi^hiVh fjZ hZ ZX]Vc V iZbWaVg XjVcYd aZZc aV de^c^ c YZ YZiZgb^cVYdh Xg i^Xdh#

:c Za eVcdgVbV VXijVa Zh bjn ^ciZgZhVciZ gZhVaiVg fjZ ]Vn jcVh Xd^cX^YZcX^Vh \ZcZgVX^dcVaZh fjZ aZ k^ZcZc W^Zc V idYd Za bjcYd! edgfjZ ]Vn jcdh X Y^\dh fjZ cdh h^gkZc0 ^\jVa fjZ Zc aV \ZcZgVX^ c VciZg^dg egZYdb^cVWV Za gZXZad! aV gZhZgkV! V]dgV aV \ZciZ Zh bjX]d b{h ZmigdkZgi^YV! ]Vn b{h iZcYZcX^V V adh igVWV_dh XdbeVgi^Ydh! n Zhd Zh WZcZÒX^dhd# Adh XgZVYdgZh egZÒZgZc XdbeaZbZciVghZ V XdbeZi^g# N Zhd Zh b{h hVcd# B#?#H# H^! aV h^ijVX^ c eda i^XV ]V XVbW^VYd! Xdbd Zh

Zk^YZciZ! n Zhd ]V igV Yd jc XVbW^d egd[jcYd Zc aV h^ijVX^ c hdX^Va n dWk^VbZciZ Zc aV Vgi hi^XV#


'&

H#9# :a igVWV_d XdaZXi^kd Zh bjn ^ciZgZhVciZ edgfjZ ediZcX^V aVh XjVa^YVYZh YZ idYd jc \gjed VYZb{h YZ ]VXZgiZ XgZXZg YZ bVcZgV ^cY^k^YjVa! Xdbd [jZ aZ XVhd YZ aV G^X]VgY 8]Vcc^c\ ;djcYVi^dc# I fjZ aV XdcdXZh W^Zc! ]{WaVcdh YZ aV G^X]VgY 8]Vcc^c\! ´fjZ hjejhd4 B#?#H# AV G^X]VgY 8]Vcc^c\ [jZ jcd YZ Zhdh \gjedh

ZbZg\ZciZh fjZ nV cd Zhi{! eZgd fjZ bVgX jcV ZiVeV d jc ejcid YZ ^cÓZm^ c edg aaVbVgad Vh Zc Za VgiZ VcYVajo XdciZbedg{cZd# H#9# IVbW^ c Xd^cX^Y^ Xdc Za XVbW^d YZ h^\ad! n Xdc jc XVbW^d YZ bZciVa^YVY0 Zh jc bdbZcid iVbW^ c fjZ fjZYVg{ Zc adh VcVaZh Xdbd aV VeZgijgV Va cjZkd h^\ad! V aVh cjZkVh \ZcZgVX^dcZh# B#?#H# AV G^X]VgY 8]Vcc^c\ iVbW^ c [jZ jcV ZmeZg^ZcX^V

cdkZYdhV Zc 6cYVajX V! edgfjZ [jZgdc e^dcZgdh Zc XgZVg jc ZheVX^d VaiZgcVi^kd Va ZheVX^d dÒX^Va# H#9# 9Zhej h h^\j^Zgdc hj ZhiZaV aV \ZciZ YZ HVaV YZ ZHiVg###

fjZ iZc Vc! fj^o{! jc XVg^o b{h dÒX^Va^oVYd! edgfjZ XdciVWVc Xdc VnjYV YZ 8V_V ;dgjb! YZ 8V_V HVc ;ZgcVcYd! ZiX# B#?#H# EZgd Zhd nV Va ÒcVa# HVaV YZ ZHiVg ZbeZoVgdc hdadh0

edc^ZcYd hj Y^cZgd! Vafj^aVcYd hj e^hd! n nV Zhi{! Xdbd Zc Za gZhid YZ :jgdeV# N Zhd Zh V ad fjZ bZ gZ[Zg V/ fjZ Va ÒcVa idYd Zhd VigV_d \ZciZ# AV G^X]VgY 8]Vcc^\! fjZ ZbeZo Zc eaVc adh \VbWZggdh YZ B^`^ AZVa! ?jVc YZa ?jcXd! ;ZgcVcYd 8aZbZciZ n Aj^h <Zgb{c! Vafj^aVcYd jc h^i^d! jc ZhijY^d! n gZhZgkVcYd aV eVgiZ YZ VWV_d eVgV h]dl gddb! n Vh [jZ Xdbd ZbeZo # H#9# N kdhdigdh X bd ad kZ V^h! ´Xdbd jc Y^kZgi^bZcid4 B#?#H# =dbWgZ! XaVgd# Nd ZgV aV ÆiZ g^XVÇ YZa \gjed# :gV aV

c^XV fjZ cd ZhijY^VWV 7ZaaVh 6giZh# Ad b d ZgV aV ]^hidg^V YZa VgiZ! Vh fjZ bZ idXVWV ZhXg^W^g aVh ]d_Vh YZ hVaV! adh iZmidh YZ adh [daaZidh ½ :beZo Vh ! Zc eaVc kVbdh V ZmedcZg n iZgb^c VigVnZcYd V \ZciZ! XdaZXX^dc^hiVh! Xdb^hVg^dh! Y^gZXidgZh YZ bjhZd# H#9# ´N edg fj [jcX^dc 4! ´edg fj XgZZh fjZ [jcX^dc 4 B#?#H# EdgfjZ aVh XdhVh [jcX^dcVc Vh Zc 6cYVajX V# N

XjVcYd i bdciVh Va\d Zc 6cYVajX V i^ZcZh fjZ iZcZg Zc XjZciV hj ^Y^dh^cXgVh^V0 cd ejZYZh bdciVg jcV XdhV Zc HZk^aaV eZchVcYd fjZ Zhi{h Zc 7VgXZadcV! edgfjZ cd ad Zhi{h# H#9# AV kZgYVY Zh fjZ Zh jcV XdhV Xjg^dh h^bV0 XjVcYd kVh V XjVafj^Zg ^cVj\jgVX^ c kZh X bd ^ciZgVXi Vc Y^[ZgZciZh \ZcZgVX^dcZh YZ Vgi^hiVh0 Za ai^bd fjZ aaZ\V Zh VXd\^Yd n Za

b{h kZiZgVcd cjcXV YZhVeVgZXZ YZa idYd½ ]Vn jc hZci^Yd bjn ZhiVWaZX^Yd YZa XdaZXi^kd n YZ hjh kVadgZh fjZ kV b{h Vaa{ YZa VgiZ½ B#?#H# 8aVgd! edgfjZ hdbdh jgWVc^iVh! hdbdh \ZciZ YZ aV

XVaaZ! YZ idbVg XdeVh n V] Zh YdcYZ hZ \ZcZgV ZhV VXi^ijY0 edgfjZ hdbdh \g^Z\dh n gdbVcdh n edgfjZ cdh \jhiV ZhZ i^ed YZ ZcXjZcigdh# N edg Zhd aV G^X]VgY 8]Vcc^c\ ijkd Za m^id fjZ ijkd# EZgd aV \ZciZ cd ejZYZ k^k^g YZa V^gZ! c^ edg Vbdg Va VgiZ# N XjVcYd ZbeZoVgdc V \ZcZgVg igVWV_d n adh Vgi^hiVh Y^_Zgdc fjZ cZXZh^iVWVc Y^cZgd eVgV bdciVg! eVgV ZcbVgXVg! eVgV \Zhi^dcVg VfjZaad fjZ hZ ZhiVWV Xdck^gi^ZcYd nV Zc Va\d ^bedgiVciZ! ZcidcXZh idYd Za bjcYd b^g eVgV digd aVYd! n nd cd iZ XdcdoXd YZ cVYV# H#9# N ´edg fj XgZZh fjZ iZgb^c 4 B#?#H# EdgfjZ VfjZaad ZhiVWV idbVcYd jc kdajbZc YZ

igVWV_d fjZ adh Vgi^hiVh nV cd edY Vc \Zhi^dcVg! edgfjZ Zaadh hZ YZY^XVWVc V XgZVg# bjhÄ6 G:IDB6C9D :A I:B6 9: A6 >C;AJ:C8>6 9: A6 8GÞI>86

:C ADH 6GI>HI6H! FJ>OÛ JC B6A6 8GÞI>86 CD I>:C: EDG FJw =JC9>GAD! E:GD EJ:9: FJ: =6<6 FJ: H: :BE>:8: 8DC BJN B6A E>:! 8J6C9D H: IG6I6 9: JC6 EG>B:G6 :MEDH>8>âC# ´8DC FJ: 8G>I:G>D H: =68:C :HI6H B6A6H 8GÞI>86H4 H#9# Ad fjZ cd bZ hZYjXZ! cd ad ]V\d# =Vn bjX]V d[ZgiV Zmedh^i^kV Z ^ciZcid hZg edh^i^kd n cd ^g XdcigV cVY^Z# B#?#H# H ! eZgd ]Vn kZXZh Zc fjZ cd ejZYZh YZX^Y^g fjZ

Zmedh^X^dcZh ]VXZh d cd# H#9# Nd ]VWad YZhYZ b^ ZmeZg^ZcX^V# Nd Za^_d aVh Zmedh^X^dcZh fjZ bZ ^ciZgZhVc! ZhXg^Wd hdWgZ ad fjZ Xdch^YZgd cdkZYdhd d Y^[ZgZciZ! h^ZbegZ WV_d b^ Xg^iZg^d# :hXg^Wd eZchVcYd Zc aV VedgiVX^ c Va aZXidg# Cd Zci^ZcYd V hdh fjZ edci^ÒXVc n hZ eZgb^iZc ZcX^bV iZcZg jc iVaVciZ YZhigjXi^kd# GZheZid idYd ad fjZ kZd! VjcfjZ cd idYd ad fjZ kZd bZ eVgZXZ VigVXi^kd# bjhÄ6 ´E:GD FJw :H AD FJ: I: AA:K6 6 =68:G A6 8GÞI>86 9: JC6

:MEDH>8>âC N CD 9: DIG64 H#9# 8gZd fjZ aV Xg i^XV h^i V# N bjX]d# AV de^c^ c fjZ

aZ aaZ\V Va e Wa^Xd Zh aV de^c^ c ZheZX^Va^oVYV YZ jc XdcdXZYdg n Zhd YZ Va\ c bdYd edh^X^dcV# N h^ cd! Va bZcdh dg^ZciV! YV e^hiVh# H^ aV Xg i^XV hZ edcZ YZ VXjZgYd eVgV YZiZgb^cVYVh edhijgVh! hiVh hZ igVchb^iZc V jc e Wa^Xd fjZ cd i^ZcZ edg fj ZhiVg Va iVcid YZ idYd ad fjZ dXjggZ c^ Y^gZXiVbZciZ gZaVX^dcVYd Xdc Za iZbV# B#?#H# =Vn jcV X^ZgiV gZhedchVW^a^YVY YZ aV Xg i^XV Zc aV

XgZVX^ c YZa \jhid#


'' BJH"6 A6 8GÞI>86 N ADH B:9>DH

B6GÞ6 ?DHw HDA6CD

A6 G>8=6G9 8=6CC>C< B6G8â JC6 :I6E6 :C :A 6GI: 6C96AJO 8DCI:BEDGÛC:D

\ZciZ fjZ hZ YZY^XV Va bjcYd YZa VgiZ! fjZ Zhi{ k^cXjaVYV Va bjcYd YZa VgiZ eVgV fjZ ZhiV gZY b^hbV! hdX^Va! ZhV gZY YZ Vgi^hiVh hZ ^ciZgVnjYZ# EVgV fjZ Zaadh b^hbdh XgZZc n \ZcZgZc ZhV VnjYV# H#9# :hd Zh edg jcV X^ZgiV XdcX^ZcX^V eZY^\ Z V fjZ iZcZbdh

H:B6 9É68DHI6

8D>C8>9>â 8DC :A 86B7>D 9: H><AD! N 8DC JC 86B7>D 9: B:CI6A>969

Vfj # :c Za Hjg k^k^bdh Zc jcV XjaijgV YZa hjWh^Y^d eZa^\gdhV# Cd Y^[ZgZcX^Vbdh W^Zc ZcigZ VnjYV n hjWkZcX^ c# BjX]dh e^ZchVc fjZ ad ^bedgiVciZ Zh Xd\Zg Za Y^cZgd! cd ad fjZ hZ ]VXZ Xdc a# >cXajhd VeVgZXZc aj\VgZh cjZkdh VaiZgcVi^kdh! eVgVY _^XVbZciZ! fjZ WjhXVc aV hjWkZcX^ c e Wa^XV d Za Vednd ^chi^ijX^dcVa nV YZ VciZbVcd# :hid Zh XdcigVY^Xidg^d! n Va ÒcVa cdhdigdh b^hbdh VXVWVbdh VWjhVcYd n YZhigjnZcYd aVh k^gijYZh YZa h^hiZbV edg cjZhigV egde^V ^cXdchX^ZcX^V# :c Za ZmigVc_Zgd! ad eg^bZgd! ad fjZ eg^bV Zh aV dWgV! n Vfj eg^bZgd kV Za Vgi^hiV# BZ hdgegZcYZ kZg iVciVh Zmedh^X^dcZh ]ZX]Vh edg Vgi^hiVh! cd edg ZheZX^Va^hiVh# B#?#H# 6 b Zhd bZ eVgZXZ W^Zc! b^gV >\cVX^d IdkVg edg

bjhÄ6 ´N 8JÛA E:CHÛ>H KDHDIGDH FJ: :H A6 ;GDCI:G6 :CIG:

A6 9>;JH>âC N A6 EGDBD8>âC4 B#?#H# 6] XgZd fjZ Zh YdcYZ aV Xg i^XV Zh X bea^XZ/ Zc ZhV

egdbdX^ c n Y^[jh^ c# AV Xg i^XV ^cÓjnZ! edg hjejZhid! eZgd cd Zh YZiZgb^cVciZ Zc VWhdajid! edgfjZ XgZd fjZ hZ ]Vc Y^kZgh^ÒXVYd bjX]d adh bdYZadh YZ Y^[jh^ c n YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c Xdc aVh cjZkVh iZXcdad\ Vh Z >ciZgcZi# Edfj h^bV \ZciZ aZZ aV egZchV n adh Vgi^hiVh hdc adh eg^bZgdh fjZ VXjYZc V digd i^ed YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c bjX]d b{h \adWVa Xdbd >ciZgcZi# EZgd Za egdWaZbV YZ >ciZgcZi Zh fjZ cd ]Vn _ZgVgfj V YZ de^c^ c0 Zhi{ idYd Xdc[jhd! Zh jc bVgZbV\cjb YZ ^c[dgbVX^ c! n h^c XdcdX^b^Zcid# HZ ]V hjhi^ij^Yd Za Xg^iZg^d fjZ iZ YV Za XdcdX^b^Zcid edg aV ^c[dgbVX^ c! Xdc ad XjVa ad fjZ Za Vgi^hiV WjhXV gZVabZciZ V]dgV Zh ZhV ^c[dgbVX^ c#

Z_Zbead# 9^g^\^ Xdc bjX] h^bd m^id YjgVciZ bjX]dh V dh Za BjhZd YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd YZ HZk^aaV! n a Zh Vgi^hiV# H#9# EZgd Za XVhd YZ >\cVX^d Zh bjn Y^[ZgZciZ# >\cVX^d Zh jcV eZghdcV Xdc jcV hZch^W^a^YVY bjn Xjai^kVYV! fjZ Zcig Zc Za bjhZd XVh^ h^c fjZgZg n fjZ ad eg^bZgd fjZ ]^od [jZ bdciVg jcV Zmedh^X^ c YZ Vgi^hiVh _ kZcZh# 6YZb{h cd Y^g^\ V Za bjhZd! XddgY^cVWV aVh Zmedh^X^dcZh# B#?#H# :medh^X^ c fjZ [jZ jcV gZ[ZgZcX^V! [jZ jcV YZ aVh

Zmedh^X^dcZh b{h ^bedgiVciZh YZ aVh ai^bVh Y XVYVh YZa h^\ad MM# 8gZ jcV \ZcZgVX^ c# H#9# AV Zmedh^X^ c fjZ bdci [jZ Zc Za V d -* n hZ aaVb Æ8^jYVY >ckVY^YVÇ! jcV bjZhigV fjZ YZÒc^ aV \ZcZgVX^ c YZ adh -%#

H#9# IVcid aV XdaVWdgVX^ c Xdbd aV egdbdX^ c bZ eVgZXZc

B#?#H# :c gZVa^YVY aV ZaZXX^ c h^ZbegZ Zh jc egdWaZbV0 h^ hZ

Ydh YZ aVh bZ_dgZh XjZhi^dcZh fjZ ejZYZ Vhjb^g jcV ^chi^ijX^ c e Wa^XV# EZgd ]Vn jc egdWaZbV/ fjZ Za fjZ e^YZ jcV hjWkZcX^ c hZ VXdhijbWgV! hZ Xdc[jcYZ! n VXVWV k^k^ZcYd YZ aV hdeV WdWV# BjX]dh Vgi^hiVh hZ egZdXjeVc b{h YZ eZY^g Y^cZgd fjZ YZ iZcZg WjZcV dWgV# HZ idbVc bjn Zc hZg^d V h b^hbdh n bjn edXd V hj igVWV_d# :a digd Y V ZhijkZ Zc aV ^cVj\jgVX^ c YZ aVh Zmedh^X^dcZh YZa BJH68 n bZ YZX V aV X]^XV YZ egZchV fjZ edcZc bjX]d Za Z_Zbead YZ 6cYVajX V edg X bd egdbdX^dcVc V adh Vgi^hiVh#

aZ ZcXVg\V V jc Xg i^Xd Zh jc egdWaZbV! h^ Zh V jc Vgi^hiV Zh jc egdWaZbV n h^ hZ aZ ZcXVg\V V Va\j^Zc YZ [jZgV iVbW^ c Zh jc egdWaZbV#

B#?#H# :jgdeV! 7Zga c! AdcYgZh½! idYd kV YZ digV bVcZgV#

=Vn jcV VnjYV YZ [dcYd Va Vgi^hiV! bZ gZÒZgd V [VX^a^YVY eVgV igVWV_Vg Zc ZhijY^dh \^\VciZhXdh! ^ciZgXVbW^dh ZcigZ Vgi^hiVh! ZheVX^dh ^chi^ijX^dcVaZh iVbW^ c YZa <dW^Zgcd fjZ iZ VnjYVc V XgZVg jcV gZY hdX^Va ZcigZ Vgi^hiVh! ZcigZ

´N fj iZ eVgZXZc V i^ aVh kVg^VciZh VXijVaZh YZa igVWV_d YZa Xg i^Xd Xdc gZaVX^ c Va VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ4 BZ gZÒZgd Va i^ed YZ eZghdcVh fjZ hZ bjZkZc edg Za bjcYd XjaijgVa! fjZ Va ÒcVa hdc X^cXd! hZ^h d Y^Zo eZgd fjZ ]VXZc YZ idYd# H#9# 8dc ZhiVh eZghdcVh YZWZg Vbdh hVWZg Y^[ZgZcX^Vg!

edgfjZ Va\jcdh cd i^ZcZc aV XjaeV YZ ]VWZg h^Yd gZfjZg^Ydh# :c bjX]dh XVhdh ]Vc h^Yd hda^X^iVYdh edgfjZ ]VX Vc [VaiV iZ g^Xdh fjZ XjWg^ZgVc YZiZgb^cVYdh ]jZXdh fjZ hZ ]Vc XgZVYd Zc bjn edXd i^Zbed# G{e^YVbZciZ ]V ZbZg\^Yd jc ZhXZcVg^d YZ VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd Zc 6cYVajX V fjZ ]V ^ciZciVcYd VXdiVghZ! YZ Va\jcV bVcZgV! V c^kZa eda i^Xd#


'(

?jVc YZa ?jcXd! ;ZgcVcYd 8aZbZciZ n B^`^ AZVa# 8dbedcZciZh YZ aV G^X]VgY 8]Vcc^c\ ;djcYVi^dc# 8VWZoVh ZcigZaVoVYVh# '%%'#

6agZYZYdg YZ ZhZ XVadg hZ ]Vc Vgg^bVYd bjX]Vh eZghdcVh! jcVh Xdc b{h XdcdX^b^Zcid! digVh Xdc bZcdh! eZgd idYVh Xdc WjZcVh gZaVX^dcZh# :a egdWaZbV VeVgZXZ XjVcYd! VXdbdYVYdh Zc hj ZhiVijh [VkdgVWaZ! egZiZcYZc eZgeZijVghZ h^c YVgaZ h^i^d V adh fjZ kVc aaZ\VcYd# B#?#H# H ! eZgd eZgY cVbZ! ]V ZbZg\^Yd jcV ZheZX^Z YZ

bdchigjd YZ[dgbZ! Va fjZ aZ [VaiVc e^ZoVh# H#9# EZgd Zh edgfjZ Zh cjZkd# B#?#H# Cd! cd Zh cjZkd# H#9# 7jZcd cd Zh cjZkd eZgd h # AV \gVc cdkZYVY Zh fjZ V]dgV idYd Zhi{ b{h XdcigdaVYd! b{h YZÒc^Yd! b{h ZhiVWjaVYd# B#?#H# H ! eZgd Zhd Zh Xdbd aV gZkdajX^ c Xdbjc^hiV! fjZ Va ÒcVa adh fjZ ]VXZc aV gZkdajX^ c hZ fjZYVc V] # ÆFjZ idYd XVbW^Z eVgV fjZ cVYV XVbW^ZÇ! n nd nV cd bZ kdn YZ Vfj !

edgfjZ idiVa! nd nV ]Z aaZ\VYd### n Zhd Zh ad fjZ eVhV jc edXd Xdc Zaadh# bjhÄ6 ´8G:w>H FJ: ADH 6GI>HI6H =6C AA:<69D 6 JC C>K:A 9:

EGD;:H>DC6A>O68>âC 8DC :A FJ: H67:C H686GH: E6GI>9D :AADH B>HBDH! H67:C H686G HJ D7G64 B#?#H# =V ]VW^Yd jc Vgi^hiV Va fjZ XdcdoXd bjn W^Zc! fjZ Zhi{ k^cXjaVYd Xdc HVaV YZ ZHiVg! fjZ bZ YZX V bZY^d Xdc hdgcV/ Æd_Va{ cd cZXZh^iVgV nd e^ciVg! edgfjZ ]Vg V digV XdhV! eZgd Zh fjZ ad cZXZh^id0 ad cZXZh^id! edgfjZ h^ cd! bZ bjZgdÇ# :c idYdh Zhidh V dh YZ XgZXZg gdYZVYV YZ Vgi^hiVh! YZhYZ Za ^chi^ijid! eVhVcYd edg aV [VXjaiVY! eVhVcYd edg idYd! edg aV eg^bZgV \VaZg V! edg aV eg^bZgV Zmedh^X^ c###! bZ ]Z YVYd XjZciV YZ fjZ hdc egd[Zh^dcVaZh VfjZaadh Vgi^hiVh! n XdcdoXd V bjX]dh Vgi^hiVh YZ bjX]Vh ZYVYZh! cd h ad adh ZbZg\ZciZh0 hdc kZgYVYZgdh Vgi^hiVh Vfj aadh fjZ ad ]VXZc edgfjZ ad cZXZh^iVc! edgfjZ cd hVWZc ]VXZg digV XdhV c^ fj^ZgZc ]VXZg digV XdhV# :cidcXZh aZh YV ^\jVa fjZ aZh VnjYZh! fjZ cd aZh VnjYZh! fjZ aZh YZc hjWkZcX^dcZh! fjZ cd


') BJH"6 A6 8GÞI>86 N ADH B:9>DH

hZ aVh YZc! eVhVg ]VbWgZ! cd eVhVgaV# AZh YV ^\jVa! edgfjZ ad fjZ cZXZh^iVc Zh Zhd! igVWV_Vg# H#9# IdiVabZciZ YZ VXjZgYd# :a egdWaZbV Zh XjVcYd a hZ

Xdc[jcYZ n e^ZchV fjZ ad fjZ Zhi{ ]VX^ZcYd! gZVabZciZ! Zh k{a^Yd# B#?#H# EZgd ]VhiV adh bVadh Vgi^hiVh! n iZ ]VWad Xdbd

]^hidg^VYdgV YZa VgiZ! XgZVc aV ]^hidg^V YZa VgiZ# =VhiV adh bVadh Vgi^hiVh hdc cZXZhVg^dh0 VfjZaadh Zc adh fjZ cVY^Z XgZZ! ejZh hdc iVbW^ c ZhaVWdcZh YZ aV b^hbV XVYZcV# H#9# :c 6cYVajX V h^ZbegZ ]V ]VW^Yd XgZVYdgZh fjZ hZ ]Vc idbVYd hj igVWV_d bjn Zc hZg^d# 6gi^hiVh fjZ igVWV_VcYd Xdc ZhXgjejadhV [dgbVa^YVY! Xjg^dhVbZciZ! ]Vc iZc^Yd fjZ hVa^g [jZgV edgfjZ Vfj aVh ZhigjXijgVh c^ ZhiVWVc c^ Zhi{c W^Zc Xdchda^YVYVh# :a egdWaZbV gZVa Zh fjZ adh fjZ i^ZcZc edYZg YZ YZX^h^ c! adh fjZ YZiZgb^cVc ZhVh ZhigjXijgVh! cd hZ ^bea^XVc! hZ V[ZggVc Va XVg\d! Y^h[gjiVcYd hjh XdbdY^YVYZh! h^c Zh[dgoVghZ edg Xdchda^YVg n ]VXZg [jcX^dcVg jc ZcigVbVYd h a^Yd n YjgVYZgd# B#?#H# :hidn YZ VXjZgYd# H#9# Cd hZ igViV h ad YZ gZVa^oVg Zmedh^X^dcZh! h^cd YZ [dbZciVg

gZaVX^dcZh n k cXjadh eVgV fjZ Za h^hiZbV hZ [dgiVaZoXV n Zmi^ZcYV# Cd ]VWad h ad YZ aVh Zmedh^X^dcZh fjZ aZ aaZ\Vc Va X^jYVYVcd! h^cd iVbW^ c YZ [dbZciVg Za XdaZXX^dc^hbd! Za XdcdX^b^Zcid n Za gZheZid edg Za VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd Zc idYdh adh ZhigVidh hdX^VaZh# 8dchigj^bdh h^c k^h^ c YZ [jijgd# D c^ h^fj^ZgV Xdchigj^bdh! h^beaZbZciZ kVbdh gZhdak^ZcYd h^ijVX^dcZh hdWgZ aV bVgX]V# Cd kVaZ Xdc YVgaZ Y^cZgd h^c idc c^ hdc V adh \VaZg^hiVh! hZg V bZ_dg WjhXVg bZXVc^hbdh eVgV fjZ adh ZbegZhVg^dh d aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh eg^kVYVh hZ VXZgXVgVc V hjh ZheVX^dh# B{h eZghdcVh YZ aVh fjZ ^bV\^cVbdh Zhi{c YZhZdhVh YZ ^ckZgi^g Zc VgiZ VXijVa n cZXZh^iVc V Va\j^Zc XZgXVcd fjZ aVh VhZhdgZ Z ^chigjnV#

B#?#H# Nd cd XgZd fjZ ]VnV [gdciZgVh ZcigZ jc ZhXg^id n digd# H#9# Nd aaZkd edXdh V dh ZhXg^W^ZcYd# Cd XgZd fjZ hZV hjÒX^ZciZ i^Zbed c^ ]VnV ]ZX]d hjÒX^ZciZh b g^idh eVgV Xdch^YZgVgbZ jc Xg i^Xd YZ VgiZ# :hd hdc eVaVWgVh bVndgZh! bjn hZg^Vh! bjX]d b{h hZg^Vh YZ ad fjZ aV \ZciZ Xdb cbZciZ hZ e^ZchV# EVgV hZg Xg i^Xd YZ VgiZ ]Vn fjZ kZg bjX]d Zc bjX]dh h^i^dh Y^[ZgZciZh YjgVciZ bjX]dh V dh# :c :heV V n Zc Za ZmigVc_Zgd# :hXg^W^g Zh h ad aV ejciV YZa ^XZWZg\! aV eVgiZ ÒcVa YZa egdXZhd! ]Vn fjZ ZhiVg! X]VgaVg! egZ\jciVg! XdcdXZg! egZkZg### :h jcV aVWdg ^ciZgb^cVWaZ! bjn ]jb^aYZ n V aVg\d eaVod! XjnV c^XV \gVc hVi^h[VXX^ c Zh Za XdcdX^b^Zcid eZghdcVa# bjhÄ6 ´N 8âBD K:>H A6 :H8:C6 6C96AJO6 9:CIGD 9:A

E6CDG6B6 6GIÞHI>8D C68>DC6A4 H#9# I^ZcZ hj h^i^d n Zh W^Zc kVadgVYV Zc :heV V! eZgd bjn

edXd [jZgV# B#?#H# H # Nd ZhijkZ ZhiZ kZgVcd jc bZh bdk^ cYdbZ edg :hiVYdh Jc^Ydh! [j^ V CjZkV Ndg`! [j^ V 7dhidc! n ZhijkZ iVbW^ c Zc 8VcVY{! n cd ]VW V cVYV# H ad bZ ZcXdcig jc XVi{ad\d YZ <j^aaZgbd E gZo K^aaVaiV n digd YZ HdaZYVY HZk^aaV# H#9# :c Za BdB6 ]Vn bjX]V dWgV YZ Vgi^hiVh hjYVbZg^XVcdh eZgd c^c\jcd ZheV da# N Zhd Zh h^cidb{i^Xd YZ aV gZeZgXjh^ c fjZ i^ZcZ cd nV 6cYVajX V Zc Za ZmigVc_Zgd! h^cd :heV V# 6 c^kZa cVX^dcVa! Zhi{ bjn W^Zc Xdch^YZgVYV aV ai^bV \ZcZgVX^ c YZ Vgi^hiVh VcYVajXZh edgfjZ i^ZcZc XdhVh fjZ VedgiVg! XdhVh fjZ YZX^g# 6 ZhV \ZcZgVX^ c ]Vn fjZ Xj^YVgaV! ]Vn fjZ b^bVgaV! eZgd h^c aaZ\Vg Va c^kZa YZ fjZ aV ^chi^ijX^dcVa^XZbdh edgfjZ hZg{ ad eZdg fjZ aZ ejZYV dXjgg^g# BjX]Vh \VaZg Vh YZ BVYg^Y! YZ 7VgXZadcV d YZ KVaZcX^V i^gVc XdchiVciZbZciZ YZ Vgi^hiVh VcYVajXZh# bjhÄ6 ´E:GD 8G:w>H FJ: HDC I6CIDH 8DBD E6G6 ED9:G =67A6G

9: JC6 <:C:G68>âC4 bjhÄ6 N E6H6C9D 6 DIGD I:B6 ´8J6A :H A6 9>;:G:C8>6 :CIG:!

:A E:G>D9>HBD 8JAIJG6A N A6 8GÞI>86 9: 6GI:4 ´9âC9: :HIÛC ADH B6I>8:H N A6H ;GDCI:G6H4 H#9# Fj^o{ aV [jcX^ c YZa Xg i^Xd Zh V edhiZg^dg^ n aV [jcX^ c

YZa eZg^dY^hiV XjaijgVa Zh V eg^dg^# Nd ejZYd ]VXZgiZ jc gZedgiV_Z YZ aV \ZcZgVX^ c YZ Vgi^hiVh VXijVaZh Xdc jcV k^h^ c h^beaZbZciZ ^c[dgbVi^kV# EZgd iVbW^ c ejZYd ]VXZg jcV Xg i^XV WVh{cYdbZ Zc Za Vc{a^h^h n aV dWhZgkVX^ c# 8gZd fjZ aV Y^[ZgZcX^V Zhi{ Zc aV egZeVgVX^ c n Zc aV XVeVX^YVY YZ fj^Zc hZ eaVciZV ZhV aVWdg# =VXZ [VaiV WV\V_Z n Xg^iZg^d eVgV edYZg ZhXg^W^g hdWgZ VgiZ# EZgd hVW^ZcYd h^ZbegZ fjZ i^ZcZh fjZ ^c[dgbVg Va X^jYVYVcd! fjZ XjbeaZh jcV aVWdg YZ hZgk^X^d e Wa^Xd# HZ ZhXg^WZ eVgV gZhZ Vg jcV Zmedh^X^ c! cd eVgV YZheaZ\Vg XdcdX^b^Zcid YZ bVcZgV ]ZYdc^hiV n \gVij^iV#

B#?#H# Cd XgZd fjZ hZ igViZ! Xdbd YZX Vbdh Va eg^cX^e^d! YZ

jcV XjZhi^ c YZ ZYVY0 Zh fjZ Zc :heV V ]V ]VW^Yd h^ZbegZ jc \gjed YZ Vgi^hiVh n hj iZ g^Xd# IZ Zhidn ]VWaVcYd YZ aV hZ\jcYV b^iVY YZa h^\ad MM# Jc \gjed YZ Vgi^hiVh n hj iZ g^Xd! d hjh iZ g^Xdh# Cd ]V ]VW^Yd! gZVabZciZ! jcV \ZcZgVX^ c YZ Xg i^Xdh# =V Zm^hi^Yd Za iZ g^Xd fjZ ]V h^Yd Za fjZ Va ÒcVa ]V XgZVYd! YZ [dgbV ZmegZhV d h^c YVghZ XjZciV! d h^c fjZgZgad! Zhdh a b^iZh YZ aV \ZcZgVX^ c# A b^iZh \ZcZgVX^dcVaZh! fjZ hdc adh fjZ hZ cZXZh^iVc! adh fjZ Za ]^hidg^VYdg ajZ\d cZXZh^iV eVgV edYZg ZchZ Vg ]^hidg^V YZa VgiZ# HZk^aaV! '' YZ dXijWgZ YZ '%%-


A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

(

<6A:G>PHI R 6H :CIG:K>HI6H 6 ?J6C6 9: 6>OEJGJ! E:E: 8D7D N B6<96 7:AADII> 6A<JCDH 9: ADH CDB7G:H 9:8>H>KDH

:C A6 EGDBD8>âC EG>K696 9:A 6GI: :B:G<:CI: 6C96AJO =6C I:GB>C69D 9:H6GGDAA6C9D HJ A67DG BÛH 6AAÛ 9: A6H ;GDCI:G6H 9: A6 8DBJC>969# :H :A 86HD 9: ?J6C6 9: 6>OEJGJ! E:E: 8D7D N B6<96 7:AADII>! H>C 9J96 IG:H 9: ADH BÛH 9:HI6869DH <6A:G>HI6H :HE6xDA:H HJG<>9DH :C A6H åAI>B6H 9w8696H! FJ: 8J:CI6C 8DC JC6 BÛH >CI:CH6 N A6G<6 IG6N:8IDG>6 6 HJH :HE6A96H# ADH IG:H :A><>:GDC B69G>9 E6G6 A6 CJ:K6 :I6E6 9: JC EGDN:8ID FJ: :BE:Oâ :C 6C96AJ8Þ6! N ID9DH 8:9>:GDC HJ EGDE>D CDB7G: 6A :HE68>D! 96C9D I:HI>BDC>D 9: AD E:GHDC6A FJ: I:GB>C6C H>:C9D A6H 8DH6H :C :HI: I>ED 9: :BEG:H6H# E6G6 EDC:G 9: G:A>:K: I6CID ADH E6G6A:A>HBDH 8DBD ADH 8DCIG6HI:H! bjhÄ6 =6 DEI69D :C :HI: 86HD EDG :CIG:K>HI6GADH :C E6G6A:AD! HDB:I>wC9DA:H 6 A6 B>HB6 76I:GÞ6 9: EG:<JCI6H :C IDGCD 6 8J:HI>DC:H FJ: ADH 6;:8I6C 9>G:8I6B:CI: :C :A EG:H:CI: N A:H D7A><6C 6 9:;>C>GH:#

'*


'+ BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

?J6C6 9: 6>OEJGJ


',

JC 6GI>HI6 ?DK:C 8DC I6A:CID EJ:9: AA:<6G 6 H:G G:8DCD8>9D :C ED8D I>:BED EDG E6GI: 9: ADH EGD;:H>DC6A:H N! I6B7>wC! 9:A <G6C Eå7A>8D½

B: <JHI6GÞ6 FJ:! E6G6 :BE:O6G! G:HJB>:G6 HJ :ME:G>:C8>6 EGD;:H>DC6A 9:CIGD N ;J:G6 9: 6C96AJ8Þ6#

B^ egd[Zh^ c! b^h b ai^eaZh VXi^k^YVYZh! _jcid Xdc b^h ]^_Vh n b^h c^Zidh! hdc aV eVgiZ ZhZcX^Va YZ b^ k^YV# ´8DC FJw 9>;>8JAI69:H :HE:8Þ;>86H H: :C8J:CIG6 :C CJ:HIGD E6ÞH A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: 6 A6 =DG6 9: A6 EGDBD8>âC 9:A 6GI: N 6GI>HI6H :B:G<:CI:H4

EVgV YVg V XdcdXZg V adh _ kZcZh Vgi^hiVh Zc :heV V gZVabZciZ cd ZcXjZcigd c^c\ c egdWaZbV! ejZh ]Vn jcV \gVc kVg^ZYVY YZ XVjXZh YZcigd YZ cjZhigd eV h# :m^hiZ jc \gVc cjbZgd YZ egZb^dh Xdc _jgVYdh [dgbVYdh edg Xg i^Xdh n gZegZhZciVciZh YZ ^chi^ijX^dcZh! Vh Xdbd W^ZcVaZh n Xjghdh YZ edhi\gVYd! ^beVgi^Ydh edg eZghdcVa^YVYZh gZaZkVciZh YZa bjcYd YZa VgiZ! \ZcZgVabZciZ hZ\j^Ydh YZ jcV Zmedh^X^ c YZ adh Vgi^hiVh hZaZXX^dcVYdh fjZ hjZaZ VigVZg V adh b{h XVg^hb{i^Xdh gZegZhZciVciZh YZ adh Y^[ZgZciZh V\ZciZh YZa bjcYd YZa VgiZ# IdYd Zaad ]VXZ fjZ jc Vgi^hiV _dkZc 8DC I6A:CID ejZYV aaZ\Vg V hZg gZXdcdX^Yd Zc edXd i^Zbed edg eVgiZ YZ adh egd[Zh^dcVaZh n! iVbW^ c! YZa \gVc e Wa^Xd½ Ad Y^[ X^a Zh ZcXdcigVg V _ kZcZh Xdc kZgYVYZgd I6A:CID YVYd fjZ! \ZcZgVabZciZ! XjVcYd Xdb^ZcoVc d[gZXZc bjn edXVh e^hiVh YZ ad fjZ b{h VYZaVciZ ejZYZc aaZ\Vg V ]VXZg# H^c ZbWVg\d! cd dXjggZ ad b^hbd eVgV aV egdbdX^ c YZ adh Vgi^hiVh! n cd hdad YZ adh ZbZg\ZciZh! [jZgV YZ cjZhigVh [gdciZgVh# :hiV Zh aV \gVc Vh^\cVijgV eZcY^ZciZ fjZ iZcZbdh Zc :heV V# :a bdi^kd Zh fjZ XVgZXZbdh YZ aVh ^c[gVZhigjXijgVh cZXZhVg^Vh fjZ ejY^ZhZc [VX^a^iVg ZhiV egdbdX^ c# Cd ]Vn c^c\ c BjhZd YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd Zc :heV V c^ h^fj^ZgV Za GZ^cV Hd[ V Xdc Za egZhi^\^d ^ciZgcVX^dcVa hjÒX^ZciZ Xdbd eVgV fjZ! XjVcYd VYfj^ZgZ jcV dWgV! Zaad h^\c^ÒfjZ jc Vednd eVgV Za Vgi^hiV edg aV gZhdcVcX^V ^ciZgcVX^dcVa fjZ ejY^ZgV iZcZg# Edg digd aVYd! aVh VYfj^h^X^dcZh fjZ gZVa^oVc cjZhigVh e^cVXdiZXVh cd hdc iVc ^bedgiVciZh Xdbd eVgV fjZ hZVc XVeVXZh YZ XgZVg jc ZXd# :c :heV V adh bjhZdh hjZaZc VYfj^g^g jcV e^ZoV! Xdbd bjX]d Ydh! YZ jc b^hbd Vgi^hiV YZ iVcid Zc iVcid# CVYV fjZ kZg Xdc ad fjZ eVhV Xdc aVh \gVcYZh e^cVXdiZXVh


'- BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh! edg Z_Zbead Za BdB6/ Zc adh V dh -% Xdgg^ edg idYd Za bjcYd aV cdi^X^V YZ fjZ YjgVciZ aV Zmedh^X^ c fjZ ]VW V ]ZX]d YZ 8^cYn H]ZgbVc aZ ]VW V XdbegVYd +% [did\gV[ Vh! µZgV jcV cdi^X^V :hd XViVejai V H]ZgbVc! edc^ cYdhZ YZ ^cbZY^Vid V aV XVWZoV YZ adh Vgi^hiVh b{h gZaZkVciZh n hda^X^iVYdh YZa bjcYd# 6eZcVh iZcZbdh Xdb^hVg^dh YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh V adh XjVaZh aZh Xdc[ Zc adh \gVcYZh egdnZXidh ^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh! W^Zc hZVc eZg^ Y^Xdh d ejcijVaZh# :mXZeijVcYd V BVg V 8dggVa n Va\ c digd cdbWgZ bjn ZmXZeX^dcVa! cd ]Vn cVYV# Cd iZcZbdh c^c\jcV gZk^hiV fjZ ]VnV XdchZ\j^Yd aV XgZY^W^a^YVY n aV ^cÓjZcX^V hjÒX^ZciZh eVgV fjZ hj Vednd V jc Vgi^hiV hZV XVeVo YZ YZheZgiVg Za ^ciZg h YZ adh Y^hi^cidh V\ZciZh YZa bjcYd YZa VgiZ ^ciZgcVX^dcVa# GZheZXid YZ adh XdaZXX^dc^hiVh! iVcid e Wa^Xdh Xdbd eg^kVYdh! c^c\jcd ]V gZjc^Yd jcV XdaZXX^ c iVc ^bedgiVciZ Xdbd eVgV fjZ ZcigVg Zc ZaaV Xdchi^ijnV jc gZXdcdX^b^Zcid# Edg idYd Zhid ]Vn fjZ gZXdcdXZg fjZ aV egdbdX^ c YZ adh Vgi^hiVh ZheV daZh V c^kZa ^ciZgcVX^dcVa Zhi{ ZmXajh^kVbZciZ Zc bVcdh YZ &) &* \VaZg Vh ZheV daVh fjZ gZVa^oVbdh ZhiV iVgZV ^c\ZciZ! n edg hjejZhid aZciV! V igVk h YZ cjZhigV eVgi^X^eVX^ c Zc ;Zg^Vh >ciZgcVX^dcVaZh n! iVbW^ c! Xdc ^ciZgXVbW^dh Xdc cjZhigdh XdaZ\Vh YZ X^jYVYZh YZ Y^hi^cidh eV hZh# AA:<69D :A BDB:CID 9: 6C6A>O6G A6 H>IJ68>âC 9: A6 <6A:GÞ6 ;G:CI: 6 A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H 8JAIJG6A:H! :C EG>B:G AJ<6G! ´8JÛA :H A6 G:6A>969 68IJ6A H:<åC HJ EJCID 9: K>HI64 N :C H:<JC9D! ´8JÛA:H H:GÞ6C HJH 6HE>G68>DC:H4

:a egdWaZbV Zhig^WV Zc fjZ adh gZegZhZciVciZh YZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh XjaijgVaZh ZheV daVh! Zc i gb^cdh \ZcZgVaZh! fj^ZgZc hZg Zaadh adh fjZ gZVa^XZc aV aVWdg XjaijgVa Zc aj\Vg YZ VednVg aVh ^c^X^Vi^kVh eg^kVYVh! ad fjZ hZg V bjX] h^bd b{h ZÒXVo# AVh >chi^ijX^dcZh 8jaijgVaZh c^ i^ZcZc Za eZghdcVa XjVa^ÒXVYd c^ adh egZhjejZhidh cZXZhVg^dh# Hj aVWdg YZWZg V Xdch^hi^g Zc [dbZciVg aV XgZVX^ c YZ jc ZcigVbVYd XjaijgVa fjZ! eVgi^ZcYd YZ aV hdX^ZYVY! [jZhZ VednVYd edg Y^X]Vh ^chi^ijX^dcZh! nV fjZ hdaVbZciZ aV hdX^ZYVY! Zc hjh b ai^eaZh [VXZiVh! XjZciV Xdc Za [VXidg ]jbVcd XjVa^ÒXVYd! ^begZhX^cY^WaZ eVgV ZhiV b^h^ c! n Xdc jc ediZcX^Va ZXdc b^Xd hjÒX^ZciZ# ´:C FJw H>IJ68>âC CDH :C8DCIG6BDH :C AD FJ: G:HE:8I6 6 A6H G:A68>DC:H <G:B>6A:H Å9: <6A:G>HI6HÅ 9:CIGD N ;J:G6 9: 6C96AJ8Þ64

CjZhigVh Vhe^gVX^dcZh \gZb^VaZh hZ X^[gVc Zc fjZ ]VnV hdad jcV VhdX^VX^ c fjZ V\aji^cZ V idYVh aVh \VaZg Vh ZheV daVh Xdc eZgÒa h^b^aVg! Xdc jc bVgXVYd XVg{XiZg YZ Y^[jh^ c XjaijgVa n cd hdad Xdc ^ciZgZhZh XdbZgX^VaZh# Edg YZh\gVX^V! idYVk V cd ad ]Zbdh ad\gVYd n! Zc Zhidh bdbZcidh! Zc :heV V ]Vn kVg^Vh VhdX^VX^dcZh# Cd dWhiVciZ! Xdbd bZ XdchiV fjZ hZ Zh Za Vc]Zad \ZcZgVa YZ idYdh! Zhidn hZ\jgV fjZ bjn egdcid YVg{c [gjid aVh \Zhi^dcZh fjZ Zc ZhiZ hZci^Yd ZhiVbdh gZVa^oVcYd# 6I:C9>:C9D 6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 8DBD :HE68>D 9: EGD9J88>âC 6GIÞHI>86! ´8JÛA:H HDC ADH CJ:KDH BD9:ADH K>67A:H ;G:CI: 6 A6 8G:8>:CI: 8DBEA:?>969 9: A6 8G:68>âC 68IJ6A4

:c Z[ZXid! Za XVbed YZ VXX^ c YZ aVh \VaZg Vh hZ ]V Vbea^VYd idYVk V b{h! nV fjZ iZcZbdh fjZ ^ciZgkZc^g iVbW^ c Zc aV egdYjXX^ c YZ aVh dWgVh! Zc Va\jcdh XVhdh Xdc XdhiZh bjn ZaZkVYdh! edg ad fjZ ]Vn fjZ WjhXVg eVigdX^cVYdgZh Xdc [gZXjZcX^V# BjX]Vh kZXZh Zhidh eVigdX^cVYdgZh hdc X^ZgiVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh fjZ VednVc ZXdc b^XVbZciZ V adh Vgi^hiVh! Xdbd aVh XdchZ_Zg Vh YZ XjaijgV


'.

=6N FJ: G:8DCD8:G FJ: A6 EGDBD8>âC 9: ADH 6GI>HI6H :HE6xDA:H 6 C>K:A >CI:GC68>DC6A :HIÛ :M8AJH>K6B:CI: :C B6CDH 9: &) â &* <6A:GÞ6H :HE6xDA6H FJ: G:6A>O6BDH :HI6 I6G:6 >C<:CI:! N EDG HJEJ:HID A:CI6

YZ aVh Vjidcdb Vh V aVh XjVaZh eZgiZcZXZc Y^X]dh Vgi^hiVh! ZhiZ Zh Za XVhd YZ aV 8dchZ_Zg V YZ 8jaijgV YZ aV ?jciV YZ 6cYVajX V# :C A6H G:A68>DC:H 9:A 8DB:G8>D 8DC :A 6GI>HI6 8DCI:BEDGÛC:D! ´FJw CJ:KDH BD9:ADH! CJ:K6H G:A68>DC:H! CJ:KDH 8DBEGDB>HDH N CJ:K6H :M><:C8>6H BJIJ6H H: 96C :C A6 68IJ6A>969 :CIG: 6B7DH4

:a Vgi^hiV VciZ idYd Zh jc hZg ]jbVcd Xdbd idYdh adh YZb{h n Zhi{ ^cbZghd Zc aV b^hbV hdX^ZYVY fjZ ZcigZ idYdh ]Zbdh XgZVYd# IZc^ZcYd Zc XjZciV fjZ Zc aV hdX^ZYVY VXijVa Za kVadg hjegZbd Zh Za Y^cZgd! ]Vn Vgi^hiVh fjZ hZ ]Vc YZ_VYd VggVhigVg edg jcV [gZc i^XV ZhXVaVYV YZ egZX^dh n Vh ! Xdc [gZXjZcX^V! cdh hdgegZcYZbdh Xdc aVh cdi^X^Vh fjZ VeVgZXZc Zc adh bZY^dh hdWgZ adh gZXdgYh YZ Xdi^oVX^ c fjZ hZ WViZc XdchiVciZbZciZ# Cd idYdh adh Vgi^hiVh hZ ]Vc YZ_VYd VggVhigVg edg aV cjZkV h^ijVX^ c n ]Vc ]j^Yd YZ ZhiZ idgWZaa^cd fjZ aZh VijgYZ n fjZ cd aZh YZ_V aV hjÒX^ZciZ eVo Z ^ci^b^YVY eVgV Xdci^cjVg gZVa^oVcYd hj bZg^idg^V aVWdg# N 6A G:HE:8ID! ´:H EDH>7A: =67A6G 9: JC I>ED 9: 6GI>HI6 9>;:G:CI: FJ: :HIw :BE:O6C9D 6 HJG<>G 6A =>AD 9: A6H CJ:K6H B6C>;:HI68>DC:H 9:A 6GI: 9: =DN4

:c aV VXijVa^YVY adh Vgi^hiVh hdc bjn ^cY^k^YjVa^hiVh! hdc c bVYVh n cdgbVabZciZ i^ZcZc kVg^dh ejcidh YZ gZh^YZcX^V! VYZb{h YZ adh b ai^eaZh k^V_Zh fjZ XdchiVciZbZciZ gZVa^oVc# Edg ad iVcid cd ejZYZc Xdchi^ij^g \gjedh ZhiVWaZh n YjgVYZgdh YdcYZ ^ciZgXVbW^Vg ^YZVh n eZchVb^Zcidh! Xdbd dXjgg^ Zc Za eVhVYd# :hiZ Zh Za bdi^kd edg Za XjVa ai^bVbZciZ cd hjg_Vc adh bdk^b^Zcidh Vgi hi^Xdh fjZ hZ dg^\^cVgdc! hdWgZ idYd! Zc aV eg^bZgV b^iVY YZa h^\ad MM# 6]dgV adh Vgi^hiVh hdc hZgZh hda^iVg^dh! VjcfjZ Zhi c gdYZVYdh YZ \ZciZ# Edg idYd Zhid Za VgiZ fjZ ]dn hZ YV Zh jc VgiZ bjn ZXa Xi^Xd! YdcYZ idYd kVaZ! YdcYZ Za Vgi^hiV i^ZcZ idiVa a^WZgiVY YZ ZmegZh^ c! jhVcYd idYdh adh bZY^dh fjZ ZcXjZcigV V hj VaXVcXZ! YZhYZ adh gZVYZ bVYZ fjZ jhVc dW_Zidh YZ YZh]ZX]d! ]VhiV adh fjZ jhVc idYdh adh VYZaVcidh fjZ aV iZXcdad\ V ]V ejZhid V hj Y^hedh^X^ c# Ad c^Xd fjZ hZ aZh Zm^\Z Zh jc aZc\jV_Z egde^d n fjZ hiZ hZV Za b{h VYZXjVYd eVgV Xdbjc^XVgcdh aVh ZbdX^dcZh n hZci^b^Zcidh fjZ a fj^ZgZ ZmegZhVg# :C HJ 86HD! ´8JÛA:H HDC D =6C H>9D ADH 8G>I:G>DH 9: H:A:88>âC 9: JC 6GI>HI6 ?DK:C 6 A6 =DG6 9: >C8DGEDG6GAD 6 HJ EGDN:8ID4

H^\j^ZcYd aV i c^XV \ZcZgVa! nd iVbW^ c hdn bjn ZXa Xi^XV Zc b^h egZ[ZgZcX^Vh Vgi hi^XVh# EVgV b XjVafj^Zg bVc^[ZhiVX^ c Vgi hi^XV ejZYZ iZcZg jc ZcdgbZ ^ciZg h h^ i^ZcZ jc XdciZc^Yd n h^ Zh XVeVo YZ Xdbjc^XVgbZ Va\d# N h^ hZ ]VXZ edh^WaZ jc Y^{ad\d ZcigZ aV dWgV n nd b^hbV# 8dbd Zh a \^Xd! Zc b^ XVb^cd ]Z ZcXdcigVYd Vgi^hiVh YZhXdcdX^Ydh fjZ bZ ]Vc ^ciZgZhVYd n Xdc adh XjVaZh ]Z iZc^Yd ZhV Xdbjc^XVX^ c V igVk h YZ hjh dWgVh eZgd fjZ cd bZ ]Z YZX^Y^Yd V ^cXaj^gadh Zc b^ \gjed ´Edg fj 4 8gZd fjZ aV hZaZXX^ c hZ YZWZ V jcV ZheZX^Z YZ ZcVbdgVb^Zcid fjZ bZ egdYjXZ X^ZgiV XaVhZ YZ igVWV_dh# EVgi^XjaVgbZciZ XgZd fjZ cd Zh aV bZ_dg hdajX^ c fjZ adh Vgi^hiVh kVnVc YZ_VcYd Ydhh^Zgh edg aVh \VaZg Vh! Va bZcdh Zhid Zh ad fjZ bZ Y^XZ b^ ZmeZg^ZcX^V! nV fjZ Zc b^h (- V dh YZ \VaZg^hiV _Vb{h ]Z ZcXdcigVYd jc Vgi^hiV XjnV dWgV ]VnV i^gVYd YZ b ZcigZ iVcidh n iVcidh Ydhh^Zgh Xdbd ]Z k^hid Zc b^ k^YV# IVc hdad hZ ]V egdYjX^Yd ZhiZ ]ZX]d Zc jcV dXVh^ c! n hZ igViV YZ ?ja^ d HVgbZcid! Za XjVa Zc Za V d &.-' ^WV Xdc jcV XVgeZiV WV_d Za WgVod ZchZ VcYd hjh Y^Wj_dh V aVh \VaZg Vh fjZ eVgi^X^e{WVbdh Zc aV [Zg^V YZ 7Vh^aZV#


(% BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

´EDG FJw :C HJ BDB:CID H: EA6CI:â JHI:9 A6 EA6O6 9: B69G>9 8DBD 6AI:GC6I>K6 6 6C96AJ8Þ640 ´H: IG6Iâ 9: JC6 :A:88>âC D JC6 C:8:H>9694

9ZhYZ fjZ VWg b^ \VaZg V Zc &.,% ]Z iZc^Yd XaVg h^bd fjZ Za VgiZ Zh jc^kZghVa! edg ad fjZ h^ZbegZ ijkZ Zc b^ XVWZoV aV ^YZV YZ fjZ Xdc Za i^Zbed iZcYg V fjZ VWg^g b^ XVbed YZ VXX^ c ´Edg fj BVYg^Y4 =Vn fjZ iZcZg Zc XjZciV fjZ nd bZ Xg^ Zc BVYg^Y! VjcfjZ cVX Zc KVaaVYda^Y! n fjZ b^ [Vb^a^V k^k V Zc aV XVe^iVa# EZgd gZVabZciZ Za bdi^kd [jZ 6G8D# 8dbd idYdh hVW ^h ZhiV ^YZV YZ ]VXZg jcV [Zg^V Zc :heV V bZ k^cd XjVcYd ZbeZX V k^h^iVg ;Zg^Vh >ciZgcVX^dcVaZh! Va ÒcVa YZ adh ,%! nV fjZ XdbegZcY fjZ :heV V cZXZh^iVWV ^cXdgedgVghZ YZ ^cbZY^Vid V aVh cjZkVh Xdgg^ZciZh ^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh n bZ Y^ XjZciV YZ aV XVci^YVY YZ edh^W^a^YVYZh fjZ V b^h XdaZ\Vh ^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh aZh egdedgX^dcVWV Za eVgi^X^eVg Zc jcV [Zg^V YZ VgiZ# 8dbd idYd Za bjcYd hVWZ Zc jc eg^cX^e^d eZch ]VXZg 6G8D Zc HZk^aaV! eZgd YZ ^cbZY^Vid bZ Y^ XjZciV YZ fjZ aV h^ijVX^ c YZ aV X^jYVY! V ÒcVaZh YZ adh ,%! cd ad eZgb^i V! n [jZ ZcidcXZh XjVcYd ad ^ciZci Zc 7VgXZadcV! YdcYZ iVbedXd hje^Zgdc kZg aV ^bedgiVcX^V YZ b^ egdnZXid# Ijkd fjZ YVghZ aV X^gXjchiVcX^V YZ fjZ VeVgZX^ZgV 6Yg^{c E^ZgV! Zc jc^ c YZa 6aXVaYZ I^Zgcd <Vak{c! eVgV edcZg Zc bVgX]V aV ;Zg^V YZ BVYg^Y n fjZ a h VXZeiVgV YZ ^cbZY^Vid aV ejZhiV Zc bVgX]V YZ ZhiZ ZkZcid XjaijgVa# 9ZhYZ ZcidcXZh XdbZco b^ eZgZ\g^cV_Z ZcigZ BVYg^Y n HZk^aaV! Vh fjZ cZXZhVg^VbZciZ bZ ijkZ fjZ ZhiVWaZXZg iVbW^ c Zc BVYg^Y n Vaa ! Xdbd Zh a \^Xd! [jZ YdcYZ VWg b^ hZ\jcYV \VaZg V# ´FJw 8DCI68ID B6CI>:C: 9:H9: B69G>9 8DC A6 G:6A>969 6GIÞHI>86 6C96AJO6! N :C 8DC8G:ID A6 :H8:C6 :B:G<:CI:4

=Vn fjZ iZcZg Zc XjZciV fjZ nd cd bZ ]Z ^Yd XdbeaZiVbZciZ YZ HZk^aaV ejZh XdchZgkd idYVk V jcV dÒX^cV n jc eZfjZ d hidX`! YdcYZ gZX^Wd V adh edXdh XdaZXX^dc^hiVh fjZ ]Vn Zc HZk^aaV! h^ZbegZ Xdc X^iV! edg hjejZhid# 6YZb{h XdchZgkd b^ XVhV YZ idYV aV k^YV! YdcYZ hZ Xg^Vgdc b^h igZh ]^_Vh# H^\d Zc XdciVXid Xdc aV gZVa^YVY VcYVajoV n egdXjgd ZhiVg Va Xdgg^ZciZ YZ adh Vgi^hiVh ZbZg\ZciZh fjZ kVc VeVgZX^ZcYd Zc Za eVcdgVbV hZk^aaVcd! hdWgZ idYd V igVk h YZ b^ ]^_V BVg\Vg^iV! fjZ Zh jcV ZheZX^Va^hiV Zc aVh cjZkVh iZcYZcX^Vh n h^ZbegZ Zhi{ Va iVcid YZ idYd ad fjZ eVhV Zc aV X^jYVY# ´A: FJ:96C <6C6H 9: KDAK:G 6FJÞ4 N 6A G:HE:8ID! ´FJw EDH>7>A>969:H D 9>;>8JAI69:H :C8J:CIG6 9:H9: HJ E:GHE:8I>K6 68IJ6A 6 A6 =DG6 9: EA6CI:6GH: =>EDIwI>86B:CI: JC :HE68>D 9JEA>869D! 8DC EG:H:C8>6 :C 6B7DH I:GG>IDG>DH4

NV ad XgZd fjZ bZ fjZYVc \VcVh# 9Z ]ZX]d eVgV b [jZ jc VjiZci^Xd igVjbV XZggVg b^ \VaZg V YZ HZk^aaV! eZgd ijkZ fjZ V[gdciVg aV ig^hiZ gZVa^YVY YZ fjZ b^ egdnZXid hZk^aaVcd hZ ]VW V XZggVYd! nV fjZ aV X^jYVY ]VW V ZkdajX^dcVYd edfj h^bd n! Zc XVbW^d! b^ \VaZg V h fjZ ]VW V iZc^Yd jcV \gVc ZkdajX^ c! hdWgZ idYd Zc aV Zh[ZgV ^ciZgcVX^dcVa# EZgd bZ ZcXVciVg V kdakZg n! YZ ]ZX]d! cjcXV ad ]Z YZhXVgiVYd YZa idYd! hZ igViV hdaVbZciZ YZ ZcXdcigVg Za bdbZcid n aVh X^gXjchiVcX^Vh ^Y cZVh# Edg digd aVYd! eVgV b cd i^ZcZ c^c\ c ^cXdckZc^ZciZ Za iZcZg fjZ ^g idYVh aVh hZbVcVh YZ jcV X^jYVY V digV nV fjZ Zh ad fjZ ]Z ZhiVYd ]VX^ZcYd YjgVciZ '' V dh! Vh fjZ Zhidn VXdhijbWgVYV# H:<åC HJ DE>C>âC! ´:M>HI: D CD 9: JC I:?>9D 8DB:G8>6A 6C96AJO E6G6 :A 6GI:4

Cd! cd Zm^hiZ ZhiZ iZ_^Yd XdbZgX^Va edgfjZ cd hZ ]V [dbZciVYd# HZ ]Vc ]ZX]d XdhVh! h ! eZgd Zc \ZcZgVa WVhiVciZ bZY^dXgZh! Vh fjZ VXijVabZciZ Zc HZk^aaV ]Vn jc VbW^ZciZ bjn Xdc[jhd! Zc Za XjVa hZ bZoXaV idYd ad fjZ ejY^ZgV ]VWZg ^ciZgZhVciZ Xdc bjX]V bZY^dXg^YVY n! Zc \ZcZgVa! hVaZ \VcVcYd ZhiV ai^bV eVgiZ#


(&

<VaZg V ?jVcV YZ 6^oejgj# BVYg^Y#

6A =>AD 9: A6 6CI:G>DG EG:<JCI6! CDH <JHI6GÞ6 FJ: 8DB:CI6H: A6H EDH>7>A>969:H E6G6 A6 8G:68>âC D :A ;DGI6A:8>B>:CID 9: 9>8=D I:?>9D 9:H9: ;J:G6 9: 6C96AJ8Þ6! ´D FJ>OÛ H: G:CJC8>6 N6 6 6A<D H:B:?6CI:4

GZcjcX^Vg! _Vb{h# H^beaZbZciZ XgZd fjZ Zc ZhiZ bdbZcid cd hZ YVc aVh X^gXjchiVcX^Vh Vegde^VYVh# HZ igViV YZ edcZg XVYV XdhV Zc hj h^i^d! kVadgVg ad edXd fjZ ]Vn kVadgVWaZ n YZhXVgiVg iVciV eVgV[ZgcVa^V½ HZ igViV YZ Xg^iZg^dh½ n YZ fjZ ^beZgZc adh Xg^iZg^dh YZ adh egd[Zh^dcVaZh! YZ adh fjZ Zhi{c b{h XVeVX^iVYdh eVgV de^cVg# N YZ fjZ hZ aZh gZheZiZ n hZ aZh Y Za aj\Vg fjZ hZ bZgZXZc# E6G6 68676G! ´FJw ;JIJGD A: EG:Kw 6 JC EDH>7A: 6GI: AD86A :C :A BJC9D <AD76A>O69D4

:a VgiZ adXVa cd Zm^hiZ# H^ Zh VgiZ Zh jc^kZghVa# Edg Zhd hZg V bjn gZXdbZcYVWaZ fjZ hZ VednVhZ V adh Vgi^hiVh b{h hdWgZhVa^ZciZh YZa eVcdgVbV YZ cjZhigV X^jYVY eVgV fjZ ejY^ZgVc k^k^g iZbedgVabZciZ Zc adh ejcidh YZ bVndg ^ciZg h ^ciZgcVX^dcVa! eVgV Zcg^fjZXZghZ Xdc ZmeZg^ZcX^Vh cjZkVh! eVgV bVYjgVg hj bZciZ! eVgV fjZ VYfj^ZgVc XdcÒVcoV Zc h^ b^hbdh! eVgV fjZ iZc\Vc jc ejcid YZ gZ[ZgZcX^V YZhYZ Za XjVa kVadgVg hj egde^V dWgV# HZk^aaV h^ZbegZ ]V h^Yd jcV XVciZgV YZ Vgi^hiVh n V]dgV cd kV V hZg YZ digV bVcZgV! ad fjZ eVhV Zh fjZ adh Vgi^hiVh cZXZh^iVc jc XVbed YZ Xjai^kd VYZXjVYd eVgV edYZg YZhVggdaaVghZ Zc eaZc^ijY n Zhd! aV kZgYVY! cd hZ ad egdedgX^dcV aV HZk^aaV VXijVa# BVYg^Y! Y^X^ZbWgZ YZ '%%-


(' BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

E:E: 8D7D


((

:C AD FJ: H: G:;>:G: 6 :HE6x6! 8G:D FJ: :A 6GI: :B:G<:CI: I>:C: 7J:C6 68D<>960 I:C:BDH JC H>HI:B6 76HI6CI: 8DBJC>86I>KD N 76HI6CI: G:8:EI>KD 6 A6 =DG6 9: EG:HI6G 6I:C8>âC 6 6GI>HI6H CJ:KDH

B: <JHI6GÞ6 FJ:! E6G6 :BE:O6G! G:HJB>:G6 HJ :ME:G>:C8>6 EGD;:H>DC6A 9:CIGD N ;J:G6 9: 6C96AJ8Þ6#

AV B{fj^cV :heV daV! b^ eg^bZgV \VaZg V! ZbeZo Zc cdk^ZbWgZ YZ &.-)! Xdbd jc ^bejahd n Xdbd V\aji^cVX^ c YZ jc \gjed YZ Vgi^hiVh hZk^aaVcdh fjZ! VagZYZYdg YZ aV ;VXjaiVY YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh n YZ aV gZk^hiV ;^\jgV! iZc Vc jcV VXi^ijY b{h Vaa{ YZa VgiZ! eaVciZVb^Zcidh fjZ gdbe Vc idYV aV igVY^X^ c YZa Vgi^hiV! Za iVaaZg! aV ^che^gVX^ c! iVc egde^V YZa VgiZ n aV XjaijgV hZk^aaVcV# 9ZhYZ VfjZa bdbZcid n Xdc aV ZcigVYV YZ EZeZ :heVa^ Zc aV \VaZg V hZ ZhiVWaZX^ idYV jcV cjZkV [dgbV YZ VXijVg! iVcid YZcigd Xdbd [jZgV YZ :heV V! eVgV aV egdbdX^ c YZ adh Vgi^hiVh! fjZ Xdch^hi V Zc egZhZcX^V Zc [Zg^Vh ^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh! ^ciZgXVbW^dh Xdc digVh \VaZg Vh YZ [jZgV YZ :heV V! ZY^X^ c YZ XVi{ad\dh! VcjcX^dh Zc gZk^hiVh ^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh! ZiX###! idYd Zaad Xdc jcdh gZhjaiVYdh ZmXZaZciZh# ´8DC FJw 9>;>8JAI69:H :HE:8Þ;>86H H: :C8J:CIG6 :C CJ:HIGD E6ÞH A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: 6 A6 =DG6 9: A6 EGDBD8>âC 9:A 6GI: N 6GI>HI6H :B:G<:CI:H4

Nd XgZd fjZ ]Vn Ydh c^kZaZh W^Zc Y^hi^cidh/ edg jc aVYd! Za ^ciZgcd! Zh YZX^g :heV V! n edg digd aVYd! aV egZhZcX^V ^ciZgcVX^dcVa# :c ad fjZ hZ gZÒZgZ V :heV V! XgZd fjZ Za VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ i^ZcZ WjZcV VXd\^YV0 iZcZbdh jc h^hiZbV WVhiVciZ Xdbjc^XVi^kd n WVhiVciZ gZXZei^kd V aV ]dgV YZ egZhiVg ViZcX^ c V Vgi^hiVh cjZkdh# =Vn Y^kZghdh bZY^dh fjZ hZ dXjeVc V jc c^kZa ZheZX^Va^oVYd Xdbd eZg^ Y^Xdh! gZk^hiVh! eZfjZ Vh [Zg^Vh n digVh ejWa^XVX^dcZh! VYZb{h! Za iZgg^idg^d Zh ad hjÒX^ZciZbZciZ eZfjZ d eVgV fjZ aVh XdhVh iZc\Vc jcV g{e^YV Y^[jh^ c# 6]dgV W^Zc! Zc b^ de^c^ c Za egdWaZbV hZ ZcXjZcigV eg^cX^eVabZciZ Zc aV egdbdX^ c YZ adh Vgi^hiVh! h^ZcYd VYZb{h iVc [jcYVbZciVa eVgV hjh XVggZgVh Xdbd eVgV aVh \VaZg Vh ZheV daVh# Hj egdnZXX^ c Zc Za ZmigVc_Zgd! aV XVeiVX^ c d aV aaVbVYV YZ


() BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

ViZcX^ c YZ idYV ZhiV dWgV edg Y^hi^cidh X^gXj^idh fjZ Xdc[dgbVc Za bZgXVYd YZa VgiZ ^ciZgcVX^dcVa Zh aV Vh^\cVijgV eZcY^ZciZ fjZ VggVhigV ZhiZ eV h# CjZhigd eV h i^ZcZ idYVk V jcV hZg^Z YZ XVgZcX^Vh fjZ ]VXZc fjZ cd hZV ad hjÒX^ZciZbZciZ aaVbVi^kd n VigVXi^kd eVgV fjZ hjhX^iZ ^ciZg h hjÒX^ZciZ eVgV fjZ aVh eZghdcVh fjZ XjZciVc! fjZ i^ZcZc jc Xg^iZg^d n jcV kdo Zc Za bjcYd! VeVgZoXVc edg cjZhigd eV h! ad XjVa dXjggZ bjn gVgVbZciZ n edg X^gXjchiVcX^Vh bjn XdcXgZiVh! eg^cX^eVabZciZ Zc BVYg^Y n 7VgXZadcV# :hiV Zh jcV YZ aVh eg^cX^eVaZh YZhkZciV_Vh V aVh fjZ cdh Zc[gZciVbdh# 9^hedcZbdh YZ bjn edXdh bdbZcidh egde^X^dh eVgV ZmedcZg d YVg V XdcdXZg V adh Vgi^hiVh Zc aVh \gVcYZh [Zg^Vh! Xdbd ejZYVc hZg 7Vh^aZV! 7VhZa B^Vb^! ;g^ZoZ! 7Zga c d ^cXajhd 6G8D! Zc aVh XjVaZh bjn edXdh hdbdh adh ZaZ\^Ydh# Edg idYd Zaad n edgfjZ iZcZbdh Vjc jc XdaZXX^dc^hbd Y W^a ZhiVbdh Zc XaVgV YZhkZciV_V V aV ]dgV YZ ^cigdYjX^gcdh Zc adh bZgXVYdh ^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh! iVcid Zc adh :hiVYdh Jc^Ydh Xdbd Zc :jgdeV# AA:<69D :A BDB:CID 9: 6C6A>O6G A6 H>IJ68>âC 9: A6 <6A:GÞ6 ;G:CI: 6 A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H 8JAIJG6A:H! :C EG>B:G AJ<6G! ´8JÛA :H A6 G:6A>969 68IJ6A H:<åC HJ EJCID 9: K>HI64 N :C H:<JC9D! ´8JÛA:H H:GÞ6C HJH 6HE>G68>DC:H4

E^Zchd fjZ Zm^hiZ jc YZhXVaVWgd ZcigZ \VaZg V Z ^chi^ijX^ c XjaijgVa# 8gZd fjZ idYVk V cd ]Zbdh VegZcY^Yd YZa idYd V Xdck^k^g n igVWV_Vg _jcidh# =VhiV Za Y V YZ ]dn aV >chi^ijX^ c kZ Zc aV \VaZg V V jc VYkZghVg^d! Xdbd Va\j^Zc fjZ h ad hZ ^ciZgZhV edg Za VheZXid ZXdc b^Xd# Edg b^ XdcdX^b^Zcid n ZmeZg^ZcX^V Zc Za bjcYd Vc\adhV_ c! aV gZaVX^ c Zc Zhdh aj\VgZh Zh bjn Y^hi^ciV0 Vaa aV \VaZg V _jZ\V jc eVeZa XaVkZ# 8dcdXZbdh eZg[ZXiVbZciZ n bZ_dg fjZ cVY^Z iVcid aV dWgV YZ adh Vgi^hiVh Xdbd Za bZgXVYd YZa VgiZ! edg ad fjZ h^ZbegZ hZgZbdh jcdh \gVcYZh XdbeV Zgdh YZ k^V_Z! jcV Ò\jgV XZgXVcV fjZ kV V XdaVWdgVg XdYd Xdc XdYd Xdc aVh >chi^ijX^dcZh# Nd cdid n ZX]d Zc [VaiV ZhV gZaVX^ c YZ XdcÒVcoV n egd[Zh^dcVa^YVY fjZ Vfj Zh bVh iZchV fjZ XZgXVcV# 8gZd fjZ ]Vn fjZ YVg ZhZ eVhd fjZ Xdch^YZgd VWhdajiVbZciZ [jcYVbZciVa# EjZYZ hZg fjZ Xdc Za i^Zbed bZ ]VnV VXZgXVYd jc edXd V adh bjhZdh eZgd Xdbd nV ]Z Y^X]d! Zm^hiZ jc eZfjZ d VW^hbd n XgZd fjZ Zh k^iVa YVg ZhZ \daeZ YZ i^b c n XVbW^Vg ZhiV h^ijVX^ c ejZhid fjZ h ad hjedcYg V jc WZcZÒX^d eVgV VbWVh eVgiZh# ´:C FJw H>IJ68>âC CDH :C8DCIG6BDH :C AD FJ: G:HE:8I6 6 A6H G:A68>DC:H <G:B>6A:H Å9: <6A:G>HI6HÅ 9:CIGD N ;J:G6 9: 6C96AJ8Þ64

:h aV egZ\jciV b{h YZa^XVYV# N Zh jc ]ZX]d fjZ bZ egdYjXZ Ydadg! XgZd! n ad Y^\d [gVcXVbZciZ# IgVh b^h '* V dh YZ ZmeZg^ZcX^V Vfj Zh YdcYZ hZ ZcXjZcigV Za \gVc XVWVaad YZ WViVaaV# =V ^cÓj^Yd bjn cZ\Vi^kVbZciZ! n cd iVcid edg bVaV kdajciVY! h^cd edg h^ijVgcdh adh \VaZg^hiVh Zc aj\VgZh bjn ^cY^k^YjVa^hiVh# 8gZd fjZ cjZhigd bjcYd! Za YZ aV \VaZg V! n Za bjcYd YZa bZgXVYd YZa VgiZ Zh jc aj\Vg Zc Za fjZ YZWZbdh VjcVg [jZgoVh# GZXdcdXZg Va digd Xdbd Va\j^Zc fjZ ]VXZ n gZegZhZciV ad b^hbd fjZ i ejZYVh gZegZhZciVg0 edg hjejZhid Z_ZgX^ZcYd Za Vc{a^h^h Xg i^Xd YZ fj Zh fj n edg fj ]VXZbdh ad fjZ ]VXZbdh0 edg Zhd XgZd fjZ Va ZcXdcigVgcdh Zc ZhiV h^ijVX^ c YZ cd gZXdcdXZg aVh dWgVh YZ adh Vgi^hiVh YZa gZhid YZ \VaZg Vh ]Zbdh ^Yd XgZVcYd jc X gXjad YZ V^haVb^Zcid# Ad fjZ hjbV eVgV Za bZgXVYd YZa VgiZ Zh fjZ jcV \VaZg V kVadgZ edh^i^kVbZciZ V digdh Vgi^hiVh Z ^cÓjnV VciZ hjh egde^dh XdaZXX^dc^hiVh n Zhid cd hZ ]V egdYjX^Yd0 aV XgZY^W^a^YVY YZ idYdh Zhi{ Zc ZhiZ ejcid! edg idYd Zaad cdh ]Zbdh YZW^a^iVYd Zc Za i^Zbed# :c YZÒc^i^kV! ig^hiZbZciZ! ]Z YZ gZXdcdXZg fjZ hdbdh jc \gZb^d WVhiVciZ Y^k^Y^Yd! Zc Za XjVa cd iZcZbdh jc Y^hXjghd dW_Zi^kd n eajgVa#


(*

<VaZg V EZeZ 8dWd# BVYg^Y#


(+ BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

6I:C9>:C9D 6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 8DBD :HE68>D 9: EGD9J88>âC 6GIÞHI>86! ´8JÛA:H HDC ADH CJ:KDH BD9:ADH K>67A:H ;G:CI: 6 A6 8G:8>:CI: 8DBEA:?>969 9: A6 8G:68>âC 68IJ6A4

:[ZXi^kVbZciZ ]dn aV \VaZg V nV cd Zh jc aj\Vg ZhiVWaZ! Ò_d n Xdc jcV bZidYdad\ V YZ h^hiZbV ^cb k^a n ZcXZggVYd ZcigZ XjVigd eVgZYZh# =dn aV \VaZg V Zh iVbW^ c jc ZaZbZcid k^kd n Y^c{b^Xd Zc Za Xj{a ]Vn fjZ VYVeiVghZ V aVh cjZkVh iZXcdad\ Vh n edg ad iVcid V adh cjZkdh h^hiZbVh YZ egdYjXX^ c! V adh fjZ aV \VaZg V i^ZcZ iVbW^ c fjZ XdW^_Vg# :hiVbdh dWa^\VYdh! Zc eg^bZg aj\Vg! V bdkZgcdh n V ZhiVg eZgbVcZciZbZciZ Zc VXX^ c n! edg hjejZhid! hdbdh \gVcYZh egdYjXidgZh YZ dWgVh! [did\gV[ Vh! k YZdh! eZa XjaVh n! edg ad iVcid! iVbW^ c cjZhigdh ZheVX^dh YZWZc hZg XVYV kZo b{h Y Xi^aZh# :C A6H G:A68>DC:H 9:A 8DB:G8>D 8DC :A 6GI>HI6 8DCI:BEDGÛC:D! ´FJw CJ:KDH BD9:ADH! CJ:K6H G:A68>DC:H! CJ:KDH 8DBEGDB>HDH N CJ:K6H :M><:C8>6H BJIJ6H H: 96C :C A6 68IJ6A>969 :CIG: 6B7DH4

8gZd fjZ Zh jc bjcYd bjn Y^[ZgZciZ Va YZ bZY^VYdh YZ adh dX]ZciV# AVh gZaVX^dcZh n aVh h^ijVX^dcZh hdc b{h VW^ZgiVh! ad fjZ XgZV jcV bVndg egda^[ZgVX^ c YZa bZgXVYd0 VYZb{h! Zc aV [dgbVh YZ gZaVX^ c VXijVaZh ^ciZgk^ZcZc cjZkVh Ò\jgVh! Xdbd adh YZVaZgh! adh VYk^hZgh! adh Vgi XdchjaiVcih! XdaZXX^dcZh XdckZgi^YVh Zc bjhZdh d bjhZdh fjZ kZcYZc dWgVh! aVh XVhVh YZ hjWVhiVh XdckZgi^YVh iVbW^ c Zc YZVaZgh! ZiX½! ZhiZ Zh Za cjZkd eVcdgVbV n YZWZbdh VYVeiVgcdh n VXijVa^oVg cjZhigVh gZaVX^dcZh# HZ ]Vc YZhVggdaaVYd cjZkdh bdYZadh! nV cd Zm^hiZ jc bjcYd c^Xd! Za YZ EVg h YZ eg^cX^e^d YZ h^\ad! Zc Za fjZ aV \VaZg V gZegZhZciVWV Va Vgi^hiV Zc VWhdajiV ZmXajh^k^YVY# HZ ]Vc VW^Zgid bjai^ijY YZ k Vh Zc idYVh aVh Y^gZXX^dcZh# N 6A G:HE:8ID! ´:H EDH>7A: =67A6G 9: JC I>ED 9: 6GI>HI6 9>;:G:CI: FJ: :HIw :BE:O6C9D 6 HJG<>G 6A =>AD 9: A6H CJ:K6H B6C>;:HI68>DC:H 9:A 6GI: 9: =DN4

8gZd fjZ aVh cjZkVh iZXcdad\ Vh! aZc\jV_Zh n hdedgiZh ]Vc XVbW^VYd aVh gZaVX^dcZh# AV ^cigdYjXX^ c YZ h^hiZbVh YZ egdYjXX^ c Xdhidhdh V aV ]dgV YZ gZVa^oVg aV dWgV ]VXZ fjZ ^ciZgkZc\Vc V\ZciZh ZmiZgcdh fjZ kVc V ]VXZg edh^WaZ aV ÒcVcX^VX^ c YZ adh egdnZXidh# 8gZd fjZ Za Vgi^hiV ZhiVWaZXZ k Vh n bZY^dh cjZkdh# Adh cjZkdh h^hiZbVh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c n aV cZXZh^YVY YZ XdcdX^b^Zcid n gZaVX^dcZh ]Vc XdckZgi^Yd V adh Vgi^hiVh Zc bjX]d b{h igVh]jbVciZh# :C HJ 86HD! ´8JÛA:H HDC D =6C H>9D ADH 8G>I:G>DH 9: H:A:88>âC 9: JC 6GI>HI6 ?DK:C 6 A6 =DG6 9: >C8DGEDG6GAD 6 HJ EGDN:8ID4

H^ZbegZ ]V Zm^hi^Yd jc \daeZ YZ Z[ZXid Y^gZXid! ^cY^gZXid d edg iZgXZgVh eZghdcVh# Ad fjZ h iZc\d XaVgd! n YZ ]ZX]d cjcXV bZ ]V dXjgg^Yd! Zh igVWV_Vg Xdc jc Vgi^hiV fjZ bZ ]VnV Zck^VYd hj Ydhh^Zg a b^hbd# :a ai^bd Z_Zbead Zh 6aZ_VcYgV ;gZnbVcc# BZ bVciZc V iZgg^WaZbZciZ ZhX ei^Xd Xdc Za ]ZX]d YZ jcV X]^XV iVc _dkZc ejY^ZgV ]VXZg e^cijgV ^ciZgZhVciZ0 ijk^Zgdc fjZ igVZg hjh XjVYgdh a^iZgVabZciZ V b^ YZheVX]d ejZhid fjZ nd bZ cZ\VWV h^hiZb{i^XVbZciZ V k^h^iVg hj ZhijY^d# BZ gZVÒgbd Zc b^ [gVhZ/ ÆCjcXV Y^\Vh! cjcXV _Vb{hÇ# ´EDG FJw :C HJ BDB:CID H: EA6CI:â JHI:9 A6 EA6O6 9: B69G>9 8DBD 6AI:GC6I>K6 6 6C96AJ8Þ640 ´H: IG6Iâ 9: JC6 :A:88>âC D JC6 C:8:H>9694

:h dWk^d n Zk^YZciZ fjZ! h^c aj\Vg V YjYVh! BVYg^Y Zh aV X^jYVY YZ :heV V b{h Xdhbdeda^iV n YdcYZ Zm^hiZ jcV bVndg XdcXZcigVX^ c YZ \VaZg Vh! bjhZdh! XdaZXX^dc^hiVh n h^cZg\^Vh k^cXjaVYVh Va bjcYd YZa VgiZ! V idYd Zhid XVWZ V VY^gaZ hj ^cXjZhi^dcVWaZ cVijgVaZoV YZ X^jYVY ÒcVcX^ZgV#


(,

:A 6GI: :H >CIGÞCH:86B:CI: JC>K:GH6A# 8G:D FJ: 68DI6G D IG6I6G 9: A:K6CI6G 76GG:G6H A>BÞIGD;:H :H JC :GGDG# =6N FJ: 9:;:C9:G 6 6C96AJ8:H JC>K:GH6A:H N D7G6H JC>K:GH6A:H 9: 6GI>HI6H 6C96AJ8:H Edg digd aVYd aVh eda i^XVh XjaijgVaZh V [Vkdg YZa iZgg^idg^d Zhi{c bZcdh egZhZciZh n XgZd fjZ Zhid WZcZÒX^V Va kVadg YZa egde^d VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd# Adh iZgg^idg^dh YZÒZcYZc V hjh Vgi^hiVh n Zhid h ad kV Zc YZig^bZcid YZ aV XVa^YVY YZ aV dWgV# :c BVYg^Y idYdh hdbdh YZ idYdh adh aj\VgZh# ´FJw 8DCI68ID B6CI>:C: 9:H9: B69G>9 8DC A6 G:6A>969 6GIÞHI>86 6C96AJO6! N :C 8DC8G:ID A6 :H8:C6 :B:G<:CI:4

BVciZc\d jcV gZaVX^ c YZ XVg^ d Xdc b^ i^ZggV n Vh ad egdnZXid! h^ZcYd HZk^aaV Za aj\Vg Va fjZ b{h ViZcX^ c egZhid edg bdi^kdh eZghdcVaZh# :a XdcdX^b^Zcid fjZ iZc\d hdWgZ hjh Vgi^hiVh ZbZg\ZciZh _jZ\V V hj [Vkdg# ´A: FJ:96C <6C6H 9: KDAK:G 6FJÞ4 N 6A G:HE:8ID! ´FJw EDH>7>A>969:H D 9>;>8JAI69:H :C8J:CIG6 9:H9: HJ E:GHE:8I>K6 68IJ6A 6 A6 =DG6 9: EA6CI:6GH: =>EDIwI>86B:CI: JC :HE68>D 9JEA>869D! 8DC EG:H:C8>6 :C 6B7DH I:GG>IDG>DH4

=dcZhiVbZciZ XgZd fjZ ]V\d jcV aVWdg b{h edh^i^kV n b{h Z[ZXi^kV YZhYZ [jZgV fjZ ZhiVcYd egZhZciZ# Jc YdWaZ ZheVX^d cd iZcYg V hZci^Yd iZc^ZcYd Zc XjZciV aVh Y^hiVcX^Vh iVc XdgiVh fjZ hZ YVc Zc :heV V# 8dch^YZgd fjZ Zh b{h egdYjXi^kd XZcigVa^oVg Zh[jZgod n ZheVX^dh# :hid cd h^\c^ÒXV fjZ jc Y V kjZakV V HZk^aaV Xdc jc ZheVX^d c^Xd# H:<åC HJ DE>C>âC! ´:M>HI: D CD 9: JC I:?>9D 8DB:G8>6A 6C96AJO E6G6 :A 6GI:4

BZ ^cXa^cd b{h edg aV ^YZV YZ fjZ cd Zm^hiZ jc iZ_^Yd egde^VbZciZ VcYVajo# Cd bZ \jhiV aV ^YZV YZ jc bZgXVYd ZmXajnZciZ nV fjZ adh h^hiZbVh YZ XdbZgX^d hZ Va^bZciVc ZcigZ h n YZWZc hZg Y^c{b^Xdh n VW^Zgidh# =VWaVg YZ VgiZ VcYVajo Zh ]VWaVg YZ iZgg^idg^Va^YVY n cd XgZd fjZ hZV edh^i^kd eVgV Za bZgXVYd# 6YZb{h Za VgiZ Zh ^cig chZXVbZciZ jc^kZghVa# 8gZd fjZ VXdiVg d igViVg YZ aZkVciVg WVggZgVh a^b igd[Zh Zh jc Zggdg# =Vn fjZ YZ[ZcYZg V VcYVajXZh jc^kZghVaZh n dWgVh jc^kZghVaZh YZ Vgi^hiVh VcYVajXZh# 6A =>AD 9: A6 6CI:G>DG EG:<JCI6! CDH <JHI6GÞ6 FJ: 8DB:CI6H: A6H EDH>7>A>969:H E6G6 A6 8G:68>âC D :A ;DGI6A:8>B>:CID 9: 9>8=D I:?>9D 9:H9: ;J:G6 9: 6C96AJ8Þ6! ´D FJ>OÛ H: G:CJC8>6 N6 6 6A<D H:B:?6CI:4

De^cd fjZ ad b{h edh^i^kd fjZ hZ ejZYZ ]VXZg YZhYZ 6cYVajX V Zh ZaVWdgVg WZXVh n VnjYVh eVgV fjZ adh Vgi^hiVh hZ [dgbZc n YZhVggdaaZc hjh egdnZXidh iVbW^ c [jZgV YZ 6cYVajX V# E6G6 68676G! ´FJw ;JIJGD A: EG:Kw 6 JC EDH>7A: 6GI: AD86A :C :A BJC9D <AD76A>O69D4

GZ^iZgd fjZ Za iZgg^idg^d cd YZ_V YZ hZg jc i^ed YZ ZcXdghZiVb^Zcid# :a iZgg^idg^d XdcXZW^Yd Xdbd Va\d [ h^Xd eZgbVcZXZ Xdbd Va\d ejgVbZciZ VcZXY i^Xd# H^ ZciZcYZbdh Xdbd VgiZ adXVa aV [ZX]V n aj\Vg YZ cVX^b^Zcid YZ jc Vgi^hiV! YZeZcYZg{ Xdbd Zc XjVafj^Zg digd XVhd YZ ad fjZ ]V\V n h^\c^ÒfjZ hj dWgV! hj gZeZgXjh^ c# BZ eVgZXZ eZa^\gdhd ZmigVedaVg V kVadg Vgi hi^Xd VfjZaad fjZ hZ a^b^iV V hZg jcV Xd^cX^YZcX^V \Zd\g{ÒXV# =Vn Vgi^hiVh Xdbd ?dhZe] 8dgcZaa! fjZ Zc hj k^YV hVa^ YZa aj\Vg! n fjZ! Xdc jc XdbedcZciZ bZiV[ g^Xd! ]VWaVWV YZ jc bjcYd ZmiZg^dg YZa fjZ cjcXV eVgi^X^e [ h^XVbZciZ# BVYg^Y! Y^X^ZbWgZ YZ '%%-


(- BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

B6<96 7:AADII>


(.

A6 HD8>:969 CD :CI>:C9: :A 6GI: 9: HJ I>:BED 8DBD HJND N :HID I>:C: FJ: K:G 8DC A6 CD8>âC 9: 8JAIJG6

B: <JHI6GÞ6 FJ:! E6G6 :BE:O6G! G:HJB>:G6 HJ :ME:G>:C8>6 EGD;:H>DC6A 9:CIGD N ;J:G6 9: 6C96AJ8Þ6#

B^ ZmeZg^ZcX^V ]V h^Yd bjn Zcg^fjZXZYdgV! eZgd iVbW^ c ZmigV V! edg ad XV i^Xd YZ cjZhigd h^hiZbV YZ bZgXVYd :c &.-'! XjVcYd VWg^bdh Zc 6a\ZX^gVh idYd ZhiVWV edg ]VXZg# 8dci{WVbdh Xdc aV gZ[ZgZcX^V ^cY^hXji^WaZ YZ ?jVcV BdgY Zc BVYg^Y! eZgd X^ZgiVbZciZ cd hVW Vbdh bjn W^Zc Xdbd VWdgYVg cjZhigd igVWV_d Y V V Y V# ÞWVbdh ^begdk^hVcYd V bZY^YV fjZ hjg\ Vc adh egdWaZbVh! fjZ cd ZgVc edXdh# Ad bZ_dg YZ b^ ZmeZg^ZcX^V ]V h^Yd h^ZbegZ aV Vb^hiVY fjZ bZ jcZ V adh Vgi^hiVh! ZcigVg Zc adh ZhijY^dh eVgV kZg aV dWgV edg eg^bZgV kZo! Zhd Zh VeVh^dcVciZ# :a 6giZ bZ ]V ]ZX]d V XdbegZcYZg bjX]d bZ_dg Za bjcYd Zc Za fjZ k^kd n YVgbZ XjZciV YZ bjX]Vh XdhVh VciZh ^beZgXZei^WaZh# ´8DC FJw 9>;>8JAI69:H :HE:8Þ;>86H H: :C8J:CIG6 :C CJ:HIGD E6ÞH A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: 6 A6 =DG6 9: A6 EGDBD8>âC 9:A 6GI: N 6GI>HI6H :B:G<:CI:H4

8dc fjZ cd hdbdh \VaZg Vh ediZciZh ZXdc b^XVbZciZ# AVh \VaZg Vh Zc :heV V hdc bjn [g{\^aZh V aV ]dgV YZ XdbeZi^g Zc Za bZgXVYd ^ciZgcVX^dcVa edgfjZ Za bZgXVYd cVX^dcVa cd cdh gZheVaYV0 Za bZgXVYd Zh Y W^a! n! edg ad iVcid! aVh \VaZg Vh iVbW^ c# N Zhid! fjZ cd i^ZcZ fjZ kZg Xdc aV ÆXVa^YVYÇ YZ cjZhigdh Vgi^hiVh! aZh V[ZXiV YZ aaZcd edgfjZ cd ZcigVc Zc Za bZgXVYd ^ciZgcVX^dcVa! Zc Za X^gXj^id YZ adh bjhZdh n aVh \gVcYZh XdaZXX^dcZh Zc Za ZmiZg^dg# :a h^hiZbV YZa VgiZ Zc cjZhigd eV h cd Zhi{ Xdchda^YVYd Xdbd Zc digdh eV hZh YZ cjZhigd Zcidgcd# AV hdX^ZYVY X^k^a cd Zci^ZcYZ Za VgiZ YZ hj i^Zbed Xdbd hjnd! cd hZ ^bea^XV! VeVgZXZ Va bVg\Zc h^ZbegZ YZ hjh eg^dg^YVYZh! n cd cZXZhVg^VbZciZ i^ZcZ fjZ kZg Xdc egZhjejZhidh ZXdc b^Xdh# I^ZcZ fjZ kZg Xdc aV cdX^ c YZ 8JAIJG6! fjZ cd Zh b{h fjZ XdcdX^b^Zcid n Zhid aaZkV VeVgZ_VYd gZheZid n g^fjZoV eVgV Za eV h# :c adh ai^bdh V dh h fjZ ]V ]VW^Yd jc XVbW^d ^bedgiVciZ! eZgd h^\jZ h^ZcYd YZbVh^VYd [g{\^a# :h bjn Y^[ X^a XdbeZi^g Xdc \VaZg Vh YZ [jZgV# :hiV [gV\^a^YVY Zc Za h^hiZbV egdkdXV fjZ cd hZ kVadgZ Zc hj _jhiV bZY^YV Za VgiZ fjZ hZ ]VXZ Zc :heV V# Adh YZ Vfj h^ZbegZ k^V_Vc Xdc jcV hZchVX^ c Xdbd YZ VXidg hZXjcYVg^d#


<VaZg V BV\YV 7Zaadii^# BVYg^Y# )% BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH


)&

AA:<69D :A BDB:CID 9: 6C6A>O6G A6 H>IJ68>âC 9: A6 <6A:GÞ6 ;G:CI: 6 A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H 8JAIJG6A:H! :C EG>B:G AJ<6G! ´8JÛA :H A6 G:6A>969 68IJ6A H:<åC HJ EJCID 9: K>HI64 N :C H:<JC9D! ´8JÛA:H H:GÞ6C HJH 6HE>G68>DC:H4

EjZh ]V XVbW^VYd bjX]d Zc adh ai^bdh V dh# whidh hZ ]Vc YVYd XjZciV YZ fjZ Zh cZXZhVg^d ^ckZgi^g n egdbdX^dcVg Za VgiZ YZ cjZhigd i^Zbed! edgfjZ Zhid kV V gZedgiVg g^fjZoV V bZY^d n aVg\d eaVod# Cdh ZcXVb^cVbdh V jcV hdX^ZYVY YZa dX^d VjcfjZ cdh eZhZ n ZhiV hdX^ZYVY kV V YZbVcYVg Za Xdchjbd YZ 6giZ# EZghdcVabZciZ Zhid bZ ]dggdg^oV eZgd kVbdh ZcXVb^cVYdh V Zaad# AVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh XjaijgVaZh gZ[jZgoVc cjZhigd igVWV_d Zc Za {bW^id eg^kVYd! cdh VednVc n hdc ^cY^heZchVWaZh Zc cjZhigd igVWV_d# EZgd iVbW^ c Zci^ZcYd fjZ hZ ]Vc ZhiVYd aaZkVcYd V XVWd eda i^XVh Y^heVgViVYVh Xdc aVh ^cVj\jgVX^dcZh YZ iVcidh XZcigdh YZ VgiZ! bjhZdh n YZb{h! h^c XdciZc^Ydh# Adh eda i^Xdh ]Vc ZciZcY^Yd fjZ ZhiZ i^ed YZ ZkZcidh aZh gZedgiV jcV ejWa^X^YVY \gVij^iV0 hZ YZhi^cVc ZcdgbZh egZhjejZhidh Zc ]VXZg ZY^ÒX^dh fjZ cd i^ZcZc XdaZXX^ c# Nd VWd\Vg V edg aV XgZVX^ c YZ jcV XdaZXX^ c bVYgZ! n YZhej h WjhXVg jc ZY^ÒX^d YdcYZ Vad_Vg ZhV XdaZXX^ c# BjX]dh egZhjejZhidh hZ V\diVc Xdc aV hdaV ÒcVcX^VX^ c YZ aV XVgXVhV kVX V YZ XdciZc^Yd n adh Vgi^hiVh! fjZ hdc adh Vji ci^Xdh Vgi ÒXZh! hZ ZcXjZcigVc Zc jcV h^ijVX^ c ZXdc b^XV b{h fjZ egZXVg^V# ´:C FJw H>IJ68>âC CDH :C8DCIG6BDH :C AD FJ: G:HE:8I6 6 A6H G:A68>DC:H <G:B>6A:H Å9: <6A:G>HI6HÅ 9:CIGD N ;J:G6 9: 6C96AJ8Þ64

HZ ]V XgZVYd gZX^ZciZbZciZ Za 8dchdgX^d YZ <VaZg Vh YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd! fjZ Zc\adWV Va bjcYd YZ aVh \VaZg Vh V c^kZa cVX^dcVa# :c ZhiZ bdbZcid hZ Zhi{ igVWV_VcYd Zc bjX]dh egdnZXidh YZ XVaVYd# =VXZ jc eVg YZ V dh hZ XgZ Za >CHI>IJID 9: 6GI: 8DCI:BEDGÛC:D! fjZ Zc\adWV V idYdh adh YZa hZXidg# HZ Zhi{ ]VX^ZcYd jc \gVc Zh[jZgod edg YZ[ZcYZg Va hZXidg [gZciZ V aV 6Yb^c^higVX^ c n Zc \ZcZgVa Zc idYdh VfjZaadh egdWaZbVh fjZ hjg\Zc ^ciZciVcYd VedgiVg hdajX^dcZh# :a bjcYd YZ aVh \VaZg Vh YZ VgiZ Zh bjn XdbeaZ_d n egdWVWaZbZciZ cd ZhiVbdh ad hjÒX^ZciZbZciZ jc^Ydh! Zhid YZW^a^iV bjX]d Va hZXidg# 6I:C9>:C9D 6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 8DBD :HE68>D 9: EGD9J88>âC 6GIÞHI>86! ´8JÛA:H HDC ADH CJ:KDH BD9:ADH K>67A:H ;G:CI: 6 A6 8G:8>:CI: 8DBEA:?>969 9: A6 8G:68>âC 68IJ6A4

AVh \VaZg Vh cd hdc bjhZdh# 6 kZXZh adh Vgi^hiVh hZ Xdc[jcYZc! c^ iZcZbdh adh ZheVX^dh c^ adh bZY^dh n YZhYZ ajZ\d cd edYZbdh XdbeZi^g Xdc Zaadh# 8^ZgiVbZciZ Za bdYZad YZ \VaZg V iVa Xdbd Zm^hiZ V]dgV! Zh jc bdYZad fjZ Zc X^Zgid hZci^Yd Zhi{ nV XVYjXd! edgfjZ Zh bjn g \^Yd n adh Vgi^hiVh! Vc^bVYdh edg adh cjZkdh bZY^dh iZXcda \^Xdh! cd cdh cZXZh^iVc iVcid V aV ]dgV YZ egdbdX^dcVghZ Zaadh b^hbdh# :a gZid YZ aVh \VaZg Vh ]dn Zc Y V eVhV edg jc gZX^XaV_Z V idYdh adh c^kZaZh# NV cd Zh iVc ^bedgiVciZ! V b^ bdYd YZ kZg! Za ZheVX^d [ h^Xd YZ aV \VaZg V# AVh gZaVX^dcZh hZ ejZYZc ZhiVWaZXZg YZ digVh bVcZgVh0 Zh egdWVWaZbZciZ Va\jcVh YZ aVh edXVh XdhVh WjZcVh fjZ d[gZXZ ZhiZ bjcYd \adWVa^oVYd# =Zbdh YZ hZg b{h ÓZm^WaZh! ]Vn digdh ZheVX^dh! digVh bVcZgVh YZ ]VXZg aaZ\Vg Va e Wa^Xd adh igVWV_dh YZ adh Vgi^hiVh# :C A6H G:A68>DC:H 9:A 8DB:G8>D 8DC :A 6GI>HI6 8DCI:BEDGÛC:D! ´FJw CJ:KDH BD9:ADH! CJ:K6H G:A68>DC:H! CJ:KDH 8DBEGDB>HDH N CJ:K6H :M><:C8>6H BJIJ6H H: 96C :C A6 68IJ6A>969 :CIG: 6B7DH4

AVh gZaVX^dcZh i^ZcZc fjZ hZg bVh ÓZm^WaZh# AV Ò\jgV ]dn YZa Vgi^hiV Zc ZmXajh^kV XVh^ cd Zm^hiZ# I^ZcZ fjZ kZg Xdc idYd ad fjZ ]Z Y^X]d VciZh# :c aV VXijVa^YVY Zm^hiZ jc hjeZg{k^i YZ [Zg^Vh YZ VgiZ# :a VgiZ hZ ]V ejZhid YZ bdYV n idYdh fj^ZgZc Xdchjb^gad# AVh \VaZg Vh n adh Vgi^hiVh cdh kZbdh VigVeVYdh edg jcVh gZYZh! aVh b{h YZ aVh kZXZh YZ eZghdcVh V_ZcVh V cjZhigd bjcYd fjZ bVc^ejaVc Za h^hiZbV/ Zhdh cjZkdh ^ciZgbZY^Vg^dh Zc Za XdbZgX^d YZa VgiZ# :a 6giZ eZgbVcZXZ Vgg^cXdcVYd Zc VgVh YZ gZciVW^a^YVYZh XdbZgX^VaZh n b{g\ZcZh YZ WZcZÒX^dh ZXdc b^Xdh fjZ cVYV i^ZcZc fjZ kZg Xdc cjZhigd igVWV_d#


)' BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

N 6A G:HE:8ID! ´:H EDH>7A: =67A6G 9: JC I>ED 9: 6GI>HI6 9>;:G:CI: FJ: :HIw :BE:O6C9D 6 HJG<>G 6A =>AD 9: A6H CJ:K6H B6C>;:HI68>DC:H 9:A 6GI: 9: =DN4

Cd! adh Vgi^hiVh hdc Vgi^hiVh h^ZbegZ# Ad fjZ dXjggZ Zh fjZ V]dgV i^ZcZc jcV ^c[dgbVX^ c Va Y V YZ idYd XjVcid dXjggZ Zc Za bjcYd! Zhid ad c^Xd fjZ ]VXZ Zh bVciZcZgaZh ÆZc gW^iVÇ# I^ZcZc aV ^c[dgbVX^ c! eZgd Zhid cd Zh hjÒX^ZciZ eVgV aV 8gZVX^ c# Ad fjZ iZcZbdh hdc bjX]dh Xde^hiVh# Adh _ kZcZh! edgfjZ XVYV kZo Xdb^ZcoVc VciZh! hdc bjn dhVYdh n Va^bZciVYdh YZ iVcid Xdb^hVg^d {k^Yd YZ edYZg ejZh egdYjXZc jc egdYjXid Xdc [ZX]V YZ XVYjX^YVY# Fj^o{h hdc adh h^\cdh YZ adh i^Zbedh# EZgd cd ZhiVbdh egdYjX^ZcYd XdX]Zh# :a 6giZ Zh digV XdhV n VjcfjZ Zhi Zc Za bZgXVYd! Zhid cd ]V YZ hZg hj c^Xd WVgZbd# AV gZciVW^a^YVY Vfj Zc i gb^cdh ejgVbZciZ XdbZgX^VaZh cd [jcX^dcV# :C HJ 86HD! ´8JÛA:H HDC D =6C H>9D ADH 8G>I:G>DH 9: H:A:88>âC 9: JC 6GI>HI6 ?DK:C 6 A6 =DG6 9: >C8DGEDG6GAD 6 HJ EGDN:8ID4

Adh Xg^iZg^dh YZ hZaZXX^ c hdc Y^hi^cidh Zc XVYV XVhd# Ad ]VW^ijVa Zh fjZ jc Vgi^hiV bZ ]VWaZ YZ Va\j^Zc n ad k^h^id Zc Za ZhijY^d0 aVh [Zg^Vh V aVh fjZ VXjYd iVbW^ c h^gkZc eVgV XdcdXZg V digdh0 iVbW^ c Zc Zmedh^X^dcZh XdaZXi^kVh ZcXjZcigd V Vgi^hiVh fjZ bZ ^ciZgZhVc# 6 b^ bZ \jhiV XdcdXZg eg^bZgd V aV eZghdcV! hVWZg fj e^ZchV! X bd kZ aVh XdhVh! fj Zh ad fjZ fj^ZgZ YZ aV \VaZg V! fj ZheZgV YZ b^0 ]Vn jcV hZg^Z YZ XjZhi^dcZh fjZ hdc XVh^ iVc ^bedgiVciZh Xdbd aV dWgV V aV ]dgV YZ eZchVg Zc ^cXdgedgVg V jc cjZkd Vgi^hiV V aV \VaZg V# :h iVbW^ c jcV XjZhi^ c YZ h^cidc V0 V kZXZh ]Vn Vgi^hiVh bjn WjZcdh Xdc adh fjZ hVWZh YZ VciZbVcd fjZ cd kVh V igVWV_Vg# :hiZ igVWV_d Zh iVc Yjgd fjZ h^ cd Zm^hiZ jcV Xdbea^X^YVY ZcigZ VbWdh! ZhV fj b^XV cd [jcX^dcV n cd kVaZ aV eZcV# ´EDG FJw :C HJ BDB:CID H: EA6CI:â JHI:9 A6 EA6O6 9: B69G>9 8DBD 6AI:GC6I>K6 6 6C96AJ8Þ640 ´H: IG6Iâ 9: JC6 :A:88>âC D JC6 C:8:H>9694

:gV dWk^VbZciZ jcV cZXZh^YVY# 9Zhej h YZ Y^ZX^cjZkZ V dh Zc 6a\ZX^gVh ZgV cZXZhVg^d Za XVbW^d# BZ [j^ XjVcYd ejYZ# =VX V nV bjX]dh V dh fjZ hVW V fjZ iZc^V fjZ ^gbZ! h^ ad YZbdg [jZ edg X^gXjchiVcX^Vh [Vb^a^VgZh# 8^ZgiVbZciZ Za \gjZhd YZ b^h Xa^ZciZh ZhiVWVc Zc BVYg^Y! idYdh b^h XdciVXidh# 6a\ZX^gVh YZh\gVX^VYVbZciZ Zhi{ bjn VaZ_VYV YZ adh X^gXj^idh! ZgV bjn Y^[ X^a hZ\j^g Vaa Xdc jc egdnZXid fjZ hZ ZmeVcY V iVbW^ c [jZgV YZ :heV V0 Za h^i^d a \^Xd ZgV BVYg^Y# ´FJw 8DCI68ID B6CI>:C: 9:H9: B69G>9 8DC A6 G:6A>969 6GIÞHI>86 6C96AJO6! N :C 8DC8G:ID A6 :H8:C6 :B:G<:CI:4

Nd h^\d iZc^ZcYd XVhV Zc 6a\ZX^gVh V aV fjZ kdn V bZcjYd# K^V_d gZ\jaVgbZciZ V HZk^aaV! B{aV\V n <gVcVYV# AV bVndg V YZ b^h Vgi^hiVh h^\jZc h^ZcYd VcYVajXZh# :h fjZ Zc 6cYVajX V ]Vn jcdh WjZc h^bdh Vgi^hiVh! eVgV b ad bZ_dg YZ aV ZhXZcV Zc :heV V# HZ bjn W^Zc ad fjZ eVhV Vaa eVgV ad WjZcd n eVgV ad bVad# ´A: FJ:96C <6C6H 9: KDAK:G 6FJÞ4 N 6A G:HE:8ID! ´FJw EDH>7>A>969:H D 9>;>8JAI69:H :C8J:CIG6 9:H9: HJ E:GHE:8I>K6 68IJ6A 6 A6 =DG6 9: EA6CI:6GH: =>EDIwI>86B:CI: JC :HE68>D 9JEA>869D! 8DC EG:H:C8>6 :C 6B7DH I:GG>IDG>DH4

Nd hdn \VY^iVcV! YZ 6a\ZX^gVh# BZ gZXdcdoXd YZa h^i^d YdcYZ cVX ! µXaVgd fjZ bZ \jhiVg V VWg^g jc ZheVX^d Zc 6a\ZX^gVh Zh jcV ^ajh^ c fjZ bVciZc\d# EZgd aV gZVa^YVY Zh W^Zc Y^hi^ciV# BVciZcZg jc ZheVX^d Zc 6a\ZX^gVh bZ hjedcYg V jcdh \Vhidh fjZ V]dgV cd edYg V Vhjb^g# EZgd h fjZ bZ \jhiVg V! VYZb{h iZc\d bjn XaVgd ad fjZ ]Vg V# HZg V jcV \VaZg V eVgV Vgi^hiVh bjn _ kZcZh


)(

CDH :C86B>C6BDH 6 JC6 HD8>:969 9:A D8>D 6JCFJ: CDH E:H: N :HI6 HD8>:969 K6 6 9:B6C96G :A 8DCHJBD 9: 6GI:

:A G:ID 9: A6H <6A:GÞ6H =DN :C 9Þ6 E6H6 EDG JC G:8>8A6?: 6 ID9DH ADH C>K:A:H

fjZ ]Vg Vc Vaa hj eg^bZgV Zmedh^X^ c# BZ ^ciZgZhVc adh Vgi^hiVh fjZ ZmeZg^bZciVc Xdc cjZkVh iZXcdad\ Vh0 adh _ kZcZh fjZ Y^Wj_Vc# HZg Vc jcVh * Zmedh^X^dcZh Va V d# :hid bZ hZgk^g V YZ eaViV[dgbV eVgV egdnZXiVgadh YZhej h Zc BVYg^Y# EZgd YZ bdbZcid kV V iZcZg fjZ ZheZgVg# 9Z bdbZcid bZ Xdc[dgbd Xdc aaVbVg :HE68>D 6A<:8>G6H V jcd YZ adh XjVigd Xdc adh fjZ XdciVbdh Zc BVYg^Y n fjZ YZY^Xd V adh _ kZcZh n V ^ciZgXVbW^dh Xdc digVh \VaZg Vh# H:<åC HJ DE>C>âC! ´:M>HI: D CD 9: JC I:?>9D 8DB:G8>6A 6C96AJO E6G6 :A 6GI:4

Cd! dWk^VbZciZ cd# 9Z ]VWZg Zm^hi^Yd nd cd ]jW^ZhZ XZggVYd b^ ZheVX^d Zc 6a\ZX^gVh# N aVh XdhVh h^\jZc ^\jVa! nV fjZ h^\jZc XZggVcYd \VaZg Vh! Xdbd aVh \VY^iVcVh B^aV\gdh 9Za^XVYd n 8VgbZc YZ aV 8VaaZ! d aVh hZk^aaVcVh ?jVcV YZ 6^oejgj n EZeZ 8dWd# :hid Zh bjn ig^hiZ! edgfjZ XjVcYd hZ X^ZggV jcV \VaZg V hZ X^ZggV jc ZheVX^d V aV 8JAIJG6! hZ X^ZggV jcV kZciVcV Va XdcdX^b^Zcid n eZchVb^Zcid XdciZbedg{cZd n Zhid Zh jc YZhVhigZ# 6A =>AD 9: A6 6CI:G>DG EG:<JCI6! CDH <JHI6GÞ6 FJ: 8DB:CI6H: A6H EDH>7>A>969:H E6G6 A6 8G:68>âC D :A ;DGI6A:8>B>:CID 9: 9>8=D I:?>9D 9:H9: ;J:G6 9: 6C96AJ8Þ6! ´D FJ>OÛ H: G:CJC8>6 N6 6 6A<D H:B:?6CI:4

:c aV bZY^YV Zc fjZ igVWV_Vbdh Xdc Vgi^hiVh VcYVajXZh! ZhZ iZ_^Yd hZ kV [dgiVaZX^ZcYd# Nd cd gZcjcX^d V cVYV Zc 6cYVajX V# :a Hjg i^ZcZ fjZ YZheZgiVg V adh aZc\jV_Zh YZa VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd! edgfjZ aV X^jYVYVc V cd ejZYZ k^k^g Va bVg\Zc YZa VgiZ fjZ hZ ]VXZ Zc hj i^Zbed# Ad fjZ aZ hjXZYZ V 6cYVajX V Zh fjZ Zh iVc g^XV Zc iVciVh ZmegZh^dcZh YZ hj XjaijgV! fjZ aV \ZciZ Zhi{ nV eaZcV! eVgZXZ fjZ Xdc ad fjZ i^ZcZc Zh hjÒX^ZciZ# Ad fjZ ]Vn Zh fjZ XVbW^Vg Zhdh ]{W^idh! ZhV bZciVa^YVY ]VX^V aV XjaijgV XdciZbedg{cZV! fjZ cd Zhi{ Zc XdcigVY^XX^ c Xdc ad Vci^\jd! c^ bjX]d bZcdh! h^ cd fjZ ad VednV n gZ[jZgoV! Xdbd ]VXZc ^cXajhd adh ÓVbZcXdh fjZ ^cXdgedgVc cjZkdh aZc\jV_Zh V hjh igVWV_dh# E6G6 68676G! ´FJw ;JIJGD A: EG:Kw 6 JC EDH>7A: 6GI: AD86A :C :A BJC9D <AD76A>O69D4

:h fjZ nd cd XgZd fjZ hZ ejZYV ]VWaVg nV YZ VgiZ adXVa Zc ZhiZ bjcYd \adWVa^oVYd! hZg V jcV XdcigVY^XX^ c# BVYg^Y! cdk^ZbWgZ YZ '%%-


)) BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

9:H9: :A

BD9:AD 9: A6

<6A:GÞ6 8DCK:GH68>âC 8DC G6;6:A DGI>O! 86GDA>C6 76GG>D! :B>A>D 6AB6<GD N ;wA>M <âB:O A6 <6A:GÞ6 =6 H>9D :C A6 BD9:GC>969

:A :HE68>D 9: 8DBJC>868>âC HD8>6AB:CI: 6H><C69D E6G6 EDC:G :C 8DCI68ID :A BJC9D 9: A6 8G:68>âC 8DC :A <G6C Eå7A>8D# E6G6 >AJHIG6G HJH BJI68>DC:H :C ADH åAI>BDH I>:BEDH =:BDH :H8D<>9D 8J6IGD BD9:ADH 9: <6A:G>HI6 Å: >C:K>I67A:B:CI: 9: <6A:GÞ6Å! CDI67A:B:CI: 9>HI>CIDH0 H> 7>:C EDH::C :C 8DBåC E:GI:C:8:G 6 JC6 A6G<6 IG69>8>âC 9:A C:<D8>D 9:A 6GI:# ;wA>M <âB:O <6A:GÞ6 ;wA>M <âB:O! H:K>AA6 ! G6;6:A DGI>O <6A:GÞ6 G6;6:A DGI>O! H:K>AA6 ! :B>A>D 6AB6<GD <6A:GÞ6 H6C9JC<6! <G6C696 N 86GDA>C6 76GG>D <6A:GÞ6 ;JAA 6GI! H:K>AA6 E:GI:C:8:C 8696 8J6A 6 9>HI>CI6H <:C:G68>DC:H! EDH:N:C9D 69:BÛH :ME:G>:C8>6H 9>HI>CI6H! E:GHE:8I>K6H 9>HI>CI6H N 6C=:ADH 9>HI>CIDH 9:CIGD 9: HJ <G:B>D 8DBåC! FJ: 6FJÞ =6C K:C>9D 6 8DBE6GI>G 8DC bjhÄ6# ;didh XdckZghVX^ c/ <dcoVad EdhVYV#


)*

bjhÄ6 E6G6 8DB:CO6G :HI6 8=6GA6 N 6EGDK:8=6C9D A6H

:B>A>D 6AB6<GD 9^ÒXjaiVYZh fjZ ]Vn eVgV igVWV_Vg Xdc VgiZ

9>;:G:CI:H IG6N:8IDG>6H N :ME:G>:C8>6H! H:GÞ6 >CI:G:H6CI: FJ: CDH 8DCI6G6>H ´8DC FJw 9>;>8JAI69:H H: :C8J:CIG6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 :C A6 EGDBD8>âC 9:A 6GI: :B:G<:CI:4

ZbZg\ZciZ Zc 6cYVajX V½! WjZcd! eVgV igVWV_Vg Xdc VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd Zc 6cYVajX V adh Vgi^hiVh ZbZg\ZciZh cZXZh^iVc jcV ViZcX^ c! cd h ad hdWgZ aV dWgV! h^cd iVbW^ c hdWgZ aV egdbdX^ c YZ aV dWgV# =VXZh jcV Zmedh^X^ c YZ jc Vgi^hiV ^ciZgZhVciZ! ZbZg\ZciZ d cd ZbZg\ZciZ! Zc BVYg^Y! n eVhVc jc bdci c YZ Y^gZXidgZh YZ bjhZdh YZ idYV :heV V! Xg i^Xdh! digdh Vgi^hiVh! jc WjZc c bZgd YZ XdaZXX^dc^hiVh# IdYd Zhd hZ gZYjXZ Zc HZk^aaV! hZ jaigVggZYjXZ Zc <gVcVYV n cd Zm^hiZ Zc ?V c# EjZhid fjZ cZXZh^iV kZciVh! egdbdX^ c n k^h^W^a^YVY! Zc Za bdbZcid Zc fjZ YZ kZgYVY YZhejciV jc Vgi^hiV n Zh hjÒX^ZciZbZciZ ^ciZgZhVciZ Xdbd eVgV jc bZgXVYd Vbea^d n ediZciZ! bjn egdWVWaZbZciZ iZc\Vh fjZ aaZ\Vg V jc VXjZgYd n XdbeVgi^gad Xdc \VaZg Vh fjZ Zhi{c h^ijVYVh Zc bZgXVYdh b{h [jZgiZh n b{h k^h^WaZh! d hZcX^aaV n aaVcVbZciZ! VY^ h bjn WjZcVh! ad e^ZgYZh# Ad fjZ V b bZ eVhV V jcV ZhXVaV! Va \VaZg^hiV YZ BVYg^Y aZ eVhV V digV Va YZ BVYg^Y [jZgiZ aZ eVhV V digV ^ciZgcVX^dcVa! ZiX#

G6;6:A DGI>O AVh Y^ÒXjaiVYZh hdc XVh^ aVh b^hbVh fjZ Xdc

adh Vgi^hiVh nV XdchV\gVYdh# HVakd fjZ! XjVcYd i igVWV_Vh Xdc jc Vgi^hiV fjZ Zbe^ZoV! i^ZcZh fjZ ZhiVg bjn hZ\jgd YZ hj igVWV_d# H^ Za Vgi^hiV Zh ^ciZa^\ZciZ n hVWZ Y cYZ Zhi{! VXVWV ZcXV_VcYd eZg[ZXiVbZciZ Zc ij egdnZXid# 9Zhej h! eVgV ^cigdYjX^gad Zc Za bZgXVYd! XVYV \VaZg V i^ZcZ hjh bZXVc^hbdh n hj ZhigViZ\^V# 86GDA>C6 76GG>D AV Y^ÒXjaiVY fjZ ZcXjZcigd Zhi{ Zc aV

h^ijVX^ c YZ 6cYVajX V Zc \ZcZgVa! nV fjZ idYd Zhi{ XZcigVa^oVYd Zc BVYg^Y! fjZ Zh YdcYZ hZ ]VXZc aVh XdbegVh ^bedgiVciZh n V YdcYZ VXjYZc idYdh adh XdaZXX^dc^hiVh# 6fj ÆhVXVgÇ V jc Vgi^hiV Zh bjX]d b{h Xdbea^XVYd# 6YZb{h! Zm^hiZ edXd XdaZXX^dc^hbd V eZhVg YZ idYdh adh Zh[jZgodh Zc [dbZciVgad fjZ hZ ]Vc kZc^Yd ]VX^ZcYd YZhYZ aVh \VaZg Vh# G6;6:A DGI>O GZXjZgYd adh eg^bZgdh V dh0 ZgVc iZgg^WaZh! adh

gZ[ZgZciZh ZgVc ZhXVh h^bdh! n VYZb{h k^V_Vg ZgV bjn XVgd# AV ^c[dgbVX^ c fjZ aaZ\VWV ZgV bjn edfj^iV# GZXjZgYd h^ZbegZ Va\ c Vgi^hiV fjZ ^WV YZ k^V_Z V ;gVcX^V d V >c\aViZggV n igV V Va\jcV gZk^hiV! Va\ c XVi{ad\d! n ZcidcXZh cdh kdak Vbdh adXdh! adh YZkdg{WVbdh# 6]dgV adh Vgi^hiVh nd XgZd fjZ iVbedXd cZXZh^iVc nV k^k^g [jZgV YZ aV X^jYVY# D hZV! fjZ cd i^ZcZc fjZ ^ghZ V BVYg^Y d V EVg h! Xdbd hZ ^WVc Zc digdh i^Zbedh! Zc WjhXV YZ ^c[dgbVX^ c n XdcdX^b^Zcid# <dgY^aad hZ [jZ V EVg h! 8VgbZc AV[[ c hZ [jZ V BVYg^Y# IdYdh hZ YZheaVoVWVc### 8#7# 8jVcYd igVWV_Vh Xdc Vgi^hiVh _ kZcZh fjZ cjcXV ]Vc ZhiVYd Xdc c^c\jcV \VaZg V Zh YZbVh^VYd Xdbea^XVYd! edgfjZ ]Vn fjZ ZchZ VgaZh Xj{a Zh aV aVWdg fjZ gZVa^oVbdh adh \VaZg^hiVh# Cd dWhiVciZ! ZcigZ adh Vgi^hiVh _ kZcZh! XVYV kZo hZ ZcXjZcigV V \ZciZ b{h egd[Zh^dcVa#

G#D# AV eg^bZgV [VhZ Xdc Za egdYjXid Zh aV YZ b{h Vaid

g^Zh\d! ´cd4 :c i gb^cdh ÒcVcX^Zgdh# :#6# :a egdWaZbV Zh fjZ iZ Vgg^Zh\Vh! ^ck^ZgiZh! eZgd Za egdYjXid cd Zh ijnd# ;wA>M <âB:O Nd cjcXV XgZd fjZ kdn V \VcVg Xdc adh Vgi^hiVh _ kZcZh! n VYZb{h aZh iZc\d Y^X]d fjZ h^ hZ aZh d[gZXZ jcV \VaZg V bZ_dg fjZ hZ kVnVc! edgfjZ hZ kVc V ^g YZ idYVh [dgbVh0 edg ad bZcdh fjZ hZ kVnVc h^ZcYd Vb^\dh g^hVh # Ad i^ZcZc bjn Yjgd# Adh Vgi^hiVh _ kZcZh! adh fjZ aaZ\Vc! Zaadh hZ hVWZc bdkZg bZ_dg fjZ cdhdigdh# Nd ]Z ^Yd V]dgV V BVYg^Y V kZg h^ ejZYd ]VXZg ^ciZgXVbW^dh Xdc digVh \VaZg Vh YZ e^cidgZh _ kZcZh# :#6# Ad fjZ nd Xdch^YZgd Vgi^hiVh ZbZg\ZciZh hdc kZgYVYZgVbZciZ ZbZg\ZciZh# D hZV! fjZ hVaZc YZ aV cVYV#


)+ BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

<VaZg V GV[VZa Dgi^o# HZk^aaV# ;didh/ 8aVjY^d YZa 8Vbed#

6ciZ jcV Y^c{b^XV YZ bZgXVYd b{h WV_V n jcV k^h^W^a^YVY bjX] h^bd b{h WV_V! igVWV_Vg Xdc Vgi^hiVh ZbZg\ZciZh Zc 6cYVajX V hjedcZ jc hdWgZZh[jZgod n jc hdWgZgg^Zh\d# ;#<# :h fjZ! Xdbd Zh iVc X^Zgid ad fjZ kV V dXjgg^g! cd Zh c^

g^Zh\d# G#D# 9Z XjVafj^Zg bVcZgV! nd XgZd fjZ aV XVciZgV Zh

ZmigVdgY^cVg^V# ;#<# =Vn \ZciZ bjn WjZcV# G#D# IZcZbdh Vgi^hiVh iVc WjZc h^bdh fjZ YV \jhid# 6jcfjZ

igVWV_Zh Xdc jcd n YZhej h hiZ VXVWZ [jcX^dcVcYd Xdc digV \VaZg V### Nd XgZd fjZ iVbW^ c aV hVi^h[VXX^ c YZa igVWV_d fjZ ]VXZh Xdc Zaadh Zh bjn ^bedgiVciZ# ;#<# H ! Zhd Zh# :#6# 6a[dchd 6aWVXZiZ YZX V fjZ aV b^iVY YZ aV ]^hidg^V YZa VgiZ YZ :heV V ZgV aV ]^hidg^V YZa VgiZ YZ 6cYVajX V# EZgd Zh kZgYVY fjZ Za iVaZcid cZXZh^iV Vednd! n Za Vednd cZXZh^iV ^chigjbZcidh# N Vfj adh ^chigjbZcidh hdc ZhXVhdh n Za Zcidgcd ]dhi^a# AV VWjcYVcX^V YZ iVaZcid Zh ^begZhX^cY^WaZ! Zh iVc ^begZhX^cY^WaZ Xdbd fjZ hZV k^VWaZ XdcYjX^g ZhZ iVaZcid#

;#<# Ad fjZ ]Vn fjZ VWg^g Zh Za XdcXZeid YZ fj Zh VgiZ

ZbZg\ZciZ! edgfjZ jc e^cidg YZ )% V dh! d )*! ejZYZ hZg VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ# bjhÄ6 A6 9:;>C>8>âC 9:A 8DC8:EID :B:G<:CI: :HIÛ H>:C9D

BJN EDAwB>86! C69>: H: >9:CI>;>86 8DC :A 8DC8:EID :B:G<:CI:! ´FJw :H :B:G<:CI:4! ´FJw :CI>:C9: 8696 JCD EDG :B:G<:CI:4 ;#<# 8gZd fjZ cdh dak^YVbdh YZ eZghdcVh fjZ nV cd hdc

_ kZcZh! eZgd hj e^cijgV h Zh _dkZc! n cd i^ZcZc h^i^d c^ Vedndh YZ c^c\ c i^ed# G#D# Adh Vgi^hiVh! Zc hZ\ c fj XVhdh! Xdb^ZcoVc V ZaVWdgVg

jcV dWgV ^ciZgZhVciZ Zc ZYVYZh Y^[ZgZciZh# 9Z V] aV Y^ÒXjaiVY YZ XdcXZeijVa^oVg Za i gb^cd ZbZg\ZciZ# :c b^ <VaZg V ]Vn Vgi^hiVh YZ (% V dh Xdc jcV dWgV YZ \gVc bVYjgZo0 digdh! Zc XVbW^d! Zhi{c gZVa^oVcYd hj dWgV b{h gdijcYV YZhej h YZ jcV aVg\V igVnZXidg^V# 8gZd fjZ cd Zh ad b{h Vegde^VYd eVgV Za h^hiZbV YZa VgiZ fjZ aVh VnjYVh Va VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ Zhi c YZiZgb^cVYVh edg aV [ZX]V YZ cVX^b^Zcid# ;#<# :hi{c c^c\jcZVYdh idYdh adh YZ ZYVY ^ciZgbZY^V n

cVY^Z hZ dXjeV YZ adh fjZ i^ZcZc ZcigZ )% n *% V dh#


),

<VaZg V ;jaa 6gi# HZk^aaV#

bjhÄ6 ´FJw E6E:A 8G:w>H FJ: 9:7:C ?J<6G A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H

8JAIJG6A:H4 G#D# EjZh nd XgZd fjZ b^gVg bjX]d cd h ad V adh _ kZcZh!

h^cd iVbW^ c V idYV ZhiV hZg^Z YZ Vgi^hiVh fjZ Zhi{c V] ! fjZ Zhi{c ]VX^ZcYd jc igVWV_d hZg^d! ^bedgiVciZ! n fjZ hZ aZh i^ZcZ bjn dak^YVYdh# NV ad ]V Y^X]d ; a^m! n i^ZcZ idYV aV gVo c# Edg digd aVYd! Za Vednd V aVh \VaZg Vh cd Zh bjn Y^gZXid½ =VWg V fjZ VcVa^oVg ]VhiV fj ejcid iZ XdgiVc aV ^c^X^Vi^kV Zc Za bdbZcid Zc fjZ iZ Y^XZc Æcd iZ edYZbdh VnjYVg Zc jcV [Zg^VÇ# 8#7# EVgV aVh \VaZg Vh aVh VnjYVh eVgV aV Vh^hiZcX^V V [Zg^Vh Zh ^bedgiVci h^bV nV fjZ hZ ]V XdckZgi^Yd Zc aV bZ_dg eaViV[dgbV eVgV aV egdbdX^ c YZ adh Vgi^hiVh [jZgV YZa ZheVX^d YZ aV \VaZg V#

jcV [Zg^V YZ XVg{XiZg ^ciZgcVX^dcVa! Xjndh Xdhidh hdc ZmigVdgY^cVg^dh! h^ cd i^ZcZh c^c\ c i^ed YZ VnjYV dÒX^Va! iZ ad i^ZcZh fjZ XjZhi^dcVg# ;#<# EjZh nd egdnZXidh nV cd ]V\d c^c\jcd# AVh \VaZg Vh cd ZhiVbdh eVgV ]VXZg XjaijgV ZhiVbdh eVgV kZcYZg WjZc VgiZ# G#D# Cd! cd# Nd h^c ZbWVg\d XgZd fjZ gZVa^oVbdh jcV aVWdg

XjaijgVa bjn ^bedgiVciZ# :ci^ZcYd fjZ ]VXZbdh jc igVWV_d fjZ Zc bjX]dh XVhdh hjeaVciV Va YZ adh bjhZdh# Edg digd aVYd! Xdb^hVg^dh n bjhZdh! Zc dXVh^dcZh! hjeaVciVc V aVh \VaZg Vh# :hi{ idYd WVhiVciZ bZoXaVYd! n V] ]VWg V fjZ edcZg jc edfj^id YZ dgYZc# ;#<# AV egdbdX^ c Zh ad c^Xd fjZ edYZbdh ]VXZg! n d[gZXZg

jcV hZaZXX^ c eZghdcVa#

G#D# EdgfjZ! edg Z_Zbead! XjVcYd cdhdigdh iZcZbdh jcV

:#6# Nd XgZd fjZ adh egdnZXidh hdc ^ciZgZhVciZh! edgfjZ jcV

VnjYV eVgV 6G8D! eZg[ZXid! eZgd YZ idYVh [dgbVh! h^ bZ VYb^iZc kdn V ^g! Xdc d h^c VnjYV#

\VaZg V Zh jc idYd dg\{c^Xd# N VYZb{h Zh eVgiZ [jcYVbZciVa fjZ hZVc c^Xdh eZgd Xdc jc Y^hXjghd gZXdcdX^WaZ#

H^ bZ VYb^iZc Zc jcV [Zg^V! aV VnjYV aV ji^a^od eVgV Vbea^Vg Za hiVcY! n Vh iZcZg bVndg egZhZcX^V n egdbdX^ c# <VaZg Vh fjZ ZhiVbdh iZc^ZcYd ^c^X^Vi^kVh eVgV hVa^g [jZgV h cdh kZbdh Va\d XdgiVYVh! nV fjZ h^ hZ cdh VXZeiV Zc

Kdak^ZcYd V aV gZaVX^ c YZ aVh \VaZg Vh n aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh! XgZd fjZ Za dW_Zi^kd fjZ hZ eZgh^\jZ Zh fjZ ]VnV gZaVX^ c ZcigZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh n aVh \VaZg Vh! d ZcigZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh n ad eg^kVYd! edgfjZ adh Vgi^hiVh iVbW^ c hdc


)- BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

:B>A>D 6AB6<GD

:A EGD7A:B6 :H FJ: I: 6GG>:H<6H! >CK>:GI:H! E:GD :A EGD9J8ID CD :H IJND ;wA>M <âB:O

ND CJC86 8G:D FJ: KDN 6 <6C6G 8DC ADH 6GI>HI6H ?âK:C:H G6;6:A DGI>O

=68:BDH JC IG676?D FJ: :C BJ8=DH 86HDH HJEA6CI6 6A 9: ADH BJH:DH# EDG DIGD A69D! 8DB>H6G>DH N BJH:DH! :C D86H>DC:H HJEA6CI6C 6 A6H <6A:GÞ6H :B>A>D 6AB6<GD

:A I6A:CID C:8:H>I6 6EDND! N :A 6EDND C:8:H>I6 >CHIGJB:CIDH 86GDA>C6 76GG>D

6FJÞ ÆH686GÇ 6 JC 6GI>HI6 :H BJ8=D BÛH 8DBEA>869D G6;6:A DGI>O

6=DG6 ADH 6GI>HI6H CD I>:C:C FJ: >GH: 6 B69G>9 D 6 E6GÞH! 8DBD H: >76C :C DIGDH I>:BEDH! :C 7JH86 9: >C;DGB68>âC N 8DCD8>B>:CID 86GDA>C6 76GG>D

G:>K>C9>8D :A :HE68>D 9: A6 <6A:GÞ6 8DBD JC AJ<6G CD HâAD 9: :MEDH>8>âC! H>CD I6B7>wC JC AJ<6G 9: >CK:HI><68>âC N 9:H6GGDAAD 9: EGDN:8IDH

ZciZh eg^kVYdh! ^\jVa fjZ aVh \VaZg Vh d fjZ jc Xdb^hVg^d fjZ eaVciZV jc egdnZXid# 9ZhYZ b^ ejcid YZ k^hiV! aV \VaZg V Zh Za ejcid XaVkZ hdWgZ Za fjZ \gVk^iV fjZ adh Vgi^hiVh n aV hdX^ZYVY iZc\Vc jcV gZaVX^ c# HZ igViV YZ fjZ hZ \ZcZgZ jc hZXidg h a^Yd! n fjZ ad e Wa^Xd iZc\V ^ciZgkZcX^ c Zc Za VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd kV! edg jc aVYd! Zc aV eVgiZ YZ Vednd V aV egdYjXX^ c YZa VgiZ! Zc digV! Vednd Va XdcdX^b^Zcid! n Zc aV digV! n aV b{h ^bedgiVciZ! aV b{h [dgiVaZXZYdgV YZ XVgV Va [jijgd n aV b{h gZciVWaZ! Zh fjZ hZ VgbZ Xdbd jc hZXidg egd[Zh^dcVa h a^Yd# N ad fjZ bZgZXZ aV eZcV eVgV fjZ ZhZ hZXidg VkVcXZ YZWZ hZg hjWkZcX^dcVWaZ! n ad fjZ cd bZgZXZ aV eZcV n Zh Ódg YZ jc Y V! d cd i^ZcZ XVa^YVY! cd# N V adh WjZcdh h ! n b^a kZXZh h ! n V ad bVad cd n h^ZbegZ cd# G#D# =Vn \VaZg Vh fjZ hZ ]Vc bdciVYd eVgV gZX^W^g

hjWkZcX^dcZh# 8#7# =Vn jc VbW^ZciZ YZeZcY^ZciZ# ;#<# H ! h # :#6# EZgd nd ^g V b{h Vaa{ Zc ZhiZ Vhjcid# JcV gZaVX^ c Zhig^XiVbZciZ egd[Zh^dcVa! Zc aV fjZ hZ ZhiVWaZXZc jcVh VnjYVh fjZ hdc X^ZgiVh n Zhi{c XaVgVh YZhYZ Za eg^cX^e^d n fjZ eZgb^iZc V ZhVh ZbegZhVh ]VXZg hjh eaVcZh YZ YZhVggdaad# N XgZd fjZ! YZhYZ ZhZ ejcid YZ k^hiV! ]Vn fjZ YVg b{h eVhdh VYZaVciZ# Edg Z_Zbead! Zc 8ViVaj V! aVh \VaZg Vh hVWZc fjZ! h^ZbegZ fjZ kVnVc V jcV [Zg^V! hZVc VYb^i^YVh n hda^X^iZc jcV hjWkZcX^ c! kVc V iZcZg ZcigZ jc )% n jc +% edg X^Zcid YZ aV hjWkZcX^ c# 6fj iZcZbdh idYd! d cVYV! d V kZXZh h ! V kZXZh cd! cd hZ hVWZ! cd hZ ejZYZc ]VXZg eaVcZh YZ cZ\dX^d#

Fj^Zgd YZX^g fjZ aV Xdch^YZgVX^ c YZ aVh \VaZg Vh Xdbd Za bZY^VYdg [jcYVbZciVa! Za b{h XdchiVciZ! Za b{h cjbZgdhd! Za fjZ b{h Vgg^Zh\V n Za fjZ b{h hZ XdbegdbZiZ V bZY^Vg ZcigZ aV dWgV YZ VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd n aV hdX^ZYVY YZWZ YZ Xdch^YZgVghZ YZ jcV [dgbV ZmigZbVYVbZciZ egd[Zh^dcVa# :c Za bdbZcid Zc Za fjZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh! XV_Vh YZ V]dggdh! ZiX½! ^ciZgbZY^Vc Y^gZXiVbZciZ Xdc Vgi^hiVh! ad Zhi{c ]VX^ZcYd bVa! Zhi{c YZW^a^iVcYd aV XgZVX^ c d aV Xdchda^YVX^ c YZ jc hZXidg ZXdc b^Xd fjZ iZc\V Zci^YVY d XVeVX^YVY YZ VXVWVg hdWgZk^k^ZcYd edg h b^hbd# N h^ hZ Zh Za dW_Zi^kd YZ aV gZaVX^ c ZcigZ ad e Wa^Xd n ad eg^kVYd Zc Za VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd! VeVgiZ YZ aV Y^[jh^ c n YZ aV VnjYV V egdYjXX^ c! fjZ i^ZcZ fjZ kZg b{h Xdc aV ^ciZgbZY^VX^ c ZXdc b^XV n YZ bZgXVYd! fjZ Zh YdcYZ Zhi{c aVh \VaZg Vh! i^ZcZ fjZ iZcYZg V ]VXZgad! V VednVg adh eVhdh cZXZhVg^dh eVgV VgbVg jc hZXidg fjZ hZV XVYV kZo b{h [jZgiZ n edg ad iVcid XVYV kZo b{h ^cYZeZcY^ZciZ n b{h


).

<VaZg V HVcYjc\V# <gVcVYV#

VjidhjÒX^ZciZ# :hZ i^ed YZ VXijVX^dcZh hdc ad XdcigVg^d YZ ad fjZ hZ YZWZ ]VXZg# G#D# Cd fjZgZbdh fjZ cdh egdiZ_Vc! eZgd! edg digd aVYd! h

fjZ kVadgZc cjZhigd igVWV_d Zc aV bZY^YV YZ ad fjZ ZhiVbdh ]VX^ZcYd! n fjZ hZ XVcVa^XZc aVh XdbegVh V igVk h YZ aVh \VaZg Vh# 8#7# Nd kZd iVbW^ c jcV [VaiV YZ gZaVX^ c ]jbVcV0 cdhdigdh

ZhiVbdh ]VX^ZcYd jcV aVWdg n Zh XVh^ b^aV\gdhd fjZ kZc\V jcV ^chi^ijX^ c edg Vaa V kZg ad fjZ Zhi{h ]VX^ZcYd# H^ aZ egdedcZh V jcV ^chi^ijX^ c jc egdnZXid! aVh gZhejZhiVh hZ YZbdgVc bjX] h^bd! ]Vn bjn edXV Ój^YZo# Edg Z_Zbead Za 8Zcigd 6cYVajo YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd YZWZg V hZg b{h ^ciZ\gVYdg0 jc aj\Vg YZ ^ciZgXVbW^d YdcYZ adh V\ZciZh YZa hZXidg/ XjgVYdgZh! Xg i^Xdh! Vgi^hiVh! \VaZg^hiVh½ cdh h^ci^ gVbdh b{h ^YZci^ÒXVYdh# 8gZd fjZ Za XZcigd Zhi{ bjn VaZ_VYd YZ aV gZVa^YVY VcYVajoV# EZY^g V b{h Xdbegdb^hd edg eVgiZ YZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh# :#6# Eg^bZgd ]Vn fjZ iZcZg XaVgd Za dW_Zi^kd YZ ZhiV

gZaVX^ c# ´8dch^YZgVc aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh e Wa^XVh fjZ Zc hj gZaVX^ c Xdc aVh \VaZg Vh [jcYVbZciVabZciZ! i^ZcZc fjZ iZcYZg V VednVgaVh eVgV Xdchda^YVg jc hZXidg hVcd n fjZ aaZ\jZ V hZg VjidhjÒX^ZciZ4 H^ aV gZhejZhiV Zh h ! ]VWaZc Xdc aVh \VaZg Vh n fjZ aVh \VaZg Vh aZh Y^\Vc ad fjZ cZXZh^iVc# N! Zc hZ\jcYd aj\Vg! ZhiVWaZXZg jcdh Xg^iZg^dh hZg^dh#

I^ZcZ fjZ ]VWZg jcV XZgiZoV n jcV bVYjgZo Zc aV gZaVX^ c ZcigZ ad e Wa^Xd n ad eg^kVYd Zc Za bZgXVYd YZa VgiZ! n edg ad iVcid ZcigZ ad e Wa^Xd n aVh \VaZg Vh# N ZhV XZgiZoV cd YZWZ hZg Y^hi^ciV Zc Za hZXidg YZa bZgXVYd YZa VgiZ gZegZhZciVYd edg aVh \VaZg Vh fjZ Xdc XjVafj^Zg digd bZgXVYd fjZ hZ Xdch^YZgZ ZhigVi \^Xd# G#D# D Za YZ aVh ZcZg\ Vh gZcdkVWaZh! fjZ V]dgV Zhi{ iVc Zc

Wd\V# ;#<# Cd hdc Vgi Xjadh YZ cZXZh^YVY ]jbVcV# :a VgiZ cd Zh

cZXZh^YVY eVgV jcV ^cbZchV bVndg V# :#6# ´8 bd fjZ cd4 ;#<# :a VgiZ Zh XdhV eVgV jcdh edfj^idh# :#6# whdh hdc ]jbVcdh n eV\Vc ^bejZhidh# EZgd Zhd nV Zh

jcV XjZhi^ c Òadh ÒXV# 8#7# EZgd ]Vn bjX]V \ZciZ fjZ Zhi{ ^bea^XVYV Zc ZhiZ hZXidg YZhYZ Y^hi^ciVh egd[Zh^dcZh n eVgV Zaadh h^ Zh jcV cZXZh^YVY# ;#<# KVbdh V YZXaVgVgcdh Zc ]jZa\V# ´FjZ4 KVbdh aVh \VaZg Vh V YZXaVgVgcdh Zc ]jZa\V! V kZg fj eVhV# 6 kZg V Xj{cidh VhjhiVbdh#

G^hVh


*% BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

G#D# EjZh nd gZXjZgYd fjZ ]VXZ kZ^ci^bjX]dh V dh hZ ]^od

jc X^ZggZ YZ \VaZg Vh V c^kZa cVX^dcVa n ijkd X^Zgid ZXd Zc adh bZY^dh# bjhÄ6 JC6 8DH6 FJ: H: D7H:GK6 BJ8=D :H FJ: ADH 6GI>HI6H

:HIÛC 76HI6CI: 9:H8DCI:CIDH 8DC :A IG6ID FJ: H: A:H 96 :C A6H <6A:GÞ6H! N DH 68JH6C :C BJ8=6H D86H>DC:H! CD 6 KDHDIGDH! H>CD :C <:C:G6A! 9: ;6AI6 9: EGD;:H>DC6A>969! 9: CD =68:G 9>;JH>âC! 9: CD E6<6G EGD9J88>âC# ´8âBD AD K>KÞH KDHDIGDH4 G#D# AV egdYjXX^ c cd Zh XdbZi^Yd YZ aV \VaZg V! VjcfjZ Zc

XVhdh ejcijVaZh hZ aaZ\jZ V VXjZgYdh Xdc adh Vgi^hiVh# :#6# Cd Zh jcV h^ijVX^ c YZ adh Vgi^hiVh Xdc aVh \VaZg Vh! h^

cd YZ igVWV_VYdgZh ^chVi^h[ZX]dh Xdc hj h^ijVX^ c aVWdgVa! Xdc Za gZXdcdX^b^Zcid YZ hj igVWV_d d Xdc Za hVaVg^d fjZ dWi^ZcZc V XVbW^d# EdgfjZ idYd Za bjcYd fj^ZgZ Va\d bZ_dg# Edg digd aVYd! iVbW^ c Zh kZgYVY fjZ ZhVh XdhVh hdc iVbW^ c Zc eVgiZ jc edXd bZiZghZ YdcYZ cd aZh aaVbVc# Ad h^Zcid bjX]d! eZgd fj^Zgd YZX^g fjZ adh Vgi^hiVh hdc adh egdkZZYdgZh YZ aVh \VaZg Vh! n i^ZcZc jcdh Xdbegdb^hdh Xdc aVh \VaZg Vh! n aVh \VaZg Vh Xdc Zaadh n nV Zhi{# 8#7# 6]dgV ]Vn Vgi^hiVh fjZ fj^ZgZc fjZ aVh \VaZg Vh VhjbVbdh Za XdhiZ YZ aV egdYjXX^ c YZ hj dWgV! Zc XdcXgZid adh [di \gV[dh# ;#<# :a Vgi^hiV aZ XjZhiV Y^cZgd V aVh \VaZg Vh# :#6# Edg digd aVYd! V i^ iZ ejZYZ XdckZc^g VednVg aV

egdYjXX^ c# EZgd i^ZcZ fjZ hZg YZ bjijd VXjZgYd! XaVgd# 8#7# =Vn h^ijVX^dcZh Zc aVh fjZ hZ ejZYZ aaZ\Vg V jc VXjZgYd Xdc Za Vgi^hiV VednVgaZ Zc aV egdYjXX^ c! eZgd YZWZ YZ hZg V XVbW^d YZ Va\d fjZ iVbW^ c aZ ^ciZgZhZ V aV \VaZg V0 cdhdigdh iVbW^ c iZcZbdh bjX]dh \Vhidh! fjZ cVY^Z cdh eV\V# Nd XgZd fjZ aV egdYjXX^ c YZWZ YZ ZhiVg V XVg\d YZ Zaadh! aVh dWgVh hdc hjnVh n hdc hj eVig^bdc^d! n h^ZbegZ aVh kVc V iZcZg VjcfjZ aV gZaVX^ c Xdc aV \VaZg V hZ iZgb^cZ! eZgd Zc XVbW^d Za Y^cZgd fjZ ^ck^ZgiZ aV \VaZg V eVgV egdbdX^dcVg Va Vgi^hiV Zh h^ZbegZ V [dcYd eZgY^Yd# :#6# AV egdYjXX^ c Zh jc VheZXid b{h YZ aV gZaVX^ c

YZa Vgi^hiV n aV \VaZg V# :h jcV gZaVX^ c Xdc jc [jZgiZ XdbedcZciZ eZghdcVa n Zhd aV ]VXZ b{h Xdbea^XVYV! n hdWgZ idYd! Zh jcV gZaVX^ c YZ XdcÒVcoV n YZ h^cidc V! n egZX^hVbZciZ edg Zhd hZ ]V WVhVYd Zc aV eVaVWgV n Zc adh ]ZX]dh! n cd hZ ]V egd[Zh^dcVa^oVYd# G#D# Cd hZ bViZg^Va^oV aZ\VabZciZ Zc jc XdcigVid# :#6# 9Z ]ZX]d hV Zh jcV YZ aVh ^c^X^Vi^kVh YZa XdchdgX^d YZ \VaZg Vh YZ VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd YZ :heV V fjZ bZ

eVgZXZ YZ jc kVadg [Vci{hi^Xd! egZX^hVbZciZ edgfjZ Zh jc ^chigjbZcid Xdbd edXdh eVgV Xdchda^YVg Za hZXidg/ jc XdcigVid! jc bdYZad YZ gZaVX^ c i^ed Xdc adh Vgi^hiVh# G#D# Kdak^ZcYd Va YZhXdciZcid YZa fjZ ]VWaVWV^h VciZh! V b

eZghdcVabZciZ edg Z_Zbead! bZ eVgZXZ ^cXgZ WaZ edgfjZ adh Xdb^hVg^dh! aV bVndg V YZ aVh kZXZh cd iZ i^ZcZc Zc XjZciV n XjVcYd! dXVh^dcVabZciZ! iZ e^YZc Va\d! h^ZbegZ hZ ad ]Zbdh YVYd n h^ZbegZ ]Z egZhiVYd bjX]V dWgV eVgV digVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh# 8#7# 8dcdXZc V adh Vgi^hiVh V igVk h YZ aVh \VaZg Vh n bjX]dh

YZ Zaadh ajZ\d iZ ^\cdgVc V aV ]dgV YZ edcZg Zc bVgX]V jc egdnZXid Xdc Za Vgi^hiV# 6 kZXZh ^cXajhd cd i^ZcZc c^ aV XdgiZh V YZ bZcX^dcVgiZ Zc adh Xg Y^idh YZ aV Zmedh^X^ c# bjhÄ6 N A6H G:A68>DC:H :CIG: <6A:GÞ6H ´8âBD ;JC8>DC6 :A

8DCHDG8>D 9: <6A:GÞ6H4 ´8JÛA:H HDC HJH ;JC8>DC:H4 G#D# :a XdchdgX^d Zh jcV VhdX^VX^ c egd[Zh^dcVa YZ

{bW^id cVX^dcVa! fjZ YZ Va\jcV bVcZgV gZ\jaV jc edXd Za [jcX^dcVb^Zcid n adh bZXVc^hbdh Zc adh fjZ cdh bdkZbdh# Edg Z_Zbead! V]dgV hZ Zhi{ ]VX^ZcYd Za X Y^\d YZdcida \^Xd! eVgV aV gZaVX^ c ZcigZ aVh \VaZg Vh n adh Vgi^hiVh! aV gZaVX^ c Xdc adh XdbegVYdgZh! Xdc aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh### :#6# GZ\aVcYd Za hZXidg i^ZcZh hj gZheVaYd# 8#7# =VWg V fjZ iZcZg b{h Zc XjZciV fjZ aV \VaZg V! ZcigZ digVh XdhVh! Zhi{ d[gZX^ZcYd jcV d[ZgiV XjaijgVa0 iZcZbdh cjZhigdh ZheVX^dh VW^Zgidh Va e Wa^Xd n cd XdWgVbdh jcV ZcigVYV! edg ad fjZ Zh jc hZgk^X^d fjZ cd Zhi{ gZbjcZgVYd# AVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh adXVaZh YZWZg Vc VednVghZ Zc Zhid n VnjYVgcdh V aV Y^[jh^ c YZ cjZhigdh egdnZXidh! edg Z_Zbead edYg Vc ]VXZg jcV \j V YZ \VaZg Vh n VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd# ;#<# Nd V]dgV nV bZ YZY^Xd hdad V aV \VaZg V! aaVbd V adh

Xa^ZciZh! aZh ^ck^id V kZc^g# 9Z fj^c^ZciVh eZghdcVh fjZ ^ck^iVWV VciZh ]Z gZYjX^Yd V YdhX^ZciVh# bjhÄ6 KDAK>:C9D 6 A6 EGD9J88>âC! B: <JHI6GÞ6 FJ:

B: =67A6H:>H 9: 8J6A:H HDC ADH CJ:KDH BD9:ADH 9: EGD9J88>âC ;G:CI: 6 A6 CJ:K6 8DBEA:?>969 9: A6 8G:68>âC 68IJ6A! FJw :M><:C8>6H DH HJEDC: :HD 6 A6H <6A:GÞ6H! ´>BEA>86C I6B7>wC CJ:KDH I>EDH 9: G:A68>âC! CJ:KDH BD9:ADH 9: 9>;JH>âC4 8#7# =Vn dXVh^dcZh Zc aVh fjZ ]VXZbdh egdnZXidh

^chiVaVi^kdh Zc cjZhigV \VaZg V n Zc aVh fjZ i^ZcZh fjZ YZ_VgaZ Va Vgi^hiV kVg^dh Y Vh eVgV fjZ ^ciZgkZc\V Zc Za ZheVX^d0 hdc VXijVX^dcZh fjZ [dgbVc eVgiZ YZ cjZhigV a cZV YZ igVWV_d n ad ]VXZbdh XdckZcX^Ydh! eZgd Zhd V kZXZh Zh jc egdWaZbV V aV ]dgV YZ VYVeiVg Za egdnZXid Va ZheVX^d


*&

<VaZg V ; a^m < bZo# HZk^aaV#

YZ Zmedh^X^ c# Nd gZ^k^cY^Xd Za ZheVX^d YZ aV \VaZg V Xdbd jc aj\Vg cd h ad YZ Zmedh^X^ c! h^cd iVbW^ c jc aj\Vg YZ ^ckZhi^\VX^ c n YZhVggdaad YZ egdnZXidh#

CjZhigd bZgXVYd Zh ZheZX^VabZciZ hZch^WaZ V aVh Xg^h^h# Ad fjZ eVgV digdh Zh jc eVg c! eVgV cdhdigdh Zh jcV eVg{a^h^h#

G#D# AV Y^[jh^ c edg >ciZgcZi! Zc ZhiZ bdbZcid! iVbW^ c

Y^\d! YZ jcd d Ydh b^aadcZh YZ eZhZiVh! fjZ jcd YZ X^Zc b^a! edgfjZ adh fjZ ejZYZc XdbegVg jc XjVYgd cd Zhi{c eVhVcYd Xg^h^h c^c\jcV#

Zh [jcYVbZciVa0 cdhdigdh [j^bdh fj^o{h YZ adh eg^bZgdh fjZ bdciVbdh jcV lZW# KZciVh hZ egdYjXZc Va\jcVh# Cd hdc iVc h^\c^ÒXVi^kVh# >bV\^cd fjZ ]VWg{ digVh \VaZg Vh Xjnd cZ\dX^d eg^cX^eVa hZV V igVk h YZ >ciZgcZi! eZgd h Zh X^Zgid fjZ iZ XdcdXZ bjX]V \ZciZ! n XjVcYd k^ZcZc V ij X^jYVY eVhVc V kZgiZ# >cXajhd Va\jcdh XdaZXX^dc^hiVh fjZ iZ ]Vc k^hid Zc jcV [Zg^V n fjZ cd k^kZc Zc ij X^jYVY! nV iZ XdcdXZc0 Zh b{h [{X^a kZcYZg jcV XdhV XjVcYd nV aV ]Vc XdcdX^Yd# EZgd Za XdciVXid [ h^Xd h^\jZ h^ZcYd ^bedgiVciZ# :#6# HdWgZ idYd hZ Za^b^cVc aVh Y^hiVcX^Vh# :#6# Cdhdigdh iZcZbdh jcV cZlhaZiiZg# 7jZcd! ejZh

eVgZXZ fjZ cd eZgd idYd Za bjcYd aV kZ# H^\c^ÒXV jcV gZaVX^ c bjX] h^bd b{h XZgXVcV! XdchiVciZ n Ój^YV Xdc adh Xa^ZciZh! Xdc jcdh gZfjZg^b^Zcidh YZ ^ckZgh^ c n YZ Zh[jZgod b c^bdh#

;#<# :c Zhidh bdbZcidh Zh b{h [{X^a kZcYZg jc XjVYgd! iZ

8#7# H ! V]dgV eVgZXZ fjZ Zh b{h Y^[ X^a kZcYZg dWgVh b{h ZXdc b^XVh! edgfjZ aV \ZciZ fjZ ZbeZoVWV V XdaZXX^dcVg n fjZ ^WVc XdbegVcYd dWgV! edXd V edXd Zhi{ k^k^ZcYd jcV h^ijVX^ c b{h Y^[ X^a# G#D# =Vn jcV h^ijVX^ c \ZcZgVa^oVYV YZ egZdXjeVX^ c# ;#<# Cd iZ XgZVh iVcid# 9ZeZcYZ YZ ad fjZ aZh ^ciZgZhZ# ;#<# ´Fj^ c iZ XdbegV ]dn jc XjVYgd YZ X^Zc b^a eZhZiVh4

CVY^Z# C^ YdhX^ZciVh! c^ igZhX^ZciVh# Adh XdaZXX^dc^hiVh cd hZ \VhiVc V]dgV Za Y^cZgd Zc VgiZ! c^ k^ZcZc V aVh Zmedh^X^dcZh! edgfjZ Xdbd aV XdbegV Zh jcV Xdbejah^ c! hZ Y^XZc ´n h^ bZ \jhiV jc XjVYgd4 G^hVh # HZk^aaV! (% YZ dXijWgZ YZ '%%-

bjhÄ6 ´N 8DBD K:>H A6 H>IJ68>âC 68IJ6A 9:A B:G869D 9:A 6GI:4 :#6# :hV Zh jcV XdcXajh^ c ^ciZgZhVciZ# :hiV ZcigZk^hiV hZ ]VXZ V (% YZ dXijWgZ YZa '%%- n Zc :heV V! Vh fjZ nV ]Zbdh k^hid aVh Y^ÒXjaiVYZh fjZ VigVk^ZhV aV ZXdcdb V#


*' BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

DIGDH :HE68>DH!

DIGDH BD9:ADH !

DIGD B:G869D H6A6 9: ZHI6G! ADH 8A6K:A:H! A6 C6K: HE68>6A! BDCI6C6 H=DE <6AA:GN ;didh XdckZghVX^ c/ <dcoVad EdhVYV#


*(

;G:CI: 6A BD9:AD 8AÛH>8D 9: <6A:GÞ6

9: 6GI: EG>K696! A6H CJ:K6H 8DC8:E8>DC:H 9: AD 6GIÞHI>8D =6C :M><>9D 6 B:CJ9D JC E:G;>A 9: :HE68>D E6G6 A6 8G:68>âC! :M=>7>8>âC N 8DB:G8>6A>O68>âC 9:A 6GI: FJ: GDBEÞ6 :A B6G8D IG69>8>DC6A# A6 :H8:C6 6C96AJO6 :B:G<:CI: :HIÛ 9:BDHIG6C9D :C ADH åAI>BDH 6xDH JC6 CDI67A: >CFJ>:IJ9 6A G:HE:8ID! EDG :HD bjhÄ6 =6 FJ:G>9D G:JC>G 6 6A<JCDH 9: HJH BÛH 9:HI6869DH G:EG:H:CI6CI:H :C HJH EÛ<>C6H! 96C9D I:HI>BDC>D 9: JC 9>ÛAD<D >C8:H6CI: N CJC86 8:GG69D 9:H9: A6 >C:K>I67A: BJAI>EA>8>969 9: HJH :C;DFJ:H# 6A:?6C9GD 9JGÛC N E6IG>8>6 GJ>O ADH 8A6K:A:H ! G6BâC 96K>9 H6A6 9: ZHI6G ! 8G>HI>C6 7:C96A6/ BDCI6C6 H=DE <6AA:GN N ?J6C G6BâC 76G76C8=D A6 C6K: HE68>6A ! 96C I:HI>BDC>D 9: JC6 68I>K>969 FJ: H: G:>CK:CI6 6 HÞ B>HB6 :C 8696 E6HD#

bjhÄ6 8DBD 6GG6CFJ: 9: A6 8DCK:GH68>âC! FJ>OÛ 6A A:8IDG

A: >CI:G:H6GÞ6 H67:G EG>B:GD :A E:G;>A 9: KJ:HIGDH G:HE:8I>KDH EGDN:8IDH FJ: D;G:8:C JC6 6AI:GC6I>K6 6 A6 IÞE>86 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: 8DCI:BEDGÛC:D EG>K696#

]VXZ h^ZiZ V dh Za eVcdgVbV ZhiVWV bjn Y^[ X^a# 6]dgV eVgZXZ fjZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh Zhi{c bdk^ cYdhZ jc edXd b{h Zc gZhejZhiV V aV ^cbZchV eZghZkZgVcX^V YZ adh Vgi^hiVh YZ HZk^aaV#

6A:?6C9GD 9JGÛC :a egdnZXid Adh 8aVkZaZh cd Zh jc ZheVX^d

[ h^Xd! Zh bVh W^Zc jc ZheVX^d k^gijVa lll#adhXaVkZaZh# ^c[d Zc Za XjVa igViVbdh YZ gZXd\Zg jcV ^c[dgbVX^ c Wg^cYVYV edg digdh XdbeV Zgdh V c^kZa YZ YdXjbZciVX^ c# IVcid EVig^X^V Xdbd nd ]Zbdh ZhiVYd k^cXjaVYdh V digVh egdejZhiVh! VjcfjZ V]dgV ZhiVbdh XZcigVYdh Zc Adh 8aVkZaZh YZhYZ ]VXZ b{h YZ Ydh V dh# E6IG>8>6 GJ>O :cigZ aVh ZmeZg^ZcX^Vh fjZ ]Zbdh YZhVggdaaVYd Zc ZheVX^dh VaiZgcVi^kdh! YZhiVXVbdh aV YZ ]VXZ jcdh V dh Vfj Zc HZk^aaV Xdc :heVX^d 8db c n &* =dgVh YZ :heVX^d! YdcYZ YZhVggdaaVbdh jcV egdejZhiV YZ Xdck^kZcX^V YjgVciZ Ydh ÒcZh YZ hZbVcV# 8gZVg jc ZheVX^d Xdb c eVgV Za YZhVggdaad YZ idYVh aVh Y^hX^ea^cVh Vgi hi^XVh! YVcYd aj\Vg V jc ZcXjZcigd bjn ^ciZgZhVciZ YZ Vgi^hiVh YZ Y^[ZgZciZ cYdaZ# :hV [jZ aV ZmeZg^ZcX^V Xdc aV fjZ XdbZcoVbdh n fjZ ÒcVa^o edgfjZ cdh [j^bdh YZ aV X^jYVY# 6#9# >\jVabZciZ eVh Xdc I]Z 7a^cY BVc! fjZ Yjg igZh

V dh n ÒcVa^o jcV kZo hVa^bdh YZ HZk^aaV Zc Za '%%(# :c aV VXijVa^YVY! VeVgiZ YZ Xdci^cjVg Xdc Adh 8aVkZaZh! ]Zbdh XdbZcoVYd digV ^c^X^Vi^kV Zc KVaZcX^V YZhVggdaaVcYd jc egdnZXid h^b^aVg V HVaV YZ ZHiVg! HVaV aV EZggZgV! YZ ]ZX]d iZcZbdh Za gZ[ZgZciZ YZ HVaV YZ ZHiVg Xdbd jc bdYZad V hZ\j^g! YdcYZ aV \Zhi^ c Zhi{ V XVg\d YZ Y^Zo Vgi^hiVh! YZ adh fjZ X^cXd YZ Zaadh hdc VcYVajXZh# E#G# :c gZ[ZgZcX^V V aVh Zmedh^X^dcZh fjZ dg\Vc^oVbdh Vfj

Zc HZk^aaV! h Zh kZgYVY fjZ [jZ Xdbea^XVYd! e^Zchd fjZ

G6BâC 96K>9 HVaV YZ ZHiVg! VjcfjZ aV \ZciZ e^ZchZ fjZ ZgV jc e^hd YdcYZ hZ ]VX Vc XdhVh n fjZ ZhiVWV Zc aV XVaaZ IgV_Vcd! Zc HZk^aaV! ZgV jc \gjed YZ eZghdcVh! n cjZhigV [jcX^ c ZgV aV YZ \ZhidgZh XjaijgVaZh! YZhYZ Za '%%& ]VhiV Za '%%,! Zc Za fjZ gZVa^oVbdh idYVh aVh aVWdgZh YZ \Zhidg XjaijgVa! ]VX^ZcYd idYdh adh igVWV_dh! YZhYZ VnjYVg V aV egdYjXX^ c! dg\Vc^oVg aVh Zmedh^X^dcZh d bVciZcZg adh XdciVXidh Xdc aV egZchV! [VX^a^iVcYd aVh Zmedh^X^dcZh V adh Vgi^hiVh fjZ cdh ^ciZgZhVWVc! fjZ cdh \jhiVWVc# FjZg Vbdh d[gZXZgaZh jc ZheVX^d Y^\cd eVgV ]VXZg hj igVWV_d! eg^cX^eVabZciZ Zh Zhd# 8G>HI>C6 7:C96A6 BdciVcV H]de <VaaZgn [dgbV eVgiZ YZ jc

egdnZXid \adWVa fjZ igViV YZ VjcVg Za XdcXZeid YZ \VaZg V YZ VgiZ jgWVcd Xdc Za ZheVX^d YdcYZ XVYV Vgi^hiV ejZYZ ZcXdcigVg ad fjZ aZ Zh cZXZhVg^d# 9ZhYZ bViZg^VaZh! Xdbd ejZYZc hZg hegVnh! gdijaVYdgZh ZheZX^Va^oVYdh! ]VhiV gdeV YZ Vjidg! d jc a^Wgd hdWgZ VgiZ jgWVcd d Y^hZ d# 6 Y V YZ ]dn! ZhiVbdh egZhZciZh Zc 7VgXZadcV! 8]^XV\d! BdcieZaa^Zg! 7gjhZaVh! 6bhiZgYVb! KVaZcX^V! 7jZcdh 6^gZh! n edg hjejZhid! HZk^aaV# :h ^bedgiVciZ eVgV cdhdigdh ]VXZg ]^cXVe^ Zc fjZ hdbdh ZmXajh^kVbZciZ jcV \VaZg V YZ VgiZ jgWVcd! aV c^XV Zc Za hjg YZ :jgdeV# ?J6CÄG6BâC 76G76C8=D 6XijVabZciZ XddgY^cd aV egd\gVbVX^ c YZ AV CVkZ HeVX^Va! jc ZheVX^d eVgV Za VgiZ n aV XjaijgV XdciZbedg{cZV Zc HZk^aaV# AV ^YZV YZ ]VXZg


*) BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

HVaV YZ ZHiVg# HZk^aaV#

AV CVkZ HeVX^Va hjg\^ ZcigZ Gdgd 7dg_Vcd n nd eVgV ]VXZg Zmedh^X^dcZh n VXi^k^YVYZh Y^[ZgZciZh V aVh fjZ hZ ]VXZc ]VW^ijVabZciZ Zc jcV \VaZg V YZ VgiZ d Zc jc bjhZd#

iZ YVh XjZciV YZ fjZ Za egdnZXid YZ HVaV YZ ZHiVg [jZ bjX]d b{h ^bedgiVciZ YZ ad fjZ aV \ZciZ Va eg^cX^e^d eZchVWV#

9Zcigd YZ adh egdnZXidh YZ AV CVkZ Zhi{c aVh gZaVX^dcZh Xdc aV \ZciZ! Zc eg^bZg aj\Vg Xdc aV \ZciZ YZa WVgg^d! n eVgV Zhd ZhiVbdh igVWV_VcYd Zc jcV hZg^Z YZ iVaaZgZh! k^h^iVh \j^VYVh n egdnZXidh Xdc Za XdaZ\^d YZ aV odcV! Xdc Za fjZ nV ZhiVbdh igVWV_VcYd#

bjhÄ6 ´8âBD HJ7H>HI:C :8DCâB>86B:CI: ADH :HE68>DH

:h jc ZheVX^d eg^kVYd! eZgd iVbW^ c hdbdh XdchX^ZciZh YZ fjZ XdciVbdh Xdc Y^cZgd e Wa^Xd# :c gZ[ZgZcX^V V HVaV YZ ZHiVg! YZhYZ Za ejcid YZ k^hiV YZ Xdb^hVg^d n Xg i^Xd YZ VgiZ! bZ \jhiVg V VejciVg fjZ Va eg^cX^e^d ad eZgX^W Vbdh Xdbd jc ZheVX^d XjnV Òadhd[ V ZgV/ ÆXdbd hdbdh _ kZcZh n cd cdh ZmedcZ cVY^Z! cdh ZmedcZbdh cdhdigdh b^hbdhÇ0 eZgd gZhjai jc igVWV_d ZmigVdgY^cVg^d fjZ! hdWgZ idYd! VegZX^Vh XjVcYd i^ZcZh aV edh^W^a^YVY YZ k^V_Vg [jZgV YZ :heV V! ZheZX^VabZciZ V aj\VgZh YdcYZ hZ Zhi{ k^ZcYd Za VgiZ YZ digV bVcZgV! Xdbd hdc 7Zga c n AdcYgZh0

6AI:GC6I>KDH4 G#9# :c HVaV YZ ZHiVg iZc Vbdh jcV [dgbVX^ c Xdbd Vgi^hiVh fjZ cdh egdedgX^dcVWV X^ZgiV V\^a^YVY eVgV dg\Vc^oVg jcV Zmedh^X^ c# EZgd cdh [VaiVWV aV eVgiZ [jcX^dcVa! edg Z_Zbead! X bd eZY^g jcV hjWkZcX^ c# :c eg^cX^e^d hZ Vjid\Zhi^dcVWV/ XVYV jcd edc V Y^cZgd YZ hj Wdah^aad# H^ZbegZ ]Zbdh h^Yd Zc idgcd V jcVh h^ZiZ eZghdcVh! ]V ^Yd ZcigVcYd n hVa^ZcYd \ZciZ cjZkV! n nV Zc aV ai^bV ZiVeV! Xdc aV ZmeZg^ZcX^V! ijk^bdh jcV VnjYV YZa VnjciVb^Zcid! jcV VnjYV YZ >c^X^VgiZ! n ajZ\d digV YZ 8V_V HVc ;ZgcVcYd# EZgd Zhd hjedc V Vegdm^bVYVbZciZ jc &* edg X^Zcid YZ idYd ad fjZ hZ ]V \VhiVYd YjgVciZ adh h^ZiZ V dh# EZgd WjZcd! Zc gZVa^YVY iVbedXd Zh jcV XjZhi^ c YZ Y^cZgd! h^cd b{h W^Zc YZ i^Zbed# =Zbdh \VhiVYd b{h i^Zbed fjZ Y^cZgd#


**

HVaV YZ ZHiVg# HZk^aaV#

bjhÄ6 ´K:C9Þ6>H :C H6A6 9: ZHI6G4 G#9# Cd! cd hZ kZcY V# H^ZbegZ hZ ]VXZ jcV egZk^h^ c! h^

hZ kZcY V! fjZ cjcXV hZ kZcY^ ! ZgV idYd eVgV Za Vgi^hiV! cd WVbdh V hZg bZY^VYdgZh# :h jcV VhdX^VX^ c h^c {c^bd YZ ajXgd# 6#9# Cdh eVhV jc edXd Xdbd aZh ejZYZ eVhVg V AV CVkZ! d V HVaV YZ ZHiVg Zc ZhZ Vhjcid! eVgV Za egdnZXid ]Zbdh gZX^W^Yd VnjYV edg eVgiZ YZ kVg^Vh ^chi^ijX^dcZh! Va\jcVh YZ ZaaVh V igVk h YZ aV [jcYVX^ c YdcYZ hZ VXd\^ aV Zmedh^X^ c# Cdhdigdh! YZhYZ Adh 8aVkZaZh! ad fjZ eaVciZVbdh Zh jcV aVWdg YZ YdXjbZciVX^ c! n jcV aVWdg YZ Y^[jh^ c V igVk h YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh n YZa edgiVa lZW# AV eg^bZgV Zmedh^X^ c aV YZhVggdaaVbdh Zc KVaZcX^V! n ijk^bdh aV hjZgiZ YZ XdciVXiVg Xdc jcV [jcYVX^ c eg^kVYV fjZ VXd\^ Za egdnZXid Xdc jcV hZg^Z YZ XdcY^X^dcZh Xdbd Zh a \^Xd# 6 c Vh ! Zc adh Ydh V dh YZ \Zhi^ c eVgV bdciVg ZhiV Zmedh^X^ c n aaZkVg V XVWd Za edgiVa lZW ]Zbdh iZc^Yd fjZ ji^a^oVg Y^cZgd egde^d XdchiVciZbZciZ# AjZ\d! nV V

aV ]dgV YZ eaVciZVg aV Zmedh^X^ c! h fjZ ]Zbdh gZX^W^Yd aV XdaVWdgVX^ c YZ aV ?jciV YZ 6cYVajX V edg eVgiZ YZ >c^X^VgiZ! YZa B^c^hiZg^d YZ 8jaijgV d YZ aV <ZcZgVa^iVi n Za 6_jciVbZci YZ KVaZcX^V n! Zc digdh XVhdh! ^ciZgXVbW^dh Zc ZheZX^Zh! edg YZX^gad YZ Va\jcV bVcZgV! Xdc 6giZ 9^Zo! Za edgiVa YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd# GZVabZciZ! adh \Vhidh fjZ ]VW V Zc Za egdnZXid ]Vc h^Yd ^cÒc^iVh ]dgVh YZY^XVYVh! \Zhi^ c YZ k^V_Zh! aaVbVYVh YZ iZa [dcd½! hVXg^ÒXVYd eZgd hVi^h[VXidg^d# E#G# 8dbd YZX V GVb c! XVh^ idYd ad fjZ aaVbVbdh Y^cZgd

Va ÒcVa Zh i^Zbed# =Vc h^Yd Ydh V dh YZ i^Zbed ^ckZgi^Yd fjZ cd ]V h^Yd gZbjcZgVYd Zc c^c\ c bdbZcid! n Za Y^cZgd fjZ hZ ]V edY^Yd gZX^W^g ad ]Zbdh ^ckZgi^Yd Zc Za egdnZXid# :hid Zh edh^i^kd! Zhi{ bjn W^Zc edgfjZ! edg jc aVYd! igVWV_Vh Xdc bjX]V a^WZgiVY n cd i^ZcZh c^c\ c i^ed YZ XdcY^X^ c! eZgd XaVgd! edg digd aVYd iZ ^be^YZ Xdbd Vgi^hiV ÅZc ZhiV gZjc^ c hdbdh XVh^ idYdh Vgi^hiVhÅ YZhVggdaaVg ij igVWV_d# :h Xdbea^XVYd#


*+ BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

6A:?6C9GD 9JGÛC

:A EGDN:8ID ADH 8A6K:A:H CD :H JC :HE68>D ;ÞH>8D! :H B6H 7>:C JC :HE68>D K>GIJ6A :C :A 8J6A IG6I6BDH 9: G:8D<:G JC6 >C;DGB68>âC 7G>C9696 EDG DIGDH 8DBE6x:GDH 6 C>K:A 9: 9D8JB:CI68>âC G6BâC 96K>9

JC :HE68>D 6AI:GC6I>KD 9:7:GÞ6 I:C:G ;A:M>7>A>969 E6G6 >BEGDK>H6G 8DH6H 8G>HI>C6 7:C96A6

HDBDH <6A:GÞ6 N I>:C96! N <G68>6H 6 :HID! :H EDG AD FJ: ED9:BDH B6CI:C:G CJ:HIGD 86A:C96G>D 9: :MEDH>8>DC:H ?J6CÄG6BâC 76G76C8=D

HDC :HE68>DH FJ: CD HDC G:CI67A:H# I: EA6CI:6H 9:H9: JC EG>B:G BDB:CID FJ: Iå CD K6H 6 K:C9:G AV CVkZ HeVX^Va# HZk^aaV#

?#G#7# Hdc ZheVX^dh fjZ cd hdc gZciVWaZh# IZ eaVciZVh YZhYZ

jc eg^bZg bdbZcid fjZ i cd kVh V kZcYZg# ;dgodhVbZciZ i^ZcZc fjZ ZhiVg Za :hiVYd d aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh YZig{h YZ Zhidh ZheVX^dh VaiZgcVi^kdh! h^ZbegZ n XjVcYd Zhdh ZheVX^dh VaiZgcVi^kdh iZc\Vc jc ^ciZg h# G#9# Jc ZheVX^d VaiZgcVi^kd YZWZg V iZcZg ÓZm^W^a^YVY eVgV ^begdk^hVg XdhVh! eVgV VegdkZX]Vg XdhVh fjZ hjXZYZc Zc aV X^jYVY edg jc eZg^dYd Xdgid n eVgV aVh fjZ cd ]Vn jc ZheVX^d# 8#7# 8dbd nV ]Zbdh XdbZciVYd! hdbdh \VaZg V n i^ZcYV! n

\gVX^Vh V Zhid! Zh edg ad fjZ edYZbdh bVciZcZg cjZhigd XVaZcYVg^d YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh! ejZhid fjZ igVh Ydh V dh n bZY^d cd ]Zbdh gZX^W^Yd c^c\jcV VnjYV YZhYZ jc dg\Vc^hbd e Wa^Xd# Cdhdigdh! VeVgiZ YZ \VaZg^hiVh! hdbdh Vgi^hiVh! n igViVbdh V fj^ZcZh ZmedcZc Xdc cdhdigdh Xdbd ^\jVaZh! eV\Vbdh aV ejWa^X^YVY! Za igVchedgiZ YZ aV dWgV! aVh Y^ZiVh! aV ZhiVcX^V### :h Xdbea^XVYd YZ bVciZcZg! Zc 6cYVajX V ZhiZ i^ed YZ VgiZ Vjc cd i^ZcZ Za gZXdcdX^b^Zcid fjZ i^ZcZ Zc bjX]Vh eVgiZh YZ :jgdeV! :hiVYdh Jc^Ydh d ?Ve c# G#9# NV! cd hZ igViV YZ ZbegZhVg^dh ejgdh n Yjgdh! hdc Vgi^hiVh#

6#9# BZ eVgZXZ V b fjZ hdc jcV XdhV Xdbd adh ZheVX^dh fjZ edYZbdh kZg Zc digdh eV hZh/ jcV eZajfjZg V fjZ Zh jcV hVaV YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh½ ´edg fj cd4! YZeZcYZ iVbW^ c YZ adh dW_Zi^kdh fjZ hZ WjhXVc n YZa e Wa^Xd Va fjZ hZ Y^g^\Z Za ZheVX^d# ?#G#7# :c digdh eV hZh h fjZ [jcX^dcV bjX]d b{h ZhZ i^ed

YZ ZheVX^dh fjZ XdbW^cVc Y^[ZgZciZh [jcX^dcZh# 8#7# BjX]Vh eZghdcVh cd XdbegZcYZc Za edg fj jcV

\VaZg V kV jc^YV V jcV i^ZcYV! d fjZ Za ÆiVg\ZiÇ YZ cjZhigd e Wa^Xd kVnV YZhYZ adh &% ]VhiV adh -% V dh! hdbdh jcV \VaZg V Vi e^XV# ?#G#7# Cd XgZd fjZ hZV egdWaZbV YZ fjZ kdhdigdh dh eaVciZ ^h X bd hZ ejZYZ ]VXZg eVgV XdckZcXZg V aV \ZciZ YZ fjZ Zh jc egdnZXid YZ \VaZg V hZg^d! edgfjZ XjVcYd igVZh V BdciVcV V \ZciZ fjZ ]V igVWV_VYd Zc aV IViZ BdYZgc! e^ZchVh fjZ cd Zh cZXZhVg^d Zmea^XVg fjZ Zh jc igVWV_d hZg^d# bjhÄ6 N N6 FJ: BJ8=DH 9: KDHDIGDH HD>H 6GI>HI6H N

69:BÛH IG676?Û>H 8DC 6GI>HI6H ´FJw G:A68>âC H: EGD9J8: 8DC ADH 6GI>HI6H FJ: AA:<6C 6 :MEDC:G :C KJ:HIGDH :HE68>DH4 ´>C;AJN: A6 ;DGB68>âC FJ: I>:C: :A 6GI>HI64


*,

EgdnZXid YZ adh 8aVkZaZh Zc aV ;jcYVX^ c 8]^g^kZaaV Hdg^Vcd YZ KVaZcX^V#

?#G#7# >cÓjnZ YZ jcV bVcZgV VWhdajiVbZciZ YZX^h^kV n gVY^XVa# 6 adh Vgi^hiVh cd hZ aZh ZchZ V Zc aVh [VXjaiVYZh fj Zh jcV Zmedh^X^ c! X bd hZ ]VXZ! cd hZ aZh ZchZ V V ]VXZg jc egZhjejZhid# C^ Zc 7ZaaVh 6giZh c^ Zc =^hidg^V YZa 6giZ# :cidcXZh! iVcid cdhdigdh ÅXjVcYd Y^\d cdhdigdh Y^\d aV eVgiZ iZ g^XV Xdbd aV b{h gZaVX^dcVYV Xdc aV \Zhi^ cÅ Xdbd adh Vgi^hiVh ]Zbdh iZc^Yd fjZ VegZcYZg idYd igdeZoVcYd b^a kZXZh n VkVcoVcYd YZgZX]d jcV kZo#

AjZ\d! Zc Za XVhd YZa egdnZXid YZ AV CVkZ! aV ZmeZg^ZcX^V ]V h^Yd bjX]d b{h igVcfj^aV! edgfjZ ]Z edY^Yd igVWV_Vg Xdc GV[VZa 6\gZYVcd fjZ Zh jc Vgi^hiV fjZ i^ZcZ nV jcV ZmeZg^ZcX^V! n jc Vgi^hiV Xdc Za fjZ Zh bjn [{X^a igVWV_Vg Zc ZhiZ hZci^Yd n edg hjejZhid Xdc adh ÆVgi^hiVh YZ AV CVkZÇ! fjZ cd hdc YZ AV CVkZ Zc Za hZci^Yd fjZ hZ Y^XZ Vgi^hiVh YZ jcV \VaZg V h^cd fjZ eVgi^X^eVc VXi^kVbZciZ Zc Za egdnZXid! Xdbd Gdggd 7Zg_Vcd n BVgXdh ;Zgc{cYZo! adh b{h Y^gZXiVbZciZ ^bea^XVYdh! ;Za^eZ DgiZ\V V fj^Zc hZ aZ dXjgg^ Za cdbWgZ ! 6cidc^d n EZYgd <dYdn! GZnZh YZ AV AVhigV! B^\jZa HdaZg! HZaZ`V n AVjgV 8VakVggd! fjZ ]Vc eVgi^X^eVYd Zc Za eg^bZg egdnZXid# G#9# :a ^YZVa YZ Vgi^hiV ]V ZkdajX^dcVYd bjX]d! n

hj [dgbVX^ c cd Xdch^hiZ hdaVbZciZ Zc XgZVg hj

egde^V dWgV! kV bjX]d b{h Vaa{/ Y^hZ Vg Za ÓnZg YZ hj Zmedh^X^ c! iZcZg gZaVX^dcZh Xdc aV egZchV! hVWZg YZhbdciVg aVh Zmedh^X^dcZh# whVh ZgVc aVh iVgZVh fjZ ]VX Vbdh Zc HVaV YZ ZHiVg! ZgV XVh^ Xdbd hZg jc \Zhidg XjaijgVa# 6#9# Nd XgZd fjZ ZhiZ i^ed YZ [dgbVX^ c fjZ XdbZci{^h Zhi{ b{h a^\VYV V aV ZmeZg^ZcX^V Y^gZXiV n Xdc Za eZgÒa YZ jcV eZghdcV! cd idYdh adh Vgi^hiVh hVWZc ]VXZg YZ idYd! Zh a \^Xd! ad c^Xd fjZ hjXZYZ Zh fjZ aVh XVgZcX^Vh YZa bZY^d iZ dWa^\Vc V VegZcYZg# G#9# :c HVaV YZ ZHiVg h^ ]VW V Y^cZgd! hZ \VhiVWV Zc egdYjXX^ c! n Za Vgi^hiV! bjX]Vh kZXZh! h^ cd ]VW V Y^cZgd! iZc V fjZ edcZgad eVgV ZmedcZg hj dWgV# EZgd h^ZbegZ aZ ]Zbdh VnjYVYd# bjhÄ6 ´E:GD A: =67w>H 6NJ969D 8DC KJ:HIGD 9>C:GD4 G#9# 8dc cjZhigd Y^cZgd! n h^ZbegZ ]V ]VW^Yd jc [daaZid0 aZ Y{WVbdh aV W^ZckZc^YV n hZ aZ igViVWV Xdbd jc egd[Zh^dcVa# CjcXV ]V kZc^Yd cVY^Z Zm^\^ZcYd# E#G# 8aVgd fjZ Za igVid ZcigZ Za Vgi^hiV n adh ZheVX^dh

VaiZgcVi^kdh Zh Y^hi^cid Va igVid ZcigZ Za Vgi^hiV n aV \VaZg V! Xdc aV \VaZg V hZ idXVc iZbVh ZXdc b^Xdh


*- BJH"6 A6 <6A:GĂž6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

BdciVcV H]de <VaaZgn# HZk^aaV# ;did/ HZg\^d >WVggV#

dWa^\Vidg^VbZciZ fjZ ejZYZc XgZVg b{h XdcĂ“^Xidh# Hjedc\d fjZ Zc Za ZheVX^d VaiZgcVi^kd hZ \jVgYV b{h jcV ^ajh^‹c YZh^ciZgZhVYV edg Za VgiZ fjZ Zh bjn ^ciZgZhVciZ n nd Y^g†V fjZ dWa^\Vidg^d# =VWg†V fjZ bVi^oVg bjX]d! eZgd XjVcYd Za Vgi^hiV igViV Xdc digd Vgi^hiV ad cdgbVa Zh fjZ aV Xdbjc^XVX^‹c hZV b{h Ă“j^YV# FjZ jc Vgi^hiV kVadgZ Za igVWV_d YZ digd Vgi^hiV XgZd fjZ Zh ad b{h hVi^h[VXidg^d Zc ZhiV egd[Zh^‹c# bjhĂ„6 ´8âBD :H! H> A6 =6N! KJ:HIG6 G:A68>âC 8DC A6H

<6A:GĂž6H4 G#9# Nd XgZd fjZ h^ZbegZ fjZ hZ eaVciZV jc ZheVX^d

VaiZgcVi^kd! eVgZXZ fjZ Zh Va\d ZmXajnZciZ eVgV aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh d aVh \VaZg†Vh0 Zhd Zh jc Zggdg# IdYV X^jYVY! h^ fj^ZgZ iZcZg jc bdk^b^Zcid XjaijgVa! cZXZh^iV V aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh! V aVh \VaZg†Vh n V adh ZheVX^dh VaiZgcVi^kdh0 hdc Y^[ZgZciZh k^h^dcZh! cd Zh fjZ jcV XdhV hZV bZ_dg V aV digV#

?#G#7# 8jVcYd hZ igViV YZ Y^Vad\Vg Xdc aVh \VaZg†Vh! iÂ?! Xdbd ZheVX^d VaiZgcVi^kd! iZ i^ZcZh fjZ hZciVg V ]VWaVg Xdc Zaadh! n Vfj† k^ZcZ Za egdWaZbV ´Y‹cYZ Zhi{c aVh \VaZg†Vh n Y‹cYZ Zhi{c adh \VaZg^hiVh4 Cd ]Vn jcV eZghdcV eVgV hZciVgiZ n edg Z_Zbead ]VXZg jc egdnZXid Xdc_jcid ZcigZ jcV \VaZg†V n jc ZheVX^d VaiZgcVi^kd! edg Z_Zbead Xdc jc b^hbd Vgi^hiV/ aV \VaZg†V Zmedc^ZcYd jcV dWgV! Y^\Vbdh Æb{h XdbZgX^VaÇ! n Za ZheVX^d VaiZgcVi^kd fjZ eZgb^iV Va Vgi^hiV YZhVggdaaVg jc egdnZXid b{h Vgg^Zh\VYd! fjZ cd cZXZh^iV [dgodhVbZciZ kZcYZg# 6#9# :hidn eZchVcYd Zc KVaZcX^V n X‹bd [jcX^dcV0 hZ eaVciZVc

igVWV_dh ig^Vc\jaVgZh Xdc adh Vgi^hiVh! adh ZheVX^dh VaiZgcVi^kdh n aVh \VaZg†Vh# Cd hZ eaVciZV Va\d fjZ hZV Zc[gZciVYd! h^cd fjZ hZ Zhi{ WjhXVcYd jcV h^cidc†V Xdbjc^XVi^kV# E#G# HZ hjedcZ fjZ aV \VaZg†V i^ZcZ fjZ iZcZg jc Vbdg Va VgiZ

bjn \gVcYZ edgfjZ jcV \VaZg†V Zh bjn Y^[†X^a YZ aaZkVg iVbW^‚c#


*.

BdciVcV H]de <VaaZgn# HZk^aaV# ;did/ HZg\^d >WVggV#

:be^Zod V eZchVg fjZ idYd ad fjZ gdYZV Va VgiZ Zh h^ZbegZ Vgg^Zh\VYd! edg ad fjZ V]dgV gZheZid bjX]d Za hZXidg! fj^o{h bZi^YV Zc b^ ZhijY^d cd ad ]VWg V k^hid YZ ZhV bVcZgV# G#9# 8dbd ZheVX^d VaiZgcVi^kd! cd ]Zbdh iZc^Yd c^c\jcV gZaVX^ c Xdc \VaZg Vh! c^ eVgV W^Zc! c^ eVgV bVa! cd aV ]Zbdh cZXZh^iVYd# :aadh ]Vc kZc^Yd V kZg aVh Zmedh^X^dcZh! edgfjZ aZh ^ciZgZhVWVc! eZgd ]Zbdh igViVYd Xdc Za Vgi^hiV0 h^ Za Vgi^hiV iZc V fjZ YVg Zmea^XVX^dcZh V aV \VaZg V ]V h^Yd a fj^Zc ]V XdciVXiVYd Xdc ZaaV# Nd XgZd fjZ cd ]Vn cZXZh^YVY YZ Zc[gZciVb^Zcid! jcV XdaVWdgVX^ c ZhiVg V W^Zc! eZgd iVbedXd ad kZd ^cY^heZchVWaZ# 6#9# :a egdnZXid YZ jcV \VaZg V ejZYZ iZcZg Ydh kZgi^ZciZh/ jcV Zhi{ YZhVggdaaVYV eVgV jcV \VaZg V n digV eVgV jc ZheVX^d VaiZgcVi^kd! Ydh aj\VgZh fjZ hZ XdbeaZbZciVc n hZ Zcg^fjZXZc bjijVbZciZ# 8jVcYd ]VWaVbdh YZ XdaVWdgVX^ c Xdc aVh \VaZg Vh cdh

gZ[Zg^bdh V XdaVWdgVX^dcZh cd ZXdc b^XVh! h^cd YZ Vednd V egdnZXidh# N edg digd aVYd XgZd fjZ Zh ^bedgiVciZ hdWgZ idYd WjhXVg gZaVX^dcZh n Zc aV bZY^YV YZ ad edh^WaZ cd a^b^iVgcdh# E#G# HZ h^\jZ iZc^ZcYd e^cijgV edgfjZ kZcYZ! ]Vn edXVh

\VaZg Vh fjZ edc\Vc jcV dWgV edgfjZ gZVabZciZ XgZVc Zc Za Vgi^hiV! eZgd XgZd fjZ aVh ]Vn# Fj^o{h ]VWg V fjZ Y^[ZgZcX^Vg b{h aV aVWdg YZa ZheVX^d VaiZgcVi^kd n aV YZ aV \VaZg V! cd hdad Zc ad ZXdc b^Xd# H^c ZbWVg\d! aV ^YZV fjZ iZc\d YZ ad fjZ YZW^ZgV hZg aV \VaZg V YZ VgiZ hZ eVgZXZ bjX]d V aV ^YZV YZ ZheVX^d VaiZgcVi^kd# 8#7# H^ kVh V jcV \VaZg V n aV \VaZg V i^ZcZ hj edgXZciV_Z YZ Xdb^h^ c! i^ZcZ fjZ ZcXVg\VghZ V XVbW^d YZ ]VXZg jcV hZg^Z YZ XdhVh# =Vn \VaZg Vh fjZ h i^ZcZc bjX] h^bdh \Vhidh! eZgd ad fjZ cd kVh V ]VXZg Zh ZcigVg Zc jcV \VaZg V


+% BJH"6 A6 <6A:GÞ6 9: 6GI: N ADH :HE68>DH 6AI:GC6I>KDH

?J6CÄG6BâC 76G76C8=D

6 ADH 6GI>HI6H CD H: A:H :CH:x6 :C A6H ;68JAI69:H FJw :H JC6 :MEDH>8>âC G6BâC 96K>9

:A >9:6A 9: 6GI>HI6 =6 :KDAJ8>DC69D BJ8=D! N HJ ;DGB68>âC CD 8DCH>HI: HDA6B:CI: :C 8G:6G HJ EGDE>6 D7G6

?#G#7# 9Z bdbZcid! aVh \gVcYZh \VaZg Vh ^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh Zhi{c XVbW^VcYd aV ZhigViZ\^V! edgfjZ ^cXajhd [ h^XVbZciZ adh ZheVX^dh YZ Zmedh^X^ c hdc bjX]d b{h eZfjZ dh fjZ adh ZheVX^dh YZ \Zhi^ c n YZ igVWV_d# AV \VaZg V Xdbd aj\Vg h^beaZbZciZ YZ Zmedh^X^ c Zhi{ aaVbVYV V YZhVeVgZXZg edgfjZ cd XjbeaZ [jcX^ c c^c\jcV# HZ XdckZgi^g{c Zc \gVcYZh n WjZcdh YZheVX]dh YZ \Zhi^ c! YdcYZ i^ZcZc jc ZheVX^d eVgV ZchZ Vg aV dWgV YZ adh Vgi^hiVh fjZ gZegZhZciVc n igVWV_Vc eVgV edcZg Zc XdciVXid Vgi^hiVh! XdaZXX^dc^hiVh Z ^chi^ijX^dcZh# bjhÄ6 ´N KJ:HIG6 G:A68>âC 8DC A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H4 ?#G#7# H^c VnjYVh e Wa^XVh jc ZheVX^d VaiZgcVi^kd Zh

^bedh^WaZ# H^c aV VnjYV YZ >c^X^VgiZ AV CVkZ HeVX^Va c^ hZ ]jW^ZgV XgZVYd# ?#G#7# Edg Zhd YZX V Va eg^cX^e^d fjZ cdhdigdh ]Zbdh

Xdc jc edgXZciV_Z iVc ^cbZchd n ZcX^bV iZcZg fjZ edcZgiZ i V ]VXZg idYd Za igVWV_d YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c# ?#G#7# 8aVgd! Vh Zh X^cXjZciV edg X^Zcid YZ ij igVWV_d V

XVbW^d YZ cVYV# :hd cd Zh jcV \VaZg V YZ VgiZ! Zh jcV i^ZcYV YZ XjVYgdh0 h^ ejh^ZgVc jc Zh[jZgod Zc aaVbVg V aVh XdhVh Xdbd hdc! ZhiVg Vbdh Zc aV b^hbV h^ijVX^ c eZgd Va bZcdh cdh ZciZcYZg Vbdh bZ_dg# E#G# 7jZcd! XgZd fjZ adh ZheVX^dh VaiZgcVi^kdh cVXZc edg

kVg^dh bdi^kdh/ edg cZXZh^YVY YZ adh Vgi^hiVh! edgfjZ aVh \VaZg Vh cd YVc b{h YZ h^! d edgfjZ ]Vn jc egdnZXid XdcXgZid n \VcVh YZ YZhVggdaaVgad# EZgd Zh jcV Xdbea^XVX^ c b{h eVgV Za Vgi^hiV iZcZg fjZ YZY^XVg iVcid i^Zbed V \Zhi^dcVg hj igVWV_d# >ckdajXgVgbZ Zc aV \Zhi^ c ]VXZ fjZ gZheZiZ bjX]d b{h Za igVWV_d YZ adh egd[Zh^dcVaZh YZa hZXidg n! edg digd aVYd! bZ ]VXZ eZchVg Zc aV XVci^YVY YZ XdhVh fjZ edYZbdh ]VXZg adh Vgi^hiVh V cjZhigd [Vkdg# =Vn fjZ igVWV_Vg bjX]d n Zm^\^g bjX]d iVbW^ c! Zh YZX^g! kVadgVg Za igVWV_d YZ XVYV jcd# Fj^o{h Zc aV XVggZgV YZWZg V YZ ]VWZg jcV gVbV eVgV VfjZaadh fjZ fj^ZgZc YZY^XVghZ V aV \Zhi^ c YZa VgiZ! ejZh Zc bjX]Vh dXVh^dcZh eVgZXZ fjZ adh Vgi^hiVh YZbVcYVbdh XdhVh fjZ cd hVWZc YVgcdh! n Za Vgi^hiV V Òc YZ XjZciVh YZWZ YZ ZhiVg bjX]d b{h Xdch^YZgVYd# 6#9# 9Z idYVh [dgbVh iVbedXd hZ ejZYZ YZeZcYZg iVcid YZ aVh

\VaZg Vh! ]Vn fjZ ]VXZg XVb^cd n XVYV XdhV Zc hj bdbZcid# G#9# 8aVgd! eZgd Zh fjZ jc ZheVX^d VaiZgcVi^kd cd hjg\Z edg jc bVa [jcX^dcVb^Zcid YZ \VaZg Vh Zc aV X^jYVY! hjg\Z edgfjZ hZ cZXZh^iV digV k^h^ c b{h cVijgVa#

VW^Zgid AV CVkZ HeVX^Va Xdc jc hZci^Yd XdcXgZid n Xdc jc hZci^Yd hdX^Va XdcXgZid! eZgd fjZ ZhV gZhedchVW^a^YVY fjZ cdhdigdh ZciZcYZbdh fjZ iZcZbdh Zc AV CVkZ HeVX^Va Zh [jcYVbZciVabZciZ edgfjZ cdhdigdh igVWV_Vbdh Xdc Y^cZgd e Wa^Xd# G#9# Nd fj^Zgd VejciVg Va\d fjZ XgZd fjZ iVbW^ c

Zh ^bedgiVciZ Zc adh ÆZheVX^dh VaiZgcVi^kdhÇ! fjZ Zh aV ViZcX^ c Y^gZXiV Xdc Za fjZ kV# :hd Y^[ZgZcX^V bjX] h^bd V jcV ^chi^ijX^ c! jcV \VaZg V d jc bjhZd# EVgV ZbeZoVg! edg Z_Zbead! Zc aV HVaV YZ ZHiVg! h^ZbegZ ]VW V Va\j^Zc fjZ ZgV Vgi^hiV n fjZ edY V Zmea^XVg bjX]d bZ_dg aV dWgV V aV \ZciZ fjZ kZc V! ZgV idYd bjX]d b{h XZgXVcd# ?#G#7# :h XjZhi^ c YZ i^Zbed iVbW^ c fjZ aV \ZciZ hZ

VXdhijbWgZ V fjZ Zm^hiZc Zhidh h^i^dh n fjZ ]Vn \ZciZ fjZ aZh ejZYZc Zmea^XVg# G#9# Nd XgZd fjZ! Xdbd XdcXajh^ c! Zhi{ XaVgd fjZ ad ^bedgiVciZ hdc aVh ^YZVh! n fjZ bjX]Vh kZXZh cd hZ XgZVc XdhVh edg [VaiV YZ ^YZVh n cd edg [VaiV YZ Y^cZgd! edgfjZ VjcfjZ ]Vn fjZ Zm^\^gaZ V aV ^chi^ijX^ c n V ij \dW^Zgcd fjZ iZ VednZ! ad ^bedgiVciZ hdc aVh ^YZVh# IVbedXd adh ZheVX^dh [ h^Xdh! XgZVg jc ZheVX^d bV\c ÒXd! h^cd fjZ ad ^bedgiVciZ Zh fjZ aVh ^YZVh ÓjnVc n hZ ejZYVc ]VXZg gZVa^YVY! eZgd fjZ cd fjZYZ Xdc jcV hZchVX^ c YZ fjZ aVh XdhVh cd hZ ]VXZc edg [VaiV YZ Y^cZgd# 6jcfjZ Zh ^bedgiVciZ eVgV fjZ hZ ]V\V! Zhi{ XaVgd! edgfjZ idYd YZeZcYZ YZa Y^cZgd#

HZk^aaV! '( YZ dXijWgZ YZ '%%-


6C96AJ8Þ6

:B:G<:CI: ?68D7D 86HI:AA6CD ?68D D 86HI:AA6CD 96K>9 :H86ADC6 ?DH: B6GÞ6 B:AA69D B6GÞ6 ?DHw <6AA6G9D B>@> A:6A ?DHw AJ>H B6GÞC ?:HåH OJG>I6 8G>HI>C6 B6GIÞC A6G6 BE BE GDH69D B6GIÞC ;G:>G: 6C6 HDA:G O:BDH.-

E6G6 :HI: CåB:GD :HE:8>6A 9: A6 G:K>HI6! 9:9>869D 6A 6GI: :B:G<:CI: 6C96AJO! H: =6 HDA>8>I69D 6 JC6 H:G>: 9: 6GI>HI6H 6C96AJ8:H 9: BJN K6G>69D E:G;>A JC6 8DA67DG68>âC :HE:8Þ;>86# bjhÄ6 =6 D;G:8>9D :C 7A6C8D HJH EÛ<>C6H E6G6 9:H9: :AA6H ED9:G 68:G86G 9>G:8I6B:CI: 6A A:8IDG HJH G:HE:8I>KDH IG676?DH# ADH 6GI>HI6H =6C 8DCI69D 8DC IDI6A A>7:GI69 9: 68IJ68>âC :C 8J6CID 6 ADH 8DCI:C>9DH! :A:<>9DH EDG :AADH B>HBDH! I:C>:C9D EDG åC>8D AÞB>I: :A ;DGB6ID 9: A6 EJ7A>868>âC# 9:H9: 8G:68>DC:H :HE:8Þ;>86H G:6A>O696H E6G6 :HI6 D86H>âC! 6 JC6 E:8JA>6G E:GHE:8I>K6 HD7G: HJ EGDE>6 D7G6! :A EDG;DA>D 6C96AJ8Þ6 :B:G<:CI: D;G:8: 6A A:8IDG A6 EDH>7>A>969 9: JC6 86I6 IG6CHK:GH6A 6 A6 68I>K>969 8G:6I>K6 9: A6 8DBJC>969# EGDEJ:HI6H :HIwI>86H! >CI:G:H:H N K>H>7>A>969 BJN 9>HI>CIDH :C 8696 86HD E:GD FJ: KJ:AK:C 6 96G 8J:CI6 9:A :M8:A:CI: BDB:CID FJ: 6IG6K>:H6 :C :HI6 9w8696 9: ADH 9>:O A6 EAÛHI>86 6C96AJO6! 6HÞ 8DBD 9: HJ EAJG6A>969#


?68D7D 86HI:AA6CD

H^c VeaVjhd# DX]d [did\gV[ Vh WaVcXd n cZ\gd# '%%-#





96K>9 :H86ADC6 ÆEdcZgaZ jc bVgXd V aV d[ZchV n jc XjZcXd WV_d aV ]Zg^YV# GZXd\Zg aV hVc\gZ n WZW ghZaV [gZciZ Va XjVYgd# 8dbd d[gZcYV# Edg adh VXidh WjhXV Za nd VÒVcoVghZ# Edg adh VXidh Za nd Zh d[ZcY^Yd# Edg adh VXidh Za YV d# Edg adh VXidh Za XdcdX^b^Zcid# CVYV YZ ad fjZ hZ ]VXZ V X^Z\Vh Zh ^c i^a eVgV kZgÇ# 8]VciVa BV^aaVgY! [gV\bZcid YZ hj a^Wgd 9^Vg^dh ^cY^dh! :Y^idg^Va EgZÄiZmidh#





?DH: B6GÞ6 B:AA69D

8Vbed V igVk h#

>XZWZg\ >#


KVc#

AV ^haV#


:hiVX^ c YZ GVYVg Zc Za 6XVci^aVYd#

:c aV I^ZggV YZ adh :a[dh#


8VggZiZgV _jcid Va G d#

7VcXd! Eg^hb{i^Xdh n AV\d Xdc EjZhiV YZ Hda#



B6GÞ6 ?DHw <6AA6G9D




B>@> A:6A

?d]c 8dchiVWaZ V <Zdg\Z 8dchiVWaZ LZaa LVa`! =VbehiZVY! '% Y^X^ZbWgZ YZ &-((

Æ### :hidh eZYVodh YZ ÈbViZg^V k^kV bji^aVYVÉ bZ ^ciZgZhVc edg aV ]^hidg^V fjZ Xdci^ZcZc ½ Ç#





?DHw AJ>H B6GÞC

Æ:A =>?D 9: 6HI6GIwÇ :a gZhXViZ h^bW a^Xd YZ b^ ^c[VcX^V Zh b^ dW_Zi^kd Xdbd Vgi^hiV# Cd Zh hdad jcV egdejZhiV YZ igVWV_d! iVbW^ c Zh b^ WZcZÒX^d Xdbd hZg ]jbVcd ejZh XdcÒZgZ X^Zgid dgYZc n Xd]ZgZcX^V V aV Xdgg^ZciZ YZ hZchVX^dcZh! ZbdX^dcZh Z ^YZVh fjZ ÓjnZc V b^ XdcX^ZcX^V# Adh b^idh VcXZhigVaZh fjZ k^kZc Zc b^ bZbdg^V bZ XjZciVc fj^ c hdn n YZ Y cYZ kZc\d! n V XVbW^d aZh YZY^Xd eZfjZ dh VaiVgZh Zc V\gVYZX^b^Zcid# B^ bVYgZ ZgV 6hiVgi ! Y^dhV [Zc^X^V YZ aV egdXgZVX^ c n adh eaVXZgZh XVgcVaZh# GZ^cV YZa ?VgY c YZ aVh =Zhe g^YZh! gZX^W V aV k^h^iV YZ X^Zcidh YZ eZgZ\g^cdh V adh fjZ V\VhV_VWV Xdc dg\^{hi^XVh XZaZWgVX^dcZh# AVh eg^bVkZgVh VcYVajoVh n aVh bVg^hbVh YZ hj gZ^cd ZgVc [VbdhVh Zc idYd Za bjcYd bZY^iZgg{cZd# Jc ^begZX^hd Y V! nd! Za eg cX^eZ hj ]^_d! [j^ gVeiVYd n eg^kVYd YZ hj XdbeV V! n aV k^YV YZhYZ ZcidcXZh Zh jc a^bWd Zc Za fjZ b^ XVeidg ]VXZ YZ \j V# B^ Y^k^cV XdbZY^V! jc k^V_Z ^c^X^{i^Xd# 6 kZXZh XgZd kZg IVgiZhdh YZhYZ aVh iVg^bVh fjZ adh Vgi^hiVh jhVc eVgV VaoVg XjZgedh n Xde^Vgadh# 6 ZaaVh bZ hjWd V Y^Vg^d# :c ZaaVh aV YZhcjYZo Zh jc gVc\d n aV fj^ZijY Zh jc g^id YZ h^aZcX^dhV a^ijg\^V# 9^XZc fjZ ]Vc k^hid V b^ bVYgZ Zc <gZX^V n Zc GdbV# IVbW^ c Zc 7^oVcX^d# Jc eg hi^cd X^Zgkd aV VXdbeV V# Da^hfjZV Za V^gZ Zc WjhXV YZ jc gVhigd#


E{\^cV VciZg^dg! Vgg^WV/ 9jaXZ igVchXjgg^g# ;gV\bZcid# 6WV_d/ ;VXjaiVY YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh YZ HZk^aaV XaVhZ YZ bdYZad Va cVijgVa n KZhi^\^dh YZ aV 9^dhV BVYgZ edaaZgd n bVcid egdXZh^dcVa YZ YdadgdhV hZk^aaVcV # :c ZhiV e{\^cV/ :a gVeid# ;gV\bZcid# 8V_V gZiVWad Zc egdXZhd# 9dWaZ e{\^cV h^\j^ZciZ/ BVg^hbVh YZ 6hiVgiZ# ;gV\bZcid 8V_VÄgZiVWad#




?:H책H OJG>I6





8G>HI>C6 B6GIÞC A6G6 :heV V $ 7Zga c#





BE BE GDH69D EdhiVa EVgV†hd# '%%-# EdhiVaZh! [did\gV[†Vh Xdadg n WaVcXd$cZ\gd ! ^begZh^‹c Y^\^iVa n e^cijgV hdWgZ eVeZa# ) e^ZoVh YZ ,+ m *+ Xb X$j#





B6GIÞC ;G:>G:

;VaXdc Ldg` ^c egd\gZhh# >c^X^VYd Zc '%%,#


Ig^idc Ldg` ^c egd\gZhh# >c^X^VYd Zc '%%-#


<Vid ]^Yg{ja^Xd


6aeZ Y ]jZo

>ckVhdgZh YZa ZheVX^d# Ldg` ^c egd\gZhh# '%%-#


6C6 HDA:G AZkVciV aVh bVcdh n kVX ViZ# '%%.#





O:BDH.-





&&% BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

A6 8DH6 CDHIG6#

EwG:O

K>AA6AI6

B>G6 6A 6GI: ?DK:C <J>AA:GBD EwG:O K>AA6AI6 6gi^hiV

:hiZ iZmid Zh [gjid YZ aV ZY^X^ c YZ jcV ZcigZk^hiV gZVa^oVYV Za '#M>>#%- Zc HZk^aaV Va Vgi^hiV edg cjZhigV gZk^hiV! YZ V] hj idcd Xdadfj^Va! hdWgZ Za XjVa cd ]Zbdh fjZg^Yd ^ciZgkZc^g eVgV XdchZgkVg aV cVijgVaZoV dg^\^cVa#

;didh YZ aV ZcigZk^hiV/ <dcoVad EdhVYV#


&&&

I:C<D G:A68>DC:H BÛH 6;:8I>K6H! ED9:BDH 9:8>G! 8DC <:C:G68>DC:H 6AI:GC6H/ JC6 HÞ! N DIG6 CD### 8DC A6 FJ: 6=DG6 K:D :B:G<:G :C8J:CIGD BJ8=DH BÛH EJCIDH 9: 8D>C8>9:C8>6 FJ: 8DC A6 6CI:G>DG JC BDCIâC 9: G:8J:G9DH Hdn! YZhYZ bjn _dkZc! bjn Xjg^dhd! n k^h^iVciZ ]VW^ijVa YZ \VaZg Vh! edg fjZ h^ZbegZ ]Z ZhiVYd Va iVcid YZ XjVcid dXjgg V V b^ VagZYZYdg Xdbd Vgi^hiV# 6h ]V h^Yd V ad aVg\d YZ idYV b^ k^YV n ad h^\jZ h^ZcYd V]dgV0 Zh aV [dgbV bZY^VciZ aV XjVa ]Z ^Yd k^ZcYd Zmedh^X^dcZh! XdcdX^ZcYd \ZciZ! dWgVh! igVnZXidg^Vh! iZbedgVYV igVh iZbedgVYV### >cZk^iVWaZbZciZ Zhid bZ ]V eZgb^i^Yd ZhiVg Va Y V! b{h d bZcdh! Zc ad fjZ gZheZXiV V aV \ZciZ fjZ ^WV hjg\^ZcYd! aaZ\VcYd ^cXajhd V igVWVg Vb^hiVY Xdc bjX]dh YZ Zaadh! ^cXaj^Ydh adh b{h _ kZcZh d ZbZg\ZciZh# H^c ZbWVg\d! Xdc aV Jc^kZgh^YVY! Zc bViZg^V YZ ZchZ VcoVh Vgi hi^XVh! cjcXV ]Z iZc^Yd XdciVXid! c^c\jcd VWhdajiVbZciZ# =Z ^beVgi^Yd! XaVgd! Va\ c fjZ digd Xjghd d iVaaZg! eZgd h^ZbegZ Zhedg{Y^XVbZciZ# Edg digd aVYd! Za bjcYd YZ aVh \VaZg Vh Vfj Zc 6cYVajX V Zh jcV XdhV gZaVi^kVbZciZ gZX^ZciZ# AV eg^bZgV \VaZg V Xdc aV XjVa ZhiVWaZoXd XdciVXid Vh^Yjd! Xdbd k^h^iVciZ! [jZ ad fjZ V]dgV Zh HVcYjc\V Ån VciZh ZgV AV 6\jVYV0 bZ eVgZXZ fjZ ]V XVbW^VYd igZh kZXZh YZ cdbWgZÅ# =VXZ V dh! nd ^WV bjX]d edg <gVcVYV! n Vaa XdcdX V WVhiVciZ \ZciZ fjZ ZbeZoVWV hj XVggZgV Vgi hi^XV# 6fj Zc HZk^aaV ]VW V bZcdh ZhXZcV! edgfjZ Zc gZVa^YVY aV \VaZg V YZ ?jVcV YZ 6^oejgj [jcX^dcVWV YZ Va\jcV bVcZgV Xdbd aV ?jVcV BdgY VcYVajoV! h^ hZ bZ eZgb^iZ Za VcVXgdc^hbd# ?jVcV V\aji^cVWV! XaVgd! jc \gjed YZ Vgi^hiVh! n YZ \ZciZ eg m^bV V Zaadh! eZgd cd ]VW V \ZciZ ÆgVgVÇ! edYZbdh YZX^g! bdYZgcV YZhYZ aV eZgheZXi^kV YZ b^ egde^V _jkZcijY# AV kZgYVY Zh fjZ ]VhiV aV edXV YZ aV gZk^hiV ;^\jgV cd ZciVWa jc XdciVXid eZghdcVa Xdc \gjedh Vbea^dh YZ Vgi^hiVh! \ZcZgVX^dcVabZciZ ]VWaVcYd# BZ VXjZgYd YZ fjZ! egZeVgVcYd Va\jcd YZ adh eg^bZgdh c bZgdh YZ ;^\jgV! k^cd <j^aaZgbd EVcZfjZ _jcid V digdh XdaVWdgVYdgZh V ]VXZgbZ jcV ZcigZk^hiV0 ZhZ [jZ ZmVXiVbZciZ Za eg^bZg XdciVXid ZcigZ cdhdigdh# :c ad fjZ gZheZXiV V aV ZhXZcV bVaV\jZ V! aV Y^[ZgZcX^V Zc b^ XVhd Zh fjZ Vaa h igVW gZaVX^dcZh eZghdcVaZh YZ ^ciZchV Vb^hiVY! Xdbd Xdc 7daV 7Vgg^dcjZkd d CVcd 9jg{c! edg X^iVg h ad V adh b{h XZgXVcdh# =VW V \ZciZ YZ jcV \ZcZgVX^ c edhiZg^dg V aV b V fjZ fj^o{ V]dgV gZhjaiZ edXd d cVYV XdcdX^YV! Xdc eZghdcV_Zh Xdbd 8]^gg^! fj^Zc ]^od VfjZaaV hZg^Z iVc \gVX^dhV! iVc Y^kZgi^YV YZ AV 8dhiV YZa hdja! d hjh VXjVgZaVh hdWgZ aV XVhV YZa A^bdcVg! n digdh bjX]dh fjZ V]dgV ]Vc YZhVeVgZX^Yd# AjZ\d! 6cYg h <VgX V 8jWd hZ ZcXVg\ YZ Y^g^\^g aV hVaV YZa 6iZcZd YZ B{aV\V! jc ZheVX^d fjZ Zc hj edXV [jcX^dc iVbW^ c Xdbd aj\Vg YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh! ZcXjZcigd n gZjc^ c0 Vaa ]^od jcV aVWdg bjn cdiVWaZ# EdhiZg^dgbZciZ! VeVgZX^ digV egdbdX^ c! fjZ hZ XdggZhedcYZ b{h d bZcdh Xdc aV \ZcZgVX^ c ejc`# B{aV\V hZ dg\Vc^o ! ejZh! YZ jcV bVcZgV eVgi^XjaVg! b^ZcigVh fjZ HZk^aaV nV ZbeZoVWV V iZcZg hjh egde^dh ejcidh XaVkZ/ hjg\^ AV B{fj^cV :heV daV! n ZbeZo V iZcZg hj XVg{XiZg# EZgd cd YZ_V YZ hZg Xjg^dhd fjZ HZk^aaV iVgYVhZ iVcid! b^ZcigVh fjZ B{aV\V nV ]VW V idbVYd kZciV_V Zc ad fjZ hZ gZÒZgZ Va VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ adXVa! Y^hedc^ZcYd gZaVi^kVbZciZ iZbegVcd YZ jc aj\Vg Y cYZ! b{h Vaa{ YZ ZmedcZg! aV \ZciZ hZ gZjc^ZgV! iZc^ cYdad Xdbd ejcid YZ ZcXjZcigd ]VW^ijVa# B{h gZX^ZciZbZciZ! jcV kZo fjZ kdak YZ BVYg^Y! Zc HZk^aaV [j^ XdcdX^ZcYd V digd i^ed YZ \ZciZ b{h


&&' BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

<j^aaZgbd E gZo K^aaVaiV# >haV YZ BjgVhV`^# '%%,# 8daZXX^ c ;ZgcVcYd BVg V 8ZciZcZgV ?VgVWV# 8dgiZh V <VaZg V H^WdcZn#

_dkZc! Zc jc eVcdgVbV bjX]d b{h Y^c{b^Xd0 edg Z_Zbead! HVaV YZ ZHiVg [jZ eVgV b ^bedgiVciZ! Vedgi{cYdbZ bjX]d# Eg^bZgd! edg ad h^c\jaVg YZ hj ZhigjXijgV ^ciZgcV! fjZ bZ eVgZX V ZheZX^VabZciZ Y^kZgi^YV! Xdc jc bdYZad iVc aZ_Vcd V aVh i e^XVh \VaZg Vh XdbZgX^VaZh eg^kVYVh# HVaV YZ ZHiVg bZ eZgb^i^ XdcdXZg V digd i^ed YZ \ZciZ/ e Wa^Xd n Vgi^hiVh fjZ Zhi{c V]dgV ZbeZoVcYd V hZg b{h XdcdX^Ydh0 bZ ZcXVciVgdc! nd eZchVWV fjZ Vfj idYd ZgV jc edXd ad fjZ nV XdcdX V! eZgd cd! V[dgijcVYVbZciZ# N YZhYZ Vaa ]Z hZ\j^Yd V digV \ZcZgVX^ c# :h ZmigV d! eZgd h^Zcid fjZ iZc\d gZaVX^dcZh b{h V[ZXi^kVh! edYZbdh YZX^g! Xdc \ZcZgVX^dcZh VaiZgcVh/ jcV h ! n digV cd### 8dc aV fjZ V]dgV kZd ZbZg\Zg ZcXjZcigd bjX]dh b{h ejcidh YZ Xd^cX^YZcX^V fjZ Xdc aV VciZg^dg! b{h XdhVh fjZ cdh jcZc! Z ^cXajhd! n Zh Va\d ^bedgiVciZ! bZ Y^k^ZgiZc bjX]d b{h0 Vh Xdbd ]VhiV ]VXZ edXd aV \ZcZgVX^ c VciZg^dg! Xdc hj edhijgV b{h ÆZhi i^XdÄXdcXZeijVaÇ! bZ V\gVYVWV bZcdh! Xdc aV b{h gZX^ZciZ bZ eVhV ad XdcigVg^d# 9ZiZXid V]dgV jc V^gZX^aad b{h ÆedeÇ! ZcigZ Xdb^aaVh! b{h ZXa Xi^Xd! [Zhi^kd n [Za^o! XVeVo YZ Y^h[gjiVg YZ cjZkd Xdc aVh ^b{\ZcZh! n fj^o{ edg idYd Zaad XdcZXid b{h [{X^abZciZ fjZ XjVcYd hZ edc Vc Zc eaVc ÆVWhigVXid ÒcdÇ! ÆegZdXjeVYVbZciZ XdcX^ZcX^VYdhÇ! Æeda i^XVbZciZ XdggZXi h^bdhÇ n XdhVh YZ ZhVh# B69G>9Ä6C96AJ8Þ6 EZgd! Zc XjVafj^Zg XVhd! ad b{h ^bedgiVciZ YZ idYV b^ _jkZcijY ijkd aj\Vg Zc BVYg^Y# 6aa cdh XdcdX^bdh idYdh adh YZ aV aaVbVYV CjZkV ;^\jgVX^ c BVYg^aZ V! ZcaVoVcYd cjZhigdh eg^bZgdh eVhdh Zc aVh XdhVh YZa VgiZ! VjcfjZ! edg Z_Zbead! V 8]ZbV 8dWd ad XdcdoXd YZhYZ bjX]d VciZh edgfjZ ZgV YZ b^ ejZWad! ZgV Za ]^_d YZa b Y^Xd0 V idYdh adh YZb{h adh XdcdoXd [jZgV# B^ k^YV Zc VfjZa bdbZcid ZhiVWV Zc BVYg^Y0 aV k^YV Zc VfjZaadh V dh ZhiVWV Vaa # Fj^o{ Za YZiVaaZ [jcYVbZciVa eVgV ZciZcYZg ZhV edXV Zh Za YZ fjZ b^ \ZcZgVX^ c hjg\Z Zc jc bdbZcid ÆegZÄ\VaZg VhÇ! fj^Zgd YZX^g! XjVcYd aVh \VaZg Vh fjZ Zm^hi Vc Xdc ^ciZg h n edh^W^a^YVYZh ÅeVgV cdhdigdhÅ! ZgVc eg{Xi^XVbZciZ h ad Ydh/ ?jVcV BdgY n! bjn edXd b{h iVgYZ! :YjgcZ# EdgfjZ Zc BVYg^Y! Za gZhid cd cdh ^ciZgZhVWV VWhdajiVbZciZ cVYV# >cXajhd! h^ bZ VejgVc! aV YZ ?jVcV BdgY iVbedXd bjX]d# Edg ZcidcXZh ad fjZ h [jcX^dcVWV! n bjX]d! ZgV Za WdXV V WdXV/ Æb^gV ZhiZ ad fjZ ]VXZÇ! Æb^gV ZhidÇ d Æb^gV VfjZaadÇ0 n adh ejcidh YZ gZjc^ c! fjZ _j\Vgdc jc eVeZa YZX^h^kd# Edg jcV _j\VYV YZa VoVg! ad ]Z gZeZi^Yd nV bjX]Vh kZXZh! ijk^bdh aV hjZgiZ YZ fjZ aV HVaV 6bVY h aV ZbeZoVgV V Y^g^\^g ?jVc 6cidc^d 6\j^ggZ0 ZgV jc h^i^d fjZ! \gVX^Vh V fjZ cd iZc V cVYV fjZ kZg Xdc Za X^gXj^id YZ \VaZg Vh nV ZhiVWaZX^Yd! cVYV c^ cVY^Z hZ egZdXjeVWV YZ a# :c aV Y^hiVcX^V ad kZd Xdbd jcV ZheZX^Z YZ HVaV YZ ZHiVg### 6aa cdh ZbeZoVbdh V gZjc^g \ZciZ bjn Y^hi^ciV! n YZ idYdh XjVcidh eVhVbdh edg 6bVY h! fjZ [j^bdh bjX]dh! iZgb^cVbdh XdcZXiVcYd jc \gjed Xdc bVndgZh VÒc^YVYZh Zc aV [dgbV YZ ZciZcYZg aVh XdhVh YZ aV k^YV n YZa VgiZ! ]VX^ cYdcdh Vb^\dh/ 8Vgadh 6aXdaZV! 8Vgadh ;gVcXd! GV[VZa E gZo B c\jZo### 9Z Va\ c bdYd! Zc XdbeVgVX^ c Xdc aV h^ijVX^ c VXijVa! gZhjaiV jc \gVc egdWaZbV Za ]ZX]d YZ fjZ VXXZYZg V aVh \VaZg Vh eVgV Za Vgi^hiV _dkZc hZV jc egdXZhd iVc ÒaigVYd! iVc bZY^VYd edg bjX]dh [VXidgZh Z ^ciZgZhZh# Adh XZc{Xjadh! adh aj\VgZh YZ gZjc^ c ZcigZ adh XgZVYdgZh hdc! Zc Za [dcYd! b{h ^bedgiVciZh fjZ ad fjZ ejZYV hZg jcV \VaZg V! ejZh hiV gZXd\Z XVh^ h^ZbegZ Za kVadg ]ZX]d! cd XgZ{cYdhZ XVh^ cjcXV Zc hZYZ# B^ZcigVh Zhid fjZ XjZcid dXjgg V Zc BVYg^Y!


&&(

B> <:C:G68>âC HJG<: :C JC BDB:CID ÆEG:Ä<6A:GÞ6HÇ

:A 6GI>HI6 :B:G<:CI: 9:7:GÞ6 AJ8=6G EDG 6IG6K:H6G :H: ;>AIGD 9:A <JHID D;>8>6A

Zc 6cYVajX V cd hjXZY^ cVYV iVc h^\c^ÒXVi^kd Zc aV ZhXZcV ZbZg\ZciZ! ]VhiV aV VeVg^X^ c YZ adh YZa \gjed YZ ;^\jgV# Ad fjZ ]VW V Zc HZk^aaV ZgV! edg Z_Zbead! Za 8ajW K^YV! Zc XjnV hVaV YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh aaZ\j V ZmedcZg! eZgd fjZ ZgV Zc gZVa^YVY jc X^cZÄXajW# :hidn ]VWaVcYd YZ ÒcVaZh YZ adh hZhZciV! b^ZcigVh fjZ 6bVY h [jZ XVh^ jcV Y XVYV VciZh# :a 8^cZÄ8ajW K^YV eZgiZcZX V! XgZd! V adh _Zhj^iVh# :hiVWV Zc aV XVaaZ IgV_Vcd! n Za ZY^ÒX^d! jc edXd h^c^Zhigd! idYVk V Zm^hiZ# 7V_d Za Vjhe^X^d YZ adh _Zhj^iVh Vfj Zc HZk^aaV! n Zc jc ZheVX^d YZa ;gZciZ YZ ?jkZcijY! Zc BVYg^Y! Xdc 6bVY h! fj XdhVh### EZgd aV ]^hidg^V ZgV h^b^aVg# GZXjZgYd fjZ :a 8dggZd YZ 6cYVajX V ejWa^X jcV Xg i^XV Xdc bdi^kd YZ b^ Zmedh^X^ c Zc Za 8ajW K^YV0 aV ]^od jc ?jVc BVcjZa 7dcZi _dkZcX h^bd! WV_d ehZjY c^bd# EZgd Zc b^ de^c^ c! h^ gZVabZciZ ]jW^ZgV fjZ YZhiVXVg Va\d ^bedgiVciZ YZ idYdh VfjZaadh V dh hZg V! h^c YjYV! Za XZcigd BÄ&&! Za eg^bZg XZcigd Zc HZk^aaV YZ kZgYVY a^\VYd Va VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd! b{h Vaa{ YZ aV \VaZg V YZ ?jVcV YZ 6^oejgj# 6] h hZ Y^Zgdc aVh XdcY^X^dcZh! Za V^gZ! YZ XZc{Xjad fjZ VXVWd YZ XdbZciVg# ´N Zc digVh X^jYVYZh4 :c B{aV\V nd XgZd fjZ ]VhiV bjX]d b{h iVgYZ cd dXjggZ cVYV0 Zc <gVcVYV Zc VfjZa bdbZcid ad ^\cdgd! ejZh cd ZgV jc h^i^d Va fjZ [jZgV Xdc [gZXjZcX^V ]VhiV Va\d b{h iVgYZ! XjVcYd nV hZ [jcY aV \VaZg V AV 6\jVYV# EVWad HnXZi ]V h^Yd Vaa jcV Ò\jgV Y^cVb^oVYdgV! Vaa n Zc BVYg^Y# Adh Vgi^hiVh ea{hi^Xdh YZ <gVcVYV! adh e^cidgZh Zc XdcXgZid! ZcidcXZh ZhiVWVc bjn XZgXV YZa bjcYd YZ aV edZh V! VjcfjZ ^\cdgd h^ iVa XZgXVc V iZcYg{ ]dn Y V Xdci^cj^YVY! ejZh nV cd kdn Xdc aV Xdci^cj^YVY hjÒX^ZciZ! eZgd edg ZcidcXZh adh e^cidgZh hZ gZaVX^dcVWVc bjX]d Xdc adh edZiVh! YZ ^\jVa bVcZgV V Xdbd Zc HZk^aaV h^ZbegZ ijk^Zgdc jc XdciVXid bjn ZheZX^Va Xdc adh Vgfj^iZXidh# :c B{aV\V! jcV \VaZg V YZ XdgiV k^YV eZgd ^ciZgZhVciZ [jZ AV BVcYg{\dgV! YdcYZ iVbW^ c ZhiVWV egZhZciZ ZhZ aVYd cd XdbZgX^Va fjZ VeVgZXZ a^\VYd Xdc b{h [VX^a^YVY n [gZXjZcX^V Va VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ# :gV jcV hVaV fjZ Yjg Ydh d igZh V dh0 edg Vaa eVhVbdh 8Vgadh ;gVcXd n nd b^hbd! VYZb{h YZ Y^hi^ciV \ZciZ YZa bjcYd YZ 6bVY h# A6 H>IJ68>âC AV kZgYVY Zh fjZ idYd ]V XVbW^VYd bjX] h^bd YZhYZ ZcidcXZh0 Va\jcVh XdhVh [VkdgVWaZbZciZ! digVh V eZdg# 8jVcYd adh YZ b^ \ZcZgVX^ c ZbeZoVbdh! Za Vednd dÒX^Va cd Zm^hi V Zc VWhdajid! eZgd cVYV YZ cVYV# 6]dgV fj^o{ XjZhiZ ]VXZghZ jcV ^YZV YZ Zaad# N Xdbd nV ]Z Y^X]d! Za bjcYd YZ aVh \VaZg Vh ZgV jcV XdhV fjZ eg{Xi^XVbZciZ ZbeZoVWV ÅXdbd \gZb^d a^\VYd V adh b{h _ kZcZhÅ V ZmeZg^bZciVg hj [dgbVid egd[Zh^dcVa VXijVa Xdc cdhdigdh0 kVbdh! fjZ hdc YZ cjZhigV edXV! Xdbd fj^Zc Y^XZ# IVcid KVcYg h Åfj^o{ hiV Xdc \ZciZ jc edXd bVndg fjZ ndÅ! Xdbd 7jVYZh! hdc \VaZg Vh fjZ hZ XgZVc n XgZXZc eg{Xi^XVbZciZ ÆeVgV cdhdigdhÇ# 8dc ad XjVa ijk^bdh aV ZcdgbZ kZciV_V YZ fjZ cd iZc Vbdh egdWaZbVh eVgV ZcigVg Zc Va\jcV! ejZh XVh^ hZ XgZVWVc eVgV VXd\Zgcdh cVijgVabZciZ/ cdhdigdh Zm^hi Vbdh n hZ XgZVgdc aVh \VaZg Vh eVgV edYZg Zm]^W^g! kZcYZg adh XjVYgdh! jc cjZkd i^ed YZ VgiZ# Nd XgZd fjZ bjX]Vh XdhVh fjZ V[ZXiVc V aV h^\j^ZciZ \ZcZgVX^ c XVbW^Vc edg XdbeaZid YZW^Yd! hdWgZ idYd! V ZhiV hZcX^aaV eZgd [jcYVbZciVa gVo c# AV \ZcZgVX^ c YZ ;^\jgV! edg Z_Zbead! n aV YZ idYV aV e^cijgV YZ aV Y XVYV YZ adh dX]ZciV Zc :heV V! hZ YV Zc jc bdbZcid ]^hi g^XVbZciZ Xjg^dhd! ejZh Zc cjZhigd eV h hjg\Z jc ^cÓjnZciZ dg\Vc^hbd ZhiViVa WV_d aV hdbWgV YZ 8VgbZc <^b cZo fjZ! Xdbd Xdc AV Bdk^YV! XjZciV Xdc igVWV_Vg Xdc jc cjZkd i^ed YZ Vgi^hiV/ Za Vgi^hiVÄZhigZaaV! bZY^{i^Xd# N YZ V] ! XaVgd! aV \VaZg V ZhigZaaV! fjZ Zh jc bdYZad fjZ VeVgZXZ Xdc [jZgoV _jhid Zc Za b^hbd bdbZcid# AV \ZciZ YZ ZhV \ZcZgVX^ c hZ WZcZÒX^V! Zh X^Zgid! YZ jc ^bejahd egdbdX^dcVa ^beZchVWaZ VciZh! eZgd cd \doVc YZ aV ZmeZg^ZcX^V YZX^h^kV YZ hZg Zaadh adh fjZ ]Vc \ZcZgVYd Za VjbZcid! ejZh hZ YV YZhYZ [jZgV! edg ^ciZgZhZh ZmiZgcdh V aV XgZVX^ c b^hbV# NV hZVc \VaZg Vh fjZ egZiZcYZc Xdcfj^hiVg Za bjcYd! d Xdb^hVg^dh n Xg i^Xdh! i^ed 7dc^id Da^kV0 Za XVhd Zh fjZ jcV daZVYV YZ ^c[dgbVX^ c ZbeZo V gZeZgXji^g Xdc bVndg gVe^YZo Zc Za bZY^d n Zc aV hdX^ZYVY \gVX^Vh V aV XgZX^ZciZ egZhZcX^V Zc adh


&&) BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

bZY^dh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c/ Vgi^hiVh! Zmedh^X^dcZh! iZcYZcX^Vh! aVh ^cX^e^ZciZh [Zg^Vh! ZiX iZgV# 6gXd! cd hZ dak^YZ! Zbe^ZoV V VeVgZXZg _jhid Zc ZhV edXV! eZgd XgZd fjZ gZVabZciZ Zc bZcdhXVWd YZa Vgi^hiV! ejZh hiZ! Va bZY^Vi^oVghZ Z ^ciZgcVX^dcVa^oVghZ! Zbe^ZoV V hZg XVYV kZo b{h jcV h^beaZ bZgXVcX V# Edg Za XdcigVg^d! Zc aV [VhZ egZk^V fjZ XdbZciVWV! adh Vgi^hiVh ]VW Vc ]ZX]d aVh \VaZg Vh0 edg Z_Zbead! aV \VaZg V 7jVYZh! V eZhVg YZ X bd hZ XjZciV V bZcjYd aV ]^hidg^V! edg hjejZhid cd aV ]VXZ >iV 7jVYZh! c^ h^fj^ZgV ?jVc BVcjZa 7dcZi! hdbdh idYdh XjVcidh ZmedcZbdh Vaa adh fjZ Zc ai^bV ^chiVcX^V cdh ZcXVg\Vbdh YZ YVgaZ hj [dgbV# :c XVbW^d! jcV Y XVYV b{h iVgYZ Za bdYZad XVbW^V! n ad fjZ Zm^hiZ egZk^VbZciZ Zh aV eZghdcV fjZ fj^ZgZ bdciVg jc cZ\dX^d! jcV ]^hidg^V! jcV iZcYZcX^V! aVcoVg jcV XVggZgV! ad fjZ hZV! YV ad b^hbd0 h ad ZcidcXZh hZ ZhXd\Z V adh Vgi^hiVh# 9V Xdb^Zcod Za egdWaZbV YZ fjZ Za XgZVYdg kV fjZYVcYd V^haVYd igVh jcV bjgVaaV! YZig{h YZ aV XjVa dXjggZc XdhVh fjZ aZ V[ZXiVc YZ bVcZgV YZiZgb^cVciZ n V aVh fjZ V bZcjYd cd ejZYZ VXXZYZg# :h Va\d fjZ aaZkV dXjgg^ZcYd YZhYZ ZcidcXZh n bZ iZbd fjZ ]VhiV V]dgV### hdc bjX]dh V dh nV# EZgd! V[dgijcVYVbZciZ! bZ eVgZXZ YZiZXiVg fjZ! YZ egdcid! adh Vgi^hiVh edXd V edXd kjZakZc V gZXdWgVg jcV X^ZgiV gZaZkVcX^V edg Zaadh b^hbdh/ ]VXZc XdhVh! dg\Vc^oVc ZheVX^dh VaiZgcVi^kdh! ZkZcidh! \gjedh! hZ eVhVc ^c[dgbVX^ c! hZ VnjYVc n VednVc### JcV kZo b{h Za XVhd YZ HVaV YZ ZHiVg! d adh 8aVkZaZh! d gZk^hiVh! [Vco^cZh! XdhVh Vh ### Adh XgZVYdgZh hZ Y^XZc! ÆiZcZbdh ZhiZ bjcYd egde^d! V cdhdigdh cdh \jhiVc jcV hZg^Z YZ XdhVh fjZ cdh jcZcÇ! n Xdc Va\d YZ Zh[jZgod Zaadh edg hj XjZciV kjZakZc V VeVgZXZg egdiV\dc^oVcYd aV ZhXZcV! h^c Vgi^ÒX^dh bZY^{i^Xdh# ;gZciZ Va bjcYd ZheVcidhd YZ adh dX]ZciV n adh cdkZciV! fjZ bZ eVgZXZc ZiVeVh kZgYVYZgVbZciZ iZgg^WaZh eVgV Za VgiZ ÅZheZgd fjZ Za i^Zbed ad _jo\jZ Vh Å! Za bVndg egdWaZbV Zh X bd idYd Zhd ]V XgZVYd jcV h^ijVX^ c YZ ^cbZchV VXVYZb^V0 d bZ_dg Y^X]d! YZ ^YZVg^d# ;gZciZ V Zaadh! nV Y^\d! Za bjgd YZ aV ^YZdad\ V! n adh fjZ cd Zhi c YZ VXjZgYd Xdc hjh Y^XiVYdh cd ZcigVc! cd ad eVhVc! c^ hZ aZh ZhXjX]V# EZgd aV Ò\jgV YZa Vgi^hiV! h^ i^ZcZ Va\d YZ ^ciZg h \Zc g^Xd! Zh edgfjZ Xdci^cjVbZciZ hZ XjZhi^dcV ad ZhiVWaZX^Yd! ad nV YVYd Xdbd k{a^Yd! cdgbVa! eda i^XVbZciZ XdggZXid! aVh cdgbVh# :a bVa \jhid ad Zh h^ZbegZ eVgV jc ^YZVg^d! n Za Vgi^hiV ZbZg\ZciZ YZWZg V ajX]Vg edg VigVkZhVg ZhZ Òaigd YZa \jhid dÒX^Va fjZ egZiZcYZ cZjigVa^oVgad Z Æ^ciZ\gVgadÇ# 6gi^hiVh Zc 6cYVajX V ]VWZgadh adh ]Vn! V bdcidcZh0 digV XdhV Y^hi^ciV Zh hj [jZgoV! hj ediZcX^Va! hj ZcZg\ V# :a gZid V Y V YZ ]dn eVgV Zaadh Zh V\jVciVg0 YZX^ghZ/ Æad fjZ Zhidn ]VX^ZcYd Zh ad fjZ iZc\d fjZ ]VXZg! V eZhVg YZ fjZ cd bZ ]V\Vc c^ ej ZiZgd XVhdÇ0 n cd ^bedgiVgaZ YZbVh^VYd aV ig^hiZ h^ijVX^ c fjZ hZ ]V Xdchda^YVYd Zc cjZhigd eV h! ejZh igVh adh ai^bdh kZ^ciZ V dh! Va ÒcVa :heV V hZ ]V XdckZgi^Yd Zc jc X^cZ YZ gZZhigZcd! YdcYZ aaZ\Vc iVgYZ aVh eZa XjaVh YZ m^id ^ciZgcVX^dcVa# ´Fj Zh ad fjZ hZ aaZkV V]dgV4! ejZh ad fjZ hZV! V idYd XdggZg! kVbdh V ^ciZciVg ^chiVjgVgad Vfj ! VjcfjZ eVgV ZcidcXZh hZ ]VnV eVhVYd YZ bdYV n Za YZWViZ ZmiZg^dg Zhi V\diVYd# Fj Y^[ X^a Zh edg Zhidh aVgZh n Zc cjZhigV ]^hidg^V fjZ Va\j^Zc VejZhiZ Va\jcV kZo edg XdhVh fjZ cd i^ZcZc cVYV fjZ kZg Xdc adh \gVcYZh [dXdh YZ iZcYZcX^V ZmiZg^dgZh# Edg Zhd! Zc ZhiZ bdbZcid! eVgV adh ZciZh dÒX^VaZh! aV bVndg Y^ÒXjaiVY YZWZg V hZg ZcXdcigVg V aVh eZghdcVh YZ gZhedchVW^a^YVY Xdc jcV XVWZoV hjÒX^ZciZbZciZ VW^ZgiV! n Xdc jcV VeZgijgV YZ b^gVh iVa! fjZ igVWV_Zc iZc^ZcYd Zc XjZciV fjZ ]Vn XdhVh fjZ cd ZcigVc Zc Za XVcdc# A6 8DH6 CDHIG6 6cYVajX V! nd cd h edg fj ÅZh jcV XjZhi^ c ]^hi g^XVÅ! egdYjXZ XVci^YVY YZ Vgi^hiVh! eZgd cd h ad YZY^XVYdh V aV ea{hi^XV/ Vgi^hiVh hdc Vfj adh fjZ XVciVc! adh XVgcVkVaZh Zhi{c aaZcdh YZ Zaadh! µn adh adXVi^h YZ adh ejZWadh ! [Vci{hi^Xdh! i^ZcZc Va\d YZ Vgi^hiVh ZcigZ cdhdigdh### H^c ZbWVg\d! fj^o{ edg Zhid b^hbd! Va Vgi^hiV cd hZ aZ ]V ]ZX]d XVhd YZ kZgYVY# :a XgZVYdg iZgb^cV Xdck^gi^ cYdhZ Zc egd[Zhdg YZ WZaaVh VgiZh! Xdbd XdcdoXd V iVcidh! Xdbd c^XV bVcZgV YZ hdWgZk^k^g# 6fj ! ´fj^ c XdbegV VgiZ4! ´fj^ c4! YZhYZ ajZ\d cd ZhV ^cbZchV bVndg V fjZ


&&*

:HE6x6 H: =6 8DCK:GI>9D :C JC 8>C: 9: G::HIG:CD! 9DC9: AA:<6C I6G9: A6H E:AÞ8JA6H 9: wM>ID >CI:GC68>DC6A

AA:KD 6xDH 9>8>:C9D FJ: 6A<D FJ: B: 6E:I:8: BJ8=D G:6A>O6G :H JC B6CID 9: K>G<:C E6G6 H:B6C6 H6CI6

hZ VejciV Va ÆZhd ad ejZYd ]VXZg ndÇ# :h YZhdaVYdg dWhZgkVg X bd aV XjaijgV iZaZk^h^kV ]V VcjaVYd edg XdbeaZid Za VgiZ edejaVg VcYVajo! ZhZ [dcYd ^cV\diVWaZ YZ XgZVi^k^YVY fjZ VciZh hjg\ V Zhedci{cZd Zc ZhiV i^ZggV0 ]VhiV ]VXZ bjn edXd Zm^hi V jc VgiZ edejaVg kZgYVYZgd n gZVa! eZgd nV cd! edg YZh\gVX^V! nV cd hZ ejZYZ ZX]Vg bVcd YZ VfjZaad ejZh ]V YZhVeVgZX^Yd [jab^cVciZbZciZ# Ad fjZ fjZYV Zh jcV ZheZX^Z YZ ehZjYd[daXadgZ! ^b^iVX^ c YZ ad fjZ VeVgZXZ Zc aVh eZa XjaVh# EZgd VciZh Zm^hi V! n YZ kZgYVY# IZ eVhVWVh edg jc ejZWad n kZ Vh fjZ aV hZ dgV YZ ijgcd! YZ egdcid ]VW V Xd\^Yd hjh bVXZiVh! aZh ]VW V e^ciVYd jcdh ajcVgZh! XdadXVYd Vh d Vh{! Y{cYdaZh jc V^gZ \gVX^dh h^bd Xdc bjn edXd! n ]VW V ]ZX]d XjVafj^Zg XdhV egZX^dhV Xdc hj ejgd ^chi^cid edejaVg n Zc XdchdcVcX^V Xdc jc Zcidgcd fjZ aZ ZgV egdXa^kZ! Xdc jcV igVY^X^ c# Ad X^Zgid Zh fjZ aV bVndg V YZ Vgi^hiVh VcYVajXZh gZX^ZciZh ]Vc iZc^Yd fjZ ^ghZ [jZgV! hVa^g! VaZ_VghZ! V cd hZg fjZ Y^gZXiVbZciZ hZ Xdck^gi^ZgVc Zc ad fjZ aV \ZciZ Vfj e^ZchV fjZ Zh Zc Vgi^hiV! ZhV XVg^XVijgV ZbedWgZX^YV/ Za fjZ e^ciV aVh \^iVcVh! adh gVbdh YZ jkV W^Zc k^hidhdh! aVh k g\ZcZh! adh hVcidh### =VhiV ]VXZ XjVigd Y Vh! Xdbd fj^Zc Y^XZ! Vfj a YZY^XVYd Va VgiZ VWhigVXid! edg Z_Zbead! hZ ZgV Za adXVi^h0 Vh ! aVh \VaZg Vh YZ VgiZ! ad fjZ d[gZX Vc ZgVc! hdWgZ idYd! eVgV fj Zc\V Vgcdh! ZhXZcVh XdhijbWg^hiVh# Cd Zhidn ]VWaVcYd YZ gZbdidh i^Zbedh! Y^\d fjZ Vh ]V h^Yd XVh^ ]VhiV adh dX]ZciV0 YZhYZ ajZ\d Zc adh hZhZciV! eZgd ^cXajhd Zc adh hZiZciV aV h^ijVX^ c ZgV hiV bVndg^iVg^VbZciZ! eVgV fj cdh kVbdh V Zc\V Vg# µFjZ Y^[ X^a hZeVgVg ad Vci^\jd YZ ad k^Z_d AaZkd V dh Y^X^ZcYd fjZ Va\d fjZ bZ VeZiZXZ bjX]d gZVa^oVg Zh jc bVcid YZ K^g\Zc eVgV HZbVcV HVciV! jc bVcid YZ kZgYVY! n ]VhiV hjh ai^bVh XdchZXjZcX^Vh# EjZh W^Zc! Va\d Vh hZ bVa^ciZgegZiV! ^bV\^c{cYdhZ! fj^Zc ad ZhXjX]V! cd h fj XdhVh Y^heVgViVYVh YZ b n! edg hjejZhid! YZ ad fjZ hVaYg V YZ b^h bVcdh# >bedh^WaZ gZcdkVg! kdakZg V Y^Vad\Vg Xdc


&&+ BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

Za eVhVYd h^ cd Zh edg bZY^d YZa eVhi^X]Z! eVgZXZ### Edg aVh XVaaZh YZ HZk^aaV iZ VhdbVh V aV kZciVcV YZ jc iVaaZg ^bV\^cZgd n h^\jZc ]VX^ZcYd >cbVXjaVYVh YZa h^\ad MK>>! ZmVXiVbZciZ ^\jVa# :hZ Zh Za egdWaZbV! ZhZ Zh Za Vgi^hiV### =Vn jcV ZmigV V n Ydadgdh h^bV Y^hdX^VX^ c ZcigZ ad fjZ aV bVndg V YZ aV X^jYVYVc V Xdch^YZgV fjZ Zh Za VgiZ n Za Vgi^hiV! eZgd bZ gZÒZgd Va Vgi^hiV gZVa! VXijVa! XdciZbedg{cZd# 6fj ! jc Vgi^hiV h^\jZ h^ZcYd! hdWgZ idYd! jcV XVciVciZ [daXa g^XV# I Y^XZh/ Æhdn Vgi^hiVÇ! n idYd Za bjcYd e^ZchV fjZ YZWZh YZ XVciVg XdeaVh# 6C96AJ8Þ6 :B:G<:CI: B^ Xjg^dh^YVY bZ aaZkV V XdaVgbZ Zc idYdh adh aVYdh XjVcYd ejZYd/ ´fjZ jc \VaZg^hiV kV V k^h^iVg jc ZhijY^d4! Vaa{ fjZ kdn V kZg h^ bZ XjZad# Hdn jc Xjg^dhd ^beZc^iZciZ# IZc\d YZW^a^YVY edg aV \ZciZ b{h _dkZc fjZ bZ gZhjaiZ Xjg^dhV! jc iVcid gVgV# EZgd! edg digd aVYd! iZc\d iVbW^ c jcV [VXZiV YZ i b^Yd fjZ bZ ^c]^WZ# Cd dWhiVciZ! Y^h[gjid aV XZgXVc V YZ aV \ZciZ _dkZc! bZ \jhiV bjX]d! n hdWgZ idYd bZ \jhiV ZhXjX]Vgadh de^cVg YZ XjVafj^Zg XdhV! YZ fj ]VWaVc! edg fj ! fj b h^XV aZh \jhiV# AV b h^XV h^ZbegZ ]V YZÒc^Yd bjX]Vh XdhVh YZcigd YZ aVh Y^hi^ciVh \ZcZgVX^dcZh! n YZ aV Zhi i^XV Zc \ZcZgVa0 bVgXV bjX]d# AV ÒcZoV Zc X^ZgiVh XdhVh! Zc Za \jhid YZ aV gdeV! YZ jcV Zhi i^XV YZ \gjed d b{h eZghdcVa! ZiX iZgV! hdc YZiVaaZh V adh XjVaZh egZhid bjX]V ViZcX^ c# :a add`! adh \jhidh! hj gZaVX^ c Xdc aVh iZcYZcX^Vh n aV bdYV! XjZciVc iVcid YZ aV \ZciZ###/ Va fjZ kV kZhi^Yd ]dggZcYd! aV kZgYVY! bZ iZbd fjZ Va ÒcVa ad kVadgd jc edXd bZcdh! cd iVcid edgfjZ kVnV kZhi^Yd ]dggZcYd! h^cd edg Za ]ZX]d YZ hj [VaiV YZ hZch^W^a^YVY V jc ejcid b{h Ån iVc XZgXVcdÅ YZ aV Zhi i^XV YZ hj egde^d bjcYd# :a digd Y V ZhXjX] jcV XVcX^ c YZ jc \gjed _dkZc YZ b h^XV ZheV da! fjZ cd ZhiVWV cVYV bVa ÅZc \ZcZgVa hdc ]dggdgdhdhÅ! Xdc jc Zhig^W^aad fjZ YZX V/ Ænd iZ gZXdcdoXd! ZgZh YZ adh edXdh fjZ fjZYVcÇ# :h Va\d Vh 0 nd XdbeVgid edg XdbeaZid ZhV ZheZX^Z YZ gZXdcdXZgcdh ZcigZ eVgZh! jcdh V digdh! Xdc fj^ZcZh XdbeVgiZh ^YZVh! VÒc^YVYZh! \jhidh hdWgZ b h^XV! X^cZ! a^Wgdh! VgiZ n b^a XdhVh b{h# :c b^ \ZcZgVX^ c gZhjai [jcYVbZciVa# H^c ZbWVg\d! Zc Za bjcYd VXijVa! gZXdcdXZghZ bjijVbZciZ! ZcXdcigVg Xdc fj^ c iZ ejZYVh Xdbjc^XVg! cd Zh iVgZV [{X^a! V eZhVg YZ ad fjZ hZ XgZZ Zc \ZcZgVa! edg Zaad ]Vn fjZ ZhiVg Zck^VcYd YZ Xdci^cjd bZchV_Zh V ij VagZYZYdg! edg h^ hjg\Z Za XdciVXid# Edg Z_Zbead! XjVcYd kdn Va ZhijY^d YZ jc Vgi^hiV _dkZc bZ Ò_d bjX]d Zc ad fjZ ZcXjZcigd e^cX]VYd Zc aVh eVgZYZh0 V kZXZh Zhdh YZiVaaZh hji^aZh ad YZÒcZc hjÒX^ZciZbZciZ eVgV b ! iVcid d b{h fjZ aV egde^V dWgV# B>G6C9D 6A ;JIJGD 7ZXVh eVgV _ kZcZh! ZheVX^dh Zmedh^i^kdh eVgV Za VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ! VnjYVh n XdbegVh YZ adh gZX^ c aaZ\VYdh### IdYd Zhd Zhi{ bjn W^Zc! eZgd ]Vn fjZ XjWg^g VYZb{h aV gZaVX^ c YZ adh Vgi^hiVh ZcigZ h ! Zc XjVcid V Æ\gZb^dÇ n! VYZb{h! hj egdnZXX^ c ]VX^V [jZgV0 fjZ 6cYVajX V cd iZgb^cZ Xdck^gi^ cYdhZ Zc jcV gZ\^ c V^haVYV! Xdc idYdh hjh Vgi^hiVh k^k^ZcYd YZcigd! b{h d bZcdh [Za^XZh# :h ^bedgiVciZ fjZ aV \ZciZ adh XdcdoXV! Zc XjVcidh b{h h^i^dh bZ_dg# 8dc gZheZXid V ad eg^bZgd! ad ^YZVa hZg V XdchZ\j^g ZhiVWaZXZg aj\VgZh YZY^XVYdh Va VgiZ! YdcYZ jcd ejY^ZgV ^g n ZcXdcigVghZ Xdc digdh Vgi^hiVh0 WVhiVg V Xdc edcZg YZ bdYV Va\ c ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid d hVaV! VjcfjZ hZV Va\d iVc idcid Xdbd Zhid# >g Vaa n nV Zhi{! eVgV fjZ aV \ZciZ hZ eVhZ edg Vaa XVh^ Xdbd Òc Zc h b^hbd! Xdc Za Òc YZ fjZ adh Vgi^hiVh ZbZg\ZciZh hZ egZhZciZc n hZ XdcdoXVc n hZ kZVc n iZgb^cZc iZ_^ cYdhZ gZYZh eZghdcVaZh# N fjZ hZ ]VWaZ! hdWgZ idYd fjZ hZ ]VWaZ! YZ VgiZ V hZg edh^WaZ# =dn! Zc jcV ^cVj\jgVX^ c! ^cXajhd XjVcYd Zh jc m^id hdX^Va! aV \ZciZ Zh ad ^bedgiVciZ! n aV dWgV ZmejZhiV fjZYV gZaZ\VYV! cd hZ XdbZciV VeZcVh! aV \ZciZ Zhi{ X]VgaVcYd! eZgd c^ b^gV aVh dWgVh# CjZhigV hdX^ZYVY! V bZcjYd cjZhigd bjcY^aad ^cXajhd! k^kZ Zc aV idiVa ^cY^[ZgZcX^V Ån hdWgZ idYd Zfj^kdXVX^ cÅ gZheZXid V ad fjZ Zh VgiZ# 8jVcYd cd hZ ad igViV Xdbd


&&,

8J6C9D KDN 6A :HIJ9>D 9: JC 6GI>HI6 ?DK:C B: ;>?D BJ8=D :C AD FJ: :C8J:CIGD E>C8=69D :C A6H E6G:9:H

ejgV n YjgV 8jaijgV! Vh ! Xdc bVn hXjaV n eZYZhiVa! ZcidcXZh Zh bdgiVabZciZ VWjgg^Yd# 8 bd XVbW^Vg ZhiV ^bV\Zc fjZ bVcZ_V Za X^jYVYVcd YZ aV XVaaZ! Va fjZ cd aZ XjZciVc fjZ! _jhiVbZciZ! Zh idYd ad XdcigVg^d/ Za VgiZ Zhi{ ]ZX]d eVgV fjZ hZ Y^k^ZgiV! µn bjX]d 9Zh\gVX^VYVbZciZ! eVgZXZ ]VWZg ^ciZg h iVbW^ c edg eVgiZ YZ Va\jcdh Vgi^hiVh Zc bViVgad YZ VWjgg^b^Zcid# EVgV ^g iZgb^cVcYd! ´XdhVh XdcXgZiVh fjZ XgZd edYg Vbdh ]VXZg ZcigZ idYdh d Xdc VnjYV YZ aV ^chi^ijX^ c Xdc cd YZbVh^VYd Zh[jZgod4 :a \gVc egdWaZbV YZa ZhijY^d! edg Z_Zbead# GZXjZgYd fjZ Zc b^ edXV nV ZgV jcV eZhVY^aaV! nd YZ _dkZc n ]VhiV ÒcVaZh YZ adh hZiZciV! cd ad gZhdak YZa idYd# 6 c Vh ! cjcXV ]Z iZc^Yd Za i e^Xd ZhijY^d YZ adh Vgi^hiVh cdgiZVbZg^XVcdh ÅV bZcjYd ^cXajhd ZbZg\ZciZhÅ! fjZ i^ZcZc jc ZheVX^d YZ igVWV_d fjZ iZ YZ_Vc Wdfj^VW^Zgid# :c HZk^aaV b^hbd ]Vn XVci^YVY YZ ZY^ÒX^dh ]^hi g^Xdh fjZ hZ YZY^XVc V dÒX^cVh n b{h dÒX^cVh edg eVgiZ YZ aV ?jciV! eZgd! ´cd edYg V ZcXdcigVghZ aV bVcZgV YZ XgZVg Zc Va\jcd YZ Zaadh jc Xdc_jcid YZ ZhijY^dh Xdc jc h^hiZbV YZ Vafj^aZg4 Edg jcdh V dh ÅeVgV fjZ aV \ZciZ cd hZ VedhZciZ V] YZ edg k^YVÅ! n fjZ hZVc! cd WVgVidh! h^cd i^gVYdh YZ egZX^d# FjZ Va Vgi^hiV _dkZc hZ aZ hjWkZcX^dcZ! fj^o{ ^cXajhd V XVbW^d YZ dWgV! Za iZbV YZa ZheVX^d [ h^Xd eVgV hj XgZVX^ c# DigV YZ aVh XdhVh fjZ iVbW^ c Zh ^bedgiVciZ Zh aV edh^W^a^YVY YZ dWiZcZg bZY^dh bViZg^VaZh# 6ciZh ZgV XaVgVbZciZ aV e^cijgV! V]dgV cd! XaVgd# EZgd Za h^beaZ egdXZhd YZ VXXZYZg V jcV i^ZcYV d jcV ZbegZhV YdcYZ kZcYVc adh egdYjXidh j d[ZgiZc aVh i Xc^XVh! adh ZheZX^Va^hiVh! adh egd\gVbVh Y^\^iVaZh! adh eaVi h YZ \gVWVX^ c! bZhVh YZ bZoXaVh! aj\VgZh YZ ZchVnd! ZiX iZgV### EdgfjZ Va Vgi^hiV _dkZc cd aZ Zh cVYV [{X^a Va\d Vh Zc aV k^YV gZVa! h^ZbegZ bZY^VYV edg Za bZgXVYd# GZVabZciZ i^ZcZc fjZ aaZkVg V XVWd XVh^ jcV aVWdg VgfjZda \^XV eVgV VkZg^\jVg Y cYZ Zhi{c aVh XdhVh fjZ cZXZh^iVc eVgV XgZVg# >cXajhd eVgV adh fjZ hZ YZY^XVc V Y^hX^ea^cVh igVY^X^dcVaZh iZcYg V fjZ ]VWZg jcV ZheZX^Z YZ ZXdcdbVidh d Va\d h^b^aVg# :hVh ^c i^aZh ZhXjZaVh YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh! edg Z_Zbead! edg fj cd kVc igVch[dgb{cYdhZ Zc ZhV Y^gZXX^ c/ aj\VgZh YdcYZ hZ kV V XdcdXZg cjZkdh bZY^dh! cjZkdh bViZg^VaZh! cjZkVh Y^hX^ea^cVh n i Xc^XVh! cjZkVh ^YZVh! ^cXajhd# 6 kZXZh bZ egZ\jcid ]VhiV fj ejcid ]V h^Yd jc Zggdg VfjZaad YZ igVch[dgbVgaVh Zc [VXjaiVYZh jc^kZgh^iVg^Vh# 6a bZcdh aVh ZhXjZaVh YZ VgiZh n dÒX^dh hdc i^aZh Zc ad W{h^Xd# 9Z ]ZX]d! Vh^hi V jcV YZ _dkZcX^id! VciZh YZ ^c\gZhVg Zc 6gfj^iZXijgV! n aVh XjVigd XdhVh fjZ bZ ZchZ Vgdc Vaa ! idYVh bjn ZaZbZciVaZh! Zh X^Zgid! Va bZcdh bZ ]Vc hZgk^Yd eVgV Za gZhid YZ b^ k^YV Vgi hi^XV# DigV egdejZhiV fjZ fj^Zgd eaVciZVg iZcYg V fjZ kZg Xdc Za Xdbjc^XVg V adh YZb{h! Va \gjed n V aV hdX^ZYVY# NV fjZ eVgZXZ fjZ cd ]Vn edh^W^a^YVY YZ kdakZg V XdciVg Xdc ZheVX^dh iZaZk^h^kdh i^ed AV :YVY YZ Dgd ÅZa XjVa k^hid Zc eZgheZXi^kV [jcX^dc ^cXgZ WaZbZciZ W^ZcÅ! edg fj cd egdedcZg! nd fj h ! Zh h ad jc Z_Zbead! fjZ Za 8VcVa Hjg ' XjZciZ Xdc jc egd\gVbV Zc eVgg^aaV YZ b{m^bV VjY^ZcX^V n YZ Ydh ]dgVh YZ YjgVX^ c Zc Za XjVa fjZeVc YZhYZ Za gZedgiV_Z YZ jcV Zmedh^X^ c V k^h^iVh YZ ZhijY^dh n b^a XdhVh b{h gZaVX^dcVYVh Xdc Za bjcYd YZa VgiZ# =VWg V fjZ egdWVg n kZg V Xj{cidh ZheZXiVYdgZh ejY^ZgV aaZ\Vg V ^ciZgZhVg d Zc\VcX]Vg Va\d Vh # BZoXaVg XdhVh Zh h^ZbegZ ^ciZgZhVciZ/ aV eZg[dgbVcXZ fjZ hVaZ YZ jcV \VaZg V hjZaZ hZg edg gZ\aV \ZcZgVa n Zc Vaid \gVYd VWjgg^YV0 h^c ZbWVg\d! jcV eZg[dgbVcXZ k^hiV Zc iZaZk^h^ c Zh bjX] h^bd b{h X]dXVciZ! n hZ\jgd fjZ Za aZc\jV_Z [jcX^dcV YZ bVcZgV b{h ^cfj^ZiVciZ# ´DigV egdejZhiV4! Zc ZhiV a cZV fjZ XdbZcid! XgZVg jcV gZk^hiV0 eZgd jcV gZk^hiV YZ kZgYVY! Xdc bZY^dh n Vhe^gVX^dcZh hZg^Vh! Xdc Zfj^ed n XdciZc^Ydh! cd jcV b{h YZ ZhVh fjZ Va ÒcVa hdc Ydh c bZgdh Xdbd bjX]d0 c^ Zc eaVc jcYZg\gdjcY! h^cd jc bZY^d YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c fjZ \ZcZgZ ^ciZg h edejaVg n aV \ZciZ ad ejZYV XdbegVg Zc adh fj^dhXdh# DigV egdejZhiV Xdc gZheZXid V aV Xdbjc^XVX^ c Zhi{ Zc gZaVX^ c Xdc >ciZgcZi/ XjVcYd XjVafj^ZgV hZ XdcZXiV cd hVWZ V Y cYZ Y^g^\^ghZ0 cd Zh iVc [{X^a iZcZg jc XZcigd! jc aj\Vg! YZhYZ YdcYZ ejZYZh ajZ\d ^g V XjVafj^Zg digd ejcid! n YZ V] ejZYZc hjg\^g igZ^ciV b^a XdhVh# =Vn bjX]Vh XdhVh fjZ XdciVg! bjX]Vh fjZ egdedcZg# :c Òc! nV eVgd Vfj ! n fjZ i^gZc YZa XVggd digdh! b{h _ kZcZh fj^o{# HjZgiZ V idYdh#


&&- BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

86GADH 6>G:H () V dh

GZh^YZ Zc 6bWZgZh 7 a\^XV n BVYg^Y# <VaZg V 6ZgdeaVhi^Xh 8dciZbedgVgn 7gjhZaVh! 7 a\^XV ! <VaZg V 69C 7VgXZadcV ! <VaZg V HVcYjc\V <gVcVYV ! <VaZg V ÛakVgd 6aX{oVg BVYg^Y ! <VaZg V 7gdY^Z$HiZkZchdc ?d]VccZhWjg\d! HjY{[g^XV #

G:6A>OD ;DID<G6;Þ6H! :H8JAIJG6H! KÞ9:DH : >CHI6A68>DC:H#

´8JÛA ;J: IJ ;DGB68>âC4

H^c i ijad# 9Z aV hZg^Z/ N [jZgdc [Za^XZh½

GZVa^X ZhijY^dh YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh Zc aV ;VXjaiVY YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh YZ <gVcVYV n I^a\jg\ =daVcYV n ZhijY^dh YZ Edhi\gVYjVYd Zc 6bWZgZh 7 a\^XV ! CjZkV Ndg` n 8dajbWjh JH6 #

=Vn bjX]dh Vgi^hiVh VcYVajXZh fjZ i^ZcZc jcV dWgV bjn ^ciZgZhVciZ! ediZciZ n iVc XdciZbedg{cZV Xdbd aV fjZ hZ egdYjXZ [jZgV YZ aVh [gdciZgVh VcYVajoVh# :a eg^cX^eVa egdWaZbV Zh aV [VaiV YZ ZhigjXijgVh e Wa^XVh d eg^kVYVh fjZ VednZc n egdbdX^dcZc egd[Zh^dcVabZciZ V Zhidh Vgi^hiVh# Cd XgZd fjZ hZV jcV [VaiV YZ egZhjejZhidh edgfjZ XVYV V d hZ gZVa^oVc bjX]Vh Zmedh^X^dcZh n hZ ejWa^XVc b^aZh YZ XVi{ad\dh fjZ eVgZXZc _jhi^ÒXVg Za igVWV_d YZ ZhiVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh# :c adh ai^bdh V dh digVh Xdbjc^YVYZh Vji cdbVh Xdbd aV XViVaVcV d aV kVhXV ]Vc ]ZX]d jc WjZc igVWV_d YZ egdbdX^ c YZ hjh Vgi^hiVh n edYg Vc kVaZg Xdbd bdYZadh V hZ\j^g# 8Vh^ idYd ad fjZ hZ dg\Vc^oV Vfj Zh bjn adXVa! h^c bjX]V igVhXZcYZcX^V ZmiZg^dg! eZgd eVgZXZ fjZ Zhd cd aZ ^bedgiV V cVY^Z! h^ZcYd egZ[ZgZciZ jcV ^cVj\jgVX^ c YdcYZ hZ h^gkV WjZc _Vb c hZggVcd n k^cd i^cid V eZhVg YZ fjZ VbWdh bZ ZcXVciVc # 8gZd fjZ 6cYVajX V h^beaZbZciZ cZXZh^iV egd[Zh^dcVaZh ZcXVg\VYdh YZ VednVg! XddgY^cVg n Y^[jcY^g V adh Vgi^hiVh VcYVajXZh n hj egdYjXX^ c Vgi hi^XV# IVbW^ c XgZd fjZ YZWZg V Zm^hi^g bVh Y^{ad\d n XdaVWdgVX^dcZh ZcigZ aVh Y^[ZgZciZh Xdbjc^YVYZh Z ^chi^ijX^dcZh! e Wa^XVh n eg^kVYVh! dg\Vc^oVcYd egdejZhiVh YZ bVndg eZhd#

n Va gZk h! digdh! Xdc adh fjZ VYZb{h YZ iZcZg jcV WjZcV gZaVX^ c eZghdcVa! VYb^gVh hj igVWV_d½ n digdh! fjZ hdc jcdh \^a^edaaVh n ]VXZc jc igVWV_d fjZ cd iZ ^ciZgZhV# ´E6G6 I> IG676?6G :C 6C96AJ8Þ6 :H JC 9:H:D D JC6 C:8:H>9694

Nd cd igVWV_d XdchiVciZbZciZ Zc 6cYVajX V! eZgd XjVcYd ad ]V\d cd Zh c^ jc YZhZd c^ jcV cZXZh^YVY/ h^beaZbZciZ dXjggZ Vh # ´FJw 8DCH:8J:C8>6H 8G::H FJ: >BEA>86 :HI: =:8=D :C IJ 86GG:G64

C^c\jcV# :a bVndg egdWaZbV fjZ i^ZcZ igVWV_Vg Zc 6cYVajX V Zh Za V^haVb^Zcid eZgd XVYV kZo Zh bVh [{X^a Xdc Za VkVcXZ YZ adh bZY^dh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c# Nd ^ciZcid XdckZgi^g ZhiZ V^haVb^Zcid Zc jcV kZciV_V! eZgb^i^ cYdbZ XdcXgZiVgbZ bjX]d Zc Za igVWV_d# ´FJw BD9:AD 9: <6A:GÞ6 8G::H FJ: H: 9:7:GÞ6 >BEDC:G4

8gZd fjZ nV Zm^hiZc bjX]dh bdYZadh# :a fjZ hZ YZWZg V YZ ^bedcZg Zh Za egd[Zh^dcVa# ´FJw DE>C6H N 8JÛA :H IJ :ME:G>:C8>6 E:GHDC6A 8DC A6 6JID<:HI>âC4

Hjedc\d fjZ iZ gZÒZgZh V aV Vjid\Zhi^ c XdbZgX^Va# 6]dgV b^hbd igVWV_d Xdc kVg^Vh ´FJw 6NJ96H >CHI>IJ8>DC6A:H! 7:86H! EG:B>DH! \VaZg Vh fjZ \Zhi^dcVc b^ igVWV_d# :h jcV :I8# 9:HI686GÞ6H :C IJ 86GG:G64 ´E6G6 FJw eVgiZ YZ cjZhigd dÒX^d fjZ bZ eVgZXZ ´FJw G:A68>DC:H B6CI>:C:H 8DC DIGDH H>GK>:GDC G:6AB:CI:4 ^cZk^iVWaZ eZgd edXd i^ZcZ fjZ kZg Xdc Za 6GI>HI6H 9: IJ <:C:G68>âC4 ´N 8DC DIGDH B^ bVndg hedchdg ]V h^Yd Za KVi^XVcd n Za B6NDG:H4 ´N B:CDG:H4 VgiZ Zc h^0 Zh Za bZgXVYd YZa b^hbd# AVh Dejh 9Z^# =Z iZc^Yd egZb^dh Xdbd Za 9Z 8dc Va\jcdh iZc\d gZaVX^dcZh \VaZg Vh ]VXZc jcV aVWdg fjZ bZ hZg V Edci Eg^oZ Xdch^hiZciZ Zc jc VeVgiVbZcid egd[Zh^dcVaZh! Xdc digdh Vb^hidhVh n Xdc ^bedh^WaZ gZVa^oVg n VYZb{h! YZiZhid# n iVaaZg YZ igVWV_d YjgVciZ jc V d Zc Va\jcd fjZ digd½ ci^bVh# >cYjYVWaZbZciZ 9Z idYdh bdYdh ]Vc VeVgZX^Yd cjZkdh =daVcYV! fjZ bZ eVgZX^ \Zc^Va# Digdh XdcdoXd bZ_dg V Vgi^hiVh n hj dWgV Xdc bdYdh Zc fjZ jc Vgi^hiV \Zhi^dcV hjh Xdbd <ZcZgVX^ c '%%-! ? kZcZh 8gZVYdgZh adh fjZ ]Z ZhijY^VYd! Xdbd ?Zh h Ojg^iV! dWgVh YZ VgiZ! Xdbd Zh Za XVhd YZ 6cYVajXZh! EgZb^d CVX^dcVa 7Za\V '%%+! 8g^hi^cV BVgi c AVgV! EZed Gj^o 9dgVYd! 9Vb^Zc =^ghi# 7ZXV BVcjZa G^kZgV d ;jaWg^\]i! fjZ H^bdc OVWZaa½ eZgd iVbW^ c digdh Vgi^hiVh bZ eZgb^i^Zgdc ZhijY^Vg n Xdci^cjVg Xdc adh fjZ ]Z Xd^cX^Yd Zc Zmedh^X^dcZh! ´:M>HI: JC6 6AI:GC6I>K6 6A 8DB:G8>D4 gZVa^oVcYd dWgV Zc Za ZmigVc_Zgd XjVcYd cd ´H:GÞ6 9:H:67A: :C IJ 86HD4 Xdbd adh ]ZgbVcdh GdhVYd! B^`^ AZVa! iZc V digd i^ed YZ ^c\gZhdh# µµµCd iZcZbdh ZhXVeVidg^V BZ eVgZXZ ?jVc 8Vgadh 7gVX]d! Ûc\ZaZh 6\gZaV! VWhjgYd ^ciZciVg k^k^g V WVhZ YZ egZb^dh ?Vk^Zg <VgXZg{½ :c 7 a\^XV n :hiVYdh ´FJw 8G::H FJ: C:8:H>I6 B:?DG6G :A BJC9D n WZXVh! edgfjZ Zh idiVabZciZ VaZVidg^d Jc^Ydh ZhijY^ Xdc Vgi^hiVh ZmigVc_Zgdh YZ 9:A 6GI: 6C96AJO4 n jcd Zhi{ h^ZbegZ h^ZcYd _jo\VYd# DigV b^ \ZcZgVX^ c Xdbd ;gVcXZh <ddYbVc! 9Z eVgi^YV bZ eVgZXZ Zgg cZd Za edh^W^a^YVY Zh ]VXZg digd igVWV_d eVgVaZad XVa^ÒXVi^kd YZ ÆVgiZ VcYVajoÇ eZgd Zci^ZcYd A^k 7j\\Z d AZdc KgVc`Zc n XdcdX V ^bedgiVciZh Vgi^hiVh! Xg i^Xdh d Xdb^hVg^dh V aV egdYjXX^ c Vgi hi^XV# 8jVcYd ]V h^Yd fjZ hZV cZXZhVg^d YZhYZ jc ejcid YZ Xdbd CZY`d HdaV`dk! ?Vc =dji! 8Vi]Zg^cZ cZXZhVg^d ad ]Z ]ZX]d eZgd YZÒZcYd Za k^hiV \jWZgcVbZciVa# ´:h aV dWgV YZ igVWV_d YZa Vgi^hiV Xdbd jcV egd[Zh^ c 9Vk^Y! ?Vc ;VWgZ! AjX IjnbVch½ d 6ccZ E^XVhhd VcYVajoV4 IVbW^ c XgZd fjZ Zh YZ aV fjZ bZ \jhiVg V hZg XVeVo YZ k^k^g bdbZcid YZ XjZhi^dcVgcdh h^ gZVabZciZ =Vb^aidc! fjZ [jZ jcd YZ b^h ijidgZh Zc Zh jc ÆbjcYdÇ ad fjZ dXjggZ Zc Za iZggZcd D]^d# :h Xdbd Zc XjVafj^Zg digV egd[Zh^ c/ YZ jc bdYd ^cYZeZcY^ZciZ# :a hZg Vgi^hiV Vgi hi^Xd XdciZbedg{cZd Zc 6cYVajX V d Zh ]Vn Vgi^hiVh fjZ hdc ZcXVciVYdgZh eZgd V c VXVggZV jc ZhiZg^di^ed gdb{ci^Xd YZ jc h^beaZ bZiZdg^id# i^ZcZc jcV dWgV fjZ cd iZ ^ciZgZhV bjX]d hjeZgk^kZcX^V fjZ YZWZg V ^g XVbW^VcYd#



&'% BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

B6CDAD 76JI>HI6 () V dh

GZh^YZ Zc HZk^aaV <VaZg V GV[VZa Dgi^o n XdaVWdgVX^dcZh Xdc kVg^Vh \VaZg Vh Xdbd H^WdcZn d EZYgd Da^kZ^gV#

IG676?D 8DC A6 >B6<:C! 8DC ADH CJ:KDH EGD8:HDH 9: 8G:68>âC N :A KÞ9:D#

´8JÛA ;J: IJ ;DGB68>âC4

IZgb^c aV A^XZcX^VijgV Zc 7ZaaVh 6giZh Zc HZk^aaV! Y^kZghdh Xjghdh hdWgZ Za egdXZhd ZhXjai g^Xd###! eZgd Zc gZVa^YVY bZ Xdch^YZgd jc VjidY^YVXiV# ´FJw 6NJ96H >CHI>IJ8>DC6A:H! 7:86H! EG:B>DH! :I8# 9:HI686GÞ6H :C IJ 86GG:G64 ´E6G6 FJw H>GK>:GDC G:6AB:CI:

Hdc kVg^dh adh egZb^dh n WZXVh! ZcigZ Zaadh Za egZb^d EZeZ :heVa^ ! aVh WZXVh YZa egd\gVbV >c^X^VgiZ½ ´FJw 8G::H FJ: C:8:H>I6 B:?DG6G :A BJC9D 9:A 6GI: 6C96AJO4

IdYdh cZXZh^iVbdh bZ_dgVg0 Zc \ZcZgVa idYVk V cd hZ ]V XdchZ\j^Yd jcV ZhigjXijgV h a^YV n bVYjgV fjZ hdedgiZ idYd Za ZcigVbVYd XjaijgVa fjZ \ZcZgV cjZhigV Xdbjc^YVY! ZheZX^VabZciZ Zc Za {bW^id YZ aVh 6giZh Ea{hi^XVh# ´FJw G:A68>DC:H B6CI>:C:H 8DC DIGDH 6GI>HI6H 9: IJ <:C:G68>âC4 ´N 8DC DIGDH B6NDG:H4 ´N B:CDG:H4

9Z Vb^\dh n XdaZ\Vh# ´E6G6 I> IG676?6G :C 6C96AJ8Þ6 :H JC 9:H:D D JC6 C:8:H>9694

:h jcV deX^ c# ´FJw 8DCH:8J:C8>6H 8G::H FJ: >BEA>86 :HI: =:8=D :C IJ 86GG:G64

HZ kZg{ Zc Za [jijgd# ´FJw BD9:AD 9: <6A:GÞ6 8G::H FJ: H: 9:7:GÞ6 >BEDC:G4

Cd hdn nd Za fjZ YZWZg V ^bedcZg c^c\ c Xg^iZg^d YZ \VaZg V eZgd e^Zchd fjZ hdWgZk^kZc aVh fjZ i^ZcZc XaVgV hj edh^X^ c Zc Za bZgXVYd n jc Y^hXjghd Xd]ZgZciZ# ´FJw DE>C6H N 8JÛA :H IJ :ME:G>:C8>6 E:GHDC6A 8DC A6 6JID<:HI>âC4

BZ eVgZXZ jc WjZc bdYZad# ´:M>HI: JC6 6AI:GC6I>K6 6A 8DB:G8>D4 ´H:GÞ6 9:H:67A: :C IJ 86HD4

I^bZ id hVn <ddYWnZ#

:m^hiZ! Zh YZhZVWaZ n [dgbV eVgiZ YZa ZcigVbVYd Vgi hi^Xd VXijVa#



&'' BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

8=>8D AâE:O

)& V dh GZh^YZ ZcigZ <gVcVYV n A^cVgZh <VaZg V HVcYjc\V

K^hiV Zmedh^X^ c ÅZc 8Zcigd 9Vb^{c 7Vn cÄHVciV ;ZÅ <gVcVYV# E{\^cV h^\j^ZciZ# 8VWV V YZ XjVYgdhÄk YZd#

=: :HI69D 9>7J?6C9D 8DC 76GG6H 9: <G6;>ID HD7G: K6G>DH HDEDGI:H! 8DCHIGJN:C9D A6H >BÛ<:C:H 6 E6GI>G 9: <GJEDH 9: AÞC:6H D BD9JA6C9D HJH >CI:CH>969:H N I6B6xDH# H: ED9GÞ6 9:8>G FJ: =: 8DCK:GI>9D :A JHD 9: :HI6 Iw8C>86 :C JC6 68I>IJ9 E:GHDC6A! 8DC A6 FJ: =: EG:I:C9>9D EDH>8>DC6GB: ;G:CI: 6A ED9:G 9:A 6GI: :;:8I>HI6 9:A B:G869D 8DCI:BEDGÛC:D# :H EDG :HID FJ: =: 8DCHIGJ>9D JC BJC9D K>GIJ6A Å<:DBwIG>8DÅ 6A FJ: H>:BEG: :HIDN 8DCIG6HI6C9D 8DC DIGD 6JC BÛH ;>8I>8>D/ :A 9:A 6GI: N HJ :CIG6B69D# B: CJIGD 9:A EGDE>D H>HI:B6 6GIÞHI>8D#

´8JÛA ;J: IJ ;DGB68>âC4

BZ a^XZcX^ Zc 7ZaaVh 6giZh edg aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ <gVcVYV n VciZg^dgbZciZ ZhijkZ XjghVcYd ZhijY^dh Zc aV :hXjZaV YZ 6giZh n DÒX^dh! Zc kVg^Vh VXVYZb^Vh eg^kVYVh½! ZiX# EZgd ij kZgYVYZgV [dgbVX^ c Xdb^ZcoV XjVcYd YZX^YZh YZY^XVgiZ V Zhid#

iZc Vh Xdc kZ^ci^iVcidh! Zhid iZ ]VXZ eZgYZg bdk^a^YVY! eZgd cd ^bedgiV! h^\d XgZnZcYd fjZ hZ ejZYZ igVWV_Vg YZhYZ XjVafj^Zg eVgiZ! h ad i^ZcZh fjZ ZheZgVg V fjZ Va\ c Xdb^hVg^d Vk^heVYd fj^ZgV bdciVg jcV Zmedh^X^ c YZ ij odcV bVg\^cVa n nV Zhi{# ?V! _V! _V###

´FJw 8DCH:8J:C8>6H 8G::H FJ: >BEA>86 :HI: ´FJw 6NJ96H >CHI>IJ8>DC6A:H! 7:86H! EG:B>DH! =:8=D :C IJ 86GG:G64 :I8# 9:HI686GÞ6H :C IJ 86GG:G64 ´E6G6 FJw >ch^hid! hZ ejZYZ igVWV_Vg YZhYZ XjVafj^Zg H>GK>:GDC G:6AB:CI:

:c b^ XVhd idYdh adh egZb^dh! WZXVh! ZiX# adh ]Z ^ckZgi^Yd Zc digdh egdnZXidh Vgi hi^Xdh# 8jVafj^Zg b c^bV VnjYV Zh ^bedgiVciZ# Edg hjejZhid! aV aVWdg YZ >c^X^VgiZ Zh Z_ZbeaVg n YZhYZ ZhiZ Vednd ^chi^ijX^dcVa ]Z gZX^W^Yd YdiVX^dcZh eVgV egdnZXidh Zmedh^i^kdh! VjcfjZ iZcYg V fjZ a^bVg Va\jcdh Vhjci^aadh! Xdbd Za YZ XdbZcoVg hj eg^bZgV ZiVeV egdbdk^ZcYd Za VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ h^c a^b^iZh YZ ZYVY! n V]dgV [gjhigVg aVh edh^W^a^YVYZh YZ Vhe^gVg V adh egZb^dh h^ i^ZcZh b{h YZ )%½ EZgd Zc Òc! Za VgiZ cd ad ]VXZc eVgV idYdh#

aj\Vg! VjcfjZ Zhd h ! Za Zh[jZgod Zh bjX]d bVndg Xj{cYd Zm^hiZ X^ZgiV Y^hiVcX^V/ b{h k^V_Zh! b{h \Vhidh! bZcdh i^Zbed! bZcdh Vedndh! ZiX# ´FJw BD9:AD 9: <6A:GÞ6 8G::H FJ: H: 9:7:GÞ6 >BEDC:G4

´>bedcZg4 µC^c\jcd CjZhigV ]^hidg^V cdh YZbjZhigV fjZ aVh ^bedh^X^dcZh cd hdc YZbVh^VYd WjZcVh! eZgd XaVgd! ZhV cd Zh aV gZVa^YVY# AV gZVa^YVY! d eVgiZ YZ aV b^hbV! Zh fjZ Za bZgXVYd hZ ]V ^bejZhid V aVh \VaZg Vh# AVh cZXZh^YVYZh eg^kVYVh YZ hiVh h^i Vc digdh egdYjXidh Zc Za h^hiZbV n ajZ\d hZ fjZ_Vc YZ fjZ cd ]Vn XdaZXX^dc^hbd# :a Vgi^hiV cZXZh^iV fjZ aZ YZÒZcYVc V XVeV n ZheVYV! fjZ aZ egdbdX^dcZc n aZ XdbZgX^Va^XZc hj igVWV_d! eZgd! ´fjZ \VaZg V Zh XVeVo YZ Vhjb^g ZhiZ Xdbegdb^hd4 ´FJw DE>C6H N 8JÛA :H IJ :ME:G>:C8>6 E:GHDC6A 8DC A6 6JID<:HI>âC4

9jgVciZ idYd ZhiZ i^Zbed adh Vgi^hiVh hZ ]Vc bZi^Yd Zc adh ZhijY^dh n ]Vc XdcÒVYd Zc aVh gZYZh fjZ Zm^hiZc eVgV aV \Zhi^ c 8gZd fjZ ÆbjcYdÇ Zh jcV eVaVWgV bjn YZ hj dWgV! eZgd ´fj eVhV h^ hiVh [VaaVc4 Vbea^V eVgV hZg Xdch^YZgVYdh eZg^[Zg^V# 6YZb{h YZ fjZYVgiZ ÆXdc adh eVciVadcZh WV_VYdhÇ! iZ YVh XjZciV fjZ Zh bjn Y^[ X^a ´FJw G:A68>DC:H B6CI>:C:H 8DC DIGDH Vjid\Zhi^dcVgiZ n eVgV jc Vgi^hiV fjZ 6GI>HI6H 9: IJ <:C:G68>âC4 ´N 8DC DIGDH Zbe^ZoV b{h# :a Zh[jZgod fjZ cZXZh^iVh B6NDG:H4 ´N B:CDG:H4 Zh Za YdWaZ n Za h^hiZbV ZhiVWaZX^Yd iZ Edg hjZgiZ! XdbZcX V igVWV_Vg Zc kV V gZX]VoVg# IZcYg Vc fjZ Zm^hi^g digVh <gVcVYV Y cYZ ]Zbdh ZciZcY^Yd fjZ k Vh ZÒXVXZh eVgV aV Vjid XVcVa^oVX^ c YZa hVakVcYd aVh Y^[ZgZcX^Vh Vgi hi^XVh! idYdh ZhiVbdh Zc Zhid! XdbeVgi^bdh adh b^hbdh igVWV_d Vgi hi^Xd# egdWaZbVh n aVh VaZ\g Vh YZ adh YZb{h# ´:M>HI: JC6 6AI:GC6I>K6 6A 8DB:G8>D4 H^ZbegZ e^Zchd fjZ Za VgiZ cd hdn nd! ´H:GÞ6 9:H:67A: :C IJ 86HD4 h^cd idYdh adh digdh n bZ ^ciZgZhV YZ Zaadh :a VgiZ Zh XdbZgX^d n Zhid Zh b{h fjZ ad Vci^\jd! ad cjZkd! aV ZmeZg^ZcX^V n aV hVW^Yd# 6]dgV V adh Vgi^hiVh h ad cdh fjZYV ^cbVYjgZo# IdYd Zh jc \gVc X bjad YdcYZ ZhV ZmigV V VXi^ijY fjZ cdh ejZYZ ]VXZg edYZg WjXZVg# hjW^g Za :kZgZhi! aaZ\Vg V aV 6ci{gi^YV! d edYg Vbdh ^ciZciVg XgjoVg Za dX Vcd V ´E6G6 I> IG676?6G :C 6C96AJ8Þ6 :H JC 9:H:D cVYd! b^ZcigVh ZheZgVbdh V fjZ idYd hZ D JC6 C:8:H>9694 YZggjbWZ½! d W^Zc edYg Vbdh ]VXZg fjZ aV :c b^ XVhd XgZd fjZ Zh Va\d Y^[ZgZciZ V WdahV YZ eVgVYdh VjbZciZ Xdc \VaZg^hiVh! aV \gVc bVndg V# :beZoVg Zc Zhid V jcV bVgX]VciZh! Xdb^hVg^dh! Xg i^Xdh n ZYVY iVgY V h^\c^ÒXV fjZ ]Vh iZc^Yd fjZ hdWgZidYd! bjX]dh Vgi^hiVh# k^k^g YZ digdh igVWV_dh n fjZ YZWZh XjWg^g ´FJw 8G::H FJ: C:8:H>I6 B:?DG6G :A BJC9D 9:A 6GI: 6C96AJO4

X^ZgiVh cZXZh^YVYZh Y^[ZgZciZh V aVh fjZ



&') BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

ZhiVg V Vfj # 8gZd fjZ ZhiVbdh Zc jc XdciZmid bjn g^Xd! Xdc bjX]Vh edh^W^a^YVYZh fjZ YZWZg Vbdh hVWZg ZmeadiVg# :hZ fj^o{h Zh cjZhigd \gVc gZid#

6HJC8>âC ADO6CD )% V dh

´FJw 8DCH:8J:C8>6H 8G::H FJ: >BEA>86 :HI: =:8=D :C IJ 86GG:G64

GZh^YZ Zc <gVcVYV B:86# BZY^iZgg{cZd 8Zcigd 6gi hi^Xd

?VgY c YZ k^daZiVh cZ\gVh# '%%,#

K6G>6H 8J:HI>DC:H 8:CIG6C B> IG676?D# A6 C6IJG6A:O6 N A6 K:<:I68>âC :C HJ 8DC9>8>âC H6AK6?:0 8âBD H: G:A68>DC6 :A H:G =JB6CD 8DC HJ :CIDGCD C6IJG6A N HD8>6A0 :A GDA FJ: 6HJB: 8696 >C9>K>9JD :C G:A68>âC 8DC HJ 8DCI:MID! :C 9:;>C>I>K6! 6A<JCDH 6HE:8IDH 9: A6 8DC9>8>âC =JB6C6# B: >CI:G:H6C A6H =J:A6H 9: >8DCDH FJ: =:G:96BDH 9: A6 =>HIDG>6 N FJ: H: HJE:GEDC:C 6 CJ:HIG6 G:6A>969 N 8âBD A6H =68:BDH G:6E6G:8:G 9: ;DGB6 ;6CI6HB6<âG>86# HDC >9:6H FJ: K6C 6E6G:8>:C9D N D8JAIÛC9DH: 9: ;DGB6 :CIG:A6O696 :C A6H D7G6H FJ: G:6A>OD#

whiZ Zh ZheZX^Va eVgV b edg Za kVadg fjZ Ydn V aVh eZghdcVh fjZ Xdbedc Vc Za _jgVYd V aVh fjZ h^ZbegZ ]Z VYb^gVYd# :c gZaVX^ c V aVh VnjYVh gZX^ZciZh! YZhiVXVg aVh YZ egdYjXX^ c n Y^[jh^ c YZa egd\gVbV >c^X^VgiZ YZ aV ?jciV YZ 6cYVajX V#

=dn Y V XgZd fjZ ejZYZ cd hjedcZg cVYV Za aj\Vg Zc Za fjZ k^kZh# :a g^ibd n Za idcd ad bVgXV aV ^c[dgbVX^ c fjZ bVcZ_Vh! Xdc fj^ZcZh iZ gZaVX^dcVh! ijh k^V_Zh! ijh ZmeZg^ZcX^Vh! ijh W hfjZYVh! n Zhd ]dn Y V cd iZ V[ZggV V ij aj\Vg YZ gZh^YZcX^V# 8gZd fjZ fj^ZcZh bVci^ZcZc ZhV fjZ_V ad ]VXZc Xdbd ZmXjhV YZ jcV ^cXVeVX^YVY# ´FJw BD9:AD 9: <6A:GÞ6 8G::H FJ: H: 9:7:GÞ6 >BEDC:G4

HZ hjedcZ fjZ jcV \VaZg V VYZb{h YZ [VX^a^iVgiZ jcV egdbdX^ c n Y^[jh^ c YZ ij igVWV_d! YZWZg V [VkdgZXZg ij egde^V ´FJw 8G::H FJ: C:8:H>I6 B:?DG6G :A BJC9D ÒcVcX^VX^ c V igVk h YZ aV kZciV YZ ij 9:A 6GI: 6C96AJO4 egdYjXX^ c n Zhd Zc 6cYVajX V ZhiVbdh 6]dgV k^k^bdh jcV ZiVeV bjn ^ciZgZhVciZ \gVX^Vh Va egd\gVbV >c^X^VgiZ0 hZ Zhi{ YVcYd ]VW^ijVYdh V fjZ eVhZ bjn! bjn YZ kZo aV dedgijc^YVY V bjX]dh Vgi^hiVh YZ egdYjX^g Zc XjVcYd# Cd h h^ Zh edg ZhV gVo c! eZgd fj^o{ bZ ]Z gZh^\cVYd V ZheZgVg edXd egdnZXidh fjZ YZ digV bVcZgV cd hZg Vc YZ aVh \VaZg Vh! fj^o{h aV edh^W^a^YVY YZ edh^WaZh# Cdh [VaiVc bjX]Vh XdhVh! fj^o{ eaVciZVgiZ cjZkdh egdnZXidh YZ igVWV_d! bVh VbW^X^ c n Va^Zcid Zc jcV ZhigjXijgV Zmedh^i^kdh! ZiX# Cd h h^ Za bdYZad fjZ Zc YdcYZ adh \ZhidgZh! adh Xdb^hVg^dh! YZWZg V ^bedcZghZ YZWZ eVhVg edg aVh adh Y^gZXidgZh YZ bjhZd! adh \VaZg^hiVh! \VaZg Vh iVa n Xdbd ]dn hZ aVh XdcX^WZ# Vbea Zc hjh gZidh# :c Za VgiZ Zh cZXZhVg^V Fj^o{h cd# aV Y^[jh^ c n cdh h^gkZ YZ edXd fjZ hZ Zhi Va^bZciVcYd aV XgZVX^ c YZ jcV dWgV YZ ´FJw DE>C6H N 8JÛA :H IJ :ME:G>:C8>6 bjX]d c^kZa! h^ aVh ZhigjXijgVh fjZ YZWZg Vc E:GHDC6A 8DC A6 6JID<:HI>âC4 gZXdcdXZg n egdbdX^dcVg ZhV egdYjXX^ c AV Vjid\Zhi^ c Zh edh^WaZ! k^VWaZ n YZ kZo Zhi{c ZhiVcXVYVh Zc jcdh egdnZXidh h^c Zc XjVcYd! gZXdbZcYVWaZ# EZgd Zm^\Z Xdb^hVg^VYd! gZX^W^ZcYd YZa ZmiZg^dg VjidgZh XdcdXZg Zc egd[jcY^YVY Za h^hiZbV# n egdnZXidh YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh fjZ digVh CZXZh^iV YZ bjX]d Zh[jZgod n YZY^XVX^ c n ´8JÛA ;J: IJ ;DGB68>âC4 ^chi^ijX^dcZh n Zci^YVYZh egdYjXZc# Cdh ]VXZ iZcZg gZaVX^ c Xdc ^ciZgadXjidgZh k{a^Ydh# =^XZ aV a^XZcX^VijgV n Za YdXidgVYd Zc aV [VaiV XgZZg n fjZgZg b{h ad cjZhigd# 6 kZXZh :h ^bedgiVciZ aV egd[Zh^dcVa^oVX^ c YZ aV ;VXjaiVY YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh YZ <gVcVYV! Za fjZ cd iZc\Vbdh jc hZci^Yd cVX^dcVa^hiV \Zhi^ c# Fj^o{ edg Zhd edXdh Vgi^hiVh hdc YZhej h! WVhiVciZh iVaaZgZh n Xjghdh Xdc cdh eZg_jY^XV ZcdgbZbZciZ# :_Zbead b{h iVbW^ c Zc aV eg{Xi^XV hjh egde^dh \ZhidgZh# Vgi^hiVh! Xg i^Xdh! ]^hidg^VYdgZh! Òa hd[dh! ^cbZY^Vid/ 7^VXh# Cd hZ Zci^ZcYZ X bd iZ g^Xdh YZa VgiZ! ZiX# cd WjhXVbdh gZciVW^a^YVY V aV \Zhi^ c ´:M>HI: JC6 6AI:GC6I>K6 6A 8DB:G8>D4 ´H:GÞ6 9:H:67A: :C IJ 86HD4 fjZ \gVcYZh Xdb^hVg^dh Zhi{c ]VX^ZcYd ´FJw 6NJ96H >CHI>IJ8>DC6A:H! 7:86H! EG:B>DH! EVgV fjZ Za VgiZ hZ ejZYV YZhVggdaaVg! Zh Zc cjZhigV Xdbjc^YVY! h^ cd [dgoVbdh aV :I8# 9:HI686GÞ6H :C IJ 86GG:G64 ´E6G6 FJw H>GK>:GDC G:6AB:CI: dedgijc^YVY eVgV fjZ ZhijY^Zc aV cVijgVaZoV cZXZhVg^d ^ckZgi^g Zc a# AVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh HdWgZ idYd YZhiVXVg V aVh fjZ gZX^W Va ^c^X^d n Za kVadg YZ cjZhigV egdYjXX^ c egde^V# IdYd e Wa^XVh i^ZcZc aV dWa^\VX^ c YZ ^ckZgi^g Zc VgiZ! eZgd aVbZciVWaZbZciZ edXVh hdc YZ b^ XVggZgV# Hdc V aVh fjZ didg\Vh b{h hZ fjZYV Zc b^gVYVh VcZXY i^XVh n kVX dh aVh hZ YZ_Vc VhZhdgVg edg egd[Zh^dcVaZh kVadg V c^kZa eZghdcVa! nV fjZ hjedcZc jc i^ijaVgZh fjZ ^ciZciVc _jhi^ÒXVg adh \gVcYZh ZheZX^Va^oVYdh n Za gZhjaiVYd YZ ZhiVh gZheVaYd V ij dWgV XjVcYd Zhi{ Zc ZhV [VhZ YZhZbWdahdh ZXdc b^Xdh# eda i^XVh Zc aV bVndg V YZ adh XVhdh Zh egZk^V Zc aV fjZ ^ciZciVh XgZVg jc aZc\jV_Z n cZ[Vhid# :a gZhjaiVYd Zh fjZ ]Vn edXd VÒVcoVg jc Y^hXjghd egde^d# 9ZhiVXVg V YZ ´FJw G:A68>DC:H B6CI>:C:H 8DC DIGDH 6GI>HI6H 9: IJ <:C:G68>âC4 ´N 8DC DIGDH XVe^iVa eg^kVYd fjZ XdbegZ VgiZ YZ XVa^YVY ZcidcXZh! aV WZXV YZ ZhiVcX^V Zc Edadc^V! B6NDG:H4 ´N B:CDG:H4 n h bjX]d fjZ VabVXZcV [Zi^X]Zh YZ Zc aV X^jYVY YZ @gV`dk^V! Za igVWV_d Zc Za B^ XdciZmid Zhi{ bjn Zc gZaVX^ c Xdc adh jcV XVa^YVY e h^bV fjZ eVhVc edg hZg iVaaZg n aV dWgV YZhVggdaaVYV Zc ZhZ i^Zbed Vgi^hiVh fjZ hZ [dgbVgdc n hZ [dgbVc eVgV aV Zmedh^X^ c Zc Za Cdld]jX`^Z dW_Zidh Zhi i^Xdh kZcY^Ydh Zc Æi^ZcYVhÇ# Zc aV ;VXjaiVY YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh YZ 8Zcigjb @jaijgn# <gVcVYV! bjX]d b{h fjZ Xdc adh fjZ bZ =Vn bjX]Vh bVc^[ZhiVX^dcZh Vgi hi^XVh AV ZmeZg^ZcX^V YZa k^V_Z! Xdck^k^g Xdc jcV Zc aVh fjZ YZWZbdh ^ckZgi^g! n fjZ cd VciZXZYZc# :ci^ZcYd fjZ Zh Va\d cVijgVa0 gZVa^YVY hdX^Va iVc Y^hi^ciV V aV cjZhigV! gZhedcYZc V jc bdYZad YZ XdbegVÄkZciV# eZgiZcZXZbdh V c^kZa \ZcZgVX^dcVa V jc Za gZid YZ eaVciZVgbZ cjZkdh egdWaZbVh Hdc egdYjXidh XjaijgVaZh cd XdbZgX^VWaZh \gjed Xdc ^ciZgZhZh Y^hi^cidh n Xdc digV Zc aV dWgV# 6Wg^ aV edh^W^a^YVY V jcV Zc adh fjZ ^\jVabZciZ hZ ]VXZ cZXZhVg^V hj bVcZgV YZ ZciZcYZg Za VgiZ# hZg^Z YZ igVWV_dh fjZ ajZ\d ijk^Zgdc Za ÒcVcX^VX^ c! n Zh V] YdcYZ aVh Zci^YVYZh gZXdcdX^b^Zcid YZ egZb^dh Xdbd adh e Wa^XVh YZWZg Vc ZciZcYZg hj Xdbegdb^hd ´E6G6 I> IG676?6G :C 6C96AJ8Þ6 :H JC 9:H:D D JC6 C:8:H>9694 XdcXZY^Ydh edg aV ?jciV YZ 6cYVajX V Zc n hj dWa^\VX^ c n fjZ YZ eVhd ZhV Za V d .(! aV XdbegV edg eVgiZ YZ Va\jcVh Nd ZaZ\ igVWV_Vg Zc 6cYVajX V! [jZ b^ Z[ZgkZhXZcX^V ]VX^V ad XjaijgVa XdciV\^VhZ V ZaZXX^ c! h^ cd ad ]jW^ZhZ [dgoVYd cd ^chi^ijX^dcZh e Wa^XVh n Za EgZb^d AÉDg Va# aVh Zci^YVYZh eg^kVYVh#



&'+ BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

B6G>H6 B6C8>AA6 (+ V dh

6 kjaijgZ ^c bn =ZVgi# '%%-# EgjZWVh eVgV aV XdchigjXX^ c YZ eZghdcV_Zh $ :hijY^dh egZk^dh YZ ^ajb^cVX^ c! ^Xdcd\gV[ V n XVgVXiZg^oVX^ c#

GZh^YZ Zc <gVcVYV YjgVciZ +$- bZhZh Va V d! Za gZhid Zc Za ZmigVc_Zgd#

B> 68I>K>969 6GIÞHI>86 >C9>K>9J6A H: 8:CIG6 :C :HIDH BDB:CIDH :C 8DC8G:I>O6G A6 ;JIJG6 :MEDH>8>âC N EJ7A>868>âC 9:A EGDN:8ID 9: >CHI6A68>âC Æ6 KJAIJG: >C BN =:6GIÇ# :HI: EGDN:8ID :H 8DCH:8J:C8>6 9: ADH 9DH 6CI:G>DG:H/ ÆE:C9>:CI:H B6C8>AA6 HD7G: :A E:8=DÇ '%%) H6A6 <G6C 86E>IÛC 9: A6 JC>K:GH>969 9: <G6C696 N Æ:HIJ9>D E6G6 9:H6HIG:Ç '%%+ ÆI:C >CH:8IH ID ;::9# B6H7:9DÄ B>M:9 :BDI>DCHÇ# H6A6 9:A 8DCK:CID 9: H6CI6 >CwH# H:K>AA6# '%%, #

´8JÛA ;J: IJ ;DGB68>âC4

Hdn 9dXidgV Zc 7ZaaVh 6giZh edg aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ <gVcVYV#

´FJw 8G::H FJ: C:8:H>I6 B:?DG6G :A BJC9D 9:A 6GI: 6C96AJO4

HZ cZXZh^iVg V bZ_dgVg aV XdcZm^ c ZcigZ XgZVYdgZh n egdYjXidgZh YZ digVh cVX^dcVa^YVYZh n hj gZaVX^ c Xdc aV ZiVeV [dgbVi^kV YZa Vgi^hiV# :c b^ de^c^ c hZg V jg\ZciZ bZ_dgVg aVh gZaVX^dcZh Xdc aV Jc^kZgh^YVY n Xdc 8Zcigdh YZ [dgbVX^ c ZheZX^Va^oVYdh! Zhi c Zc Za eV h fjZ Zhi c# Adh X^gXj^idh YZ egdYjXX^ c n Zm]^W^X^ c Vgi hi^XV VcYVajXZh! VjcfjZ V[dgijcVYVbZciZ Zc adh ai^bdh V dh ]Vc iZc^Yd jcV ZmXZaZciZ bZ_dg V! hZg V cZXZhVg^d XdcZXiVgadh n VWg^gadh! eZgb^i^ZcYd aV X^gXjaVX^ c YZ egd[Zh^dcVaZh n aV ^ciZgXdcZm^ c YZ Y^[ZgZciZh egdejZhiVh#

´FJw BD9:AD 9: <6A:GÞ6 8G::H FJ: H: 9:7:GÞ6 >BEDC:G4

:a eg^cX^eVa egdWaZbV fjZ kZd Zc Za bdYZad YZ \VaZg V VcYVajoV Zh fjZ adh Vgi^hiVh i^ZcZc jcV eVgi^X^eVX^ c bjn a^b^iVYV# 8gZd fjZ Za bdYZad YZWZg V iZcYZg ]VX^V Za hZ\j^b^Zcid YZ egdejZhiVh Vgi hi^XVh YdcYZ aV \VaZg V cd [jcX^dcVgV Xdbd jcV hVaV h^cd Xdbd jc hZaad! Vbea^VcYd hjh [jcX^dcZh eVgV edYZg hZ\j^g! egdYjX^g n Zhedchdg^oVg egdnZXidh YZ cVijgVaZoV bjn Y^[ZgZciZ# 9Z ´FJw G:A68>DC:H B6CI>:C:H 8DC DIGDH ZhiV [dgbV hZ Vbea^Vg Vc ZcdgbZbZciZ 6GI>HI6H 9: IJ <:C:G68>âC4 ´N 8DC DIGDH iVcid aV XVa^YVY YZa egdYjXid Xdbd Za B6NDG:H4 ´N B:CDG:H4 Xdbegdb^hd YZ adh Vgi^hiVh Xdc gZheZXid B^ ZhijY^d Zhi{ Zc aV 6ojXVgZgV YZa <Zc^a! jc aj\Vg Zc Za fjZ bjX]dh Vgi^hiVh i^ZcZc Va [jcX^dcVb^Zcid YZ aV \VaZg V# Adh XgZVYdgZh iZcYg Vc bjX]V b{h Za iVaaZg# :a h^beaZ ]ZX]d YZ ^g V igVWV_Vg a^WZgiVY eVgV YZX^Y^g Za i^ed YZ [dgbVid fjZ edh^W^a^iV adh ZcXjZcigdh# Adh b^ZbWgdh YZ Ijbjaid! Za XdaZXi^kd Va fjZ eZgiZcZoXd! YZhZVg Vc eVgV hjh egdnZXidh# EVgV fjZ Zhid [jZgV edh^WaZ! idYd Za iZ_^Yd Vgi hi^Xd Ålll#ijbjaid#cZiÅ! hdc YZ Y^[ZgZciZh YZWZg V ZhiVg bjX]d b{h ^bWg^XVYd ZcigZ \ZcZgVX^dcZh! ]ZX]d fjZ cdh eZgb^iZ h^# 9Z ZhiV [dgbV Za XgZVYdg Vbea^V hjh Y^hXji^g egd[jcYVbZciZ cjZhigVh ^YZVh ^cY^k^YjVaZh# Edg b^ igVWV_d Zc aV ;VXjaiVY gZhedchVW^a^YVYZh n hj eVgi^X^eVX^ c Zc Za h^hiZbV YZ kZciV n Zm]^W^X^ c Vgi hi^Xd! iZc\d VXXZhd V adh _ kZcZh Vgi^hiVh Zc hj ZiVeV [dgbVi^kV0 Zhid Zh ZmigZbVYVbZciZ ejY^ZcYd VXXZYZg V digd i^ed YZ egdnZXidh b{h XdbeaZ_dh n Xg i^Xdh! ad fjZ gZeZgXjiZ ^ciZgZhVciZ edgfjZ bZ dWa^\V V bdY^ÒXVg Zc aV \VaZg V! fjZ kZg V Vbea^VYd hj b^h Xg^iZg^dh n bZ XdcZXiV Xdc cjZkdh iZgg^idg^d YZ VXijVX^ c n edg iVcid hjh eaVciZVb^Zcidh XgZVi^kdh# Edg Za b^hbd bdi^kd XdbeVgid igVWV_d Xdc digdh Vgi^hiVh edh^W^a^YVYZh# YZ \ZcZgVX^dcZh bVndgZh fjZ iVbW^ c hdc ´FJw DE>C6H N 8JÛA :H IJ :ME:G>:C8>6 egd[ZhdgZh# E:GHDC6A 8DC A6 6JID<:HI>âC4

´FJw 6NJ96H >CHI>IJ8>DC6A:H! 7:86H! EG:B>DH! ´E6G6 I> IG676?6G :C 6C96AJ8Þ6 :H JC 9:H:D :I8# 9:HI686GÞ6H :C IJ 86GG:G64 ´E6G6 FJw D JC6 C:8:H>9694 H>GK>:GDC G:6AB:CI:

;j^ WZXVYV egZYdXidgVa edg aZ B#:#8#9 .-$'%%' n EdhYdXidgVa edg aV ?jciV YZ 6cYVajX V '%%* # =Z Y^h[gjiVYd YZ kVg^Vh ZhiVcX^Vh YZ ^ckZhi^\VX^ c egZ n edhYdXidgVaZh Zc kVg^dh 8Zcigdh n Jc^kZgh^YVYZh YZ Edgij\Va n 7gVh^a! ÒcVcX^VYVh edg Za B:890 6:8>0 ?jciV YZ 6cYVajX V n J<G# :hiVh VnjYVh ]Vc h^Yd jc ^cXZci^kd bjn ^bedgiVciZ eVgV b^ igVWV_d Zc aV ;VXjaiVY YZ 7766 YZ <gVcVYV eZgd! Va b^hbd i^Zbed! bZ ]Vc eZgb^i^Yd k^V_Vg n ZcigVg Zc XdciVXid Xdc digdh egd[Zh^dcVaZh fjZ ]Vc ]ZX]d edh^WaZ Za YZhVggdaad YZ b^h ai^bdh egdnZXidh Vgi hi^Xdh#

Xdc gZheZXid V digdh XdciZmidh# 8VYV Y V gZXdcdoXd b{h kZciV_Vh n eZXja^Vg^YVYZh YZW^YVh V ZhiZ ]ZX]d/ b^ bVcZgV YZ eZchVg Zhi{ k^cXjaVYV cZXZhVg^VbZciZ V ZhiV X^gXjchiVcX^V#

:h aV XdchZXjZcX^V a \^XV YZ b^ [dgbVX^ c! edg iVcid! jcV YZX^h^ c eZghdcVa Xdchigj^YV YjgVciZ bjX]dh V dh# EZgd YZhYZ '%%' egdXjgd XdbeV\^cVg b^ igVWV_d Xdc ZhiVcX^Vh Zc digdh eV hZh! edg ad fjZ gZh^Yd eg{Xi^XVbZciZ bZY^d V d Zc 6cYVajX V n Za digd bZY^d [jZgV YZ ZaaV#

´FJw 8DCH:8J:C8>6H 8G::H FJ: >BEA>86 :HI: =:8=D :C IJ 86GG:G64

B^ [dgbVX^ c hZ YZhVggdaa Zc <gVcVYV! idYdh b^h egdnZXidh ]Vc YZeZcY^Yd h^ZbegZ YZ aVh VnjYVh YZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh VcYVajoVh! Zhd bVgXV b^ ejcid YZ k^hiV

AV W hfjZYV YZ ^c[dgbVX^ c d Za VXXZhd V adh gZXjghdh ZXdc b^Xdh bZ ]V gZhjaiVYd h^ZbegZ bjn Y^[ X^a# 9ZWZg V Zm^hi^g jcV dÒX^cV eVgV adh XgZVYdgZh! YdcYZ ZheZX^Va^hiVh cdh VhZhdgVgVc Va gZheZXid n hZ cdh VnjYVgV V \ZcZgVg jc eaVc YZ Vjid\Zhi^ c k^VWaZ# Cd Zci^ZcYd edg fj hZ ]VXZ Xdc adh ZbegZhVg^dh ZbZg\ZciZh eZgd cd Xdc adh Vgi^hiVh# ´:M>HI: JC6 6AI:GC6I>K6 6A 8DB:G8>D4 ´H:GÞ6 9:H:67A: :C IJ 86HD4

NV fjZ Zm^hiZc bjX]Vh VaiZgcVi^kVh V aV egdYjXX^ c YZ adh egdnZXidh Vgi hi^Xdh! Zh YZhZVWaZ n edg iVcid edh^WaZ! b ai^eaZh deX^dcZh Va h^hiZbV XdbZgX^Va VXijVa# N h ! Zc b^ XVhd hZg V bjn YZhZVWaZ#



&'- BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

6CIDC>D BDCI6AKD '+ V dh

GZh^YZ Zc <gVcVYV :heVX^d B c^bd

B> E>CIJG6 H: 76H6 :C BD9:ADH 9: 8DCI:MIDH BJN 8DC8G:IDH E:GD 6 A6 K:O 9>K:GHDH# 6 B:CJ9D G:HJAI6 9>;Þ8>A 9:H8>;G6G A6H ;J:CI:H0 HDC 8DBEG:CH>DC:H! HJHIG6IDH 9: JC EGD8:HD 9: 6EGDE>68>âC 8DBEA:?D N BåAI>EA:0 BD9:ADH 9: IG6HA68>âC FJ: CD 7JH86C! EDG HJEJ:HID! C>C<JC6 DG9:C68>âC Aâ<>86! H>CD FJ: >CI:GEG:I6C :A BJC9D B:9>6CI: A6 6E6G>8>âC 9: wHI: :C >BÛ<:C:H#

´8JÛA ;J: IJ ;DGB68>âC4

:hijY^ 7ZaaVh 6giZh Zc aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ <gVcVYV#

EdYZbdh eZchVg aV Vjid\Zhi^ c YZ adh Vgi^hiVh n aV XdchigjXX^ c YZ ZheVX^dh ´FJw 6NJ96H >CHI>IJ8>DC6A:H! 7:86H! EG:B>DH! egde^dh YdcYZ \ZcZgVg n YZhVggdaaVg hj :I8# 9:HI686GÞ6H :C IJ 86GG:G64 ´E6G6 FJw Y^hXjghd Xdbd aV dWa^\VX^ c YZ Vhjb^g H>GK>:GDC G:6AB:CI: Xdbd egde^d Za XdcXZeid eg{Xi^Xd AV hZaZXX^ c Zc <ZcZgVX^ c '%%- YZ 8V_V YZ aV XjgVYjg V# :hiZ bZXVc^hbd YZ BVYg^Y! adh EgZb^dh >c_jkZ n aV 7ZXV egdiZXX^ c egdYjXZ aV VcjaVX^ c YZa YZ aV ;jcYVX^ c 8V_VHjg# <VgVci^oVc bZgXVYd bdYZgcd/ \VaZg^hiV! Xg i^Xd! k^h^W^a^YVY n egdedgX^dcVc aV edh^W^a^YVY bjhZd! XdaZXX^dc^hiV# AV Vjid\Zhi^ c Zh YZ fjZ hZ ZhiVWaZoXV jc Y^{ad\d ZcigZ adh jcV gZhejZhiV a \^XV V adh bZXVc^hbdh eVgi^X^eVciZh n adh egd[Zh^dcVaZh YZa hZXidg# egde^dh YZ adh h^hiZbVh Xdchda^YVYdh Za XdcdX^b^Zcid jc^kZgh^iVg^d! aV ´FJw 8G::H FJ: C:8:H>I6 B:?DG6G :A BJC9D aZ\^i^bVX^ c YZ aV \VaZg V n Za bjhZd! 9:A 6GI: 6C96AJO4 Za Y^hXjghd Xg i^Xd eZg^dY hi^Xd! ZiX# n V AVh ZhigViZ\^Vh! edg jc aVYd! n hjh aV hdWgZkVadgVX^ c YZ adh hjejZhidh YZa XdggZhedcY^ZciZh a cZVh YZ VXijVX^ c ÅhjWkZcX^dcZh n VnjYVh V aV ^ckZhi^\VX^ c! bZgXVYd \adWVa Vea^XVYd V ZhXVaV adXVa! ZheVX^dh eVgV aV egdYjXX^ c n aV Y^[jh^ cÅ! Za egZYdb^c^d YZ aV Ò\jgV XjgVidg^Va! aV Zmeadh^ c bjhZd\g{ÒXV V\diVg Za eVg YZWZc [dbZciVg Za YZhVggdaad YZ aVh bjhZVa^oVX^ cÄXdbZgX^Va^oVX^ c! XjnV ^cYjhig^Vh XjaijgVaZh n [VX^a^iVg Za igVWV_d YZ ^ckZhi^\VYdgZh n egd[Zh^dcVaZh! XgZVcYd ZmegZh^ c b{h WVcVa hdc adh XdcXjghdh ! aV egd[Zh^dcVa^oVX^ c YZ aV ]^hidg^V YZa jc ZheVX^d b{h egde^X^d eVgV aV XgZVX^ c# VgiZ! ZiX iZgV# ´FJw G:A68>DC:H B6CI>:C:H 8DC DIGDH 6GI>HI6H 9: IJ <:C:G68>âC4 ´N 8DC DIGDH B6NDG:H4 ´N B:CDG:H4

AVh cdgbVaZh# AV \ZciZ fjZ ^cÓjnZ Zc ij igVWV_d Zh YZ \ZcZgVX^dcZh egZk^Vh! eZgd adh VheZXidh fjZ iZ ^ciZgZhVc YZ aVh b^hbVh hjZaZc hZg XdbeVgi^Ydh edg \ZciZ YZ aV ijnV# ´E6G6 I> IG676?6G :C 6C96AJ8Þ6 :H JC 9:H:D D JC6 C:8:H>9694

Jc YZhZd# ´FJw 8DCH:8J:C8>6H 8G::H FJ: >BEA>86 :HI: =:8=D :C IJ 86GG:G64

:hiVg VaZ_VYd YZ aVh eg^bZgVh a cZVh YZ VXX^ c# ´FJw BD9:AD 9: <6A:GÞ6 8G::H FJ: H: 9:7:GÞ6 >BEDC:G4

AjY\Zg g^c\# E{\^cV h^\j^ZciZ/ C bZgd n eZghdcV#

´FJw DE>C6H N 8JÛA :H IJ :ME:G>:C8>6 E:GHDC6A 8DC A6 6JID<:HI>âC4

Jcd fjZ cd gZhedcYV V jc bZgXVYd ZcY b^XVbZciZ egZXVg^d! YZeZcY^ZciZ Zc \gVc bZY^YV YZ aV Zm^hiZcX^V YZ jcV [Zg^V n WVhVYd Zc jc h^hiZbV fjZ i^ZcZ edg dW_Zid Za m^id g{e^Yd bZY^VciZ aV Vea^XVX^ c YZ [ gbjaVh XdcigVhiVYVh#

´:M>HI: JC6 6AI:GC6I>K6 6A 8DB:G8>D4 ´H:GÞ6 9:H:67A: :C IJ 86HD4

Cd# IVbedXd#



&(% BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

G6BâC 96K>9 BDG6A:H <6G8Þ6 (& V dh

BdX]^aV Xdc iVWaV YZ H`ViZ eVgV eV^hV_Zh YZ Vafj^ig{c n ]dgb^\ c# '%%,# E{\^cV h^\j^ZciZ/ BdX]^aV eVgV VYZcigVghZ Zc XjZkVh n \gjiVh# '%%,#

GZh^YZ Zc HZk^aaV <VaZg V AV 8V_V 8]^cV! CZ^ahdc <VaaZgn! 9; 6giZ#

´8JÛA ;J: IJ ;DGB68>âC4

9Zhej h YZ iZgb^cVg Za 7VX]^aaZgVid Vgi hi^Xd eVh V aV ;VXjaiVY YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh YZ HZk^aaV! YdcYZ VegZcY b{h YZ adh XdbeV Zgdh fjZ YZ adh egd[ZhdgZh# 6YZb{h! YjgVciZ Zhdh V dh XjWg aV\jcVh YZ XdcdX^b^Zcid YZY^XVcYd ]dgVh ZmigVh Zc aV W^Wa^diZXV YZa 8668# IVbW^ c [jZ [jcYVbZciVa eVgi^X^eVg Zc adh iVaaZgZh YZ XgZVX^ c fjZ dg\Vc^oVWV Za 8668! Xdc ?jVc ;Zgc{cYZo AVXdbWV! EZYgd BdgV d ;ZYZg^Xd <job{c#

´FJw G:A68>DC:H B6CI>:C:H 8DC DIGDH 6GI>HI6H 9: IJ <:C:G68>âC4 ´N 8DC DIGDH B6NDG:H4 ´N B:CDG:H4

AVh b^hbVh XVgVh! adh b^hbdh \Zhidh! Xdbd YZX V aV XVcX^ c YZ 7Vgg^XVYV! hdbdh h^ZbegZ adh b^hbdh0 cdh gZaVX^dcVbdh Y^hi^ciVh \ZcZgVX^dcZh n ]Vn WjZc VbW^ZciZ# EZgd Zhid ^cY^XV b{h YZ ad fjZ eVgZXZ/ fjZ b{h Vaa{ YZ adh Vgi^hiVh ]Vn edXV \ZciZ Zc aVh ^cVj\jgVX^dcZh n VXidh Vgi hi^Xdh# EVgZXZ fjZ ZmedcZbdh eVgV cdhdigdh b^hbdh# Hdbdh Xd[gVYZh YZ egd[Zh^ c! Zc Va\jcdh XVhdh Vb^\dh n cdh VnjYVbdh Zc X^ZgiV bZY^YV0 h^ZbegZ ]Z XdbeVgi^Yd ZhijY^d Xdc digdh XdaZ\Vh#

B> 68I>K>969 :H BJN K6G>696! H: GDBE: JC ED8D :A >9:6A 9:A 6GI>HI6 :C HJ :HIJ9>D 8DFJ:I:6C9D 8DC A6 >CHE>G68>âC# A6H I6G:6H K6C 9:H9: ´E6G6 I> IG676?6G :C 6C96AJ8Þ6 :H JC 9:H:D A6 7åHFJ:96 9: >9:6H 6 IG6KwH 9:A D JC6 C:8:H>9694 9>7J?D! =6HI6 8DCHIGJ>G A6 B6C:G6 Cd Zh c^c\ c YZhZd c^ cZXZh^YVY# 69:8J696 9: =68:GA6 D7?:ID# I6B7>wC :A IG676?D :C >CI:GC:I ´FJw 8DCH:8J:C8>6H 8G::H FJ: >BEA>86 :HI: :H >BEDGI6CI:! A6 7åHFJ:96 =:8=D :C IJ 86GG:G64 9: >BÛ<:C:H! 9: 8DC8JGHDH! EVgV ]VXZg VgiZ cd ]Vn c^c\ c aj\Vg ^YZVa0 >C;DGB68>âC! 8DCI:HI6G :B6>AH D Zc digVh edXVh V ad bZ_dg ]VW V fjZ ZhiVg <:HI>DC6G B> EGDE>6 E6<>C6 L:7! b{h Zc adh h^i^dh! eZgd V]dgV! aVh cjZkVh G:6A>O6G EGDN:8IDH E6G6 7:86H! Xdbjc^XVX^dcZh eZgb^iZc egdYjX^g Zc jc >BEG>B>G 9DH>:G:H <GÛ;>8DH N aj\Vg n ZmedcZg Zc digd# B6FJ:I6GADH! ;DID<G6;>6G A6H E>:O6H ´FJw BD9:AD 9: <6A:GÞ6 8G::H FJ: H: D EG:E6G6G :B76A6?:H E6G6 B6C96G 9:7:GÞ6 >BEDC:G4 D7G6H 6 8DC8JGHDH D :MEDH>8>DC:H# ´FJw 6NJ96H >CHI>IJ8>DC6A:H! 7:86H! EG:B>DH! AV [jcX^ c eg^cX^eVa YZ jcV \VaZg V Zh :C 9:;>C>I>K6! 8DBD JC =DB7G: :I8# 9:HI686GÞ6H :C IJ 86GG:G64 ´E6G6 FJw XjWg^g ZXdc b^XVbZciZ V hjh Vgi^hiVh! bZ H>GK>:GDC G:6AB:CI: DGFJ:HI6# gZÒZgd V fjZ! h^ZcYd aV eg^cX^eVa ZbegZhV 8dbd ZmeZg^ZcX^V! aV 7ZXV YZ gZh^YZcX^V Zc aV ;jcYVX^ c 6cidc^d <VaV [jZ Va\d bjn fjZ adh \Zhi^dcV! hidh YZWZg Vc iZcZg adh ^c\gZhdh b c^bdh Va V d YZ XjVafj^Zg edh^i^kd# 6aa k^k YjgVciZ cjZkZ bZhZh Zc digd igVWV_VYdg# AVh \VaZg Vh i^ZcZc fjZ ^g jc XdckZcid Zc 8 gYdWV Xdc idYVh aVh V [Zg^Vh YZ VgiZ edg Y^hi^cidh eV hZh! YVg [VX^a^YVYZh eVgV aV XgZVX^ c _jcid V digdh V XdcdXZg V ^chi^ijX^dcZh! XdaZXX^dc^hiVh! XgZVYdgZh YZ digVh Y^hX^ea^cVh# Xg i^Xdh! Xdb^hVg^dh n e Wa^Xd Zc \ZcZgVa 9Zhej h k^cd aV WZXV ;jcYVX^ c 7^aWVd V adh Vgi^hiVh fjZ gZegZhZciVc n iZcZg 6giZ! jcV [VXidg V bjn W^Zc Zfj^eVYV YZ XVeVX^YVY YZ ^ciZgXVbW^d Xdc digVh ]ZggVb^ZciVh n egd[Zh^dcVaZh fjZ bZ \VaZg Vh YZ digdh eV hZh# VnjYVgdc V egdYjX^g aVh ^YZVh ^c h^ij! n

YdcYZ hZ aaZkVgdc V XVWd b^h eg^bZgdh VXZgXVb^Zcidh V aV ZhXjaijgV# 9jgVciZ adh V dh '%%+Ä'%%,! Y^h[gji YZ aV WZXV YZ XgZVX^ c Vgi hi^XV YZa BJH68! fjZ bZ ÒcVcX^ Za egdnZXid YZ BdX]^aVh eVgV XgjoVg Za eV^hV_Z# N edg ai^bd! Za 8ZgiVbZc YZ VgiZh ea{hi^XVh 8V_V Hda! V igVk h YZa XjVa! aV Zci^YVY bZ egdYj_d Za igVWV_d YZ XVh^ idYd jc V d#

´FJw DE>C6H N 8JÛA :H IJ :ME:G>:C8>6 E:GHDC6A 8DC A6 6JID<:HI>âC4

:c Za '%%& Xdc jc \gjed YZ Vb^\dh [jcYVbdh HVaV YZ ZHiVg! jcV VhdX^VX^ c XjaijgVa h^c {c^bd YZ ajXgd0 \Zhi^dc{WVbdh jc e^hd YdcYZ dg\Vc^o{WVbdh Zmedh^X^dcZh n ZkZcidh XjaijgVaZh0 fjZg Vbdh fjZ [jZgV jc ZheVX^d Vjid\Zhi^dcVYd0 gZX^W^bdh Va\jcVh VnjYVh n hjWkZcX^dcZh! eZgd bVh fjZ Vjid\Zhi^dcVYd [jZ Y^cZgd egde^d Zc ´FJw 8G::H FJ: C:8:H>I6 B:?DG6G :A BJC9D bVcd V_ZcV# 9:A 6GI: 6C96AJO4 H^ZbegZ Zhi{ ZbeZoVcYd! XdchiVciZbZciZ AjZ\d! Zc iZggZcd egde^d XVh^ idYd Zh Vjid\Zhi^dcVYd! nV fjZ ij igVWV_d kV YV aV hZchVX^ c YZ fjZ Zhi{ VggVcXVcYd b{h Vaa{ YZ aV XgZVX^ c YZ dWgV n i^ZcZh n fjZ ÆV]dgVÇ Zh jc WjZc bdbZcid! eZgd fjZ WjhXVg Za Y^cZgd YZ VnjYVh! WZXVh n cjcXV iZgb^cV YZ ZbeZoVg d YZ aaZ\Vg! e^Zchd fjZ ]Vn fjZ bdhigVg Za VgiZ fjZ hZ egZb^dh eVgV egdYjX^gaVh# ]VXZ Zc 6cYVajX V [jZgV YZ :heV V# ´:M>HI: JC6 6AI:GC6I>K6 6A 8DB:G8>D4 AV XjaijgV Zh jcd YZ adh bZXVc^hbdh ´H:GÞ6 9:H:67A: :C IJ 86HD4 fjZ ^YZci^ÒXV V jc iZgg^idg^d# 6cYVajX V IdYd ad fjZ hZ ]V\V gZheZXid Va XdbZgX^d egZhjbZ bjX]d YZ hj ]^hidg^V n eVhVYd Zh VaiZgcVi^kd V a! nV fjZ Zc 6cYVajX V cd XjaijgVa eZgd cd Xj^YV hj egZhZciZ ]Vn XdbZgX^d YZ VgiZ# eVgV Zcg^fjZXZg n Vbea^Vg hj ^YZci^YVY# HZ cZXZh^iV b{h Vednd YZ idYVh aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh#



&(' BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

GJI= BDGÛC BwC9:O (' V dh

GZh^YZ Zc HZk^aaV AV 8V_V 8]^cV! HZk^aaV# Ûc\ZaZh 7V dh! 7VYV_do# EVo n 8dbZY^Vh! KVaZcX^V

IG676?D HD7G: :A :HE68>D E>8IâG>8D! >CK:HI><6C9D HD7G: ;DGB6H N B6I:G>6A:H# :A 8J69GD :H JC ?J:<D 68JBJA6I>KD! 9âC9: :A 9>7J?D I>:C: JC 86GÛ8I:G DG<ÛC>8D N IG6CHB>HDG 9:A >C8DCH8>:CI:#

´8JÛA ;J: IJ ;DGB68>âC4

A^XZcX^VYV Zc 7ZaaVh 6giZh! n iVaaZgZh Zc Za 8Zcigd 6cYVajo YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd# ´FJw 6NJ96H >CHI>IJ8>DC6A:H! 7:86H! EG:B>DH! :I8# 9:HI686GÞ6H :C IJ 86GG:G64 ´E6G6 FJw H>GK>:GDC G:6AB:CI:

=Z gZX^W^Yd Y^[ZgZciZh WZXVh n VnjYVh YZ aV ?jciV YZ :migZbVYjgV# GZX^W Za egZb^d ;dXjh 6WZc\dV Zc Za '%%, _jcid Xdc Za (° egZb^d YZ e^cijgV 678 YZ BVYg^Y# :h jcV [dgbV b{h YZ YVgbZ V XdcdXZg! n eVgV hZ\j^g YZhVggdaaVcYd b^ igVWV_d# ´FJw 8G::H FJ: C:8:H>I6 B:?DG6G :A BJC9D 9:A 6GI: 6C96AJO4

H edg hjejZhid# 8gZVg bVh gZhejZhiVh Xdc VgiZ# 6 c^kZa YZ ^chi^ijX^dcZh n \VaZg Vh VednVg V bVh _ kZcZh iVaZcidh# ´FJw G:A68>DC:H B6CI>:C:H 8DC DIGDH 6GI>HI6H 9: IJ <:C:G68>âC4 ´N 8DC DIGDH B6NDG:H4 ´N B:CDG:H4

E^Zchd fjZ WjZcV eVgiZ eZgiZcZXZbdh idYdh V jc b^hbd bdbZcid! n Zh cZXZhVg^d fjZ cdh VednZbdh! XdaVWdgVcYd _jcidh! XgZVcYd YZWViZh! iZc^ZcYd ZmeZg^ZcX^Vh XdbjcZh# ZiX# ´E6G6 I> IG676?6G :C 6C96AJ8Þ6 :H JC 9:H:D D JC6 C:8:H>9694

9Z bdbZcid! jcV cZXZh^YVY! n jc YZhZd Zh fjZ ÆbVh VYZaVciZ bZ \jhiVg V hVa^gÇ# ´FJw 8DCH:8J:C8>6H 8G::H FJ: >BEA>86 :HI: =:8=D :C IJ 86GG:G64

AV YZ Xdchda^YVX^ c n jcV [dgbV YZ gZXdcdXZg ZmeZg^ZcX^V# ´FJw BD9:AD 9: <6A:GÞ6 8G::H FJ: H: 9:7:GÞ6 >BEDC:G4

Jc XdcXZeid YZ \VaZg V b{h ÓZm^WaZ! b{h VW^ZgiV! Xdc XdaVWdgVX^dcZh n jcV VejZhiV edg Vgi^hiV ZbZg\ZciZh# ´FJw DE>C6H N 8JÛA :H IJ :ME:G>:C8>6 E:GHDC6A 8DC A6 6JID<:HI>âC4

=dn Zc Y V Zh cZXZhVg^V# :a Vgi^hiV cZXZh^iV h^ZbegZ Vea^XVg Za 6giZ V hjh b ai^eaZh [VXZiVh0 h^c aV Vjid\Zhi^ c Za 6giZ Zhi{ eZgY^Yd# ´:M>HI: JC6 6AI:GC6I>K6 6A 8DB:G8>D4 ´H:GÞ6 9:H:67A: :C IJ 86HD4

7V_d Za X^Zad jc ije^Yd kZad#

N Zc b^ XVhd Zhidn ZmeZg^bZciVcYd jcV [dgbV XgZVi^kV YZ ^ciZggZaVX^dcVg Za 6giZ Xdc Za XdbZgX^d#



&() BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

86GADH DGI6 86GG6H8D (+ V dh

GZh^YZ Zc 8{Y^o <VaZg V YZ VgiZ 8VgbZc 8VgbdcV! HZk^aaV#

B: 8DCH>9:GD E>CIDG# B> IG676?D! 6 C>K:A ;DGB6A! H: BJ:K: :C A6 N6 8AÛH>86 DEDH>8>âC 9>7J?DÄE>CIJG6! 8DCH>9:G696H 6B76H 8DBD ;DGB6H 9: :MEG:H>âC FJ: G:HEDC9:C 6 EGD8:HDH 9: E:CH6B>:CID 9>HI>CIDH# G:HE:8ID 6A 8DCI:C>9D! B: >CI:G:H6 A6 G:A68>âC 9:A >C9>K>9JD 8DC A6 G:6A>969! A6 :ME:G>:C8>6! HJ G:<>HIGD N 8âBD! <G68>6H 6 A6 B:BDG>6! wHI6 :H :KD8696# >CI:CID 8G:6G >BÛ<:C:H FJ: H: G:A68>DC:C 8DC :HI6H :ME:G>:C8>6H 6 BD9D 9: Æ6C6AD<Þ6H H><C>;>86I>K6HÇ FJ: K6N6C 9:H9: AD E6GI>8JA6G 6 AD <:C:G6A! EJ9>:C9D G:A68>DC6GH: 8DC A6H :ME:G>:C8>6H 8DBJC:H 9:A :HE:8I69DG#

´8JÛA ;J: IJ ;DGB68>âC4

:hXg^Wd n ZheZgd#

:c jc eg^bZg bdbZcid Xjgh ZhijY^dh YZ Y^Wj_d n bdYZaVYd Zc aV :hXjZaV YZ 6giZh n DÒX^dh YZ ?V c! YZhej h Zc Za V d &..' ^c\gZh Zc aV ;VXjaiVY YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh YZ <gVcVYV YdcYZ bZ a^XZcX^ Zc aV ZheZX^Va^YVY YZ e^cijgV# 9jgVciZ adh V dh YZ ;VXjaiVY Vh^hi V Xjghdh bdcd\g{ÒXdh YZ \gVWVYd Zc aV :hXjZaV YZ 6giZh n DÒX^dh YZ <gVcVYV Xdc Za bVZhigd EZeZ AdbVh n YjgVciZ Za V d &..+ ZhijY^ Zc Za Adj\]Wdgdj\] 8daaZ\Z d[ Vgi VcY YZh^\c! Zc >c\aViZggV! Zc Za YZeVgiVbZcid YZ \gVWVYd n VgiZh \g{ÒXVh# :c aV VXijVa^YVY h^\d Vh^hi^ZcYd V Xjghdh n hZb^cVg^dh! YZhiVXVcYd adh gZVa^oVYdh Xdc ?jVc AVXdbWV Zc Za 8668#

\gVX^Vh V aV Y^[ZgZciZ bVcZgV YZ igVWV_Vg# 9Zhej h! aVh hjXZh^kVh hZaZXX^dcZh edg eVgiZ YZa >chi^ijid 6cYVajo YZ aV ?jkZcijY Zc adh V dh '%%& n '%%' n aVh edhiZg^dgZh eVgi^X^eVX^dcZh Zc Za 8ZgiVbZc YZ 9^Wj_d <gZ\dg^d Eg^Zid! Zc adh V dh '%%*! '%%+ n '%%, ]Vc hZgk^Yd Xdbd eZfjZ d gZXdcdX^b^Zcid Z ^cXZci^kd V b^ igVWV_d# 6h b^hbd Za ]VWZg h^Yd hZaZXX^dcVYd edg 9# ?dh <j^gVd eVgV eVgi^X^eVg Zc aV Zmedh^X^ c XZaZWgVYV Xdc bdi^kd YZa MMK Vc^kZghVg^d YZ aV ;VXjaiVY YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh YZ <gVcVYV hjejhd jcV \gVc hVi^h[VXX^ c n dg\jaad# GZX^ZciZbZciZ ]Z Y^h[gjiVYd YZ aVh VnjYVh YZa egd\gVbV >c^X^VgiZ fjZ bZ ]Vc hZgk^Yd eVgV YVg b^ igVWV_d V XdcdXZg V Y^[ZgZciZh \VaZg Vh! Vh Xdbd V bViZg^Va^oVg egdnZXidh fjZ YZ digd bdYd ]jW^ZgV h^Yd gZVabZciZ Y^[ X^a aaZkVg V aV eg{Xi^XV# ´FJw 8G::H FJ: C:8:H>I6 B:?DG6G :A BJC9D 9:A 6GI: 6C96AJO4

=VWaVg YZ bjcYd YZa VgiZ VcYVajo bZ eVgZXZ bjn Xdbea^XVYd# Cd XgZd fjZ Zc 6cYVajX V Zm^hiVc aVh ZhigjXijgVh h a^YVbZciZ ZhiVWaZX^YVh fjZ eZgb^iVc YZÒc^gad YZ ZhiV bVcZgV0 Zh X^Zgid fjZ ]Vn ^c^X^Vi^kVh bjn YZhiVXVWaZh edg eVgiZ YZ aV 6Yb^c^higVX^ c! hVaVh YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh! \VaZg Vh! Xg i^Xdh n Vgi^hiVh! eZgd Va ÒcVa cd eVgZXZc ZcigdcXVg Zc c^c\ c egdnZXid b{h d bZcdh \adWVa YZ XVg{XiZg eZYV\ \^Xd! YZ Y^[jh^ c d egdbdX^ c# 6 kZXZh cd hdc XaVgVh aVh gZaVX^dcZh fjZ YZWZg Vc Zm^hi^g ZcigZ adh Y^[ZgZciZh V\ZciZh fjZ Xdc[dgbVg Vc ZhZ aaVbVYd bjcYd YZa VgiZ VcYVajo# :h ^bedgiVciZ XgZVg jc e Wa^Xd XVYV kZo b{h gZXZei^kd n XdcdXZYdg YZa igVWV_d fjZ bjX]dh Vgi^hiVh! \VaZg Vh! ZiX# aaZkVc V XVWd Zc 6cYVajX V! jc igVWV_d fjZ YZWZg V ZbeZoVg YZhYZ aVh b^hbVh ;VXjaiVYZh n ZhXjZaVh ]VhiV aV 6Yb^c^higVX^ c# :c YZÒc^i^kV! Xdchigj^g jc iZ_^Yd YZ gZaVX^dcZh ZcigZ Vgi^hiVh! Xg i^Xdh! \VaZg Vh! e Wa^Xd n 6Yb^c^higVX^ c ad hjÒX^ZciZbZciZ h a^Ydh n Ój^Ydh! eVgV fjZ edYVbdh ZbeZoVg V ]VWaVg YZ jc bjcYd YZa VgiZ Zc 6cYVajX V# ´FJw G:A68>DC:H B6CI>:C:H 8DC DIGDH 6GI>HI6H 9: IJ <:C:G68>âC4 ´N 8DC DIGDH B6NDG:H4 ´N B:CDG:H4

AV kZgYVY Zh fjZ bVciZc\d jcV gZaVX^ c WVhiVciZ XZgXVcV! Zc Va\jcdh XVhdh ^cXajhd YZ Vb^hiVY! iVcid Xdc Vgi^hiVh YZ b^ \ZcZgVX^ c Xdbd YZ VciZg^dgZh d edhiZg^dgZh# 6a ÒcVa VXVWV h^ZcYd jcV XjZhi^ c YZ ^ciZgZhZh VÒcZh n Zc Zhid VXVWVbdh VXZgX{cYdcdh jcdh n digdh! h^ZbegZ ]Vn Va\ c [dgd YdcYZ Xd^cX^Y^g ´FJw 6NJ96H >CHI>IJ8>DC6A:H! 7:86H! EG:B>DH! n Zhid ]VXZ fjZ hZ egde^X^Zc ZcXjZcigdh :I8# 9:HI686GÞ6H :C IJ 86GG:G64 ´E6G6 FJw bjn Zcg^fjZXZYdgZh iVcid V c^kZa ]jbVcd H>GK>:GDC G:6AB:CI: Xdbd YZ igVWV_d# :c &..+ Y^h[gji YZ jcV WZXV :gVhbjh Zc Za Adj\]Wdgdj\] 8daaZ\Z d[ ´E6G6 I> IG676?6G :C 6C96AJ8Þ6 :H JC 9:H:D Vgi VcY YZh^\c! Zc >c\aViZggV! ad XjVa D JC6 C:8:H>9694 hjejhd jcV VeZgijgV YZ b^gVh gZheZXid 7jZcd! nd cVX Zc A^cVgZh ?V c ! b^ [Vb^a^V Zh YZ 6abZg V! ZhijY^ Zc V aV [dgbVX^ c fjZ gZX^W Zc <gVcVYV

<gVcVYV! k^k jc V d Zc HZk^aaV n V]dgV ad ]V\d Zc 8{Y^o# EVgV b Zh jcV bZoXaV YZ aVh Ydh XdhVh# 6cYVajX V Zh YdcYZ ]Z cVX^Yd! XgZX^Yd! ZhijY^VYd### ZiX# BZ h^Zcid bjn V \jhid Vfj n Va b^hbd i^Zbed bZ VedgiV jcV XVa^YVY YZ k^YV n jcVh XdcY^X^dcZh fjZ cd ]Z ZcXdcigVYd Zc digdh h^i^dh# ´FJw 8DCH:8J:C8>6H 8G::H FJ: >BEA>86 :HI: =:8=D :C IJ 86GG:G64

IgVWV_Vg Zc 6cYVajX V ^bea^XV ZhiVg YZ Va\ c bdYd ÆV^haVYdÇ# 8dbd YZX V VciZh adh XVcVaZh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c cd hdc Ój^Ydh V c^kZa Vjidc b^Xd n YZ XdcZm^ c Xdc digVh Xdbjc^YVYZh0 hZ ejZYZ YZX^g fjZ idYd eVhV edg HZk^aaV# :hid ]VXZ fjZ igVWV_Vg Zc 8{Y^o hZV bjn Xdbea^XVYd n ]VXZgad! edg Z_Zbead! Zc Za 8Vbed YZ <^WgVaiVg hZV edXd bZcdh fjZ Zc aV eZg^[Zg^V# ´FJw BD9:AD 9: <6A:GÞ6 8G::H FJ: H: 9:7:GÞ6 >BEDC:G4

8gZd fjZ jcV \VaZg V YZ VgiZ Zh jc cZ\dX^d fjZ aaZkV Xdch^\d jcV hZg^Z YZ gZhedchVW^a^YVYZh b{h Vaa{ YZ ad bZgVbZciZ bZgXVci^a# JcV \VaZg V cd ejZYZ YZY^XVghZ ZmXajh^kVbZciZ V aV kZciV YZ ÆegdYjXidh Vgi hi^XdhÇ h^cd fjZ YZWZ Xdcig^Wj^g Zc X^ZgiV bZY^YV V Xdchigj^g jc e Wa^Xd gZXZei^kd Va b^hbd i^Zbed fjZ Y^[jcY^g n egdbdX^dcVg Za igVWV_d YZ adh Vgi^hiVh n XgZVg h^cZg\^Vh ZcigZ adh Y^[ZgZciZh V\ZciZh fjZ eVgi^X^eVc YZa bjcYd YZa VgiZ# ´FJw DE>C6H N 8JÛA :H IJ :ME:G>:C8>6 E:GHDC6A 8DC A6 6JID<:HI>âC4

9ZhYZ b^ ejcid YZ k^hiV! Za Vgi^hiV YZWZ YZY^XVghZ V aV XgZVX^ c n aV \Zhi^ c YZ ZhiV ÆVXi^k^YVY XgZVi^kVÇ YZWZ aaZkVghZ V XVWd edg digV eZghdcV# :a egdWaZbV VeVgZXZ XjVcYd aV Vjid\Zhi^ c hZ Xdck^ZgiZ Zc jcV cZXZh^YVY d adh V\ZciZh ZcXVg\VYdh YZ gZVa^oVgaV ]VXZc jcV bVaV \Zhi^ c d h^beaZbZciZ hiV cd hZ aaZkV V XVWd# B^ ZmeZg^ZcX^V Zc ZhiZ hZci^Yd Zh bjn ^ggZ\jaVg! eVhVcYd YZ aV Vjid\Zhi^ c V aV \Zhi^ c YZ bVcZgV VaiZgcVi^kV# ´:M>HI: JC6 6AI:GC6I>K6 6A 8DB:G8>D4 ´H:GÞ6 9:H:67A: :C IJ 86HD4

9ZhYZ b^ ejcid YZ k^hiV adh Vgi^hiVh aaZkVc V XVWd jcV ^bedgiVciZ aVWdg XjaijgVa VjcfjZ e^Zchd fjZ ]dn edg ]dn cjZhigV hdX^ZYVY cd hZ ZcXjZcigV Zc Y^hedh^X^ c YZ Vhjb^g aV Ò\jgV YZ jc Vgi^hiV hj[gV\VYd edg Za :hiVYd# E^Zchd fjZ aV dWgV YZ VgiZ YZWZ ZcXdcigVg jc bZgXVYd Zc Za fjZ ^chiVaVghZ d XgZVgad hZ\ c hZV Za XVhd! edg ZhiZ bdi^kd YZWZg Vc Zm^hi^g egd\gVbVh d eaVcZh YZ VXijVX^ c \adWVaZh fjZ ^ckdajXgVhZc V idYdh adh V\ZciZh eVgi^X^eVciZh! ejY^ZcYd YZhVggdaaVg aVh XdcY^X^dcZh VYZXjVYVh YZ Y^[jh^ c XjaijgVa n YZ Zm^hiZcX^V YZ jc bZgXVYd Zc XdchdcVcX^V#



&(+ BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

?#B#

E:G:xÞ<J:O (& V dh

GZh^YZ Zc HZk^aaV <VaZg V GV[VZa Dgi^o! HZk^aaV#

B>GD A6 EG:CH6! A:D JC A>7GD! :H8J8=D BåH>86 6CI:H 9: FJ:96GB: 9DGB>9D# 9: 86B>CD 6A :HIJ9>D H: B: D8JGG: JC6 >9:6! E>:CHD :C FJw ;DGB6 I>:C:! A6 8DCHIGJND 8DBD JC D7?:ID D JC6 B6FJ:I6# IDBD JC6 ;DID# =6<D JC 9>7J?D/ G:AA:CD :A ;DC9D 8DC 86G7âC! E6HD JC IG6ED! IG6OD A6H AÞC:6H 9:A 9>7J?D! AJ:<D HDB7G:D ADH KDAåB:C:H N 6;>CD :A 686769D# ;>?D :A 9>7J?D 8DC A686# IDBD JC6 ;DID<G6;Þ6 9: A6 D7G6# AA:KD :A 9>7J?D 6 :CB6G86G# G:8DE>AD ;68IJG6H# =6<D JC 9DHH>:G N 68IJ6A>OD :A 8JGG>8JAJB# >CI:CID H686G I>:BED E6G6 G:K>H6G A6H <6A:G696H 9: JC A>7GD FJ: =: :H8G>ID CD AD 8DCH><D CJC86 # B6C9D 6A<D EDG 8DGG:D D EDG B:CH6?:GÞ6# E6HD EDG A6 <6A:GÞ6# 9:8>9D FJw D7G6 :CK>6G 6 I6A :MEDH>8>âC# G:K>HD :A BDCI6?: 9: A6H D7G6H# B: E6HD EDG :A BDCI6?: 9: A6 :MEDH>8>âC 9: JC 6B><D# G:968ID A6 CDI6 9: EG:CH6# :H8G>7D JC I:MID E6G6 :A 86IÛAD<D 9: JC 6B><D# B: E6HD EDG A6 >C6J<JG68>âC 9: A6 :MEDH>8>âC :C I6A H6A6 D :C I6A <6A:GÞ6# G:HEDC9D 6 :HI: 8J:HI>DC6G>D#

hdc eVgi^XjaVgbZciZ ^bedgiVciZh! edgfjZ Zc ZhZ bdbZcid cd i^ZcZh cVYV# BZcX^dcVg V ZheZX^VabZciZ aV 7ZXV KZa{ofjZo! XdcXZY^YV V ^chiVcX^Vh YZa EgZb^d KZa{ofjZo '%%,! Aj^h <dgY^aad! fjZ eVgV b hjedcZ jcV Y^hi^cX^ c XVh^ ^ggZVa# ´FJw 8G::H FJ: C:8:H>I6 B:?DG6G :A BJC9D 9:A 6GI: 6C96AJO4

BZ [VaiV k^h^ c eVgV gZhedcYZg ZhiV egZ\jciV# 6YZb{h! edg b^ XVg{XiZg eg{Xi^Xd hjZad ^ciZciVg VegdkZX]Vg ad fjZ ]Vn! Zc kZo eVhVgbZ idYd Za gVid eZchVcYd X bd edYg V hZg bZ_dg# 9Z idYdh bdYdh! n Xdbd gZÓZm^ c b{h \ZcZgVa! XgZd fjZ ]VXZ [VaiV jc bVndg gZXdcdX^b^Zcid YZ aV XjaijgV XdciZbedg{cZV Xdbd kVadg# HZ cdh ejZYZ Zm^\^g jc Zh[jZgod V fj^ZcZh aV egdYjX^bdh! eZgd iVbW^ c YZWZc ]VXZgad fj^ZcZh hZ VXZgfjZc V ZaaV# ´FJw G:A68>DC:H B6CI>:C:H 8DC DIGDH 6GI>HI6H 9: IJ <:C:G68>âC4 ´N 8DC DIGDH B6NDG:H4 ´N B:CDG:H4

:c jcV ZhXZcV Vgi hi^XV Xdbd aV YZ b^ X^jYVY! HZk^aaV! cd Zh Y^[ X^a ZhiVWaZXZg gZaVX^dcZh Xdc digdh Vgi^hiVh# AVh Y^[ZgZcX^Vh \ZcZgVX^dcVaZh cd hjZaZc eZhVg YZbVh^VYd Zc Za igVid! eZgd Zh X^Zgid fjZ XVYV \ZcZgVX^ c YZ Vgi^hiVh hZ VXZgXV V aV XgZVX^ c YZhYZ jc ejcid YZ k^hiV Y^[ZgZciZ/ aV cjZhigV! edg Z_Zbead! hZ ]V Va^bZciVYd bjn Y^gZXiVbZciZ YZ ^b{\ZcZh n cd i^ZcZ Za edhd YZ jcV [dgbVX^ c iZ g^XV ^ciZchV d YZ jcV edh^X^ c ^YZda \^XV XdchZXjZciZ# :hd XgZV Ydh c^kZaZh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c/ jcV a^c\jV [gVcXV! gZaVi^kVbZciZ Zhi{cYVg! fjZ iZ eZgb^iZ Xdbjc^XVgiZ Xdc idYd Za bjcYd! n digd bdYd! b{h eg^kVYd! XjnVh XaVkZh XdcdXZc bZ_dg adh b{h XZgXVcdh# Edg digd aVYd! nd ZX]d YZ bZcdh XdciVXidh Zc ]dg^odciVa! Zh YZX^g! ZcigZ \ZciZ YZ aV b^hbV \ZcZgVX^ c fjZ igVWV_V Zc Y^hX^ea^cVh Y^hi^ciVh Vgfj^iZXijgV! a^iZgVijgV! b h^XV! iZVigd### # Hdc bjn ZhXVhdh# ´E6G6 I> IG676?6G :C 6C96AJ8Þ6 :H JC 9:H:D D JC6 C:8:H>9694

:a Zc\VgXZ# '%%-# 8dgiZh V YZ aV <VaZg V GV[VZa Dgi^o#

´8JÛA ;J: IJ ;DGB68>âC4

:hijY^ Zc aV ;VXjaiVY YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh YZ HZk^aaV! YdcYZ dWijkZ aV a^XZcX^VijgV Zc '%%%! Zc aV ZheZX^Va^YVY YZ E^cijgV# 9Zhej h ]Z XjghVYd ZhijY^dh YZ iZgXZg X^Xad Zc aV b^hbV [VXjaiVY! XdbeaZiVcYd adh eZg^dYdh YZ 9dXZcX^V Z >ckZhi^\VX^ c# 6YZb{h YZ ZhiV [dgbVX^ c VXVY b^XV! ]Z Vh^hi^Yd V Y^kZghdh Xjghdh n iVaaZgZh ^beVgi^Ydh edg Vgi^hiVh Xdbd NVbVcY 8VcdhV! ?jVc AVXdbWV! ;ZYZg^Xd <job{c d Gd\Za^d A eZo 8jZcXV#

Nd cd bZ egZ\jciVg V h^ Zh ÆYZhZdÇ d ÆcZXZh^YVYÇ h^cd b{h W^Zc! h^ hZ igViV YZ jc VXX^YZciZ [Za^o! YZ jc YVid dW_Zi^kd Z ^ggZaZkVciZ d YZ Va\d ^cZk^iVWaZ! Xdbd Za YZhi^cd# ´FJw 8DCH:8J:C8>6H 8G::H FJ: >BEA>86 :HI: =:8=D :C IJ 86GG:G64

H^c egZiZcYZg ZmV\ZgVg Za dg\jaad YZa Vgi^hiV eZg^[ g^Xd! eVgZXZ a \^Xd eZchVg fjZ Za igVWV_d i^ZcZ b{h gZeZgXjh^ c Zc jc Zcidgcd eZfjZ d fjZ Zc jc XZcigd Xdc bVndg hVijgVX^ c YZ d[ZgiV# Cd ´FJw 6NJ96H >CHI>IJ8>DC6A:H! 7:86H! EG:B>DH! dWhiVciZ! XgZd fjZ aV YZhXdcZm^ c Xdc :I8# 9:HI686GÞ6H :C IJ 86GG:G64 ´E6G6 FJw Za {bW^id cVX^dcVa Zh idYVk V cdiVWaZ# H>GK>:GDC G:6AB:CI: IdYdh Zc WjZcV bZY^YV ]Vc hZgk^Yd eVgV 9jgVciZ jc i^Zbed! iZcY V V Xdch^YZgVg Zhi^bjaVg n eVgV hdhiZcZg bViZg^VabZciZ fjZ b^ igVWV_d ZhiVWV bjn ^cÓj^Yd Zc b^ VXi^k^YVY# Adh fjZ gZX^WZh Va eg^cX^e^d aV eVgiZ XgZVi^kV edg Za XdciZmid Zc fjZ

hZ ZhiVWV gZVa^oVcYd# :c aV VXijVa^YVY ZhV ^cÓjZcX^V nV cd bZ eVgZXZ iVc YZiZgb^cVciZ# IVa kZo! Va bVg\Zc YZ XjZhi^dcZh ZhigVi \^XVh d XdbZgX^VaZh! ZhV hZg V aV egZ\jciV b{h gZaZkVciZ/ ´ZhiVg V ]VX^ZcYd Za b^hbd igVWV_d h^ bZ ^chiVaVhZ Zc digd aj\Vg4 :c idYd XVhd! eVgV b igVWV_Vg Zc 6cYVajX V cd i^ZcZ h ad jc h^\c^ÒXVYd a^iZgVa! h^cd iVbW^ c jc h^\c^ÒXVYd h^bW a^Xd/ Zh gZXdcdXZgbZ Zc Za igVWV_d YZ \ZciZ fjZ gZheZid Vgi hi^XV n eZghdcVabZciZ# ´FJw BD9:AD 9: <6A:GÞ6 8G::H FJ: H: 9:7:GÞ6 >BEDC:G4

8d^cX^Yd Xdc jc Vb^\d Zc fjZ jcV \VaZg V Zh XVh^ h^ZbegZ jc egdnZXid bjn eZghdcVa YZ fj^Zc aV Y^g^\Z n Zh Y^[ X^a ZhiVWaZXZg Va\d Vh Xdbd jc ^YZVa d jc bdYZad# 8dbd Zc XjVafj^Zg igVWV_d d VXi^k^YVY ZXdc b^XV! h^ZbegZ Zh Zm^\^WaZ aV egd[Zh^dcVa^YVY# EVgV Za Vgi^hiV! VYZb{h! Zh ^bedgiVciZ fjZ ]VnV jc igVid XZgXVcd! ]dcZhid n Ój^Yd# ´FJw DE>C6H N 8JÛA :H IJ :ME:G>:C8>6 E:GHDC6A 8DC A6 6JID<:HI>âC4

Cd h h^ Zci^ZcYd W^Zc fj h^\c^ÒXVYd i^ZcZ Vfj Za i gb^cd Vjid\Zhi^ c# H^ hZ gZÒZgZ V adh Y^hi^cidh ZheVX^dh VaiZgcVi^kdh d ^cYZeZcY^ZciZh fjZ ]Vc Vc^bVYd aV ZhXZcV Vgi hi^XV YZ aV X^jYVY G8=;! HVaV YZ ZHiVg b^ ZmeZg^ZcX^V ]V h^Yd bjn edh^i^kV# 9ZWd Va\jcVh YZ aVh eg^bZgVh dedgijc^YVYZh fjZ ijkZ YZ ZmedcZg b^ igVWV_d V aV \ZcZgdh^YVY n V aV ^c^X^Vi^kV YZ Va\jcdh XdbeV Zgdh# :h b{h [{X^a ]VXZg ZhiZ k^V_Z Zc XdbeV V# ´:M>HI: JC6 6AI:GC6I>K6 6A 8DB:G8>D4 ´H:GÞ6 9:H:67A: :C IJ 86HD4

8dcdoXd Ydh [dgbVh W{h^XVh YZ igVWV_Vg# JcV Xdch^hiZ Zc ^g gZ\jaVgbZciZ Va iVaaZg d Va ZhijY^d! egdYjX^g jcV X^ZgiV XVci^YVY YZ dWgV n kZcYZgaV! edg ad \ZcZgVa V igVk h YZ jcV \VaZg V# AV digV ÅaV VaiZgcVi^kV! h^ hZ fj^ZgZÅ hZ WVhV Zc XdcXZW^g egdnZXidh! fjZ YZhej h hZ egZhZciVc V XdckdXVidg^Vh YZ WZXVh! YZ VnjYVh V aV XgZVX^ c ZiX#! eVgV dWiZcZg ÒcVcX^VX^ c n Vh edYZg aaZkVgadh V XVWd n bdhigVgadh# :hiV digV k V hjZaZc hZ\j^gaV Vgi^hiVh eVgV fj^ZcZh aV bViZg^Va^oVX^ c YZ hjh ^YZVh Zh ZheZX^VabZciZ Y^[ X^a! edg hj XdhiZ d edg hjh Y^bZch^dcZh# Cd hjZaZ hZg b^ XVhd# Fj^o{h Za eg^cX^eVa ^cXdckZc^ZciZ YZ ZhiZ digd h^hiZbV Zh fjZ bjX]Vh kZXZh eVgZXZ fjZ Za Vgi^hiV YZW^ZgV YVghZ edg hVi^h[ZX]d Xdc edYZg egdYjX^g hj dWgV! h^c dWiZcZg gZbjcZgVX^ c edg Zaad# H^c aaZ\Vg V eaVciZVg jcV hdajX^ c VaiZgcVi^kV! XgZd fjZ ]VWg V fjZ ZbeZoVg V ^beaVciVg Va\jcVh eg{Xi^XVh fjZ bZ eVgZXZc _jhiVh# Edg Z_Zbead! h^ jcV ^chi^ijX^ c gZXaVbV jcV dWgV ijnV eVgV jcV Zmedh^X^ c XdaZXi^kV! YZWZg V eV\VghZ jcV XVci^YVY! Va bZcdh h^bW a^XV! edg Y^hedcZg YZ ZhV dWgV#



&(- BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

H^ ]VWaVbdh YZ aV ^cÓjZcX^V d egdiV\dc^hbd YZa VgiZ Zc aV k^YV XjaijgVa YZ cjZhigV 8dbjc^YVY 6ji cdbV! aV XjZhi^ c Zh b{h XdbeaZ_V n Za eVcdgVbV jc edXd YZeg^bZciZ# =Vg V [VaiV hVcZVg adh Zc\gVcV_Zh YZ ad (- V dh e Wa^Xd Zc aV XdcXZh^ c YZ hjWkZcX^dcZh! GZh^YZ Zc <gVcVYV <VaZg V Bn CVbZ h Ada^iV 6gi# KVaZcX^V$BVYg^Y YZcjcX^Vg adh [Vkdg^i^hbdh! YZiZXiVg n 6CI:H FJ: HDAI6G JC6 E:GDG6I6 HD7G: Zmi^geVg g{e^YVbZciZ aVh XVbVg^aaVh B> IG676?D! AD B:?DG :H FJ: A: :8=w>H fjZ hZ ^chiVaVc Vjidb{i^XVbZciZ Zc XVYV XVbW^d YZ \dW^Zgcd! n Zk^iVg Za JC K>HI6OD 6FJÞ/ =IIE/$$E68DEDB:I# ^cbdk^a^hbd YZ aV XdcXZeX^ c fjZ hZ i^ZcZ LDG9EG:HH#8DB# YZ aV XjaijgV Zc 6cYVajX V! fjZ hZ ^YZci^ÒXV XVh^ ZmXajh^kVbZciZ Xdc ad ijg hi^Xd! aVh cdh edcZbdh YZ VXjZgYd ZcigZ cdhdigdh XdhijbWgZh edejaVgZh! aVh ÒZhiVh eVigdcVaZh eVgV hdajX^dcVg cjZhigd hiVijh# Adh n cjZhigV \Vhigdcdb V# \gVcYZh egdWaZbVh Zc cjZhigV egd[Zh^ c hdc Za ^cY^k^YjVa^hbd! Za Vgg^W^hbd! Za ´FJw G:A68>DC:H B6CI>:C:H 8DC DIGDH cVgX^h^hbd n aV VbW^X^ c fjZ Va\jcdh 6GI>HI6H 9: IJ <:C:G68>âC4 ´N 8DC DIGDH egd[ZhVc! YZ[ZXidh fjZ cd VnjYVc Zc B6NDG:H4 ´N B:CDG:H4 HjZad kZgbZ V bZcjYd Xdc Vgi^hiVh YZ b^ VWhdajid V jc^g Zh[jZgodh eVgV bZ_dgVg ZhiZ ZhiVYd YZ XdhVh# :c Za bjcYd YZa fj^ciV Vfj Zc <gVcVYV! hdWgZ idYd Xdc VgiZ ]Vn bjX] h^bV \ZciZ fjZ k^kZ YZ adh fjZ igVWV_Vc Zc ZhijY^dh XZgXVcdh cjZhigd igVWV_d! n cd hdc egZX^hVbZciZ Va b d! n iVbW^ c Xdc adh fjZ XdbeVgid Zaadh adh fjZ kVc V kZaVg edg cjZhigdh \VaZg V Zc BVYg^Y n KVaZcX^V# 8dchZgkd ^ciZgZhZh n cjZhigdh YZgZX]dh# iVbW^ c XdaZ\Vh fjZ ]Z XdcdX^Yd Zc aVh

E68D EDB:I

´8JÛA ;J: IJ ;DGB68>âC4

8dcfj^hiV# '%%-# E{\^cV h^\j^ZciZ/ DWZa^cZg# '%%-#

B^ [dgbVX^ c VXVY b^XV Zh jcV a^XZcX^VijgV Zc 7ZaaVh 6giZh edg aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ <gVcVYV n Va\jcdh Xjghdh gZVa^oVYdh Zc digdh aj\VgZh! eZgd b^ kZgYVYZgV [dgbVX^ c ]Vc h^Yd adh `^a bZigdh igVoVYdh n \VgVWViZVYdh Zc [da^dh! bZhVh YZ XdaZ\^d n YZ ^chi^ijid! Xg^hiVaZh YZ XdX]Zh hjX^dh d ZbeV VYdh! hjZadh! ejZgiVh YZ aVkVWdh! Vh[Vaid! e^oVggVh! eVeZaZh n a^Zcodh V ad aVg\d YZ XVh^ (- V dh#

iZbedgVYVh fjZ eVh Zc EVg h n GdbV# >cZk^iVWaZbZciZ! aV VÒc^YVY Vgi hi^XV XgZV adh k cXjadh b{h YjgVYZgdh#

´FJw DE>C6H N 8JÛA :H IJ :ME:G>:C8>6 E:GHDC6A 8DC A6 6JID<:HI>âC4

AV Vjid\Zhi^ c Zh jcV Vhe^gVX^ c gZheZiVWaZ n aZ\ i^bV! eZgd ejZYZ hZg iVc ´E6G6 I> IG676?6G :C 6C96AJ8Þ6 :H JC 9:H:D VWhdgWZciZ n V\diVYdgV Xdbd iZcZg Ydh D JC6 C:8:H>9694 igVWV_dh V i^Zbed XdbeaZid# :a igVWV_d :h h^beaZbZciZ jcV gZVa^YVY# 6 kZXZh ]Z YZ adh ^ciZgbZY^Vg^dh! h^ Zhi{ W^Zc ]ZX]d k^k^Yd iZbedgVYVh [jZgV! eZgd hjZad igVWV_Vg n hj Xdb^h^ c cd Zh VWjh^kV! ejZYZ hZg Vfj # Fj^o{ XVbW^Z ZhiV X^jYVY edg digV! WZcZÒX^dhd# eZgd cd Zh Va\d fjZ hZV YZiZgb^cVciZ Zc b^ igVWV_d! h^ZbegZ fjZ ZcXjZcigZ i^Zbed eVgV ´:M>HI: JC6 6AI:GC6I>K6 6A 8DB:G8>D4 ´H:GÞ6 9:H:67A: :C IJ 86HD4 k^V_Vg YZ kZo Zc XjVcYd# H^ZbegZ hZ WjhXVc VaiZgcVi^kVh ´FJw 6NJ96H >CHI>IJ8>DC6A:H! 7:86H! EG:B>DH! ´FJw 8DCH:8J:C8>6H 8G::H FJ: >BEA>86 :HI: :I8# 9:HI686GÞ6H :C IJ 86GG:G64 ´E6G6 FJw Va XdbZgX^d! eZgd cd ]Vn bjX]Vh# =:8=D :C IJ 86GG:G64 H>GK>:GDC G:6AB:CI: ´Fj VaiZgcVi^kVh ]Vn4 =Vn digVh C^c\jcV Zc ZheZX^Va# Ad fjZ dXjggZ YZcigd deX^dcZh! eZgd cd hdc ^Y cZVh/ Zh DWk^VbZciZ! aV YdiVX^ c ZXdc b^XV YZ YZa ZhijY^d d Za iVaaZg Zh ad fjZ gZVabZciZ edh^WaZ hZg Vgi^hiV Zc adh gVidh a^WgZh! adh egZb^dh Zh jcV VnjYV ^bedgiVciZ fjZ ^bedgiV n adh ZhijY^dh hdc ^\jVaZh Zc idYdh XdbeV\^c{cYdad Xdc digd igVWV_d fjZ iZ hjVk^oV iZbedgVabZciZ aV egZXVg^ZYVY h^i^dh# fjZ XVh^ h^ZbegZ VXdbeV V V cjZhigd hjhiZciZ0 d iVbW^ c ejZYZh Vhe^gVg V dÒX^d! eZgd YZhiVXVg V aVh ZhiVcX^Vh Zc Za hZg jc Vgi^hiV dÒX^Va0 igVWV_Vg h^ZbegZ ´FJw BD9:AD 9: <6A:GÞ6 8G::H FJ: H: ZmigVc_Zgd fjZ bZ d[gZX^Zgdc aV 6XVYZb^V 9:7:GÞ6 >BEDC:G4 eVgV adh b^hbdh n Vhe^gVg V \VcVg aVh YZ :heV V Zc GdbV! Za 8daZ\^d YZ :heV V Cd bZ \jhiVc aVh ^bedh^X^dcZh! eZgd dedh^X^dcZh eVgV dWiZcZg ij edaigdcV Zc EVg h! n aV dedgijc^YVY YZ Vbea^Vg YZhYZ ajZ\d! Xdbd Zc idYd! Za XdchZ_d k^iVa^X^V! Va\d fjZ Zc ZhiZ eV h Zh aV ZhijY^dh Zc aV HX]dda d[ K^hjVa 6gi YZ b{m^bV Vhe^gVX^ c Zc XjVafj^Zg XVbed0 Zh h^ZbegZ Za b^hbd/ h^ iZ VhdX^Vh Xdc CjZkV Ndg` \gVX^Vh V aV 7ZXV G^kZgV YZ ad fjZ Zh WjZcd eVgV Va\jcdh ejZYZ Va\j^Zc! WjhXV Va\j^Zc fjZ hZV ]dcgVYd# aV 9^ejiVX^ c YZ <gVcVYV# 6 b^ e^cijgV aZ ZmXaj^g V digdh# :hid ai^bd Zh Va\d fjZ >cYZeZcY^ZciZbZciZ YZ ZhiV Zk^YZcX^V! h^ZciV bjn W^Zc Za k^V_Z# Za bZgXVYd iVbW^ c ejZYZ egdkdXVg! Zh cZXZhVg^d egdiZ\Zg adh YZgZX]dh YZ eZgd Zc bZcdg bZY^YV! n h^ZbegZ Xdc adh Vgi^hiVh! fjZ V kZXZh cdh kZbdh ´FJw 8G::H FJ: C:8:H>I6 B:?DG6G :A BJC9D edh^W^a^YVYZh! edg eZfjZ Vh fjZ hZVc! YZ ^cYZ[Zchdh VciZ aVh XdcY^X^dcZh Zc aVh 9:A 6GI: 6C96AJO4 XdcigVViVXVg# 6]dgV W^Zc! Zhid cd fj^ZgZ fjZ hZ igVWV_V Zc Va\jcVh \VaZg Vh# =Z 9ZeZcYZ YZ ad fjZ aaVbZbdh Za bjcYd YZX^g fjZ Zhi V [Vkdg YZ aV ]^eZgigdÒV YZ igVWV_VYd VciZg^dgbZciZ Xdc \VaZg Vh YZa VgiZ# AV WjZcV d bVaV hVajY YZ aVh aV bZgXVci^a^oVX^ c! YZ aV ZheZXjaVX^ c n ^chi^ijX^dcZh Vgi hi^XVh! YZ aVh \VaZg Vh d YZ fjZ ]Vc ^cXjbea^Yd h^hiZb{i^XVbZciZ aVh igZiVh Xdc fjZ aV ^c\Zc^Zg V ÒcVcX^ZgV adh dg\Vc^hbdh fjZ WjgdXgVi^oVc! eda^i^oVc hjh dWa^\VX^dcZh n cd ]Vc gZheZiVYd ejZYZc aaZ\Vg V eZgeZigVg Zc Za bZgXVYd n bZgXVci^a^oVc aVh VgiZh cd i^ZcZ cVYV fjZ Zc VWhdajid V adh Vgi^hiVh fjZ Zc ZaaV YZa VgiZ eVgV XdckZgi^g V Va\ c [VghVciZ Ò\jg{WVbdh# =Vn jcV YZhegdiZXX^ c kZg c^ ^cÓjnZc Zc VWhdajid Zc ad fjZ hZ Zc jc Vgi^hiV Xdi^oVY h^bd! d hdWgZkVadgVg bjn \gVcYZ Zc cjZhigd \gZb^d! n cd XjZXZ Zc adh ZhijY^dh YZ adh Vgi^hiVh! fjZ Zh ad gZVabZciZ ^ciZgZhVciZ# XdchZ\j^gZbdh bZ_dgZh XdcY^X^dcZh h^ cd ]VhiV a b^iZh g^Y Xjadh V WjZcdh Vgi^hiVh#



&)% BJH"6 ADH 8G:69DG:H

B6G>C6 G# K6G<6H '- V dh

BVcd Y^k^cV# '%%*Ä'%%+# E{\^cV h^\j^ZciZ/ Eh^Xd^YZdh#

GZh^YZ Zc <gVcVYV# BVn Bdg ! BVYg^Y# B^id! 7VgXZadcV# HVcYjc\V! <gVcVYV# 8dhiVci^c^ 8dciZbedg{cZV! B^a{c# AnaZ DgZ^ioZa! B^Vb^ n HVcid 9db^c\d#

B: >CI:G:H6 AD FJ: A: >CI:G:H6 6 ID9D :A BJC9D! :C G:6A>969 AD 7ÛH>8D/ :A H:MD! A6 K>96 N A6 BJ:GI:# D BÛH FJ: A6 BJ:GI:! A6H ;DGB6H 9: BDG>G! D A6 K>DA:C8>60 : >C8AJHD! BÛH FJ: A6 K>DA:C8>6! :A E69:8>B>:CID! :A HJ;G>B>:CID! :A 9DADG# A6 BJ:GI: :H HâAD JC6 B:IÛ;DG6! EDG :?:BEAD/ Æ869ÛK:GÇ H><C>;>86 :C A6IÞC Æ86Þ96Ç# :CIDC8:H! 8DBD 9:8Þ6 ADJ>H: 7DJG<:D>H! B: >CI:G:H6 Æ:A 6GI: 9: 86:GÇ! 9: H67:G 86:G# 9: 6=Þ B: G:B>ID :C BJ8=6H D86H>DC:H 6 HÞB7DADH 8G>HI>6CDH N B:9>:K6A:H! EDG HJ C6IJG6A:O6 DG<ÛC>86! ADH 8J6A:H H>:BEG: 8D>C8>9:C :C FJ: I>:C:C JC6 G:A68>âC 8DC A6 <J:GG6 D A6 H:MJ6A>969! EDGFJ: =6N JC6 AÞC:6 BJN ;>C6 :CIG: :A 9:H:D N A6 BJ:GI:# :A 6GI: :H JC D7?:ID 9: 9:H:D! :A 6GI>HI6 :H JC 9:H:6CI:! :H JC =68:9DG 9: D7?:IDH 9: H:9J88>âC! D 9: 6BJA:IDH 9: EGDI:88>âC FJ: CD 9:?6C 9: H:G D7?:IDH 9: H:9J88>âC# EDG :HD B: G:;>:GD =67>IJ6AB:CI: 6 JC6 :HIwI>86 ;:I>8=>HI6! 8G:N:C9D FJ: B>H D7G6H HDC >BÛ<:C:H 8DC ED9:G0 :HIDN =67A6C9D ID9D :A G6ID 9: ?J:<DH 9: ;J:GO6H N ED9:G:H# N 6=Þ :H 9DC9: :CIG6 :A H:MD 8DBD JC6 8DC9J8I6 K>I6A ;:B>C>HBD 6E6GI: ! 8DBD JC6 G:A68>âC 9: >9:CI>969 8DC AD FJ: HDN 6 C>K:A H>B7âA>8D# :C :HI: H:CI>9D! B: >CI:G:H6 :A HÞB7DAD EDGFJ: :C wA :H 8DBD H> A6 >B6<:C =67A6H: EDG HÞ HDA6! :H 8DBD H> A6 >B6<:C H: ;JC9>:G6 8DC A6 E6A67G6! H:x6A6C9D 6 JC6 G:6A>969! H>C 9:8>G Æ:HI6 :H A6 G:6A>969Ç# :H 8DBD =68:G JC <>GD :AÞEI>8D E6G6 AA:<6G 6A B>HBD EJCID/ CJ:HIGD EG:H:CI:! JC EG:H:CI: EG:x69D 9: CJ:HIGD E6H69D H>B7âA>8D #

´8JÛA ;J: IJ ;DGB68>âC4

Hdn a^XZcX^VYV Zc 7ZaaVh 6giZh n VXijVabZciZ VcYd YdXidgVcYd Zc aV ;VXjaiVY YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh YZ <gVcVYV#

X^Zgid bjn VcYVajo / Za YZa X]^hbdggZd n Za Xg^i^fjZd! VYZb{h YZ X^Zgid egdk^cX^Vc^hbd### fjZ V kZXZh V[ZXiV! hdWgZ idYd! V iZcZg X^Zgid b^ZYd d ejYdg V ZmedcZg X^ZgiVh dWgVh#

´FJw 6NJ96H >CHI>IJ8>DC6A:H! 7:86H! EG:B>DH! :I8# 9:HI686GÞ6H :C IJ 86GG:G64 ´E6G6 FJw ´FJw G:A68>DC:H B6CI>:C:H 8DC DIGDH H>GK>:GDC G:6AB:CI: 6GI>HI6H 9: IJ <:C:G68>âC4 ´N 8DC DIGDH Jcd YZ adh egZb^dh fjZ b{h ^ajh^ c bZ ]V B6NDG:H4 ´N B:CDG:H4

]ZX]d ]V h^Yd Za EgZb^d YZ 6giZh K^hjVaZh >c_jkZ '%%- edgfjZ VYZb{h YZ hZg jc egZb^d hZg^d! ]VXZc jcV WjZcV egdbdX^ c n d[gZXZc aV dedgijc^YVY YZ ZmedcZg Zc Za 8 gXjad YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh! VYZb{h YZ jc WjZc XVi{ad\d### XgZd fjZ VWgZ ejZgiVh# 9Z aV b^hbV bVcZgV! digd egZb^d fjZ Xdch^YZgd jc gZXdcdX^b^Zcid V b^ igVWV_d Zh Za VXX h^i fjZ ]Z \VcVYd Zc Za egZb^d YZ e^cijgV ;dXjh 6WZc\dV '%%-# 9Z aV b^hbV bVcZgV! jcV YZ aVh VnjYVh b{h ^bedgiVciZh eVgV b [jZ aV WZXV BVcjZa G^kZgV! edgfjZ bZ eZgb^i^ gZXdggZg KZcZojZaV 8VgVXVh n XdcdXZg Y^kZghVh XjaijgVh n [dgbVh YZ k^YV fjZ bZ ]Vc ^beVXiVYd V idYdh adh c^kZaZh# IVbW^ c bZ d[gZX^ aV dedgijc^YVY YZ

Adh Vgi^hiVh YZ b^ \ZcZgVX^ c Xdc adh fjZ bVciZc\d gZaVX^ c hjZaZc hZg b^h Vb^\dh Vh fjZ hdaZbdh VnjYVgcdh Zc ad fjZ edYZbdh! XdbeVgi^bdh XV YVh n aZkVciVb^Zcidh n kVbdh VegZcY^ZcYd _jcidh# 8dc adh Vgi^hiVh bVndgZh aV gZaVX^ c fjZ bVciZc\d Zh bjn WjZcV# HjZaZc VXdchZ_VgbZ XjVcYd iZc\d Va\ c egdWaZbV n hjZad XdchjaiVgaZh XjVcYd cd Zci^ZcYd edg cdkViV Va\d0 eg{Xi^XVbZciZ Va\jcd YZ Zaadh hZ ]V XdckZgi^Yd Zc b^ XdcÒYZciZ# 8dc adh Vgi^hiVh bZcdgZh Zh edXd Za igVid fjZ bVciZc\d eZgd hjZaZ hZg iVbW^ c bjn XdgY^Va VjcfjZ b{h Y^hiVciZ! h^ZbegZ Xdc Va\jcV fjZ digV ZmXZeX^ c# ´E6G6 I> IG676?6G :C 6C96AJ8Þ6 :H JC 9:H:D D JC6 C:8:H>9694

JcV cZXZh^YVY# ´FJw 8DCH:8J:C8>6H 8G::H FJ: >BEA>86 :HI: =:8=D :C IJ 86GG:G64

XdcdXZg Va Vgi^hiV B^\jZa Kdc 9Vc\Za n Va [di \gV[d CZahdc <Vgg^Yd n bZ d[gZX^ aV dedgijc^YVY YZ YZhVggdaaVg bZ_dg b^ igVWV_d Zc aV fjZ hZg V Æb^ eg^bZgV Zmedh^X^ c ^cY^k^YjVa Zc jcV \VaZg VÇ! h^ZcYd aV \VaZg V bVYg^aZ V BVn Bdg YdcYZ ejYZ ZmedcZg b^ egdnZXid/ ?VgY c YZ Hjea^X^d# :c ZhiZ hZci^Yd! iVbW^ c ]V h^Yd bjn ^ciZgZhVciZ aV ^ck^iVX^ c YZ jcV _dkZc Xdb^hVg^V! B c^XV A eZo! eVgV eVgi^X^eVg Zc jcV Zmedh^X^ c Zc aV =VWVcV! fjZ ejYZ k^h^iVg \gVX^Vh V aVh WZXVh >c^X^VgiZ! Va\d fjZ aaZkVWV i^Zbed fjZg^ZcYd ]VXZg# AV WZXV eVgV _ kZcZh XgZVYdgZh YZ aV [jcYVX^ c 6cidc^d <VaV ]V h^Yd iVbW^ c jcV VnjYV Zc kVg^dh c^kZaZh ejZhid fjZ [jZ aV eg^bZgV kZo fjZ ejYZ YZY^XVg b^ i^Zbed V igVWV_Vg Zc b^ dWgV h^c iZcZg fjZ egZdXjeVgbZ YZ iZcZg fjZ WjhXVg Y^cZgd Zc XjVafj^Zg igVWV_d WVhjg^aaV ! VYZb{h YZ XgZVg ZhigZX]dh aVodh Xdc X^Zgidh XdbeV Zgdh#

GZVabZciZ cd h ]VhiV fjZ ejcid ejZYZ igVZg d cd XdchZXjZcX^Vh0 XgZd fjZ ]Vn VheZXidh [VkdgVWaZh n digdh cd iVcid### GZVabZciZ! V aV ]dgV YZ igVWV_Vg bZ gZÒZgd Va igVWV_d YZ ZhijY^d ! XgZd fjZ cd ^bedgiV Za aj\Vg0 digV XdhV Zh bdkZgad d iZcZg b{h d bZcdh dedgijc^YVYZh YZ bdhigVgad### XaVgd fjZ iVbW^ c hZ ejYZ igVWV_Vg Zc jc aj\Vg n bdkZgad Zc digdh### Edg ad \ZcZgVa bZ Xdc[dgbd Xdc fjZ V c ejZYd hZ\j^g igVWV_VcYd Zc ad fjZ fj^Zgd! fjZ Xdc adh i^Zbedh fjZ XdggZ ad Xdch^YZgd jc aj_d# ´FJw BD9:AD 9: <6A:GÞ6 8G::H FJ: H: 9:7:GÞ6 >BEDC:G4

Jcd Va fjZ cd h ad aZ ^ciZgZhZ Za c bZgd YZ dWgVh fjZ kZcYZ YZ jc Vgi^hiV n fjZ gZVabZciZ Zci^ZcYV Za igVWV_d YZ adh Vgi^hiVh fjZ i^ZcZ n! edg ad iVcid! adh Xj^YZ V bjX]dh c^kZaZh# ´FJw DE>C6H N 8JÛA :H IJ :ME:G>:C8>6 E:GHDC6A 8DC A6 6JID<:HI>âC4

8gZd fjZ Zc jc eg^cX^e^d idYdh XdbZcoVbdh Vjid\Zhi^dc{cYdcdh0 gZVabZciZ cd ]Vn b{h gZbZY^d n XgZd fjZ Zc bZcdg bZY^YV ajZ\d hZ kV bVciZc^ZcYd# EZgd Zc b^ de^c^ c aV Vjid\Zhi^ c Zh Va\d fjZ Zhi{ jc^Yd Xdc ZhiZ igVWV_d eVgV edYZg hZ\j^g VYZaVciZ#

´FJw 8G::H FJ: C:8:H>I6 B:?DG6G :A BJC9D 9:A 6GI: 6C96AJO4

´:M>HI: JC6 6AI:GC6I>K6 6A 8DB:G8>D4 ´H:GÞ6 9:H:67A: :C IJ 86HD4

8gZd fjZ cZXZh^iVg V bZ_dgVg X^Zgid ]ZX]d fjZ hZ kZ Zc idYdh h^i^dh edg

Fj^Zgd eZchVg n bZ \jhiV eZchVg fjZ h n XgZd fjZ eVgV bjX]dh hZg V YZhZVWaZ#



&)' BJH"6 A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H

:A E6E:A 9: A6

>CHI>" IJ8>âC 8DCK:GH68>âC 8DC ?DHw A:7G:GD HI6AH! ;G6C8>H8D 9:A GÞD N NDA6C96 GDB:GD ;didh XdckZghVX^ c/ 6cidc^d E gZo <^a#


&)(

A6 >BEA>868>âC 9: A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H 8DC :A 6GI:

:B:G<:CI: :H 6A<D CDGB6A>O69D 9:H9: =68: 6A<JC6H 9w8696H! 6JCFJ: CD EDG :AAD HDB:I>9D 6 JC 8DCH:CHD 8DBEA:ID 68:G86 9: ADH BÛG<:C:H N A6H G:<A6H 9: HJ 68IJ68>âC# =:BDH FJ:G>9D 6FJÞ FJ: IG:H 9: HJH BÛM>BDH G:EG:H:CI6CI:H :C 6C96AJ8Þ6 CDH 8J:CI:C 8âBD :CI>:C9:C HJ E6E:A# ;G6C8>H8D 9:A GÞD G:HEDCH67A: 9: 6GI:H EAÛHI>86H 9: A6 D7G6 HD8>6A 9: 86?6HDA ! ?DHw A:7G:GD HI6AH 9>G:8IDG 9:A 8668 N NDA6C96 GDB:GD 9>G:8IDG6 9:A 8:CIGD ?DHw <J:GG:GD CDH =67A6C 9:H9: A6 D7G6 HD8>6A! :A BJH:D N :A 8:CIGD 9: 6GI:! G:HE:8I>K6B:CI:# A6H 8DCK:G<:C8>6H N 6A:?6B>:CIDH! 9: ;DC9D D 9: B6I>O! FJ: HJG<:C :C HJ 9>ÛAD<D CDH E:GB>I>GÛC 9>;:G:C8>6G 7J:C6 E6GI: 9: :H6H BåAI>EA:H DE8>DC:H B6C:?696H 9:H9: A6 <:HI>âC Eå7A>86 D H:B>ÄEå7A>86 :C IDGCD 6 A6 <:HI>âC 9:A 6GI: :B:G<:CI:#

bjhÄ6 9:CIGD 9: :HI6 >BEA>868>âC 9: A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H 8DC

?DHw A:7G:GD HI6AH :m^hiZ aV ZmigV V iZcYZcX^V V

:A 6GI: :B:G<:CI:! 8A6G6B:CI: G:;A:?69D :C A6H IG:H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H FJ: G:EG:H:CIÛ>H! ´FJw 86G68I:GÞHI>86H 9>;:G:C8>6C A6 EGDBD8>âC 6GIÞHI>86 9:CIGD N ;J:G6 9: A6 >CHI>IJ8>âC Eå7A>864

hjedcZg fjZ adh XZcigdh YZ VgiZ d adh bjhZdh YZ VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd i^ZcZc fjZ egdbdX^dcVg Vgi hi^XVbZciZ Va\d! n Zhd XgZd fjZ YZbVcYV hZg gZk^hVYd# JcV XdhV Zh aV Y^[jh^ c YZa VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd! n digV XdhV Y^[ZgZciZ! XdbeaZbZciVg^V eZgd Y^hi^ciV! Zh igViVg YZ Xdcig^Wj^g V YVg k^h^W^a^YVY ejWa^XV V adh XgZVYdgZh fjZ idYVk V Zhi{c Zc [VhZ YZ VegZcY^oV_Z! V VnjYVg fjZ ZcigZc Zc Za bZgXVYd n V Xdcig^Wj^g V fjZ adh kVadgZh Zhi i^Xdh fjZ egdedcZc gZX^WVc jc b c^bd YZ gZXdcdX^b^Zcid YZ fj^ZcZh YZiZgb^cVc adh Xg^iZg^dh# Digd iZbV Y^hi^cid Zh VcVa^oVg fj eVeZa YZhZbeZ Vc aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh e Wa^XVh YZ bZY^VX^ c XjaijgVa! aVh [jcYVX^dcZh XjaijgVaZh YZ Zci^YVYZh WVcXVg^Vh! d Za YZ jc XZcigd YZ VgiZ! Zc cjZhigd XVhd! fjZ i^ZcZ iVbW^ c Xdbd jcV YZ hjh b^h^dcZh eg^cX^eVaZh Za Xj^YVYd YZa eVig^bdc^d edg Y^hedcZg YZ jcV XdaZXX^ c# 8gZd fjZ ]Vn WVhiVciZ Xdc[jh^ c! n Zci^ZcYd fjZ! eg^bZgd! h^ cdh gZ[Zg^bdh V aVh dWa^\VX^dcZh e Wa^XVh! ]VWg V fjZ ]VWaVg YZ X bd hdc! X bd hZ [dgbjaVc n X bd hZ aaZkVc V aV eg{Xi^XV aVh eda i^XVh XjaijgVaZh# 6 cdhdigdh hZ cdh XdckdXV V ZhiZ ZcXjZcigd Xdbd gZegZhZciVciZh d Xdbd i Xc^Xdh fjZ Zhi{c igVWV_VcYd Zc ^chi^ijX^dcZh YZY^XVYVh V aV Y^[jh^ c! hdWgZ

;G6C8>H8D 9:A GÞD 8gZd fjZ XVYV ^chi^ijX^ c i^ZcZ Y^hi^cidh dW_Zi^kdh Z ^ciZgZhZh! n XgZd fjZ hdc idYdh aZ\ i^bdh V aV ]dgV YZ Y^hZ Vg jc Vg\jbZcid Y^hi^ci^kd Zc idgcd Va VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd n Va VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ Zc eVgi^XjaVg# Nd ejZYd ]VWaVg YZa XVhd YZ jcV XV_V YZ V]dggdh Xjnd XVg{XiZg k^ZcZ YZiZgb^cVYd edg hj dWgV hdX^Va edgfjZ YZhi^cV! Xdbd hVWZbdh! jcV eVgiZ YZ hjh WZcZÒX^dh V VXi^k^YVYZh XjaijgVaZh! hdX^VaZh n YZ eVig^bdc^d# Ad fjZ ZhV ^chi^ijX^ c ]VXZ Zh Ò_Vg jcV a cZV YZ VXX^dcZh Zc idgcd V ZhiZ bVg\Zc egZhjejZhiVg^d fjZ Zh Vh^\cVYd V aV egd\gVbVX^ c# AVh VXijVX^dcZh YZ VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ hZ XdcXgZiVc Zc adh XZgi{bZcZh YZ VgiZh ea{hi^XVh n [did\gV[ V V c^kZa VcYVajo! fjZ V]dgV kVbdh V Vbea^Vg V c^kZa cVX^dcVa Z ^ciZgcVX^dcVa! n Zc WZXVh eVgV egdnZXidh YZ [did\gV[ V# 6YZb{h YZ Zhidh XZgi{bZcZh ]Zbdh YZY^XVYd Va VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ digVh Zmedh^X^dcZh bdcd\g{ÒXVh! h^c dak^YVg aVh bdcd\g{ÒXVh YZ Vgi^hiVh VcYVajXZh YZ \ZcZgVX^dcZh VciZg^dgZh#


&)) BJH"6 A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H

8Zcigd 6cYVajo YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd# HZk^aaV#


&)*

8Zcigd 6cYVajo YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd# HZk^aaV#

;G6C8>H8D 9:A GÞD

CD 8G:D FJ: A6H :MEDH>8>DC:H 9:76C >G :C86B>C696H 6 A6 EGDBD8>âC 9: D7?:IDH H>CD 9: 8DC8:EIDH ?DHw A:7G:GD HI6AH

EG:8>H6BDH 9: 6EGDM>B68>DC:H I:âG>86H ;J:GI:H! E:GD 9: AD FJ: H: =67A6 HD7G: ID9D :H 9: 9>C:GD N 9: G:9:H 9: G:A68>âC N ED9:G


&)+ BJH"6 A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H

NDA6C96 GDB:GD

A6 IG6N:8IDG>6 9: JC 6GI>HI6 :H JC6 86GG:G6 9: ;DC9D N :A IG>JC;D HD8>6A! H> AA:<6! CD I>:C: EDG FJw H:G >CB:9>6ID ?DHw A:7G:GD HI6AH

:HI6BDH :C JC H>HI:B6 6GIÞHI>8D :C :A FJ: 86G:8:BDH 9: >CI:GAD8J8>âC! N FJ: EDG :AAD A6 9>K:G<:C8>6 :H >C:K>I67A: :heVX^d DWgV HdX^Va 8V_Vhda# HZk^aaV#

idYd! YZa VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd# :a ]VXZgad YZcigd n [jZgV YZ aVh VYb^c^higVX^dcZh e Wa^XVh XgZd fjZ bVgXV jcVh Y^[ZgZcX^Vh \gVcYZh Zc adh bdYdh n adh dW_Zi^kdh! VjcfjZ Zh Zk^YZciZ fjZ adh igZh iZcZbdh bjX]dh ejcidh YZ ediZcX^Va XdcÓjZcX^V Zc adh ^ciZgZhZh XdbeVgi^Ydh# EaVciZVg V Zhid/ ´kjZhigV egZ\jciV! V fj iZbVg^d eZgiZcZXZ4! ´Va YZ eda i^XV XjaijgVa4! ´Va YZ ^cYjhig^V n XdbZgX^d4 ´9Z fj hZ igViV4! ´YZ egdbdX^dcVg V adh Vgi^hiVh cjZkdh! YZ fjZ ejZYVc YZhVggdaaVg hj igVWV_d Zc bZ_dgZh XdcY^X^dcZh ZXdc b^XVh4! ´YZ fjZ hj egdYjXX^ c Vgi hi^XV hZ YZhVggdaaZ Zc Zcidgcdh Xjaidh XVeVXZh YZ ^ciZgegZiVgaVh egdYjXi^kVbZciZ4 ´HZ igViV YZ Y^[jcY^g adh XdciZc^Ydh d adh Vgi^hiVh4! XgZd fjZ XjVcYd hZ ]VWaV YZ ZhiZ Vhjcid bjX]Vh kZXZh ]Vn bjX]d YZhZd n edXV XdcXgZX^ c# NDA6C96 GDB:GD Nd fjZg V ZbeZoVg XjZhi^dcVcYd aV egde^V egZ\jciV! edgfjZ XgZd fjZ! Z[ZXi^kVbZciZ! aV aVWdg YZ jcV ^chi^ijX^ c e Wa^XV cd Zh iVcid aV YZ egdbdX^dcVg Za VgiZ Xdbd aV YZ XgZVg ZhigjXijgVh a^\VYVh V aV ZYjXVX^ c! aV ^ckZhi^\VX^ c n aV XdchZgkVX^ c YZ aV bZbdg^V# 6YZb{h! XgZd fjZ \ZcZgVabZciZ hZ hjZaZ VhdX^Vg aV egdbdX^ c Xdc Za ]ZX]d YZ Æ]VXZg jcV Zmedh^X^ cÇ! n Zhid Zh Zgg cZd# 9ZhYZ Za ejcid YZ k^hiV! edg Z_Zbead! YZ cjZhigV ^chi^ijX^ c! cdh eVgZXZ b{h cZXZhVg^d Za Vednd fjZ VXijVabZciZ YVbdh V adh Vgi^hiVh _ kZcZh V igVk h YZ VXX^dcZh Y^kZghVh! iVa kZo bZcdh k^h^WaZh fjZ aV Zmedh^X^ c! eZgd iVbW^ c b{h Z[ZXi^kVh/ bZ Zhidn gZÒg^ZcYd V aVh WZXVh YZ [dgbVX^ c! V aVh VnjYVh V aV egdYjXX^ c! V aV egde^V aVWdg YZa 8Zcigd <jZggZgd! fjZ hZ eaVciZV Xdbd jc ZheVX^d ZYjXVi^kd YdcYZ jc _dkZc ZhijY^VciZ ejZYZ [dgbVghZ XdcdX^ZcYd Zc egd[jcY^YVY aV dWgV YZ Vgi^hiVh XaVkZ0 d V igVk h YZ aVh VXi^k^YVYZh ^ciZ\gVYVh Xdc aVh Zmedh^X^dcZh Xdc[ZgZcX^Vh! ZcXjZcigdh Xdc Vgi^hiVh d ejWa^XVX^dcZh

fjZ ]VXZbdh VXXZh^WaZh Xda\{cYdaVh Zc aV lZW # N ZhiV Zh eVgV b aV Y^[ZgZcX^V ZhZcX^Va ZcigZ aV ^chi^ijX^ c Vgi hi^XV e Wa^XV n aV eg^kVYV0 aV eg^bZgV! Zc b^ de^c^ c! i^ZcZ jcVh [jcX^dcZh Y^[ZgZciZh! Xdbd bdidg XjaijgVa n YZ egd\gZhd YZ aV hdX^ZYVY fjZ ad ^bejahV! Xdbd aj\Vg YZ XdcdX^b^Zcid n XdchZgkVX^ c YZ aV bZbdg^V! Xdbd ZheVX^d eVgV Za YZWViZ e Wa^Xd! Xdbd aj\Vg iVbW^ c! X bd cd! eVgV aV XdciZbeaVX^ c n Za Y^h[gjiZ Zhi i^Xd# Adh ZheVX^dh eg^kVYdh Y^[ X^abZciZ ejZYZc hjhigVZghZ V adh ^ciZgZhZh YZa bZgXVYd! V adh Y^XiVYdh YZ hjh Zm^\ZcX^Vh gZciVW^a^YVY! VjY^ZcX^Vh! ^beVXid bZY^{i^Xd½ # ?#A#H# :h ^bedgiVciZ hVWZg YZhYZ Y cYZ n Xj{cYd hZ ]VWaV n V fj^ c cdh Y^g^\^bdh# CjZhigd ZhXZcVg^d XjaijgVa eVYZXZ Xdbd hVWZbdh idYdh YZ jcdh Y ÒX^ih ]^hi g^Xdh bjn h^\c^ÒXVi^kdh# µµH ad Zc &.,* hZ ^cVj\jg Za fjZ [jZgV eg^bZg bjhZd YZ VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd YZ BVYg^Y ! Zh YZX^g! ]Vc eVhVYd XjVigd Y Vh YZhYZ fjZ Zm^hiZc ZhiZ i^ed YZ ^chi^ijX^dcZh Zc Za ZhiVYd ZheV da# Edg digV eVgiZ! ´fj Zh aV ^chi^ijX^ c eg^kVYV4! ´YZ fj ZhiVbdh ]VWaVcYd4 HZ hVWZ fjZ aVh XVhVh YZ hjWVhiVh! Hdi]ZWnÉh d 8]g^hi^ZÉh! hdc iVbW^ c ^chi^ijX^dcZh eg^kVYVh Xdc jc kVadg ZhigVi \^Xd XZcigVa Zc Zhidh bdbZcidh# ´Hdbdh XdchX^ZciZh YZ fjZ jc XjVYgd Xdc Ydb^cVciZh gd_dh hjZaZ kZcYZghZ bZ_dg fjZ h^ cd adh i^ZcZ40 ZhiVbdh k^k^ZcYd jcdh bdbZcidh Zc adh fjZ! edg jc aVYd! egZX^hVbdh YZ Vegdm^bVX^dcZh iZ g^XVh [jZgiZh! eZgd YZ ad fjZ hZ ]VWaV hdWgZ idYd Zh YZ Y^cZgd n YZ gZYZh YZ gZaVX^ c n edYZg# 8dbd YZX V ?ZVc ;gVcXd^h 8]Zkg^Zg! cdh bdkZbdh ZcigZ Ydh edadh Ydb^cVciZh/ adh ZhijY^dh XjaijgVaZh n aV Òadhd[ V [gVcXZhV edhiZhigjXijgVa^hiV Zc jc aVYd n Za bZgXVYd \adWVa Zc Za digd# :c ZhV WgZX]V Zh YdcYZ iZc\d aV hZchVX^ c! fjZ XjVcidh V\ZciZh YZa h^hiZbV Vgi hi^Xd! ^cXaj^Ydh aV bVndg V YZ


&),

:heVX^d DWgV HdX^Va 8V_Vhda# HZk^aaV#

Vgi^hiVh fjZ XdcdoXd! ZhiVbdh bZi^Ydh# :c b^ de^c^ c! XgZVg ZhigjXijgVh ^bea^XV [dbZciVg aV ZYjXVX^ c! aV [dgbVX^ c! aV Y^hig^WjX^ c YZ XdcdX^b^Zcidh! n fj^h^ZgV hjWgVnVg Za eajgVa# EZgd ZhiV gZhedchVW^a^YVY hdX^Va i^ZcZ fjZ XdbW^cVghZ Xdc Za VXdbeV Vb^Zcid a \^Xd V adh egdnZXidh Vgi hi^Xdh ^bedgiVciZh# Ad b{h jg\ZciZ eVgV Za Xdc_jcid YZ aV hdX^ZYVY cd i^ZcZ edg fj hZgad eVgV Za bjhZd YZ jc bdYd XViZ\ g^Xd! n iVbedXd Zhidn hZ\jgd YZ fjZ jcV b^h^ c [jcYVbZciVa Xdch^hiV Zc egdbdX^dcVg Xdc Zmedh^X^dcZh YZY^XVYVh V adh Vgi^hiVh! Y^\Vbdh! b{h _ kZcZh# ;#9#G# :h Zk^YZciZ fjZ YZhYZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh e Wa^XVh!

eg^kVYVh! ZiX#! Za igVWV_d Zc idgcd Va VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd k^ZcZ YVYd edg hjh Y^hi^cidh dW_Zi^kdh# 9^\Vbdh fjZ bZ iZc\d fjZ h^ijVg Zc ZhZ ZcXjVYgZ! Va ^\jVa fjZ jcV XV_V YZ V]dggdh YZhi^cV gZXjghdh V hj dWgV hdX^Va# EZgd ´edg fj iZcZbdh fjZ egdbdX^dcVg Za VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ4 ´k^ZcZ Zhid YZiZgb^cVYd h ad edg jcdh egdXZhdh YZ [jcX^dcVb^Zcid YZ YdcYZ ZhiVbdh ^chXg^idh! d gZVabZciZ XgZZbdh fjZ egdbdX^dcVcYd Za VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ d Za VgiZ _dkZc! d aV XgZVi^k^YVY Zc \ZcZgVa! ZhiVbdh VedgiVcYd Va\d hdX^VabZciZ4 EZghdcVabZciZ XgZd fjZ bZgZXZ aV eZcV! eg^bZgd edg cd Xdcig^Wj^g Va ZhXZei^X^hbd \ZcZgVa hdWgZ idYV

edh^W^a^YVY YZ XVbW^d! hZ\jcYd eVgV Zk^iVg aVh X^ZgiVh Ydh^h YZ X^c^hbd egZhZciZ Zc Za h^hiZbV VgiZ! n iZgXZgd eVgV edcZg Zc iZaV YZ _j^X^d aV iZcYZcX^V Va V^haVb^Zcid YZ ZhiZ h^hiZbV# 8jVcYd ]VWad YZ Y^bZch^ c hdX^Va n YZ hdX^ZYVY Zhidn ]VWaVcYd YZ ad fjZ Va\ c Vjidg [gVcX h aaVbVWV ÆbVg\^cVa^YVY bVndg^iVg^VÇ# :hiVbdh V] ^chiVaVYdh Zc jcV bVg\^cVa^YVY bVndg^iVg^V n hVWZbdh V fj dWZYZXZ# CVijgVabZciZ adh ZaZbZcidh YZ Va^ZcVX^ c Zc aV hdX^ZYVY Zhi{c V] / Za i^ed YZ ZXdcdb V! Za Ydb^c^d YZ adh bZY^dh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c! ZiX# ´EdYg Vbdh eZchVg ZcidcXZh YZhYZ jcV edh^X^ c gdb{ci^XV fjZ Za VgiZ edYg V hVakVg Va\d YZ ZhiV h^ijVX^ c n fjZ adh Vgi^hiVh ejZYZc Xdcig^Wj^g V Zaad4 =Vn fjZ igVchb^i^g ZhiV ^YZV Zc eg^bZg aj\Vg V aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh! V aVh egde^Vh ^chi^ijX^dcZh Zc aVh fjZ igVWV_Vbdh! edgfjZ e^Zchd fjZ ]Vn jcV bZ_dgV fjZ hZ ejZYZ gZVa^oVg! n cd nV Xdbd XZcigdh YZ Y^hig^WjX^ c YZ jc h^hiZbV YZ VgiZ h^cd Xdbd XZcigdh YZ ZmeVch^ c ]VX^V ad e Wa^Xd Xdc jcV ^bea^XVX^ c hdX^Va# 9Zhej h nV edYZbdh kZg X bd hZ ejZYZ dg\Vc^oVg idYV ZhiV iVgZV# Hdc ^begZhX^cY^WaZh aVh gZYZh# 8gZd fjZ aV gZÓZm^ c hdWgZ ZhVh gZYZh YZWZg V XZcigVghZ [jcYVbZciVabZciZ Zc adh bdYdh YZ deZgVX^ c Zc ZaaVh0 h^ hdc bdYdh Vjidg^iVg^dh d YZbdXg{i^Xdh! h^ hdc bdYdh XdbeVgi^Ydh! h^ hdc XdbeaZ_dh d ZhiZgZdi^eVYdh# EdgfjZ


&)- BJH"6 A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H

ZcidcXZh! h^ cd ad ]VXZbdh! ad fjZ edYg Vbdh eZgYZg YZ eZgheZXi^kV Zh idYV aV XVeVX^YVY XgZVi^kV n bdY^ÒXVYdgV fjZ i^ZcZ fjZ kZg Xdc Za VgiZ! V cd hZg fjZ cdh Y V cdhdigdh b^hbdh Xdbd \ZhidgZh b^ZYd YZ aV \Zhi^ c YZ ^YZVh# AV b^hbV \Zhi^ c YZWZ Zk^iVg adh ZhiZgZdi^edh# Cd XgZd fjZ aVh Zmedh^X^dcZh YZWVc ^g ZcXVb^cVYVh V aV egdbdX^ c YZ dW_Zidh h^cd YZ XdcXZeidh# N aVh Zmedh^X^dcZh Zhi{c YZcigd YZ jcV gZY YZ XdcdX^b^Zcid fjZ X]dXV Xdc digV XVgVXiZg hi^XV YZ cjZhigV hdX^ZYVY/ Za YZhegZhi^\^d YZa XdcdX^b^Zcid n YZ aV ZYjXVX^ c# 9ZWZbdh Xdcig^Wj^g V egZhZciVg aV XdbeaZ_^YVY YZa bjcYd VXijVa! cd hj WVcVa^oVX^ c! n XgZd fjZ Za VgiZ Zhi{ Zc Zhd! cd h ad Zh egdYjXX^ c YZ dW_Zidh# ?#A#H# Nd Y^g V fjZ ZhZ XdcdX^b^Zcid cd Zh egde^ZYVY YZ

c^c\jcV \ZcZgVX^ c# 6 kZXZh hZ Xdc[jcYZ ad _dkZc n Za XdcdX^b^Zcid# Cd i^ZcZc fjZ ZhiVg cZXZhVg^VbZciZ a^\VYdh# Adh Vgi^hiVh _ kZcZh! ´hdc adh igVchb^hdgZh YZa XdcdX^b^Zcid40 Zhd ]Vn fjZ edcZgad Zc XjZhi^ c eVgV bZ_dgVg aV hVc^YVY YZ idYdh# :c dXVh^dcZh iZc\d aV ^begZh^ c YZ fjZ hZ ]V ^Yd ^chiVjgVcYd Zc 6cYVajX V! Zc :heV V n Zc Za bjcYd YZa VgiZ jcV ^YZV Zfj^kdXVYV edg aV fjZ aV ZYVY Zh \VgVciZ YZ Va\d0 ´Xdbd VXZeiVg jcV XVa^YVY VhZ\jgVYV c^XVbZciZ edg aV _jkZcijY YZa XgZVYdg4 ;VkdgZXZ aV VbcZh^V XjaijgVa! jcd YZ adh bVaZh Zc aV ZgV YZ aV ZaZXigdXjaijgV# :c gZaVX^ c Va digd Vhjcid fjZ bZcX^dcVWVh! hdWgZ Za edh^X^dcVb^Zcid Xg i^Xd gZheZXid V ZhiZ ZhXZei^X^hbd#### EVgV b ÒcVabZciZ i^ZcZ fjZ kZg Xdc Za Xdbegdb^hd eZghdcVa fjZ iZc\Vc adh gZhedchVWaZh YZ adh XZcigdh YZ VgiZ! µµcd fj^Zgd VXZeiVgad Xdbd jcV XdcY^X^ c h^cZ fjV cdc N#G# :c adh V dh dX]ZciV hZ hj[g^ WVhiVciZ ZhiZ i^ed YZ

egdbdX^ c0 ad _dkZc Zc h b^hbd ZgV jc kVadg! n Zc gZVa^YVY cd i^ZcZ edg fj hZgad# GZVabZciZ aV igVnZXidg^V YZ jc Vgi^hiV Zh jcV XVggZgV YZ [dcYd n Za ig^jc[d hdX^Va! h^ aaZ\V! cd i^ZcZ edg fj hZg ^cbZY^Vid# 8d^cX^Yd Xdc ?dh AZWgZgd Zc fjZ ZhiZ i^ed YZ ZhigViZ\^Vh YZ VednVg ad _dkZc edgfjZ h egdkdXV bjX]Vh [gjhigVX^dcZh V aV aVg\V n iZ_^Ydh XjaijgVaZh edXd dg\{c^Xdh n h a^Ydh# ;#9#G# :c Za eVeZa YZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh ]Vn edh^X^dcVb^Zcid! ]Vn Y^kZgh^YVY! ZiX#! eZgd XgZd fjZ eVgV aaZkVg W^Zc aV gZaVX^ c Xdc adh Vgi^hiVh cdh [VaiV ^ciZgadXjX^ c i Xc^XV n iZ g^XV! fjZ Zh digd \gVc Y ÒX^i YZ 6cYVajX V# AV ^ciZgadXjX^ c cd ejZYZ ZhiVg h ad Zc adh XZcigdh d Zc adh Y^gZXidgZh YZ adh XZcigdh d Zc adh Y^gZXidgZh YZ egd\gVbVh# D ^cXajhd Zc adh dg\Vc^hbdh XdggZhedcY^ZciZh YZ aV ?jciV fjZ ]V\Vc aV egd\gVbVX^ c YZ ZhiVh ^c^X^Vi^kVh# N V] Zh YdcYZ nd h^i d aV Y^bZch^ c ZYjXVi^kV n igVch[dgbVYdgV# 9Z fj h^gkZ VXjbjaVg dW_Zidh h^ jcd cd hVWZ YZhej h fj

8Zcigd ?dh <jZggZgd# <gVcVYV#

]VXZg Xdc Zaadh# 8VabVbdh aV Vch^ZYVY! fjZ bZ eVgZXZ a \^XV! YZa Vgi^hiV fjZ fj^ZgZ kZg hj dWgV ZmejZhiV! n XVabVbdh cjZhigV egde^V Vch^ZYVY! nV fjZ ]Zbdh YZY^XVYd jcV eVgiZ YZa egZhjejZhid V ZhiVh VXX^dcZh# ?#A#H# 6]dgV edYZbdh ]VXZg XdcÓj^g Ydh XdcXZeidh Y^hi^cidh/

jcd! Za bZXZcVo\d d ad fjZ V]dgV hZ YZcdb^cV GH8! gZhedchVW^a^YVY hdX^Va XdgedgVi^kV! YZ XVg{XiZg hdWgZidYd eg^kVYd! n digd b{h Vci^\jd fjZ Zh aV gZhedchVW^a^YVY e Wa^XV! fjZ a \^XVbZciZ iVbW^ c ejZYZ hZg XdgedgVi^kV# BZ \jhiVg V bZcX^dcVg fjZ Zc cjZhigd XVhd jcV gZhedchVW^a^YVY e Wa^XV igViV YZ XdckZgi^ghZ Zc jcV VXX^ c V bZY^d eaVod YZ eda i^XV XjaijgVa# :c 6cYVajX V hZ YZiZXiVgdc jcVh YZbVcYVh n jcVh ZhigjXijgVh ^chjÒX^ZciZh# :c Za bVgXd YZa E:86 hZ ]V ejZhid Zc bVgX]V jc egd\gVbV! >c^X^VgiZ! fjZ Xdbd hVW ^h i^ZcZ igZh a cZVh YZ igVWV_d XZcigVaZh! fjZ hdc ediZcX^Vg aV [dgbVX^ c! egdYjXX^ c n Y^hig^WjX^ c YZ XdciZc^Ydh Z ^ckZhi^\VX^dcZh Zc Za bVgXd YZa VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd# Jc egd\gVbV cd ejZYZ hZg hjÒX^ZciZ eVgV gZhdakZg iVciVh XVgZcX^Vh n YZbVcYVh! eZgd nV Zh Va\d fjZ kV ^cY^XVcYd bdYdh edh^WaZh YZ igVWV_Vg eVgV VjbZciVg Za XVbed YZ edh^W^a^YVYZh# N#G# JcV ^chi^ijX^ c fjZ [jZ egZXjghdgV Zc 6cYVajX V Zc

aV YZiZXX^ c n Za Vednd YZ ad fjZ V]dgV hZ aaVbV VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ! VjcfjZ ZhiZ i gb^cd cd bZ eVgZXZ bjn VYZXjVYd! Zh b{h! XgZd fjZ Zc adh i^Zbedh fjZ XdggZc


&).

8Zcigd ?dh <jZggZgd# <gVcVYV#


&*% BJH"6 A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H

hZg V b{h Vegde^VYd VednVg V adh ÆVgi^hiVh Y^kZg\ZciZhÇ! [jZ aV 9^ejiVX^ c YZ <gVcVYV! fjZ XgZ Zc Za EVaVX^d YZ adh 8dcYZh YZ <VW^V jc ZheVX^d e^dcZgd eVgV aV XgZVX^ c _dkZc Zc Za V d -.# EZgd iZc\d fjZ YZX^g fjZ ZhZ aj\Vg hZ XdcX^W^ b{h Xdbd aj\Vg YZ VegZcY^oV_Z fjZ YZ egdbdX^ c! jc aj\Vg YdcYZ Za Vgi^hiV ^WV V iZcZg hj eg^bZg XdciVXid Xdc adh VheZXidh e Wa^Xdh n egd[Zh^dcVaZh YZa VgiZ# Edg digV eVgiZ! cd Zhidn YZ VXjZgYd Xdc aV ^YZV YZ fjZ cd ]Vn ZheVX^dh eVgV Vgi^hiVh _ kZcZh0 nd XgZd fjZ ]Vn edg idYdh aVYdh# DigV XdhV Zh fjZ hidh hZVc ad hjÒX^ZciZbZciZ hZg^dh n egd[Zh^dcVaZh Xdbd eVgV hZg ZÒXVXZh Zc hjh dW_Zi^kdh# 6YZb{h! YZWZbdh iZcZg Xj^YVYd Zc fjZ Zhidh ZheVX^dh cd hZ Xdck^ZgiVc Zc jc Æ\jZidÇ edg hj [VaiV YZ eZgbZVW^a^YVY! aVh XViZ\dg Vh Æ_dkZcÇ n ÆVcYVajoÇ ejZYZc hZg bjn gZhig^Xi^kVh# 8VZbdh bjn V bZcjYd Zc Za Vednd ^cY^k^YjVa^oVYd Va Vgi^hiV! Xdbd jc egZb^d! n hZ Zhi{c eZgeZijVcYd YZ ZhiV bVcZgV jcd YZ adh egdWaZbVh fjZ ]^hi g^XVbZciZ ]V eVYZX^Yd aV ZhigjXijgV YZa VgiZ Zc :heV V! fjZ Zh aV egdbdX^ c YZ ^cY^k^YjVa^YVYZh [gZciZ V aV XgZVX^ c YZ iZ_^Ydh n gZYZh XdbeaZ_Vh YZ igVWV_d#

ZgVc adh bdYZadh YZ bdYZgc^YVY! gZcdkVX^ c! ZiX# Edg [dgijcV! Zhd ]V XVbW^VYd edgfjZ ]V XVbW^VYd aV hdX^ZYVY n ]V XVbW^VYd Za XdcXZeid YZ VgiZ n ]Vc XVbW^VYd! iVbW^ c! aVh eg{Xi^XVh Vgi hi^XVh# Cd XgZd fjZ ]VnV jc Y ÒX^i YZ ZheVX^dh! edgfjZ cd hdaVbZciZ ZhiVbdh ]VWaVcYd YZ adXVaZh0 ]Vn jc Y ÒX^i YZ Zm^\ZcX^V n YZ XdggZhedchVW^a^YVY# ´8 bd hZ ejZYZ gZXdbedcZg jc e Wa^Xd fjZ Vi^ZcYV Xdc cdgbVa^YVY V aVh ZmegZh^dcZh XdciZbedg{cZVh YZa VgiZ4 Cd XgZd fjZ Za egdWaZbV Zhi h ad Zc fjZ Za e Wa^Xd Zhi bVa [dgbVYd# IZcZbdh fjZ gZk^hVg ZhV gZY hdWgZ adh bdYdh YZ deZgVX^ c Zc fjZ Zhi{c h^ijVYdh adh eVg{bZigdh YZ aVh eg{Xi^XVh Vgi hi^XVh0 Zh YZX^g! ]Vn fjZ hZ VaVg Za eVeZa YZ aV egZchV! YZ adh Xdb^hVg^dh! YZ adh Y^gZXidgZh YZ XZcigdh! YZ adh \ZhidgZh XjaijgVaZh! ZiX#! edgfjZ eVgZXZ fjZ ZhiVbdh ]VWaVcYd YZ Zaadh Xdbd h^ [jZgVc ZcigZcVYdgZh YZ [ iWda d Ò\jgVh YZ aV XVcX^ c# IZcZbdh fjZ gZk^hVg iVbW^ c Za ]ZX]d YZ fjZ hZ aZ YV aV ZheVaYV Va e Wa^Xd! edgfjZ hZ e^ZchV fjZ cd kV V ZciZcYZg Za VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd# =Vn fjZ hZg bjX]d b{h Zm^\ZciZ Zc aVh iVgZVh ZYjXVi^kVh fjZ VXdbeV Vc cjZhigVh VXX^dcZh# ?#A#H# 6fjZaaVh ^YZVh bVgVk^aadhVh! ji e^XVh! YZ aVh

?#A#H# :c Za egdXZhd YZ aV igVch^X^ c YZbdXg{i^XV ZheV daV

hZ [jZ XdcÒ\jgVcYd aV XdchVW^YV ZXjVX^ c YZ fjZ Za ZhiVYd iZc V fjZ gZVa^oVg ZhV [jcX^ c Xdc Za VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd# AVbZciVWaZbZciZ ZhiV kdajciVY [dbZci Vh^b^hbd jcV XjaijgV eViZgcVa^hiV n hj XdggZhedcY^ZciZ XjaijgV YZ aV fjZ_V/ Za c^ d aVbZciV fjZ hjh eVYgZh cd ad fj^ZgVc Xdbd a YZhZV# AVh XdhVh h^c ZbWVg\d Zhi{c XVbW^VcYd bjn YZeg^hV n cd WVhiV! Zc b^ de^c^ c! Xdc XdciZciVgcdh Xdc edcZg Zc adh bjhZdh jcV hVa^iVÄXdVgiVYV eVgV fjZ Zmedc\Vc adh Vgi^hiVh ZbZg\ZciZh# AV Zmedh^X^ c! Xdbd dW_Zi^kd ÒcVa! XgZd fjZ Zh ^chjÒX^ZciZ eVgV fjZ aVh h^ijVX^dcZh bZ_dgZc# H^! Xdbd XgZVYdg! fj^Zgd eVgi^X^eVg YZ ad XdaZXi^kd n cd bZ a^b^id! fjZ iVbW^ c Zh aZ\ i^bd! V fjZYVgbZ Zc b^ XVhV igVWV_VcYd! iZc\d jcV XdggZhedchVW^a^YVY Xdc Za aj\Vg Zc Za fjZ egZiZcYd ]VXZgbZ ZhXjX]Vg! n bZ eVgZXZ fjZ edg Zaad iZcYg V fjZ VXZeiVg fjZ kdn V iZcZg fjZ eVgi^X^eVg Zc Y^{ad\dh# 8gZd fjZ ZhiVbdh Zc jc h^hiZbV Vgi hi^Xd Zc Za fjZ XVgZXZbdh YZ ^ciZgadXjX^ c n fjZ edg Zaad aV Y^kZg\ZcX^V Zh ^cZk^iVWaZ# Edg hjejZhid! ]VWad YZ YZWViZ n cd bZ gZÒZgd Va YZh\gVX^VYd aZbV ÆXVajbc^V fjZ Va\d fjZYVÇ! c^ Va VciV\dc^hbd ^chjaiVciZ [gjid YZ aV ^cXdbeZiZcX^V ZmegZh^kV n aV [gjhigVX^ c XgZVi^kV fjZ cdh idXV eVYZXZg# ;#9#G# :h Zk^YZciZ fjZ Zc adh V dh ,% n -% XjVcYd hZ YZhZbWVgXVWV Zc ad XdciZbedg{cZd! Zc ad bdYZgcd! Zc jcV Xdbjc^YVY Xdc iVciVh XVgZcX^Vh Xdbd ZgV 6cYVajX V ]VW V jc ZmXZhd YZ XZad Zc aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh YZ idYd i^ed edg XgZVg jc XVcdc YZ ad bdYZgcd n edg YZiZgb^cVg Xj{aZh

kVc\jVgY^Vh/ kVbdh V Y^hZb^cVg jcVh eg{Xi^XVh Vgi hi^XVh fjZ VnjYVg{c V bZ_dgVg aV hdX^ZYVY### Zhd nV hZ VXVW n [gVcXVbZciZ cd XgZd fjZ h^ k^ZcZ jcV gZkdajX^ c XdaZXi^kV kVnV V iZcZg aj\Vg Zc adh bjhZdh YZ VgiZ# N ZhiVbdh h^ijVYdh Zc Za XZcigd YZ jcV \gVc eVciVaaV! jc \^\VciZhXd ZhXZcVg^d YZ ^b{\ZcZh! Xdbd bjZhigV YZ jc bdYd iVc VXZgiVYd ?Z[gg^Z H]Vl# :a Zc[gZciVb^Zcid fjZ XjVafj^Zg eZghdcV i^ZcZ ]dn Xdc ZhZ \gVc jc^kZghd YZ ^b{\ZcZh Zh \gVcYZ n cVYV [{X^a YZ gZhdakZg# ´Cd hZ ]V YZhXVa^ÒXVYd aV XVa^YVY YZ cjZhigV XVeVX^YVY YZ XdbegZcYZg4 AV ^cÓVX^ c YZ ^b{\ZcZh YZ idYd i^ed ]VXZ Y^[ X^a Y^hXZgc^g ZcigZ fj Zh VfjZaad fjZ kVaZ b{h d bZcdh aV eZcV# Jc Z_Zbead# :a Vgi^hiV _dkZc! cd bjn egd[Zh^dcVa^oVYd! Zc jc Zcidgcd [g{\^a Xdbd Zc Za fjZ ZhiVbdh hZ Zc[gZciV V Ydh cdi^X^Vh bjn gZX^ZciZh/ 9Vb^Zc =^ghi! n hj deZgVX^ c eVgV \VcVg jcdh &)% b^aadcZh YZ Zjgdh Zc jcV hjWVhiV! fjZ ]V hVa^Yd Zc idYdh adh bZY^dh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c Xdbd \gVc cdi^X^V YZ aV iZbedgVYV# whZ Zh jc bdYZad YZ Vgi^hiV/ jc i d ^c\a h Æh eZg \jVnÇ! fjZ Zh XVeVo a hdad YZ XVg\VghZ idYd Za h^hiZbV! n a hdad hZ ]V \VcVYd Za egZhjejZhid YZ kZ^ci^X^cXd V dh eVgV ZhiZ XZcigd# AV digV cdi^X^V ^beVXiVciZ/ Za V[[V^gZ YZa ZcXVg\d V B^fjZa 7VgXZa eVgV <^cZWgV# :h YZX^g! jcV dWgV ZheZX ÒXV bdcjbZciVa fjZ ÒcVcX^V Za <dW^Zgcd YZ :heV V! fjZ ]V \ZcZgVYd jc \gVc YZWViZ! eZgd hjeZgÒX^Va Zc b^ de^c^ c! hdWgZ aVh gZaVX^dcZh ZcigZ aV a^WZgiVY ^cY^k^YjVa YZa Vgi^hiV n Za bVg`Zi^c\ YZ ZhiVYd# EdgiVYVh ZheZXiVXjaVgZh Zc adh bZY^dh YZ


&*&

;G6C8>H8D 9:A GÞD

NDA6C96 GDB:GD

86AB6BDH A6 6CH>:969! FJ: B: E6G:8: Aâ<>86! 9:A 6GI>HI6 FJ: FJ>:G: K:G HJ D7G6 :MEJ:HI6! N 86AB6BDH CJ:HIG6 EGDE>6 6CH>:969! N6 FJ: =:BDH 9:9>869D JC6 E6GI: 9:A EG:HJEJ:HID 6 :HI6H 688>DC:H

A6 A67DG 9: JC6 >CHI>IJ8>âC Eå7A>86 CD :H I6CID A6 9: EGDBD8>DC6G :A 6GI: 8DBD A6 9: 8G:6G :HIGJ8IJG6H A><696H 6 A6 :9J868>âC! A6 >CK:HI><68>âC N A6 8DCH:GK68>âC 9: A6 B:BDG>6

Xdbjc^XVX^ c n \gVc gZkjZad# 6fj cd bZ gZÒZgd Va igVWV_d Vgi hi^Xd c^ V aV eda i^XV XjaijgVa0 Zhidn ]VWaVcYd YZ aV gZegZhZciVX^ c Ydb^cVciZ fjZ adh bZY^dh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c Zhi{c YVcYd V cjZhigd _dkZc Vgi^hiV YZ ad Vgi hi^Xd### JcV eZghdcV fjZ aaZ\V! fjZ cd hZeV Xdbd [jcX^dcV ZhiZ h^hiZbV n fj^ZgV h^ijVghZ Zc ZhiZ ZhXZcVg^d! Xdc ZhiZ eVcdgVbV! ad i^ZcZ Xdbea^XVYd#

YZ ad fjZ ZciZcYZbdh Vfj Xdbd ZheVX^d YZa VgiZ d cd4 Nd cd ad h ! eZgd ZhZ YZWViZ ]Vn fjZ ]VXZgad eVgV igViVg YZ kZg Y cYZ h^ijVghZ#

N#G# Nd h XgZd Zc aV ^chi^ijX^ c Xdbd aj\Vg YdcYZ hZ

ejZYZ \ZcZgVg Za XVbW^d! VjcfjZ! Xdbd hZ VaV ;gVcXd 7ZgVgY^! ]dn nV cd Zm^hiZ aV edh^W^a^YVY YZ jcV ZhigViZ\^V [gdciVa XVeVo YZ \ZcZgVg jcV ^ckZgh^ c idiVa^oVYdgV# B{h W^Zc edYZbdh eZchVg! hZ\ c ]Zbdh VegZcY^Yd YZ aV ^c[dgb{i^XV d aV W^d\Zc i^XV! fjZ jc cjZkd h^\cd Zh XVeVo YZ XVbW^Vg idYd Za h^\c^ÒXVYd YZa XjVYgd! YZ gZXdbW^cVgad# :c ZhZ hZci^Yd! bZ \jhiVg V eZchVg fjZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh XjaijgVaZh e Wa^XVh kVc V hZg YZcigd YZ edXd! _jcid Xdc aVh jc^kZgh^YVYZh! ZhZ c^Xd h^\cd YZa fjZ ]VWaV 7ZgVgY^ XVeVo YZ igVch[dgbVg aVh XdhVh! YZ gZXdbW^cVgaVh! d Va bZcdh YZ egde^X^Vg jc ZheVX^d Y^[ZgZciZ# Edg Zhd XgZd fjZ Zh iVc ^bedgiVciZ bVciZcZg Za XVg{XiZg n Za hZci^Yd e Wa^Xd YZ ZhiVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh# H^c ^g b{h aZ_dh! edg Z_Zbead! Za XdcigdkZgi^Yd EaVc 7dadc^V! fjZ Zc b^ de^c^ c i^ZcZ Va\jcdh VheZXidh bjn edh^i^kdh! h^c ZbWVg\d! kVadgV XVh^ b{h aVh ]VW^a^YVYZh Xdbjc^XVi^kVh! aV XVeVX^YVY YZ a^YZgVo\d YZa Vajbcd! fjZ Za XdcdX^b^Zcid VYfj^g^Yd# IdYd Zhid fjZ ZhiVbdh ]VWaVcYd YZ aV XjaijgV YZa Zh[jZgod! YZ aV XjaijgV YZa VegZcY^oV_Z! idYd Zhid½! nd cd h h^ kV V fjZYVg bjX]d h^i^d eVgV Zhd Zc cjZhigV hdX^ZYVY# :a bjhZd! aV jc^kZgh^YVY! hZ YZWViZc ZcigZ Zhidh Ydh bdYZadh/ Za e Wa^Xd n Za eg^kVYd n iZcYg Vbdh fjZ ZhiVg VaZgiV VciZ aVh XdchZXjZcX^Vh fjZ Za ig^jc[d YZ jcd j digd ejZYVc \ZcZgVg# 6ciZh ]VWaVWVh YZ 9Vb^Zc =^ghi n B^fjZa 7VgXZa # :h idYd ejgV bZgXVYdiZXc^V# ?#A#H# EZgd XjZciV bjX]d Zc Za ^bV\^cVg^d XdaZXi^kd! edgfjZ

Zh bjn edYZgdhd# Hdc ^b{\ZcZh ^begZhVh Zc adh bZY^dh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c bjn edYZgdhVh# 6 b bZ eVgZXZ fjZ! h^ ]VWaVbdh YZ gZaVX^ c cd h ad Xdc adh Vgi^hiVh ZbZg\ZciZh! h^cd Xdc aV X^jYVYVc V! Zhd eZhV bjX]d# N#G# HZ i^ZcZ fjZ igVWV_Vg b{h aV [jcX^ c fjZ i^ZcZc aVh

^chi^ijX^dcZh Xdbd ZheVX^d e Wa^Xd n V]dcYVg Zc hjh gZhedchVW^a^YVYZh# Cd ejZYZ hZg edg Z_Zbead! fjZ Za c^Xd cY^XZ YZ m^id YZ jc bjhZd hZV Za YZ VigVZg \gVcYZh bVhVh YZ e Wa^Xd! hdWgZ idYd h^ Zhid cdh dWa^\V V XVZg Zc Za ZheZXi{Xjad#

;#9#G# Nd ZX]d YZ bZcdh Va\d Zc aV Xdbjc^XVX^ c YZ ad Vgi hi^Xd! egZX^hVbZciZ jc egdcjcX^Vb^Zcid hdWgZ Za kVadg# N Zhd ZhiVWV Zc aV Y^bZch^ c ]jbVc^hiV# N#G# 6]dgV Xdc[jcY^bdh Za kVadg YZ jcV dWgV YZ VgiZ Xdc hj

egZX^d# ;#9#G# :hd Zh# Cd ZhiVbdh ]VWaVcYd YZ ad WjZcd! ad bVad! ad WZaad d ad [Zd# 9Z digd aVYd! aV hdX^ZYVY Zh ad hjÒX^ZciZbZciZ eajgVa Xdbd eVgV egdcjcX^VghZ hdWgZ Za [Zc bZcd 9Vb^Zc =^ghi! n fjZ XVYV XZcigd ]V\V ad fjZ fj^ZgV ]VXZg gZheZXid V ZhZ i^ed YZ [Zc bZcdh# DigV XdhV Zh Za bdcdeda^d YZ adh bZY^dh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c# ?#A#H# =Zbdh aaZ\VYd V jcV h^ijVX^ c Zc aV fjZ! edg jc

aVYd! Zhi{c adh \gVcYZh bjhZdhÄZheVX^dh! egZhjejZhidh! Zfj^edh! Zc :heV V n [jZgV YZ :heV V n! Zc Za digd! idYdh adh YZb{h# Adh fjZ hZ kVc V iZcZg fjZ WjhXVg aV k^YV Xdbd ejZYVc# KZgZbdh fj hVaZ YZ idYd Zhid# ;#9#G# Edg Zhd ]VWg V fjZ gZÓZm^dcVg hdWgZ XdcXZeidh Xdbd ]Z\Zbdc V n XZcigVa^YVY n hdWgZ adh bdYdh YZ deZgVX^ c YZcigd YZ aVh Y^hi^ciVh gZYZh! gZÓZm^dcVg hdWgZ adh kVadgZh fjZ VedgiVc aVh Y^hi^ciVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh YZcigd YZ aV gZhedchVW^a^YVY e Wa^XV fjZ i^ZcZc#

IVbW^ c XgZd fjZ ZhiV gZÓZm^ c hZ ]V YZ YVg Zc Za bVgXd YZ egdm^b^YVY YdcYZ ZhiZbdh igVWV_VcYd# :a VgiZ YZ ]dn! bZ_dg ^cXajhd fjZ Za VgiZ YZ adh dX]ZciV! Zc Va\jcdh VheZXidh Za^i^hiV! hZ Zhi{ ]VX^ZcYd ZXd bjX]d bZ_dg YZ aVh eg{Xi^XVh Xdi^Y^VcVh n YZ aV Y^bZch^ c Xdbjc^iVg^V Zc Za XdciZmid VcYVajo# N#G# 8gZd fjZ Zc 6cYVajX V V c ZhiVbdh eZcY^ZciZh YZ

aV YZÒc^i^kV bdYZgc^oVX^ c YZ cjZhigVh ZhigjXijgVh Vgi hi^XVh! fjZ YZWZc ^cXaj^g jcV bVndg Vjidcdb V Zc hj \Zhi^ c n jcdh egZhjejZhidh ZhiVWaZh n hjÒX^ZciZh fjZ \VgVci^XZc hj cdgbVa [jcX^dcVb^Zcid d! Zc YZÒc^i^kV! aV VhjcX^ c edg eVgiZ YZ cjZhigVh Vjidg^YVYZh XjaijgVaZh YZa iVc XdbZciVYd X Y^\d YZ WjZcVh eg{Xi^XVh! fjZ Zh jc ^chigjbZcid bjn hZcX^aad eVgV bZ_dgVg adh bjhZdh n XZcigdh YZ VgiZ n eVgV egZeVgVgadh eVgV cjZkdh gZidh# ?#A#H# µ:h YZhZVWaZ fjZ aV XgZVX^ c Zm^hiV V eZhVg YZa bjhZd ;#9#G# 8gZd fjZ aVh \ZcZgVX^dcZh _ kZcZh! Zc Va\jcdh XVhdh! ]Vc hjeZgVYd XaVgVbZciZ Za eVeZa YZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh#

?#A#H# NV! eZgd V] ZcigVbdh Zc adh egd\gVbVh n ZhZ i^ed YZ

dWgVhÄZheZXi{Xjad ´:hi{ idYVk V YZcigd YZ aV XdbeZiZcX^V

HZk^aaV! &- YZ cdk^ZbWgZ YZ '%%-


&*' BJH"6 A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H

6EDHI6C9D

9:H9: A6H

>CHI>IJ8>DC:H 8DCK:GH68>âC 8DC 8G>HI>C6 <6G8wH N B6G>C6 GD9GÞ<J:O

9DH EGD<G6B6H E6G6A:ADH! 9DH G:6A>969:H

G:<>DC6A:H 9>HI>CI6H! 9DH =>HIDG>6H H>B>A6G:H E:GD! 6 A6 EDHIG:! BJN 9>;:G:CI:H½ B6G>C6 GD9GÞ<J:O! 8DDG9>C69DG6 9: ADH N6 BÞI>8DH 8>G8J>IDH 9: 6GI:H EAÛHI>86H 9: A6 8DBJC>969 9: B69G>9! 8DC 86H> 9DH 9w8696H 9: IG6N:8IDG>6 6 HJH :HE6A96H! N 8G>HI>C6 <6G8wH! 8DDG9>C69DG6 9:A :B:G<:CI: EGD<G6B6 >C8>6GI:! 9:8>H>KD :C A6 6C96AJ8Þ6 68IJ6A! 8DC;GDCI6C HJH :ME:G>:C8>6H N :MEA>86C A6H H>C<JA6G>969:H 9: HJH G:HE:8I>KDH EGDN:8IDH FJ:! 9:H9: A6 >CHI>IJ8>âC Eå7A>86! H: 9:9>86C 6 6EDHI6G ;J:GI: EDG ADH K6ADG:H BÛH ?âK:C:H#


&*(

bjhÄ6 8DBD EJCID 9: E6GI>96 9: :HI6 8DCK:GH68>âC FJ>OÛ AD

EG>B:GD H:GÞ6 EDC:G :C 6CI:8:9:CI:H 6A A:8IDG 9: 8JÛA:H HDC A6H >C;G6:HIGJ8IJG6H 9: ADH EGD<G6B6H FJ: 9>G><ÞH! :A 9:H6GGDAAD 9: wHIDH N A6 ;JC8>âC FJ: H: A:H DIDG<6 :C KJ:HIG6H G:HE:8I>K6H 8DBJC>969:H#

B6G>C6 GD9GÞ<J:O

6HÞ FJ: A6 >C9:E:C9:C8>6 8DC G:HE:8ID 6A ED9:G EDAÞI>8D CD :M>HI:

8G>HI>C6 <6G8wH 7^Zc! edg b^ eVgiZ ad b{h ^bedgiVciZ hZg V

YZhiVXVg X bd Zc ZhiV aZ\^haVijgV aV 9^gZXX^ c <ZcZgVa YZ BjhZdh eVh V aaVbVghZ 9^gZXX^ c <ZcZgVa YZ BjhZdh n 6giZ :bZg\ZciZ! n Zhid cd Zh c^XVbZciZ jcV bdY^ÒXVX^ c hZb{ci^XV! h^cd jc XVbW^d Zc aVh ZhigjXijgVh n jcV VejZhiV ÒgbZ n YZX^Y^YV# :c ad fjZ gZheZXiV V ^c[gVZhigjXijgVh! Zhi{c hZciVYVh aVh WVhZh eVgV fjZ! Zc edXdh V dh! edYVbdh ]VWaVg YZ jc h a^Yd ZcigVbVYd# 6YZb{h YZa 8Zcigd 6cYVajo YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd HZk^aaV ! XdciVbdh Xdc Za gZX^ c XgZVYd 86> fjZ ^ciZ\gV Za 8Zcigd 6cYVajo YZ aV ;did\gV[ V 6abZg V n ;^abdiZXV YZ 6cYVajX V 8 gYdWV # 6YZb{h! Xdc :heVX^d >c^X^VgiZ HZk^aaV Xdb^ZcoV aV XgZVX^ c YZ jcV gZY YZ hVaVh fjZ Zc adh eg m^bdh V dh ]Vg{ fjZ XdciZbdh Xdc jcV Zc XVYV egdk^cX^V VcYVajoV# 6YZb{h Zhi{c aV GZh^YZcX^V YZ 8gZVYdgZh B{aV\V n Za 8Zcigd YZ 8gZVX^ c 8dciZbedg{cZV YZ 8 gYdWV# B6G>C6 GD9GÞ<J:O H ! eg^bZgd Zh ^ciZgZhVciZ kZg Y cYZ ZhiVbdh h^ijVYdh! X bd cdh XdcÒ\jgVbdh VYb^c^higVi^kVbZciZ n YZ fj^ c YZeZcYZbdh! edgfjZ aVh eda i^XVh XjaijgVaZh YZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh e Wa^XVh fjZYVc YZÒc^YVh Zc hj ZhigjXijgV dg\{c^XV# :c aV 8dbjc^YVY YZ BVYg^Y cd iZcZbdh jcV 9^gZXX^ c <ZcZgVa h^cd fjZ YZeZcYZ YZ jcV HjWY^gZXX^ c! YZ aV HjWY^gZXX^ c <ZcZgVa YZ BjhZdh! YZcigd YZ aV 9^gZXX^ c <ZcZgVa YZ 6gX]^kdh! BjhZdh n 7^Wa^diZXVh YZ aV 8dchZ_Zg V YZ 8jaijgV n Ijg^hbd# :hiV YZeZcYZcX^V! aV kZgYVY! Zh fjZ! V kZXZh! YZ Va\jcV bVcZgV! Y^ÒXjaiV aV \Zhi^ c#

9Zcigd YZ aVh VXX^dcZh fjZ aaZkVbdh V XVWd! ]Vn fjZ YZhiVXVg aV \Zhi^ c YZ adh bjhZdh n XdaZXX^dcZh bjhZd\g{ÒXVh eZgiZcZX^ZciZh V aV 8dbjc^YVY YZ BVYg^Y# :a egdnZXid ÆZhigZaaVÇ YZ ZhiV \Zhi^ c n fjZ VYZb{h hZ ]V ^cVj\jgVYd ]VXZ gZaVi^kVbZciZ edXd ]V h^Yd Za 8Zcigd YZ 6giZ 9dh YZ BVnd Zc B hidaZh! fjZ Zh aV hZYZ YZ aV 8daZXX^ c YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd# ?jcid Xdc ZhiZ cjZkd XZcigd! hZ h^\jZ bVciZc^ZcYd aV Y^[jh^ c YZa VgiZ VXijVa Zc aV hVaV YZ 6aXVa{ (&# AV hVaV YZa 8VcVa YZ >hVWZa >>! Y^g^\^YV V aV [did\gV[ V XdciZbedg{cZV! dg\Vc^oV VcjVabZciZ aVh ?dgcVYVh YZ :hijY^d YZ aV >bV\Zc n aV bjZhigV YZ Vgi^hiVh ZbZg\ZciZh 8VcVa 6W^Zgid# AV hVaV YZa 8dbeaZ_d :a Û\j^aV! h^ijVYV Zc Za 6gX]^kd n 7^Wa^diZXV GZ\^dcVa ?dVfj c AZ\j^cV! Xdc Zmedh^X^dcZh YZ iZb{i^XVh Y^kZghVh#

8G>HI>C6 <6G8wH

:H 9>;Þ8>A IG676?6G 8DC JC H:8IDG FJ: D;G:8: I6CI6H E:8JA>6G>969:H 8DBD :A 6GIÞHI>8D 9:H9: JC6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H :C A6H FJ: ADH 86B7>DH =6N FJ: =68:GADH ED8D 6 ED8D

:h iVbW^ c ^bedgiVciZ YZhiVXVg aV XdaVWdgVX^ c Xdc digVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh eVgV Za YZhVggdaad YZ egd\gVbVh iVc ^ciZgZhVciZh eVgV aV XgZVX^ c Vgi hi^XV Xdbd BVYg^Y 6W^Zgid d BVYg^Y EgdXZhd! Zc ZhiZ XVhd dg\Vc^oVYd edg 6K6B# =Vn digV hVaV YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh bjn ^ciZgZhVciZ eVgV Za VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ fjZ Zh Za 8Zcigd YZ 6giZ ?dkZc Zc aV 6kZc^YV YZ 6b g^XV! &(! n jc egd\gVbV Xdbd 8^gXj^idh YZ 6giZh Ea{hi^XVh n ;did\gV[ V! fjZ XjbeaZ V]dgV hjh '% V dh# Ad Xjg^dhd Zh fjZ Za Egd\gVbV YZ 6giZ ?dkZc! fjZ eZgiZcZX V V aV 9^gZXX^ c <ZcZgVa YZ ?jkZcijY Zc aV ai^bV aZ\^haVijgV! eVh V YZeZcYZg YZ aV 8dchZ_Zg V YZ 9ZedgiZh! n Zhid Zhi{ hjedc^ZcYd jc egdWaZbV eVgV hj Xdci^cj^YVY n Za m^id [jijgd YZa egd\gVbV# HZg V ^ciZgZhVciZ XdciVg Xdc digd i^ed YZ ^c[gVZhigjXijgVh Xdbd XZcigdh YZ gZXjghdh XjaijgVaZh! YZ ^ckZhi^\VX^ c! iVaaZgZh! ZhijY^dh eVgV Vgi^hiVh# :heZgVbdh edYZg XdciVg Xdc Zaad Zc Za [jijgd# Edg Za bdbZcid! ZhiVbdh eg{Xi^XVbZciZ XZcigVYdh Zc aV Y^[jh^ c YZa VgiZ V igVk h YZ bjZhigVh Zmedh^i^kVh# Edg Zaad XdciVbdh iVbW^ c Xdc aV GZY >i^cZg n jc egd\gVbV YZ VnjYVh eVgV aVh ^c[gVZhigjXijgVh XjaijgVaZh Zc adh bjc^X^e^dh YZ BVYg^Y# 8#<# N Zc XjVcid V aVh h^c\jaVg^YVYZh ZheZX ÒXVh fjZ YZÒcZc cjZhigd egd\gVbV! ]Vn fjZ hZ VaVg fjZ Za egd\gVbV >c^X^VgiZ ZbeZo ]VXZ igZh V dh# 8jVcYd aaZ\Vbdh V aV 9^gZXX^ c <ZcZgVa YZ BjhZdh aVh c^XVh VnjYVh Xdc aVh fjZ adh Vgi^hiVh XdciVWVc ZgVc aVh VnjYVh


&*) BJH"6 A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H

8Zcigd YZ 6giZ ?dkZc YZ aV 8dbjc^YVY YZ BVYg^Y#

V aV 8gZVX^ c! Xdc jc egZhjejZhid idiVa YZ hZhZciV b^a Zjgdh V gZeVgi^g Zc jc V d# 8dc aV XdckdXVidg^V YZ VnjYVh ]Zbdh eVhVYd YZ ZhiV XVci^YVY V jc b^aa c YZ Zjgdh! eZgd Zc ZhiV dXVh^ c V gZeVgi^g Zc Y^hi^cidh XdcXZeidh! cd c^XVbZciZ eVgV aV egdYjXX^ c YZ egdnZXidh0 iVbW^ c kVc YZhi^cVYdh V aV ^ckZhi^\VX^ c! [dgbVX^ c n Y^[jh^ c YZ aVh VXi^k^YVYZh gZaVX^dcVYVh Xdc aV XgZVX^ c XdciZbedg{cZV# 6YZb{h! Za egd\gVbV hZ XZcigV Zc digVh k Vh YZ Vednd! Xdbd hdc Za EgZb^d V aV 6Xi^k^YVY 6gi hi^XV fjZ! Xdc igZh ZY^X^dcZh nV! ]V egZb^VYd V Vgi^hiVh Xdbd BVg V 8V Vh! H^b c OVWZaa! ?Zh h EVadb^cd! ?jVc 8Vgadh 7gVX]d! ?Zh h Ojg^iV d 8g^hi^cV AjXVh# :hiZ V d hZ ]Vc bdY^ÒXVYd aVh WVhZh YZa EgZb^d n XdbZcoVbdh V gZXdcdXZg ^\jVabZciZ aV igVnZXidg^V YZ Vgi^hiVh Xdchda^YVYdh! Xdbd Zh Za XVhd YZ Gd\Za^d A eZo 8jZcXV# :a egd\gVbV YZ 6Yfj^h^X^dcZh ]V XdchZ\j^Yd Zc bjn edXd i^Zbed XdciVg Xdc b{h YZ X^Zc e^ZoVh YZ Vgi^hiVh VcYVajXZh V igVk h YZ XdbegVh fjZ hZ ]VXZc Zc \VaZg Vh VcYVajoVh d fjZ gZegZhZciZc V Vgi^hiVh VcYVajXZh d W^Zc!

eVgV adh Vgi^hiVh fjZ cd igVWV_Zc Xdc ZaaVh! Y^gZXiVbZciZ Va Vgi^hiV# B#G# ´6XVW{^h YZ iZcZg jcV Zmedh^X^ c YZ aV 8daZXX^ c4 ´Cd4 8#<# H ! egZhZciVbdh aV 8daZXX^ c >c^X^VgiZ edg eg^bZgV kZo Za eVhVYd bZh YZ cdk^ZbWgZ Zc cjZhigV hVaV n aV ^YZV Zh fjZ XVYV V d! jc Xdb^hVg^d Y^hi^cid bjZhigZ aVh Y^hi^ciVh aZXijgVh fjZ ejZYV iZcZg aV 8daZXX^ c#

:heVX^d >c^X^VgiZ! Zh aV eg^bZgV hVaV Zc aV fjZ hZ edcZ Zc bVgX]V Za egd\gVbV# AV hVaV Zhi{ jW^XVYV Zc jcV ^\aZh^V YZhVXgVa^oVYV YZa h^\ad M>K! aV Vci^\jV ^\aZh^V YZ HVciV AjX V! Zc eaZcd XdgVo c YZa WVgg^d YZ aV BVXVgZcV! Zc HZk^aaV# 6] Zh YdcYZ! VYZb{h YZ bdhigVg aV XdaZXX^ c! hZ egZhZciVc adh egdnZXidh ZheZX ÒXdh gZVa^oVYdh eVgV aV hVaV edg cjZhigdh Vgi^hiVh egZb^VYdh! iVbW^ c ]Zbdh gZVa^oVYd kVg^dh XdcX^Zgidh YZ b h^XV ZaZXig c^XV n b{h gZX^ZciZbZciZ ]Zbdh YVYd XVW^YV V egdnZXidh Xdb^hVg^VYdh#


&**

8Zcigd YZ 6giZ ?dkZc YZ aV 8dbjc^YVY YZ BVYg^Y#

N Za V d fjZ k^ZcZ! ?dh BVg V BZaaVYd VWdgYVg{ aV eg^bZgV Zmedh^X^ c Zc XdaVWdgVX^ c Xdc Za 8Zcigd 6cYVajo YZ aV ;did\gV[ V# B#G# FjZg V VejciVg fjZ VjcfjZ VciZh ]Z d[gZX^Yd jc

eVcdgVbV b{h Vbea^d YZ aV eda i^XV YZ aV 8dbjc^YVY YZ BVYg^Y Va ]VWaVg YZ aV 8dchZ_Zg V YZ 8jaijgV! Za egd\gVbV YZ egdbdX^ c YZ Vgi^hiVh ZbZg\ZciZh Zc Za fjZ kZc\d igVWV_VcYd YZhYZ ]VXZ Y^ZX^dX]d V dh eZgiZcZXZ V aV 9^gZXX^ c <ZcZgVa YZ ?jkZcijY# :a 8Zcigd YZ GZXjghdh 8jaijgVaZh! hZ ^cVj\jg Zc &..%! VXijVabZciZ 8Zcigd YZ 6giZ ?dkZc! Xdc jc egd\gVbV Y^g^\^Yd V aV egdbdX^ c YZ adh _ kZcZh XgZVYdgZh# 9ZhYZ Vaa hZ dg\Vc^oVWV aV egd\gVbVX^ c YZ aV cjZkV hVaV n aVh XdckdXVidg^Vh YZ 8^gXj^idh YZ 6giZh Ea{hi^XVh n ;did\gV[ V! jcV bjZhigV ^i^cZgVciZ fjZ eZgb^i V egZhZciVg V adh Vgi^hiVh Zc digVh X^jYVYZh YZ :heV V n YZa ZmigVc_Zgd n dg\Vc^oVg ^ciZgXVbW^dh YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh# <gVX^Vh V Zhidh ^ciZgXVbW^dh Za XZcigd ]V VXd\^Yd bjZhigVh YZ Vgi^hiVh ZbZg\ZciZh YZ B m^Xd!

8G>HI>C6 <6G8wH

CJ:HIGD EGD<G6B6 :H BJN G:8>:CI: N CD =6 K>K>9D :HDH 86B7>DH H>CD FJ: =6 C68>9D 8DBD 8DCH:8J:C8>6 9: :AADH# B6G>C6 GD9GÞ<J:O

CDHDIGDH CDH =:BDH I:C>9D FJ: >G 696EI6C9D 6 ADH 86B7>DH FJ: :A 6GI>HI6 =6 >9D 9:B6C96C9D


&*+ BJH"6 A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H

:heVX^d >c^X^VgiZ# HZk^aaV#

6aZbVc^V! ;gVcX^V d >c\aViZggV! d YZ digVh 8dbjc^YVYZh 6ji cdbVh Xdbd 8ViVaj V! <Va^X^V! KVaZcX^V! 8Vhi^aaVÄ AZ c d 6hijg^Vh# AV egd\gVbVX^ c Zmedh^i^kV hZ dg\Vc^oV V igVk h YZ XdckdXVidg^Vh e Wa^XVh n aV hZaZXX^ c Zh gZVa^oVYV edg ZmeZgidh Zc VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd# :hid Zh [jcYVbZciVa eVgV aV Xdci^cj^YVY YZ jc egd\gVbV# =VhiV V]dgV ]Vc eVgi^X^eVYd Xdbd _jgVYdh d Zc aVh Xdb^h^dcZh i Xc^XVh XZgXV YZ '*% eZghdcVa^YVYZh YZa {bW^id Vgi hi^Xd n ]Vc ZmejZhid b{h YZ .%% Vgi^hiVh Zc Za XZcigd# CdbWgZh Xdbd BVg^cV C Zo! 6a^X^V BVgi c! BViZd BViZ! âhXVg HZXd! Aj h HVaVWZgg V! ;ZgcVcYd H{cX]Zo 8Vhi^aad! :a EZggd! GdhV Bj do! âhXVg Bda^cV! HVci^V\d 6n{c! BdgVaZh :a^eZ! HVci^V\d CVkVggd! AVjgV IdggVYd! ?VXdWd 8VhiZaaVcd! BE BE GdhVYd! GdhZaa BZhZ\jZg! 9Vc^Za H^akd! ZcigZ digdh bjX]dh! d E]^a^ee ;g ]a^X]! fjZ ]VXZ edXd Zmea^XVWV Zc jcV ZcigZk^hiV YZ jc hjeaZbZcid XjaijgVa ad fjZ ]VW V

h^\c^ÒXVYd eVgV a eVgi^X^eVg Zc 8^gXj^idh d Zc aV hVaV YZ 6kZc^YV YZ 6b g^XV# IVbW^ c hZ bVci^ZcZc XdckZc^dh Xdc aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ EdciZkZYgV d aV Jc^kZgh^YVY :jgdeZV YZ BVYg^Y# EVgi^X^eVbdh Zc ZkZcidh XjaijgVaZh Xdbd 6G8D# =Zbdh XdaVWdgVYd Xdc ZbWV_VYVh d Xdc DWgV HdX^Va 8V_V BVYg^Y Zc Za X^Xad Zmedh^i^kd ;^\jgVX^dcZh! Y^g^\^Yd edg ?dh BVg cÄBZY^cV# D gZk^h^dcZh Xdbd aV Zmedh^X^ c ÆBZg^Y^VcdÇ! Xdb^hVg^VYV edg ;ZgcVcYd 8Vhigd ;adgZh# :c idYd XVhd ad [jcYVbZciVa Zh YVg XgZY^W^a^YVY V cjZhigV VXijVX^ c Xdc jc WjZc ]VXZg fjZ Zh ad fjZ gZVabZciZ kV V hZgk^g Va _dkZc XgZVYdg/ jc WjZc bdciV_Z! jcV Xj^YVYV ZY^X^ c YZa XVi{ad\d! jcV WjZcV Y^hig^WjX^ c YZa b^hbd# >ckdajXgVg Zc Za egdnZXid V aV Xg i^XV! V aVh \VaZg Vh! V idYdh adh V\ZciZh ^bea^XVYdh Zc aV ZkdajX^ c YZa VgiZ# EVgi^X^eVg YZa ZcigVbVYd n [jcX^dcVb^Zcid YZa bjcYd YZa VgiZ#


&*,

:heVX^d >c^X^VgiZ# HZk^aaV#

bjhÄ6 I6CID >C>8>6GI: 8DBD 8>G8J>IDH HDC EGD<G6B6H

69H8G>IDH 6 A6 69B>C>HIG68>âC N I>:C:C JC6 G:HEDCH67>A>969 :C 8J6CID FJ: 8DGG:6H 9: IG6CHB>H>âC =68>6 A6 :H8:C6 6GIÞHI>86! ADH ?âK:C:H N :A B:9>D EGD;:H>DC6A 8DC :A FJ: H: ADH FJ>:G: 8DC:8I6G! N :HD! Aâ<>86B:CI: I>:C: JC6 G:CI67>A>969 Eå7A>86 E6G6 :A EDAÞI>8D# ´FJw <G69D 9: >C9:E:C9:C8>6 I:Cw>H 8DC G:HE:8ID 6A ED9:G EDAÞI>8D4 B#G# BVciZcZg jc egd\gVbV Xdbd Za cjZhigd YjgVciZ eg{Xi^XVbZciZ Ydh Y XVYVh Va bVg\Zc YZa edYZg eda i^Xd Zh WVhiVciZ Xdbea^XVYd# HdWgZk^k^g V iVcid XVbW^d Zh jc m^id# Cd dak^YZbdh fjZ Za eda i^Xd Y^g^\Z aVh VYb^c^higVX^dcZh e Wa^XVh! Z Æ^ciZgk^ZcZÇ Va VegdWVg adh egZhjejZhidh ZXdc b^Xdh n adh egd\gVbVh fjZ hZ YZhVggdaaVg{c Zc hj aZ\^haVijgV# 6h fjZ aV ^cYZeZcYZcX^V Xdc gZheZXid Va edYZg eda i^Xd cd Zm^hiZ#

H^c ZbWVg\d! h^ Za edYZg eda i^Xd egZiZcYZ ^g b{h Vaa{ Zc hj ^ciZgkZcX^ c! Za hZXidg YZa VgiZ ejZYZ jc^ghZ n YZ_VghZ d g# :a >chi^ijid YZ aVh 6giZh! Za 8dchZ_d YZ

8g i^Xdh! aV VhdX^VX^ c YZ \VaZg^hiVh! aV VhdX^VX^ c YZ Vgi^hiVh k^hjVaZh! ]dn Zc Y V i^ZcZc b{h XVeVX^YVY YZ VXijVX^ c fjZ V eg^cX^e^dh YZ adh .% n Zc Va\ c XVhd hdc YZ XgZVX^ c gZX^ZciZ# 8#<# :c cjZhigd XVhd aV ^cYZeZcYZcX^V Zh idiVa! Zh kZgYVY

fjZ >c^X^VgiZ Zh jc egd\gVbV gZaVi^kVbZciZ _dkZc# H^ W^Zc cd iZcZbdh egdWaZbVh Zc ZhiZ hZci^Yd ad fjZ h Xdbea^XV Zc Va\jcVh dXVh^dcZh cjZhigd igVWV_d hdc adh egdXZY^b^Zcidh YZ aV 6Yb^c^higVX^ c# 6 kZXZh Zh Y^[ X^a igVWV_Vg Xdc jc hZXidg fjZ d[gZXZ iVciVh eZXja^Vg^YVYZh Xdbd Za Vgi hi^Xd YZhYZ jcVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh Zc aVh fjZ adh XVbW^dh ]Vn fjZ ]VXZgadh edXd V edXd# bjhÄ6 E:GD CD HâAD A6H >CHI6C8>6H EDAÞI>86H E6G:8:C

9>G:8I6B:CI: >C;AJN:CI:H :C A6 67HIG688>âC 9: JC EGD<G6B6! HJEDC<D FJ: I6B7>wC A6 EGDE>6 G:6A>969 9:A B:9>D 6GIÞHI>8D 9:;>C>GÛ :C HJ 86B7>D A6 68IJ68>âC 9: 6B76H! EDGFJ: E6G:8: :K>9:CI: FJ: ADH CJ:KDH B:9>DH <:C:G6C


&*- BJH"6 A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H

8G>HI>C6 <6G8wH

:H HDGEG:C9:CI: FJ: 6 A6 =DG6 9: DG<6C>O6G JC6 :MEDH>8>âC 8D7G:C ID96H A6H E:GHDC6H >BEA>8696H :C A6 B>HB6 B:CDH :A EGDE>D 6GI>HI6 B6G>C6 GD9GÞ<J:O

I:C:BDH A6 D7A><68>âC 9: 68IJ6G :C :A EG:H:CI: E6G6 CD FJ:96GCDH H>C ;JIJGD

H^c YjYV Zh aV eg^dg^YVY YZa hZXidg# Adh Vgi^hiVh i^ZcZc fjZ egdYjX^g n XjZciVc Xdc edXdh Vedndh Zc ZhiZ hZci^Yd# Hdc edXdh adh Vgi^hiVh fjZ igVWV_Vc Xdc \VaZg Vh! gVgVh aVh \VaZg Vh fjZ VhjbZc eVgiZ YZ aV egdYjXX^ c YZ adh Vgi^hiVh n XVYV kZo bZcdh aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh fjZ hZ ]VXZc XVg\d YZ adh \Vhidh YZ aVh egdYjXX^dcZh# :hid Zh Va\d fjZ ijk^bdh bjn XaVgd V aV ]dgV YZ VWg^g :heVX^d >c^X^VgiZ/ aVh egdYjXX^dcZh n Za XVi{ad\d adh Vhjb^bdh cdhdigdh! ZciZcYZbdh fjZ YZWZ hZg Vh ! b{h V c XjVcYd igVWV_Vbdh Xdc Vgi^hiVh bjn _ kZcZh# DigV gZ^k^cY^XVX^ c YZa hZXidg Zh Za eV\d YZ ]dcdgVg^dh edg gZVa^oVg hj VXi^k^YVY# :h hdgegZcYZciZ fjZ V aV ]dgV YZ dg\Vc^oVg jcV Zmedh^X^ c XdWgZc idYVh aVh eZghdcVh ^bea^XVYVh Zc aV b^hbV bZcdh Za egde^d Vgi^hiV# B#G# :hidn YZ VXjZgYd Xdci^\d# :c aV bjZhigV XdaZXi^kV YZ

CJ:K6H C:8:H>969:H FJ: 9:H9: A6 69B>C>HIG68>âC 9:7w>H 8DCI:BEA6G :C A6 8DC8:E8>âC 9: KJ:HIG6H 6NJ96H! ´CD4 8#<# 7jZcd! cjZhigd egd\gVbV Zh bjn gZX^ZciZ n edg ad iVcid cd ]V k^k^Yd Zhdh XVbW^dh h^cd fjZ ]V cVX^Yd Xdbd XdchZXjZcX^V YZ Zaadh# B#G# H^c ZbWVg\d! cdhdigdh cdh ]Zbdh iZc^Yd fjZ ^g VYVeiVcYd V adh XVbW^dh fjZ Za Vgi^hiV ]V ^Yd YZbVcYVcYd# GZXjZgYd fjZ ]VXZ nV V dh aVh Y^hX^ea^cVh [jZgdc ^ciZggZaVX^dc{cYdhZ YZ iVa bVcZgV fjZ ijk^bdh fjZ YZX^Y^g XgZVg jcV hdaV Xdb^h^ c i Xc^XV eVgV gZk^hVg adh igVWV_dh#

6]dgV adh Vgi^hiVh egZhZciVc b{h egdnZXidh V gZVa^oVg ^c h^ij n adh cjZkdh bViZg^VaZh YZ egdYjXX^ c n YZ Zm]^W^X^ c hdc iVc Xdhidhdh fjZ Za Vgi^hiV cd adh ejZYZ Vhjb^g n Zhi{c gZXVnZcYd ai^bVbZciZ Zc aVh hVaVh YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh# :a XVbW^d Zh iVc g{e^Yd fjZ! V YZX^g kZgYVY! cdh Zhi{ gZhjaiVcYd kZgYVYZgVbZciZ Y^[ X^a hdedgiVg Zhidh cjZkdh \Vhidh# 9diVg V aVh hVaVh YZ adh cjZkdh bZY^dh iZXcda \^Xdh eVgV aV Zm]^W^X^ c YZ aVh dWgVh Zh digd XdcXZeid YZ VnjYV Va Vgi^hiV fjZ ]Vn fjZ kVadgVg# 8#<# D Za XVbW^d Xdc gZheZXid Va iZbV YZ aV egdYjXX^ c! fjZ hjedc\d fjZ kdhdigdh iVbW^ c ]VW ^h k^k^Yd Zc adh ai^bdh V dh# :h Xjg^dhd fjZ jc *% YZ aVh hda^X^ijYZh YZ VnjYVh Zhi c YZcigd YZ ZhiV bdYVa^YVY# =VXZ jcdh Y Vh ad XdbZci{WVbdh Zc aV Xdb^h^ c YZ aVh VYfj^h^X^dcZh YZ >c^X^VgiZ/ adh Vgi^hiVh e^YZc egdYjXX^ c YZ dWgV n ZY^X^ c YZ XVi{ad\dh n bjn edXdh hZ VigZkZc Xdc aVh VnjYVh V ^ckZhi^\VX^ c n [dgbVX^ c#

8^gXj^idh ]VXZ jcdh V dh hZ ^cXajn jcV XjVci V ZXdc b^XV eVgV adh Vgi^hiVh hZaZXX^dcVYdh# :a XdcXZeid ]V ^Yd kVg^VcYd# HZ ]V YVYd Xdbd VnjYV V aV egdYjXX^ c! Xdbd egZb^d! V]dgV hZ ^cigdYjXZ Xdbd ]dcdgVg^dh eVgV Za Vgi^hiV# EZgd Za Y^cZgd Zh Za b^hbd# N YZhYZ ajZ\d Zh ^chjÒX^ZciZ# H^c ZbWVg\d! Zc aV hVaV cd ]Vn VnjYVh eVgV aV egdYjXX^ c YZ hjh dWgVh n! hZ eZgX^WZ XVYV kZo b{h aV cZXZh^YVY YZ ^cXaj^gaVh# :c aV HjWY^gZXX^ c <ZcZgVa YZ BjhZdh hZ XjZciV Xdc jcV YdiVX^ c egZhjejZhiVg^V eVgV Za egd\gVbV YZ VnjYVh V egdnZXidh YZ XgZVX^ c Vgi hi^XV# IVbW^ c hZ Zhi{ egdYjX^ZcYd jc XVbW^d gZX^ZciZbZciZ! n hZ Zbe^ZoVc V ^cXaj^g adh ]dcdgVg^dh YZa Vgi^hiV Zc Za egZhjejZhid YZ aVh Zmedh^X^dcZh# bjhÄ6 DIGD I:B6 ;JC96B:CI6A H:GÞ6 :A 9: A6H G:A68>DC:H

9: A6H >CHI>IJ8>DC:H >BEA>8696H :C A6 EGDBD8>âC 9:A 6GI: :B:G<:CI: 8DC :A B:G869D! N BÛH :C 8DC8G:ID 8DC A6 <6A:GÞ6 EG>K696# 8#<# 9ZhYZ >c^X^VgiZ aVh gZaVX^dcZh fjZ iZcZbdh Xdc aVh \VaZg Vh! h^ edg bZgXVYd ZhiVbdh ZciZcY^ZcYd V aVh \VaZg Vh! hdc aVh VYfj^h^X^dcZh n aVh VnjYVh# 6Wg^bdh jcV egdejZhiV YZ XdbegV idYdh adh V dh n VYZb{h aVh \VaZg Vh i^ZcZc kVg^Vh bdYVa^YVYZh YZ VnjYVh YZcigd YZ aV XdckdXVidg^V V aV fjZ ejZYZc deiVg/ VnjYVh V aV egdYjXX^ c YZ egdnZXidh Zmedh^i^kdh! VnjYVh eVgV eVgi^X^eVX^ c Zc [Zg^Vh! VnjYVh eVgV aV Vh^hiZcX^V V [Zg^Vh! VnjYVh eVgV Za igVchedgiZ YZ dWgV n VnjYV eVgV aV ZY^X^ c YZ XVi{ad\dh#

:hiZ V d Za Y^cZgd YZhi^cVYd V aVh \VaZg Vh ]V h^Yd jc iZgX^d YZa egZhjejZhid idiVa gZhZgkVYd eVgV aVh VnjYVh# EVgV Za '%%. aVh \VaZg Vh iZcYg{c jcV bdYVa^YVY ZmXajh^kV eVgV ZaaVh eZgd Xdc jcdh Xg^iZg^dh YZ kVadgVX^ c bjX]d b{h Zm^\ZciZh YZ adh fjZ ]V ]VW^Yd ]VhiV V]dgV# B#G# Edg cjZhigV eVgiZ! aV 8dbjc^YVY YZ BVYg^Y i^ZcZ jcV

eda i^XV YZ VYfj^h^X^ c YZ dWgVh YZ VgiZ! W^Zc V \VaZg Vh!


&*.

Vgi^hiVh d ZbegZhVh XjaijgVaZh# Hdc jcV VnjYV eVgV VednVg Za bZgXVYd! Va b^hbd i^Zbed fjZ aZ eZgb^iZ ^cXgZbZciVg hj XdaZXX^ c YZ VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd# DigV bVcZgV YZ gZaVX^dcVghZ Xdc Za bZgXVYd Zh hj eVgi^X^eVX^ c Xdc hiVcYh Zc [Zg^Vh XdbZgX^VaZh Xdbd 6G8D d :hiVbeV# AV XgZVX^ c YZa ÆEgZb^d Va Vgi^hiV _dkZcÇ Zc aV eg^bZgV! Za ÆEgZb^d 8dbjc^YVY YZ BVYg^Y :hiVbeVÇ Xdc aVh gZheZXi^kVh XdbegVh YZ aVh dWgVh egZb^VYVh! d Za ÆEgZb^d YZ 8jaijgV YZ aV 8dbjc^YVY YZ BVYg^YÇ V jc Vgi^hiV gZXdcdX^Yd# AV egdYjXX^ c YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh! [jcYVbZciVa eVgV ZYjXVg cjZkdh e Wa^Xdh n [jijgdh XdaZXX^dc^hiVh! hZg V jcV [dgbjaV ^cY^gZXiV! eZgd iVbW^ c YZ \gVc ^ciZg h eVgV Za \VaZg^hiV! fjZ ejZYZ VegdkZX]Vg ZhiZ Vednd ^chi^ijX^dcVa# :c Za Egd\gVbV YZ 6giZ ?dkZc ad fjZ hZ egZiZcYZ Zh bdhigVg cjZkdh Vgi^hiVh Va hZXidg egd[Zh^dcVa# N fjZ ejZYVc hZ\j^g igVWV_VcYd Xdc jcV \VaZg V d aV Xg i^XV Va YZhXjWg^gadh aZh Xdci^c Z VednVcYd Zc hj igVnZXidg^V egd[Zh^dcVa# 8#<# 6a ]^ad YZ Zhid hjg\Z iVbW^ c fjZ b{h Vaa{ YZa bZgXVYd cVX^dcVa! iZcZbdh aV ^ciZcX^ c YZ egdbdkZg Za igVWV_d YZ cjZhigdh Vgi^hiVh Zc Za ZmigVc_Zgd# :c iVc h ad igZh V dh! ]Zbdh dg\Vc^oVYd Zmedh^X^dcZh Zc Za BJH6 YZ <jVYVaV_VgV B _^Xd Xdc bdi^kd YZ aV ;Zg^V >ciZgcVX^dcVa YZa A^Wgd! Zc Za >chi^ijid 8ZgkVciZh YZ EZ` c n Id`^d d Zc Za 9djajb BjhZjb YZ H]Vc\]V^#

6YZb{h! iZcZbdh aVh VnjYVh YZ ZhijY^d n kVbdh V ZbeZoVg V Zck^Vg V Vgi^hiVh Zc eZg^dYd YZ gZh^YZcX^V Va @ chiaZg]Vjh 7Zi]Vc^Zc YZ 7Zga c# B#G# H ! Za egd\gVbV YZ 7Zi]Vc^Zc Zc 7Zga c Zh bjn ^ciZgZhVciZ# GZXjZgYd fjZ ]VXZ jcdh V dh Zhijk^bdh k^ cYdad! Va ^\jVa fjZ digdh ZhijY^dh fjZ ]VW V Zc ZhV X^jYVY# IVbW^ c ijk^bdh gZjc^dcZh Xdc EH& n Za >H8E YZ CjZkV Ndg`# >ciZciVbdh edcZg Zc bVgX]V jc egd\gVbV YZ VnjYVh YZ gZh^YZcX^V Zc Za ZmigVc_Zgd! eZgd cd ]jWd hjÒX^ZciZ ^ciZg h eda i^Xd#

Cd dWhiVciZ! ]Zbdh YZhVggdaaVYd jcV ^ciZchV aVWdg YZ Y^[jh^ c YZ Vgi^hiVh ZbZg\ZciZh Zc Za ZmigVc_Zgd V igVk h YZ aV Zmedh^X^ c YZ egdYjXX^ c VcjVa 8^gXj^idh YZ 6giZh Ea{hi^XVh n ;did\gV[ V# :c 7Zga c Zmejh^bdh Zc 6`i^dch\VaZg^Z :#K# n Zc Za @ chiaZglZg`hiVii 7V]c]d[ LZhiZcY YZ @Vga =d[[Zg <ZhZaahX]V[i# :c Hiji\Vgi! Zc aV \VaZg V YZ @aVjh 7gVjc# :c Bjc^X] hZ egZhZci Zc aV <VaZg^Z YZg @ chiaZg Xdc aV eVgi^X^eVX^ c YZ cjZhigd 8dchjaVYd# :c 7gZbZc! Zc XdaVWdgVX^ c Xdc Za >chi^ijid 8ZgkVciZh n aV :bWV_VYV YZ :heV V! Zmejh^bdh Zc aV <VaZg V @Vig^c GVWjh# :a Hg# ;dci{c! ZcidcXZh Y^gZXidg YZa >chi^ijid dg\Vc^o jcVh ^ciZgZhVciZh _dgcVYVh hdWgZ Za VgiZ

ZheV da Xdc aV egZhZcX^V YZ ?Vk^Zg 6gcVaYd! 7dg^h <gdnh n Za 9g# Lja[[ =Zgod\ZcgVi]# IVbW^ c hZ ]Vc egZhZciVYd digVh bjZhigVh Zc Za >chi^ijid 8ZgkVciZh YZ EVg h! B^a{c! GdbV! C{edaZh! Zc kVg^Vh X^jYVYZh YZa GZ^cd Jc^Yd n Zc Za HeVc^h] >chi^iji YZ CjZkV Ndg`# H^c ZbWVg\d! edg gVodcZh eda i^XVh d ZXdc b^XVh! Zc adh ai^bdh V dh aV Y^[jh^ c hZ ]V gZYjX^Yd V jcV egZhZcX^V cVX^dcVa! n Zc aV VXijVa^YVY c^XVbZciZ gZ\^dcVa# :c XjVcid V aV 8dchZ_Zg V YZ 8jaijgV ejZYd YZX^g fjZ XdckdXV idYdh adh V dh aVh VnjYVh eVgV aV Y^[jh^ c YZa VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd ZheV da Zc Za ZmigVc_Zgd# N VednV egdejZhiVh Xdbd ÆGZcXdcigZh >ciZgcVX^dcVaZhÇ! [Zhi^kVa YZ VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd Zc XdaVWdgVX^ c Xdc Za B^c^hiZg^d YZ 8jaijgV n Za >chi^ijid 8ZgkVciZh# N YZhYZ aV 8dchZ_Zg V YZ :YjXVX^ c hZ \Zhi^dcVc aVh WZXVh YZ ^ckZhi^\VX^ c n ZhijY^d Zc Za ZmigVc_Zgd V aVh fjZ ejZYZ VXXZYZg Za Vgi^hiV! VjcfjZ Zhi{c Y^g^\^YVh V idYdh adh jc^kZgh^iVg^dh# GZXjZgYd V GdhZaa BZhZ\jZg X bd hjed VegdkZX]Vg ZhiV dedgijc^YVY n Za \gVc ^ciZg h fjZ ijkd eVgV ZaaV# bjhÄ6 E:GD 6A =>AD 9: :HID! N E6G6 I:GB>C6G! ´8DBD D7?:I>KD

åAI>BD 9: KJ:HIGDH :H;J:GODH I:Cw>H :A H>HI:B6 6GIÞHI>8D :C 8J6CID 6 86BED :HE:8Þ;>8D D! K6>H BÛH 6AAÛ! A6 EGDE>6 HD8>:969! JC Eå7A>8D BÛH B6NDG>I6G>D N CD C:8:H6G>6B:CI: :HE:8>6A>O69D4 B#G# :c b^ de^c^ c h^ cd Zm^hiZ jc ÒgbZ egde h^id edg

eVgiZ YZ aVh VYb^c^higVX^dcZh e Wa^XVh YZ VednVg Za VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ! fjZ cd Zh ad b^hbd fjZ VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd! cd edYgZbdh iZcZg ]^hidg^V# IZcZbdh aV dWa^\VX^ c YZ VXijVg Zc Za egZhZciZ eVgV cd fjZYVgcdh h^c [jijgd# Edg Zaad! Zc b^ de^c^ c Zh cZXZhVg^d gZk^hVg idYVh aVh ^c^X^Vi^kVh fjZ Zm^hiZc Zc aVh Y^[ZgZciZh XdchZ_Zg Vh YZ aV 8dbjc^YVY YZ BVYg^Y n V\aji^cVgaVh Zc jcV b^hbV# GZk^hVg cjZhigVh VXijVX^dcZh! YZiZXiVg aVh cZXZh^YVYZh YZa hZXidg Zc Y^{ad\d Xdc idYdh adh ^bea^XVYdh Zc Za {bW^id Vgi hi^Xd n! V eVgi^g YZ V] ÆgZ\ZcZgVgÇ jcV eda i^XV XjaijgVa fjZ WZcZÒX^Z YZhYZ ajZ\d V idYV aV hdX^ZYVY# 8#<# 8dbd YZX V VciZh! cdhdigdh aaZkVbdh [jcX^dcVcYd bjn edXd i^Zbed# :h Zk^YZciZ fjZ iZcZbdh fjZ bZ_dgVg Zc Va\jcdh VheZXidh# FjZYV bjX]d edg ]VXZg n eVgV fjZ hZ egdYjoXVc XVbW^dh Zh cZXZhVg^d Za Xdbegdb^hd YZ idYdh adh V\ZciZh ^bea^XVYdh Zc aV XgZVX^ c XdciZbedg{cZV# 9Z idYdh bdYdh! ZhiVbdh XdckZcX^Ydh YZ fjZ Zc jcdh V dh XdbZcoVgZbdh V cdiVg igVch[dgbVX^dcZh Zc Za hZXidg fjZ d_Va{ gZeZgXjiVc iVgYZ d iZbegVcd Zc jc ZheVX^d hdX^Va b{h Vbea^d#

9^X^ZbWgZ '%%-


&+% BJH"6 :A 8DA:88>DC>HBD

8DBEG6G!

8DA:8" 8>DC6G N 9>H;GJI6G½

8DCK:GH68>âC 8DC E>A6G 8>IDA:G! ;:GC6C9D B6GÞ6 8:CI:C:G6 ?6G676 N B6G8DH B6GIÞC 7A6C8D

E6G6 I:GB>C6G CJ:HIGD G:8DGG>9D!

=:BDH G:JC>9D 6FJÞ 6 IG:H 9: ADH BÛH >BEDGI6CI:H 8DA:88>DC>HI6H 9: CJ:HIGD E6ÞH/ E>A6G 8>IDA:G! ;:GC6C9D B6GÞ6 8:CI:C:G6 ?6G676 N B6G8DH B6GIÞC 7A6C8D# CDH 8J:CI6C HJ E6GI>8JA6G K>H>âC 9:A 6GI: 9:H9: :A A69D 9: FJ>:C AD H><J:! AD 6I:HDG6 N I:GB>C6 K>K>:C9D 8DC wA :C EG>K69D### µD :C Eå7A>8D HJ G:A68>âC 8DC A6 G:6A>969 6C96AJO6! 8DC HJ :H8:C6 :B:G<:CI:! 6HÞ 8DBD A6H E6H>DC:H! 9>;>8JAI69:H N 6C=:ADH FJ: 6A7:G<6 A6 8G:68>âC 9: JC6 8DA:88>âC 9: :CK:G<69JG6 HDC 6A<JCDH 9: ADH 6HJCIDH EDG ADH FJ: 6IG6K>:H6 HJ 8=6GA6! 9DC9: H: EDC: 9: B6C>;>:HID FJ:! JC6 K:O BÛH! :C 8DH6H 9: 6GI: 8DCI:BEDGÛC:D AD BÛH =67>IJ6A :H A6 :M8:E8>âC# ;didh XdckZghVX^ c/ ?Vk^Zg Eja^Yd#


&+&

bjhÄ6 B: <JHI6GÞ6 FJ: :BE:OÛG6BDH =67A6C9D 9: KJ:HIG6H

8DA:88>DC:H! 8âBD H: ;DGB6C N 8JÛA:H HDC A6H E6H>DC:H FJ: A6H 6C>B6C# E>A6G 8>IDA:G >c^X^d aV XdaZXX^ c YZ jcV [dgbV bjn Zhedci{cZV! Zbe^Zod V XdbegVg XdhVh fjZ bZ \jhiVc Zc \VaZg Vh YZ BVYg^Y! 7VgXZadcV! EVg h! 7Vh^aZV! Zc aVh [Zg^Vh YZ VfjZa bdbZcid# :hidn ]VWaVcYd YZ ]VXZ b{h YZ igZ^ciV V dh# AVh edh^W^a^YVYZh YZ BVYg^Y idYVk V cd ZgVc bjn Vbea^Vh! eZgd Zc Òc! aVh edXVh \VaZg Vh fjZ ]VW V ZgVc WjZcVh0 ?jVcV BdgY ZhiVWV bZi^YV Xdc idYd Za \gjed YZa EVhd! Xdc idYd Za \gjed YZ 8jZcXV# :c 7VgXZadcV iZc Vbdh Za 9Vj Va HZi Zc ZhZ bdbZcid! iVbW^ c Zc jc ejcid bjn Vaid# N WjZcd! iVbW^ c ]VW V digVh \VaZg Vh! Xdbd aV <VaZg V >c\jVcod! fjZ igV V cdbWgZh ZmigVc_Zgdh/ igV V Za ede VbZg^XVcd! igV V V 9jWj[[Zi! igV V V AZ 8dgWjh^Zg### WjZcd! idYV jcV hZg^Z YZ cdbWgZh! fjZ ^cXajhd bjX]dh YZ Zaadh idYVk V cd hZ ]VW Vc k^hid Zc BVYg^Y#

´8 bd Zbe^ZoV jc XdaZXX^dc^hiV V hZci^g fjZ aZ \jhiV Za VgiZ n fjZ ad fj^ZgZ XdaZXX^dcVg4 :h Va\d fjZ aaZ\V YZ jcV bVcZgV bjn cVijgVa! bjn ^cij^i^kV! n Zc gZVa^YVY h^c c^c\ c egde h^id ^c^X^Va# 8dbegVWV edg ejgd \jhid! edg ejgd eaVXZg! n edg### WjZcd! edg ZhZ hZci^Yd YZ### edYg Vbdh aaVbVg Xdchjb^hbd! digdh XdbegVc e^hdh! digdh XdbegVc XdX]Zh! digdh hZ XdbegVc bdYZa^idh# 8dbegVWV XjVYgdh! VgiZ! fjZ edh^WaZbZciZ ZgV ad fjZ b{h bZ Y^kZgi V! ad fjZ b{h bZ \jhiVWV n ad fjZ b{h aaZcVWV b^ Zhe g^ij# ;:GC6C9D B6GÞ6 8:CI:C:G6 ?6G676 :c b^ XVhd! cd h c^

X bd ZbeZo ! aV kZgYVY# 8dc b^h eVYgZh Zbe^Zod V k^h^iVg bjhZdh! n hZ kV YZheZgiVcYd! YZ h^ZbegZ! Za egdnZXid Vgi hi^Xd YZcigd YZ XVYV jcd# GZXjZgYd aV Vji ci^XV eVh^ c fjZ eVgV b ZgV fjZ aaZ\VhZ 6G8D# IZc V kZ^ciZ n edXdh V dh! ]VW V VXVWVYd aV b^a^ n ZcidcXZh ZgV eVgV b Za bdbZcid YZ eVh^ c# GZXjZgYd aVh eg^bZgVh ZY^X^dcZh0 nd cd iZc V edh^W^a^YVYZh ZXdc b^XVh! n iVbW^ c Zc VfjZaadh V dh! dh Zhidn ]VWaVcYd YZa V d -+! YZhXjWg fjZ hZ edY V ^g V aVh \VaZg Vh h^c eV\Vg# EVgV b [jZ jcV hdgegZhV! Xdbd h^ [jZgVc jc bjhZd# :gVc adh V dh YZ eaZcV Bdk^YV! ZgVc V dh YZ bjX]V VXi^k^YVY Zc adh fjZ XVYV jcd fjZg V ]VXZg jcV XdhV Y^[ZgZciZ! n ]VW V bjX]V k^iVa^YVY Zc aV XVaaZ# H ad edY V VXXZYZg V dWgV \g{ÒXV n YZ gZeZciZ YZhXjWg fjZ ]VW V jc \gVWVYd fjZ fjZg V iZcZg# N ZcidcXZh jc Y V Xdbeg VfjZa \gVWVYd! bZ VXjZgYd YZ fjZ ZgV Zc aV \VaZg V aV A cZV! YZ AjX^d Bj do# 9Z gZeZciZ YZhXjWg fjZ jcV XdhV fjZ bZ VeVh^dcVWV aV iZc V Zc b^ XVhV# :cidcXZh eVgV b [jZ jc eaVXZg ^cbZchd! n eZch fjZ nV hZ ]VW V VXVWVYd# EZgd cd!

ajZ\d Xdbeg digV! g^hVh ! n ajZ\d Xdbeg digV! n ZcidcXZh nV eVh V aV dWgV dg^\^cVa! n YZ gZeZciZ jc Y V Xdbeg jcV [did\gV[ V! fjZ nd cjcXV ]VW V eZchVYd fjZ ^WV V XdbegVg jcV [did\gV[ V! n V]dgV Zhidn Zc ad fjZ Zhidn# G^hVh # Cd h ! cd h X bd ]Z aaZ\VYd ]VhiV Vfj ! eZgd Zh edg Vji ci^XV eVh^ c n edg Vji ci^XV adXjgV! egdWVWaZbZciZ# E#8# I^ZcZ bjX]d YZ adXjgV# G^hVh # B6G8DH B6GIÞC 7A6C8D CjZhigV XdaZXX^ c YZ VgiZ

XdciZbedg{cZd cd ]V hjg\^Yd YZ jc egdXZhd Zhedci{cZd! h^cd fjZ Zh XdchZXjZcX^V YZ jc aVg\d eZg^dYd YZ [dgbVX^ c n YZ gZXdckZgh^ c YZ cjZhigV hZch^W^a^YVY# AV XdaZXX^ c hjg\^ XjVcYd Zc jc XVhZg c YZ HZ\dk^V gZ]VW^a^iVbdh cjZhigV k^k^ZcYV# :h jc h^i^d Xdc jcVh k^hiVh [Vci{hi^XVh n cdh eaVciZVbdh YZXdgVgad# :c aV [Vb^a^V ZhiVWV <ZgVgYd GjZYV! fjZ ZgV jcd YZ adh \gVcYZh YZXdgVYdgZh YZa bdbZcid n e^cidg YZa \gjed YZ 8jZcXV# KZhi^g aVh eVgZYZh Zc Za XVhd YZ jc YZXdgVYdg n e^cidg Xdbd <ZgVgYd ZgV edcZg XjVYgdh# Adh fjZ cdh egdedc V ZgVc Zc hj bVndg V YZa \gjed YZ 8jZcXV! fjZ cdhdigdh cd ZciZcY Vbdh# :c ZhZ bdbZcid cdhdigdh Zhi{WVbdh ^c^X^VYdh Zc aV e^cijgV bdYZgcV! e^cidgZh YZ aV ZhXjZaV YZ KVaaZXVh n Va\jcdh YZ aV ZhXjZaV YZ EVg h# 8jVcYd cdh egdedc V aVh dWgVh eVgV XjWg^g aVh eVgZYZh edc Vbdh XVgV YZ e fjZg# 8dbd a ZgV jc Vji ci^Xd \ZciaZbVc fjZ edg ZcX^bV YZ idYd iZ gZheZiVWV! iZ hZci V n iZ VY^k^cVWV! ^WV igVnZcYd dWgVh ]VhiV fjZ ZcXV_VWVc Xdc cjZhigdh \jhidh# 6a iZgb^cVg aV YZXdgVX^ c cdh Y^_^bdh ÆWjZcd! Zhid Zh idiVabZciZ Y^hi^cid V ad fjZ Zhi{WVbdh VXdhijbWgVYdh V kZg n V XdbegVgÇ# Cdh ejh^bdh Xdbd iVgZV ^g jcV iVgYZ V aV hZbVcV V kZg \VaZg Vh n bjhZdh eVgV hZch^W^a^oVgcdh Xdc Za VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd# Cdh eVhVbdh bjX]d i^Zbed h^c ZciZcYZg c^ hZci^g ZhZ VgiZ# Cdh eVgZX V jc aZc\jV_Z {g^Yd# 9Zhej h YZ eVhVg XZgXV YZ Ydh V dh V WVhZ YZ b^gVg! b^gVg n b^gVg! hVakd gVgVh dXVh^dcZh! aV ea{hi^XV XdciZbedg{cZV ZgV eVgV cdhdigdh jc aZc\jV_Z fjZ cd hZci Vbdh# EZgd aaZ\V jc bdbZcid! V ÒcVaZh YZ &.-'! Zc fjZ hZ egdYjXZ jc XVbW^d h^\c^ÒXVi^kd/ Zbe^ZoV V iZcZg hZci^Yd eVgV cdhdigdh ad fjZ VciZh cd VegZX^{WVbdh# 8dbd h^ [jZgV aV XdckZgh^ c YZ HVc EVWad! iZ Y^XZh ÆeZgd h^ Zhid h fjZ bZ \jhiVÇ# =VW Vbdh VegZcY^Yd V b^gVg n kZg n XdbZco{WVbdh V hZci^g Za VgiZ Xdc adh X^cXd hZci^Ydh# 8dc ZhiV XdckZgh^ c ^c^X^Vbdh jc XVb^cd VeVh^dcVciZ# :c aV Y XVYV YZ adh -% XVbW^Vbdh adh ZhfjZbVh YZ XdbegV YZ e^cijgV! eVhVcYd YZ aV bdYZgcV V aV


&+' BJH"6 :A 8DA:88>DC>HBD

8DBEG676 EDG EJGD <JHID! EDG EJGD EA68:G

gZhedcYZ V b^ eZghdcVa^YVY! d fj^o{h iVbedXd ]Z iZc^Yd Za i^Zbed YZ ]VXZg ZhV gZÓZm^ c! fjZ edh^WaZbZciZ Zh jc VXid bjn ^ciZa^\ZciZ#

;:GC6C9D B6GÞ6 8:CI:C:G6 ?6G676

bjhÄ6 :A 6GI: :B:G<:CI: :CIG6 :C IJ 8DA:88>âC 8DC A6

9: G:E:CI: 9:H8J7GÞ FJ: JC6 8DH6 FJ: B: 6E6H>DC676 A6 I:CÞ6 :C B> 86H6

E#8# :[ZXi^kVbZciZ! Xdc aV b^hbV [VX^a^YVY bZciVa! Xdc Za

E>A6G 8>IDA:G

B>HB6 ;AJ>9:O FJ: ADH CDB7G:H 8DCH6<G69DH! EDG :?:BEAD#

b^hbd d_d Xg i^Xd! d Xdc aV b^hbV Vch^ZYVY YZ iZcZgad# ;#B#8#?# B^ XVhd Zhi{ [dXVa^oVYd Zc Za VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ#

7{h^XVbZciZ! edg Ydh bdi^kdh# Jcd! cd ad\ hi^Xd h^cd ZXdc b^Xd/ Zh b{h VhZfj^WaZ eVgV b^ egZhjejZhid# N hZ\jcYd! edgfjZ bZ \jhiV b{h! edgfjZ bZ h^Zcid b{h ^YZci^ÒXVYd Xdc Zhd# :hidn b{h ^ciZgZhVYd Zc ad fjZ k^kZ Xdcb^\d! Zc ad fjZ kV XgZX^ZcYd Xdcb^\d0 bZ YV jcV VaZ\g V ^cbZchV XjVcYd YZ gZeZciZ Va\j^Zc Zc fj^Zc nd bZ ]Z Ò_VYd! n fjZ ZgV jc eZfjZ d eZXZX^id! hZ ]V XdckZgi^Yd Zc jc eZo bZY^Vcd# BZ \jhiV bjX] h^bd fjZ ZhVh XdhVh dXjggVc# N ZcidcXZh h fjZ Zhidn eZcY^ZciZ YZ Zaad# XdciZbedg{cZV# :c adh V dh .% Vbea^Vbdh aV XdaZXX^ c V aV e^cijgV ZmigVc_ZgV! Xdc aV VnjYV Zc eg^cX^e^d YZ aVh \VaZg Vh ZheV daVh n! edhiZg^dgbZciZ! eVgi^X^eVcYd Zc aVh hjWVhiVh YZ Hdi]ZWnÉh n 8]g^hi^ZÉh! iVcid YZ AdcYgZh Xdbd YZ CjZkV Ndg`# CjZhigV YZY^XVX^ c V aV e^cijgV XdciZbedg{cZV hZ XdbeaZiV Xdc k^V_Zh eZg^ Y^Xdh V CjZkV Ndg` eVgV k^h^iVg Xdc gZ\jaVg^YVY aVh \VaZg Vh ejciZgVh YZa bdbZcid! n Vh ijk^bdh aV dedgijc^YVY YZ hZ\j^g! ZcigZ digdh! V adh Vgi^hiVh YZ aV cjZkV Ò\jgVX^ c VbZg^XVcV# 6 ÒcVaZh YZ adh cdkZciV ^cXdgedgVbdh V aV XdaZXX^ c aV [did\gV[ V! fjZ ]VX V i^Zbed cdh ZhiVWV egdkdXVcYd# AV XdaZXX^ c aaZ\V V VYfj^g^g jc iVbV d \gVcYZ n XjVcYd kZh fjZ cd i^ZcZh ZheVX^d n fjZ aV dWgV Zhi{ Ve^aVYV! iZ Zcig^hiZXZh# AVh dWgVh cd hZ XdbegVc eVgV Zhd# I^ZcZc fjZ hZg k^hiVh# 6h ZbeZoVbdh V eaVciZVgcdh iZcZg jc bjhZd# :c adh V dh '%%( V '%%* ^c^X^Vbdh jc eZg^dYd YZ gZÓZm^ c YZ adh XdciZc^Ydh YZ aV XdaZXX^ c! fjZ hZ XdcXgZi Zc a^b^iVg aV b^hbV V adh ai^bdh igZ^ciV V dh# Cdh YZhegZcY^bdh YZ dWgVh [ZX]VYVh Xdc VciZg^dg^YVY V &.-% n XjWg^bdh ]jZXdh YZ aV eVgiZ b{h XdciZbedg{cZV# bjhÄ6 ´=6N EDG KJ:HIG6 E6GI: JC H:<J>B>:CID 8DCHI6CI:

9:A 6GI: :B:G<:CI:! D AD =6 =67>9D4 E#8# AV kZgYVY Zh fjZ nd cd kdn WjhXVcYd ZheZX ÒXVbZciZ

Za VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ# Idbd XdciVXid Xdc[dgbZ bZ kV aaZ\VcYd V igVk h YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh! d V igVk h YZ gZk^hiVh n XVi{ad\dh# B^ XVhd cd Zh! edg Z_Zbead! Xdbd Za ijnd! BVgi c# HZ\jgVbZciZ hdn bZcdh gZÓZm^kV! hdn b{h YZhdgYZcVYV0 b^ XdaZXX^ c Zh bjn ZXa Xi^XV! bjn Y^kZghV# Fj^o{h Zhid

B#B#7# Nd cjcXV ]Z eZghZ\j^Yd Za VgiZ ZbZg\ZciZ# Ad fjZ h fjZ ]Z ^Yd Zc dXVh^dcZh Zh V ad fjZ nd aaVbd ÆXdcigVXdgg^ZciZÇ YZa bZgXVYd# =Vn Vgi^hiVh nV [dgbVYdh! edXd gZXdcdX^Ydh! XjnV dWgV bZ \jhiV n Xdbegd# EZghdcVh fjZ edg Y^[ZgZciZh XVjhVh Zhi{c bVg\^cVYVh# bjhÄ6 ´HD>H 8DCH8>:CI:H 9: FJ: =6N6 JC6 EG:H:C8>6 9:

6GI>HI6H 6C96AJ8:H 8DC8G:I6 :C KJ:HIG6 8DA:88>âC4 E#8# Nd! eZghdcVabZciZ! h iZc\d ZhV XdcX^ZcX^V# Cd

edgfjZ ]VnV eZchVYd Ækdn V XdbegVg Vgi^hiVh VcYVajXZhÇ! h^cd XVhjVabZciZ! n Zc Za bdci c YZ V dh fjZ aaZkd XdaZXX^dcVcYd! Zc ZhiZ bdbZcid V ad bZ_dg ejZYd iZcZg jcV a^hiV YZ igZ^ciV d XjVgZciV VjidgZh VcYVajXZh fjZ ]Z ^Yd VYfj^g^ZcYd h^c eZchVg### E#8# AV egdXZYZcX^V iZgg^idg^Va# ;#B#8#?# :h V edhiZg^dg^! Xdbd Y^XZ E^aVg# 9Z gZeZciZ iZ kVh YVcYd XjZciV YZ fjZ hdc jcV \ZcZgVX^ c YZ Vgi^hiVh fjZ iZ kVc ^ciZgZhVcYd! edgfjZ VYZb{h XgZXZc idYdh V aV kZo! n YZ gZeZciZ iZ aaZ\Vc V i^ n iZ ^ciZgZhVc! n iZ YVh XjZciV YZ fjZ ZcigZ Zaadh ajZ\d Zm^hiZc gZaVX^dcZh eZghdcVaZh# :c b^ XVhd ejZYZc hZg Y^Zo! YdXZ d XVidgXZ Vgi^hiVh VcYVajXZh! fjZ egdWVWaZbZciZ hZVc Ydh \gjedh YZ Vb^\dh# B#B#7# Cd hdn XdchX^ZciZ YZ ZhV egZhZcX^V# EVgV XdciZhiVg V ZhV egZ\jciV ]Z iZc^Yd fjZ gZk^hVg adh ÒX]Zgdh# 6 i ijad ZcjcX^Vi^kd! Ò\jgVc e^cidgZh VcYVajXZh Xdbd HdaZYVY HZk^aaV! Aj^h <dgY^aad! 8]ZbV 8dWd! <j^aaZgbd E gZo K^aaVaiV d 8jggd <dco{aZo#


&+(

8]ZbV 6akVg\dco{aZo# 7Zga c %%)# '%%+# 8daZXX^ c 8^gXV MM E^aVg 8^idaZg#

bjhÄ6 :A IG6H;DC9D 9: A6 EG:<JCI6! 6 AD B:?DG EA6CI:69D

9: DIG6 B6C:G6! :H FJ: ND :HIDN 8DCK:C8>9D 9: FJ: A6 >C;G6:HIGJ8IJG6 <6A:GÞHI>86! BJH:ÞHI>86! 9: A6H G:<>DC:H! HÞ FJ: <:C:G6C! :AA6H B>HB6H! JC6 CJ:K6 G:6A>969 :C :A 8DA:88>DC>HBD# H> :M>HI>:G6 JC6 >C;G6:HIGJ8IJG6 EG:K>6! H> ADH BJH:DH 6C96AJ8:H ;J:G6C BÛH EDI:CI:H! H> =J7>:G6 BÛH <6A:GÞ6H½! ´CD E:CHÛ>H FJ: 6;:8I6GÞ6 9>G:8I6B:CI: 6 A6 EG:H:C8>6 9: 6GI>HI6H 6C96AJ8:H :C KJ:HIG6 EGDE>6 8DA:88>âC4 ;#B#8#?# Nd XgZd fjZ cd# KVbdh! Zc b^ XVhd eZghdcVa! cd# B#B#7# Nd XgZd fjZ iVbedXd# =VhiV ad cVX^dcVa Zh Y^[ X^a fjZ ad edYVbdh ediZcX^Vg# Cd ]Vn kVaaVh YZ hZeVgVX^ c# Cd ejZYZ ]VWZg hZeVgVX^dcZh# :a VgiZ Zh \ZcZgVa n Zh ad fjZ iZ aaZcV# :ci^ZcYd fjZ aVh Vjidcdb Vh iZc\Vc fjZ ]VXZg Zhid n Zh hj dWa^\VX^ c! eZgd bZ \jhiVg V fjZ VYZb{h YZ ]VXZg Zhid igViVhZc YZ fjZ aV \ZciZ kjZaZ n fjZ hVa\V Va ZmiZg^dg h^ egZiZcYZ ]VXZgad0 fjZ hVa\V YZ hj XdggVa^id eVgV kdaVg! edgfjZ h^ hZ fjZYV hdaVbZciZ Zc Zhd! hZ fjZYV Zc hj XVbeVcVg^d# :a VgiZ Zh bjX]d b{h jc^kZghVa# ´Fj kV V ]VXZg jcV Vjidcdb V b{h fjZ VednVg hj iZgg^idg^d4 EZgd Zhd Zh jc eaVciZVb^Zcid eda i^Xd# BZ eVgZXZ ´cd4 E#8# 8gZd fjZ adh XdaZXX^dc^hiVh XdbegVbdh edgfjZ cdh

\jhiV jcV YZiZgb^cVYV dWgV! jc YZiZgb^cVYd Vjidg! ZcXV_V Zc cjZhigV XdaZXX^ c! d V ad bZ_dg ^c^X^Vbdh jcV k V cjZkV YZcigd YZ ad fjZ hdc aVh Y^gZXig^XZh YZ aV XdaZXX^ c! eZgd

fjZ cjcXV cdh Ò_Vbdh Zc h^ Zh \VaaZ\d d h^ Zh VcYVajo# ´Fj eVhV4 FjZ 6cYVajX V i^ZcZ e^cidgZh bV\c ÒXdh! XgZVYdgZh ZmXZeX^dcVaZh# B#B#7# BV\c ÒXdh! Wg^aaVciZh n Zhi{c Zc aV XdaZXX^ c# ;#B#8#?# 6ciZh ]VW ^h Y^X]d fjZ h^ Za Vgi^hiV hZ fjZYV

a^b^iVYd V hj odcV! cd XgZXZ# H fjZ Zh kZgYVY fjZ! h^ ]Vn jc iZ_^Yd YZ \VaZg Vh hjÒX^ZciZbZciZ ediZciZ Zc ZhV odcV! ^cXajhd hZ kV V YZhXjWg^g Va\jcV XdhV b{h fjZ iZ eVhV YZhVeZgX^W^YV! edgfjZ Zh fjZ ]Vn fjZ YVgaZh aVh \gVX^Vh YZ fjZ hZ kZVc Ydhh^Zgh! fjZ hZ kZVc ZhijY^dh! fjZ hZ kZVc idYd ZhZ i^ed YZ XdhVh fjZ ]VXZ Za \VaZg^hiV# KVbdh! nd! edg ad bZcdh! ad V\gVYZoXd egd[jcYVbZciZ! n fjZ iZ YZhXjWgVc XdhVh# EZgd! h^ ad fjZ egZiZcYZbdh Zh hdaVbZciZ ÆbZ kdn V gZhig^c\^g V ad fjZ hZ egdYjXZ Zc jcV odcVÇ! Zhid Zh jc Zggdg# =Vn \ZcZgVX^dcZh fjZ hZ gZigdVa^bZciVc ZcigZ Zaadh! n ajZ\d! YZ gZeZciZ! XgZXZc# :a egdWaZbV Zhi{ Zc h^ ad fjZ cdhdigdh fjZgZbdh Zh edcZgaVh Zc bVgX]V# Ad fjZ i^ZcZ fjZ XdchZ\j^g aV Vjidcdb V! adh edYZgZh eda i^Xdh Zc ZhZ bdbZcid! ad fjZ i^ZcZc fjZ ]VXZg! Zh fjZ ZhV bVgVk^aaV fjZ i^ZcZh Zc ZhZ bdbZcid hZ Y^[jcYV0 YVaZ VaVh n eZgb iZaZ fjZ XgZoXV# Cd h h^ Zh bjn ^bedgiVciZ fjZ ]VnV jc iZ_^Yd YZ \VaZg Vh! eZgd Zh cZXZhVg^d iVbW^ c fjZ Za XdcXZeid YZ adh edYZgZh e Wa^Xdh hZV XdbeaZiVbZciZ Y^[ZgZciZ! Zc Za hZci^Yd YZ fjZ cd hZ fjZYZc hdaVbZciZ


&+) BJH"6 :A 8DA:88>DC>HBD

B6G8DH B6GIÞC 7A6C8D

:C A6 9w8696 9: ADH -% 86B7>6BDH ADH :HFJ:B6H 9: 8DBEG6 9: E>CIJG6! E6H6C9D 9: A6 BD9:GC6 6 A6 8DCI:BEDGÛC:6 ;:GC6C9D B6GÞ6 8:CI:C:G6 ?6G676

:HIDN BÛH >CI:G:H69D :C AD FJ: K>K: 8DCB><D! :C AD FJ: K6 8G:8>:C9D 8DCB><D

Xdc Za hZaad Æ]ZX]d ZcÇ! h^cd fjZ ZgZh YZ Vfj ! ZhiVbdh dg\jaadh h^bdh YZ fjZ hZVh YZ Vfj ! n iZ kVbdh V VnjYVg V fjZ hZVh jc^kZghVa# :hd Zh ad fjZ i^ZcZc fjZ ]VXZg# B#B#7# IdiVabZciZ YZ VXjZgYd# ;#B#8#?# N ajZ\d i^ZcZh Za Z_Zbead YZ ad fjZ ejZYZ hZg Za

Vgi^hiV fjZ hZ ^chiVaV Zc jc h^i^d Xdbd BVYg^Y! YdcYZ Vfj XVYV jcd hdbdh YZ jc h^i^d XdbeaZiVbZciZ Y^[ZgZciZ! n YdcYZ Zc eg^cX^e^d cd aZ egZ\jciVh V cVY^Z YZ Y cYZ k^ZcZ# E#8# H ! ZhiVbdh ]VWaVcYd YZ jc bjcYd \adWVa^oVYd# E#8# NV cd Zm^hiZc aVh [gdciZgVh# AVh c^XVh [gdciZgVh ejZYZc

hZg aVh XjaijgVaZh! aVh eda i^XVh! aVh gZa^\^dhVh! eZgd WjZcd! Zhid nV hdc kVadgZh igVhXZcYZciVaZh# EZgd Zc Za bjcYd YZa VgiZ cd ejZYZ ]VWZg [gdciZgVh# =Vn fjZ ^g ]VX^V jcV jc^kZghVa^YVY! n gZVabZciZ nd XgZd fjZ Zc aV bZciVa^YVY YZ adh XdaZXX^dc^hiVh Zhi{ ZhiV ^YZV YZ jc^kZghVa^YVY# bjhÄ6 EG>B:GD! 8JÛA:H HDC KJ:HIG6H G:A68>DC:H 8DC A6

>CHI>IJ8>âC Eå7A>86! :A I:B6 9: A6H 8DBE6I>7>A>969:H D >C8DBE6I>7>A>969:H0 H:<JC9D! =6HI6 FJw EJCID HD>H 86E68:H 9: <:C:G6G JC :HE68>D 6AI:GC6I>KD N E6G6A:AD! 8A6GD! 6 A6 EGDE>6 >CHI>IJ8>âC Eå7A>86# E#8# JcV ^chi^ijX^ c bjX]Vh kZXZh cd ejZYZ VWVgXVg! iZcZg

jcV XdaZXX^ c egde^V# AV Y^kja\VX^ c! aV egZdXjeVX^ c YZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh edg ]VXZg Zmedh^X^dcZh n edg Y^[jcY^g Za VgiZ Zh jc kVadg XdchiVciZ n jcV ^ciZcX^ c eZgbVcZciZ YZcigd YZ hjh XdbZi^Ydh# Edg Zhd ZX]V bVcd YZ adh XdaZXX^dc^hiVh! n XgZd fjZ ZhiVbdh Xjbea^ZcYd jcV [jcX^ c bjn h^cXgdc^oVYV! n fjZ cdh ediZcX^Vbdh bjijVbZciZ#

Nd XgZd fjZ Zh ^ciZgZhVciZ fjZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh hZ kVa\Vc YZ cdhdigdh0 cdh VnjYVc V ZhiZ ^ciZg h! VnjYVc Zc \ZcZgVa Va ^ciZg h YZa XdaZXX^dc^hbd! n XgZd fjZ h^ZbegZ Zh bjn i^a fjZ hVfjZc cjZhigVh XdaZXX^dcZh V aV b^gVYV ZmiZg^dg n V aV b^gVYV YZa \gVc e Wa^Xd# Nd! Zc b^ ZmeZg^ZcX^V eZghdcVa! XgZd fjZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh XjbeaZc ZhiZ eVeZa bV\c ÒXVbZciZ! YZ jcV bVcZgV [dgb^YVWaZ n \ZcZgdhV# ;#B#8#?# Nd XgZ jcV [jcYVX^ c ]Vg{ jcdh bZhZh# AV iZc\d gVY^XVYV YdcYZ Z_Zgod b^ egd[Zh^ c! n Zh V *% `^a bZigdh YZ BVYg^Y! Zc aV egdk^cX^V YZ <jVYVaV_VgV! Zc jc ejZWad aaVbVYd 6adkZgV# 8gZ jc egZb^d YZ Y^Wj_d n aV XdaVWdgVX^ c YZa 6njciVb^Zcid ]V h^Yd eaZcV! h^ZbegZ n XjVcYd cd aZ e^Y^ gVbdh Y^cZgd! XaVgd Zhi{# N Zhidn WVhiVciZ dg\jaadhd edg Za ]ZX]d YZ \ZcZgVg ZhiZ egZb^d n aV [jcYVX^ c YZ jcV bVcZgV bdYZhiV# 8VhjVabZciZ ad ]V \VcVYd jc Vgi^hiV VcYVajo! ?Zh h Ojg^iV! n XgZd fjZ kV V \ZcZgVg XdhVh! YZ Va\jcV bVcZgV# Nd Xdc fjZ jcV d Ydh eZghdcVh h^ZciVc Za \jhVc^aad! cd YZa XdaZXX^dc^hbd! eZgd h YZ aV VigVXX^ c ]VX^V Za VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd! bZ Ydn Xdbd [gVcXVbZciZ hVi^h[ZX]d# :c XjVcid V aV hZ\jcYV eVgiZ YZ aV egZ\jciV! fjZ ZgV aV gZaVX^ c fjZ edYZbdh iZcZg YZ egZhZcX^V Zc aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh! cd iZc\d c^c\jcV ZmeZg^ZcX^V Zc ZhZ ejcid# B#B#7# :c cjZhigd XVhd! aV c^XV gZaVX^ c fjZ iZcZbdh Xdc aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh n bjhZdh Zh aV YZa eg hiVbd YZ aVh dWgVh hda^X^iVYVh eVgV Zmedh^X^dcZh# 9ZhYZ ]VXZ igZh V dh ]Zbdh gZhig^c\^Yd Zhidh eg hiVbdh! YZW^Yd V fjZ aVh dWgVh Zhi{c Ve^aVYVh Zc kVg^dh VabVXZcZh eZfjZ dh! fjZ ]VXZc ^bedh^WaZ hj bdk^b^Zcid n bVcZ_d n! Zc dXVh^dcZh! hZ YV Vc# :c aV igVnZXidg^V YZ XdaZXX^dc^hiVh Xdbd cdhdigdh! aaZ\V jc bdbZcid Zc fjZ iZ h^ZciZh YZhWdgYVYd edg Za c bZgd n Y^bZch^dcZh YZ aVh dWgVh# 8dcdoXd Vb^\dh fjZ ]Vc XdbegVYd digV XVhV d jc adXVa eVgV kdakZg V aaZcVgad# :h fjZ ZhiVbdh adXdh# G^hVh :h Za bdbZcid YZ gZÓZm^dcVg fj ]VXZg Xdc iVciV dWgV/ XgZVg jc ZheVX^d Zmedh^i^kd! egZhiVg Za [dcYd YZ dWgV V jc bjhZd d fjZ adh ]ZgZYZgdh YZX^YVc hj [jijgd# FjZ ZhiVh XdaZXX^dcZh Va ÒcVa iZc\Vc fjZ VXVWVg Zc jcV hjWVhiV! Xdbd kZbdh XdchiVciZbZciZ Zc aVh YZ Hdi]ZWn h n 8]g^hi^Z h! Zh jcV ig^hiZoV# bjhÄ6 :A BD9:AD FJ: EA6CI:6 B6G8DH :H JC BD9:AD

CDGI:6B:G>86CD FJ: 6FJÞ! 9:H<G68>696B:CI:! ID96KÞ6 CD H: :HIÛ >BEA6CI6C9D 6 A6 K:AD8>969 6 A6 FJ: H:GÞ6 >9:6A# B#B#7# Cd hZ Zhi{ ^beaVciVcYd n XgZd fjZ hZg V WjZcd iZcZg ZhZ {c^bd YZ eZgbVcZcX^V# D hZV! fjZ jcd Zhijk^ZgV XdaZXX^dcVcYd hVW^ZcYd fjZ ^g V Zc WjZcV eVgiZ V digd egdnZXid# EZgd ]Vn fjZ XVbW^Vg aVh gZ\aVh YZa _jZ\d# E#8# H ! XaVgd! YZeZcYZ bjX]d YZ aV h^ijVX^ c eZghdcVa#

Nd ]Z ]VWaVYd Xdc bjX]dh XdaZXX^dc^hiVh! n cd i^ZcZc


&+*

?jVc 8Vgadh 7gVX]d# 8Vaa^c\ dXjeVcih d[ i]Z ^ciZgeaVcZiVgn XgV[i i]Z gZXd\c^oZY Vci]Zb d[ i]Z ldgaY XdciVXi YVn # '%%)# 8daZXX^ c ;ZgcVcYd BVg V 8ZciZcZgV ?VgVWV#


&++ BJH"6 :A 8DA:88>DC>HBD

c^c\ c {c^bd# 9ZhYZ ajZ\d! Za iZbV YZ hjWVhiV nd XgZd fjZ ad Za^b^cVbdh idYdh# Cd ZhiVbdh XdaZXX^dcVcYd eVgV hjWVhiVg cdhdigdh c^ eVgV fjZ cdh hjWVhiZc# ;#B#8#?# EZgYdcVYbZ jc bdbZcid# Nd Za ÆidYdhÇ cd ad edcYg V! ]Z d Yd V eZghdcVh fjZ ]VWaVc YZ hj XdaZXX^ c Zc [jcX^ c YZ Zjgdh# B#B#7# :hd Zh XdchZXjZcX^V YZ adh egZX^dh#

bjn hZYjX^Yd Z ^ciZgZhVYd n XgZd ÒgbZbZciZ Zc a# =Vn Z_Zbeadh Zc :jgdeV# =VXZ [VaiV iZcZg jcVh gZ\aVh! eZgd idYd Zhd hZ ejZYZ XgZVg# =Vn [ gbjaVh eVgV edYZg dgYZcVgad# EdgfjZ Xdci^cjVg! Xdbd Zc cjZhigd XVhd! eVgV iZcZg aVh dWgVh VabVXZcVYVh! Xj^YVcYd fj^Zc aVh bjZkZ n XjVcYd! edg fjZ aVh YV V! cdh eVgZXZ jcV ^chZchViZo# ;#B#8#?# Nd cd ad kZd Vh # Eg^bZgd! edgfjZ cd bZ ad ]VW V

;#B#8#?# :mVXid#

eaVciZVYd cjcXV! n hZ\jcYd! edgfjZ XjVcYd ZhijkZ VfjZa kZgVcd YZ kVXVX^dcZh Zc Za 8VWd YZ <ViV! egZX^hVbZciZ! k^ Zc K aZo GjW^d jc bjhZd YZ jc hZ dg fjZ ZgV jc bjhZd Zc jcV XVh^iV! jcV egZX^dh^YVY YZ bjhZd! jcV XdhV YZa^X^dhV! YZ Vcigdedad\ V# =VW V ]ZX]d jc edfj^id YZ idYd/ [did\gV[ V! jc edfj^id YZ W hfjZYV YZ [ h^aZh! YZ W hfjZYV YZ bdcZYVh! YZ idYd! n bZ eVgZX^ jcV YZa^X^V! iZc V jcV ^c[gVZhigjXijgV WVhiVciZ eZfjZ V! hjedc\d fjZ iZcYg V hj VnjYV XdggZhedcY^ZciZ YZ aV ?jciV YZ 6cYVajX V! eZgd Y^XZh ÆWjZcd! n h^! V ad bZ_dg cd Zc XVYV ejZWad! eZgd Zc XVYV h^i^d ejZYZ ]VWZg ad fjZ Zh aV k^YV YZ jcV eZghdcVÇ# Cd Xdc Za {c^bd YZ eZgeZijVghZ Zc aV bZbdg^V! fjZ cd bZ ^ciZgZhV#

E#8# =Vn bjX]dh XdaZXX^dc^hiVh fjZ! YZhYZ ajZ\d! ad kVc V YZ_Vg

E#8# Nd XgZd fjZ hdc Ydh k^h^dcZh Y^hi^ciVh! eZgd aVh Ydh

V hjh ]^_dh! d kV V fjZYVg Zc aV [Vb^a^V eg m^bV# Nd cd iZc\d ]^_dh# AV XdaZXX^ c cd i^ZcZ jcV \gVc ZckZg\VYjgV! eZgd! edg ad bZcdh! ]VXZ jc gZXdgg^Yd edg Za VgiZ YZ XVh^ jc h^\ad# Cd YZ jcV bVcZgV ZmVXiV n YZ jcV bVcZgV egd[jcYV! eZgd cd YZ_V YZ hZg jc gZXdgg^Yd# 8gZd fjZ i^ZcZ aV hjÒX^ZciZ aZXijgV Xdbd eVgV fjZ ejZYV hZgk^g YZ [dcYd V jcV ^chi^ijX^ c! V jc XZcigd YZ VgiZ! V jc bjhZd! n gZVabZciZ Za Zh[jZgod YZ ]VXZg jcV XdaZXX^ c XgZd fjZ YZWZ hZg gZXd\^Yd edg Va\j^Zc n ji^a^oVYd n VegdkZX]VYd edg Va\jcV ^chi^ijX^ c# HZ\j^bdh ]VWaVcYd Xdc ZhiV eVaVWgV iVc \Zc g^XV# 9ZhYZ ajZ\d cjcXV YZh]VXZgaV! cjcXV Y^heZghVgaV#

bjn k{a^YVh n bjn ^ciZgZhVciZh# 9ZhYZ ajZ\d! :heV V Zh hjÒX^ZciZbZciZ eajgVa Xdbd eVgV fjZ eZchZbdh fjZ Zc eZfjZ Vh eVgXZaVh YZWZ ZhiVg gZegZhZciVYd Za VgiZ n YZWZ Xjbea^g ZhV [jcX^ c eVgV idYd ZhZ \gjed YZ edWaVX^ c# Cd hdaVbZciZ [dbZciVg adh \gVcYZh [dXdh YZ HZk^aaV! KVaZcX^V! B{aV\V! 7VgXZadcV! BVYg^Y! 7^aWVd! ZiX#

;#B#8#?# EZgd egZhjbZc YZ XdaZXX^dc^hiVh! iVbW^ c! fjZ

iVbedXd fj^Zgd YZX^g fjZ jc XdaZXX^dc^hiV hZV Va\d bVgVk^aadhd# E#8# :hiVbdh ]VWaVcYd YZa XdaZXX^dc^hiV cd ^ckZghdg n XgZd

fjZ ZhiVbdh adh igZh Zc ZhZ eVfjZiZ# 8daZXX^dcVbdh cd edg ]VXZg cZ\dX^d! cd eVgV bZYgVg ZXdc b^XVbZciZ# 8jVcYd cdh Y^XZc ÆdnZ! fjZ Za XjVYgd fjZ XdbegVhiZ! cd hVWZh X bd ]V hjW^YdÇ# EjZh nd XgZd fjZ cdh fjZYVbdh Xdc aV b^hbV XVgV Xdc aV fjZ Zcig{WVbdh# Cd eZhiV ZVbdh#

bjhÄ6 A6 6HD8>68>âC 9: 8DA:88>DC:H! D A6 :M>HI:C8>6 9:

JC6 :HE:8>: 9: ;DC9D 9: 8DA:88>DC:H! FJ: H: ;J:G6C 8DBEA:I6C9D JC6H 8DC DIG6H! N FJ: 6NJ96G6 I6CID 6 8G:8:G 8DBD AJ:<D 6 ;>C6A>O6G JC6 8DA:88>âC! 6FJÞ :H JC BD9:AD FJ: CD :M>HI:! ´CD4 :H BJN 9>;Þ8>A E:CH6G FJ: JC6 8DA:88>âC K6N6 6 ;>C6A>O6G! 6 HJB6GH: 6 DIG6 8DA:88>âC EG>K696! 6JCFJ: I:C<6 JC 86GÛ8I:G Eå7A>8D 9: ;JC968>âC# B#B#7# Ad fjZ eVhV Zh fjZ Zhd Zh WVhiVciZ Y^[ X^a# Cdhdigdh aaZkVbdh V dh egdbdk^ZcYd jc egdnZXid bjhZ hi^Xd eVgV aV XdaZXX^ c! eZgd adh ig{b^iZh VYb^c^higVi^kdh n jgWVc hi^Xdh hZ ZiZgc^oVc n cdh YZhVa^ZciVc# Nd nV ]Z eZgY^Yd aV ^ajh^ c Zc Zaad# IZc\d ^ciZg h Zc gZYdcYZVg aV XdaZXX^ c# :hiVh Y^ÒXjaiVYZh bZ ]Vc kZc^Yd W^Zc# :h jcV XjgV YZ ]jb^aYVY n YZ hVajY bZciVa# =Z ]VWaVYd Xdc kVg^Vh eZghdcVh YZ b^ Zcidgcd! iVbW^ c XdaZXX^dc^hiVh! YZ jc bjhZd fjZ hZV hjbV YZ XdaZXX^dcZh# :c ZhiZ egdnZXid hjbV! Zhidn

;#B#8#?# N Zc idYd XVhd! h^ZbegZ! eVgV ]VXZg iVcid jcV Xdbd

digV! cZXZh^iVg Vbdh aV VnjYV YZ aV ^chi^ijX^ c! YZa :hiVYd! n edg 9^dh! fjZ WV_Zc Za >K6# G^hVh # B#B#7# H # E#8# H # bjhÄ6 6=Þ =6N JC6C>B>969# BVYg^Y! &% YZ cdk^ZbWgZ YZ '%%-


&+,

Aj^h <dgY^aad# 8Vgc^kdgVcYd# 8daZXX^ c B:G#


&+- BJH"6

FJ>wC :H

FJ>wC


&+.

V d k^V_V Va >ciZgcVi^dcVa HijY^d jc cjZkd ZheVX^d! Æ8VbW^d YZ 6XZ^iZÇ BVYg^Y # VcY 8jgVidg^Va Egd\gVb Zc CjZkV Ndg` eVgV Xdci^cjVg hj YZhVggdaad egd[Zh^dcVa \gVX^Vh V aV ;jcYVX^ c BVgXZa^cd 7di c#

86GADH 6>G:H GdcYV B{aV\V ! &.,)

6gi^hiV ea{hi^Xd# :c hjh Xdb^Zcodh ^ciZciV \VcVghZ aV k^YV Xdbd idgZgd eZgd YZhej h YZ jcV \gVkZ Xd\^YV fjZYV eVgX^VabZciZ hdgYd n YZX^YZ YZ_Vg adh gjZYdh eVgV ZhijY^Vg 7ZaaVh 6giZh# 6]dgV gZ\gZhV V :heV V YZhej h YZ &% V dh ZhijY^VcYd n igVWV_VcYd Zc =daVcYV! 7 a\^XV n :hiVYdh Jc^Ydh#

?J6C6 9: 6>OEJGJ :h \VaZg^hiV edg kdXVX^ c n gZVa^oV hj igVWV_d Xdc kZgYVYZgV ZcigZ\V n YZY^XVX^ c! cd h ad Zc hjh \VaZg Vh! h^cd Zc ^cÒc^YVY YZ egdnZXidh fjZ ]V ejZhid Zc bVgX]V V igVk h YZ adh V dh/ AV 7Vgg^VYV YZ aV A^ZWgZ0 AV HdX^ZYVY EgdiZXidgV YZ 6c^bVaZh n EaVciVh0 AV 7ZXV ?jVcV YZ 6^oejgj eVgV 6gi^hiVh 6cYVajXZh0 AV ;Zg^V >ciZgcVX^dcVa YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd 6G8D0 AV 6hdX^VX^ c :heV daV YZ <VaZg Vh YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd0 :a EgZb^d YZ ;did\gV[ V ?jVcV YZ 6^oejgj! ZcigZ digdh# :h aV \VaZg^hiV ZheV daV Xdc b{h gZXdcdX^b^Zcid Zc Za {bW^id ^ciZgcVX^dcVa! YdcYZ hZ XdYZV Xdc adh b{h egZhi^\^dhdh egd[Zh^dcVaZh YZa bjcYd#

âH86G 6ADCHD BDA>C6 BVYg^Y! &.,&

:h Xg i^Xd YZ VgiZ k^hjVa n Xdb^hVg^d ^cYZeZcY^ZciZ YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh# Egd[Zhdg YZ Æ9ZWViZh Vgi hi^Xdh YZ aV bdYZgc^YVYÇ n ÆEgdnZXidhÇ Zc Za 8:H ;Za^eZ >>! Jc^kZgh^YVY 8dbeajiZchZ YZ BVYg^Y# 6XijVabZciZ XdaVWdgV Zc Za hjeaZbZcid XjaijgVa YZa Y^Vg^d 678 n Zh gZYVXidg Zc aV gZk^hiV 6giZ n EVgiZ# Hjh igVWV_dh b{h gZX^ZciZh Zc aV Xdbjc^YVY VcYVajoV ]Vc h^Yd aVh Zmedh^X^dcZh <j^aaZgbd E gZo K^aaVaiV/ 6gi ÒXZ HZk^aaV n 8{Y^o! '%%+0 8 gYdWV! '%%, ! A^iV BdgV/ GZigdheZXi^kV &.-)Ä'%%+ 8{Y^o! '%%+ ! n aV XdaZXi^kV >c^X^VaÉ%- HZk^aaV! '%%- ! Vh Xdbd cjbZgdhdh iZmidh YZ XVi{ad\dh#

B6CDAD 76JI>HI6 AjXZcV 8 gYdWV ! &.,)

HZ bjZkZ Zc idgcd V aVh cjZkVh iZXcdad\ Vh Vea^XVYVh V Y^hi^cidh aZc\jV_Zh XgZVi^kdh! [did\gV[ V n k YZd Zc hj bVndg eVgiZ# IVbW^ c Z_ZgXZ Xdbd YdXZciZ Zc Za bVhiZg YZ [did\gV[ V :;I> YZ BVYg^Y n Xdbd edcZciZ Zc Y^kZghVh Xdc[ZgZcX^Vh gZaVX^dcVYVh Xdc adh cjZkdh aZc\jV_Zh Zc aV [did\gV[ V XdciZbedg{cZV#

H:B6 9É68DHI6 76A7ÞC <ZgZcV HZk^aaV ! &.,*

;:GC6C9D B6GÞ6 8:CI:C:G6 ?6G676 BVYg^Y! &.*.

A^XZcX^VYd Zc EZg^dY^hbd Z =^hidg^V YZa 6giZ edg aV jc^kZgh^YVY YZ HZk^aaV# IgVWV_V Xdbd eZg^dY^hiV! Xg i^Xd YZ VgiZ n Xdb^hVg^d ^cYZeZcY^ZciZ# 6XijVabZciZ ZhXg^WZ eVgV :a 8jaijgVa! hjeaZbZcid hZbVcVa YZ :a BjcYd! eVgV Za Y^Vg^d :a XdggZd YZ 6cYVajX V n eVgV aV gZk^hiV ^ciZgcVX^dcVa 6giZXdciZmid# :h egd[Zhdg YZ 8dbjc^XVX^ c! GZVa^oVX^ c n EgdYjXX^ c#

9Z [Vb^a^V kVhXdÄXVhiZaaVcV# :h [VgbVX ji^Xd n 9dXidg Zc ;VgbVX^V edg aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ 6aXVa{ YZ =ZcVgZh! Xdc jcV IZh^h YZ 7^diZXcdad\ V b^XgdW^da \^XV# :c aV VXijVa^YVY Z_ZgXZ Xdbd Y^gZXidg i Xc^Xd YZ dÒX^cV YZ [VgbVX^V Zc 6adkZgV <jVYVaV_VgV YdcYZ iVbW^ c Zhi{ aV hZYZ YZ B6<96 7:AADII> aV ;jcYVX^ c fjZ aaZkV hj 6Wg^ hj eg^bZgV \VaZg V cdbWgZ# :h XdaZXX^dc^hiV Zc 6a\ZX^gVh Zc &.-' n Zc YZ VgiZ! egZ[ZgZciZbZciZ! Za V d '%%& hZ igVhaVYV V VXijVa n ZbZg\ZciZ! Vh Xdbd BVYg^Y# :h jcV gZ[ZgZcX^V VeVh^dcVYd YZa Y^Wj_d! YZa dWa^\VYV eVgV XdcdXZg Za 6giZ fjZ XdckdXV jc EgZb^d VcjVa ?J6C 7DH8D 9Þ6OÄ 8dciZbedg{cZd YZa ai^bd V igVk h YZ hj ;jcYVX^ c# JGB:C:I6 BJxDO YZXZc^d Zc cjZhigd eV h! HZk^aaV! &.)) ZheZX^VabZciZ Zc 6cYVajX V! :h egd[Zhdg i^ijaVg YZ :hi i^XV YdcYZ hj aVWdg ]V h^Yd n IZdg V YZ aVh VgiZh YZ aV YZX^h^kV Zc aV egdbdX^ c YZa Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ HZk^aaV n 6giZ XgZVYd Zc Za Hjg# Xg i^Xd YZ VgiZ#

?J6CÄG6BâC 76G76C8=D =^cd_dhV YZa 9jfjZ 8 gYdWV ! &.+)

9dXidg Zc =^hidg^V YZa 6giZ# 8g i^Xd n Xdb^hVg^d ^cYZeZcY^ZciZ# :h b^ZbWgd YZa >chi^ijid :heV da YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd n XdaVWdgVYdg YZ Vgi#Zh! 6giCdiZh! 6gi H^\cVa n 8G>HI>C6 7:C96A6 K^YZdVgildgaY n egZh^YZciZ YZ HZk^aaV! &.,. 7A>IO 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd# 9ZhVggdaaV jcV ^ciZchV VXi^k^YVY Xdbd XgZVYdgV Zc Y^kZghVh Y^hX^ea^cVh Xdbd aV e^cijgV! Za XdaaV\Z n aV ZhiVbeV# >\jVabZciZ ]V XddgY^cVYd n Xdb^hVg^VYd kVg^Vh Zmedh^X^dcZh XdaZXi^kVh# IgVh dWiZcZg Y^kZghdh egZb^dh n gZXdcdX^b^Zcidh V hj igVWV_d Zc adh ai^bdh V dh! 86GDA>C6 76GG>D VXijVabZciZ [dgbV eVgiZ YZa 9: 6A6G8âC Zfj^ed YZ BdciVcV H]de HZk^aaV! &.,+ <VaaZgn HZk^aaV# A^XZcX^VYV Zc =^hidg^V YZa 6giZ! ZhijY^dh YZ YdXidgVYd :B>A>D 6AB6<GD Zc aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ aV 6ciZfjZgV B{aV\V ! &.+, HdgWdcV! EVg^h# IgVWV_ :h Y^gZXidg YZ aV \VaZg V YZ Zc Za YZeVgiVbZcid YZ VgiZ HVcYjc\V YZhYZ hj Zmedh^X^dcZh YZ aV ;jcYVX^ c ejZhiV Zc bVgX]V Zc &..+# =V Xdb^hVg^VYd Zmedh^X^dcZh ?ZVc 9jWj[[Zi Zc EVg^h# 9^g^\Z aV \VaZg V ;jaa 6gi Zc HZk^aaV n YZhVggdaaVYd egdnZXidh bjhZd\g{ÒXdh eVgV Y^hi^ciVh _jcid V ?ja^d 8g^VYd YZhYZ Za '%%'! V d YZ hj VeZgijgV# ?68D7D 86HI:AA6CD ^chi^ijX^dcZh n Zh egd[Zhdg EgdbdX^dcV cjZkdh kVadgZh YZ aV :hXjZaV HjeZg^dg YZ ?V c! &.,+ YZcigd YZa VgiZ VXijVa# 8dbjc^XVX^ c YZ <gVcVYV# 9ZhVggdaaV hj igVWV_d eg^cX^eVabZciZ Zc Za XVbed YZ aV ZhXjaijgV n Za Y^Wj_d V eVgi^g YZ bViZg^VaZh ZcXdcigVYdh# >chiVaVYd Zc BVYg^Y! Za eg m^bd

E>A6G 8>IDA:G OVgV\doV! &.(,

Hj XdaZXX^ c! XdcdX^YV Xdbd Æ8^gXV MMÇ! XdbejZhiV edg b{h YZ jc b^aaVg YZ dWgVh! hZ XdbedcZ YZ dWgVh YZ VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd# EgZh^YZciV YZa EVigdcVid YZa BC86GH# EgZb^d 6G8D '%%* Va XdaZXX^dc^hbd eg^kVYd Zc :heV V# BZYVaaV YZ Dgd Va B g^id Zc aVh 7ZaaVh 6giZh# EgZh^YZciV YZa EVigdcVid YZa BC86GH# =V Xdchi^ij^Yd aV ;jcYVX^ c E^aVg 8^idaZg#

6A:?6C9GD 9JGÛC HZk^aaV! &.,-

:h a^XZcX^VYd edg aV Jc^kZgh^YVY Eda^i Xc^XV YZ KVaZcX^V Zc '%%* igVh eVhVg edg aV :hXjZaV YZ 6giZh YZ HZk^aaV! aV ;VXjaiVY YZ 7766 YZ HZk^aaV n YZ Bdc[dgi Jc^kZgh^in AZ^XZhiZg! J@ # 6gi^hiV n Y^gZXidg YZ egdnZXidh Xdbd lll#i]ZWa^cYbVc#Zh '%%&$%( ! lll#adhXaVkZaZh# ^c[d '%%+$### d lll#hVaVaVeZggZgV#Zh '%%-$### #

E:E: 8D7D HZk^aaV! &.*(

<VaZg^hiV! VhZhdg YZ XdaZXX^dcZh YZ ZbegZhVh :heV daVh! XgZVYdg YZ aV [Zg^V =diZa n 6giZ =diZa >c\aViZggV! HZk^aaV ! Xdb^hVg^d eVgV egdnZXidh YZ VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZdh ZheZX ÒXdh IdggZ :heVX^d! BVYg^Y n VXijVabZciZ VWgZ Zc [ZWgZgd

96K>9 :H86ADC6 B{aV\V! &.-&

6 eVgiZ YZ hj aVWdg Xdbd Vgi^hiV ea{hi^Xd! ]V gZVa^oVYd ZhijY^dh Zc aV A^XZcX^VijgV YZ BZY^X^cV YZ aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ B{aV\V!


&,% BJH"6 FJ>wC :H FJ>wC

jcV k^kZcX^V fjZ bVgX YZX^h^kVbZciZ hj dWgV# 6h b^hbd! hj [dgbVX^ c bjh^XVa n hj ZheZX^Va egZY^aZXX^ c edg aV edZh V n edg aV XdX^cV! ad Xdck^ZgiZc Zc jc ÆVc^bVa ZmigV dÇ#

B6GIÞC ;G:>G: HZk^aaV! &.,*

9ZhVggdaaV hj VXi^k^YVY Vgi hi^XV YZcigd YZa bVgXd YZ aV ^chiVaVX^ c Xdc aV XdaVWdgVX^ c YZ [di \gV[dh Xdbd Za Vg\Zci^cd 9Vb^{c <dco{aZo n YZ Y^hZ VYdgZh Xdbd GjW c <VgX V# 6XijVabZciZ igVWV_V Xdc aV \VaZg V hZk^aaVcV ;jaa 6gi#

B>@> A:6A

6HJC8>âC ADO6CD

HZk^aaV! &.,)

<gVcVYV! &.+,

6gi^hiV ea{hi^Xd Xd[jcYVYdg YZ aV G^X]VgY 8]Vcc^c\ ;djcYVi^dc! ]V igVWV_VYd Xdc \VaZg Vh iVc ZbWaZb{i^XVh Xdbd BV\YV 7Zaadii^ YZ BVYg^Y d aV nV YZhVeVgZX^YV 8VkZ 8VcZb YZ HZk^aaV# =V eVgi^X^eVYd Zc aV >> 7^ZcVa YZ 6giZ YZ HZk^aaV n ]V h^Yd \VaVgYdcVYd Xdc Za egZhi^\^dhd EgZb^d 6aiVY^h#

9ZhYZ aV gZk^h^ c YZ aVh gZaVX^dcZh ZcigZ VgiZ! cVijgVaZoV n hdX^ZYVY! 6hjcX^ c AdoVcd V cV Za igVWV_d egd[Zh^dcVa Zc Za VgiZ Xdbd XgZVYdgV bjai^Y^hX^ea^cVg! Xdc Za YZ aV [dgbVX^ c Zc aV eg{Xi^XV Vgi hi^XV# 6XijVabZciZ Zh egd[ZhdgV YZ aV ;VXjaiVY YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh Zc aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ <gVcVYV#

K^aaV[gVcXV YZ adh 7Vggdh 7VYV_do ! &.,-

HZk^aaV! &.,,

B{aV\V! &.,'

:h YZhYZ _ja^d YZ '%%( Y^gZXidg YZa 8Zcigd 6cYVajo YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd 8668 # 8dc VciZg^dg^YVY n YZhYZ &..+ V '%%' [jZ gZhedchVWaZ YZa {gZV YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh YZa B6876 Zc 7VgXZadcV#

lll#bVg^V_dhZ\VaaVgYd#Xdb e^cidgV! VgiZhVcV n gjgVa! b{h V[VWaZ YZ ad fjZ Y^XZc adh gjbdgZh#

A^XZcX^VYV Zc 7ZaaVh 6giZh edg aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ <gVcVYV# 8dc jcV Vbea^V igVnZXidg^V Zmedh^i^kV iVcid V c^kZa cVX^dcVa B6G>H6 B6C8>AA6 Xdbd ^ciZgcVX^dcVa n Xdc <gVcVYV! &.,' 6aiZgcV XgZVX^ c Vgi hi^XV! Xdc cjbZgdhVh ejWa^XVX^dcZh aV YdXZcX^V Zc aV ;VXjaiVY YZ Zhi{ egZhZciZ Zc XdaZXX^dcZh 7ZaaVh 6giZh YZ <gVcVYV n aV iVcid e Wa^XVh Xdbd eg^kVYVh# IgVWV_V Zc adh XVbedh YZ ^ckZhi^\VX^ c Zc egdnZXidh k^YZdXgZVX^ c! [did\gV[ V Z fjZ igViVc YZ XdbW^cVg ^chiVaVX^ c# ZhijY^d iZ g^Xd n XgZVX^ c Xdc cjZkdh bViZg^VaZh# :c eVgVaZad! igVWV_V Zc Za XdaZXi^kd Ijbjaid Zc VXX^dcZh fjZ ZmeadgVc n gZaVX^dcVc egdWaZb{i^XVh gZ[ZgZciZh V aV ^bV\Zc! hj XdciZmid! aV XdgedgVa^YVY n aVh ZbdX^dcZh V igVk h YZ cjZkdh bZY^dh#

?DHw B6GÞ6 B:AA69D 6abZg V! &.++

8=>8D AâE:O A^cVgZh ?V c ! &.+,

8G>HI>C6 <6G8wH =DNDH

9ZhVggdaaV VXijVabZciZ hj VXi^k^YVY Vgi hi^XV ZcigZ A^cVgZh n <gVcVYV#

8{Y^o! &.,+

A^XZcX^VYV Zc =^hidg^V YZa 6giZ Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ <gVcVYV# 8ddgY^cVYdgV YZa Egd\gVbV >c^X^VgiZ# ?jciV YZ 6cYVajX V! 8dchZ_Zg V YZ 8jaijgV#

?DHw AJ>H B6GÞC HZk^aaV! &.+-

GD<:A>D AâE:O 8J:C86 B{aV\V! &.*.

AV eg{Xi^XV Vgi hi^XV YZ Gd\Za^d A eZo 8jZcXV \^gV Zc idgcd Va Vc{a^h^h YZ aV XdchigjXX^ c ^YZci^iVg^V n aV Xg i^XV XjaijgVa! igVWV_d ;wA>M <âB:O fjZ gZVa^oV bZY^VciZ iZmidh! <gVcVYV! &.() Zmedh^X^dcZh! ^ciZgkZcX^dcZh 6eVgZ_VYdg YZ egd[Zh^ c! hZ ^c^X^V Zc Za XdaZXX^dc^hbd Zc Zc adh bZY^V! Zc aV lZW lll# bVaV\VcV#Xdb n adh ZheVX^dh adh V dh +% n Zhid aZ aaZkV V hj VXijVa egd[Zh^ c! \VaZg^hiV# e Wa^Xdh jgWVcdh# >cVj\jgV hj eg^bZgV \VaZg V Zc Za V d &..& Zc aV XVaaZ 8VhiZaVg YZ HZk^aaV n Zc &.., VWgZ jc hZ\jcYd ZheVX^d Zc aV XVaaZ BdgZg V! iVbW^ c Zc HZk^aaV#

6gi^hiV ea{hi^Xd YZ ^che^gVX^ c edejaVg n ZhigjXijgVh cVggVi^kVh! XdbeaZiV hj dWgV YZ iVaaZg edhVcYd Xdbd bdYZad Zc k^kd Zc aV [VXjaiVY YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh YZ HZk^aaV# 6XijVabZciZ igVWV_V Zc Za egdnZXid Æ:a ]^_d YZ 6hiVgi Ç#

=V ^ckZhi^\VYd Zc egd[jcY^YVY YjgVciZ adh ai^bdh V dh aVh i Xc^XVh Y^\^iVaZh YZ XVeijgV! igViVb^Zcid n hVa^YV# AV Xj^YVYV ZaZXX^ c YZ hdedgiZh n i Xc^XVh YZ Xde^VYd eZgb^iZ V hjh dWgVh Y^hdakZg aV YZa\VYV a cZV fjZ hZeVgV [did\gV[ V n e^cijgV ]^eZggZVa^hiV#

<gVcVYV! &.-'

=V igVWV_VYd Zc aV 6Yb^c^higVX^ c Xdbd :Xdcdb^hiV YZa :hiVYd! Vh Xdbd Zc Za {bW^id YZ aV Xdchjaidg V eg^kVYV n Zc

8gZVYdg bVcX]VYd Y V V Y V YZ e^cijgV! ViZcid YZhYZ fjZ XVbW^ Za h^\ad! V XdcXjghdh n WZXVh YZ VgiZ# 8dc aV ^ciZcX^ c YZ k^k^g bZoXaVcYd dX^d n igVWV_d# :c Za '%%& _jcid V jc \gjed YZ Vb^\dh [jcYV HVaV YZ ZHiVg jc ZheVX^d ^cYZeZcY^ZciZ eVgV Za VgiZ bVh _dkZc# :c aV VXijVa^YVY ZhiV ÒcVa^oVcYd jc egdnZXid YdXjbZciVa e^Xi g^Xd#

GJI= BDGÛC 7VYV_do! &.,+

A^XZcX^VYV Zc 7ZaaVh 6giZh edg aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ HZk^aaV! aj\Vg YdcYZ k^kZ n igVWV_V VXijVabZciZ# GZVa^oV jcV ^ckZhi^\VX^ c eZghdcVa hdWgZ aV ^cij^X^ c n Za dgYZc! jcV ZheZX^Z YZ \ZdbZig V \ZhijVa#

86GADH DGI6 A^cVgZh ?V c ! &.,'

6CIDC>D BDCI6AK A D

B6G8DH B6GIÞC 7A6C8D

'%%-# EgZb^dh n 7ZXVh YZ 6giZ 8V_V BVYg^Y½ n i^ZcZ dWgV Zc Va\jcVh XdaZXX^dcZh ZheV daVh Xdbd aV ;jcYVX^ c GdYg \jZoÄ6XdhiV! ;jcYVX^ c 8V_VHjg! >chi^ijid 6cYVajo YZ aV ?jkZcijY d BjhZd <jhiVkd YZ BVZoij#

G6BâC 96K>9 BDG6A:H

8G>HI>C6 B6GIÞC A6G6

?DHw A:7G:GD HI6AH

B6GÞ6 ?DHw <6AA6G9D HDA:G

Za bjcYd YZ aV ZbegZhV# :a VgiZ ]V Vbea^VYd hj hZch^W^a^YVY Zc hj Zh[ZgV egd[Zh^dcVa n Zc digdh bjX]dh XVbedh# Hj XdaZXX^ c! WV_d Za cdbWgZ YZ 8daZXX^ c BZg ^c^X^VaZh YZ BVgXdh! :aZcV n GV[VZa Zh Za gZhjaiVYd YZ aV eVh^ c! aV YZY^XVX^ c n aV XdchiVcX^V ZbeaZVYV Zc aV W hfjZYV n hZaZXX^ c YZ dWgVh! XdciVcYd h^ZbegZ Xdc Za Vednd h^c YZhbVnd YZ hj [Vb^a^V! fjZ ]V hdedgiVYd Æhjh adXjgVhÇ#

:h A^XZcX^VYd Zc 7ZaaVh 6giZh edg aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ <gVcVYV# =V eVgi^X^eVYd Xdc VciZg^dg^YVY Zc Va\jcVh Zmedh^X^dcZh XdaZXi^kVh# 8ZgiVbZc 6cYVajo YZ 6giZh Ea{hi^XVh '%%+! EgZb^dh >c_jkZ eVgV aV 8gZVX^ c ?dkZc '%%,# 8 gXjad YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh YZ BVYg^Y! <ZcZgVX^ c

:h A^XZcX^VYd Zc 7ZaaVh 6giZh Zc aV ZheZX^Va^YVY YZ e^cijgV edg aV ;VXjaiVY YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh YZ <gVcVYV! iVbW^ c gZVa^oV ZhijY^dh YZ \gVWVYd Xdc Za bVZhigd EZeZ AdbVh Zc <gVcVYV# :c aV VXijVa^YVY XdbeV\^cV hj igVWV_d Zc aV e^cijgV Xdc aV YdXZcX^V Zc ZchZ VcoV hZXjcYVg^V#


&,&

XdbeV\^cV hj igVWV_d Xdbd [gZZ aVcXZ YZa VgiZ Xdc adh ZhijY^dh hdWgZ aV gZaVX^ c ZcigZ e^cijgV n a^iZgVijgV hjh Ydh eVh^dcZh ! Z_Z XZcigVa YZ hj iZh^h YdXidgVa#

G6;6:A DGI>O

;G6C8>H8D 9:A GÞD <6G8Þ6 NDA6C96 GDB:GD

HZk^aaV! &.*)

HZk^aaV! &.**

9Zhej h YZ gZVa^oVg ZhijY^dh YZ 6giZ 6ci^\jd! BdYZgcd n 8dciZbedg{cZd YZX^YZ Zc[dXVg hj igVWV_d! h^ZbegZ YZhYZ hj X^jYVY cViVa! ]VX^V aV Y^[jh^ c YZ aV dWgV YZ VfjZaadh Vgi^hiVh fjZ YZhVggdaaVc egdejZhiVh ea{hi^XVh cdkZYdhVh# 9ZhYZ &.,, Zh Y^gZXidg YZ aV \VaZg V YZ VgiZ fjZ VXijVabZciZ aaZkV hj cdbWgZ#

A^XZcX^VYd Zc =^hidg^V YZa 6giZ edg aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ HZk^aaV# <Zhidg XjaijgVa eVgV aV 9ZaZ\VX^ c YZ 8jaijgV YZa 6njciVb^Zcid YZ HZk^aaV ]VhiV &.-( 6 ÒcVaZh YZ adh cdkZciV Xdb^ZcoV hj igVWV_d Zc aV egd\gVbVX^ c YZ VgiZh ea{hi^XVh YZ 8V_V HVc ;ZgcVcYd! ]dn 8V_VHda# =V XdaVWdgVYd Zc Y^kZghdh bZY^dh ZhXg^idh n Zh Vjidg YZ kVg^Vh bdcd\gV[ Vh YZ Vgi^hiVh VcYVajXZh# 8dbd Xdb^hVg^d hj egdnZXid b{h gZX^ZciZ Zh aV Zmedh^X^ c >ciZgkVad! jc X^Xad YZ VgiZ XdciZbedg{cZd n ÓVbZcXd#

A^XZcX^VYV Zc =^hidg^V YZa 6giZ! Zh Y^gZXidgV YZhYZ hj XgZVX^ c YZa 8Zcigd ?dh <jZggZgd YZ <gVcVYV! YdcYZ ]V dg\Vc^oVYd b ai^eaZh Zmedh^X^dcZh! hZb^cVg^dh n ejWa^XVX^dcZh# :h b^ZbWgd YZa Zfj^ed YZ Y^gZXX^ c YZa egd\gVbV 6giZ n EZchVb^Zcid YZ aV Jc^kZgh^YVY >ciZgcVX^dcVa YZ 6cYVajX V n egZh^YZciV YZ aV 6hdX^VX^ c YZ 9^gZXidgZh YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd YZ :heV V 6968: #

?# B# E:G:xÞ<J:O HZk^aaV! &.,,

E^cidg! ]V YZY^XVYd jcV ViZcX^ c egZ[ZgZciZ Va Y^Wj_d# Ad ViZhi^\jVc Zmedh^X^dcZh Xdbd EgZhZcX^V YZ Ûc^bd! Zc aV \VaZg V GV[VZa Dgi^o '%%. n AV DWgV Zc CZ\gd Zc aV \VaZg V 7^g^bWVd '%%, # :cigZ aVh Y^hi^cX^dcZh gZX^W^YVh YZhiVXV aV WZXV KZa{ofjZo '%%,#

<J>AA:GBD EwG:O K>AA6AI6 A IVg^[V 8{Y^o &.)-

6gi ÒXZ VjidY^YVXiV# BZYVaaV YZ Dgd YZ 6cYVajX V &.-* 0 EgZb^d YZ 6giZh Ea{hi^XVh YZ 6cYVajX V &..) 0 BZYVaaV YZ Dgd YZ aVh 7ZaaVh 6giZh '%%+ #

E 8D EDB:I E6 <gVcVYV! &.,%

9ZY^XVYd V aV e^cijgV YZhYZ fjZ XdcXajn hj a^XZcX^VijgV Zc 7ZaaVh 6giZh! k^kZ n igVWV_V gZ\jaVgbZciZ Zc <gVcVYV! VjcfjZ ]V VaiZgcVYd hj X^jYVY cViVa Xdc aVg\Vh ZhiVcX^Vh Zc digVh X^jYVYZh GdbV! KZcZX^V! CjZkV Ndg` d EVg h # 6XijVabZciZ egZeVgV Ydh Zmedh^X^dcZh ^cY^k^YjVaZh fjZ iZcYg{c aj\Vg Zc BVYg^Y n 8VgiV\ZcV Zc did d YZ '%%.#

BE BE GDH69D B6G>C6 G# K6G<6H

HVc ;ZgcVcYd 8{Y^o ! &.,& begdhVYd#Wad\hedi#Xdb

<gVcVYV! &.-%

=^_V YZ eVYgZh ]jb^aYZh n igVWV_VYdgZh YZX^YZ ZhijY^Vg 7ZaaVh 6giZh# HZ a^XZcX^ Zc Za '%%)# IgVh iZgb^cVg adh ZhijY^dh YZX^YZ YZY^XVg idYd hj Zh[jZgod n hj i^Zbed V hZ\j^g hj ^ckZhi^\VX^ c n hj igVWV_d Vgi hi^Xd Zc aj\Vg YZ dedh^iVg# 6 eVgi^g YZ V] gZVa^oV Y^kZghdh igVWV_dh fjZ cVYV i^ZcZ fjZ kZg Xdc Za VgiZ eVgV edYZg eVgVaZaVbZciZ Xdci^cjVg Xdc hj igVWV_d# 6XijVabZciZ Xdci^c V hj aVWdg Vgi hi^XV fjZ hZ bjZhigV Zc cjbZgdhVh Zmedh^X^dcZh XdaZXi^kVh Z ^cY^k^YjVaZh Zc ^chi^ijX^dcZh n Y^kZghVh \VaZg Vh#

=V YZhVggdaaVYd hj igVWV_d YZhYZ &.-' Zc Za >chi^ijid YZ aV ?jkZcijY n Zc aV 8dbjc^YVY YZ BVYg^Y# 9Z &..% V &..* Xdbd XddgY^cVYdgV YZ aV hVaV YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh YZa 8Zcigd YZ GZXjghdh 8jaijgVaZh! n edhiZg^dgbZciZ Xdbd XddgY^cVYdgV YZa egd\gVbV 8^gXj^idh YZ 6giZh Ea{hi^XVh Z >ciZgXVbW^dh YZ bjZhigVh YZ VgiZ _dkZc#

6C6 HDA:G HZk^aaV! &.,'

9dXidgV Zc 7ZaaVh 6giZh Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ HZk^aaV# :hijY^V Z ^ckZhi^\V Zc Y^kZghdh XZcigdh/ @ndid 8^in Jc^kZgh^in d[ 6gi! Id`nd CVi^dcVa Jc^kZgh^in d[ ;^cZ 6gi0 CVi^dcVa 8]^Vn^ Jc^kZgh^in! IV^lVc0 Ndg` Jc^kZgh^in! Idgdcid0 n wXdaZ YZh 6gih 9ZXdgVi^[h! :higVhWjg\d0 Bjh Z @je[Zghi^X]`VW^cZii! 7Vh^aZV0 8daaZ\Z d[ 6gi! =Zg^diÄLVii Jc^kZgh^in! :Y^bWjg\d0 HXjdaV >ciZgcVo^dcVaZ Y^ <gVÒXV YÉ6giZ! ;adgZcX^V0 >hi^ijid CVo^dcVaZ eZg aV <g{ÒXV YÉ6giZ! GdbV# h# 9ZhYZ Za V d '%%% Zh egd[ZhdgV Zc aV ;VXjaiVY YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh YZ EdciZkZYgV YZ aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ K^\d#

E G>8>6 GJ>O HDG>6CD E6I HZk^aaV! &.-% 6 eVgiZ YZ aV e^cijgV! ]V YZhVggdaaVYd aVWdg YZ \Zhi^ c Vgi hi^XV! Y^hZ d \g{ÒXd! [did\gV[ V n k^YZd! Zc X^jYVYZh Xdbd L^cX]ZhiZg! <gVcVYV d KVaZcX^V# 6XijVabZciZ k^kZ Zc HZk^aaV n hj VXi^k^YVY hZ XZcigV ZmXajh^kVbZciZ Zc aV ^ckZhi^\VX^ c n XgZVX^ c e^Xi g^XV#

B6G>C6 GD9GÞ<J:O B6I6BDGDH BVYg^Y! &.+&

>KÛC 9: A6 IDGG: 6B:G><=>

B6GÞ6 ?DHw HDA6CD ;G6C8D HZk^aaV! &.,*

9^eadbVYV Zc Ijg^hbd! A^XZcX^VYV Zc =^hidg^V YZa 6giZ n i^ijaVYV Zc aZc\jV edgij\jZhV! ]V igVWV_VYd Xdbd YdXZciZ! Vgi^Xja^hiV! gZYVXidgV YZ iZmidh eVgV Vgi^hiVh Z ^chi^ijX^dcZh e Wa^XVh n eg^kVYVh! Vh Xdbd XjgVYdgV YZ Zmedh^X^dcZh# 6XijVabZciZ

AVc\Zci]Va Hj^oV ! &.+. 9dXidg Zc =^hidg^V YZa 6giZ edg aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ HZk^aaV! [jZ WZXVg^d YZ ^ckZhi^\VX^ c YZa 8H>8# >ckZhi^\VYdg! Xg i^Xd n XjgVYdg ^cYZeZcY^ZciZ! ]V Xdb^hVg^VYd Zmedh^X^dcZh Xdbd B^gVW^a^V '%%) ! I]Z HdX` HigViZ\n '%%+ d EVhd V Ydh '%%, n ]V XddgY^cVYd aV ejWa^XVX^ c YZ 8g i^XV n 8g i^Xdh '%%, d 6giZ YZhYZ 6cYVajX V eVgV Za h^\ad MM> '%%- # 8daVWdgVYdg ]VW^ijVa YZ 6789! :m^i :megZhh! 6giZ n EVgiZ n YZ aV gZk^hiV ^iVa^VcV IZgodDXX]^d#

O:BDH.HZk^aaV! &..-

:meZg^bZciV Xdc aV XjaijgV! iZ_Z gZYZh! igVWV_V Zc aVh ^ciZghZXX^dcZh# O:BDH.Zh jc \gjed YZ XgZVX^ c Z ^ciZa^\ZcX^V XdaZXi^kV! Xdc jcV VaiV kdXVX^ c ZYjXVi^kV! YZY^XVYd V VWg^g Y^hXjghdh Zc idgcd V eda i^XVh XjaijgVaZh! bZY^dh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c! ZYjXVX^ c n eZchVb^Zcid XdciZbedg{cZd#

E AD HJÛG:O B6GIÞC E67 <gVcVYV! &.+* 9^gZXidg <ZcZgVa YZ BjhZdh n 6giZ :bZg\ZciZ YZ aV 8dchZ_Zg V YZ 8jaijgV YZ aV ?jciV YZ 6cYVajX V! Zh a^XZcX^VYd Zc 9ZgZX]d edg aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ <gVcVYV n ]V gZVa^oVYd adh Xjghdh YZ YdXidgVYd Zc 9ZgZX]d E Wa^Xd edg aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ 6abZg V# 6YZb{h YZ jcV Y^aViVYV ZmeZg^ZcX^V Xdbd \Zhidg YZhVggdaaVYV Zc 6cYVajX V! ZcigZ &.., n &... [jZ XddgY^cVYdg gZ\^dcVa YZ aV dg\Vc^oVX^ c Bdk^b^Zcid edg aV EVo! Za 9ZhVgbZ n aV A^WZgiVY! V igVk h YZ aV XjVa Y^g^\^ Y^kZghdh egdnZXidh YZ VnjYV ]jbVc^iVg^V V C^XVgV\jV! =dcYjgVh n :a HVakVYdg#

?:HåH OJG>I6 8ZjiV! &.,)

:c &..( hZ YZheaVoV V <gVcVYV eVgV ZhijY^Vg 7ZaaVh 6giZh! Za^\^ZcYd ZhiV X^jYVY eVgV igVWV_Vg n gZh^Y^g ]VhiV aV [ZX]V# HZ YZY^XV ZmXajh^kVbZciZ V aV eg{Xi^XV Vgi hi^XV Zc aVh bdYVa^YVYZh e^cijgV n bjgVa Xdc aV eZgeZijV hdheZX]V YZ fjZ Za 6W^hbd cd aZ fj^iV d_d YZ ZcX^bV#


HJH8G>E8>âC

CKIÅ7 :H JC6 EJ7A>868>âC H:B:HIG6A 9: A6 9>G:88>âC <:C:G6A 9: BJH:DH N 6GI: :B:G<:CI: 9: A6 8DCH:?:GÞ6 9: 8JAIJG6 9: A6 ?JCI6 9: 6C96AJ8Þ6! FJ: EG:I:C9: H:G JC K:=Þ8JAD 9: 8DBJC>868>âC 9>C6B>O69DG! 9: 86GÛ8I:G EAJG6A I6CID :C A6 B6I:G>6 FJ: 67DG96 8DBD :C ADH EJCIDH 9: K>HI6 N B6C>;:HI68>DC:H FJ: G:8D<:! 9>G><>9D 6 JC Eå7A>8D <:C:G6A >CI:G:H69D EDG ADH BJH:DH#

BD96A>969 9: HJH8G>E8>âC N CåB:GDH 6IG6H69DH AV hjhXg^eX^ c hZ gZVa^oV eVgV adh igZh c bZgdh h^\j^ZciZh ejWa^XVYdh YZhYZ aV gZXZeX^ c YZ aV hda^X^ijY#

:A EG:8>D 9: HJH8G>E8>âC :H/

CåB:GDH 6IG6H69DH/

:heV V/ &* Zjgdh $ ( c bZgdh# :jgdeV n 6b g^XV/ (% Zjgdh $ ( c bZgdh#

:heV V/ + Zjgdh $ & c bZgd# :jgdeV n 6b g^XV/ &' Zjgdh $ & c bZgd#

HDA>8>IJ9 9: HJH8G>E8>âC I^ijaVg CdbWgZ n VeZaa^Ydh d >chi^ijX^ cÄHZXX^ cÄ9ZeVgiVbZcid I^ijaVX^ c 6XVY b^XVÄEgd[Zh^ c C>; 9^gZXX^ c 8#E#

8^jYVY

IZa [dcd

Egdk^cX^V

;Vm

EV h

8dggZdÄZ

HJH8G>E8>âC ( eg m^bdh c bZgdh C bZgdh VigVhVYdh & ' ( ) * + , - . &% DWhZgkVX^dcZh ;DGB6 9: E6<D 8]ZfjZ cdb^cVi^kd V cdbWgZ YZ 6ijgZbÄ8:9:E6 h#a# <^gd edhiVa V/ 6ijgZbÄ8:9:E6 H#A# 6kYV# BdciZh^ZggV ># )&%%, HZk^aaV# IgVch[ZgZcX^V V 8V_V HVc ;ZgcVcYd# 9db^X^a^VX^ c 7VcXVg^V X#X# c° '%,&Ä%.-&Ä-'Ä%&%%%)%%()# IVg_ZiV YZ Xg Y^id/ K^hV! BVhiZgXVgY! 6bZg^XVc :megZhh cd hZ VXZeiV K^hV :aZXigdc AVh hjhXg^eX^dcZh gZVa^oVYVh bZY^VciZ iVg_ZiV YZ Xg Y^id d Ydb^X^a^VX^ c WVcXVg^V hZ gZcdkVg{c Vjidb{i^XVbZciZ! hVakd dgYZc XdcigVg^V#

E6<D 8DC I6G?:I6 I6G?:I6 C°

869J8>969

;>GB6 9:A I>IJA6G

9DB>8>A>68>âC 76C86G>6 GjZ\d Vi^ZcYV! ]VhiV cjZkd Vk^hd! Xdc XVg\d V b^ XjZciV d a^WgZiV! adh gZX^Wdh fjZ hZVc egZhZciVYdh edg 6ijgZbÄ8:9:E6 h#a#! Zc XdcXZeid YZ hjhXg^eX^ c V aV gZk^hiV bjhÄ6# 76C8D $ 86?6 9>G:88>âC I>IJA6G 9: A6 8J:CI6 9DB>8>A>D 9:A I>IJA6G 8I6# $ A>7G:I6 C°/ 8aVkZ Zci^YVY

6<:C8>6 C°

DÒX^cV

98

C° YZ XjZciV

;>GB6 9:A I>IJA6G

GZb^iV ZhiZ WdaZi c V/

HZgk^X^d YZ BjhZdh q 9^gZXX^ c <ZcZgVa YZ BjhZdh n 6giZ :bZg\ZciZ q 8dchZ_Zg V YZ 8jaijgV q AZk Zh &, q )&%%) HZk^aaV q ;Vm/ .** %(+ +&) q B{h ^c[dgbVX^ c Zc lll#bjhZhdhYZVcYVajX^V#Zh Adh YVidh YZ XVg{XiZg eZghdcVa ^cXaj^Ydh Zc Za egZhZciZ [dgbjaVg^d hZg{c ^cXdgedgVYdh V aV WVhZ YZ YVidh bjhÄ6 n hZg{c igViVYdh YZ [dgbV XdcÒYZcX^Va! Xdc[dgbZ V ad ZhiVWaZX^Yd Zc aV A#D#E#9# :a ^ciZgZhVYd ejZYZ Z_ZgX^iVg hjh YZgZX]dh YZ VXXZhd! gZXi^ÒXVX^ c n XVcXZaVX^ c Y^g^\^ cYdhZ V HZgk^X^d YZ BjhZdhÄ9^gZXX^ c <ZcZgVa YZ BjhZdh n 6giZ :bZg\ZciZÄ8dchZ_Zg V YZ 8jaijgVÄAZk Zh &,Ä)&%%) HZk^aaV#


BJH:DH <:HI>DC69DH EDG A6 8DCH:?:GÞ6 9: 8JAIJG6 9: A6 ?JCI6 9: 6C96AJ8Þ6

8DC?JCIDH 6GFJ:DAâ<>8DH N BDCJB:CI6A:H <:HI>DC69DH EDG A6 9>G:88>âC <:C:G6A 9: 7>:C:H 8JAIJG6A:H

LLL#BJH:DH9:6C96AJ8>6#:H

LLL#BJH:DH9:6C96AJ8>6#:H

BJH:D 9: 6AB:GÞ6 8VggZiZgV YZ GdcYV! .&# %)%%* Ä 6abZg V IZa#/ .*% &, ** &% ;Vm/ .*% &, ** )% 8dggZd/ bjhZdVabZg^V#XXja5 _jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

BJH:D 86H6 9: ADH I>GDH EVkVcZgVh! &.# &-%%. Ä <gVcVYV IZa#/ .*- *, *) ++ ;Vm/ .*- *, *) ,, 8dggZd/ bjhZdXVhVYZadhi^gdh#XXja5 _jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

8:CIGD 6C96AJO 9: A6 ;DID<G6;Þ6 E^cidg 9 Vo Bda^cV! .# %)%%' Ä 6abZg V IZa#/ .*% &- +( +% ;Vm/ .*% &- +( -) 8dggZd/ XV[#XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh egZchV#XV[#XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

BJH:D 9: A6 6A=6B7G6 8dc_jcid BdcjbZciVa YZ aV 6a]VbWgV n <ZcZgVa^[Z# EVaVX^d YZ 8Vgadh K# &-%%. Ä <gVcVYV IZa#/ .*- %' ,. %% ;Vm/ .*- '' +( +( LZW/ lll#Va]VbWgVÄeVigdcVid#Zh

BJH:D 9: 8Û9>O EaVoV YZ B^cV! h$c# &&%%) Ä 8{Y^o IZa#/ .*+ '% (( +;Vm/ .*+ '% (( -& 8dggZd/ bjhZdXVY^o#XXja5 _jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

BJH:D 9: =J:AK6 6aVbZYV HjcY]Z^b! &(# '&%%( Ä =jZakV IZa#/ .*. +* %) ') ;Vm/ .*. +* %) '* 8dggZd/ bjhZd]jZakV#XXja5 _jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

BJH:D 6GFJ:DAâ<>8D N :ICDAâ<>8D 9: 8âG9D76 EaVoV ?Zg c^bd E{Zo! ,# &)%%( Ä 8 gYdWV IZa#/ .*, (* ** &, ;Vm/ .*, (* ** () 8dggZd/ bjhZdVgfjZdad\^XdXdgYdWV# XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

BJH:D 9: ?6wC EVhZd YZ aV :hiVX^ c! ',# '(%%- Ä ?V c IZa#/ .*( (& (( (. ;Vm/ .*( '* %( '% 8dggZd/ bjhZd_VZc#XXja5 _jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

BJH:D 9: 7:AA6H 6GI:H 9: 8âG9D76 EaVoV YZa Edigd! &# &)%%' Ä 8 gYdWV IZa#/ .*, (* ** *% ;Vm/ .*, (* ** )8dggZd/ bjhZdWZaaVhVgiZhXdgYdWV# XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh BJH:D 6GFJ:DAâ<>8D N :ICDAâ<>8D 9: <G6C696 8VggZgV YZa 9Vggd! )&# &-%&% Ä <gVcVYV IZa#/ .*- *, *) %;Vm/ .*- '' *+ )% 8dggZd/ bjhZdVgfjZdad\^Xd\gVcVYV# XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh BJH:D 9: 7:AA6H 6GI:H 9: <G6C696 EVaVX^d YZ 8Vgadh K# &-%%. Ä <gVcVYV IZa#/ .*- *, *) *% ;Vm/ .*- *, *) *& 8dggZd/ bjhZdWZaaVhVgiZh\gVcVYV# XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

BJH:D 9: 6GI:H N 8DHIJB7G:H EDEJA6G:H 9:A 6AID <J696AFJ>K>G 8Vhi^aad YZ aV NZYgV# '(),% Ä 8VodgaV ?V c IZa#/ .*( ,' %' () ;Vm/ .*( ,& %% (. 8dggZd/ bjhZdXVodgaV#XXja5 _jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh BJH:D 6GFJ:DAâ<>8D 9: A>C6G:HÄBDCD<GÛ;>8D 9: 8ÛHIJAD <ZcZgVa :X]V\ Z! '# '(,%% Ä A^cVgZh ?V c IZa#/ .*( +% .( -& ;Vm/ .*( +% .( -( 8dggZd/ bjhZdVgfjZdad\^Xda^cVgZh# XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh BJH:D 6GFJ:DAâ<>8D 9: å7:96 8VhV BjY _Vg 8ZgkVciZh! +# '()%% Ä åWZYV ?V c IZa#/ .*( ,, .) (' ;Vm/ .*( ,, .) (, 8dggZd/ bjhZdVgfjZdad\^XdjWZYV# XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

BJH:D 9: BÛA6<6 EVaVX^d YZ aV 6YjVcV! 6aXVoVW^aaV h$c# '.%&* Ä B{aV\V IZa#/ .*' '& -( -' ;Vm/ .*' '& -( -' 8dggZd/ bjhZdbVaV\V#XXja5 _jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

8DC?JCID BDCJB:CI6A 9: A6 6A86O676 9: 6AB:GÞ6 6abVcodg! h$c# %)%%' Ä 6abZg V IZa#/ .*% &, ** %% ;Vm/ .*% &, ** %& 8dggZd/ VaXVoVWVVabZg^V#XXja5 _jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

BJH:D 6GFJ:DAâ<>8D 9: H:K>AA6 EaVoV YZ 6b g^XV! h$c# )&%&( Ä HZk^aaV IZa#/ .*) ,- +) ,) ;Vm/ .*) ,- +) ,8dggZd/ bjhZdVgfjZdad\^XdhZk^aaV# XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

8DC?JCID 6GFJ:DAâ<>8D 9: 76:AD 8A6J9>6 7dadc^V! h$c# &&(-% Ä IVg^[V 8{Y^o IZah#/ .*+ +- -* (%Ä.*+ +- -* )% ;Vm/ .*+ +- -* +% 8dggZd/ WVZadXaVjY^V#XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

BJH:D 9: 6GI:H N 8DHIJB7G:H EDEJA6G:H 9: H:K>AA6 EaVoV YZ 6b g^XV! (# )&%&( Ä HZk^aaV IZa#/ .*) ,& '( .& ;Vm/ .*) ,& '( .8dggZd/ bjhZdVgiZhnXdhijbWgZhede jaVgZh#XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh BJH:D 9: 7:AA6H 6GI:H 9: H:K>AA6 EaVoV YZa BjhZd! .# )&%%& Ä HZk^aaV IZa#/ .*) ,- +* %% ;Vm/ .*) ,- +) .% 8dggZd/ bjhZdWZaaVhVgiZhhZk^aaV# XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

8DC?JCID 6GFJ:DAâ<>8D 9: B69>C6I 6AÄO6=G6 8VggZiZgV YZ EVabV YZa G d! `b# -# &)%,& Ä 8 gYdWV IZah#/ .*, (* ** %,$%+ ;Vm#/ .*, (* ** &) 8dggZd/ bVY^cViVaoV]gV#XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh 8DC?JCID 6GFJ:DAâ<>8D 9: 86GBDC6 6kZc^YV YZ ?dg\Z 7dchdg! .# )&)&% Ä 8VgbdcV HZk^aaV IZa#/ .*) &) %- && ;Vm/ .*) &. &) ,+ 8dggZd/ XVgbdcV#XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh

8DC?JCID 6GFJ:DAâ<>8D 9: >IÛA>86 6kYV# YZ :migZbVYjgV! '# )&.,% Ä HVci^edcXZ HZk^aaV IZa#/ .** .. +* -( 8:CIGD 6C96AJO 9: 6GI: ;Vm/ .** .. ,( ,+ 8DCI:BEDGÛC:D BdcVhiZg^d YZ aV 8Vgij_V YZ HVciV 8dggZd/ ^iVa^XV#XXja5_jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh BVg V YZ aVh 8jZkVh 6kZc^YV 6b g^Xd KZhejX^d! '# >haV YZ aV 8Vgij_V# )&%,& Ä HZk^aaV IZa#/ .** %( ,% ,% ;Vm/ .** %( ,% *' LZW/ lll#XVVX#Zh :HE68>D >C>8>6GI: HVciV AjX V! &%# )&%%( Ä HZk^aaV IZa#/ .** %( +, )+ 8dggZd/ ^c^X^VgiZ#XXja5 _jciVYZVcYVajX^V#Zh



Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.