about a particular result (election campaign) capital punishment /ˈkæpɪtl pʌnɪʃmɪnt/ (n): punishment by legal killing capsize /kæpˈsaɪz/ (v): to cause to overturn case /ˈkeɪs/ (n): a set of circumstances or conditions catastrophe /ˈkə:tæstrəfi/ (n): a terrible event in which there is a lot of destruction or many people are injured or die chamber /ˈtʃeɪmbə/ (n): room character /ˈkærɪktə/ (n): one of the people portrayed in a book, play, or Àlm cloud /klaʊd/ (n) to make sth less enjoyable; to spoil sth: the festival was clouded by violence between rival gangs charming /ˈtʃɑ:mɪŋ/ (adj): having the power to delight or attract people circumstance /ˈsɜ:kəmstæns/ (n): a condition, fact, or event accompanying, conditioning, or determining climate /ˈklaɪmɪt/ (n): the average course or condition of the weather at a place usually over a period of years as exhibited by temperature, wind velocity, and precipitation clone /kləʊn/ (n): to make an exact copy of an animal or plant by taking a cell rom it and developing it artiÀcially exciting /ɪkˈsaɪt̺ɪŋ/ (adj) causing strong feelings of pleasure and interest that’s very exciting news explanation /̗ɛkspləˈneɪʃn/ (n) making sth clear or giving a reason for sth: that idea does’t need much explation fairy tale /ˈfearɪteɪl/ (n): a story for children about fairies or other imaginary beings and events, often containing a moral message faithful /ˈfeɪɵfʊl/ (adj): consistently trustworthy and loyal, especially to a person, a promise, or duty fancy /ˈfænsi/ (adj): expensive and fashionable fare /feə/ (n): cost of travel fate / / (n): force predetermining events fertilise /ˈfɜ:tɪlaɪz/ (v): to unite a female gamete with a male gamete, thus enabling
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the development of a new individual to take place fetch /fetʃ/ (v): to go after and bring back somebody or something fond /fɒnd/ (adj): feeling love, affection, or a strong liking for somebody or something for /fə/ (prep): in favour of, or in support of something formation /fɔ:ˈmeɪʃən/ (n): the process by which something develops or takes a particular shape fragile /ˈfrædʒaɪl/ (adj): easy to break, damage, or harm, usually because delicate or brittle fragrance /ˈfreɪgrəns/ (n): a pleasant smell genetic engineering gender /ˈdʒendə/ (n): the sex of a person or organism, or of a whole category of people or organisms global warming /̩gləʊbl ˈwɔ:mɪŋ/ (n): an increase in the world’s temperatures, believed to be caused in part by the greenhouse effect and depletion of the ozone layer gratitude /ˈgrætɪtju:d/ (n): a feeling of being thankful to somebody for doing something graze /greɪz/ (v): to eat grass and other green plants in Àelds, or eat the grass and plants of a particular Àeld or Àelds groan /grəʊn/ (v): utter a moan guilty /ˈgɪltɪ/ (adj): responsible for a crime, wrong action, or error and deserving punishment, blame, or criticism hail /heɪl/ (v): to praise or approve a person, action, or accomplishment with enthusiasm harmful /ˈhɑ:mfʊl/ (adj): causing damage or injury head /hed/ (v): to move or go in a speciÀed direction or to a speciÀed position hope /hoʊp/ (n) a person or thing that gives you hope horrible /ˈhɒrəbl/ (adj): very bad, very unpleasant, or caused by anxiety or fear about something bad icon /ˈaikɒn/ (n): a picture or symbol
Developing English Competencies for Grade XII of Natural and Social Science Programmes