SUMMARY // CONTENTS //
OCTOBER 2010 // standcanada.org
HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS AND SECURITY----Gunmen opened fire on a crowded market in the
area of Tabarat, killing 57 and wounding 86 people. It is not clear who the perpetrators were and their motivations are unknown. Following this attack, the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) spokesperson, Ahmed Hussein Adam, demanded the resignation of Ibrahim Gambari, Special Representative for the United NationsAfrican Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) and urged the UN Security Council to evaluate the performance of UNAMID. In mid-September, the Sudanese Cabinet endorsed a strategy to end war in Darfur by ending violence, establishing security, returning civilians to their villages, and establishing development projects. Rape escalated in Kassab camp, raising levels of fear among women while people in Kalma Camp complained about the disruption of services and relief for over one month.
NEGOTIATIONS AND PEACE PROCESS---- The United Nations hosted a meeting the third week of September for the purpose of facilitating discussions concerning issues in Sudan- namely, the upcoming referendum set to take place in South Sudan on January 9th, 2011. Over the past few months, the international community has criticized the Sudanese government for continuing with it’s plan to host the referendum in January as per the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) despite many setbacks which some believe should result in a delay of the referendum. However, that being said, many members of the international community have also expressed a fear that delays in the referendum process may result in warfare between the North and South. On September 29th, Doha process and negotiations are set to recommence with a revised document that will dictate the procedure of the negotiations. DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN SUDAN----As the referendum draws closer, South Sudan is finally
beginning to move forward in the negotiation process; the referendum commission is now finally formed and beginning to perform its intended functions. The US is using a markedly different approach in it’s dealings with Sudan; in comparison to the more passive approaches adopted by officials such as Scott Gration, Hillary Clinton has now stepped in and is offering explicit incentives and demands to ensure a smooth secession. Sudan has also begun looking for solutions to revenue shortages that will result in the likely scenario that the South separates.
DARFUR AND CANADIAN POLITICS----Foreign Affairs Minister Lawrence Cannon applauded the August decision of the UN Security Council to extend UNAMID’s mission until July 31st, 2011. In August, a Sudanese delegation visited Canada to gain guidance and technical support for the upcoming January 2011 referenda in South Sudan and Abyei. Unfortunately, the debate over the future use of the Canadian Forces has reduced foreign policy discussion to a military level, pushing diplomacy and the contributions of nongovernmental organizations to the margins of debate. DRC: TROUBLE IN THE WEST----The international community widely condemned the raping of hun-
dreds of individuals in the Democratic Republic of Congo in August. MONUSCO, the UN Stabilization Mission in the Congo failed to stop the attacks carried out by three groups. The UNSC called on the government of the DRC to prosecute the groups involved and called on MONUSCO to improve its country strategy. A new UN report sheds light on conflict in the DRC over the past few decades, accusing Burundi and Rwanda of involvement. Following these accusations, Rwanda threatened to pull their significant contribution to UNAMID in Sudan. The report is to be published October 1st.
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POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS // 1
In order to effectively prevent, monitor and address grave human rights abuses and mass atrocities, the Government of Canada should • Create a Sub-Committee for the Prevention of Genocide and Other Crimes Against Humanity which should be attached to the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development. This would allow parliament to conduct: • MONITORING: keep MPs informed about the onset of genocide and crimes against humanity, including the identifiable stages of these crimes • PREVENTION: become proactive in its response to such crises, allowing MPs to act early and utilize a wider set of policy mechanisms • COORDINATION: centralize Canada’s institutional approach to the issue of mass a trocities by giving one central committee the mandate to comprehensively monitor, study and recommend courses of actions.
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On January 9, 2011, a critical independence vote will be taking place in South Sudan, asking its citizens in a referendum to decide whether or not South Sudan should become an independent country. The fallout of this vote will be massive and has the potential to reignite violence. Canada, as a facilitator of the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement needs to ensure that the vote is carried out properly and the impact does not renew violence in the region. This is particularly important, considering that last elections in Sudan did not meet international standards. The following is within the power of the Canadian government: 1. Canada should push Sudan to repeal prohibitions on freedom of speech and assembly, increase transparency in the electoral process, financially support voter education programs, and improve logistical and technical barriers. 2. Canada should support the training of domestic observers in addition to sending its own contingent of election observers. 3. The Canadian government needs to start planning for what may happen after the vote. Canada needs to be prepared to react to and manage every possible scenario that may arise post referendum.
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Civil society participation in the Darfur peace process is essential if a sustainable peace is to occur. The inclusion of Darfur civil society in the Doha peace consultations will give the process the legitimacy it requires but is still fraught with difficulty. Canada has extensive experience in including civil society in public consultations and therefore should call on: 1. The fair representation of Darfuri civil society. • There is an over representation of government National Congress Party (NCP) members as well as war crimes perpetrators and underrepresented with Darfur diaspora, refugees, internally displaced persons (IDPs), women and northern Darfur leaders. 2. The lifting of security measures and restrictions on civil society members that hamper their participation in the consultations. • Meetings are hampered by bureaucratic delays, airport and airline restrictions as well as threats from the government of Sudan against participants (the underrepresented). 3. UNAMID (United Nations African Mission in Darfur) to continue to organize civil society members and facilitate their participation in the civil society consultations in Darfur and Doha. • Because UNAMID is responsible for organizing the civil society track of the peace process, donors like Canada must ensure it has the resources and capacity to undertake this role.
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NEGOTIATIONS AND PEACE PROCESS // BY CHELSEA SAUVÉ On Friday September 24th, the United Nations hosted a meeting for the purpose of facilitating discussions concerning issues in Sudan- namely, the upcoming referendum set to take place in South Sudan on January 9th, 2011. In attendance at said meeting will be the Sudanese First Vice President and South Sudan president Salva Kiir in the company of the second Vice President Ali Osman Taha. The US has deemed the meeting, which was initiated by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon, an opportunity for the international community to stand in solidarity and convey a strong message a critical time in Sudanese history. Recently, the United States has intensified its diplomatic engagement with South Sudan as well as with the northern government in Khartoum. It has been suggested that Obama spoke to the importance of maintaining a peaceful and timely referendum process, the need for enhanced security in Sudan as well as dignity for the people of Darfur. The need for accountability, the need for humanitarian access, the importance of secure mobility for peacekeepers and aid workers, so that the welfare of the people both in Darfur and in South Sudan may be improved, were also discussed. In addition to these topics, Obama will further discuss the US incentives package offered to both the Northern and Southern governments of Sudan. Naturally, this package accompanied by the threat of future sanctions should either side fail to abide by the principles agreed upon. The ruling National Congress Party (NCP) in Northern Sudan has expressed its skepticism towards such incentives. Over the past few months, the international community has criticized the Sudanese government for continuing with its plan to host the referendum in January as per the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), despite many setbacks which some believe should result in a delay of the referendum. Such setbacks include delays in preparations for the vote by both the North and South, as well as a lack of preparation of postreferendum arrangements such as border demarP
cation, oil sharing, citizenship, national debts and water. Despite such delays, the current schedule dictates that registration of Southern voters will begin in October 2010. While it is a widely accepted expectation that southerners, the majority of whom are ethnically Africans and Christian, will opt for secession from the Arab, Muslim-dominated north, the preparations for the referendum have been slow. Such delays in the South Sudan referendum process have been noted by members of the international community- as is most evident in the recent statement released by Norwegian authorities. Norwegian leaders have suggested that efforts to organize south Sudan’s referendum have been far too slow. Many in the international community remain fearful that if Sudan were to delay the referendum process the Northern NCP and the Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement (SPLM) of the South may resort to warfare once again. As signatories of the Rome Statute, permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) recently stated that they are unwilling to attend the scheduled UNSC meeting in Sudan next month. These permanent members have suggested they cannot meet with President Omar Hassam Al-Bashir, given his indictment by the International Criminal Court (ICC) and their commitment to the charter and principles of the charter. Currently, Bashir is accused of ten counts of war crimes, crimes again humanity and genocide for his role in the seven year long conflict in Darfur, which has caused the death of over 400 000 civilians and the displacement of over 4 million Darfuris. While unwilling to meet with Bashir, they are engaged in the mediation process as they continue to facilitated dialogue amongst rebel groups. French foreign minister Bernard Kouchner and the Joint Chief Mediator Djibril Bassole requested that the leader of Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) join the Doha process last week. Despite months diplomatic effort supporting this request, SLM rebel leader Abdel Wahid Al-Nur, has stated that before the SLM will join the Doha peace process, the government must end violence against civilians through the disarmament OC TO BER 20 1 0 // 3
of militias and set forth a plan securing the return of displaced populations to their homeland. With the goal of proposing methods by which the current state of chaos can advance towards peace, reconciliation and justice, the chairman of High Level Panel on Darfur (as created by the African Union in 2009), Thabo Mbeki, held a series of meetings with the leader of the rebel Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). It was said that these talks, which were held in Tripoli, Libya, were both transparent and fruitful as issues relating to the peace process, humanitarian situation, security, the internally displaced persons and JEM prisoners of war held in Khartoum were discussed. However, despite acts such as these, Mbeki has been accused by rebel groups of seeking solutions to the Darfur conflict, which will allow Bashir to escape his indictment. On Monday September 20th, the Darfur peace mediation announced that negotiations between the Government of Sudan (GoS) and the rebel group, the Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM) would recommence in Doha, Qatar on September 29th after talks had been suspended last August. The two parties formed six committees to negotiate different issues defined in a framework agreement signed last March. The committees deal primarily with Power Sharing and the Administrative Status of Darfur; Wealth Sharing including Land Rights; Compensation and the Return of IDPs and Refugees; Security Arrangements; Justice and Reconciliation; and the Overall Agreement and the Resolution of Disputes. The mediation requested that all parties make the necessary concessions required to create a conducive environment to reach a lasting peace agreement.
HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS AND SECURITY // BY SABRINA IRIARTE Gunmen opened fire on a crowded market in the area of Tabarat, southwest of El Fasher, killing 57 and wounding 86 people. According to witnesses, the gunmen were wearing military P
uniforms. The attack continued the following day, on September 3rd, in Hashaba and Birakao forcing people to take refuge at the United NationsAfrican Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) base in Tawila. According to Chris Cycmanick, UNAMID spokesman, peacekeepers had received reports of the first attack and mobilized a battalion of Rwandan peacekeepers who were not allowed in the area by the Sudan Liberation Army. A UN report said that the majority of causalities were from a non-Arab tribe who lived in a refugee camp. It is not clear who the perpetrators were and what the motivations behind their actions were. The tribal leader of the Rwanda Camp in Tawila, one of the witnesses, believes that it was the ‘janjaweed’ who carried out the attack. Following this attack, the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) spokesperson Ahmed Hussein Adamdemanded called for the resignation of UNAMID’s Special Representative, Mr. Ibrahim Gambari for “failing to perform his duties in accordance with its mandate for the mission.” The movement also urged the UN Security Council to evaluate the performance of UNAMID. Women in Kassab camp are living in fear because of the escalation of rape in the camp. People in Kalma Camp complained about the disruption of service and relief for over one month. One of the residents of the camp said that government security men were blocking the access to the camp. A strategy to end war in Darfur, prepared by presidential adviser in charge of Darfur file Ghazi Salah Eddin Attabani, was endorsed by the Sudanese cabinet on September 16th. The strategy focuses on ending violence, establishing security, returning civilians to their villages, and establishing development projects. The Government said that it will invest a total of $1.9 billion for the implementation of development recovery projects in Darfur. In response, Darfur rebel groups described the strategy as an instrument to carry out more atrocities. Scott Gration, US envoy for Darfur, reviewed the strategy before it was endorsed and said it “brings development, it brings infrastructure, and it brings security to that region and then the rest of the region.”
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DARFUR AND CANADIAN POLITICS //
BY JOHN MATCHIM
In August the United Nations Security Council voted to extend its mission in Darfur (UNAMID) to July 31st, 2011, a decision applauded by Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Lawrence Cannon, who added that Canada “commends” the work of UNAMID and would continue to support the mandate of the operation. Sudan has turned to Canada to provide guidance during its upcoming referendum on southern independence. In less than six months Sudan will hold an election to determine the future of South Sudan, currently governed by the Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM). Eight members of Sudan’s governing National Congress Party, led by President Omar al Bashir, as well as three members of the SPLM , visited Ottawa in early August. The delegation also visited Quebec City and Montreal, and met with officials from Elections Canada for “technical support.” The situation in southern Sudan remains tense while the central government reportedly remains entirely unprepared to conduct a referendum on southern independence. Should a conflict erupt following the January 9, 2011 referenda then the violence in Darfur will likely intensify. Unfortunately, the debate over the future use of the Canadian Forces has reduced foreign policy discussion to a military level, pushing diplomacy and the contributions of non-governmental organizations to the margins of debate. Framing military policy around ‘sovereignty’ has also narrowed Canada’s security concerns to issues that directly challenge Canadian military or economic interests while ignoring humanitarian concerns and other challenges that, while important, do not necessarily clash with the national agenda. Meanwhile, the debate over Canada’s postAfghanistan military responsibilities remains prominent in the Canadian media. Recently, military historian Jack Granastein argued that the government is right to stick to its “Canada First Defence Strategy,” a doctrine that places the sovereign defence of Canada ahead of everything P
else. However, just what constitutes a threat to Canadian sovereignty remains vague. Granastein believes that Taliban-ruled Afghanistan posed a clear threat to Canadian interests while the struggle in Darfur remains on the margins of foreign policy, and his opinion echoes that of a Canadian government that appears hesitant to engage in another major commitment abroad as combat operations in Afghanistan begin to wind down.
DRC: TROUBLE IN THE WEST//
BY SARAH KATZ-LAVIGNE
The situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, always violent and volatile, turned shocking in late July and early August, when men, women, and children in the hundreds were raped by non-state armed groups. The rapes were widely condemned by the international community, but it is also now known that the former United Nations peacekeeping mission in the DRC (MONUC), now called the UN Stabilization Mission in the Congo (MONUSCO), failed to take action to stop the attacks.1 A preliminary report put out by the UN Joint Human Rights Office report says that “three groups of armed militia raped 235 women, 52 girls, 13 men and three boys – many ‘multiple times’ – looted more than 900 houses, and abducted 116 people.”2 According to the UN, the attacks were a coalition effort carried out by the Mai-Mai (Cheka) group, the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), and a group associated with Colonel Emmanuel Nsengiyumva. Colonel Nsengiyumva is a deserter from the Congolese army, and has also been linked to the former rebel group known as the National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP), now an integrated component of the Congolese armed forces.3 On 17 September, the United Nations Security Council issued a presidential statement in which it emphasized that it is “the primary responsibility of the Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo to condemn these atrocities and to provide effective assistance to the victims of sexual abuse and to support efforts undertaken by all relevant stakeholders, including civil society, to protect and assist the victims and to prevent OC TO BER 20 1 0 // 5
further violence.” The statement called for the perpetrators of the rapes to be quickly and fairly prosecuted for their acts and for the Congolese government, alongside the UN and other actors, to work to end impunity in the country. While it highlighted the government’s primary responsibility, the Security Council also pointed to the need for MONUSCO “to improve relations with communities, including through better information-gathering mechanisms and communication tools,”4 which are the areas seen as lacking in the lead up to the mass rapes that occurred. The Security Council also called on the SecretaryGeneral to brief it on the strategy that MONUSCO is pursuing to protect civilians – a strategy which, once again, has fallen woefully short.
Hutu civilians in western Rwanda and eastern DRC in its operations in the aftermath of the 1994 genocide. In response to the accusations, Rwanda threatened to pull its troops currently involved in UN peacekeeping in the Sudan if the UN did not retract these allegations.1 It has since been reported, following a visit paid by the UN Secretary-General to Rwandan President Paul Kagame, that Rwanda will not in fact pull its troops out of the UN mission to Darfur, though the country continues to deny the claims made in the report.11 The date of October 1st, when the final report will be released, will be one to watch.
Another important recent development showing the extent to which Congolese civilians have long since been the target of vicious attacks linked to broader regional conflict dynamics is the (leaked) appearance of a new draft UN report. The UN has accused Burundi’s army at the time, and the former rebels known as the Forces for the Defence of Democracy, who now hold power in Burundi, of committing human rights violations against Congolese civilians during the period from March 1993 to June 2003.5 In response to this report, the Burundian government registered an official protest to the UN Secretary-General over the accusations, denying in particular that it was ever allied with Rwanda and Uganda when they sent soldiers into the territory of their western neighbour, the DRC, during the Congolese wars. Burundi has requested, in consequence, that it be removed from the report.6Burundi also claims that the FAB, the Burundian army at the time, and the FDD rebels, were too busy fighting each other on Burundian soil to carry out operations on Congolese territory.7
BY STEVEN CHUA
Rwanda, also named as being involved not only in human rights violations, but in what the UN draft report says may be genocide,8 has reacted with even more vehemence to the leaked report.9 This is unsurprising given that the Rwandan government, made up of the former Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) rebel organisation, has always denied committing atrocities against P
DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHERN SUDAN //
South Sudan is planning to implement a ‘Come Home to Choose’ program that will repatriate Southerners who are currently living in the North, thus allowing them to vote in the upcoming referendum. Aid agencies are particularly worried about a large influx of the repatriated into South Sudan, fearing that the huge increase in population will stretch their already limited resources even thinner; the United Nations reports having fed 4 million Southerners in 2010, and fear additional mouths to feed will cause a shortage in food and other aid supplies. The Sudanese referendum body has finally agreed on the person who will occupy the position of Secretary General. South Sudan’s leading party, the Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) accepted the nomination of North Sudanese Mohamed Osman al-Nujoomi to this post, finally ending an ongoing deadlock that has prevented the referendum commission from effectively performing its function up until this point. The Secretary General’s position is tantamount to the effective operating of this body, as it controls the funds. As the referendum to decide secession draws closer, various observers have been warning of the inevitable instability that will occur. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton is the latest person to make this claim. Clinton has declared the situ-
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ation to be a “ticking time-bomb” and that the international community must redouble their efforts to head off the almost certain occurrence of violence. Spokesman Rabie Abdelati of North Sudan’s National Congress Party (NCP) countered Clinton’s comments as being ‘incorrect,’ stating that most Southerners prefer unity but are simply not getting the same media attention that Southern Sudanese leaders are. The US has undertaken two major actions to ensure a smooth transition. First, former senior diplomat Princeton Lyman has been installed in assisting the negotiation process of dividing territory and wealth between the North and South. In addition, the US State Department has put forth an incentive package to ‘sweeten the deal.’ The incentives include the restoration of full diplomatic relations and the allocation of some non-oil trading. In return, it is expected that the referendum is to be held on time and that post-referendums arrangements be agreed upon. Senior NCP official Rabie Abdelati has responded by accusing the proposals as foreign interference in internal affairs. It is apparent the US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton is taking up a far more forceful approach in comparison to previous delegates such as Scott Gration. In economic news, Sudan has begun investigating the prospect of doubling gold output in the next two years. It is speculated that doing so will help offset revenue shortages caused by the likely secession of South Sudan.
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DARFUR DIGEST STAFF // MANAGING EDITOR // CHRISTINE JOHNSTON EDITOR // DESIGNER // MOYA MILLER
WRITERS // CHELSEA SAUVÉ, SABRINA IRIARTE, JOHN MATCHIM, SARAH KATZ-LAVIGNE, STEVEN CHUA
REFERENCES // NEGOTIATIONS AND PEACE PROCESS • Obama will deliver ’substantial remarks’ at the UN meeting on Sudan: White House. Tuesday September 21, 2010. Sudan Tribune. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article36343. • UNSC trip to Sudan in jeopardy over meeting with Bashir. Tuesday September 21, 2010. Sudan Tribune.http://www.sudantribune.com/ spip.php?article36342. • French foreign minister and Darfur mediator discus peace with SLM’s Nur. Tuesday September 21, 2010. Sudan Tribune. http://www. sudantribune.com/spip.php?article36341. • AU’s Mbeki and JEM leader discuss peace in Darfur. Tuesday September 21, 2010. Sudan Tribune.http://www.sudantribune.com/spip. php?article36335. • Darfur peace talks to resume on 29 September . Tuesday September 21, 2010. Sudan Tribune.http://www.sudantribune.com/spip. php?article36331. • Norway warns of sluggish preparations for south Sudan referendum. Tuesday September 21, 2010. Sudan Tribune. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article36332. • Sudan’s ruling party skeptical of reported US intention to offer incentives. Tuesday September 7, 2010. Sudan Tribune. http://www. sudantribune.com/spip.php?article36201.
HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS AND SECURITY • “‘Janjaweed’ killed 57 people and wound 86 at market in Darfur,” Radio Dabanga, September 4, 2010.http://www.radiodabanga.org/ node/3658. • “Darfur JEM call on UNAMID chief to resign over latest violence incidents,” Sudan Tribune, September 6, 2010. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article36196. • “Escalation of rape against displaced women in Kassab Camp, Darfur,” Radio Dabanga, September 16, 2010.http://www.reliefweb.int/ rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/MCOI-89GF4H?OpenDocument&rc=1&cc=sdn. • “IDPs in Kalma without relief or services for more than one month,” Radio Dabanga. September 13, 2010.http://www.radiodabanga. org/node/3742. • “Sudanese cabinet endorses new strategy for peace in Darfur,” Sudan Tribune, September 17, 2010.http://www.sudantribune.com/ spip.php?article36298.
DRC: TROUBLE IN THE WEST • “Security Council criticizes Congo over mass rapes,” AFP, 17 September 2010,http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gp5DDs8sX7y1DBYOqacDC-IRLCzQ. • “DR Congo rapes ‘defy belief,’ says UN,” BBC News, 24 September 2010,http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11407180. • Ibid. • “Statement by the President of the Security Council,” United Nations Security Council, 17 September 2010, http://daccess-dds-ny. un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N10/539/24/PDF/N1053924.pdf?OpenElement. • “Burundi denies violation of human rights in DR Congo,” Afrique en ligne, 23 September 2010,http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africanews/burundi-denies-violation-of-human-rights-in-dr-congo-2010092356801.html. • “Burundi demands removal from UN’s DR Congo massacre report,” AFP, 23 September 2010,http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/ article/ALeqM5jsNEk0RjwpObdUDVQsk07ZmmUEeg. • “Burundi denies violation,” AFP. • “Rwanda won’t pull troops out of Darfur-UN official,” Reuters Africa, 25 September 2010,http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE68O01E20100925. • “Burundi denies violation,” AFP. • “Burundi demands removal,” AFP. • “Rwanda won’t pull troops,” Reuters Africa.
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REFERENCES CONTINUED// DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHERN SUDAN • “Deadlock in dispute over Sudan’s Abyei oil region.” Reuters Africa. August 1 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFMCD15058220100801?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 • “UPDATE 1-PetroChina to retool new plant to avoid Sudan oil.” Reuters Africa. August 3, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFTOE67207T20100803?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 • “30,000 illegal weapons recovered in S. Sudan-army.” Reuters Africa. August 6, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFMCD63786220100806 • “Commissioner seeks delay in S. Sudan independence vote.” Reuters Africa. August 7, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFMCD75926020100807?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 • “Q&A What are Sudan’s former north-south foes negotiating?” Reuters Africa. August 10, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFMCD04243120100810?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0
DARFUR AND CANADIAN POLITICS • “S. Sudan plans to bring home 1.5 million voters.” Reuters Africa. August 24 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFMCD45747820100824 • “CORRECTED - Sudan referendum body agrees post to end deadlock.” Reuters Africa. September 3, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFMCD24803720100903?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 • “INTERVIEW: Sudan hopes to double gold output to offset oil risk.” Reuters Africa. September 6, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFLDE6851RB20100906?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 • “Clinton calls Sudan referendum ‘ticking time-bomb’.” Reuters Africa. September 6, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFN0811448820100908 • “Clinton comments on Sudan split “incorrect”-party.” Reuters Africa. September 9, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFMCD75926020100807?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 • “Sudan rejects U.S. referendum incentives” Reuters Africa. September 15, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFMCD530380 20100915?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0
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