ا م ا: دة ا آ ر م: ا ى
دروس ا و ا MISSOURI Mohamed
( ا ء )ا "!ء ا
$% ا) ('ل ا " ول ا
B ا ة- $. : 2 ا ل " د ا B + H 2O BH + HO − ا ء/
ا ء/
AH + , ا- $. :1 ا ل
−
+
+
ل$ دة$ ا$آ
ni = CV CV − x CV − x f
(و
0
0
0
# $ $ ا #
(و (و
x xf
x xf
x xf
) # * #
:
−
+
HO = BH = f f
م% ا
AH + H 2 O A + H 3 O
ni = CV CV − x CV − x f
n ( HO
)
n ( BH
+
= V V −14 Ke 10 HO − = = − pH = 10 pH −14 + f 10 H 3O f f
)
f
=
xf V
+
xf xm
n ( H 3O + )
f
V
+
xf
=
xm
= =
Qr ,éq
2 éq
(τ .C ) = τ 2C k = Qr ,éq = C (1 − τ ) 1 − τ
=
@ !دوA , ا1 B 7 68.
Ke Ke 1 − τ ⇒ Ka = = Ke Ka K τ 2C
f
V
=
xf V
= 10− pH
H 3 O .V H 3 O 10− pH f f = = CV C C + آ, اτ ≺ 1 + ا آτ = 1
n ( AH ) f
=
CV − x f
V V + CV − H 3 O .V V
= C − H 3 O +
f
τ=
xf xm
H 3O + A− H 3O + éq éq éq = = [ AH ]éq [ AH ]éq ⇒ x f = τ .xm = τ .C.V
x τ .C.V H 3O + = f = = τ .C éq V V CV − x f = C − H 3O + = C − τ C = C (1 − τ ) [ AH ]éq = V 2 (τ .C ) τ 2C Qr ,éq = = C (1 − τ ) 1 − τ : % ا0) ا1 ر0 درا) ا ( 0$- ل ا-" ) ل-$ ا. "
σ = λH O H 3O + + λA A− +
−
3
K=
n ( A− )
+
2
B
) # * #
2
x τ .C.V HO − = f = = τ .C éq V V CV − x f = C − HO − = C − τ C = C (1 − τ ) [ B ]éq = V
BH +
x xf
( آ7 = - $ ا76 8 ) ا ازن4 - $ رج ا: 7 68.
⇒ x f = τ .xm = τ .C.V
:
#
x f = H 3O + .V CV − xm = 0 ⇒ xm = CV
[ AH ] f
( آ7 = - $ ا76 8 ) ا ازن4 - $ رج ا: 7 68.
τ=
0
x xf
−
HO .V HO 10 pH −14 f f τ= = = = xm CV C C n ( B ) f CV − x f = [ B] f = V V − CV − HO .V = = C − HO − V
k = Qr ,éq
−
H 3O = A = f f
τ=
BH + HO − HO − éq éq = = [ B ]éq [ B ]éq
$ $ ا#
: 2 34 ا م ا6
x f = HO − .V CV − xm = 0 ⇒ xm = CV xf
x xf
(و (و
م% ا
: pH 0) ا1 ر0 درا) ا
: 2 34 ا م ا6
−
ل$ دة$ ا$آ (و 0 0
pH 0) ا1 ر0 درا) ا −
ول ا ر " د ا
x H 3O + = A− = V
(
⇒ σ = λH O+ + λ A− 3
) Vx
⇒ H 3O + = A− =
σ x = V λH O+ + λ A− 3
ا م ا: دة ا آ ر م: ا ى
دروس ا و ا MISSOURI Mohamed
(
( ا ء )ا "!ء ا
$% ا) ('ل ا " ول ا
)
n M ( S ) = nx
: + ن ه3 $ ا
(
)
n M (S ) =
n ( e− ) m
:
M ( S ) " دة$آ
) د$ اG5 D"
n( X ) = n( X ) =
: ت6J آH :( تE $ دة ) د ا$ ا$آ
V (X ) Vm : + $ ا آ ا
CaVa
CbVb
0
0
CaVa − x
CbVb − x
x
x
x
) #
CaVa − x f
CbVb − x f
xf
xf
xf
* #
#
CbVbE − xm = 0 وCaVa − xm = 0 ) : 2( 3 ) ا
CaCO3 + 2 H 3O + → Ca 2+ + CO2 + 3H 2O C.V
:+ 3 ا آ ا
ni − x
C.V − x
ni − x f
C.V − x f
0
0
0
# $ $ ا #
x
3x
x
) #
xf
3x f
xf
* #
ni ( CaCO3 ) =
: $ - ا3 ا
0 x xf
m + وni ( H 3O ) = C.V : 4567 م ا% ا- M ni ( CaCO3 ) − xm = 0 أوni ( H 3O + ) − xm = 0 ⇒ xm =
: ء$ ?) ;? ( آ
" د ا م% ا
ل$ دة$ ا$آ
ni
n( X ) [X ] = Vs m Cm = Vs m ρ= V
M 29
$ $ ا#
م% ا 0
+ D ل, ت ا م و17 آI 1 - $ ا:4 ا ل J ا ر ر
n ( A) C= Vs
d=
ل$ دة$ ا$آ
⇒ xm = CaVa = CbVbE xm CaVa CV ⇒ A− = = = b bE f Va + VbE Va + VbE a Va + VbE a
N Na
ρ d= ρ eau
2
: وn ( e− ) = mnx إذن
Q I ∆t I ∆t I ∆t n ( e− ) = = = ⇒x= F F N Ae mnF
m( X ) n( X ) = M (X)
ل, 1 ا ء/ 2!@ - $ AH + D ل, ة7 8 :3 ا ل ا ءE آ- $ . ةF ول ا ر − − ا " د AH + HO A + H O
m M
أوxm = C.V
: 89: ; او ا- درا< ا ر ا< ا : د$ = ا%- ن3 $ ن ا3 أوآ? ا+ A ز, ; #
PCO2 .VCO2 = n ( CO2 ) .R.T
: ز )? * اء, ( آ
x = n ( CO2 ) =
PCO2 .VCO2
n ( CO2 ) .R.T
L$<ا ن$ ا
ن3 7ا
نEا
C2 H 6
ا و ن
C3 H 8
ا ن
C4 H10
ا )) ن
C5 H12
? ن3* ا
C6 H14
n1i
n2i
n3i
n4i
0
ا * ن
C7 H16
n1i − mx
n2i − nx
n3i + mx
n4i + nx
x
CH 4
د$ < درا:5 ل$ ا
mN ( S ) + nM (maq+) → mN (nS+) + nM ( S ) ل$ دة$ ا$آ
Qr ;i =
N naq+ ( )
م% ا
(
)
(
)
ni N (naq+ )
m
" د ا # $ $ ا # # )
C 'V ' = V +V ' = m + CV ni M ( aq ) M maq+ ( ) i V +V ' n+ N ( S ) → N ( aq ) + ne − : D و3 E اD د$ ا+ 5 i
n
M (maq+) + me− → M ( S )