Technical Summary
Decadal Investments [Billion USD2005 ]
(a)
Decadal Investments [Billion USD2005 ]
Figure TS.10.14 | Illustrative global decadal investments (in billion USD2005) needed in order to achieve ambitious climate protection goals: (b) MiniCAM-EMF22 (first-best 2.6 W/m2 overshoot scenario, nuclear and carbon capture technologies are permitted); (c) ER-2010 (450 ppm CO2eq, nuclear and carbon capture technologies are not permitted); and (d) ReMIND-RECIPE (450 ppm CO2, nuclear power plants and carbon capture technologies are permitted). Compared to the other scenarios, the PV share is high in (d) as concentrating solar power has not been considered. For comparison, (a) shows the IEA-WEO2009-Baseline (baseline scenario without climate protection). Sources: (a) IEA (2009); (b) Calvin et al. (2009); (c) Teske et al. (2010); and (d) Luderer et al. (2009).
500 400 300 200 100 0
(b)
Summaries
2011-2020
2021-2030
2031-2040
2041-2050
1,200
However, the knowledge about external costs and benefits due to RE sources can provide some guidance for society to select best alternatives and to steer the energy system towards overall efficiency and high welfare gains. [10.6.5]
1000 800 600 400 200 0
Decadal Investments [Billion USD2005 ]
(c)
Decadal Investments [Billion USD2005 ]
2011-2020
2021-2030
2031-2040
Policy, Financing and Implementation
11.1
Introduction
2041-2050
RE capacity is increasing rapidly around the world, but a number of barriers continue to hold back further advances. Therefore, if RE is to contribute substantially to the mitigation of climate change, and to do so quickly, various forms of economic support policies as well as policies to create an enabling environment are likely to be required. [11.1]
1,500
1,000
500
2011-2020
2021-2030
2031-2040
2041-2050
2011-2020
2021-2030
2031-2040
2041-2050
8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0
Wind Turbine
Hydro
Solar Thermal Power Plant
Geothermal Power Plant
PV Power Plant
Biomass and Waste Power Plant
Ocean Energy Power Plant
146
11.
2,000
0
(d)
considerations. These factors contribute to the uncertainty of external costs. [10.6.5]
RE policies have promoted an increase in RE shares by helping to overcome various barriers that impede technology development and deployment of RE. RE policies might be enacted at all levels of government—from local to state/provincial to national to international—and range from basic R&D for technology development through to support for installed RE systems or the electricity, heat or fuels they produce. In some countries, regulatory agencies and public utilities may be given responsibility for, or on their own initiative, design and implement support mechanisms for RE. Nongovernmental actors, such as international agencies and development banks, also have important roles to play. [1.4, 11.1, 11.4, 11.5] RE may be measured by additional qualifiers such as time and reliability of delivery (availability) and other metrics related to RE’s integration into networks. There is also much that governments and other actors can do to create an environment conducive for RE deployment. [11.1, 11.6]
11.1.1
The rationale of renewable energy-specific policies in addition to climate change policies
Renewable energies can provide a host of benefits to society. Some RE technologies are broadly competitive with current market energy prices.