The Independent Student Newspaper of the University of Toronto Mississauga since 1974
Issue 17 Volume 50 January 29 2024
themedium.ca
Ben & Jerry’s is unapologetic
Black History Month as a student As Black History Month rolls around the corner, Black
I'm poor, Black , I may even be ugly, but dear God, I'm here!
together, these explosives are heftier than the nuclear bombs
communities and other supporting groups are offering a variety
I'm here!” Celie, the protagonist in The Color Purple, says these
dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined.
of captivating events designed to increase awareness, uplift
words as she reclaims the authority that had been literally
the Black community, and commemorate the rich history that
beaten out of her.
Israel has dropped more than 25,000 tonnes of bombs on Gaza,
>> read more on page 7
The Color Purple
surrounds the individual lives and experiences of its members. >> read more on page 12
>> read more on page15
SPORTS
Willie O’Ree continues to inspire UTM students
DAANISH ALVI/THE MEDIUM
Joseph Falzata Contributor
T
here was a thin layer of snow atop the Montreal Forum on January 18, 1958, when the Montreal Canadians faced the Boston Bruins in what would be a historic night for the National Hockey League. Willie O’Ree, a Black Canadian hockey player from Fredericton, New Brunswick, laced his skates for his NHL debut. It would be the first time any Black player stepped on the ice in an NHL uniform. O’Ree played two games in the 1957-58 season before playing another 43 with the Bruins three seasons later. He ended his NHL career with four goals and 10 assists before returning to other professional hockey leagues, where he continued to play until he was 43, winning two scoring titles in the Western Hockey League (WHL).
CREDIT
>> WILLIE O'REE continues on page 16
FEATURES
Distinguished Professor Awards: Professors Ron Buliung, Robert Gerlai, and Kent Moore
N
ew year, new awards! We’re well into this year’s awards season, with the Oscars, Grammys, and Juno nominations rolling in. But have you heard
of the University of Toronto’s Distinguished Professor Awards? Just like how we honour film stars and musicians for their ability to entertain us, the University of Toronto has taken the opportunity to recognize the highly accomplished faculty members who work tirelessly to educate us as well as advance research in their respective fields. Professors Ron Buliung, Robert Gerlai and Kent Moore from the University of Toronto Mississauga (UTM) were among this year’s recipients of the Distinguished Professors Awards. “Sometimes when people think about disability, they can come to focus on limitations and charity, without considering or imagining possibilities,” says Professor Buliung. His work on disability and ableism is motivated by his experience as a parent of a disabled child and is also shaped by how recent hearing loss has impacted his teaching and interactions with the environment and other people. >> DISTINGUISHED PROFESSOR AWARDS continues on page 11
ARTS
Black History in Ontario: The Bradley Museum Drashti Patel Contributor
T
he Bradley Museum, part of the Mississauga Heritage Foundation, consists of multiple
buildings dating back to the 1820s. The museum uses these historical buildings to depict various aspects of Canadian history, specifically those that
Lakeshore Road to its current location. The origin of its name is speculated to be from the various inhabitants that lived there. This ranges from a retired British Navy Commander naming his retirement home to anchor merchants “anchoring” on a sandbar present on the property. Additional buildings that are part of the museum include log cabins and various outbuildings, which were
pertain to Ontario.
incorporated throughout the 19th century.
The Bradley House is a saltbox-style farmhouse
Amidst the historical architecture, this museum
nestled in the heart of Mississauga. Originally built in 1830 as a family home, Lewis and Elizabeth Bradley lived here with their seven children. Following their deaths, the house had several owners until early 1961, when it was sold to the Mississauga Heritage Foundation. In 1967, the
also includes various themed tours on the property. These include the “Bradley Family Settler Experience,” “Black History in Peel,” and “Learning about Indigenous Peoples and Truth and Reconciliation.” The Black History in Peel guided tour launched just in time for Black History
foundation opened the house to the general public.
Month. A fully guided tour using artifacts, images,
Nearby, The Anchorage is a regency-style cottage
experience in Upper Canada from the 19th century,
built in the 1820s that moved from Southdown and
and interactive activities, it explores the Black enslavement, and the Underground Railroad. >> BRADLEY MUSEUM continues on page 15
02
Editor | May Alsaigh news@themedium.ca
EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief River Knott editor@themedium.ca Managing Editor Jaros Valdes managing@themedium.ca News May Alsaigh news@themedium.ca
Recent studies reveal concerning health disparities between Black and White communities A neurological study on strokes calls for the need for more effective interventions to remove inequalities by race. Samuel Kamalendran Associate News Editor
DAANISH ALVI/THE MEDIUM
Opinion Aya Yafaoui opinion@themedium,ca Features Louis Lam features@themedium.ca A&E Hannah Wang arts@themedium.ca
O
Sports Omar Khan sports@themedium.ca
and white populations.
Black and white individuals, with the disparity becoming less
Photo Daanish Alvi photos@themedium.ca Design Beatriz Simas design@themedium.ca Copy Chris Berberian Chris@themedium.ca
n January 10, a new study from the medical journal
The study also aimed to investigate racial disparities in
Neurology highlighted the trends in stroke incidences
risk ratios by age. The age brackets of 20 to 34 and 35 to 44
among adults and the rates at which they occur among Black
showed the highest difference in stroke incidence between apparent as age increased. The 75 to 84 and 85+ subgroups
The report’s guiding objective was “to evaluate past
showed no significant racial disparities.
prevention efforts and to plan future interventions to eliminate existing inequities” by understanding current stroke
The report also pointed to the racial disparities between
trends. Stroke cases for individuals above 20 years of age in 17
Black and White adults that swell in younger age brackets,
acute care hospitals in southern Ohio and northern Kentucky
which caused researchers to emphasize the “urgent need
from 1993 to 2015 were recorded. The data was then analyzed
for increased attention to systemic racism in the healthcare
according to age, race, and stroke subtype.
system, inequities in access to care, improved primary prevention efforts, and the need for increased attention to
Over the 22-year study, rates of stroke incidence in both Black
social determinants of health.”
and white individuals decreased from 230 to 188 cases per 100,000 people—an unseen change in past studies. However,
In another study, Black women were found to be three to four
stroke incidence in the Black adult population was between
times more likely due to pregnancy-related complications
50 per cent and 80 per cent higher than in their White
than White women. According to the Centers for Disease
counterparts. After adjusting for age and sex, the stroke rate
Control and Prevention, inaccessible care and insufficient
Social Media & Online Belicia Chevolleau social@themedium.ca
decreased from 215 to 170 per 100,000 in white adults. For
quality of care were driving factors of the disparity, rather
Black adults, the stroke rate was 349 per 100,000 in 1993 and
than any sort of physical differences between women of both
311 per 100,000 in 2015.
races.
Video Nikolas Towsey video@themedium.ca
The average age at which Black and White adults experience
Ana Langer, Professor of the Practice of Public and Director
strokes has also increased, but the study revealed the racial
of the Women and Health Initiative, thinks that a bigger issue
disparities in this change. In 2015, the average stroke white
is at risk—Black women are undervalued and not monitored
stroke patient was 70.6 years old, while the average Black
the same way that white women are. Langer noted that Black
stroke patient was just 61.7 years old: a nearly 10-year
women often get dismissed from hospitals when displaying
difference.
symptoms, much more frequently than white women.
Professor of Emergency Medicine and Epidemiology at
Several studies have reported and continue to report similar
Brown University, Tracy Madsen, and key author in the study
health disparities among Black and white communities.
considers such racial disparities “a major ongoing public
According to Langer, “It’s important to illustrate what’s
health concern,” while speaking to U.S. News, and called for
happening and make the public aware because it can
“concrete efforts to build more equitable means of stroke
encourage the health establishment to take on this crisis
prevention and care.”
much more seriously.”
Maja Ting maja@themedium.ca
TO CONTRIBUTE & CONNECT: themedium.ca/ contact @themediumUTM
@themediumUT
@themediumUTM
@themediumUT
@themessageUTM
@humansofUTM_
Diabetes and hypertension increased in both racial populations but occurred at a higher rate in Black individuals throughout the study, with 87 per cent of individuals having hypertension and 43 per cent being diabetic, compared to 76 per cent and 30 per cent of White individuals.
03
January News Briefs Celesta Maniatogianni Contributor
C
anada Post Honours Abolitionist and Journalist Mary Ann Shadd on a New 2024
Youngest Son of Martin Luther King Jr dies at 62
Stamp
On January 23, Canada Post unveiled one of the stamps featured in their 2024 lineup in
Dexter Scott King, an activist, attorney, author, and son of civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr., died on January 22 at the age of 62 after battling prostate cancer.
observance of Black History Month. The new stamp honours Mary Ann Shadd, Canada’s first female publisher, and North America’s first Black female publisher.
Dexter was the youngest son of Martin Luther King Jr. and is best remembered for his efforts to legally protect his family’s legacy and intellectual property.
Mary Ann Shadd, born in 1823, is one of Canada’s most significant figures in the anti-slavery movement and a trailblazer for Canada’s Black community. An activist, lawyer, educator,
He served as a chairman for The King Centre of Nonviolent Social Change, a non-profit
and journalist, Mary Ann Shadd advocated for the rights and education of Black people in
started by his mother following his father’s death. In addition to his civil rights activism, he
Canada, as well as for the rights of women.
was also an outspoken activist for animal rights.
Some of her most significant achievements include founding The Provincial Freeman, making
In a public statement on X, King’s oldest son, Martin Luther King III wrote, “The sudden
it the first newspaper in North America to be published and edited by a Black woman, and
shock is devastating. It is hard to have the right words at a moment like this. We ask for your
opening a racially integrated school while people of colour were still barred from public
prayers at this time for the entire King family.”
education. Puerto Rico Legislators Debate a Bill Aiming to Ban Hair Discrimination Today, January 29, the stamps will be available for purchase online and at local post offices. Legislators in Puerto Rico have opened a public debate on a bill which would explicitly ban 2023 Emmys Ties Record for Most Awards Presented to BIPOC Actors
discrimination based on hair, an issue that predominantly affects the island’s Afro-Caribbean population. Discrimination against hairstyles such as cornrows, Afros, braids, dreadlocks, and
The 75th Primetime Emmy Awards, held on January 15, tied their record for the most
Bantu knots would be prohibited by the bill.
winning actors of colour with five of the 12 acting Emmys being presented to people of colour—a record first set back in 1991.
According to the 2020 U.S. Census, around 575,000 people in Puerto Rico identify as Black either exclusively or in combination with another ethnicity. Puerto Rico is a U.S. territory with
The first two awards of the night were presented to The Bear’s Ayo Edebiri for Outstanding
a total population of 3.2 million.
Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, and Abbott Elementary’s Quinta Brunson for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, which marked the first time both awards went
Some Puerto Rican government officials have argued that discrimination is already prohibited
out to Black women in the same year.
by the Island’s laws and constitution. However, protection from discrimination based on hair is not explicitly mentioned.
Niecy Nash-Betts received the Outstanding Supporting Actress award in a Limited Series for her role in Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story.
Debate around this bill is expected to continue in the upcoming weeks.
The last two awards of the night, Outstanding Lead Actor and Actress in a Limited Series, were awarded to Steven Yuen and Ali Wong for their roles in Beef, officially tying the 1991 record for most awards presented to BIPOC actors at the Emmys.
Cyberbullying and its impacts on Black youth
Researchers have found that cyberbullying may be linked to PTSD symptoms and increased suicidal tendencies in Black teenagers. Vanessa Bogacki Staff Writer
C
yberbullying is a prevalent issue, especially for Black youth, as more children delve into
Between 2007 and 2020 Suicide rates in Black children from ages 10 to 17 increased by 144
the world of mainstream social media. While these platforms offer benefits such as
per cent. The study also found that Black children experience hypervigilance, which is a state
faster communication methods and access to education, many are realizing the several risk
of high alert when facing difficult encounters due to previous experiences with cyberbullying
factors impacting children who use social media.
incidents.
Black adolescents, specifically from the US, are experiencing racial discrimination online as
Creating safe spaces for Black teens online is critical in combating online racial
found in a new 2024 study. The study, which observed 525 Black children between the ages
discrimination and the risk of suicide among Black youth. According to the study mentioned
of 11 and 19, found that children who experienced racial discrimination through messaging
above, platforms should “create safer spaces for Black adolescents by proactively monitoring
or memes also reported numerous PTSD symptoms.
and reducing hate speech.”
In response to online racism, Black youth reported experiencing isolation, intrusive thoughts, and uncontrollable distress. More in-depth analyses have discovered that middleclass Black teenagers are more likely to be victims compared to their White middle-class peers, as anti-Black racial discrimination is frequently present in hate posts that plague many social media websites.
BEATRIZ SIMAS/THE MEDIUM
04
Top 10 side hustles for students in 2024
With Ontario’s soaring cost of living, post-secondary students are more eager than ever to make some extra cash on the side. Debbie Wong Contributor AURORA PICCIOTTOLI/THE MEDIUM
I
n the world of higher education, post-secondary students’ goals are often marred by financial
5. Blogging and Newsletters
burdens. Many students can be overwhelmed by the escalating costs of textbooks, fees, and
daily expenses. Side hustles are a great and creative way to relieve some of those overwhelming
In a world dominated by technology, blogging remains a powerful avenue for expression
stresses while earning extra cash on the side. They also provide a route to skill development,
and income. To monetize effectively, start with a self-hosted WordPress site. While there
flexibility, and personal growth.
are platforms that allow you to create your website in just a few clicks, most lack autonomy. Bluehost offers affordable hosting plans for beginners. Although earning from a blog takes
I present to you the top 10 side hustles for post-secondary students in 2024, each a key to
time, with dedication and research, a five-figure income is possible.
unlocking financial freedom and a gate to valuable experiences. 6. Affiliate Marketing 1. Reselling used or vintage goods This is an ideal hustle for those with a built-up platform and an existing network. Affiliate Turn items you don’t use anymore into cash by diving into the world of resale. Platforms like
marketing is when you promote brand products or services on your platform and earn a
Facebook Marketplace welcome your unwanted items, while thrift stores like Plato’s Closet pay
commission from each successful referral through a unique link or code. The beauty of affiliate
you for fashionable clothing. It’s a win-win—declutter your space and pocket $20 to $40 per
marketing lies in its synergy with other side hustles, creating a passive income source. As a
clothing item.
beginner, monthly incomes range from $100 to $500.
2. Sell your designs
7. App and Website Testing
Selling designs is a great way to make money right from the comfort of your desk. Platforms
Platforms like UserTesting and uTest offer various website testing gigs. Earn up to $100 for a
like Printify allow you to simply upload your designs, link your online store—for example, Etsy
one-hour test, or nearly $10 for every 15 to 20 minutes of an approved website testing video.
or Shopify—and watch your ideas come to life. Products are printed only upon order, with
Qualify as a certified tester for even higher earnings. Your meticulous testing can contribute to
direct shipping from the factory to your customer. With profits ranging between 20 per cent to
flawless online launches while adding dollars to your wallet.
30 per cent per sale, this hustle could become a monthly income of $1,000 to $5.000. 8. Online Surveys 3. Sell your notes Share your opinions and pocket extra cash by participating in online surveys. Branded Surveys, Boost your grades and bank account at the same time by selling your class notes online.
Swagbucks, or even research opportunities within the University of Toronto Mississauga offer
Platforms like Stuvia and Studypool offer money for well-organized study materials. Preparing
paid opportunities just by participating. Participation in these surveys can be an easy way to
study notes not only enhances your note-taking skills but is also an effortless way to earn
earn $20 to $30 per survey and add a little extra to your weekend budget.
money online, with potential income ranging from $4 per set of study notes to $8 per study guide. However, please note that some forms of selling or sharing your notes can constitute
9. Translating
academic violations, so it is encouraged you review policies concerning plagiarism before getting into this side hustle.
Leverage your bilingual skills for extra income through translation services. Sites like Smartcat connect translators with clients, allowing flexibility in choosing projects. Compensation varies,
4. Get paid to listen to music
with opportunities listing rates at $60 per hour up to $125 per project. Typically, the national average is at $37 per hour.
For music enthusiasts seeking a unique income stream, getting paid to listen to music is the perfect way to go. Platforms like Spotify, YouTube, or SpliceThePie offer opportunities to
10. Tutoring
review tracks from various artists. The more detailed your reviews, the higher your earnings are. Earnings range from $15 to $20 per insightful review—make a successful side hustle out of
Enhance your knowledge while making money by tapping into the demand for online tutoring,
your love of music.
whether it’s programming, English, or another specific subject. Platforms like TutorMe and Chegg connect tutors with students globally. Online tutors can earn hourly rates ranging from $10 to $38 depending on the subject.
05
Empowering Black entrepreneurs: Initiatives driving positive change in Canada Canada celebrates Black History Month with initiatives empowering Black entrepreneurs and fostering inclusivity and innovation in the business landscape. Karine Alhakim Associate News Editor
BEATRIZ SIMAS/THE MEDIUM
T
his year, Canada is witnessing a surge in initiatives aimed at empowering Black
The Federation of African Canadian Economics (FACE), a nonprofit coalition that aims to help
entrepreneurs and fostering a more equitable entrepreneurial landscape. From
Black Canadians build generational wealth, approved 481 applications worth $45.6 million for
government investments to corporate partnerships, a wave of positive change is making its
its Black Entrepreneurship Loan.
way into Canada’s business economy, creating opportunities and breaking down barriers for aspiring Black entrepreneurs.
In 2021, FACE was overwhelmed with thousands of applications and was not set up to handle the volume. As a result, the non-profit company built a staff of 50 to better equip enthusiastic
The Ontario government recently launched an initiative to invest $15 million over three years
entrepreneurs, which led to an increase in approved applications.
in the Racialized and Indigenous Supports for Entrepreneurs (RAISE) program to provide
TD Bank has also shown its commitment to supporting women and Black entrepreneurs
one-time grants, as well as free access to business coaching, training, and other opportunities.
through a series of initiatives aimed at fostering diversity and inclusion. The Black
The initiative will train over 1,200 Indigenous, Black, and other racially diverse entrepreneurs,
Entrepreneur Credit Access Program is designed to provide equitable access to financing,
with a specific target of assisting 450 entrepreneurs during the 2023-24 period. According
support, and financial education for Black-owned businesses. As part of TD’s Black Customer
to News Ontario, the program aims to eliminate barriers to economic opportunities for
Experience Strategy, the Program’s specialized Account Managers and regional teams support
Indigenous, Black, and other racialized entrepreneurs.
Black business owners as they drive their businesses forward.
Investments like these aim to equip aspiring Black entrepreneurs with the skills and knowledge
Bharat Masrani, President and CEO of TD Bank Group, emphasizes the importance of
necessary to navigate the complexities of entrepreneurship successfully. By removing financial
economic progress in reversing the impacts of systemic racism and bias. To this end, TD has
barriers and offering tailored support, Ontario is laying the foundation for a more inclusive
expanded its Diverse Business segment teams with a dedicated focus on Black communities
and vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem.
and businesses. These funded and trained teams are equipped to support the specific financial aspirations and needs of Black communities and businesses.
Financial institutions across Canada are also taking proactive steps to reduce barriers for Black entrepreneurs. Major banks approved millions of dollars in loans specifically designed
As we celebrate Black History Month, it is essential to recognize the success and creativity of
for Black-owned businesses, with CBIC Bank approving $8.5 million in loans and grants,
Black entrepreneurs across Canada. Through continued support, mentorship, and investment
and Ottawa authorizing about $35.1 million in loans thus far. These financial institutions are
in diverse talent, Canada is poised to create a more equitable and strong entrepreneurial
leveling the playing field and empowering Black entrepreneurs to reach their full potential.
ecosystem where every individual has the opportunity to succeed.
06 Editor | Aya Yafaoui opinion@themedium.ca
No, you don’t know better Avoiding the white savior complex. River Knott Editor-in-Chief
A
s many of the young adults at the University of Toronto Mississauga (UTM) will
the same things. Words like “saving” and “teaching” used in the context of white saviorism
tell you, one of the most beautiful things about being a grown-up is having the
are deluded and misleading. These words are excuses. These words are gentler on the ears
opportunity to practice complete and total autonomy. We govern ourselves. At any given
of the oppressors than a more apt description like “cultural genocide” would be. This is the
moment, we decide what we want to do, where we want to go, and who we want to be.
narrative of white saviorism, using pretty little words in place of truth whenever the truth becomes hard to swallow.
When we are children, we do not have this right to autonomy. Instead, our parents and guardians decide where we should go, what we can say, what we should eat, and how
Luckily, there are ways to break free from the problematic narrative of white saviorism.
we should dress. As stifling as this type of control can feel, children require this form of
The first,
guidance to stay safe and healthy. They have not had enough experience to understand
about
and most important step, is in realizing that allyship is not you or your reputation. Allyship is about developing
what kinds of foods nourish their bodies or why jumping into the deep end of a pool
empathy and relationships with people who have
without knowing how to swim might be dangerous. For the first nearly two decades of
different experiences with privilege than you do.
our lives, our parents, guardians, teachers, and peers educate us on how to get by in this
Allyship is about forming meaningful connections
world independently. This is sort of like the
and solving problems with disenfranchised
for getting through these first years
tutorial level of life. Our prize successfully? Freedom
people through a system of mutual respect and a
to finally do what we want!
dedication to equality. In the case of paternalism, where one party holds significant power over the other nations involved, this paternal state takes
“Or so it would seem. “
the lead, omitting teamwork, and losing the valuable perspectives of the locals of the affected nation in the process.
On the global stage, it has historically been common for Western countries to
Some core facets of white saviorism
involve
themselves in the dealings
of other nations. This is
often done in the form of
foreign aid. Unfortunately,
the efficacy of this foreign
aid is extremely limited, as
power over the distribution
and planning associated
with that aid remains in the
hands of the nation supplying
the foreign aid, rather than the nation receiving it. When it comes to distributing foreign aid, people who have lived experiences in a nation in crisis will always be better equipped to distribute this aid in their communities effectively. Still, many Western nations continue to assume, even without the rich socio/economic/cultural understanding of a country that a local would have, that they know better, ultimately limiting the autonomy of the affected nation. This phenomenon is known as paternalism. The root word of “paternalism” is the Latin “pater” meaning father. When one country assumes a fatherly—or paternal—role over another country, it is directly insinuated that the paternal nation views the other nation
in the modern era are these closely connected phenomena: performative activism and virtue signaling. Performative activism is activism done with
the primary interest of improving
one’s
own reputation, rather than genuinely
contributing to a cause. Virtue signaling is similar, occurring when individuals publicly announce their position on a particular issue, not in direct efforts to contribute to the cause, but rather to appear selfless or benevolent to the people around them. Performative activism and virtue signaling are traps people can easily fall into, even if they have good intentions. If you find yourself wondering whether you have fallen into this trap, ask yourself this simple question: “Who am I really doing this for? “
as irresponsible, unequipped, and ultimately childlike. To further this issue, countries that
If you have fallen into white saviorism, virtue signaling, or performative activism before,
assume a paternal role over another state are predominantly Western and predominantly
remember that it does not make you a bad person. Perfection is not the standard. People
White . This trend of white, wealthy, and privileged governments assuming power over
make mistakes, the important thing is what we do to fix them.
nations home to predominantly Black, Indigenous, and other people of colour (BIPOC) is inherently belittling and problematic.
As Black History Month begins this week, The Medium is thrilled to have the opportunity to use our platform to spotlight Black creatives, scholars, and athletes here at UTM. We
Despite its external appearance, the white savior complex is not about using one’s privilege
hope these stories spark connection and growth within our community. This February, I
to lift disenfranchised people up; in fact, it is not about disenfranchised people at all. The
encourage you to reconsider some of your preconceived notions about what it means to
white savior complex exists solely as a method to mitigate white guilt. For generations,
be an activist. What are the most important things about being an ally? What is the most
white Westerners have displayed their superiority complexes by insisting upon “saving”
effective way to make a difference? And who are you really doing this for?
and “teaching” members of BIPOC communities all over the world. The reality is that “conversion” and “saving” are not the same things. “Indoctrination” and “teaching” are not
07
Ben & Jerry’s is unapologetic, are you?
Is our empathy and humanity limited by our Western point of view? Maryam Lela Contributor
BEATRIZ SIMAS/THE MEDIUM BEATRIZ SIMAS/THE MEDIUM
I
t’s been 114 days. Israel has dropped more than 25,000 tonnes of bombs on Gaza, together,
Why do we hold a national day of mourning for the thousands of Indigenous children who
these explosives are heftier than the nuclear bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
were murdered at the hands of residential school keepers, yet fail to mourn a single one of
combined. Israel has killed more than 25,000 civilians, has rendered 1.9 million people
the 8,000 children in Gaza who were killed in Israeli bomb strikes over the last three months
homeless, has destroyed 20 hospitals, and has rescued zero hostages. Oh, and Hamas still
alone?
exists. That’s one of the most “advanced” militaries in the world for you, folks! Where are the world’s feminists when women in Gaza don’t have access to proper sanitary While Israel kills newborns and desecrates cemeteries, people continue with their everyday
products, and when mothers in Gaza have to undergo c-sections without anesthesia? Are
lives. It’s been three months and certain people still have not said a word about what’s
Palestinian women not women too?
happening in Gaza, despite posting condolences to social media about similar atrocities that took place in Ukraine not so long ago (I’m looking at you, Kylie).
Is our humanity one-sided? Do we only mourn when the West wants us to mourn? Do we stand up for justice only when the West deems it “politically correct” to do so? Are
But it’s not just celebrities. Companies like Starbucks and Amazon donated thousands
Palestinians the wrong culture, race, or religion to feel bad for?
of dollars in aid to Ukraine in 2022 and publicly expressed their sympathy for Ukrainian civilians impacted by the war. Yet, those same companies remain silent when it comes to
While certain people’s silence speaks volumes, others do not hesitate to declare their
Israel’s bombing of houses, hospitals, mosques, churches, and schools in Gaza.
unwavering sympathy and support for the people of Gaza. Huda Khattan is one example. Khattan, a social media influencer and founder of the makeup brand “Huda Beauty,” has
The hypocrisy and double standards don’t stop at Ukraine, though. Celebrities, corporations,
taken to her X account on multiple occasions to condemn Israel’s massacres in Gaza. In one
and educational institutions continue to expose their one-sided humanity to the world by
post, she says, “I know you’re exhausted talking about Gaza, but the tipping point is here [...]
sympathizing with certain humanitarian causes while ignoring others. Some of us may be
don’t stop.” Khattan has also donated $1 million to humanitarian organizations in Gaza.
guilty of this, too. Vermont-based ice cream company Ben and Jerry’s is another advocate for Palestinian rights. For example, why do we declare that “Every Child Matters,” yet remain silent when
Earlier this month, they stated that they call for “peace, and a permanent and immediate
Palestinian children are shot in refugee camps by the Israel Defence Forces (IDF)?
ceasefire.” The company also posted on its website that it will “end sales of [its] ice cream in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.” When asked why, Ben and Jerry’s stated that selling its
Why are we enraged at the brutal murder of George Floyd at the hands of police, yet remain
product within an “internationally recognized illegal occupation” would be “inconsistent”
silent when Israeli forces abuse Palestinians, such as the diabetic Arafat Hamdan who was
with its values.
jailed, deprived of his medicine, and placed under the sun for hours with a bag on his head until he died?
The list goes on. From celebrities like Angelina Jolie and Kyrie Irving, to companies like Kayali, influential bodies around the world continue to stand for Palestinian lives, no matter
Why do we flood social media with pleas to release Israeli hostages, yet not put up similar
what the cost.
posts pleading to release the 7,200 Palestinian detainees—including hundreds of children— who were imprisoned without trial or charge?
What about us? Where does our humanity stand? “It’s too complicated” isn’t a good enough answer. We need to hold ourselves accountable before another nation of people is erased
Why do we condemn the gas chambers of the Holocaust, yet remain indifferent when the IDF shells Palestinian civilians with white phosphorus gas, a chemical that causes severe skin burns and is declared illegal under international law?
completely, leaving only a brief presence of them in history books.
08
Are boycotts worth the work?
The effectiveness of boycotts continues to be questioned, and yet, we are seeing results. Zainab Hassan Contributor
I
n a world where there seems to be no end to social injustices that need calling out, boycott
Public Transport. The 1959 Anti-Apartheid Boycott lasted 35 years, with consumers actively
movements flare up a few times a year and drag in with them the age-old debate of their
avoiding South African products, resulting in the oppressive government’s dismantling
effectiveness.
in 1994. More recently, 2016 saw the end of the Orca breeding programs at SeaWorld in response to a public boycott. In 2018, multiple airlines, including Delta and Hertz, cut
Every boycott I’ve participated in has been accompanied by a hurricane of “what’s the
ties with the National Rifle Association (NRA) following the NRA’s stance against student
point,” “why bother,” and “they don’t even work.” At this point, I think I’d be more surprised
gun control activists in the wake of the Parkland high school shooting. With a plethora
if I didn’t encounter skeptics. But that’s the case with most social movements, isn’t it? And
of examples throughout history boasting success, it’s clear that boycotts can be effective,
boycotts are, at their core, social movements.
provided they have enough support from the people participating in them.
When people look at boycotts and evaluate their effectiveness, they tend to look at profit loss
So, what does this mean in the context of the Palestinian Genocide ? With the conflict
and long-term revenue. And don’t get me wrong, these are important aspects to consider as
nearing the end of its fourth month, protestors have been participating in extended boycotts
they’re a company’s main priority. A company that loses money is a company more willing
against companies supporting Israel, such as HP, AXA, and SodaStream, among others. But
to implement the change its consumers are asking for. But looking at boycotts from only an
with the genocide continuing as it is, people wonder if these boycotts are having any effect.
economic perspective clouds the true purpose of boycotts. Yes, boycotts are a movement
I would argue, yes. Companies such as McDonalds and Starbucks are seeing a decline in
intended to financially pressure a company, but they’re also a way for consumers to voice
revenue, and in some cases, have had to remove entire franchises from countries. We’re also
their dissatisfaction, and to bring public attention to a larger social movement.
seeing consistent attention directed to the situation in Palestine. The social media and news attention garnered by these boycotts has pushed the genocide in Gaza to the front of people’s
In an interview discussing the effectiveness of boycotts, Professor Americus Reed, a
screens, making it impossible to ignore. And what greater sign is there of success than the US
marketing professor at the Wharton School of Business, stated that major brands are
government attempting to ban boycotts themselves?
powerful enough to “tell the world these are our values. And you’re either with us. Or if you’re not with us, that’s fine as well. But we’re going to be very clear… speaking to the consumers,
The US anti-boycott requirements, while not new, have recently made a comeback with the
[saying] that this is what we stand for. Jump on board or not.” But just as a
rising amount of boycott participants against Israel-supporting companies.
brand can say this to its consumers, the consumers can return the sentiment.
Previously only punishing businesses who actively refused to participate in
Boycotts, a form of peaceful protest, are legal under Canadian Law. In the
business with Israel, these regulations are now targeting consumers as
United States, Boycotts are permitted under the consumer’s right to be
well, in an attempt to “prevent […] U.S. persons from advancing foreign
heard and the civilian’s rights to free speech and association. We boycotters
policies of other nations that run counter to U.S. policy.”
are motivated, not only by the concept of bringing about social change but also by the concept of clearly demonstrating our dissatisfaction, regardless of
Now I don’t know about you, but I see enforcing consumer behavior as a
effectiveness. And in many cases, these calls have been successful.
direct contradiction to both consumer and individual rights. Are consumers
Some of history’s rather significant social changes have been the result of
allowed to express dissatisfaction? It makes me wonder how such a regulation
successful boycotts, among the most notable being the 1955 Montgomery Bus
will be enforced. But one thing is for certain: clearly, the boycott movement
boycotts, sparked by Rosa Parks’ arrest and ultimately resulting in the passage
is so successful that the government is paying attention! How’s that for the
not allowed to choose where they can and cannot shop? Are citizens not
of a law that prohibited any type of racial segregation in Montgomery
skeptics?
The increase in international students’ cost-of-living threshold will hurt students
The government says international students need more than $20,000 to live in Canada. Vanessa Bogacki Staff Writer
T
he University of Toronto (UofT) is an institution known for its acceptance of students of a
Through hearing the opinions of my friends, I have discovered that this increase is much more
multitude of different ethnicities and nationalities. UofT has a positive reputation around
severe than I originally understood. The first obvious point that several international students
its acceptance of international students, and believing in equal opportunities for students–a
have discussed is the unfairness of this increase, as they believe doubling the original cost is
major facet of its mission statement. Many students from around the world have been lucky
an extremely high jump, causing several individuals to reconsider their aim to migrate over to
enough to call the GTA home and UofT a part of their undergraduate or graduate experience.
different countries as international students.
On Thursday, December 7, 2023, the Canadian government officially announced that
Furthermore, many theorize that this cost increase will limit the education of many, as fewer
international students who are filing study permit applications face an increase in the cost-of-
people can now afford to study as international students in Canada. these students may be
living requirement which must be met for approval, which has skyrocketed to $20,635, more
forced to rethink their decisions about UofT, instead opting to gain knowledge within their
than double the previous requirement, starting in 2024.
homelands.
Many of you who read this must be thinking: wow, how will these students manage, and who
So yes, maybe our government does indeed think that they’re being kind and caring towards
will help them? Well, don’t you worry because the government has this all planned folks! Marc
the future of these students, as they aim to prepare them for the difficulties they will eventually
Miller, the Minister of Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship, states that this is actually to
face in Canada. Yet, in many ways, they’re doing the opposite and, ultimately, are causing more
help the students as it allows them to feel more financially ready if they plan on taking up life in
harm than good.
Canada. How kind of you Mr. Miller...
By doubling tuition fees, the government is discouraging individuals from around the world
Looking at this from a student’s perspective I’m fortunate enough to be a part of the UofT
from traveling to Canada for academic purposes. Individuals will be forced to seek education
commuter population . For me, this means that I live under my parents’ roof and don’t have
elsewhere or to join the working class in their countries of origin due to the new financial
to pay rent. Ultimately, as a local student, my yearly tuition is less than half of what any
barriers posed by the Canadian government.
international student pays. However, several of my friends on campus aren’t fortunate enough to say the same.
09
The human cost of green energy
The exploitation of vulnerable communities in mineral-rich regions like the Congo raises urgent questions about the sustainability of our technological advancements. Karine Alhakim Associate News Editor
DAANISH ALVI/THE MEDIUM
I
n the quest for a greener future, the world has pinned its hopes on sustainable technologies,
In light of these challenges, it is imperative to rethink our approach to sustainability and
which are hailed to be the panacea for environmental degradation and climate change.
prioritize a more holistic understanding of what it truly means to build a greener future.
Central to this vision are the rechargeable batteries powering everything from electric vehicles
This requires a fundamental shift in our mindset, moving away from a narrow focus on
to renewable energy storage systems. However, behind the sleek facades of these eco-friendly
technological solutions toward a more nuanced appreciation of the interconnectedness
innovations lies a grim reality: the exploitation of vulnerable communities. This is particularly
between environmental integrity, social justice, and economic equity.
evident in regions like the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), where minerals like cobalt and copper are extracted under conditions akin to modern-day slavery.
First and foremost, we must acknowledge the agency and rights of communities impacted by resource extraction, ensuring their meaningful participation in the decision-making processes
At the heart of this issue is the uncomfortable truth that the minerals essential for
that affect their lives and livelihoods. This necessitates robust mechanisms for transparency
manufacturing these batteries are largely sourced from the Congo, where adults and children
and accountability throughout global supply chains, from mining sites to manufacturing
toil in hazardous conditions for meager wages, often working for less than two dollars a day.
facilities to end consumers.
The irony is glaring: our pursuit of sustainability is built on the backs of those trapped in a cycle of poverty and exploitation while their lives are sacrificed at the altar of progress. This
Additionally, efforts to promote sustainable technology must be accompanied by initiatives
raises profound questions about the ethical and moral dimensions of our so-called sustainable
aimed at diversifying mineral sources and reducing reliance on conflict-prone regions. This
technology and the policies that underpin it.
could involve investing in the research and development of alternative materials, promoting recycling and circular economy practices, and supporting responsible sourcing initiatives that
Sustainability, by its very definition, should encompass environmental, social, and economic
prioritize ethical labor practices and environmental sustainability.
dimensions. Yet, in our eagerness to mitigate climate change and reduce carbon emissions, we have inadvertently turned a blind eye to the human rights abuses and environmental
Furthermore, international cooperation and multilateral frameworks are essential to address
degradation inherent in the global supply chains of key renewable energy components. The
the root causes of resource-related conflicts and promote peacebuilding efforts in regions like
DRC, rich in cobalt reserves, has become emblematic of this paradox, where the pursuit of
the Congo. Diplomatic engagement, targeted development assistance, and capacity-building
green energy clashes with the harsh realities of resource extraction.
initiatives can help address governance challenges, strengthen institutions, and empower local communities to benefit equitably from their natural resources.
The implications of this ethical dilemma are significant and extend far beyond the borders of the Congo. Firstly, the dilemma exposes the inherent contradictions within our current
Ultimately, pursuing sustainability cannot come at the expense of human rights and dignity.
approach to sustainability. How can we claim to be building a greener, more equitable world
Our vision of a greener future must be inclusive and respectful of the inherent worth and
when the very foundation of our efforts rests on the exploitation and suffering of marginalized
rights of all people. By confronting the human cost of green energy and reevaluating our
communities? The narrative of progress becomes deeply flawed when it relies on the
current approach to sustainability, we can aspire to build a more just and sustainable world for
perpetuation of human rights abuses and socioeconomic inequalities.
present and future generations.
Moreover, the reliance on minerals sourced from conflict-prone regions like the Congo
The exploitation of vulnerable communities in the Congo and other resource-rich
poses significant geopolitical risks and undermines efforts to promote peace and stability in
regions highlights the urgent need to reassess the true sustainability of our current energy
these areas. The scramble for resources fuels corruption, exacerbates existing conflicts, and
technologies and policies. The pursuit of green energy must not be divorced from the
promotes a cycle of violence that further marginalizes vulnerable populations. Thus, our
humanitarian realities of its production processes. Only by addressing the ethical, social, and
dependence on these minerals not only perpetuates human suffering but also undermines
environmental dimensions of sustainability can we truly embark on a path towards a more
broader peace and security objectives.
equitable and sustainable future.
Furthermore, the environmental toll of resource extraction in regions like the Congo is staggering. Unregulated mining practices ravage landscapes, pollute waterways, and degrade ecosystems, leaving behind a trail of environmental destruction. The true cost of green energy must account for these ecological consequences, challenging the simplistic narrative that portrays renewable technologies as inherently benign.
10
How the film Moonlight explores “the Queer ”
How the Global North’s preconceived notions about Queerness serve to maintain hegemony.
Demilade Olaluwoye Contributor
BEATRIZ SIMAS/THE BEATRIZ SIMAS/THE MEDIUM MEDIUM
W
hen I was little, I remember going to Nigeria and feeling terrified while walking
readily single out gay men by assuming that they all behave flamboyantly. If more people
through the marketplace. It was the first time I had met with so many non-able-
were to accept the multiplicity within the queer community, it would disrupt the process by
bodied people. In retrospect, I realize seeing so many unique and different people challenged
which society ostracizes those who behave differently. The homonormative idea behind how
my perception of what I considered normal, inciting my fear response. Many of these ideas of
all gay people should behave in part may serve to exacerbate Chiron’s identity crises.
normalcy have been established by the Global North, and it is these same ideas that continue to perpetuate stigmas and intolerance amongst groups viewed as degenerative. Looking at the
Moonlight also explores how isolated and lonely Queer persons of colour (POC) feel in
movie Moonlight (2016) can shed light on how the Global North’s ideas about queer identity
their communities because of the ideologies of the Global North. As a result of the Global
can aid and abet the marginalization of Queer people, which ultimately serves to maintain
North’s rejection of Queer as normative, Queer POC who are already left out of many social
hegemony—or the social influence exerted by a dominant group.
circles are also rejected by their communities. This isolation makes it increasingly difficult to find solidarity amongst those like you. Without organization from the collective against
Moonlight is a coming-of-age film that explores how notions of “the Queer” in one’s
marginalization and oppression, nothing changes, and hegemony is maintained. Chiron’s
community often lead to the marginalization of those who subscribe to said identity,
choice of behaviour highlights Queerness as both a practice and an identity. Despite not
ultimately serving to maintain hegemony . In the film, the exploration of the character
formally labelling himself as Queer, he displays his Queerness when he shares a moment of
Chiron gives us a lens into queerness. He represents queerness as an identity and as a
intimacy on the beach with a friend named Kevin.
practice. His practice does not fall in line with societal normalcy; however, we see the negative response his practice draws from his community. At the beginning of the film,
The presence of binaries serves only to marginalize those who do not fit within that context.
Chiron is chased by bullies who hurl homophobic slurs at him. Their behaviour is a result
Chiron’s experience with bullies comes mostly from school, showing how institutions are
of perceptions surrounding how boys who exist outside a heteronormative context must be
complicit in the marginalization by upholding harmful Global North ideas of what it means
demonized and punished.
to be queer.
Chiron’s behaviour threatens what these children understand as being normal, and as a
At school, Chiron faces bullying from his classmate Terrell. Terrel and his friends constantly
result, he is punished for it. This scene represents the marginalization of queer-presenting
harass Chiron, abusing him emotionally and physically because of the way he dresses and
individuals at the community level. Even for characters written as more understanding and
its indications of his sexuality. Terrell at one point compels Chiron’s friend Kevin to fight
open-minded, their ideas of “the Queer” highlight the hegemonic influence society has
him, which has psychological repercussions on Chiron for the rest of his life. The treatment
over our perceptions of right and wrong. For instance, in Act I of Moonlight, Chiron visits
Chiron experiences at school highlights the impact of institutional betrayal, where the power
Juan and Theresa’s home, where Chiron questions if he is gay. Juan’s reply is hesitant, but he
structures at school are complicit in his bullying through failure to actively teach about
emphasizes that Chiron does not need to know yet. His response is seemingly unharmful, but
Queerness .
the truth of the matter is that he would not have responded that way if Chiron asked if he was straight. The hesitancy and dismissiveness in Juan’s reply highlight the degenerative, or non-
Moonlight delves into how community and Northern institutional ideas on non-normative
normative, nature Chiron seemingly possesses. Juan’s belief that Chiron should worry about
sexual desires serve to marginalize Queer people and maintain hegemony. Chiron’s strife with
his identity in the future appears to be an effort to keep Chiron in proximity to normalcy in
bullies at school and the harmful notions of heteronormativity from his community explore
the present for as long as he can.
the impacts these ideologies have on queer POC. The film’s exploration of the multiplicity of
Another instance of marginalization, and by extension hegemony in the community, is
queerness and queer identity through Chiron’s response to his treatment emphasizes the need
present when one of Chiron’s dope dealers questions the girls he’s been seeing. The dealer’s
for nuance in the film medium as it relates to the exploration of queer characters.
question represents the binary that many people believe sexuality exists under. This binary idea of sexuality, stemming from the Global North, promotes hegemony as it persists to
11 Editor | Louis Lam features@themedium.ca
Distinguished Professor Awards: Professors Ron Buliung, Robert Gerlai, and Kent Moore A look into the works and accolades of the three recipients of the Distinguished Professor Awards at the University of Toronto. Elma Chowdhury Contributor >> continued from the front cover...
B
eing hard of hearing produced interesting possibilities in the classroom for closer
memory pose many questions, such as, “How does gene influence behaviour?” and “How are
engagement with students, for example, during discussions, creating a more intimate,
neuroplasticity and underlying memory related to each other?” Another course he teaches
discussion-driven learning environment in courses such as GGR370: The Geography of
is a behavioural neuroscience practical course that is shared with other professors, where
Transportation, and a graduate seminar, named “Disability, Ableism and Place” in Geography
students learn to use neuroscience and behaviour to analyze the brain. Outside of lecture halls,
and Planning.
Professor Gerlai helps train and teach students in the laboratory on behavioural neuroscience research.
In his courses, Professor Buliung encourages his students to think about how disability is produced, what ableism is, and how we can make cities more accessible. In a future course
As the recipient of the John Carlin Roder Distinguished Professor in Behavioural
at UTM, he hopes to have students map out resources for disabled persons that are not on
Neuroscience, Professor Gerlai feels wonderful, as most of the work this award recognizes is
the campus map, think of tactile wayfinding surfaces, grip tape on stairs to prevent falls,
a result of the diligence and creativity of the students in his laboratory.
elevators, and more. Students are also encouraged to work on the current housing issue, food
belongs to his students just as much as it does to him. He researches because it’s “thrilling and
insecurity within the lives of disabled people, lack of accessible washroom spaces, and the
a lot like detective work, which can be invigorating,” and not for the recognition. Still, he is
problems behind highways being created across the protected Green Belt in rural Canadian
honoured to be recognized by his peers and superiors in the field, as this will help research
communities north and west of the City of Toronto.
students in his laboratory have more resources to do their research projects.
Professor Buliung, the 2024 Distinguished Professor of Geographies of Disability and Ableism,
Flying over the waters of the Arctic or trekking parts of Mount Everest is a part of Professor
works to “intersect disability studies and critical ableism with transportation geography and
Moore’s job as a geophysicist, who often asks questions, such as, “How does sea ice and ocean
urban planning.” He would like to use his current position and recognition in academia to
interaction in the Arctic region impact our atmosphere?” when studying the atmosphere,
continue the conversation about the lack of accessible resources as well as opportunities in
geophysics, and oceanic processes. Starting as a physicist, Professor Moore came across a
academia for disabled persons in the city of Toronto. As the recipient of this award, Professor
scientific paper on climate modelling where they removed all the mountains to see what the
Buliung felt greatly honoured and humbled to receive such a recognition and states that this
Earth would look like in terms of the climate. This drew him to focus his studies and work on
“award is for his daughter and all the people along the way,” such as his teachers, teaching
atmospheric physics. His work is mostly composed of analyzing satellite data and computer
and faculty colleagues, department chairs, students, and all the people that worked with
models to determine the climate in various regions, as well as the effects of climatic changes
and motivated him. He’s excited that such an award will help further the conversation about
on the human body. In addition to that, Professor Moore shares how his experiences of being
disability and ableism in urban spaces, public discourse, and academia.
stuck in stormy weather conditions over the Arctic Ocean, feeling the impact of oxygen levels
In a way, this award
dropping on top of mountains, led him to truly understand the severity of such conditions Another recipient of the Distinguished Professors Awards, Professor Gerlai shares how
on the human body. He goes on to say, “As much as I like the ability to experience the very
“oil painting can seem intimidating at first but the really nice thing about oil as a medium
conditions I do my research on, which is in and of itself is quite rare in any research field, being
is that it does not dry up too fast, meaning that you can make changes to your work even
in the middle of an oceanic storm or having to take 20 minutes to catch a good breath on top
hours after you begin to paint.” Professor Gerlai’s life and career trajectory can be likened
of mountains, like the Everest, truly is a hard and profound experience when a researcher, such
to the creation of art with oil paints as he initially began his work in biological psychology,
as myself, experiences those things in real-time. Reality feels very different from reading about
continued to specialize in experimental biology in Budapest, held leadership positions in US
it in a paper and trying to grasp the feeling just from theory alone.”
biotechnology and biopharmaceutical research companies such as Genentech, Inc. and Eli Lilly & Co. as well as being a professor at the University of Hawaii. He’s currently pioneering
Awarded the Distinguished Professors Award in Theoretical Geophysics of Climate Change,
research in neurobehavioral genetics in zebrafish, a relatively new animal model in the world
Professor Moore was very surprised and humbled by the accolade, as he expressed his
of behavioural neuroscience.
gratitude, saying, “it is nice to be recognized by the university and my peers in the field.” Presently, he works in the administrative role of Vice President of Research at UTM, where
Just as many would find oil as an intimidating medium to work with at first, many behavioral
he’s primarily responsible for supporting faculty and student research across the campus, by
neuroscientists would say the same about zebrafish. Most prefer the use of mouse models,
providing access to funding opportunities like seed funds, research facilities, and hosting
instead, due to a lack of research on behavioural genetics with zebrafish. However, Professor
events. Before his administrative role, he taught a second-year course on electromagnetism
Gerlai, with his lingering desire to work with the fish, took on the challenge and explained
(PHY241H5) and a fourth-year course on classical electrodynamics (PHY451H5), alongside a
how “humans and fish share 3.3 billion years’ worth of evolutionary characteristics, such as
graduate course on atmospheric physics (PHY2509H1). During his teaching term, he enjoyed
zebrafish neurotransmitter systems having the same or similar receptors as humans.” This
interacting with students and explained that “doing research is very different than coursework
allows him to see the effects of drugs and alcohol on the behaviours of zebrafish and their
as students can do things people have never done before, try to find answers to questions that
implications on human behaviour, with higher accuracy. This type of research led him to be
have not been answered yet or no one has seen before.”
named the “Father of Zebrafish Behavioural Neuroscience Research.” The behavioural analysis of zebrafish can be used in biomedical research with humans, as the comparable biological
Professors Buliung, Gerlai, and Moore truly deserve the title of distinguished professor in
mechanisms can manifest in both zebrafish and humans, such as on antisocial behaviours,
their respective research areas for their incredible and unique work, as well as their abilities
memory, and learning.
to teach future researchers in both the classroom and the laboratory. We hope to see more talented and hard-working professors continue to be recognized by the university for their
Aside from working with zebrafish, Professor Gerlai teaches four courses, three of which he
work as they ought to be acknowledged for the time and dedication they put into their
established himself. These courses on animal behaviour genetics and mechanisms of
craft. Congratulations again to all three professors on being recipients of the Distinguished Professors Awards of 2024!
12
What to do for Black History Month as a student Here’s a list of what students can do to honour and participate in the awareness and celebration of Black History Month. Mariana Dominguez Rodriguez Contributor
BEATRIZ SIMAS/THE MEDIUM
A
s Black History Month rolls around the corner, Black communities and other supporting
6.A software company called BusyQA, introduces its Leap Black History Month Celebration,
groups are offering a variety of captivating events designed to increase awareness, uplift
where participants can immerse themselves in an experience filled with music, dance,
the Black community, and commemorate the rich history that surrounds the individual
and cultural performances, as well as various guest speakers. The event focuses on the
lives and experiences of its members. Here is a list of different events across Mississauga and
experiences and heritage contributions of the Black tech community. UTM students can reach
Toronto that celebrate the importance of Black History Month:
the event in 15 minutes by car or 40 minutes by bus from campus. The event is free and is
1.Join the International Education Centre for the “Our Stories” program, where a panel of
hosted at 600 Matheson Boulevard West, Unit 5 in the Venture X building on February 24,
Black international students are invited to discuss personal narratives, pieces, and shared
2024, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
experiences, to commemorate the awareness of this month. Students from all three UofT
7.Freedom Mas Band prepares for a fun-filled carnival experience celebrating Black culture
campuses are invited to register. The event will be free and hosted on Zoom on February 7,
and community. Live performances from talented artists, immersive and interactive
2024, from 12 p.m. to 1:30 p.m.
workshops, delicious food and drinks, and more will be offered as Black History is celebrated
2.The Anti-Racism and Cultural Diversity Office (ARCDO) and the Hart House are
through vibrant activities. The event is a short 17-minute drive from campus for students to
presenting a screening of Steadfast: The Messenger and the Message, a movie about Black
attend. The event is free and is hosted at the Small Arms Inspection Building on February 25,
women’s voices and leadership rules in institutionalized spaces, followed by a discussion of
2024, from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m.
the film. The film and discussion will be centred around Black women’s journeys of hope
8.NxN Events presents its Black History Month Networking & Vendor Event, where
and determination within their professional careers. Faculty, staff, students, and the general
individuals can support local vendors and connect with members of the Black community. A
community are invited to register. The event is free and is hosted at the Great Hall, Hart
wide selection of unique products and services that reflect Black heritage and culture offered
House, 7 Hart House Circle at the University of Toronto, St. George campus, as well as online
by Black entrepreneurs will be available for purchase. Students are encouraged to take a trip to
on Zoom on February 8, 2024, from 1 p.m. to 3:30 p.m.
Toronto for a lively evening to attend this event. The event is free and is hosted at the Jamaican
3.Also offered by the ARCDO is the Black Healing Circle event, where participants are
Canadian Association in North York on February 3, 2024, from 5 p.m. to 9 p.m.
welcome to share and discuss personal stories and experiences that allow them to feel more
9.St. Andrew’s Church is hosting Songs & Stories, where the Jordan Klapman Quartet will
liberated in school and community settings. The endurance of racial discrimination and
perform evocative soulful songs about living as a Black person. Accompanied by personal
trauma and the amplification of Black voices and movements will be focused on during the
stories, the quartet will discuss their rise as musicians and how the classical songs personally
discussion. Students, staff, and faculty at the University of Toronto who identify as members
influenced their musical journeys. Students, friends, and family are welcome to attend. The
of the Black community are invited to register. The event is free and hosted on Zoom on
event costs $33 and is hosted at St. Andrew's Church on February 23, 2024, from 7:30 p.m. to
February 13, 2024, from 11:30 a.m. to 1 p.m.
9 p.m.
4.The Mississauga City Hall is hosting the second annual Black Excellence Awards, an event
10.Spice Food and Wine Group presents a night of wine tasting, where Black winemakers,
made to recognize and congratulate members of the Black community. The evening will
their history in the business, expertise, stories, and personal highlights will all be recognized
include keynote speakers, musical performances, and an award ceremony where Mississauga’s
and celebrated. Wines available for tasting come from Canada, the US, South Africa, and
Black residents can be nominated for health, youth, community, legacy, and business-related
more. Wines can be paired with the Caribbean and West African snacks that will be provided.
awards. To attend, students can easily commute for ten minutes by car or 25 minutes by bus
Individuals of legal drinking age and older are welcome to attend. The event costs $35 and is
from campus. The event is free and is hosted at the Mississauga City Hall, Great Hall on
hosted at the Fork York Visitor Centre on February 21, 2024, from 6 pm. to 10 p.m.
February 23, 2024, at 7 p.m.
These are some of the many events hosted this month in honor of Black History and the
5.WellFort Community Health Services is hosting its annual Black History Month event,
culture, livelihood, and community that it represents. Students are encouraged to check these
where the organization strives to showcase Black excellence and talent. In efforts to promote
out and invite their friends where possible to help spread the word and appreciation for this
health and wellness, on-site health services are provided by health experts, as well as dance
significant month for the Black community.
performances and Afrocentric children’s activities throughout the event. Students can reach the venue from UTM in about a half-hour by car. The event is free and is hosted at the Malton Community Centre on February 17, 2024, from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m.
13
Celebrating Black excellence with the Black Research Network A highlight of some celebrated individuals. Pamela Prasetya Associate Features Editor DAANISH ALVI/THE MEDIUM
F
ebruary is Black History Month, and we want to take the moment to highlight and
McEwen has also researched technology and communication. In her article, “Understanding
appreciate the Black community here at the University of Toronto, Mississauga (UTM).
each other when Communicating in Emerging Technology-Mediated Environments,” she
There is a Black Research Network (BRN) at the University of Toronto that serves to promote
discusses the impact of different forms of technologies—ranging from wearables, AI, and
Black research excellence in the university community through mentorship, programming, and
communication using technology like service robots to altering one’s environment through
funding opportunities. We can get a glimpse of the different people who are in the BRN and
the usage of Virtual Reality (VR). This research challenges our perspective on technology and
learn more about their backgrounds, academic experiences, and research.
communication, such as those about interactions between people and products. It brings up the topic of how technology affects collaboration and interaction, especially in remote work
We need to take the time to appreciate and uplift the Black community and to demonstrate the
settings, and how the use of technology in our lives can be beneficial, but can also result in
value of the research done by those who thrived despite the barriers around them. While there
miscommunications.
are so many talented individuals, here are some individuals from the Black community that we should celebrate this month.
Janella Joseph Janelle Joseph is an Assistant Professor of Critical Studies of Race and Indigeneity in the Faculty
Beverly Essue
of Kinesiology and Physical Education at the University of Toronto, St. George. Her research
Beverly Essue is an Associate Professor at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, in the
interests include creating anti-racism policies and studying how experiences of racism in the
Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation Department. As someone who is both
sports industry affect athletes, students, coaches, administration, and others. She also has a
a global health systems researcher and economist, Essue specializes in financial risk protection
book titled Sport in the Black Atlantic: Cricket, Canada and the Caribbean Diaspora, which
and advancing equity and gender equality in global health systems. She also helps racialized
explores how sports as a whole connect people from different parts of the world, such as North
survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) regain confidence and economic stability in their
America, England, and the Caribbean.
lives. Essue, along with her colleagues, started by implementing and providing dental care to IPV survivors. Her other works discuss universal health care and women’s medical inequality,
Joseph is also the founder and director of the first laboratory in Canada concentrated
specifically addressing issues in the health care system regarding cancer and other illnesses.
specifically on issues of race and movement cultures, otherwise known as the Indigeneity, Diaspora, Equity, and Anti-Racism in Sport (IDEAS) research lab. This is such a
For one of her projects, called “Restoring Smiles,” the goal of the initiative is to help IPV
groundbreaking occurrence for the Black community as this research lab’s mission aims to
survivors gain confidence and economic stability in any way they can. One way to help these
eliminate racist programming in sports, dance, and leadership in the community. The IDEAS
people regain confidence and self-esteem is through access to dental care. Helping them achieve
lab conducts studies of sports-related discrimination which provide the opportunity to uncover
the “perfect” smile, great hygiene, and good oral health creates a huge impact on the survivors
the underlying systemic biases and racism shown in the sports industry.
who might have lost confidence during their traumatic experiences. This project aims to help IPV survivors with dental pain and smile defects by providing them with a chance to get the
Joseph also conducted research on decolonizing kinesiology in their ethics model, which
resources and help they need; something that they might not have been able to previously
creates an alternate focus of ethics that does not rely on colonial understandings of health and
due to limiting barriers and potential physical abuse. Essue aims to help uplift others in the
the human body. This also relates to previous research done on the comparison of treatment
community and create more fair opportunities, including access to systems and services that
individuals get based on systemic discrimination in the medical field. The newly revised ethics
allow others to live to their best potential.
model is then related to social justice, unravelling the deep layers of inequality and injustice seen in the laws, institutions, and systems involved in kinesiology and sports industries. There is
Rhonda McEwen
a discussion of different views held against those in minority groups, whether it’s being seen as
Rhonda McEwen has been the BRN’s interim director as of August 2023. McEwen is the
biologically inferior in the health community or lack of resources and opportunities that might
President and Vice-Chancellor of Victoria University at UofT, she is also a professor of
be available to White people. This research demonstrates that the impact of racial biases, even
emerging technology at the Institute of Communication, Culture, Information and Technology
in the health industry, prove themselves to be damaging and discriminatory; this opens the
at UTM. Her research interests revolve around human-machine communication, VR, and the
discussion of how we view medical care, especially for those who are marginalized.
cognitive effects of technology and media. There are a lot of talented individuals in the BRN who showcase Black excellence on campus, When explaining the philosophy of the BRN, McEwen states, “The BRN brings together a
opening discourse on topics and phenomena they may have not otherwise been researched.
supportive multidisciplinary network of Black faculty, librarians, and students among the
From technology and communication to universal health care and the ethics model behind
tri-campus through its initiatives and values.” Her commitment to equality and representation
kinesiology, UofT has a wide platform and space for Black researchers and students to speak
does not just stop at research; she even served on the advisory committee that created the
their truth and create an impact not only in academia but in every aspect they can. These
Sesame Street Muppet named Julia, who represents children who are on the autism spectrum.
talented individuals are great examples of how we can change the narrative of oppression by
This meant altering technology and media to be accessible and inclusive to all types of children
overcoming barriers and highlighting the voices in our community.
across the globe.
14 Editor | Hannah Wang arts@themedium.
The one leaf on the floor Demilade Akinleye Contributor
T
he orange tinted leaf lies lifeless On the floor that birthed it
Stem since detached, its corpse blends With the wood surface that bathed it in sunlight Having once reached heights beyond the wind would ever take it, The late maple now lies still It’s a sequence Our stem anchors us and their roots anchors them We live in a constant state of dependency Until the day we reunite with our Providers where we’d all coalesce To nourish those yet to come Every process has its role Yet it is what goes unrecognized That makes everything so... Beautiful
Alkebulan Joy Pius Contributor
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he pale faces will tell you Alkebulan does not exist. It is a myth, an accessory for their fairytales, Wakanda
they call it. I am the descendant of Alkebulan. I have seen her; I have touched her. She is more than a place, she is a spirit, a mindset, a Goddess. Yeye ndiye kila kitu ambacho ni na hakitakuwa tena - she is everything that is and no longer will be. Yeye ndiye kila kitu ambacho bado hakija na bado hakijafanyika - she is everything that isn't yet and is yet to be. There the river speaks to the sun and the response is rain. The wind is the guiding voices of the ancestors. The tallest tree bows to lightning and the sound of Thunder brings hope. It is a land of green pastures, with mountains and valleys, waterfalls, and streams. Its vegetation is best compared to that of the garden of Eden. Her people are royalty, god like beings. Their skin radiates gold. Their clothing made of red corals. They talk using drums, da-dum-da-dum. They dance for the rain and sing for the sun. They speak their mother’s tongue. Alkebulan. Or as the white man has taught you Africa.
The music of Rema
A dive into the life of the rising Nigerian rapper, Rema. Michaela Dimitrov Contributor
R
ema—an artist whose work I like—is a Nigerian rapper born on May 1st, 2000. His
In 2023, Rema became the first Nigerian artist to sell out a tour in India. Rema also
real name is Divine Ikubor. He has released many songs, including his top five: “Calm
performed in Benin City, Curagp , and the Norwegian city of Tonsberg. Many people are
Down” (one billion streams), “Soundgasm” (100,000+ streams), “Dumebi” (100,000+
labelling his talent on the same level as Wizkid, Burna Bow, and Davido.
streams), “Soweto” (90,000+ streams), and “Charm” (80,000+ streams). My personal favourite is “Woman” (30,000+ streams). I also enjoy one of his most recent songs, “Pretty Girl”
One of his most buzzworthy concerts came in at London’s O2 arena in 2023, where he mixed
(+10,000 streams), made with Ice Spice. His journey to fame started with “Dumebi” in 2019.
rap and trap music. Rema starts his concert riding on a dark horse with red fog and visual effects, creating a feeling of aggressiveness paired with his tone as he sang. He even changed
Rema was born into a big Nigerian family, living with his parents, an older brother, and two
his early songs to add more trap and rock elements. Later, he rides a bat in the air, referencing
sisters. In an interview on the Afrobeats podcast, Rema revealed how the death of his dad
his native Benin City. While the performance was great, the audience was left with mixed
changed his life. However, he persisted and leaned onto music. He grew up with music and
feelings. Throughout the concert, there was a lack of cohesion. Two personas were shown,
would rap often in high school.
which greatly contradicted each other, leading to the audience's confusion awkwardly mixing with Rema’s enthusiasm. Some fans even complained about long transition breaks.
Before his career started, he formed a duo with singer Alpha P called RNA. His fame started after D’Prince saw Rema’s freestyle to his song “Gucci Gang.” D’Prince flew Rema to Lagos
Rema’s passion still burns brightly, and fans are awaiting his future work. His skill isn’t in
and offered him a record deal, where they sang together and he helped produce Rema’s first
question, and he’s on the way to an even more prosperous future.
songs. With support from the record label, Jonzing World, the music video for “Dumebi” came out and became famous. It hit more than 70 million views on YouTube and even ended up on Barack Obama’s summer playlist. One of Rema’s most popular songs, “Calm Down” featuring Selena Gomez, topped many song charts and even won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Afrobeats Video, as well as the Billboard Music Award for Top Afrobeats Song, among others . Rema also got an award for getting 1 billion worldwide streams for his songs in 2022. He got the Digital Artist of the Year award in February 2023. Rema’s “Calm Down” marked the first time an African artist– led track has gotten 1 billion streams on Spotify. In 2023, he also won the Nigerian music awards for Best Male Artist, African Artist of the Year, Crossing Boundaries with Music Award, Song of the Year, and Best Global African Artist. All in all, it was indeed an excellent year for him.
BEATRIZ SIMAS/THE MEDIUM
The Color Purple: 38 years later and still relevant
15
How the film The Color Purple sheds light on the issues confronting Black women. Joy Pius Contributor (Trigger warning: Mentions of violence and sexual assault)
“
However, the 2023 version falls short of expectations, with scenes feeling rushed and subpar
I'm poor, Black , I may even be ugly, but dear God, I'm here! I'm here!” Celie, the
acting from the start. The bond between Nettie (Ciara) and Celie (Fantasia Barrino) lacks
protagonist in The Color Purple, says these words as she reclaims the authority that had
authenticity, displaying an awkwardness between the actors. When the separation scene
been literally beaten out of her. Set in the early 1900s, The Color Purple is nothing short of a
unfolds–A scene where two sisters, whose love has been their sole refuge, are forcibly
masterpiece, addressing issues that are still very much relevant today, with a primary focus
separated to venture into life alone – the actors convey only a slight sense of sadness at best.
on the mistreatment of Black women.
Similarly, when Celie stands up to Albert, the actress appears merely pleased, failing to capture the gravity of the situation. Celie reclaims her authority after years of being beaten,
Both the 1985 and 2023 versions of the film follow Celie, a Black teenager who learns to
raped, and having her sense of self taken away . In such powerful scenes, viewers must be
reject the paralyzing preconceptions imposed on her by others. Celie narrates her life in
completely immersed in the profound emotions and messages conveyed.
painfully honest letters to God. These are prompted when her abusive father, Alphonso, warns her, "You better not never tell nobody but God" after raping her, resulting in her
As a musical, the 2023 version of The Color Purple was well done; it was a true embodiment
second pregnancy at the age of fourteen. When the widowed Mister (also known as Albert)
of lyrical genius, but the acting and script were disappointing, especially given the high-
proposes marriage to Celie's younger sister, Nettie, Alphonso persuades him to take Celie
profile actors on the cast list. It appears that the cast was chosen solely based on their vocal
instead, resulting in an abusive marriage. The rest of the film depicts her life's traumas and
abilities.
eventual triumph.
The Color Purple's storyline is nothing short of extraordinary, and its underlying message far exceeds expectations. It draws attention to a variety of societal issues that were prevalent
Celie's relationship with her sister is the driving force behind the movie's plot. Growing up in
in the early 1900s and continue to be relevant today. While it has a somber tone, it forces us
an abusive household, Nettie was Celie's sole source of comfort, giving her a reason to fight
to consider the world we live in. I strongly recommend watching it; just make sure it's the
and someone to protect—an almost maternal figure. Nettie, educated and independent of
1985 version and remember that "it pisses God off if you walk by the color purple in a field
men, owes much of her identity to Celie's sacrifices. When the sisters are forcefully separated
somewhere and don't notice it."
by Albert, Celie is forever changed, as if losing a third child, vividly depicting how Black women are often coerced into maternal roles while enduring belittlement in their homes.
BEATRIZ SIMAS/THE MEDIUM
After Nettie's departure, Celie undergoes a visible transformation. She looks down habitually and conceals her smile as if to say she is unworthy of others' gazes, and her smile isn't pretty enough to be seen. Then enters Shug, who teaches Celie to love her body, embrace her femininity, and wear her smile as a badge of honor. Shug consistently lifts Celie’s head until she learns to do it herself. Alice Walker penned The Color Purple in 1982, which was later adapted into a film in 1985 and later transformed into a musical in 2023. The two most powerful scenes in The Color Purple's storyline are when Nettie and Celie are separated, and when Nettie stands up to Albert. In the 1985 film, these scenes were executed with exquisite beauty, transporting the viewer into the characters' roles and eliciting a deep emotional connection to them. The 1985 version can only be accurately described as powerful.
Black History in Ontario: The Bradley Museum
Curated by the Mississauga Heritage Foundation, The Bradley Museum presents a fully guided tour exploring the history of Black Experience in Upper Canada. Drashti Patel Contributor >> continued from the front cover...
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vaudeville actor Harry C. Browne to create the famed ice cream truck melody. Going back
he tour begins with the “modern kitchen.” Here, you’ll find an old iron metal stove,
to the modern kitchen is a staircase tucked away that leads to the “master” bedroom and
complete with iron cookware, bake pans, and large basins. From the ceiling hangs
children’s rooms.
beautiful herbs tied together with twine from the outdoor kitchen garden. Most food was grown by the settlers themselves. Right by the door hangs a gun and beneath it, a table filled
Here, an activity is set up to learn about key terms used to help slaves run to freedom in the
with all sorts of daily tools. One of them includes a candle mold.
Underground Railroad. Terms such as station, station master, and bottleneck gourd are used by both the slaves and the people in between who were helping these people to freedom.
Adjacent to the modern kitchen is the old kitchen. Here, no formal stove is present, but rather, a large hearth. You see all sorts of dishware and rocking chairs and can learn about the
Overall, this experience was profound. It is often assumed that we have learned all that we
historical role of Black people in the production of sugar; a large commodity sold during the
need about the history of Canada, in all its prejudice. Yet, the experiences of Black survivors
slave trade. You see pictures of slaves and the system used to convert cane sugar into regular
of slavery need to be learned of and shared with all, as these experiences range from a variety
sugar and brown sugar. You can also hear an interview, where a Black man describes the
of injustices. The Bradley Museum presents these experiences in conjunction with the daily
moment at which he realized he was free here in Canada.
life of early settlers, showcasing the daily struggles slaves endured as well as their fight for freedom. The Mississauga Heritage Foundation opens these tours out to the public for free,
Through a narrow doorway, a small bedroom is situated by the old kitchen. Mostly used by
and you can sign up for a tour here. Donations can also be made on-site, contributing to
pregnant women and the elderly due to the heat from the hearth, here you find a single bed
similar educational experiences.
frame and a small basin. In this area, you learn of the origin of many words that are rooted in racism. These includes “master bedroom ,” “grandfathered,” and the use of a racist song by
16 Editor | Omar Khan sports@themedium.ca
Willie O’Ree continues to inspire UTM students
Empowering tomorrow’s hockey players through Willie O’Ree. Joseph Falzata Contributor >> continued from the front cover...
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with equipment costs accounting for nearly half of the figure, families are understandably
espite his NHL career lasting only 45 games, O’Ree broke barriers in hockey that laid
hesitant to make a long-term commitment to the sport. The high point of entry is often
the foundation for future generations of Black hockey players to shine. Evander Kane,
enough to convince families to enroll their kids in other activities, such as soccer or
Seth Jones, and the Toronto Maple Leafs’ very own Ryan Reaves are just three of 34 active
basketball, which require less equipment and are significantly cheaper .
Black players in the NHL. His actions have paved the way for Black youth in Canadian hockey, including star forward on the UTM Men’s Hockey team, Everton Smith.
Still, Hockey is slowly working to become more accessible to everyone. The Hockey Canada Foundation and Canadian Tire’s JumpStart Program offer subsidies to parents for
“Willie O'Ree demonstrated immense courage and resilience to break the NHL's race barrier.
equipment and registration costs. Last season, the NHL released its first-ever diversity report,
It is his legacy that has opened the door for so many Black individuals to become fans or even
highlighting its effort to promote social change within its boundaries. Despite this, hockey
players of the sport,” Smith responded when asked about O’Ree’s influence on hockey.
still faces intense backlash as racism continues to make headlines in the White-dominated sport.
Hockey has been scrutinized for its exclusionary nature. O’Ree faced racial challenges throughout his career, including being taunted with racial slurs – a problem that still plagues
Even so, Smith is still optimistic regarding the future of the game he loves. “The growth has
Black hockey players, including Smith, today. However, Smith points out, subtler forms of
been slow, but I do hope that over time there are more young Black people who choose to
racism are also pushing Black players away from hockey: “When I was younger it did not
play hockey. I do believe that the values of the sport extend beyond the ice. It has taught me
take long for me to realize that very few people on my teams […] shared my background […]
how to work well in a team, the value of hard work, and through hockey, I have made many
I often felt uncomfortable walking into arenas seeing that myself and my family were the only
friends. I hope that over time, as more Black players begin playing hockey, they too will be
Black people present.”
able to spread the sport to friends and families and contribute to its growth.”
A financial barrier also prevents new players from entering the sport. A recent article from FloHockey found the average player cost per year for youth hockey to be $5,128 CAD, and
Muhammad Ali, the larger-than-life champion
Remembering a man defined by his principles, respect, and desire to be the best he could possibly be.
Yusuf Larizza-Ali Staff Writer
M
uhammad Ali was a world-class boxer and an important figure in the Black and
also followed in Malcolm X’s footsteps when he left the Nation of Islam, a black separatist
Muslim communities. Ali was born Cassius Clay Jr. in 1942 in Louisville, Kentucky.
group, and instead adopted Islam as a religion, which accepts people and focuses on peace.
He became interested in boxing at an early age and vowed to make a name for himself, saying
Furthermore, when Ali joined The Hollywood Walk of Fame, he objected to his name
, “I hated every minute of training, but I said, ‘Don’t quit. Suffer now and live the rest of your
being placed on the walkway because walking on the name of the Prophet is considered
life as a champion.’” Ali accomplished this when he won the Olympic Gold medal in 1960 and
disrespectful in Islam.
defeated the great Sonny Liston in 1964, becoming the heavyweight champion of the world.
Ali was also an avid supporter of
Liston had won 35 of 36 professional fights, so this was viewed as a major upset in the world
Palestine and one of the first notable
of boxing. Ali was known for being smart, fast, and strategic. He famously said he could “float
Americans to be so during the
like a butterfly and sting like a bee,” as his punches were so fast that the first one would only be
Zionist settler colonial project. He
felt after the second one already hit you.
notably went to a Palestinian refugee
Ali had been named “Cassius” after his father, who in turn had been assigned the name by
camp and proclaimed, “I
slave owners. Around 1960, Ali joined The Nation of Islam and changed his name because
declare support for
he associated it with the slave trade and white supremacy. Additionally, changing names
the Palestinian
that were related to slavery was required to join the Nation. The most popular system was to
struggle to liberate
simply change your last name to X, as shown by Ali’s former mentor and civil rights activist
their homeland.”
Malcolm X. Ali initially named his name to Cassius X, but decided to go a step further by
Like his stance
donning the first name of the prophet and founder of Islam.
on the Vietnam
In addition to his boxing, Ali was considered a great American figure because of his pre-civil
War, Ali’s actions
rights activism. In 1967, when Ali was in the prime of his career, he refused to be drafted for
demonstrated his
the Vietnam War, which he was called for despite being a champion athlete. Ali explained his
ability to stand up
refusal, stating, “My conscience won’t let me go shoot my brother, or some darker people, or
for what he believed
some poor hungry people in the mud for big powerful America.” Ali was heavily criticized
was right regardless of
for this and stripped of his heavyweight championship. He was also sentenced to five years
potential pushback.
in prison, which derailed his boxing career. Nonetheless, Ali maintained his stance, claiming
Sadly, Muhammad Ali passed away on June 3, 2016. He had been suffering from Parkinson’s
he had no quarrel with the Vietnamese people. This sparked critical thought and dialogue
disease since his forties. He ultimately died as a result of septic shock alongside his family,
around the draft and American politics. The Vietnamese people heard this statement as well,
but his legacy lives on. Ali remains a legendary figure in boxing and the Black and Muslim
and many refused to fight black American soldiers during the war.
communities. He is remembered as a man who valued his principles, including his religion,
Ali believed that “Service to others is the rent you pay for your room here on earth.” He
racial heritage, respect for other people, and his commitment to being great.