5
For ICAO compliance
Henry Emery & Andy Roberts
SAMPLE UNIT
Sample only, final coursebook pages may differ from the sample pages included.
Introduction to Aviation English
Background ICAO is a United Nations organisation which was established to administer the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Following a series of highly publicised air accidents, ICAO responded to a request from its member states to investigate the potential causes. It was found that in several cases an inadequate knowledge of English could have been a contributing factor in the accident. From 5th March 2008, as a condition of licensing, all flight crew members and air traffic controllers involved in international traffic will be required to prove their competence in English to a standard equivalent to level 4 in the ICAO universal rating scales. (see page 5)
Who is the course for? This course is for aviation professionals – particularly pilots and air-traffic controllers – who wish to reach and maintain ‘operational’ Level 4 as measured by the ICAO Language Profile descriptors. We aim to increase the students’ confidence in their ability to communicate, and to equip them with the very specific skills described in the ICAO Level 4 language profile. These are the skills students will need not only to succeed in any Level 4 assessment, but also, by extension, to function effectively and safely in an aviation environment. It is not the function of the course to teach phraseology, but phraseology is included to provide a context for the plain English needed for communication between pilots and air-traffic controllers, and between pilots and pilots. Our main focus, however, is on the language needed to communicate in non-routine or/and emergency situations during flight operations. The course material is very flexible and can be used in different ways. This Student’s Book and accompanying CD-ROMs are completely self-standing and are all a student needs if studying independently. The answer key for all the exercises can be found at the back of the Student’s Book and the audio files for listening practice are on the Student’s Book CD-ROM.
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How does the course work? We based the course on ICAO Document 9835: Manual on the Implementation of ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements. Everything in it has been carefully designed to help the student develop the very specific skills described in the ICAO Level 4 language profile. To satisfy the requirements of this profile, students will need to achieve Level 4 in all of the following six categories:
For ICAO compliance
Henry Emery & Andy Roberts
Pronunciation Structure Vocabulary Fluency Comprehension (Aural) Interaction
Since speaking and listening skills are the only ones measured, Aviation English does not teach reading and writing skills. The whole course is very much geared not just to improving the students’ ability to communicate, but also to giving them greater confidence in this ability. The Student’s Book and the CD-ROMs play separate but complementary roles in helping the students to achieve this and should be seen as parts of a whole.
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Components
What are the course components?
The full course consists of: Student’s Book and CD-ROMs pack Student’s Book CD-ROM Macmillan English Dictionary Pronunciation CD-ROM Teacher’s Book Class Audio CDs Companion website.
The full course with supporting pedagogical material will be of particular interest to teachers and institutions who need to deliver aviation English language training to groups of students or to individuals. The full course with supporting pedagogical material will be of particular interest to teachers and institutions who need to deliver aviation English language training to groups of students or to individuals.
Student’s Book
For ICAO compliance
The Student’s Book contains the material for the course in the form of reading and listening texts, the primary purpose of which is to present new vocabulary and to provide a context for the exercises and language functions. There are lots of pair-work and group-work activities for speaking practice for the benefit of students using the course in a classroom situation. Each of the 12 units in the Student’s Book is divided into four twopage sections.
Henry Emery & Andy Roberts
Section 1 is based on a reading text or texts and provides an introduction to the main theme of the unit. Section 2 is based on a listening text or texts and provides sustained listening and pronunciation practice work. Section 3 is based on an emergency or non-routine flight operation scenario. It always contains a listening text or texts involving an R/T exchange with a mixture of phraseology and plain English. Section 4 is an extension section which includes further practice and consolidation of language taught within the unit. 3
CD-ROMs Student’s Book CD-ROM The interactive CD-ROM complements the print material by providing interactive simulations, detailed pronunciation and extra listening. The CD-ROM material is split into 12 units which match those of the Student’s Book. It has two sections. Section 1 contains further practice on pronunciation and listening. Section 2 contains animated interactive sequences in which students are encouraged to use the language taught in the corresponding unit of the book. Students can compare their own speech to model responses and take the role of any of the characters in the animation.
Macmillan English Dictionary Pronunciation CD-ROM MACMILLAN
This CD-ROM enables students to hear British and American recordings of every word in the award-winning Macmillan English Dictionary, to make sure they are being pronounced correctly. They can see at a glance how frequent a word is, with the straightforward red/black coding system: the most frequently used words in English are shown in red and graded with stars. Extra words specific to the aviation industry have been added in this special edition of the CD-ROM.
English DICTIONARY
FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS
S SECOND ECOND ED ITION EDITION
Version 2.0.0704 Impression 1
www.macmillandictionaries.com © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2007 Software © IDM, France 2007 This material is copyright and unauthorized copying is illegal. ISBN: 978-1-405-02629-1
Teacher’s Book As well as containing teaching notes, listening scripts and detailed answers for all the activities in the Student’s Book, the Teacher’s Book includes background information and advice to assist teachers in the delivery and context of the exercises. There is helpful information for both aviation experts with little experience of teaching, and teachers with little experience of aviation. There are additional photocopiable materials available for teachers both on the website and in the Teacher’s Book. TITLE Student’s Book & CD-ROMs Pack Teacher’s Book Class Audio CDs
ISBN 978 0230 02757 2 978 0230 02758 9 978 0230 02759 6
4
ICAO Rating Scale The scale by which the language proficiency of pilots and controllers is measured
Level
Expert 6
Extended 5
Operational 4
PreOperational 3
Elementary 2
PreElementary 1
Pronunciation Structure Assumes a dialect and/or accent intelligible to the aeronautical community.
Structure
Relevant grammatical structures and sentence patterns are determined by language functions appropriate to the task.
Vocabulary
Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation, though possibly influenced by the first language or regional variation, almost never interfere with ease of understanding.
Both basic and complex grammatical structures and sentence patterns are consistently well controlled.
Vocabulary range and accuracy are sufficient to communicate effectively on a wide variety of familiar and unfamiliar topics. Vocabulary is idiomatic, nuanced, and sensitive to register.
Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation, though influenced by the first language or regional variation, rarely interfere with ease of understanding.
Basic grammatical structures and sentence patterns are consistently well controlled. Complex structures are attempted but with errors which sometimes interfere with meaning.
Vocabulary range and accuracy are sufficient to communicate effectively on common, concrete, and work-related topics. Paraphrases consistently and successfully. Vocabulary is sometimes idiomatic.
Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation are influenced by the first language or regional variation but only sometimes interfere with ease of understanding.
Basic grammatical structures and sentence patterns are used creatively and are usually well controlled. Errors may occur, particularly in unusual or unexpected circumstances, but rarely interfere with meaning.
Vocabulary range and accuracy are usually sufficient to communicate effectively on common, concrete, and work related topics. Can often paraphrase successfully when lacking vocabulary in unusual or unexpected circumstances.
Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation are influenced by the first language or regional variation and frequently interfere with ease of understanding.
Basic grammatical structures and sentence patterns associated with predictable situations are not always well controlled. Errors frequently interfere with meaning.
Vocabulary range and accuracy are often sufficient to communicate on common, concrete, or work-related topics but range is limited and the word choice often inappropriate. Is often unable to paraphrase successfully when lacking vocabulary.
Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation are heavily influenced by the first language or regional variation and usually interfere with ease of understanding.
Shows only limited control of a few simple memorized grammatical structures and sentence patterns.
Limited vocabulary range consisting only of isolated words and memorized phrases.
Performs at a level below the Elementary level.
Performs at a level below the Elementary level.
Performs at a level below the Elementary level.
From 5th March 2008 all flight crew members and air traffic controllers involved in international traffic will be required to prove their competence in English. It will be a condition of licensing that the professional pilot or air traffic controller should have demonstrated their proficiency in Plain English and English medium phraseology to a standard equivalent to level 4 in the ICAO universal rating scales. The level of the candidate above level 4 will be shown by an endorsement on the flying or air traffic control licence.
5
y
Fluency
Comprehension
Interactions
Able to speak at length with a natural, effortless flow. Varies speech flow for stylistic effect, e.g. to emphasize a point. Uses appropriate discourse markers and connectors spontaneously.
Comprehension is consistently accurate in nearly all contexts and includes comprehension of linguistic and cultural subtleties.
Interacts with ease in nearly all situations. Is sensitive to verbal and non-verbal cues, and responds to them appropriately.
Able to speak at length with relative ease on familiar topics, but may not vary speech flow as a stylistic device. Can make use of appropriate discourse markers or connectors.
Comprehension is accurate on common, concrete, and work-related topics and mostly accurate when the speaker is confronted with a linguistic or situational complication or an unexpected turn of events. Is able to comprehend a range of speech varieties (dialect and/or accent) or registers.
Responses are immediate, appropriate, and informative. Manages the speaker/listener relationship effectively.
Produces stretches of language at an appropriate tempo. There may be occasional loss of fluency on transition from rehearsed or formulaic speech to spontaneous interaction, but this does not prevent effective communication. Can make limited use of discourse markers or connectors. Fillers are not distracting.
Comprehension is mostly accurate on common, concrete, and work-related topics when the accent or variety used is sufficiently intelligible for an international community of users. When the speaker is confronted with a linguistic or situational complication or an unexpected turn of events, comprehension may be slower or require clarification strategies.
Responses are usually immediate, appropriate, and informative. Initiates and maintains exchanges even when dealing with an unexpected turn of events. Deals adequately with apparent misunderstandings by checking, confirming, or clarifying.
Produces stretches of language, but phrasing and pausing are often inappropriate. Hesitations or slowness in language processing may prevent effective communication. Fillers are sometimes distracting.
Comprehension is often accurate on common, concrete, and work related topics when the accent or variety used is sufficiently intelligible for an international community of users. May fail to understand a linguistic or situational turn of events.
Responses are sometimes immediate, appropriate, and informative. Can initiate and maintain exchanges with reasonable ease on familiar topics and in predictable situations. Generally inadequate when dealing with an unexpected turn of events.
Can produce very short, isolated, memorized utterances with frequent pausing and a distracting use of fillers to search for expressions and to articulate less familiar words.
Comprehension is limited to isolated, memorized phrases when they are carefully and slowly articulated.
Response time is slow, and often inappropriate. Interaction is limited to simple routine exchanges.
Performs at a level below the Elementary level.
Performs at a level below the Elementary level.
Performs at a level below the Elementary level.
6
Contents
Unit / Title
Section topic
1 People
2 Lost!
3
Automation
4 Animal world
5 Gravity
6 Health
Section focus
Functions
Pronunciation Pronunciation
macro
micro
1 Strange jobs
Reading and vocabulary
Long and short vowels
Describing jobs and work
Jobs and routines
2 Aerodrome layout
Listening and speaking
Word stress
Asking for and giving clarification
Aerodromes/vehicles
3 Runway Incursions
R/T
Tone groups
Collision
1 Across the Pacific
Reading and vocabulary
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Navigation
2 Finding Prochnow
Listening and speaking
Sentence stress
3 Lost in the mountains
R/T
Confirmation
1 Fly by wire
Reading and vocabulary
2 Automatic ATC
Listening and speaking
3 Electrical Failure
R/T
1 Snakes on a plane
Reading and vocabulary
1 Air race!
Listening and speaking
3 Engine failure/bird strike
R/T
1 Round-the-world gliders
Reading and vocabulary
2 Helicopter rescue
Listening and speaking
3 Hydraulic failure
R/T
1 Stress
Reading and vocabulary
2 Flying doctors
Listening and speaking
3 Medical Emergency
R/T
Past tense endings
Time of day Asking for and giving confirmation
Topographical features
Explaining how something works
Flight deck
Consonants Tonic stress
Information technology Giving instructions
Pronunciation Structure Vocabulary Fluency Comprehension (Aural) Interaction
Equipment failure
Capacity Diphthongs 1 Pausing
Comparing and contrasting
Words related to powered flight
Stating intentions
Malfunction
Verbs of physical/ mechanical activity Final consonants Intonation
Consonant clusters 1
Expressing preference
Sequencers
Stating reluctance and giving reasons
Manoeuvres and control surfaces
Describing cause and effect
Wellbeing
Making suggestions/giving advice
Accidents and injuries
The contents cover all the categories you will need to achieve Level 4
7
Vocabulary
Symptoms
Unit / Title
7 Fire
8
Meteorology
9 Private Aviation
10
Environment
11 Space
12 Security
Section topic
Section focus
1 Wild fire
Reading and vocabulary
2 Firefighters
Listening and speaking
3 On-board fire
Pronunciation Pronunciation
macro
micro
Functions
Vocabulary
Fire and senses Giving orders and commands
Discourse markers
R/T
Announcing spontaneous decisions and actions
Fire-fighting equipment
1 Storm busters
Reading and vocabulary
Expressing feeling/ reassuring
Weather
2 Sailing the skies (balloon flight)
Listening and speaking
3 Wind shear/Icing
R/T
1 Luxury aviation
Reading and vocabulary
2 Jumbolair
Listening and speaking
3 Gear/braking problems
R/T
1 Aviation and the environment
Reading and vocabulary
2 Energy efficient?
Listening and speaking
3 Fuel shortage
R/T
1 Space tourism
Reading and vocabulary
2 Altitude records
Listening and speaking
3 Decompression
R/T
1 VIPs
Reading and vocabulary
2 Security personnel
Listening and speaking
3 Unlawful intervention
R/T
Quotation and parenthetical speech
Contrastive stress
Plurals
Voiced and unvoiced consonants
Climate and season Expressing consequence, Warning, Predicting
Weather equipment
Cabin Consonant clusters 2 Emphasis
Describing places
Prepositions of place
Prioritising and emphasising
Evacuation
Affixes (re-) Sentence stress 2
Long and short vowels
Nouns/verbs
Expressing nonunderstanding of a situation
Weights and measures
Asking for and offering assistance
Fuelling
Expressing obligation, prohibition and permission
Materials
Diphthongs 2
Life support systems Querying an action
Damage
Speculating and deducing
Dangerous/Illegal goods
Describing people and behaviour, reporting
Behaviour and feelings
Security Stress, Intonation and Pausing
Word stress 2: stress in longer words
8
Student’s Book material
9
10
Student’s Book material
11
12
Student’s Book material
13
14
Student’s Book material
15
16
Student’s Book material
17
18
Student’s Book material
Prochnow AUK ATC Captain Vette Prochnow Captain Vette
Prochnow
Captain Vette Prochnow Captain Vette Prochnow Captain Vette Captain Vette Prochnow Captain Vette Prochnow Captain Vette
Mayday. Mayday. Mayday. Auckland Control. November four-five-alpha-charlie. I’m lost. I’m a Cessna 188 AgWagon. November four-five-alpha-charlie, Auckland centre roger mayday. Tango-echo-one-zero-three contacting November-four-five-alpha-Charlie. Tango echo one zero three contacting November four five alpha Charlie. November four five alpha charlie. Copy. November four five alpha charlie. We are a DC-10 en route from Fiji to New Zealand. We received news of your situation and we are offering assistance. Can you tell me what happened? Tango echo one zero three. Thanks. I took off from Pago Pago at three this morning. I wanted to have enough light to see my fixes and I filled the tanks to give me around 22 hours endurance. But during the flight the ADF stopped working correctly and took me off course. At the moment I know I’m off track and I can’t calculate my position. November four five alpha charlie. November four five alpha charlie. We are flying in your direction. You are not alone. We are going to try to establish VHF communication with you. Tango echo one zero three. Again, thank you. November four five alpha charlie. November four five alpha charlie. Turn towards the sun and report your heading. Wilco. My heading is two seven four degrees. November four five alpha charlie. We are facing the sun. Our heading is two seven zero. The difference is four degrees, which means you are south of our position. November four five alpha charlie. Now hold out your hand. How many fingers do you have between the horizon and the sun? About two and a half fingers. November four five alpha charlie. Two and a half fingers. We have four fingers. We believe you are south west of our position. Fly heading three one five. Heading three zero five. November four five alpha charlie. Maintain your position. We’re going to try to establish your position using the radio signal. We’re going to maintain our heading until we lose contact. Then we will then turn left to re-establish contact, and then try to box you in this way. We’ll contact you again very soon. *PAUSE*
Captain Vette Prochnow Captain Vette
Prochnow Captain Vette Prochnow
November four five alpha charlie. It’s getting dark. What time is your sunset? The sun is setting now, and it zero seven five two zulu. November four five alpha charlie. Sunset on Norfolk Island is zero seven three zero zulu. That means you are five decimal six degrees east and three zero degrees south of Norfolk Island. Maintain your heading. You’re going to make it! Tango echo one zero three. I can see a light, yes it’s a light, it looks like a ship, no I think it’s an oil rig. November four five alpha Charlie. Your coordinates are 31°S 170° 21’E. We are on our way. You are one five zero miles from Norfolk Island. We’ll guide you to Norfolk Island. Maintaining heading three zero five. November four five alpha charlie.
2.2.1 Captain Vette Prochnow Captain Vette Captain Vette
19
Turn towards the sun and report your heading. Wilco. My heading is two-seven-four degrees. Sunset on Norfolk Island is zero seven three zero zulu. That means you are five decimal six degrees east and three zero degrees south of Norfolk Island. Your coordinates are three-one degrees south, one-seven-zero degrees two-one minutes east. You are one five zero miles from Norfolk Island.
20
Teacher’s Book material
21
22
Teacher’s Book material
Prochnow AUK ATC Captain Vette Prochnow Captain Vette Prochnow
Captain Vette Prochnow Captain Vette Prochnow Captain Vette Captain Vette Prochnow Captain Vette Prochnow Captain Vette
[PAUSE] Captain Vette Prochnow Captain Vette
Prochnow Captain Vette Prochnow
23
Mayday. Mayday. Mayday. Auckland Control. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. I’m lost. I’m a Cessna 188 AgWagon. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie, Auckland centre roger mayday. Tango-Echo-one-zero-three contacting November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. Tango-Echo-one-zero-three contacting November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. Copy. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. We are a DC-10 en route from Fiji to New Zealand. We received news of your situation and we are offering assistance. Can you tell me what happened? Tango-Echo-one-zero-three. Thanks. I took off from Pago Pago at three this morning. I wanted to have enough light to see my fixes and I filled the tanks to give me around 22 hours endurance. But during the flight the ADF stopped working correctly and took me off course. At the moment I know I’m off track and I can’t calculate my position. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. We are flying in your direction. You are not alone. We are going to try to establish VHF communication with you. Tango-Echo-one-zero-three. Again, thank you. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. Turn towards the sun and report your heading. Wilco. My heading is two-seven-four degrees. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. We are facing the sun. Our heading is two-seven-zero. The difference is four degrees, which means you are south of our position. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. Now hold out your hand. How many fingers do you have between the horizon and the sun? About two and a half fingers. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. Two and a half fingers. We have four fingers. We believe you are south west of our position. Fly heading three-one-five. Heading three-zero-five. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. Maintain your position. We’re going to try to establish your position using the radio signal. We’re going to maintain our heading until we lose contact. Then we will then turn left to re-establish contact, and then try to box you in this way. We’ll contact you again very soon. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. It’s getting dark. What time is your sunset? The sun is setting now, and it zero-seven-five-two-zulu. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. Sunset on Norfolk Island is zero-seven-three-zero zulu. That means you are fivedecimal-six degrees east and three-zero degrees south of Norfolk Island. Maintain your heading. You’re going to make it! Tango-Echo-one-zero-three. I can see a light, yes it’s a light, it looks like a ship, no I think it’s an oil rig. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie. Your coordinates are 31°S 170° 21’E. We are on our way. You are one-five-zero miles from Norfolk Island. We’ll guide you to Norfolk Island. Maintaining heading three-zero-five. November-four-five-Alpha-Charlie.
24
Supplementary material
Macmillan has a wide range of supplementary material which is perfect to use alongside the Aviation English course.
Macmillan English Dictionary The most frequently used 7,500 words in English - the ideal vocabulary size for an advanced learner - are printed in red, graded with stars, and explained with extra detail about how you should use them.
Language Practice Series Grammar and vocabulary practice combined in one book, with clear presentation and practice of the language you really need to know.
NEW
Paul Emmerson
email English
Presentations in English Builds and improves your skills and knowledge and gives you conďŹ dence to make effective presentations in English.
Includes Phrase Bank
Email English
of useful expressions
Features a variety of exercise types and covers a wide range of topics to help you construct more effective emails.
Telephone English Teaches you how to build successful relationships on the phone. Includes a Phrase Bank and review lessons.
Macmillan Readers
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Around the World in Daisy Miller Eighty Days Henry James Jules Verne
Carefully graded levels from Starter to Upper Intermediate so you get the right reading material for your ability.
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For more information about Macmillan titles please contact: International Marketing, Macmillan Education, Between Towns Road, Oxford OX4 3PP, UK Tel: +44 (0)1865 405700 www.macmillanenglish.com/aviationenglish
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CATALOGUE
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AUTHORS
Get to know more about the people who write for Macmillan. As well as reading full biographies, you can download presentations and watch video clips from some of our popular author talks.
RESOURCES
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Register for the weekly Macmillan English Update to receive e-lessons to suit your teaching needs straight to your inbox. www.macmillanenglish.com/register
www.macmillanenglish.com
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Aviation English is a new course in English language communication skills for pilots and air-traffic controllers. It is designed to help students achieve and maintain a Level 4 according to the ICAO language requirements. The CD-ROMs help students improve their interactive skills and work on their pronunciation in an authentic aviation environment, whilst the print material provides systematic language input. The course is a valuable aid to all students preparing for Level 4 assessment. It can be used as a self-study package for individuals or with groups in a classroom.
The Authors Henry Emery Henry is a teacher, teacher-trainer and examiner of plain English for aeronautical communication. He is co-director of a language consultancy (www.emery-roberts.co.uk), assisting aviation organizations around the world with the implementation of the ICAO language proficiency requirements. Henry joined the ICAO PRICESG Linguistic Sub Group to work on the Training Aid ‘Rated Speech Samples’ and he works closely with the International Civil Aviation English Association (ICAEA). He lives with his wife in Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Andy Roberts Andy has been working in the field of EFL for twenty years and has lived and worked in The Middle East, Russia and China. He is an experienced English language examiner, and aviation English test designer. As a partner in emery-roberts, Andy works throughout the world delivering aviation English teacher training, rater/interlocutor courses and aviation English communication workshops (www.emery-roberts.co.uk). He has three daughters and lives by the sea in Plymouth.
The Macmillan English Dictionary is a perfect supplement to the course, offering pronunciations of every word in British and American English, and a recording facility for you to practise your own pronunciation.
www.macmillanenglish.com/aviationenglish
9780230038455