As Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe compiled a map of heavenly objects from his observatory near Copenhagen, the sudden appearance of a bright new star in November 1572 gave him a shocking idea. He compared the brilliant object’s position relative to other landmarks in his meticulously assembled catalog and, as the exploding star faded, Tycho concluded that it had to be a lot farther away than the moon and the fast-moving planets. If Tycho’s measurements of this supernova were to be believed, then the heavens were not fixed in place as everyone then believed and the universe might be a really big place. The model was broken and the maps were going to have to be redrawn. Indeed they have been, pretty much continuously, as ever more powerful telescopes and cameras come on line and
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them often reveals features of the universe that can’t even be seen, like cosmic expansion, dark matter, and dark energy. Mapping the universe by charting visible galaxies is different from mapping the Earth for one inescapable reason: The universe is really big. Even the nearest galaxies are so far away that the light they emit takes millions, or even billions, of years to get to us. When we look at distant galaxies, we see them not as they are now,
increasingly challenging theories try to
but as they were long ago, when the light
make sense of it all. The universe is not only
left them. Short-lived supernovae are
way bigger than Tycho could have imag-
long gone by the time we see them. The
ined, it’s much more active and diverse.
more distant a galaxy is, the deeper in
LSA Physics Professor Tim McKay is
the past we see it.
one of many modern astronomers still
Mapmakers of the universe are also
using supernovae and a host of other
historians. And mapping the light from
celestial beacons to map the universe. Ob-
ever more distant galaxies led to the first
jects that emit light, things like galaxies
great discovery of modern cosmology: the
and the stars that make them up, are the
expanding universe.
keys to cosmic mapping. But observing