20 x Maps - Rolling World of Tobacco

Page 1

&LJDUHW WH &RQVXPSWLRQ

$118$/ &,*$5(77( &2168037,21 3(5 3(5621 $JH DQG RYHU FINLAND

SWEDEN NORWAY

ESTONIA

UNITED KINGDOM

LATVIA

DENMARK

LITHUANIA

RUSSIAN FED.

NETHERLANDS

IRELAND

FRANCE

AUSTRIA

ITALY PORTUGAL

*/2%$/ &,*$5(77( &2168037,21 %LOOLRQV RI VWLFNV ²

1880

BULGARIA FYR MACEDONIA

GREECE

357

UZBEKISTAN

MALTA TUNISIA

MOROCCO

20

SYRIAN

CYPRUS ARAB REP. IRAQ LEBANON ISRAEL JORDAN

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

MEXICO

1920

UAE

SENEGAL

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

VENEZUELA

PANAMA

BANGLADESH MYANMAR

ˆ COTE D’IVOIRE

SRI LANKA

ETHIOPIA

MALAYSIA KENYA

DEM. REP. OF CONGO

SINGAPORE

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

PERU

ANGOLA

1,686

INDONESIA

1970

MOZAMBIQUE ZIMBABWE

MADAGASCAR MAURITIUS

PARAGUAY

AUSTRALIA

3,262

S. AFRICA

1980

4,453

URUGUAY

ARGENTINA

1990

2000

2010

239

ZAMBIA

2,150

CHILE

PHILIPPINES

CAMEROON

BOLIVIA

1960

VIETNAM

NIGERIA

BRAZIL

1950

HONG KONG

LAO PDR

THAILAND

YEMEN

SUDAN

GHANA TOGO

600

1,000

INDIA

CAMBODIA

ECUADOR

1940

259

NEPAL

NICARAGUA

COLOMBIA

1930

PAKISTAN

SAUDI ARABIA

HONDURAS

COSTA RICA

300

ISL. REP. OF IRAN

JAPAN

REP. KOREA

2,163

EGYPT

JAMAICA GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR

CHINA

KUWAIT

CUBA

100

DPR KOREA

TURKMENISTAN

ARMENIA

DOMINICAN REP.

1910

KYRGYZSTAN

AZERBAIJAN

TURKEY

50

KAZAKHSTAN

GEORGIA

ALGERIA

1900

SERBIA

ALBANIA

10

&LJDUHWWHV &RQVXPHG ELOOLRQV

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

331

ROMANIA

MONTENEGRO

SPAIN

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

1890

REP. MOLDOVA

HUNGARY

SLOVENIA CROATIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

1 R GDWD

UKRAINE

SLOVAKIA

CANADA

²

7RS &LJDUHWWH &RQVXPLQJ &RXQWULHV

²

CZECH REP.

SWITZ.

²

BELARUS

POLAND

GERMANY

BELGIUM

DQG DERYH

5,328

5,711

6,319

*OREDO FLJDUHWWH FRQVXPSWLRQ KDV EHHQ ULVLQJ VWHDGLO\ VLQFH -DPHV %RQVDFN LQYHQWHG WKH À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Ò‹V SRSXODWLRQ %\ WKH SODQHW ZLOO VXSSRUW ELOOLRQ PRUH SHRSOH WKDQ LQ 8QOHVV VPRNLQJ SUHYDOHQFH UDWHV GHFOLQH GUDPDWL FDOO\ WKH DEVROXWH QXPEHU RI VPRNHUV ZLOO FRQWLQXH WR LQFUHDVH $ FRQWLQXLQJ GHFOLQH LQ PDOH VPRNLQJ SUHYDOHQFH PD\ EH RIIVHW LQ SDUW E\ SHULORXV LQFUHDVHV LQ IHPDOH VPRNLQJ UDWHV HVSHFLDOO\ LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV 8QOHVV GUDPDWLF VWHSV DUH WDNHQ WR FRQWURO WREDFFR DERXW WULOOLRQ FLJDUHWWHV ZLOO EH SURGXFHG LQ ² PRUH WKDQ FLJDUHWWHV IRU HYHU\ PDQ ZRPDQ DQG FKLOG RQ WKH SODQHW

NEW ZEALAND


Costs to the Ec onomy

(&2120,& &2676 $WWULEXWDEOH WR WREDFFR XVH H[FOXGLQJ LQWDQJLEOH FRVWV VXFK DV SDLQ VXIIHULQJ DQG WKH YDOXH RI KXPDQ OLIH RU ODWHVW DYDLODEOH GDWD

SWEDEN $804

ICELAND $212

FINLAND

NORWAY $1,622 DENMARK $5,243 UNITED KINGDOM IRELAND

RUSSIAN FED.

POLAND GERMANY $9,035 $23,746 CZECH REP. $373

NETHERLANDS $2,928

FRANCE $15,297

CANADA $16,996

SPAIN

SWITZERLAND $4,165

1R GDWD

'LUHFW KHDOWK FDUH FRVWV SOXV LQGLUHFW FRVWV LQFOXGLQJ SURGXFWLYLW\ ORVV DEVHQWHHLVP DQG RWKHU VRFLRHFRQRPLF FRVWV

,QGLUHFW FRVWV UKRAINE

HUNGARY $1,268 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

7RWDO FRVWV 0LOOLRQV RI 86

'LUHFW FRVWV

ESTONIA $36

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

SERBIA

MONTENEGRO

MONGOLIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA $193,000

NAURU

TURKEY CHINA $5,000

REP. KOREA $2,957

JAPAN $62,385

EGYPT $1,248

MEXICO

INDIA BANGLADESH MYANMAR

YEMEN BARBADOS

VENEZUELA

GUINEA

HONG KONG $689 THAILAND

VIETNAM PHILIPPINES $6,046

NIGERIA SINGAPORE $426 KENYA

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

INDONESIA $842 BRAZIL

727$/ (&2120,& &267 2) 72%$&&2 $6 3(5&(17$*( 2) *'3 )25 +,*+ $1' 0,''/( ,1&20( &28175,(6

+LJK LQFRPH &RXQWULHV

NAMIBIA CHILE

AUSTRALIA $8,992

0LGGOH LQFRPH &RXQWULHV

S. AFRICA $868

ARGENTINA

8QLWHG -DSDQ )UDQFH $XVWUDOLD 3RODQG (J\SW 6WDWHV

6RXWK &KLQD $IULFD

URUGUAY $130

7REDFFR FRPSDQLHV IUHTXHQWO\ DWWHPSW WR SHUVXDGH JRYHUQPHQWDO DXWKRULWLHV DQG WKH SXEOLF WKDW VPRNLQJ KDV HFRQRPLF EHQHÀWV 7KH\ FODLP that steps to reduce tobacco consumption will decrease tax revenues and increase unemployment, and even that smoking relieves an economic EXUGHQ WR QDWLRQDO HFRQRPLHV E\ KDVWHQLQJ WKH GHDWK RI GHSHQGHQW HOGHUO\ ,Q IDFW WREDFFR LPSRVHV HQRUPRXV HFRQRPLF FRVWV RQ HYHU\ FRXQWU\ Tobacco’s estimated $500 billion drain on the world economy is so large that it exceeds the total annual expenditure on health in all low and middle UHVRXUFH FRXQWULHV 7REDFFRҋV HFRQRPLF FRVWV H[WHQG EH\RQG WKH GLUHFW FRVWV RI WREDFFR UHODWHG GHDWK DQG SURGXFWLYLW\ ORVVHV LQFOXGLQJ KHDOWK FDUH H[SHQGLWXUHV IRU DFWLYH DQG SDVVLYH VPRNHUV HPSOR\HH DEVHQWHHLVP DQG UHGXFHG ODERU SURGXFWLYLW\ ÀUH GDPDJH GXH WR FDUHOHVV VPRNHUV increased cleaning costs, and widespread environmental harm from large scale deforestation, pesticide and fertilizer contamination, and discarded OLWWHU 7REDFFRҋV WRWDO HFRQRPLF FRVWV UHGXFH QDWLRQDO ZHDOWK LQ WHUPV RI JURVV GRPHVWLF SURGXFW *'3 E\ DV PXFK DV SHUFHQW 7KH )UDPHZRUN &RQYHQWLRQ RQ 7REDFFR &RQWURO UHFRPPHQGV WKDW FRXQWULHV VKLIW DZD\ IURP WREDFFR DJULFXOWXUH WR HFRQRPLFDOO\ YLDEOH DOWHUQDWLYHV

NEW ZEALAND


Costs to the Smoker

7+( &267 2) 602.,1* &RVW RI 0DUOERUR FLJDUHWWHV RU DQ HTXLYDOHQW LQWHUQDWLRQDO EUDQG 6HOHFWHG FRXQWULHV 86

ICELAND FINLAND

SWEDEN NORWAY

ESTONIA

UNITED KINGDOM

LATVIA

DENMARK

LITHUANIA

RUSSIAN FED.

NETHERLANDS

IRELAND

CANADA

SLOVAKIA

FRANCE

PORTUGAL

KAZAKHSTAN

UZBEKISTAN

GEORGIA

TURKEY MALTA MOROCCO

MEXICO

NIGER

COSTA RICA

BARBADOS TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

VENEZUELA

PANAMA

GUYANA SURINAME

COLOMBIA

GUINEA

SIERRA LEONE

ˆ COTE D’IVOIRE

LIBERIA

QATAR

GHANA TOGO

ZAMBIA

MAURITIUS

AUSTRALIA

URUGUAY

-DSDQ

86

*HUPDQ\

MADAGASCAR

S. AFRICA

)UDQFH

8.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

INDONESIA

MALAWI

PARAGUAY

3RODQG

SINGAPORE BURUNDI

MOZAMBIQUE

35,&( 2) 0$5/%252 &,*$5(77(6 5(/$7,9( 72 7+( 35,&( 2) $ %,* 0$&

BRUNEI DAR.

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

PHILIPPINES

MALAYSIA

KENYA

DEM. REP. OF CONGO

ZIMBABWE

7XUNH\

VIETNAM

SRI LANKA

UGANDA

BOLIVIA

,QGRQHVLD 0H[LFR 5XVVLD

HONG KONG

LAO PDR

THAILAND

ETHIOPIA

ANGOLA

BANGLADESH MYANMAR

CAMEROON

BRAZIL

OMAN

YEMEN

SUDAN

PERU

INDIA

NIGERIA

CONGO

FIJI UAE

CAMBODIA

ECUADOR

CHILE

NEPAL

BURKINA FASO

BENIN

JAPAN

BAHRAIN

EGYPT

CHAD

SENEGAL

NICARAGUA

PAKISTAN

KUWAIT

REP. KOREA

CHINA

AFGHANISTAN

ISL. REP. OF IRAN

SAUDI ARABIA

BELIZE HONDURAS

DPR KOREA

TAJIKISTAN

SYRIAN

DOMINICAN REP.

GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR

TURKMENISTAN

ARMENIA

HAITI

JAMAICA

KYRGYZSTAN

AZERBAIJAN

CYPRUS ARAB REP. IRAQ LEBANON ISRAEL JORDAN

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

ALGERIA CUBA

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

GREECE

TUNISIA

1 R GDWD

FYR MACEDONIA

ALBANIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

²

BULGARIA

MONTENEGRO

SPAIN

/HVV WKDQ

²

AUSTRIA REP. HUNGARY MOLDOVA SLOVENIA ROMANIA CROATIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA SERBIA

ITALY

²

&RXQWULHV ZKHUH PRUH WKDQ KDOI D GD\Ò‹V ZDJH LV UHTXLUHG WR EX\ RQH SDFN RI 0DUOERUR FLJDUHWWHV RU HTXLYDOHQW ²

UKRAINE

CZECH REP.

SWITZ.

²

BELARUS

POLAND

GERMANY

BELGIUM LUX.

DQG DERYH

ARGENTINA

6PRNHUV VSHQG JUHDW VXPV RI PRQH\ RQ D SURGXFW WKDW GDPDJHV WKHLU KHDOWK DQG ÀQDQFLDO VHFXULW\ 7KHVH UHVRXUFHV FRXOG EH XVHG WR FRYHU EDVLF KXPDQ QHHGV VXFK DV IRRG VKHOWHU FORWKLQJ KHDOWK FDUH DQG HGXFDWLRQ ,Q SRYHUW\ VWULFNHQ FRPPXQLWLHV ZKHUH IRRG FRVWV UHSUHVHQW D VLJQLÀFDQW SRUWLRQ RI KRXVHKROG EXGJHWV H[SHQGLWXUHV RQ WREDFFR PD\ PDNH WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ DQ DGHTXDWH GLHW DQG PDOQXWULWLRQ IRU WKH VPRNHUҋV IDPLO\ 6PRNHUV DQG WKHLU IDPLOLHV DUH H[SRVHG WR VHYHUH HFRQRPLF ORVVHV ZKHQ WKH\ EHFRPH GLVDEOHG RU GLH IURP WREDFFR UHODWHG GLVHDVHV %HFDXVH RQH TXDUWHU RI VPRNHUV GLH DQG PDQ\ PRUH EHFRPH LOO GXULQJ WKHLU PRVW SUR GXFWLYH \HDUV WKH ORVV RI LQFRPH LV VXEVWDQWLDO ,Q DGGLWLRQ IDPLO\ PHPEHUV RIWHQ LQYHVW WLPH DQG VFDUFH UHVRXUFHV WR FDUH IRU VLFN DQG G\LQJ VPRNLQJ UHODWLYHV ,Q PDQ\ ORZ UHVRXUFH FRXQWULHV KRVSLWDO WUHDWPHQW FDQ DEVRUE D IDPLO\ҋV OLIH VDYLQJV DQG D YLVLW WR WKH KRVSLWDO PD\ LQYROYH GD\V RI WUDYHO DQG EXUGHQVRPH H[SHQVHV VPRNHUV H[SRVH WKHLU KRPHV DQG ZRUNSODFHV WR XQQHFHVVDU\ ÀUH KD]DUGV DQG WKH\ RIWHQ SD\ KLJKHU SUHPLXPV IRU KHDOWK DQG SURSHUW\ LQVXUDQFH

NEW ZEALAND


Female Smoker

3(5&(17 2) )(0$/( :+2 602.( &,*$5(77(6 RU ODWHVW GDWD DYDLODEOH

ICELAND FINLAND

SWEDEN NORWAY

DQG DERYH

²

1 R GDWD

²

²

²

%HORZ

&RXQWULHV ZKHUH PRUH ZRPHQ WKDQ PHQ VPRNH

ESTONIA

UNITED KINGDOM

LATVIA

DENMARK

LITHUANIA

RUSSIAN FED.

NETHERLANDS

IRELAND

BELARUS

POLAND

GERMANY

BELGIUM LUX.

UKRAINE

CZECH REP.

SLOVAKIA AUSTRIA REP. HUNGARY MOLDOVA SLOVENIA ROMANIA FRANCE CROATIA BOSNIA AND SAN MARINO HERZEGOVINA SERBIA

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

SWITZ.

CANADA

BULGARIA

ITALY

PORTUGAL

ANDORRA

SPAIN

FYR MACEDONIA

ALBANIA

GREECE

KAZAKHSTAN MONGOLIA

GEORGIA

TURKEY MALTA TUNISIA

MOROCCO

CUBA

DOMINICAN REP.

MAURITANIA

HONDURAS

GAMBIA

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

GUINEA SIERRA LEONE

COLOMBIA

ISL. REP. OF IRAN

MALI

NIGER

EGYPT

CHAD

QATAR

ERITREA

SUDAN

UAE

3,847,777

,1'21( 6,$

3,848,035

3+,/,33,1(6

3,848,908

THAILAND

YEMEN

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

CONGO

CHILE

4,182,381 4,349,863

785.(<

4,672,538

63$,1

4,790,060

SRI LANKA PALAU

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

MALAWI

86$

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

INDONESIA TIMOR-LESTE

MOZAMBIQUE

NAMIBIA

PARAGUAY

S. AFRICA

4,998,012 6,809,333

&+,1$

SEYCHELLES

MAURITIUS

LESOTHO

URUGUAY

6,433,559

,1' ,$

SINGAPORE

RWANDA BURUNDI

AUSTRALIA

-$3$1

5866,$1 )('(5$7, 21

KENYA

DEM. REP. OF CONGO

MALAYSIA

SWAZILAND

81,7 (' .,1*'20

%5$=,/

PHILIPPINES

ZIMBABWE

4,313,786

*(50$1<

TONGA

ZAMBIA

8.5$,1(

)5$1&(

COOK ISLANDS

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA

MALDIVES

BOLIVIA

32/$1'

1$858

HONG KONG

LAO PDR

COMOROS

$5*(17, 1$

SAMOA

NIUE BANGLADESH MYANMAR

OMAN

ETHIOPIA

3,006,155 3,818,679

,7$/<

VANUATU

INDIA

CAMEROON

PERU

0(;,&2

TUVALU

NIGERIA

BRAZIL 3$.,67$1

SOLOMON ISLANDS

FIJI

UGANDA

(estimate)

BHUTAN

DJIBOUTI

GHANA

ECUADOR

NEPAL

JAPAN

BAHRAIN

BURKINA FASO

ˆ COTE D’IVOIRE

PAKISTAN

REP. KOREA

CHINA

AFGHANISTAN

KUWAIT

SAUDI ARABIA

SENEGAL

BARBADOS

VENEZUELA

PANAMA

ST. VINCENT AND GRENADINES

ST. LUCIA

NICARAGUA

COSTA RICA

PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY

HAITI

JAMAICA

TURKMENISTAN

ARMENIA

CYPRUS IRAQ LEBANON ISRAEL JORDAN

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

ALGERIA

BAHAMAS

MEXICO

723 )(0$/( 602.,1* 3238/$7,21 2008

KIRIBATI

KYRGYZSTAN

AZERBAIJAN

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR

NAURU

UZBEKISTAN

ARGENTINA

7,139,677 8,145,145 9,378,754 10,189,820 5,378,040 6,530,477 (oral tobacco users) 11,908,517 (all tobacco users) 13,532,810 23,671,860

About 250 million women in the world are daily smokers; 22 percent of women in high-resource countries and 9 percent of women in low- and middle-resource countries. Cigarette smoking among women is declining in most high-resource countries, such as Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, but in several southern, central, and eastern european countries, cigarette smoking rates among women are either stable or increasing. The tobacco industry markets cigarettes to women using seductive but false images of vitality, slimness, emancipation, sophistication, and sexual allure. In reality, smoking causes reproductive damage, disease, and death. Tobacco companies market a variety of cigarette brands to girls and women, including “female-onlyâ€? brands that are long, extra-slim, lowWDU OLJKW FRORUHG PHQWKRODWHG DQG RU FDQG\ Ă DYRUHG 3UHYHQWLQJ LQFUHDVHV LQ VPRNLQJ SUHYDOHQFH DPRQJ ZRPHQ HVSHFLDOO\ LQ ORZ DQG middle- resource countries, will have a greater impact on global health than any other single intervention.

NEW ZEALAND


+HDOWK 3URIHV VLRQDO 6PRNHU V

602.,1* 35(9$/(1&( $021* +($/7+ 352)(66,21$/6 RU ODWHVW DYDLODEOH GDWD DQG DERYH

²

DQG EHORZ

²

²

1R GDWD

ESTONIA

UNITED KINGDOM

LITHUANIA

RUSSIAN FED.

NETHERLANDS

IRELAND

GERMANY

BELGIUM LUX.

'DWD KDV EHHQ FROOHFWHG IURP YDULRXV VWXGLHV RQ WKH VPRNLQJ EHKDYLRU RI VWXGHQW KHDOWK SURIHVVLRQDOV LQFOXGLQJ PHGLFDO QXUVLQJ DQG GHQWDO VWXGHQWV

POLAND

CZECH REP. SLOVAKIA

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

HUNGARY

CANADA

FRANCE SAN MARINO

CROATIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

ITALY PORTUGAL

5HJLRQDO GDWD RQO\

ROMANIA SERBIA

MONTENEGRO ALBANIA

SPAIN

GREECE

TURKEY

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TUNISIA

ARMENIA

SYRIAN ARAB REP.

IRAQ LEBANON ISRAEL JORDAN

REP. KOREA

CHINA

ISL. REP. OF IRAN

JAPAN

PAKISTAN

EGYPT SAUDI ARABIA

INDIA BANGLADESH MYANMAR

THAILAND

VIETNAM PHILIPPINES

SRI LANKA GHANA

COLOMBIA

UGANDA

PERU BRAZIL

MALAYSIA

INDONESIA

BOLIVIA

&2816(/,1* 678'(176 3HUFHQW RI PHGLFDO VWXGHQWV ZKR UHFHLYHG IRUPDO WUDLQLQJ LQ VPRNLQJ FHVVDWLRQ FRXQVHOLQJ ² RU ODWHU 0\DQPDU $UPHQLD ,UDT 6\ULDQ $UDE 5HSXEOLF /HEDQRQ 9LHWQDP 3HUX %DQJODGHVK 7XQLVLD /LWKXDQLD 1HSDO ,QGLD ,QGRQHVLD %UD]LO

5HSXEOLF RI 6HUELD (J\SW 5XVVLDQ )HGHUDWLRQ %ROLYLD *KDQD 6UL /DQND 8JDQGD &URDWLD $OEDQLD %RVQLD +HU]HJRYLQD 6DXGL $UDELD $UJHQWLQD 6ORYDNLD &]HFK 5HSXEOLF

ARGENTINA

:KHWKHU LQ WKH GRFWRUҋV RIÀFH WKH GHQWLVWҋV FKDLU DW WKH EHGVLGH RU RYHU WKH SKDUPDF\ FRXQWHU KHDOWK SURIHVVLRQDOV KDYH D XQLTXH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR FRXQVHO LQGLYLGXDOV DERXW ZK\ DQG KRZ WR VWRS VPRNLQJ (YHQ EULHI DGYLFH IURP D KHDOWK SURIHVVLRQDO FDQ KDYH D VLJQLÀFDQW LPSDFW RQ VPRNLQJ FHVVDWLRQ VXFFHVV +RZHYHU KHDOWK SURIHVVLRQDOV ZKR VPRNH DUH OHVV OLNHO\ WR KHOS WKHLU SDWLHQWV TXLW VPRNLQJ DQG WKHLU DGYLFH KDV GLPLQLVKHG FUHGLELOLW\ +HDOWK SURIHVVLRQDO VPRNLQJ SUHYDOHQFH YDULHV ZLGHO\ DURXQG WKH ZRUOG UHÁHFWLQJ VRFLR GHPRJUDSKLF SDWWHUQV RI WREDFFR XVH ,Q WKH HDUO\ VWDJHV RI WKH W\SLFDO WREDFFR HSLGHPLF VPRNLQJ UDWHV LQFUHDVH HDUOLHU DPRQJ KLJKHU VWDWXV LQGLYLGXDOV DQG VRFLDO WUHQGVHWWHUV VXFK DV KHDOWK SURIHVVLRQDOV WKDQ DPRQJ WKH JHQHUDO SRSXODWLRQ ,Q ODWHU VWDJHV RI WKH HSLGHPLF KHDOWK SURIHVVLRQDOV³GLUHFW REVHUY HUV RI WKH WHUULEOH KHDOWK FRQVHTXHQFHV RI ORQJ WHUP VPRNLQJ³DUH XVXDOO\ DPRQJ WKH ÀUVW WR TXLW VPRNLQJ DQG EHJLQ ZRUNLQJ WR FRQWURO WREDFFR 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ VWXGHQW KHDOWK SURIHVVLRQDOV UDUHO\ UHFHLYH VPRNLQJ FHVVDWLRQ FRXQVHOLQJ RU IRUPDO WUDLQLQJ LQ WKH WUHDWPHQW RI QLFRWLQH GHSHQGHQFH .HHSLQJ KRVSLWDOV VPRNH IUHH LV FUXFLDO WR UHGXFLQJ VPRNLQJ UDWHV DPRQJ KHDOWK ZRUNHUV DQG HOLPLQDWLQJ WKH H[SRVXUH RI SDWLHQWV DQG VWDII WR VHFRQG KDQG VPRNH %\ TXLWWLQJ WKHLU RZQ DGGLFWLRQ EHFRPLQJ SURÀFLHQW DW VPRNLQJ FHVVDWLRQ FRXQVHOLQJ DQG HQJDJLQJ LQ VRFLDO DQG SROLWLFDO DFWLRQ DJDLQVW WREDFFR KHDOWK SURIHVVLRQDOV FDQ PLQLPL]H DQG SUHYHQW WREDFFRҋV WHUULEOH WROO RI GHDWK DQG GLVDELOLW\

AUSTRALIA


+HDOWK 5LVNV

+RZ WREDFFR KDUPV \RX $OO IRUPV RI WREDFFR DUH DGGLFWLYH DQG OHWKDO &RQFOXVLYH VFLHQWLÀF HYLGHQFH FRQÀUPV WKDW VPRNHUV IDFH VLJQLÀ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ÀWV XVHUV DV ZHOO DV QRQVPRNLQJ E\VWDQGHUV 7KHUH LV QR VDIH IRUP RIWREDFFR DQG QR VDIH OHYHO RIH[SRVXUH WR VHFRQGKDQG VPRNH +RZHYHU TXLWWLQJ JUHDWO\ UHGXFHV KHDOWK ULVNV DQG SURGXFHV LPPHGLDWH DQG ORQJ WHUP KHDOWK EHQHÀWV 7REDFFRҋV WHUULEOH KHDOWK FRQVHTXHQFHV DUH HQWLUHO\ SUHYHQWDEOH

%5$,1 $1' 36<&+ ( ‡ 6WURNH FHUHEURYDVFXODU DFFLGHQW

‡ $ GGLFWLRQ ZLWKGUDZDO ‡ $ OWHUHG EUDLQ FKHPLVWU\ ‡ $ Q[LHW\ DERXW WREDFFRҋV KHDOWK HIIHFWV

‡ %OLQGQHVV PDFXODU GHJHQHUDWLRQ

‡ &DWDUDFWV ‡ 6WLQJLQJ H[FHVVLYH WHDULQJ DQG EOLQNLQJ

+($/7+ 5,6.6 2) 602.,1* '85,1* 35(*1$1&<

027+(5

$FHWRQH

$FHW\OHQH

$UVHQLF

%HQ]HQH

%XWDQH

&DGPLXP

‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡

$ EUXSWLR SODFHQWDH 3ODFHQWD SUDHYLD 3UHPDWXUH UXSWXUH RI PHPEUDQHV 3UHPDWXUH ELUWK 6SRQWDQHRXV DERUWLRQ PLVFDUULDJH (FWRSLF SUHJQDQF\

)(786(6 ,1)$176 &+,/'5(1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡

6WXQWHG JHVWDWLRQDO GHYHORSPHQW 6WLOOELUWK 6XGGHQ LQIDQW GHDWK V\QGURPH 6,'6

5HGXFHG OXQJ IXQFWLRQ DQG LPSDLUHG OXQJ GHYHORSPHQW $ VWKPD H[DFHUEDWLRQ $ FXWH ORZHU UHVSLUDWRU\ LQIHFWLRQ EURQFKLWLV DQG SQHXPRQLD 5HVSLUDWRU\ LUULWDWLRQ FRXJK SKOHJP ZKHH]H &KLOGKRRG FDQFHUV OHXNHPLD O\PSKRPD EUDLQ WXPRU 2UDO FOHIW

7REDFFR VPRNH LQFOXGHV

SDLQW VWULSSHU ZHOGLQJ WRUFKHV

SDUDQDVDO VLQXVHV ,PSDLUHG VHQVH RI VPHOO

''7

LQVHFWLFLGH

)RUPDOGHK\GH

HPEDOPLQJ IOXLG

+\GURJHQ F\DQLGH

FDSLWDO SXQLVKPHQW E\ JDV

ROG SDLQW OHDGHG JDVROLQH

0HWKDQRO

1LFRWLQH

3KHQRO 3RORQLXP

7((7+ JLQJLYLWLV SHULRGRQWLWLV ‡ /RRVH WHHWK WRRWK ORVV ‡ 5RRW VXUIDFH FDULHV SODTXH ‡ 'LVFRORUDWLRQ DQG VWDLQLQJ

‡ &DQFHUV RI OLSV PRXWK WKURDW DQG ODU\Q[ ‡ 6RUH WKURDW ‡ ,PSDLUHG VHQVH RI WDVWH ‡ +DOLWRVLV RUDO PDORGRU EDG EUHDWK

/,9(5

‡

OLJKWHU IXHO FDU H[KDXVW IXPHV

SUHPDWXUH DJLQJ

+($57

‡ &RURQDU\ WKURPERVLV KHDUW DWWDFN ‡ $ WKHURVFOHURVLV GDPDJH DQG RFFOXVLRQ RI FRURQDU\ YDVFXODWXUH

‡ 3HULRGRQWDO JXP GLVHDVH

1DSDOP

&DUERQ PRQR[LGH

/HDG

6.,1

126(

DQW SRLVRQ

FDU EDWWHULHV

/LYHU FDQFHU

&+(67 $1' $ %'20(1

‡ ‡ ‡

WRLOHW ERZO GLVLQIHFWDQW QXFOHDU ZHDSRQV

3URS\OHQH JO\FRO

DQWLIUHH]H

7ROXHQH

LQGXVWULDO VROYHQW

9LQ\O FKORULGH

SODVWLFV

(VRSKDJHDO FDQFHU *DVWULF FRORQ DQG SDQFUHDWLF FDQFHU $ EGRPLQDO DRUWLF DQHXU\VP SHSWLF XOFHU VWRPDFK GXRGHQXP DQG HVRSKDJXV

/81*6 ‡ /XQJ EURQFKXV DQG WUDFKHDO FDQFHU ‡ &KURQLF REVWUXFWLYH SXOPRQDU\ GLVHDVH & 23'

DQG HPSK\VHPD

‡ &KURQLF EURQFKLWLV ‡ 5HVSLUDWRU\ LQIHFWLRQ LQIOXHQ]D SQHXPRQLD WXEHUFXORVLV

‡ 6KRUWQHVV RI EUHDWK DVWKPD ‡ &KURQLF FRXJK H[FHVVLYH VSXWXP SURGXFWLRQ

.,'1(<6 $1' %/$''(5

‡

%ODGGHU DQG NLGQH\ FDQFHU

0$/( 5(352'8&7,21 ‡ , QIHUWLOLW\ VSHUP GHIRUPLW\ ORVV RI PRWLOLW\ UHGXFHG QXPEHU

‡ ,PSRWHQFH )(0$/( 5(352'8&7,21

‡ &HUYLFDO FDQFHU ‡ 3UHPDWXUH RYDULDQ IDLOXUH HDUO\ PHQRSDXVH ‡ 5HGXFHG IHUWLOLW\ ‡ 3DLQIXO PHQVWUXDWLRQ

URFNHW IXHO FRFNURDFK SRLVRQ

SRRU FLUFXODWLRQ FROG ILQJHUV

‡ 7 DU VWDLQHG ILQJHUV ‡ 3VRULDVLV ‡ /RVV RI VNLQ WRQH ZULQNOLQJ

0287+ $1' 7+52$7

$V IRXQG LQ

+$1'6 ‡ 3HULSKHUDO YDVFXODU GLVHDVH

‡ &DQFHU RI QDVDO FDYLWLHV DQG

'($'/< &+(0,&$/6

3UHJQDQF\

($56

‡ +HDULQJ ORVV ‡ (DU LQIHFWLRQ

(<(6

‡

7REDFFR VPRNH FRQWDLQV PRUH WKDQ FKHPLFDOV PRUH WKDQ ILIW\ NQRZQ RU VXVSHFWHG FDUFLQRJHQV DQG PDQ\ SRWHQW LUULWDQWV

+$,5

‡ Odor and discoloration

6.(/(7$/ 6<67(0

‡ ‡

2VWHRSRURVLV +LS IUDFWXUH

:281'6 $1' 685*(5< ‡ ,PSDLUHG ZRXQG KHDOLQJ /(*6 $1' )((7

‡ 3HULSKHUDO YDVFXODU GLVHDVH FROG IHHW OHJ SDLQ DQG JDQJUHQH

‡ 3RRU SRVWVXUJLFDO UHFRYHU\ ‡ %XUQV IURP FLJDUHWWHV DQG IURP ILUHV FDXVHG E\ FLJDUHWWHV

‡ 'HHS YHLQ WKURPERVLV '97 ) ,0081( 6<67(0 ‡ ,PSDLUHG UHVLVWDQFH WR LQIHFWLRQ &,5&8/$725< 6<67(0

‡ %XHUJHUҋV GLVHDVH ‡ $ FXWH P\HORLG OHXNHPLD


Male Smoker

3(5&(17 2) 0$/(6 :+2 602.( &,*$5(77(6 RU ODWHVW DYDLODEOH GDWD

ICELAND FINLAND

SWEDEN NORWAY

DQG DERYH

²

1R GDWD

²

²

²

%HORZ

&RXQWULHV ZKHUH DW OHDVW WHQ WLPHV PRUH PHQ WKDQ ZRPHQ VPRNH

ESTONIA

UNITED KINGDOM

LATVIA

DENMARK

LITHUANIA

RUSSIAN FED.

NETHERLANDS

IRELAND

BELGIUM LUX.

BELARUS

POLAND

GERMANY

UKRAINE

CZECH REP. SLOVAKIA

AUSTRIA REP. HUNGARY MOLDOVA SLOVENIA ROMANIA CROATIA BOSNIA AND SAN MARINO HERZEGOVINA SERBIA

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

SWITZ.

CANADA

FRANCE

ITALY

PORTUGAL

ANDORRA

SPAIN

BULGARIA

MONTENEGRO

FYR MACEDONIA

ALBANIA

GREECE

FED. STATES OF MICRONESIA

KAZAKHSTAN MONGOLIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

TURKEY MALTA

MEXICO

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

ALGERIA

BAHAMAS

PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY

ISL. REP. OF IRAN

DOMINICAN REP.

MAURITANIA

GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR

ST. VINCENT AND GRENADINES

ST. LUCIA

SENEGAL

BARBADOS COSTA RICA

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

VENEZUELA

PANAMA

SIERRA LEONE

COLOMBIA

GAMBIA

NIGER

CHAD

QATAR

ERITREA

SUDAN

BURKINA FASO

7,614,282 8,398,565

7+$,/$1'

10,162,558

5(38%/,& 2) .25( $

10,450,126

*(50$1<

11,159,445

0(;,&2

11,309,598

8.5$,1(

11,979,279

785.(<

14,215,775

%5$=,/

14,234,809

9,(71$ 0

15,445,812

(*<37

16,541,142

3+,/,33,1( 6

17,634,512

3$.,67$1

17,723,216

%$1*/$'(6+ -$3$1

PHILIPPINES

PALAU

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

KENYA

DEM. REP. OF CONGO

MALAYSIA SINGAPORE

BURUNDI UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

MALAWI

SEYCHELLES

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

INDONESIA TIMOR-LESTE

ZAMBIA MOZAMBIQUE ZIMBABWE

CHILE

NAMIBIA

PARAGUAY

MAURITIUS

AUSTRALIA SWAZILAND

S. AFRICA

LESOTHO

URUGUAY

ARGENTINA

21,453,342 23,016,940 32,474,518 32,827,525

&+,1 $

TONGA

SRI LANKA MALDIVES

BOLIVIA

5866,$1 )('(5$7,21 ,1', $

COOK ISLANDS

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA

COMOROS

86$ ,1'21( 6,$

HONG KONG

LAO PDR

THAILAND

YEMEN

ETHIOPIA

BRAZIL )5$1&(

BANGLADESH MYANMAR

OMAN

CAMEROON

PERU

$)*+$1,67$1

SAMOA

NIUE

INDIA

DJIBOUTI

CONGO

(estimate)

VANUATU

NIGERIA

GHANA

ECUADOR

BHUTAN

TUVALU

FIJI UAE

UGANDA

723 0$/( 602.,1* 3238/$7,21

NEPAL

JAPAN

BAHRAIN

EGYPT

SAUDI ARABIA

MALI

ˆ COTE D’IVOIRE

PAKISTAN

REP. KOREA

CHINA

AFGHANISTAN

KUWAIT

CUBA JAMAICA

TURKMENISTAN

ARMENIA

KIRIBATI

DPR KOREA

SYRIAN

CYPRUS ARAB REP. IRAQ LEBANON ISRAEL JORDAN

TUNISIA

MOROCCO

NAURU

KYRGYZSTAN

UZBEKISTAN

GEORGIA

53,392,709 131,598,984

97,793,741 (oral tobacco users)

229,392,725 (all tobacco users) 311,203,202

6PRNLQJ LV PDUNHWHG DV D PDVFXOLQH KDELW OLQNHG WR KHDOWK KDSSLQHVV ÀWQHVV ZHDOWK SRZHU DQG YLULOLW\ ,Q UHDOLW\ LW OHDGV WR VLFNQHVV SUHPDWXUH GHDWK VH[XDO LPSRWHQFH DQG LQIHUWLOLW\ $OPRVW ELOOLRQ PHQ LQ WKH ZRUOG VPRNH ²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Ò‹V FLJDUHWWHV (VFDODWLQJ KHDOWK DQG HFRQRPLF WROOV LPSRVHG E\ WREDFFR WKUHDWHQ WR LPSHGH WKH VWDEOH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKLV PDMRU ZRUOG SRZHU

NEW ZEALAND


Q uit ting Smoking

48,77,1* 5(6285&(6 $9$,/$%/( %< &28175<

ICELAND FINLAND

SWEDEN NORWAY

ESTONIA

UNITED KINGDOM

LITHUANIA

RUSSIAN FED.

BELARUS

POLAND

GERMANY

BELGIUM

SLOVAKIA AUSTRIA

SWITZ.

FRANCE

PORTUGAL

SLOVENIA CROATIA BOSNIA AND SAN MARINO HERZEGOVINA

ITALY

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

REP. MOLDOVA

HUNGARY

ANDORRA

SPAIN

$YDLODELOLW\ RI ERWK QLFRWLQH UHSODFHPHQW WKHUDS\ DQG VRPH FOLQLFDO FHVVDWLRQ VHUYLFHV QHLWKHU FRVW FRYHUHG

1R DYDLODELOLW\ RI QLFRWLQH UHSODFHPHQW WKHUDS\ RU FHVVDWLRQ VHUYLFHV

4XLWOLQH DYDLODELOLW\

1R GDWD UHSRUWHG

UKRAINE

CZECH REP.

CANADA

$YDLODELOLW\ RI HLWKHU QLFRWLQH UHSODFHPHQW WKHUDS\ RU VRPH FOLQLFDO FHVVDWLRQ VHUYLFHV QHLWKHU FRVW FRYHUHG

LATVIA

DENMARK

NETHERLANDS

IRELAND

$YDLODELOLW\ RI ERWK QLFRWLQH UHSODFHPHQW WKHUDS\ DQG VRPH FOLQLFDO FHVVDWLRQ VHUYLFHV ZLWK HLWKHU 157 RU FHVVDWLRQ VHUYLFHV FRVW FRYHUHG

ROMANIA SERBIA

MONTENEGRO

BULGARIA FYR MACEDONIA

GREECE

KAZAKHSTAN MONGOLIA

&HVVDWLRQ SURJUDPV change individual UNITED STATES OF AMERICA lives, reshape social norms and com munity values, and IRVWHU D ZRUOG ZKHUH children are less likely BAHAMAS WR FDVXDOO\ H[SHULPHQW MEXICO CUBA HAITI ZLWK FLJDUHWWHV DQG DOMINICAN REP. ZKHUH DGXOWV JDLQ FRQ JAMAICA BELIZE ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ÀGHQFH LQ WKHLU DELOLW\ WR ST. KITTS HONDURAS DOMINICA GUATEMALA AND NEVIS ST. VINCENT AND quit. Within hours of quitting, ST. LUCIA EL SALVADOR GRENADINES NICARAGUA BARBADOS some of the damage done GRENADA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO COSTA RICA by smoking begins to reverse. VENEZUELA PANAMA GUYANA By one year, the risk of coronary SURINAME heart disease is decreased to half COLOMBIA WKDW RI D VPRNHU $IWHU ÀYH WR ÀIWHHQ years, the risk of a stroke is reduced ECUADOR YLUWXDOO\ WR WKDW RI SHRSOH ZKR KDYH QHYHU VPRNHG &DQFHU ULVN DOVR UHGXFHV PERU BRAZIL VLJQLÀFDQWO\ RYHU WKH GHFDGH DIWHU TXLWWLQJ

UZBEKISTAN

5HDVRQV IRU TXLWWLQJ 8QLWHG .LQJGRP

MALTA MOROCCO

CAPE VERDE

SENEGAL GUINEA BISSAU

GAMBIA

GUINEA

SIERRA LEONE

CHILE

NIGER

CHAD

2WKHU

ERITREA

SUDAN

BURKINA FASO

NIUE

UAE

BANGLADESH MYANMAR

OMAN

NIGERIA

SOMALIA

BENIN CAMEROON GHANA TOGO EQUATORIAL GUINEA SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

GABON CONGO

PALAU MALDIVES

UGANDA

KENYA

DEM. REP. OF CONGO

PHILIPPINES

SRI LANKA

ETHIOPIA

CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA

DJIBOUTI

LIBERIA

HONG KONG

LAO PDR

THAILAND

YEMEN

COOK ISLANDS

SINGAPORE

RWANDA BURUNDI UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

MALAWI

MALAYSIA

SEYCHELLES

INDONESIA TIMOR-LESTE

COMOROS

ZAMBIA MADAGASCAR MAURITIUS

BOTSWANA

AUSTRALIA SWAZILAND

S. AFRICA

LESOTHO

URUGUAY

)DPLO\ SUHVVXUH

0RUH WKDQ RQH UHDVRQ

BHUTAN

MOZAMBIQUE

PARAGUAY

)LQDQFLDO UHDVRQV

3UHJQDQF\

QATAR

NAMIBIA

$W OHDVW RQH KHDOWK UHDVRQ

'RFWRUÒ‹V DGYLFH

NEPAL

JAPAN

BAHRAIN

EGYPT

SAUDI ARABIA

MALI

ˆ COTE D’IVOIRE

PAKISTAN

REP. KOREA

CHINA

AFGHANISTAN

ISL. REP. OF IRAN

KUWAIT

3UHVHQW KHDOWK SUREOHPV

+HDOWK KD]DUG WR FKLOGUHQ

IRAQ

ZIMBABWE

5LVN RI VPRNLQJ UHODWHG LOOQHVV

SYRIAN ARAB REP.

JORDAN

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

ALGERIA

MAURITANIA

CYPRUS LEBANON

TUNISIA

BOLIVIA

%HWWHU IRU KHDOWK LQ JHQHUDO

DPR KOREA

ARMENIA

ANGOLA

:+< 3(23/( 48,7 602.,1*

KYRGYZSTAN

ARGENTINA 0(1 :20(1

Smoking’s harm is immediately reduced and can be virtually eliminated over time after quitting, even for lifelong smokers. Advanced WREDFFR FRQWURO SROLFLHV FDQ KHOS LQFUHDVH TXLW UDWHV D SUHUHTXLVLWH IRU DFKLHYLQJ VLJQLÀFDQW UHGXFWLRQV LQ VPRNLQJ UHODWHG GHDWKV GXULQJ WKH ÀUVW KDOI RI WKH VW FHQWXU\ 0DQ\ SHRSOH NLFN WKH KDELW HDVLO\ ZKLOH RWKHUV VWUXJJOH WKURXJK D GLIÀFXOW F\FOH RI DGGLFWLRQ 0DQ\ FRXQ WULHV QRZ KDYH PRUH H[ VPRNHUV WKDQ FXUUHQW VPRNHUV 0RVW H[ VPRNHUV TXLW VXFFHVVIXOO\ RQ WKHLU RZQ ´FROG WXUNH\µ EXW DQ LQFUHDVLQJ QXPEHU RI SURJUDPV DQG DLGV DUH DYDLODEOH WR KHOS OLEHUDWH VPRNHUV IURP WKHLU DGGLFWLRQ QLFRWLQH UHSODFHPHQW WKHUDSLHV JXP SDWFK DQG LQKDOHU DQG SKDUPDFR ORJLF DJHQWV VXFK DV EXSURSLRQ DQG YDUHQLFOLQH DUH DYDLODEOH LQ PDQ\ FRXQWULHV &RPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQROR JLHV ² VXFK DV WHOHSKRQH TXLWOLQHV WH[W PHVVDJLQJ LQWHUDFWLYH WHOHSKRQ\ DQG RQOLQH FRXQVHOLQJ ² RIIHU LPSRUWDQW VXSSRUW 3V\FKRORJLFDO DQG EHKDYLRUDO WKHUDSLHV LQFOXGLQJ EHKDYLRU PRGLÀFDWLRQ K\SQRVLV PHGLWDWLRQ DQG DFXSXQFWXUH DOVR KDYH EHHQ HPSOR\HG

NEW ZEALAND


Sec ondhand Smok ing

3(5&(17 2) <287+ :+2 /,9( ,1 +20(6 :+(5( 27+(56 602.( ,1 7+(,5 35(6(1&( /DWHVW DYDLODEOH GDWD ² ESTONIA

UNITED KINGDOM

LITHUANIA

RUSSIAN FED.

²

5HJLRQDO RU FLW\ GDWD RQO\

²

%HORZ

²

1R GDWD

0 RUH WKDQ RI \RXWK H[SRVHG WR VHFRQGKDQG VPRNH

BELARUS

POLAND

UKRAINE

CZECH REP. SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA CROATIA

DQG DERYH

REP.MOLDOVA

HUNGARY

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

ROMANIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

SERBIA

MONTENEGRO ALBANIA

FYR MACEDONIA

GREECE

FED. STATES OF MICRONESIA

KAZAKHSTAN MONGOLIA KYRGYZSTAN

GEORGIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

TURKEY CYPRUS LEBANON

MOROCCO

MEXICO CUBA

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

IRAQ

ISL. REP. OF IRAN

DOMINICAN REP.

ST. LUCIA

NICARAGUA

QATAR

UAE

SUDAN

SURINAME

BANGLADESH

ERITREA

LAO PDR

THAILAND

YEMEN

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIA

ˆ COTE D’IVOIRE

GUYANA

VANUATU

INDIA OMAN

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

VENEZUELA

BHUTAN

NIGER BURKINA FASO

GRENADA

NEPAL

TUVALU

FIJI

EGYPT

MAURITANIA

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA DOMINICA

REP. KOREA

CHINA

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

HAITI

JAMAICA BELIZE HONDURAS EL SALVADOR

ARMENIA

JORDAN

BAHAMAS

TAJIKISTAN

PHILIPPINES

SRI LANKA

ETHIOPIA

BENIN GHANA TOGO

MALDIVES

MALAYSIA

CONGO UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

PERU

180%(5 2) '($7+6 $775,%87$%/( 72 6(&21'+$1' 602.( ,1 7+( &28175,(6 2) 7+( (8523($1 81,21 0DMRU FDXVHV

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

INDONESIA

MALAWI

BRAZIL

TIMOR-LESTE

COMOROS

BOLIVIA ZIMBABWE

CHILE

NAMIBIA

PARAGUAY

MAURITIUS

AUSTRALIA

32,342 SWAZILAND

,VFKHPLF KHDUW GLVHDVH

URUGUAY

13,241 /XQJ FDQFHU

7RWDO

ARGENTINA

79,449

5,275 &KURQLF REVWUXFWLYH SXOPRQDU\ GLVHDVH

28,591 6WURNH

Secondhand smoke, also known as passive smoking or environmental tobacco smoke, is a mixture of side stream smoke from the burning tip of the cigarette and mainstream smoke exhaled by the smoker. More toxic per unit of tobacco than mainstream smoke, sidestream VPRNH LV WKH PDMRU FRPSRQHQW RI VHFRQGKDQG VPRNH $W OHDVW ÀIW\ FDUFLQRJHQLF FKHPLFDOV KDYH EHHQ LGHQWLÀHG LQ VHFRQGKDQG VPRNH Nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke experience immediate cardiovascular and respiratory damage. Long-term effectsofsecondhandsmokeexposureincludelungcancerand coronary heart disease. Expectant mothers, fetuses, and infants exposed to secondhand smoke face higher risk of adverse health consequences. Smoke-free policies provide protection against exposure to secondhand smoke. Today, nearly half the world’s children are exposed to an unacceptable health hazard: tobacco smoke in their daily environment.

SAMOA COOK ISLANDS


Smoking Bans

602.( )5(( $5($6 &RPSOHWH EDQ 6PRNH IUHH OHJLVODWLRQ FRYHULQJ DOO W\SHV RI SODFHV DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV

ICELAND

6WURQJ EDQ 6PRNH IUHH OHJLVODWLRQ FRYHULQJ DOO W\SHV RI SODFHV DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV EXW ZLWK OLPLWHG H[HPSWLRQV 0RGHUDWH EDQ 6PRNH IUHH OHJLVODWLRQ FRYHULQJ KHDOWK FDUH DQG HGXFDWLRQDO IDFLOLWLHV DV ZHOO DV RU RWKHU SODFHV DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV

FINLAND

SWEDEN NORWAY

ESTONIA

UNITED KINGDOM

LATVIA

DENMARK

LITHUANIA

RUSSIAN FED.

NETHERLANDS

IRELAND

1R EDQ RU G\VIXQFWLRQDO EDQ &RPSOHWH DEVHQFH RI VPRNH IUHH OHJLVODWLRQ RU DEVHQFH RI VPRNH IUHH OHJLVODWLRQ FRYHULQJ HLWKHU KHDOWK FDUH RU HGXFDWLRQDO IDFLOLWLHV 1R GDWD

AUSTRIA REP. HUNGARY MOLDOVA SLOVENIA ROMANIA CROATIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA SERBIA

ITALY

ANDORRA

SPAIN

UKRAINE

SLOVAKIA

FRANCE

PORTUGAL

&RPSUHKHQVLYH ORFDO OHJLVODWLRQ 6PRNH IUHH OHJLVODWLRQ DW D VXEQDWLRQDO OHYHO

CZECH. REP

SWITZ.

CANADA

POLAND

GERMANY

BELGIUM LUX.

0LQLPDO EDQ 6PRNH IUHH OHJLVODWLRQ FRYHULQJ KHDOWK FDUH DQG HGXFDWLRQDO IDFLOLWLHV DV ZHOO DV RU RWKHU SODFHV DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV

BELARUS

BULGARIA

MONTENEGRO

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FYR MACEDONIA

ALBANIA

GREECE

KAZAKHSTAN MONGOLIA UZBEKISTAN

GEORGIA

TURKEY

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

ALGERIA BAHAMAS

MEXICO CUBA

CAPE VERDE

DOMINICAN REP. ST. KITTS AND NEVIS

HONDURAS NICARAGUA

GRENADA COSTA RICA

MAURITANIA

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA DOMINICA ST. VINCENT AND ST. LUCIA GRENADINES BARBADOS TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

VENEZUELA

PANAMA

GUYANA SURINAME FRENCH GUIANA

COLOMBIA

MALI

NIGER

GUINEA BISSAU

GUINEA

SIERRA LEONE

QATAR

ERITREA

SUDAN

BURKINA FASO

ˆ COTE D’IVOIRE

NIGERIA

BENIN CAMEROON GHANA TOGO EQUATORIAL GUINEA

NIUE

GABON

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA

PHILIPPINES

SRI LANKA PALAU

UGANDA

KENYA

DEM. REP. OF CONGO

COOK ISLANDS

HONG KONG

LAO PDR

THAILAND

YEMEN

MALAWI

MALAYSIA SINGAPORE

RWANDA BURUNDI UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

SEYCHELLES

INDONESIA TIMOR-LESTE

COMOROS

ZAMBIA

BOLIVIA

MOZAMBIQUE

MADAGASCAR

ZIMBABWE

CHILE

BHUTAN

BANGLADESH MYANMAR

OMAN

MALDIVES

ANGOLA

6RXWKHDVW $VLD

NEPAL

JAPAN

INDIA

SOMALIA

PERU

UAE

ETHIOPIA

CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.

CONGO

:HVWHUQ 3DFLILF

PAKISTAN

DJIBOUTI

LIBERIA

REP. KOREA

CHINA

BAHRAIN

BRAZIL

(XURSH

DPR KOREA

TAJIKISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

KUWAIT

EGYPT

CHAD

SENEGAL GAMBIA

ISL. REP. OF IRAN

SAUDI ARABIA

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

ECUADOR

3(5&(17 2) &28175,(6 %< 5(*,21 7+$7 %$1 602.,1* ,1 5(67$85$176

PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY

HAITI

JAMAICA GUATEMALA

ARMENIA

ARAB CYPRUS REP. IRAQ LEBANON ISRAEL JORDAN

TUNISIA

MOROCCO

TURKMENISTAN

SYRIAN

MALTA

EL SALVADOR

KYRGYZSTAN

AZERBAIJAN

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

NAMIBIA

PARAGUAY

MAURITIUS

BOTSWANA

AUSTRALIA SWAZILAND

$IULFD

S. AFRICA

LESOTHO

URUGUAY

$PHULFDV

ARGENTINA

(DVWHUQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ :RUOG $OYHUDJH

6PRNLQJ EDQV EHQHÀW QRQVPRNHUV DQG VPRNHUV DOLNH 1RQVPRNHUV DUH H[SRVHG WR VLJQLÀFDQWO\ OHVV VHFRQGKDQG VPRNH ZKLOH VPRNHUV WHQG WR VPRNH OHVV KDYH JUHDWHU FHVVDWLRQ VXFFHVV DQG KDYH LQFUHDVHG FRQÀGHQFH LQ WKHLU DELOLW\ WR TXLW 7KHVH HIIHFWV DUH JUHDWHU XQGHU D FRPSUHKHQVLYH EDQ WKDQ XQGHU D SDUWLDO RQH :KHQ LQGRRU VPRNLQJ DUHDV DUH DOORZHG YHQWLODWLRQ LV LQDGHTXDWH WR HOLPLQDWH VHFRQGKDQG VPRNH DQG WKH UHGXFWLRQ LQ VPRNLQJ DPRQJ VPRNHUV LV OHVV VLJQLÀFDQW 6PRNLQJ EDQV UHODWLYHO\ LQH[SHQVLYH WR LPSOHPHQW SURGXFH LPPHGLDWH HFRQRPLF EHQHÀWV WR HPSOR\HUV LQ WKH IRUP RI UHGXFHG DFFLGHQWDO ÀUH ULVN ORZHU LQVXUDQFH SUHPLXPV DQG OHVV HPSOR\HH DEVHQWHHLVP 6XSSRUW LV KLJK IRU VPRNLQJ EDQV LQ SXEOLF SODFHV ,Q PDQ\ FRXQWULHV ZLWK IHZ UHJXODWLRQV RQ VPRNH IUHH DUHDV WKH SXEOLF LV RYHUZKHOPLQJO\ LQ IDYRU RI HVWDEOLVKLQJ FOHDQ LQGRRU DLUODZV ,Q UHJLRQV ZKHUH VPRNLQJ EDQV KDYH EHHQ PDQGDWHG E\ ODZ HPSOR\HHV FXVWRPHUV DQG EXVLQHVV RZQHUV UHSRUW KLJK FRPSOLDQFH DQG VDWLVIDFWLRQ ZLWK WKH UHVXOWV

NEW ZEALAND


Tobac c o Companies

,PSHULDO 7REDFFR *URXS %ULVWRO 8.

%ULWLVK $PHULFDQ 7REDFFR /RQGRQ 8.

/($',1* 72%$&&2 0$18)$&785(5 %\ FRXQWU\ FINLAND

SWEDEN NORWAY

ESTONIA

UNITED KINGDOM

LATVIA

DENMARK

LITHUANIA

RUSSIAN FED.

NETHERLANDS

IRELAND

3KLOLS 0RUULV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO /DXVDQQH 6ZLW]HUODQG

CANADA

PORTUGAL

SLOVAKIA AUSTRIA

SWITZ.

$OWDGLV ITALY 0DGULG 6SDLQ

SERBIA

MONTENEGRO

TUNISIA

BULGARIA

GREECE

KAZAKHSTAN

UZBEKISTAN

KYRGYZSTAN

SYRIAN

ISL. REP. OF IRAN PAKISTAN

UAE

SENEGAL

BANGLADESH MYANMAR

ˆ COTE D’IVOIRE GHANA TOGO

SRI LANKA

ETHIOPIA CAMEROON

MALAYSIA KENYA

DEM. REP. OF CONGO

SINGAPORE

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

INDONESIA

BRAZIL ANGOLA

ZAMBIA

BOLIVIA

MOZAMBIQUE ZIMBABWE

CHILE

PARAGUAY

MADAGASCAR MAURITIUS

AUSTRALIA

86

S. AFRICA URUGUAY

%ULWLVK $PHULFDQ 7REDFFR

-DSDQ 7REDFFR ,QWHUQDWLRQDO

$OWULD 3KLOLS 0RUULV

86

ARGENTINA

86

86

,Q 0DUFK 3KLOLS 0RUULV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO VSOLW IURP $OWULD *URXS

PHILIPPINES

NIGERIA

PERU

,PSHULDO 7REDFFR

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA

ECUADOR

86

HONG KONG

LAO PDR

THAILAND

YEMEN

SUDAN

NICARAGUA

COLOMBIA

$OWDGLV

NEPAL

INDIA

SAUDI ARABIA

JAMAICA

VENEZUELA

-DSDQ 7REDFFR ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 7RN\R -DSDQ

EGYPT

DOMINICAN REP.

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

JAPAN

REP. KOREA

CHINA

KUWAIT

CUBA

72%$&2 &203$1< 352),76

DPR KOREA

TURKMENISTAN

ARMENIA

CYPRUS ARAB REP. IRAQ LEBANON ISRAEL JORDAN

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

1R GDWD /RFDWLRQ RI KHDGTXDUWHUV RI PDMRU WUDQVQDWLRQDO WREDFFR FRPSDQLHV

FYR MACEDONIA

ALBANIA

TURKEY

MEXICO

PANAMA

2WKHU

AZERBAIJAN

ALGERIA

COSTA RICA

-DSDQ 7REDFFR ,QWHUQDWLRQDO *DOODKHU

1RQH

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

GEORGIA

MOROCCO

HONDURAS

6WDWH 0RQRSRO\

ROMANIA

SPAIN

MALTA

GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR

%ULWLVK $PHULFDQ 7REDFFR

REP. MOLDOVA

HUNGARY

SLOVENIA CROATIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

FRANCE

,PSHULDO 7REDFFR $OWDGLV

UKRAINE

CZECH REP.

$OWULD 5LFKPRQG 9LUJLQLD 86$

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

BELARUS

POLAND

GERMANY

BELGIUM

$OWULD 3KLOLS 0RUULV

In recent years, dozens of cigarette manufacturing companies have consolidated under four major private corporations: Altria/Philip Morris, British American Tobacco, Japan Tobacco International, and Imperial Tobacco. State monopolies are also major cigarette manufacturers. The largest state monopoly is China National Tobacco Corporation, with a global cigarette market share that exceeds that of any private company. Because the European Union intends to restrict further mergers and acquisitions that increase a tobacco company’s market-share dominance, industry consolidation trends may have peaked. The tobacco industry includes some of the most powerful transnational corporate entities in the world. 7REDFFR FRQJORPHUDWHV KDYH GLYHUVLÀHG LQWR PDQ\ RWKHU LQGXVWULHV VXFK DV ÀQDQFLDO VHUYLFHV IRRG DQG EHYHUDJHV SKDUPDFHXWLFDOV UHDO HVWDWH hotels, restaurants, communications, and apparel, among others. The global tobacco market, valued at $378 billion, grew by 4.6 percent in 2007. By the year 2012, the value of the global tobacco market is projected to increase another 23 percent, reaching $464.4 billion.

NEW ZEALAND


(XURSHDQ VW &RQWDF W ZLWK 7REDF F R :25/' &,9,/,=$7,216 FLUFD

Nautical expeditions revolutionized European society RYHU ÀYH KXQGUHGV \HDUV DJR $QG GXULQJ WKH VDPH SHULRG ZKHQ QHZ ZRUOGV ZHUH IRXQG DQG H[SORUHG RQ 1RYHPEHU WZR PHPEHUV RI &ROXPEXVҋV FUHZ UHWXUQHG IURP WKHLU DGYHQWXUHV LQ WKH LQWHULRU RI &XED 7KH\ UHSRUWHG DQ HQFRXQWHU ZLWK WKH QDWLYHV LQ ZKLFK WKH\ KDG VPRNH GU\ OHDYHV OLNH WKRVH WKDW &ROXPEXV KDG EHHQ RIIHUHG DV D SUHVHQW D PRQWK HDUOLHU RQ 2FWREHU /XLV GH 7RUUHV DQG 5RGULJR GH -HUH] LQ LQKDOLQJ WKH VPRNH IURP WKHVH EXUQLQJ OHDYHV EHFDPH WKH ÀUVW (XURSHDQ WR VPRNH WREDFFR &KULVWRSKHU &ROXPEXV DQG KLV FUHZ UHWXUQHG WR (XURSH IURP WKH $PHULFDV ZLWK WKH ÀUVW WREDFFR OHDYHV DQG VHHGV HYHU VHHQ RQ WKH FRQWLQHQW $ FUHZ PHPEHU 5RGULJR GH -HUH] ZDV VHHQ VPRNLQJ DQG LPSULVRQHG E\ WKH ,QTXLVLWLRQ ZKLFK EHOLHYHG KH ZDV SRVVHVVHG E\ WKH GHYLO 7KLV PDUNHG WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI D VHULHV RI HQFRXQWHUV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR FXOWXUHV RI VPRNLQJ DQG ZRUOG GLVWULEXWLRQ

$]WHF (PSLUH

0XVOLP 6WDWHV

0XVOLP ,QGLD

0XVFRY\

0D\D (PSLUH

0LQJ &KLQD

+LQGX ,QGLD

,QFD (PSLUH

-DSDQ

6DIDYLG 3HUVLD

7DWDU .KDQDWHV &ULPHD .D]DQ $VWUDNKDQ

6RQJKDL (PSLUH

%XGGKLVW 6WDWHV

2WWRPDQ (PSLUH

0DMRU 1DXWLFDO 7UDGH 5RXWHV


Tobac c o Farming

/$1' '(927(' 72 *52:,1* 72%$&&2 $UHD LQ KHFWDUHV ²

RUSSIAN FED.

CANADA

FRANCE

SPAIN

GREECE

KAZAKHSTAN

UZBEKISTAN

TURKEY

CUBA

CYPRUS LEBANON ISRAEL

TUNISIA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

MEXICO

ARMENIA

SYRIAN ARAB REP.

IRAQ

TURKMENISTAN

PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY

PAKISTAN

HONDURAS

ST. VINCENT AND GRENADINES

NICARAGUA

COSTA RICA

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

VENEZUELA

PANAMA

SIERRA LEONE

GUYANA

CHAD

ˆ COTE D’IVOIRE

SOMALIA

MALAYSIA

KENYA

DEM. REP. OF CONGO

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

ZAMBIA MOZAMBIQUE

MADAGASCAR

ZIMBABWE

INDONESIA

MALAWI

ANGOLA

CHILE

,QGRQHVLD

SINGAPORE

RWANDA BURUNDI

BOLIVIA $UJHQWLQD

PARAGUAY

MAURITIUS

AUSTRALIA

SWAZILAND

S. AFRICA

86$

URUGUAY

ARGENTINA ,QGLD

%UD]LO

&KLQD

PHILIPPINES

SRI LANKA

UGANDA

PERU

VIETNAM

CAMEROON

BRAZIL

3DNLVWDQ

LAO PDR

THAILAND

ETHIOPIA

CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.

CONGO

SAMOA

CAMBODIA

BANGLADESH MYANMAR

YEMEN

NIGERIA

ECUADOR 0DODZL

BHUTAN

BURKINA FASO

BENIN GHANA TOGO

COLOMBIA ,WDO\

GUINEA

SOLOMON ISLANDS

INDIA OMAN

NIGER

NEPAL

JAPAN

FIJI UAE

MALI

REP. KOREA

CHINA

HAITI

JAMAICA

DPR KOREA

TAJIKISTAN

ISL. REP. OF IRAN

JORDAN

DOMINICAN REP.

7XUNH\

KYRGYZSTAN

AZERBAIJAN

ALGERIA

GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR

1R WREDFFR JURZQ

FYR MACEDONIA

ALBANIA

MOROCCO

3URGXFWLRQ TXDQWLW\ PHWULF WRQV

²

7REDFFR JURZQ RQ PRUH WKDQ RI DJULFXOWXUDO ODQG

BULGARIA

MONTENEGRO

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

2) 72%$&&2 /($)

/HVV WKDQ

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

GEORGIA

/($',1* 352'8&(56

²

AUSTRIA REP. HUNGARY MOLDOVA SLOVENIA ROMANIA CROATIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA SERBIA

ITALY

PORTUGAL

1R GDWD

UKRAINE

SLOVAKIA

SWITZ.

²

BELARUS

POLAND

GERMANY

BELGIUM

RU PRUH

Tobacco is grown in more than 120 countries on almost 4 million hectares of the world’s agricultural land, consuming as much arable land as all the world’s orange groves or banana plantations. Global tobacco production has almost doubled since the 1960s, increasing 300 percent in low- and middle-resource countries while dropping more than 50 percent in high-resource countries. In 2006, world tobacco production totaled nearly 7 million metric tons with 85 percent of the leaf grown in low and middle-resource countries. Tobacco agriculture creates extensive environmental and public health problems. Pesticide and fertilizer run off contaminate water resources, and the curing of tobacco leaf with wood fuel leads to massive deforestation. Agricultural workers suffer from pesticide poisoning, JUHHQ WREDFFR VLFNQHVV DQG OXQJ GDPDJH IURP SDUWLFXODWH WREDFFR VPRNH DQG ÀHOG GXVW $OWKRXJK WREDFFR IDUPLQJ LV YHU\ SURÀWDEOH for multinational corporations, small farmers often fall into a debt trap perpetuated by tobacco companies. After the cost of inputs is GHGXFWHG IURP UHYHQXHV VPDOO IDUPHUV RIWHQ ÀQG WKHPVHOYHV GHHSHU LQ GHEW

NEW ZEALAND


Tobac c o Histor y (6 0 0 0 BCE* - 19 0 0 CE)

* %&( %HIRUH &ULVWLDQ (UD

6000 BCE*

1592–1598

circa 1710

1840

Mesoamericas (Incas, Mayas and Aztecs) civilizaWLRQV ÀUVW FXOWLYDWLRQ RI WKH WREDFFR SODQW

.RUHD 7KH -DSDQHVH $UP\ LQWURGXFHG WREDFFR LQWR .RUHD

5XVVLD 3HWHU WKH *UHDW HQFRXUDJHG KLV FRXUWLHUV WR VPRNH WREDFFR DQG GULQN FRIIHH ZKLFK ZDV VHHQ DV IDVKLRQDEOH DQG SUR (XURSHDQ

)UDQFH )UHGHULF &KRSLQҋV PLVWUHVV WKH %DURQHVV GH 'XGHYDQW OLNHO\ WR KDYH EHHQ WKH ÀUVW ZRPDQ WR VPRNH LQ SXEOLF LQ 3DULV

circa 1 BCE*

circa 1600

0HVRDPHULFDV ,QGLJHQRXV EHJDQ VPRNLQJ DQG XVLQJ WREDFFR HQHPDV $PHULFDV +XURQ ,QGLDQ P\WK ´,Q DQFLHQW WLPHV ZKHQ WKH ODQG ZDV EDUUHQ DQG WKH SHRSOH ZHUH VWDUY LQJ WKH *UHDW 6SLULW VHQW IRUWK D ZRPDQ WR VDYH KXPDQLW\ $V VKH WUDYHOHG RYHU WKH ZRUOG HYHU\ ZKHUH KHU ULJKW KDQG WRXFKHG WKH VRLO WKHUH JUHZ SRWDWRHV $QG HYHU\ZKHUH KHU OHIW KDQG WRXFKHG WKH VRLO WKHUH JUHZ FRUQ $QG LQ WKH SODFH ZKHUH VKH KDG VDW WKHUH JUHZ WREDFFR µ

,QGLD 7REDFFR ÀUVW LQWURGXFHG

1700s

1847

1603

$IULFD $PHULFDV $IULFDQ VODYHV IRUFHG WR ZRUN LQ WREDFFR ÀHOGV

(QJODQG 3KLOLS 0RUULV (VT D WREDFFRQLVW DQG LPSRUWHU RI ÀQH FLJDUV RSHQHG D VKRS LQ /RQGRQ VHOOLQJ KDQG UROOHG 7XUNLVK FLJDUHWWHV

1492 &KULVWRSKHU &ROXPEXV DQG KLV FUHZ UHWXUQHG WR (XURSH IURP WKH $PHULFDV ZLWK WKH ÀUVW WREDFFR OHDYHV DQG VHHGV HYHU VHHQ RQ WKH FRQWLQHQW $ FUHZ PHPEHU 5RGULJR GH -HUH] ZDV VHHQ VPRNLQJ DQG LPSULVRQHG E\ WKH ,QTXLVLWLRQ ZKLFK EHOLHYHG KH ZDV SRVVHVVHG E\ WKH GHYLO

Early 1500s

-DSDQ 8VH RI WREDFFR ZHOO HVWDEOLVKHG

1604 (QJODQG .LQJ -DPHV , ZURWH $ &RXQWHUEODVWH WR 7REDFFR ´6PRNLQJ LV D FXVWRP ORDWKVRPH WR WKH H\H KDWHIXO WR WKH QRVH KDUPIXO WR WKH EUDLQ GDQJHURXV WR WKH OXQJV DQG LQ WKH EODFN VWLQNLQJ IXPH WKHUHRI QHDUHVW UHVHPEOLQJ WKH KRUULEOH 6W\JLDQ VPRNH RI WKH SLW WKDW LV ERWWRP OHVV µ

1600s

6ZHGHQ %RWDQLVW &DUROXV /LQQDHXV QDPHG WKH SODQW JHQXV QLFRWLDQD DQG GHVFULEHV WZR VSHFLHV QLFRWLDQD UXVWLFD DQG QLFRWLDQD WDEDFXP

1761

1858 &KLQD 7UHDW\ RI 7LDQMLQ DOORZHG FLJDUHWWHV WR EH LPSRUWHG LQWR &KLQD GXW\ IUHH

1769

-DSDQ %DQ RQ VPRNLQJ LQWURGXFHG WR SUHYHQW ÀUHV

1HZ =HDODQG &DSWDLQ -DPHV &RRN DUULYHG VPRNLQJ D SLSH DQG ZDV SURPSWO\ GRXVHG LQ FDVH KH ZDV D GHPRQ

1876

1771

1880s

)UDQFH )UHQFK RIÀFLDO ZDV FRQGHPQHG WR EH KDQJHG IRU DGPLWWLQJ IRUHLJQ WREDFFR LQWR WKH FRXQWU\

(QJODQG 5LFKDUG %HQVRQ DQG :LOOLDP +HGJHV RSHQHG D WREDFFRQLVW VKRS QHDU 3KLOLS 0RUULV LQ /RQGRQ

1614

&KLQD 7REDFFR LQWURGXFHG YLD -DSDQ RU WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV

(QJODQG WREDFFR VKRSV RSHQHG ZLWK WKH ÀUVW VDOH RI 9LUJLQLD WREDFFR

1558

1633

(XURSH 7REDFFR SODQW EURXJKW WR (XURSH $WWHPSWV DW FXOWLYDWLRQ IDLOHG

7XUNH\ 'HDWK SHQDOW\ LPSRVHG IRU VPRNLQJ

)UDQFH 'LSORPDW -HDQ 1LFRW /RUG RI 9LOOHPDLQ LQWURGXFHG WREDFFR IURP 3RUWXJDO 4XHHQ &DWKHULQH GH 0HGLFL XVHG LW WR WUHDW KHU PLJUDLQHV

1753

1608–1609

1530–1600

1560

1854 (QJODQG 3KLOLS 0RUULV EHJDQ PDNLQJ KLV RZQ FLJDUHWWHV 2OG %RQG 6WUHHW VRRQ EHFDPH WKH FHQWHU RI WKH UHWDLO WREDFFR WUDGH

(QJODQG )LUVW VWXG\ RI WKH HIIHFWV RI WREDFFR E\ 'U -RKQ +LOO VQXII XVHUV ZHUH ZDUQHG WKH\ ULVNHG QDVDO FDQFHUV

1612

$IULFD 3RUWXJXHVH DQG 6SDQLVK WUDGHUV LQWURGXFHG WREDFFR WR $IULFD

)UDQFH 6PRNLQJ ZDV SURKLELWHG LQ PDQ\ SODFHV

&KLQD 3KLORVRSKHU )DQJ <L]KL SRLQWHG RXW WKDW ORQJ \HDUV RI VPRNLQJ ´VFRUFKHV RQHÒ‹V OXQJ µ

0LGGOH (DVW 7REDFFR LQWURGXFHG ZKHQ WKH 7XUNV WRRN LW WR (J\SW

1560

1719

1862 86$ )LUVW IHGHUDO WREDFFR WD[ ZDV LQWURGXFHG WR KHOS ÀQDQFH WKH &LYLO :DU

.RUHD )RUHLJQ FLJDUHWWHV DQG PDWFKHV ZHUH LQWURGXFHG

$PHULFDV 7REDFFR ÀUVW JURZQ FRPPHUFLDOO\

1634 &KLQD 4LQJ '\QDVW\ GHFUHHG D VPRNLQJ EDQ GXULQJ ZKLFK D YLRODWRU ZDV H[HFXWHG 7KLV ZDV QRW WR SURWHFW KHDOWK EXW WR DGGUHVV WKH LQHTXDOLW\ RI WUDGH ZLWK .RUHD

1650s 6RXWK $IULFD (XURSHDQ VHWWOHUV JUHZ WREDFFR DQG XVHG LW DV D IRUP RI FXUUHQF\

1577

1692 and 1717

(XURSH (XURSHDQ GRFWRUV UHFRPPHQGHG WREDFFR DV D FXUH IRU WRRWKDFKH IDOOLQJ ÀQJHUQDLOV ZRUPV KDOLWRVLV ORFNMDZ DQG FDQFHU

.RUHD %DQV RQ VPRNLQJ LQ &KRVRQ LQWURGXFHG WR UHGXFH ÀUH ULVN

1788 $XVWUDOLD 7REDFFR DUULYHG ZLWK WKH )LUVW )OHHW HOHYHQ VKLSV ZKLFK VDLOHG IURP (QJODQG FDUU\LQJ PRVWO\ FRQYLFWV DQG FUHZ

1881

6DPPXHO 7KRPDV YRQ 6RHPPHULQJ UHSRUWHG FDQFHUV RI WKH OLS LQ SLSH VPRNHUV

86$ )LUVW SUDFWLFDO FLJDUHWWH PDNLQJ PDFKLQH SDWHQWHG E\ -DPHV %RQVDFN ,W FRXOG SURGXFH FLJDUHWWHV D GD\ HDFK PDFKLQH GRLQJ WKH ZRUN RI SHRSOH 3URGXFWLRQ FRVWV SOXPPHWHG DQG³ZLWK WKH LQYHQWLRQ RI WKH VDIHW\ PDWFK D IHZ GHFDGHV ODWHU³ FLJDUHWWH VPRNLQJ EHJDQ LWV H[SORVLYH JURZWK

18th century

circa 1890s

6QXII ZDV WKH PRVW SRSXODU PRGH RI WREDFFR XVH

,QGRQHVLD &ORYH FLJDUHWWH WKH NUHWHN LQYHQWHG

1795

1800

before 1900

&DQDGD 7REDFFR ÀUVW JURZQ FRPPHUFLDOO\

/XQJ FDQFHU ZDV H[WUHPHO\ UDUH

1833

1901–02

8. 3KRVSKRUXV IULFWLRQ PDWFKHV LQWURGXFHG RQ D FRPPHUFLDO VFDOH PDNLQJ VPRNLQJ PRUH FRQYHQLHQW

(QJODQG ,PSHULDO 7REDFFR &RPSDQ\ /LPLWHG ,7/ DQG %ULWLVK $PHULFDQ 7REDFFR %$7 ZHUH IRXQGHG


Tobac c o Marketing Bans

0$5.(7,1* %$16 'LUHFW DQG LQGLUHFW DGYHUWLVLQJ EDQV

ICELAND FINLAND

SWEDEN NORWAY

ESTONIA

UNITED KINGDOM

RUSSIAN FED.

CANADA

POLAND

AUSTRIA

1R GLUHFW RU LQGLUHFW EDQV

SLOVENIA CROATIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

ITALY

ROMANIA SERBIA

MONTENEGRO ALBANIA

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FYR MACEDONIA

GREECE

UZBEKISTAN

GEORGIA

TURKEY MALTA

MEXICO CUBA

CAPE VERDE

GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR

ST. KITTS AND NEVIS

NICARAGUA GRENADA

COSTA RICA

GUINEA

SURINAME

QATAR

ERITREA

SUDAN

BURKINA FASO

ˆ COTE D’IVOIRE

GABON CONGO

7KH $PHULFDV

LAO PDR

THAILAND

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA

PHILIPPINES

SRI LANKA

KENYA

MALAYSIA SINGAPORE

RWANDA BURUNDI

MALAWI

ANGOLA

COOK ISLANDS

PALAU

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

SEYCHELLES

INDONESIA TIMOR-LESTE

COMOROS

ZAMBIA

BOLIVIA ZIMBABWE

CHILE

NIUE

YEMEN

UGANDA

PERU

MOZAMBIQUE

NAMIBIA

PARAGUAY

BHUTAN

BANGLADESH MYANMAR

OMAN

MALDIVES

DEM. REP. OF CONGO

JAPAN

INDIA

ETHIOPIA

CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.

BRAZIL

:HVWHUQ 3DFLILF

UAE

SOMALIA

BENIN CAMEROON GHANA TOGO EQUATORIAL GUINEA SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

$IULFD

NEPAL

DJIBOUTI

NIGERIA

LIBERIA

REP. KOREA

CHINA

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

SAUDI ARABIA CHAD

DPR KOREA

TAJIKISTAN

BAHRAIN

MALI NIGER

GAMBIA

SIERRA LEONE

GUYANA

ECUADOR

(XURSH

SENEGAL GUINEA BISSAU

ISL. REP. OF IRAN

KUWAIT

EGYPT

MADAGASCAR MAURITIUS

BOTSWANA

AUSTRALIA

(DVWHUQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

COLOMBIA

6RXWKHDVW $VLD

MAURITANIA

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA DOMINICA ST. VINCENT AND ST. LUCIA GRENADINES BARBADOS

VENEZUELA

PANAMA

32,17 2) 6$/( $'9(57,6,1* %$16 3HUFHQWDJH RI FRXQWULHV E\ UHJLRQ NQRZQ WR KDYH EDQV RQ SRLQW RI VDOH DGYHUWLVLQJ

PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY

HAITI DOMINICAN REP.

JAMAICA BELIZE HONDURAS

KYRGYZSTAN

TURKMENISTAN

ARMENIA

SYRIAN

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

ALGERIA

BAHAMAS

MONGOLIA

AZERBAIJAN

CYPRUS ARAB IRAQ REP. LEBANON ISRAEL JORDAN

TUNISIA

MOROCCO

&RXQWULHV ZLWK EDQ RQ ,QWHUQHW WREDFFR DGYHUWLVLQJ

BULGARIA

KAZAKHSTAN

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

1R GDWD

REP. MOLDOVA

HUNGARY

ANDORRA

SPAIN

UKRAINE

SLOVAKIA

FRANCE

PORTUGAL

BELARUS

CZECH REP.

SWITZ.

)RXU ILYH RU VL[ GLUHFW EDQV DQG DW OHDVW RQH LQGLUHFW EDQ

LITHUANIA

GERMANY

BELGIUM LUX.

2QH WZR RU WKUHH GLUHFW EDQV RU DW OHDVW RQH LQGLUHFW EDQ

LATVIA

DENMARK

NETHERLANDS

IRELAND

&RPSOHWH GLUHFW DQG LQGLUHFW EDQV

SWAZILAND

S. AFRICA

LESOTHO

URUGUAY

ARGENTINA

Tobacco marketing increases cigarette consumption and seduces new smokers into addiction, negating public health efforts to control tobacco. recognizing this, many countries have imposed some restrictions on tobacco marketing. However, partial restrictions are ineffective in reducing smoking because tobacco companies redirect their marketing efforts to available venues. Voluntary agreements are also inadequate because they are unenforceable. In the face ofbroadening advertising bans, tobacco companies have become ever more creative in their attempts to lure new consumers into addiction. brand stretching, event promotion, retailer incentives, sponsorship and advertising through international media, cross-border advertising, and promotional packaging are some of the ways that the tobacco industry circumvents advertising bans.

NEW ZEALAND


Tobac c o M or talit y

0HQ

PLOOLRQV

&808/$7,9( 72%$&&2 5(/$7(' '($7+6 :RUOGZLGH ²

7RWDO 'HYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV 'HYHORSHG FRXQWULHV

1XPEHU PLOOLRQV

3HUFHQW RI WRWDO

$// &$86(6

7XEHUFXORVLV /RZHU UHVSLUDWRU\ LQIHFWLRQV 0DOLJQDQW QHRSODVPV

(VRSKDJHDO FDQFHUV

6WRPDFK FDQFHU

,VFKHPLF KHDUW GLVHDVH

&HUHEURYDVFXODU GLVHDVH

7UDFKHD EURQFKXV OXQJ FDQFHUV

0RXWK DQG RURSKDU\Q[ FDQFHUV

/LYHU FDQFHU 2WKHU PDOLJQDQW QHRSODVPV

'LDEHWHV PHOOLWXV &DUGLRYDVFXODU GLVHDVHV

2WKHU FDUGLRYDVFXODU GLVHDVHV

5HVSLUDWRU\ GLVHDVHV

&23'

'LJHVWLYH GLVHDVHV

'($7+6 '8( 72 7 2%$&&2 352-(&7,21

352-(&7(' */2%$/ 72%$&&2 $775,%87$%/( '($7+6 %\ FDXVH EDVHOLQH VFHQDULR

/RZHU UHVSLUDWRU\ LQIHFWLRQV

3523257,21 2) $'8/7 '($7+6 '8( 72 602.,1*

'LDEHWHV PHOOLWXV

$GXOW UHJLRQDO HVWLPDWH PRUWDOLW\ GXH WR VPRNLQJ

7XEHUFXORVLV

'LJHVWLYH GLVHDVHV

5HVSLUDWRU\ GLVHDVHV

0DOLJQDQW QHRSODVPV

&DUGLRYDVFXODU GLVHDVHV

7RWDOVÂŹPD\ÂŹQRWÂŹVXPÂŹGXHÂŹWRÂŹURXQGLQJ

Tobacco use, in any form, is deadly. Smoking kills one-third to one-half of all lifetime users, and smokers die an average of 15 years earlier than nonsmokers. In 2010, tobacco will kill 6 million people, 72 percent of whom reside in low-and middle-income countries. If current trends continue, tobacco will kill 7 million people annually by 2020 and more than 8 million people annually by 2030. Tobacco-attributable mortality is increasing rapidly in developing countries, and by 2030, about 83 percent of the world’s tobacco deaths will occur in low and middle income countries. Tobacco kills more men than women worldwide because historical smoking prevalence has been higher among men than women. However, because smoking rates are increasing among women in many countries, particularly among young women, the gap in tobacco death rates between men and women is closing. Tobacco also causes hundreds of thousands of deaths annually among nonsmokers. Occupational exposure to secondhand smoke kills 200,000 workers every year, while exposure to tobacco smoke in homes and public areas kills thousands more infants, children, fetuses, and adults. Children with developing organ systems and people with pre-existing heart and lung diseases are especially vulnerable. One hundred million people were killed by tobacco in the 20th century. Unless effective measures are implemented to prevent young people from smoking and to help current smokers quit, tobacco will kill 1 billion people in the 21st century.

:RPHQ

DQG DERYH

²

²

²

²

%HORZ 1 R GDWD


Tobac c o Produc t L abeling

6,=( 2) +($/7+ :$51,1*6 21 35,1&,3$/ ',63/$< $5($ 21 3$&.6 2) &,*$5(77(6

ICELAND

3HUFHQW RI SULQFLSDO GLVSOD\ DUHD RI FLJDUHWWH SDFNDJH OHJDOO\ PDQGDWHG WR EH FRYHUHG E\ KHDOWK ZDUQLQJ

FINLAND

SWEDEN NORWAY

ESTONIA

UNITED KINGDOM

LATVIA

DENMARK

RUSSIAN FED.

NETHERLANDS

IRELAND

SLOVAKIA

SWITZ.

FRANCE

AUSTRIA HUNGARY

SLOVENIA CROATIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

ITALY PORTUGAL

ANDORRA

SPAIN

ROMANIA

SERBIA

MONTENEGRO

KAZAKHSTAN

UZBEKISTAN

BAHAMAS

MEXICO CUBA JAMAICA BELIZE HONDURAS

ST. KITTS AND NEVIS

NICARAGUA

COSTA RICA

MAURITANIA

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA DOMINICA ST. VINCENT AND ST. LUCIA GRENADINES BARBADOS TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

VENEZUELA

PANAMA

SENEGAL GUINEA BISSAU

GAMBIA

GUINEA

SIERRA LEONE

GUYANA SURINAME

COLOMBIA

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

MALI

NIGER

CHAD

ˆ COTE D’IVOIRE

QATAR

ERITREA

SUDAN

UAE

BANGLADESH MYANMAR

OMAN

SOMALIA

SRI LANKA BRUNEI DAR.

KENYA

PALAU

MALAYSIA

UGANDA SINGAPORE RWANDA UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

MALAWI

BRAZIL ANGOLA

VIETNAM

DJIBOUTI

MALDIVES

DEM. REP. OF CONGO

COOK ISLANDS

HONG KONG

LAO PDR

THAILAND

ETHIOPIA

BENIN CAMEROON GHANA TOGO EQUATORIAL GUINEA

NIUE

PHILIPPINES

CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.

PERU

SEYCHELLES

INDONESIA TIMOR-LESTE

COMOROS

ZAMBIA

BOLIVIA

MOZAMBIQUE

MADAGASCAR

ZIMBABWE

CHILE

BHUTAN

INDIA

YEMEN

NIGERIA

LIBERIA

NEPAL

JAPAN

BAHRAIN

EGYPT

BURKINA FASO

CONGO

3(5&(17$*( 2) &28175,(6 %< 5(*,21 :,7+ 352'8&7 /$%$/,1* /$:6 7+$7 352+,%,7 7+( 86( 2) ´/,*+7¾ ´0,/'¾ $1' 6,0,/$5 0,6/($',1* '(6&5,37,216

PAKISTAN

KUWAIT

REP. KOREA

CHINA

AFGHANISTAN

ISL. REP. OF IRAN

SAUDI ARABIA

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

ECUADOR

NAMIBIA

PARAGUAY

MAURITIUS

BOTSWANA

AUSTRALIA SWAZILAND

S. AFRICA

URUGUAY

5HJLRQ

DPR KOREA

TAJIKISTAN

SYRIAN

HAITI

GRENADA

ARGENTINA

(XURSH

KYRGYZSTAN

TURKMENISTAN

ARMENIA

CYPRUS ARAB REP. IRAQ LEBANON ISRAEL JORDAN

TUNISIA

CAPE VERDE

DOMINICAN REP.

MONGOLIA

AZERBAIJAN

ALGERIA

&RXQWULHV UHTXLULQJ SLFWRULDO KHDOWK ZDUQLQJV

BULGARIA

TURKEY

MOROCCO

1R UHTXLUHPHQW IRU SULQFLSDO GLVSOD\ DUHD

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

GREECE

MALTA

²

REP. MOLDOVA

GEORGIA

1R GDWD

FYR MACEDONIA

ALBANIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR

/HVV WKDQ

UKRAINE

CZECH REP.

LUX.

CANADA

BELARUS

POLAND

GERMANY

BELGIUM

DQG DERYH

LITHUANIA

(DVWHUQ 6RXWKHDVW 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ $VLD

$PHULFDV

$IULFD

:HVWHUQ 3DFLILF

Health warnings on the packaging of all tobacco products are guaranteed to reach all users. Since the 1960s, warning labels on cigarette packs have been used as a way to communicate risks associated with smoking and encouragement to quit. Health warnings on cigarette packs are now required in most countries of the world, and laws are steadily increasing the required size of the warning, strengthening the content, and enhancing the graphic design. Now, tobacco product has health warnings that cover at least 30 percent, and preferably 50 percent, of the visible area on a cigarette pack. Warnings should be extended to all forms of smoking and smokeless tobacco. Efforts to correct decades of consumer misperceptions about light cigarettes must extend beyond simply removing “light� and “mild� brand descriptors. Plain packaging, displaying only the brand name and the health warning with no use of color, logo, or promotional graphic design, increases both prominence and credibility of health warnings. Plain packaging requirements are consistent with restrictions on tobacco advertising because promotional packaging is one of the industry’s most important advertising tools.

NEW ZEALAND


Tobac c o Ta xes and Pric es

727$/ 7$; ,1&/8',1* 9$7 6$/( 7$;

,Q SURSRUWLRQ WR FLJDUHWWH SULFH

ICELAND FINLAND

SWEDEN NORWAY

DQG DERYH

²

1 R GDWD

²

²

²

/HVV WKDQ

&RXQWULHV ZKHUH WKH UHDO SULFH RI ORFDO EUDQG FLJDUHWWHV GHFUHDVHG EHWZHHQ DQG

ESTONIA

UNITED KINGDOM

LATVIA

DENMARK

LITHUANIA

RUSSIAN FED.

NETHERLANDS

IRELAND

BELARUS

POLAND

GERMANY

BELGIUM LUX.

UKRAINE

CZECH REP. SLOVAKIA

AUSTRIA REP. HUNGARY MOLDOVA SLOVENIA ROMANIA FRANCE CROATIA BOSNIA AND SAN MARINO HERZEGOVINA SERBIA

SWITZ.

CANADA

ITALY

PORTUGAL

FYR MACEDONIA

ALBANIA

SPAIN

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

BULGARIA

MONTENEGRO

GREECE

KAZAKHSTAN MONGOLIA UZBEKISTAN

GEORGIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

TURKEY MALTA TUNISIA

MOROCCO

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

ALGERIA CAPE VERDE

MEXICO

CYPRUS LEBANON ISRAEL

ARMENIA

SYRIAN ARAB REP.

GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR

JAMAICA BELIZE HONDURAS

MAURITANIA

DOMINICA

NICARAGUA

ST. VINCENT AND GRENADINES

BARBADOS

COSTA RICA

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

VENEZUELA

PANAMA

GAMBIA

GUINEA SIERRA LEONE

GUYANA SURINAME

COLOMBIA

SENEGAL

NIGER

EGYPT

QATAR

CHAD

ERITREA

BENIN CAMEROON GHANA TOGO EQUATORIAL GUINEA

GABON

LAO PDR

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA

PHILIPPINES

SRI LANKA

KENYA

DEM. REP. OF CONGO

MALAYSIA SINGAPORE

RWANDA BURUNDI

MALAWI

ANGOLA

65

YEMEN

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

SEYCHELLES

INDONESIA

COMOROS

ZAMBIA MOZAMBIQUE

MADAGASCAR

ZIMBABWE

NAMIBIA CHILE

HONG KONG

THAILAND

MALDIVES

BOLIVIA

5HDO SULFH '+ SHU SDFN

BANGLADESH MYANMAR

OMAN

UGANDA

BRAZIL

3DFNV SHU DGXOW \HDU

TAIWAN (CHINA)

INDIA

ETHIOPIA

CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.

LIBERIA

PERU

,QIODWLRQ DGMXVWHG FLJDUHWWH SULFHV DQG FLJDUHWWH FRQVXPSWLRQ LQ 0RURFFR ²

UAE

DJIBOUTI

CONGO

602.,1* *2(6 '2:1 $6 35,&(6 *2 83

NEPAL

NIGERIA

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

ECUADOR

JAPAN

BAHRAIN

BURKINA FASO

ˆ COTE D’IVOIRE

PAKISTAN

KUWAIT

SAUDI ARABIA

MALI

REP. KOREA

CHINA

ISL. REP. OF IRAN

JORDAN

CUBA DOMINICAN REP.

KYRGYZSTAN

TURKMENISTAN

PARAGUAY

MAURITIUS

BOTSWANA

AUSTRALIA

13.00 SWAZILAND

60

12.00

55

S. AFRICA

11.00

50

10.00

45 9.00 40 8.00

35

7.00

30 25

6.00

Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹ Ň‹

URUGUAY

ARGENTINA

LESOTHO

Higher tobacco taxes that lead to higher cigarette prices encourage smokers to quit, reduce the number of cigarettes smoked, and prevent initiation among potential new users. a 10 percent increase in cigarette prices reduces cigarette demand by 2.5 to 5 percent. Youth, minorities, and low-income smokers are two to three times more likely than other smokers to quit or smoke less in response to SULFH LQFUHDVHV %HFDXVH FLJDUHWWH SULFHV VWURQJO\ LQà XHQFH VPRNLQJ LQLWLDWLRQ LQ \RXWK SULFH LQFUHDVHV VLJQLÀFDQWO\ UHGXFH ORQJ WHUP trends in cigarette consumption. Tobacco tax increases are simple and effective tobacco control tools. In addition to reducing cigarette consumption, tobacco taxes typically generate higher tax revenues. These funds can be used to implement and enforce tobacco control policies and pay for related public health and social programs. This is good news for policy makers seeking to protect public health but wary about losing an important source of government revenue. The World bank recommends that cigarette taxes (including value-added RU VDOHV WD[HV DFFRXQW IRU WZR WKLUGV WR IRXU ÀIWKV RI WKH UHWDLO SULFH RID SDFN RI FLJDUHWWHV

NEW ZEALAND


7REDF F R 7UDGH

#5 Germany/importing US$595,452,000

#1 Netherlands/ exporting US$3,208,518,562

#4 United Kingdom/ exporting US$740,856,114

SWEDEN DENMARK

ESTONIA

LITHUANIA

POLAND

SLOVAKIA

AUSTRIA REP. HUNGARY MOLDOVA SLOVENIA ROMANIA CROATIA BOSNIA AND SAN MARINO HERZEGOVINA MONACO ITALY MONTENEGROSERBIA BULGARIA FYR MACEDONIA ANDORRA ALBANIA

PORTUGAL

GREECE

SPAIN

TURKEY MALTA MOROCCO

BAHAMAS

MEXICO CUBA

UZBEKISTAN

JAMAICA BELIZE HONDURAS

ST. KITTS AND NEVIS

NICARAGUA

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

SENEGAL GUINEA BISSAU

GAMBIA

GUINEA

SIERRA LEONE

GUYANA SURINAME

COLOMBIA

/HDI ([SRUW WRQV

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA DOMINICA ST. VINCENT AND ST. LUCIA GRENADINES BARBADOS

VENEZUELA

PANAMA

MAURITANIA

NIGER

QATAR

ˆ COTE D’IVOIRE

NIGERIA

OMAN

LAO PDR

CONGO

NIUE

HONG KONG

TONGA

#5 China (Hong Kong, SAR only)/exporting US$564,760,276 PHILIPPINES

SRI LANKA BRUNEI DAR.

CAMEROON BENIN GHANA TOGO EQUATORIAL GUINEA

GABON

SAMOA

FIJI BANGLADESH MYANMAR

THAILAND

SOMALIA

TOKELAU

MALAYSIA

UGANDA

KENYA

DEM. REP. OF CONGO

SINGAPORE

RWANDA BURUNDI UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

SEYCHELLES

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

INDONESIA TIMOR-LESTE

\

H

DQ

HF

ANGOLA

P

UH

*

INDIA

CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.

LIBERIA

ZAMBIA

BOLIVIA

MOZAMBIQUE

MADAGASCAR

ZIMBABWE

723 72%$&&2 ,03257(56

CHILE

NAMIBIA

PARAGUAY

MAURITIUS

BOTSWANA

AUSTRALIA

LESOTHO

URUGUAY

8.

S. AFRICA

SWAZILAND

8 * 6$ H 1 UPD HW KH Q\ UOD QG V )U DQ FH & KL QD 3R OD Q 8N G UD LQ H % HO JL XP

VANUATU UAE

YEMEN

SUDAN

SOLOMON ISLANDS

BHUTAN

CAMBODIA VIETNAM

* HU

O\ ,WD

H\ UN

QW

JH

$U

7X

LQ D

6$

QD

8

&

KL

D

,Q

GL

L

DO DZ

NEPAL

BURKINA FASO

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

ECUADOR

CHAD

JAPAN

BAHRAIN

EGYPT

SAUDI ARABIA

MALI

REP. KOREA

CHINA

TUVALU PAKISTAN

BRAZIL

O

DPR KOREA

TAJIKISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

ISL. REP. OF IRAN

PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY

PERU

]L

#1 Japan/importing US$3,177,049,900

KYRGYZSTAN

TURKMENISTAN

ARMENIA

HAITI

GRENADA

%U D

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

SYRIAN

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

CAPE VERDE

DOMINICAN REP.

COSTA RICA

0

Top 5 cigarette importing countries, by rank and value, 2006

KAZAKHSTAN

CYPRUS ARAB REP. IRAQ LEBANON ISRAEL JORDAN

TUNISIA

ALGERIA

/HVV WKDQ

AZERBAIJAN

#3 USA/exporting US$1,239,844,429

/HDI ,PSRUW WRQV

²

MONGOLIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

)H 5X GH VV UD LDQ WLR Q

1R GDWD

#2 Italy/importing US$2,371,834,138

GEORGIA

GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR

²

Top 5 cigarette exporting countries, by rank and value, 2006

UKRAINE

CZECH REP.

FRANCE

#4 Spain/importing US$1,158,902,398

723 72%$&&2 (;3257(56

²

SWITZ.

#3 France/importing US$1,713,247,679

CANADA

1R H[SRUWV

RUSSIAN FED. BELARUS

GERMANY

BELGIUM LUX.

²

LATVIA

NETHERLANDS

IRELAND

2YHU

FINLAND

NORWAY UNITED KINGDOM

$118$/ &,*$5(77( (;32576 ,1 %,//,216

#2 Germany/exporting US$3,006,743,000

ARGENTINA

International commodity trade in tobacco is big business, with an estimated annual value of $22 billion: $7 billion in raw material (toEDFFR OHDYHV DQG ELOOLRQ LQ ÀQLVKHG SURGXFW PDQXIDFWXUHG FLJDUHWWHV &KLQD JURZV PRUH WKDQ SHUFHQW RI WKH ZRUOGҋV WREDFFR EXW RQO\ SHUFHQW RI FKLQDҋV OHDI LV H[SRUWHG 0RVW RI WKH UHPDLQLQJ SHUFHQW LV FRQVXPHG GRPHVWLFDOO\ E\ FKLQDҋV PLOOLRQ VPRNHUV %UD]LO ,QGLD DQG &KLQD JURZ PRVW RI WKH ZRUOGҋ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

NEW ZEALAND


Ty pes and Uses of Tobac c o 6P RNHOHV V 7REDF F R 6PRNHOHVV WREDFFR LV XVXDOO\ FRQVXPHG RUDOO\ RU QDVDOO\ ZLWKRXW EXUQLQJ RU FRPEXVWLRQ 7KHUH DUH WZR PDLQ W\SHV RI VPRNHOHVV WREDFFR VQXII DQG FKHZLQJ WREDFFR

02,67 618))

'5< 618))

0RLVW VQXII LV D VPDOO DPRXQW RI JURXQG WREDFFR KHOG LQ WKH PRXWK EHWZHHQ WKH FKHHN DQG JXP 0DQXIDFWXUHUV DUH LQFUHDVLQJO\ SUHSDFNDJLQJ PRLVW VQXII LQWR VPDOO SDSHU RU FORWK SDFNHWV WR PDNH WKH SURGXFW PRUH FRQYHQLHQW 2WKHU PRLVW VQXII SURGXFWV DUH NQRZQ DV NKDLQL VQXV VKDPPDDK QDVV RU QDVZD

'U\ VQXII LV SRZGHUHG WREDFFR WKDW LV LQKDOHG WKURXJK WKH QRVH DQG DEVRUEHG WKURXJK WKH QDVDO PXFRVD RU WDNHQ RUDOO\ 2QFH ZLGHVSUHDG SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ (XURSH WKH XVH RI GU\ VQXII LV LQ GHFOLQH

0RVW 3UHYDOHQW

:RUOGZLGH

0RVW 3UHYDOHQW

(XURSH

6P RN LQ J 7REDF F R 7REDFFR VPRNLQJ LV WKH DFW RI EXUQLQJ GULHG RU FXUHG OHDYHV RI WKH WREDFFR SODQW DQG LQKDOLQJ WKH VPRNH &RPEXVWLRQ UHOHDVHV ELRFKHPLFDOO\ DFWLYH FRPSRXQGV LQ WREDFFR VXFK DV QLFRWLQH DQG 761$ DQG DOORZV WKHP WR EH DEVRUEHG WKURXJK WKH OXQJV

3,3(6 3LSHV DUH PDGH RI EULDU VODWH FOD\ RU RWKHU VXEVWDQFHV 7REDFFR LV SODFHG LQ WKH ERZO DQG WKH VPRNH LV LQKDOHG WKURXJK WKH VWHP ,Q 6RXWKHDVW $VLD FOD\ SLSHV NQRZQ DV VXOSD FKLOOXP DQG KRRNOL DUH ZLGHO\ XVHG 0RVW 3UHYDOHQW

:RUOGZLGH

&+(:,1* 72%$&&2 2UDO VPRNHOHVV WREDFFR SURGXFWV DUH SODFHG LQ WKH PRXWK FKHHN RU LQQHU OLS DQG VXFNHG GLSSHG RU FKHZHG 7REDFFR SDVWHV RU SRZGHUV DUH VLPLODUO\ XVHG SODFHG RQ WKH JXPV RU WHHWK 6RPHWLPHV UHIHUUHG WR DV ´VSLW WREDFFRµ EHFDXVH XVHUV VSLW RXW WKH EXLOW XS WREDFFR MXLFHV DQG VDOLYD WKLV PRGH RI WREDFFR FRQVXPSWLRQ EHFDPH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK $PHULFDQ EDVHEDOO SOD\HUV GXULQJ WKH WZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\ 7KH WREDFFR LQGXVWU\ H[SORLWHG WKHVH VSRUWV KHURHV WR PDUNHW WKHLU WREDFFR SURGXFWV WR \RXWK 6PRNHOHVV WREDFFR FDXVHV FDQFHU LQ KXPDQV DQG OHDGV WR QLFRWLQH DGGLFWLRQ VLPLODU WR WKDW SURGXFHG E\ FLJDUHWWH VPRNLQJ

0RVW 3UHYDOHQW

,QGLD

7KHUH DUH PDQ\ YDULHWLHV RI VPRNHOHVV WREDFFR LQFOXGLQJ SOXJ ORRVH OHDI FKLPR WRRPEDN JXWNKD DQG WZLVW 3DQ PDVDOD RU EHWHO TXLG FRQVLVWV RI WREDFFR DUHFD QXWV $UHFD FDWHFKX VODNHG OLPH FDOFLXP K\GUR[LGH VZHHWHQHUV DQG IODYRULQJ DJHQWV ZUDSSHG LQ D EHWHO OHDI 3LSHU EHWHO 7KHUH DUH HQGOHVV YDULHWLHV RI SDQ PDVDOD LQFOXGLQJ NDGGLSXGL KRJHVRSSX JXQGL NDGDSDP ]DUGD SDWWLZDOD NLZDP DQG PLVKUL

Cigarettes account for the largest share of manufactured tobacco products in the world – 96 percent of total sales – except for chewing tobacco in India and smoking of kreteks in Indonesia, cigarettes are the most common method of consuming tobacco throughout the world. The invention of the cigarette-rolling machine in 1881 accelerated the tobacco pandemic by mass-producing pocketsized packets of cigarettes. unlike tediously hand-rolled cigarettes and bulky water pipes, manufactured cigarettes offered a convenient and portable method

52// <285 2:1

0$18)$&785(' &,*$5(77(6

5ROO \RXU RZQ 5<2 FLJDUHWWHV DUH FLJDUHWWHV KDQG ILOOHG E\ WKH VPRNHU IURP ILQH FXW ORRVH WREDFFR UROOHG LQ D FLJDUHWWH SDSHU 5<2 FLJDUHWWH VPRNHUV DUH H[SRVHG WR KLJK FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI WREDFFR SDUWLFXODWHV WDU QLFRWLQH DQG WREDFFR VSHFLILF QLWURVDPLQHV 761$V DQG DUH DW LQFUHDVHG ULVN IRU GHYHORSLQJ FDQFHUV RI WKH PRXWK SKDU\Q[ ODU\Q[ OXQJ DQG HVRSKDJXV

0DQXIDFWXUHG FLJDUHWWHV DUH WKH PRVW FRPPRQO\ FRQVXPHG WREDFFR SURGXFWV ZRUOGZLGH 7KH\ FRQVLVW RI VKUHGGHG RU UHFRQVWL WXWHG WREDFFR SURFHVVHG ZLWK KXQGUHGV RI FKHPLFDOV DQG UROOHG LQWR D SDSHU ZUDSSHG F\OLQGHU 8VXDOO\ WLSSHG ZLWK D FHOOXORVH DFHWDWH ILOWHU WKH\ DUH OLW DW RQH HQG DQG LQKDOHG WKURXJK WKH RWKHU

0RVW 3UHYDOHQW

0RVW 3UHYDOHQW

(XURSH DQG 1HZ =HDODQG

%,',6

&,*$56

%LGLV FRQVLVW RI D VPDOO DPRXQW RI VXQ GULHG IODNHG WREDFFR KDQG ZUDSSHG LQ GULHG WHPEXUQL RU WHQGX OHDI 'LRVS\URV VS DQG WLHG ZLWK VWULQJ 'HVSLWH WKHLU VPDOO VL]H ELGLV GHOLYHU PRUH WDU DQG FDUERQ PRQR[LGH WKDQ PDQXIDF WXUHG FLJDUHWWHV EHFDXVH XVHUV DUH IRUFHG WR SXII KDUGHU WR NHHS ELGLV OLW %LGLV DUH IRXQG WKURXJKRXW 6RXWK $VLD DQG DUH WKH PRVW KHDYLO\ FRQVXPHG VPRNHG WREDFFR SURGXFWV LQ ,QGLD

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

0RVW 3UHYDOHQW

0RVW 3UHYDOHQW

6RXWK $VLD

:RUOGZLGH

:RUOGZLGH

.5(7(.6 .UHWHNV DUH FORYH IODYRUHG FLJDUHWWHV ZLGHO\ VPRNHG LQ ,QGRQHVLD 7KH\ PD\ FRQWDLQ D ZLGH UDQJH RI H[RWLF IODYRULQJV DQG HXJHQRO ZKLFK KDV DQ DQHVWKHWLF HIIHFW DOORZLQJ IRU GHHSHU DQG PRUH KDUPIXO VPRNH LQKDODWLRQ

67,&.6 6WLFNV DUH PDGH IURP VXQ FXUHG WREDFFR DQG ZUDSSHG LQ FLJDUHWWH SDSHU³IRU H[DPSOH KDQG UROOHG EUXV

0RVW 3UHYDOHQW

,QGRQHVLD

:$7(5 3,3(6

0RVW 3UHYDOHQW

3DSXD 1HZ *XLQHD

to maintain addiction, even while driving a motor vehicle, working in a factory, or taking a stroll. In the current era RI HFRQRPLF JOREDOL]DWLRQ VRPH IRUPV RI WREDFFR KLVWRULFDOO\ ORFDOL]HG WR VSHFLÀF UHJLRQV RI WKH ZRUOG VXFK DV WKH KRRNDK DQG ELGL KDYH VSUHDG WR HYHU\ FRQWLQHQW IRU LQVWDQFH ,QGRQHVLDQ NUHWHNV ² FORYH ÁDYRUHG ORRVHO\ packed tobacco cigarettes – are currently being marketed to youth in many industrialized countries. these regional forms of tobacco sometimes gain footholds in new countries based on their exotic cachet, but they rarely, if ever, GLVSODFH PDQXIDFWXUHG FLJDUHWWHV IRU D VLJQLÀFDQW PDUNHW VKDUH ,QVWHDG WKH\ IUHTXHQWO\ VHUYH DV D JDWHZD\ WR addiction, luring youth and other fad smokers into lifelong dependence on cigarettes.

:DWHU SLSHV DOVR NQRZQ DV VKLVKD KRRNDK QDUJKLOH RU KXEEOH EXEEOH RSHUDWH E\ ZDWHU ILOWUDWLRQ DQG LQGLUHFW KHDW )ODYRUHG WREDFFR LV EXUQHG LQ D VPRNLQJ ERZO FRYHUHG ZLWK IRLO DQG FRDO 7KH VPRNH LV FRROHG E\ ILOWUDWLRQ WKURXJK D EDVLQ RI ZDWHU DQG FRQVXPHG WKURXJK D KRVH DQG PRXWKSLHFH 0RVW 3UHYDOHQW

1RUWK $IULFD 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ UHJLRQ DQG SDUWV RI $VLD


Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.