Issue 5 Asthma……. 4 Asiatic Lion……. 8 Why life Started?……. 12 Sachin’s Retirement……. 16 Diclofenac……. 20 Memory Myths……. 24 Shin Chan……. 27 Indian History Timeline……. 31
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Editor’s Page Hello readers, we are back again with a new packet of information in the form of fifth issue of the magazine. Till date we are getting response from your side in considerable amount, but from this issue onwards we are willing to expand our reach and thus we have expanded our team. We have learned a lot from our previous mistakes and we’ll make sure not to repeat them in future issues. I am sure we not perfect yet and so we would like till we fulfil your requirements. If you are a continuous reader you might have observed that we have changed a lot in our issues every month. We are working hard to understand your requirements, but after all we are humans so we haven’t understood you fully. Why don’t you make our task easy just by sending us your review mail on our email id: bookbored@gmail.com This will help us a lot in making necessary changes in our magazine and thus giving you the best you want. We are always ready to accept new changes for our magazine which will improvise your reading experience. Just like the republic nations where you have all your rights, this is your republic magazine. You have right to suggest what you like to read as it is an “Open Source Magazine”. We are working really hard to convert all these stuff in local languages too so that each and every individual can enjoy the reading of this magazine for Free. Anything which is just started is going to face the problem and so does our magazine. We are having the problem regarding the readers. We are having now a days less number of views for our magazine. If you are a regular reader of this magazine but haven’t registered yourself as volunteer then also you can recommend this magazine to your circle. There is no personnel benefit of ours behind this, but we just want to shape a better future for our India. We want to decrease the things happening now a days in India by spreading knowledge, and I hope you will support us in this noble cause. If you are willing to join the Protyle team and want to give your contribution to us then just fill up the registration form by clicking on the following link and get yourself registered volunteer: http://bookbored.ucoz.com/index/join_us/0http://bookbored.ucoz.com/index/join_us/0 -106#.UN_9lKyceSq
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You can submit your article for the magazine by mailing us you article as MS word file. Don’t forget to write your Name, contact number and City in your mail. Here are some new faces which just recently joined our team :
Darshak Patel
Deep Patel
Nirav Majevadiya
Tejas Patel
We are on facebook. Like our official page by following the link:https://www.facebook.com/Protylemag
Editor Kuldeep K Sarvaiya Protyle magazine
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Asthma
March 2013
Disease
Introduction Asthma is a disorder that causes the airways of the lungs to swell and narrow, leading to wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.
Causes Asthma is caused by inflammation in the airways. When an asthma attack occurs, the muscles surrounding the airways become tight and the lining of the air passages swells. This reduces the amount of air that can pass by. In sensitive people, asthma symptoms can be triggered by breathing in allergy-causing substances (called allergens or triggers). Common asthma triggers include: • Animals (pet hair or dander) • Dust • Changes in weather (most often cold weather) • Chemicals in the air or in food • Exercise • Mold • Pollen • Respiratory infections, such as the common cold • Strong emotions (stress) • Tobacco Smoke
Causes Of Asthma
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Symptoms Most people with asthma have attacks separated by symptom-free periods. Some people have long-term shortness of breath with episodes of increased shortness of breath. Either wheezing or a cough may be the main symptom. Asthma attacks can last for minutes to days, and can become dangerous if the airflow is severely restricted. Symptoms include: • Cough with or without sputum (phlegm) production • Pulling in of the skin between the ribs when breathing (intercostal retractions) • Shortness of breath that gets worse with exercise or activity • Wheezing, which: ο Comes in episodes with symptom-free periods in between ο May be worse at night or in early morning ο May go away on its own ο Gets better when using drugs that open the airways (bronchodilators) ο Gets worse when breathing in cold air ο Gets worse with exercise ο Gets worse with heartburn (reflux) Emergency symptoms: • Bluish color to the lips and face • Decreased level of alertness, such as severe drowsiness or confusion, during an asthma attack • Extreme difficulty breathing • Rapid pulse • Severe anxiety due to shortness of breath Other symptoms that may occur with this disease: • Abnormal breathing pattern --breathing out takes more than twice as long as breathing in • Breathing temporarily stops • Chest pain Tightness in the chest
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Tests Tests may include: • Arterial blood gas • Blood tests to measure eosinophil count (a type of white blood cell) and IgE (a type of immune system protein called an immunoglobulin) • Chest x-ray • Lung function tests Peak flow measurements
Treatment The goals of treatment are: • Control airway swelling Stay away from substances that trigger your symptoms There are two basic kinds of medication for treating asthma: Control drugs to prevent attacks: Inhaled steroids prevent symptoms by preventing airway swelling. These work very well and are almost always the first choice. Long-acting beta-agonist inhalers also help prevent asthma symptoms. These drugs should be used together with an inhaled steroid drug. It may be easier to use an inhaler that contains both drugs. •
Other control drugs that may be used are: Leukotriene inhibitors (such as Singulair and Accolate) Omalizumab (Xolair) Cromolyn sodium (Intal) or nedocromil sodium (Tilade) • •
QuickQuick -relief drugs include: Short-acting bronchodilators (inhalers), such as Proventil, Ventolin, and Xopenex Your doctor might prescribe oral steroids (corticosteroids) when you have an asthma attack that is not going away. These are medicines that you take by mouth as pills, capsules, or liquid. Plan ahead. Make sure you do not run out of these medications. •
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Complication The complications of asthma can be severe. Some include: • Death • Decreased ability to exercise and take part in other activities • Lack of sleep due to nighttime symptoms • Permanent changes in the function of the lungs • Persistent cough • Trouble breathing that requires breathing assistance (ventilator)
Prevention You can reduce asthma symptoms by avoiding known triggers and substances that irritate the airways. Cover bedding with "allergy-proof" casings to reduce exposure to dust mites. • Remove carpets from bedrooms and vacuum regularly. • Use only unscented detergents and cleaning materials in the home. • Keep humidity levels low and fix leaks to reduce the growth of organisms such as mold. • Keep the house clean and keep food in containers and out of bedrooms -this helps reduce the possibility of cockroaches, which can trigger asthma attacks in some people. • If a person is allergic to an animal that cannot be removed from the home, the animal should be kept out of the bedroom. Place filtering material over the heating outlets to trap animal dander. • Eliminate tobacco smoke from the home. This is the single most important thing a family can do to help a child with asthma. Smoking outside the house is not enough. Family members and visitors who smoke outside carry smoke residue inside on their clothes and hair -- this can trigger asthma symptoms. • Persons with asthma should also avoid air pollution, industrial dusts, and other irritating fumes as much as possible. •
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Asiatic Lion The Asiatic lion, lion also known as the Indian lion, lion is a lion subspecies that exists as a single isolated population in India's Gujarat State. It is listed as Endangered by IUCN based on the small population size. The lion population has steadily increased in Gir Forest National Park, more than doubling from a low of 180 individuals in 1974 to a level of 411 individuals consisting of 97 adult males, 162 adult females, 75 sub-adults, and 77 cubs as of April 2010.
Endangered
Status : Endangered Population : Around 300 Individuals Scientific Name :
Panthera leo persica Weight : 200-275 kg Habitats : Gir Forest Sanctuary, Gujarat
Characteristics The most striking morphological character, which is always seen in Asiatic lions, but rarely in African lions, is a longitudinal fold of skin running along its belly. Asiatic lions are slightly smaller than African lions. Adult males weigh 160 to 190 kg (350 to 420 lb), while females weigh 110 to 120 kg (240 to 260 lb). The height at the shoulders is about 3.5 ft (110 cm). The record total length of a male Asiatic lion is 2.92 m (115 in) including the tail.
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The fur ranges in colour from ruddy-tawny, heavily speckled with black, to sandy or buffish-grey, sometimes with a silvery sheen in certain lights. Males have only moderate mane growth at the top of the head, so that their ears are always visible. The mane is scanty on the cheeks and throat with where it is only 4 in (10 cm) long.
Geographic Range The Gir National Park and Sanctuary in Western Gujarat is the only habitat for the Asiatic lion where an area of 1,412.1 km2 (545.2 sq mi) was declared as a sanctuary for their conservation in 1965. Later, a national park covering an area of 258.71 km2 (99.89 sq mi) was established where no human activity is allowed. In the surrounding sanctuary only Maldharis have the right to graze their livestock. They occupy remnant forest habitats in the two hill systems of Gir and Girnar that comprise Gurajat’s largest tracts of dry deciduous forest, thorny forest and savanna and provide valuable habitat for a diverse flora and fauna. Five protected areas currently exist to protect the Asiatic lion: Gir Sanctuary, Gir National Park, Pania Sanctuary, Mitiyala Sanctuary, and Girnar Sanctuary. The first three protected areas form the Gir Conservation Area is a 1,452 km2 (561 sq mi) forest block that represents the core habitat of the Asiatic lion. The other two sanctuaries, Mitiyala and Girnar, protect satellite areas within dispersal distance of the Gir Conservation Area. An additional sanctuary is being established in the nearby Barda forest to serve as an alternative home for Gir lions. The drier eastern part is vegetated with acacia thorn savanna and receives about 650 mm (26 in) annual rainfall; rainfall in the west is higher at about 1,000 mm (39 in) a year.
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Behavior Asiatic lions live in prides. Mean pride size, measured by the number of adult females, tends to be smaller than for African lions: most Gir prides contain just two adult females, with the largest having five. Coalitions of males defend home ranges containing one or more groups of females, but unlike African lions, Gir males generally associate with their pride females only when mating or on a large kill. A lesser degree of sociality in the Gir lions may be a function of the smaller prey available to them: the most commonly taken species (45% of known kills), the chital, weighs only around 50 kg (110 lb). In general, lions prefer large prey species within a weight range of 190 to 550 kg (420 to 1,200 lb) irrespective of their availability. Yet they predominately take prey substantially smaller than this, reflecting their opportunistic hunting behavior. Within this range they prefer species that weigh 350 kg (770 lb), which is much larger than the largest recorded weight of lion. The group hunting strategy of lions enables exceptionally large prey items to be taken. Hunting success in lions is influenced by hunting-group size and composition, the hunting method used and by environmental factors such as grass and shrub cover, time of day, moon presence and terrain.
Threats The Asiatic lion currently exists as a single subpopulation, and is thus vulnerable to extinction from unpredictable events, such as an epidemic or large forest fire. There are indications of poaching incidents in recent years. There are reports that organised gangs have switched attention from tigers to these lions. There have also been a number of drowning incidents after lions fell into wells. Various studies reveal tremendous habitat recovery and increases in wild ungulate populations following the Maldhari resettlement during the last four decades. Farmers on the periphery of the Gir Forest frequently use crude and illegal electrical fences by powering them with high voltage overhead power lines. These are usually intended to protect their crops from nilgai, but lions and other wildlife are also killed. Nearly 20,000 open wells dug by farmers in the area for irrigation have also acted as traps, which led to many lions drowning. To counteract the problem, suggestions for walls around the wells, as well as the use of "drilled tube wells" have been made.
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Inbreeding The wild population of Asiatic lions derived from just a dozen individuals that survived in the early 20th century. The population was thus thought to be highly inbred, and especially vulnerable to disease. Semen and blood samples collected of 28 wild-caught and captive-bred lions from the Gir forest showed a high incidence (79%) of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa compared to free-ranging African lions, which is nearly always associated with infertility. The Gir lion population may have suffered a drastic population bottleneck or series of bottlenecks followed by inbreeding in their recent history.
Conservation Efforts Establishment of at least one other wild population is advisable for population safety, for maximizing genetic diversity, and in terms of ecology (reestablishing the lion as a component of the fauna in its former range). However, there are problems in attempting this: a previous attempt to establish a second subpopulation in the Chandraprabha Wildlife Sanctuary in eastern Uttar Pradesh appeared to be succeeding, as the population grew from three to 11 animals, but then the lions disappeared, presumably shot or poisoned. Effort has been made to establish a second independent population of Asiatic lions at the Palpur-Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh. Wildlife Institute of India researchers confirmed that the sanctuary is the most promising location to re-establish a free-ranging population of the Asiatic lions, and has certified it as ready to receive a first batch of lions from the Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, which is highly overpopulated However, the state of Gujarat has been resisting the relocation, since it would make the Gir Sanctuary lose its status as the world's only home of the Asiatic lion. Gujarat has raised a number of objections to the proposal, and the matter is now before the Indian Supreme Court.
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Why life Started?
Confused
One or the another time an average person thinks on this question at least for one moment. The question itself is very confusing and yet no satisfactory answer is there with me. Apart from my point of view don’t you yourself find this question a bit confusing? Well the only bad thing (and good too) about human beings is that we think, think and just think. But some questions are so difficult that you don’t get answer of them anywhere.
What older Scriptures says? The religious scriptures have their own hypothesis and stories to give answer of this question but ultimately they direct us to the only conclusion that it is the GOD who created us. There is no answer for Why? Just the almighty God want to create and they created the Life on the earth. How kind God is, Isn’t it? Apart from this when we look forward in the scriptures it only mention about the origin of the human beings and other animals who are present now a days. (Some are extinct now due to entertainment and braveness shown by humans.) Now the question arises here is that why there is no mentioning of dinosaurs. Are they creatures made by the someone else than God? But that is none of our business. Our business is to find out why life Started. So after searching all over in scriptures (almost) we don’t get the answer of our question. So lets move one step ahead and see what science have got to say.
Experimental conditions created to prove generation of microspheres in primitive earth’s environment
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What Science say? No matter how advanced science become it will not be able to give answers of all the questions, but my job is to find out how far the science have gone in the field of origin of life. The primmest and oldest creatures which science have described are microspheres (as far as my knowledge is concerned). It is believed that life might have originated in that form and then it continued further. But that is not the answer of our confusing question. The one who hypnotized this says that the environment of Earth at that time consisted of water, ammonia, and some of the small and simple carbon forms. The lightening was frequent at that time and that lead to formation of microspheres.
What I believe? So here we can conclude that it was the chemicals and the environmental factors like lightening, heat who helped in the creation of the life. You might be knowing about the tetravalent nature of the carbon. The carbon possess the valency 4. It means to get itself stabilized the carbon either need to loose 4 electron or else accept 4 electron. But here the problem arises is that any of the process at normal condition is not possible. It requires a lot amount of energy to gain or loose four electrons. Also no other element is such who need can accept or loose 4 electron. So the carbon faced the severe problem of stabilization. Thus it utilized different way for stabilization. It has got the property to share electrons. It can combine with other carbon atoms and can form long chains of carbons. You might have studied this in your schools along with Diamonds and Graphite as its examples. Just after the time of earth formation the conditions were different than current scenario. A lot amount of Hydrogen was there in the atmosphere of the Earth. As it has only one electron it need one more electron to complete its octet. (or duplet?) It readily combines with carbon due to its small size and large proportion. This helped out the carbon to get stabilized in the form of methane. Due to external environmental factors of temperature and lightening they formed the free
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radicles of the methane. These might have combined and formed the larger molecules. In this process some might have enclosed the water in their complex structure and thus the formation of primitive microspheres might have taken place. As the outer layer is lipophilic and inner one is hydrophilic the structures which are formed in water are different from rest of part. The dissolved salts present in the water at the time of enclosing might have lead to creation of the concentration gradient. Thus the first exchange of minerals might have taken place. As the nature of carbon is not going to change (Tetravalent nature) so it goes on forming the different kind of larger and complex molecule to stabilize itself. This unstability of carbon give rise to a whole new era in the history of Universe. The life originated on the earth. I know you might find this funnier to have such a silly answer of this question but can you give better answer to this question. I am confused that can unstability of compound give rise to such a big change? Can just unstable carbon guide someone to take food and continue one’s life cycle? Can this cause the process of chemo taxis? I am confused, if you have answer please mail me.
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Trending Sachin Tendulkar’s Retirement: An end of Era in ODI
An extraordinary talent who went on to be revered as modern cricket’s batsman, Sachin Tendulkar called his retirement on December 22, 2012 after a great journey of two decade being a God of Cricket. At the end of his ODI journey, the 39-year-old right-hander stands on a mammoth mountain of runs – a whopping 18,426 in 463 matches at an average of 44.83. The Mumbaikar, fondly called Little Master and Master Blaster by his legion of fans all over the world, however, went through a tormenting lean pitch during the final few months in the game. But without an iota of doubt, Tendulkar, the only batsman to score 100 international centuries - 51 in Tests and 49 in ODIs, would be remembered as the greatest batsman to have played the game after Bradman even though his glittering career was not without its low ebbs.
He failed miserably as a captain and was bogged down by the massive responsibility of anchoring Indian batting during a time when the fall of his wicket was akin to the team folding up before the likes of Sourav Ganguly and Rahul Dravid blossomed to take some pressure off him. All of 16 when he made his debut against a ferocious Pakistani team that boasted of Wasim Akram and Waqar Younis, Tendulkar gave an early display of his steely resolve when he continued to bat in a blood-soaked shirt despite being hit on his face. That resolve came to define the little man who had the world's most feared bowlers bowing in admiration of his talent and skill.
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With an over two decade long career, records were fairly routine for Tendulkar but for the cricketing fraternity every run he scored just added to the legend that the diminutive righthander has become. Tendulkar is also the only batsman in the world who has scored a double ton in ODIs, a feat he achieved in Gwalior against South Africa in February. This was included in Times magazine's top 10 sports moments of the year. A perfect team-man, Tendulkar limited his Twenty20 ambition to the Indian Premier League, ruling himself out of national reckoning lest it upsets the existing equilibrium of the side. The biggest compliment to his batting came from Bradman himself in 1999 when he said that Tendulkar's style of playing resembled his style. "That touch I used to feel when I batted," he had said. Tendulkar's colossal batting exploits have completely overshadowed his utility as a part-time bowler who reveled in breakthroughs. His retirement from one-dayers and likely near-term retirement from tests had become equally inevitable, though, after former teammates Rahul Dravid and V.V.S. Laxman called it a day, and made way for India's younger cricketers. With Sourav Ganguly and Anil Kumble already out of the picture, Tendulkar's gradual departure marks the end of a golden generation that helped India to excel both at home and abroad. The Mumbai batsman's superb technique, variety of strokes and adaptability brought him no fewer than four prestigious records, most runs in tests (15,643) and one-day internationals (18,426), along with the most centuries in tests (51) and one-day internationals (49). In addition to the personal records, the man they call the Little Master also helped India to win the World Cup on home soil in 2011 and become the world's top-ranked test nation. Besides the achievements and records on the ground, Sachin also made achievements off the ground. He has been awarded by Padma Vibhushan award, India's second highest civilian award and the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award, India's highest sporting honour. Tendulkar has received honorary doctorates from University of Mysore and Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences. Sachin holds the 18th rank in ICC Player Ranking for Test batsmen as of 4th December 2012. In 2012, he was nominated to Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India. Really hats off to Sachin..!! Article By Nirav Majevadiya
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Pict-o-graph
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Pict-o-graph
Photo Credit Ruchi Pathak
Flower Show @ River Front, Ahmedabad
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Diclofenac
March 2013
Drug Dose
Introduction Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) taken to reduce inflammation and as an analgesic reducing pain in certain conditions. The name is derived from its chemical name: 2-(2, 6-dichlo dichloranilino) phenylacetic phen acid. ac dichlo In the United Kingdom, India, Brazil and the United States, it may be supplied as either the sodium or potassium salt, in China most often as the sodium salt, while in some other countries only as the potassium salt. Over-the-counter (OTC) use is approved in some countries for minor aches and pains and fever associated with common infections.
History Diclofenac originated from Ciba-Geigy (now Novartis) in 1973. Diclofenac was first introduced in the UK in 1979. Recent research (2010) has linked use of diclofenac to an increased risk of stroke.
Mechanism of Action The exact mechanism of action is not entirely known, but the primary mechanism responsible for its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic action is thought to be inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX). It also appears to exhibit bacteriostatic activity by inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis. Other mechanism include: • Blockage of voltage-dependent sodium channels (after activation of the channel, diclofenac inhibits its reactivation also known as phase inhibition) • Blockage of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) Positive allosteric modulation of KCNQ- and BK-potassium channels
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Medicinal Use Diclofenac is used to treat pain, inflammatory disorders, and dysmenorrhea.Inflammatory disorder may include musculoskeletal complaints, especially arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, osteoarthritis, dental pain, TMJ, spondylarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, gout attacks, and pain management in cases of kidney stones and gallstones. An additional indication is the treatment of acute migraines. Diclofenac is used commonly to treat mild to moderate post-operative or post-traumatic pain, in particular when inflammation is also present, and is effective against menstrual pain and endometriosis. An external, gel-based formulation containing 3% of diclofenac is available for the treatment of facial actinic keratosis caused by overexposure to sunlight. Some countries have also approved the external use of diclofenac 1% gel to treat musculoskeletal conditions. Investigational uses Fever due to malignant lymphogranulomatosis (Hodgkin's lymphoma) often responds to diclofenac. Treatment can be terminated as soon as the usual treatment with radiation and/or chemotherapy causes remission of fever. Diclofenac has been found to increase the blood pressure in patients with Shy-Drager syndrome and diabetes mellitus. Currently, this use is highly investigative and cannot be recommended as routine treatment. Diclofenac has been found to be effective against all strains of multidrugresistant E. coli, with a MIC of 25 micrograms/ml. Therefore, diclofenac may have the capacity to treat uncomplicated urinary tract infections caused by E. coli. It has also been shown to be effective in treating Salmonella infections in mice, and is under investigation for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Diclofenac Powder
Diclofenac Injection
Diclofenac Ampoule
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Contraindication Hypersensitivity against diclofenac History of allergic reactions following the use of aspirin or another NSAID • Third-trimester pregnancy • Active stomach and/or duodenal ulceration or gastrointestinal bleeding • Inflammatory intestinal disorders such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis • Severe insufficiency of the heart (NYHA III/IV) • Recently, a warning has been issued by the FDA not to use for the treatment of patients recovering from heart surgery • Severe liver insufficiency (Child-Pugh Class C) • Severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance <30 ml/min) • Caution in patients with pre-existing hepatic porphyria, as diclofenac may trigger attacks • Caution in patients with severe, active bleeding such as cerebral hemorrhage • NSAIDs in general should be avoided during dengue fever, as it induces (often severe) capillary leakage and subsequent heart failure. • •
Adverse Effects •
•
•
•
Diclofenac has similar COX-2 selectivity to celecoxib. A review by FDA Medical Officer David Graham concluded diclofenac does increase the risk of myocardial infarction. Gastrointestinal complaints are most often noted. The development of ulceration and/or bleeding requires immediate termination of treatment with diclofenac. Most patients receive an ulcer-protective drug as prophylaxis during long-term treatment. Liver damage occurs infrequently, and is usually reversible. Hepatitis may occur rarely without any warning symptoms and may be fatal. Patients with osteoarthritis more often develop symptomatic liver disease than patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Liver function should be monitored regularly during long-term treatment. If used for the shortterm treatment of pain or fever, diclofenac has not been found to be more hepatotoxic than other NSAIDs. Studies in Pakistan showed diclofenac caused acute kidney failure in vultures when they ate the carcasses of animals that had recently been treated with it. Species and individual humans that are drug sensitive
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are initially assumed to lack genes expressing specific drug detoxification enzymes. • Mental health side effects have been reported; these symptoms are rare, but exist in significant enough numbers to be included as potential side effects. These effects include: depression, anxiety, irritability, nightmares, and psychotic reactions. Other • Bone marrow depression is noted infrequently. These conditions may be life-threatening and/or irreversible, if detected too late. All patients should be monitored closely. • It induces warm antibody hemolytic anemia by inducing antibodies to Rh antigens; ibuprofen also does this. • Diclofenac may disrupt the normal menstrual cycle.
Ecological Effects "The loss of tens of millions of vultures over the last decade has had major ecological consequences across the Indian Subcontinent that pose a potential threat to human health. In many places, populations of feral dogs (Canis familiaris) have increased sharply from the disappearance of Gyps vultures as the main scavenger of wild and domestic ungulate carcasses. Associated with the rise in dog numbers is an increased risk of rabies" and casualties of almost 50,000 people. The Government of India cites this as one of those major consequences of a vulture species extinction. A major shift in transfer of corpse pathogens from vultures to feral dogs and rats can lead to a disease pandemic causing millions of deaths in a crowded country like India; whereas vultures' digestive systems safely destroy many species of such pathogens. Diclofenac has been shown also to harm freshwater fish species such as rainbow trout.
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24 Memory Myths
March 2013
The Myth
Myth 1 It is possible to produce everlasting memories. Even reputable researchers use the term permastore. It is a widely-held belief that it is possible to learn things well enough to protect them permanently from forgetting.
Truth It is possible to learn things well enough to make it nearly impossible to forget them in lifetime. Every long-term memory, depending on its strength, has an expected lifetime. When the memory strength is very high, the expected lifetime may be longer than our own lease on life. However, if we happened to get extra 200 years to live, no memory built in present life would remain safe without repetition
Myth 2 We never forget. Some accelerated-learning programs claim that we never forget what we learn. Knowledge simply gets "misplaced" and the key to good memory is to figure out how to dig it out.
Truth All knowledge is subject to gradual decay. Even your own name is vulnerable. It is only a matter of probability. Strong memories are very unlikely to be forgotten. The probability of forgetting one's name is like the probability of getting hit by an asteroid: possible but not considered on a daily basis
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Myth 3 We cannot improve memory by training. Infinite memory is a popular optimist's myth. A pessimist's myth is that we cannot improve our memory via training. Even William James in his genius book The Principles of Psychology (1890) wrote with certainty that memory does not change unless for the worse (e.g. as a result of disease).
Truth If considered at a very low synaptic level, memory is indeed quite resilient to improvement. Not only does it seem to change little in the course of life. It is also very similar in its action across the human population. At the very basic level, synapses of a low-IQ individual are as trainable as that of a genius. They are also not much different from those of a mollusk Aplysia or a fly Drosophila. However, there is more to memory and learning than just a single synapse. The main difference between poor students and geniuses is in their skill to represent information for learning. A genius quickly dismembers information and forms simple models that make life easy. Simple models of reality help understand it, process it and remember it. What William James failed to mention is that a week-long course in mnemonic techniques dramatically increases learning skills for many people. Their molecular or synaptic memory may not improve. What improves is their skill to handle knowledge. Consequently, they can remember more and longer. Learning is a self-accelerating and selfamplifying process. As such it often leads to miraculous results.
Myth 4 Learn new things before sleep. Because of the research showing the importance of sleep in learning, there is a widespread myth claiming that the best time for learning is right before sleep. This is supposed to ensure that newly learned knowledge gets quickly consolidated overnight.
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Truth The opposite is true. The best time for learning in a healthy individual is early morning. Many students suffer from DSPS and simply cannot learn in the morning. They are too drowsy. Their mind seems most clear in the quiet of the late night. They may indeed get better results by learning in the night, but they should rather try to resolve their sleep disorder. Late learning may reduce memory interference, i.e. obliteration of the learned material by the new knowledge acquired during the day. However, a far more important factor is the neurohormonal state of the brain in the learning process. In a hormonal sense, the brain is best suited for learning in the morning. It shows highest alertness and the best balance between attention and creativity. The gains in knowledge structure and the speed of processing greatly outweigh all minor advantages of late-night learning.
Myth 5 People differ in the speed of learning, but they all forget at the same speed.
Truth Although there are mutations that might affect the forgetting rate, at the very lowest biological level, i.e. the synaptic level, the rate of forgetting is indeed basically the same; independent of how smart you are. However, the same thing that makes people learn faster, helps them forget slower. The difficult ones are forgotten much faster and require shorter intervals between repetitions. The key to making items easy, is to formulate them well. Moreover, good students will show better performance on the exactly same material. This is because the ultimate test on the formulation of knowledge is not in how it is structured in your learning material, but in the way it is stored in your mind. With massive learning effort, you will gradually improve the way you absorb and represent knowledge in your mind. The fastest student is the one who can instinctively visualize and store knowledge in his mind using minimum-information maximumconnectivity imagery.
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Issue 5
Shin Chan
March 2013
Cartoon
Crayon ShinShin-chan is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yoshito Usui. It follows the adventures of the five-year-old Shinnosuke "Shin" Nohara and his parents, baby sister, dog, neighbors, and friends and is set in Kasukabe, Saitama Prefecture. An anime adaptation of the series began airing on TV Asahi in 1992, and continues to this day. The show has now been dubbed in English, Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Portuguese, Chinese, Polish, Italian, Korean, Hindi, Hebrew, Tamil, Tagalog, Indonesian, Malay, Thai and Vietnamese. Due to the death of author Usui, the manga in its current form ended on September 11, 2009, as announced in a broadcast of the anime on October 16, 2009. Although the series formally ended on February 5, 2010, it was announced on December 1, 2009 that a new manga would begin in the summer of 2010 by members of Usui's team.
Basic Information Crayon Shin-chan first appeared in a Japanese weekly magazine called Weekly Manga Action, which is published by Futabasha. The anime Crayon Shin-chan has been on TV Asahi since April 13, 1992, and on several television networks, worldwide. Many of the jokes in the series stem from Shin-chan's occasionally weird, unnatural and inappropriate use of language, as well as from his inappropriate behavior. Consequently, non-Japanese readers and viewers may find it difficult to understand his jokes. In fact, some of them cannot be translated into other languages. In Japanese, certain set phrases almost always accompany certain actions; many of these phrases have standard responses. A typical gag involves Shin-chan confounding his parents by using the wrong phrase for the occasion; for example, saying "Welcome back!" instead of "I'm home!" when he comes home. Some other humorous themes which are repeated in the series are of a more universal nature, such as gags based on physical comedy (such as eating snow with chopsticks) or, as a child, unexpectedly using adult speech patterns or mannerisms. But even there, many of the gags may require an understanding of Japanese culture and/or language to be fully appreciated; for example, his infamous "Mr. Elephant" impression, while
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March 2013
being transparently obvious as a physical gag, also has a deeper resonance with contemporary Japanese culture since it references the popular Japanese children's song "Zou-san". Shin-chan regularly becomes besotted with pretty female characters who are much older than him, and an additional source of humor is derived from his childlike attempts at wooing these characters, such as by asking them (inappropriately, on several levels) "Do you like green peppers?â&#x20AC;? He continually displays a lack of tact when talking to adults asking such questions as "How many people have you killed?" to tough looking men or, "When are you going to die?" to elderly people. During the beginning of the series; the TV show was mostly based on the storyline in the original manga. As the show progressed, more and more episodes became anime-original. The show works under a sliding timescale where the characters have maintained their ages throughout the course of the show. Though time has passed to allow for the rise and fall of several pop culture icons, marriages, pregnancies, and births of various characters, all the characters still maintain their age at the time of their introduction. For example, if the two major births in the series are taken into account (Shinnosuke's sister and his kindergarten teacher's child), Shinnosuke would be seven years old and in second grade, but he is not.
Yoshito Usui died on September 11, 2009 after a fall at Mount Arafune. After Usui died, Futabasha originally planned to end Crayon Shin-chan in November 2009. Upon discovery of new manuscripts, Futabasha decided to extend the comic's run until the March 2010 issue of the magazine, which shipped on February 5, 2010.
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Shin Chan in India Shin Chan was first broadcast on Hungama TV in 2006, dubbed in Hindi language. It is also dubbed in Tamil and Telugu. Local English dubs are also available for new episodes. The songs that Shin Chan sings are changed into parodies of popular Bollywood hits.
Due to controversy over the behavior, style and attitude towards elders exhibited in the show, the Parents and Teachers Association complained about it claiming that Shin Chan is a bad role model for kids. The show was banned in October 2008 by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India) on account of heavy nudity & profanity. Before the ban, the Hindi version of Shin-chan gained up to 50-60% market share. After many requests from the fans, the Censor boards re-examined and heavily edited the nude scenes and profanity and restarted broadcasting on 27 March 2009. All the mature theme jokes were translated into childish ones. The alcohol his father consumed was edited and said as "juice". Shin Chan films are also aired in India on Hungama TV; Treasures Of Buri Buri Kingdom (17 October 2009), Action Kamen vs Higure Rakshas (29 August 2010), Shinchan in Bungle in the Jungle (1 April 2011 theatre; 22 May 2011 TV), Shinchan in Adventures in Henderland (18 December 2011), Shin chan in Dark Tama Tama thrilling chase (June 17, 2012). A new movie Shinchan and the Golden Sword aired on 26 January 2013 on hungama tv.
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March 2013
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March 2013
Happened in History Indian History Timeline
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After Death (A.D.) 1801:1801:- The English annex the Carnatic; Cornonation of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. 18031803-05:05:- Second Anglo-Maratha War; British under Sir Arthur Wellesley inflict crushing defeat on the Marathas at Assaye. 1809:1809:- Treaty of Amritsar before the Sikhs and British. 1826:1826:- Lord William Bentick becomes Governor-General; Era of Social reforms; Prohibition of Sati; Suppression of Thugi 1831:1831:- Rise of Sikh under Maharaja Ranjit Singh. 18451845-46:46:- First Anglo-Sikh War; Sikhs defeated. 18481848-49:49:- Second Anglo-Sikh War; Sikhs defeated. The British annex Punjab 1853:1853:- First Indian railway from Bombay to Thana 18571857-58:58:- British Crown takes over the Governance of India; Indian Mutiny; Queen Victoria’s Proclamation 1861:1861:- Indian Councils Act; Indian High Courts Act; Indian Panel Code 1872:1872:- First Census in India 1877:1877:- Delhi Durbar; The Queen of England proclaimed Empress of India with the title of “Kaiser-i-Hind”. 1878:1878:- Vernacular press Act 1881:1881:- Factory Act; Mysore State restored to its original Boundaries 1885:1885:- Indian National Congress founded 1892:1892:- Indian Council act to regulate Indian Administration 1905:1905:- First partition of Bengal under Lord Curzon 1906:1906:- Formation of Muslim League 1908:1908:- Newspaper’s Act 1911:1911:- King George V and Queen Mary hold Durbar in Delhi. Partition of Bengal notified to create the Presidency of Bengal; The Imperial Capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi 1914:1914:- First World War begins 1918:1918:- World War I ends 1919:1919:- Rowlatt Act passed; The massacre at Jallianwala Bag; Ali brothers and Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad start the Khilafat Movement with Gandhiji’s support 1920:1920:- Congress approves Non-cooperation movement 1921:1921:- Moplah rebellion in Malabar. Visit of Prince of wales 1922:1922:- Non-cooperation movement. Outburst of violence at Chauri Chaura leads Gandhiji to suspend the movement
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1925:1925:- Kakori conspiracy case 1928:1928:- Simon Commission boycotted by all parties; Death of Lala Lajpat Rai 1929:1929:- Lahore Session of the Congress asks for Complete independence under the Prime Ministership of Nehru 1930:1930:- Jan. 30 observed as Independence day all over India. Gandhiji breaks Salt law at Dandi; First Round table Conference 1931:1931:- Gandhi-Irwin Pact; Second Round table Conference 1934:1934:- Civil Disobedience Movement called off 1935:1935:- Government of India Act 1937:1937:- Inauguration of Provincial Autonomy. Congress Ministries formed in majority of the provinces. 1939:1939:- Second World war begins. Registration of Congress Ministries; Political dead lock in India 1942:1942:- Cripps’ Mission to India; Congress adopts Quit India Resolution; Congress Leaders Arrested and Congress declared illegal body; Subhash Chandra Bose forms the Indian National Army in Malaya, with the help of Japanese 1945:1945:- Indian National Army under Bose surrenders to British After collapse of Japan; Indian National Army personnel tried for treason in India; End of World war II. 1946:1946:- Ratings of the Royal Indian Navy rise in open mutiny; Cabinet mission in India 1947:1947:- Partition of India into two dominions— India and Pakistan. India attains Independence.
Article By Nirav Patel
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Puzzle 1
March 2013
Puzzles
A chicken farmer also has some cows for a total of 30 animals, and the animals have 74 legs in all. How many chickens and Cows does the farmer have?
Puzzle 2 My sister has six red stamps and three blue ones. In her collection, seven stamps are from Mexico and six stamps are from France. One stamp is purple and it is not from Mexico or France. Two of her Mexican stamps are red and one is blue. Two of her French stamps are blue and three are red. How many stamps does she have?
Puzzle 3 Hydrochloric acid is a corrosive, fuming, poisonous, highly acidic solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). Sodium hydroxide is a caustic, strongly alkaline compound (NaOH) used in drain cleaners. If ingested, hydrochloric acid corrodes the mucous membranes, esophagus, and stomach causing dysphagia, nausea, circulatory failure and death. Sodium hydroxide, if ingested, will cause vomiting, prostration, and collapse. Why is it that if you mix these two substances in the right proportions before ingesting them you will not have any poisoning symptoms?
Puzzle 4 A valuable painting was stolen from the Liars' Club, but the police are having a hard time identifying the culprit because every statement made by a member of the Liars' Club is false. Only four members visited the club on the day that the painting was stolen. This is what they told the police: Ann: None of us took the painting. The painting was here when I left. Bob: I arrived second. The painting was already gone. Chuck: I was the third to arrive. The painting was here when I arrived. Tom: Whoever stole the painting arrived before me. The painting was already gone. Who of these four liars stole the painting?
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March 2013
Puzzle 5 All students in the physics class also study mathematics. Half of those who study literature also study mathematics. Half of the students in the mathematics class study physics. Thirty students study literature and twenty study physics. Nobody who studies literature studies physics. How many students in the mathematics class study neither physics nor literature?
Answers of Previous Puzzles Puzzl_ 1 :- Do th_ m[th [n^ you will s__ th[t this puzzl_ is \[s_^ on th_ f[]t th[t ½(2)= 1 [n^ 1 + 1 = 2. Puzzl_ 2 ::- Th_r_ [r_ m[ny w[ys of _xpl[ining/thinking [\out this truly \r[in \_n^ing ri^^l_! It [ll \oils ^own to th_ f[]t th[t th_ l[wy_rs's m[th is in]orr_]t. Th_y ^i^ NOT sp_n^ $9 â&#x20AC;˘ 3 + $2. Th_y sp_nt _x[]tly $27 ^oll[rs. $25 for th_ room [n^ $2 for th_ tip. R_m_m\_r th_y got _x[]tly $3, in tot[l \[]k. @noth_r w[y to think [\out th_ [nsw_r to this ri^^l_ is to just pr_t_n^ th[t th_ \_llhop r_fun^_^ $3 to th_ l[wy_rs (r[th_r th[n giving th_m $5 [n^ r_]_iving $2 \[]k). If th_ l[wy_rs g_t $3 \[]k [n^ _[]h t[k_s $1. Th_y th_y sp_nt _x[]tly $27 ^oll[rs. Puzzl_ 3 ::- 11 ][rtons tot[l 7 l[rg_ \ox_s (7 * 8 = 56 \ox_s) 4 sm[ll \ox_s (4 10 = 40 \ox_s 11 tot[l ][rtons [n^ 96 \ox_s Puzzl_ 4 ::- Ev_ry f[rm_r's p[rt is 1/3(45+75) = 40 s[]ks. Ch[rli_ p[i^ $1400 for 40 s[]ks, th_n 1 s[]k ]osts $1400/40 = $35/s[]k. @^[m got $35*(45-40)=35*5 = $175. B_n got $35*(75-40)=35*35 = $1225. @nsw_r: B_n $1225, @^[m $175
Note : Answers of these puzzles will be published in next issue. Mail us answers of puzzles asked in this issue and get your name published in next issue.
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Facts and Figures •
If a statue of a person in the park on a horse has both front legs in the air, the person died in battle. If the horse has one front leg in the air, the person died as a result of wounds received in battle. If the horse has a all four legs on the ground, the person died of natural causes.
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What do bullet proof vests, fire escapes, windshield wipers and laser printers all have in common? Ans. - All invented by women.
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A crocodile cannot stick its tongue out.
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All polar bears are left handed.
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American Airlines saved $40,000 in 1987 by eliminating one olive from each salad served in first-class.
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In the last 4000 years, no new animals have been domesticated.
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On average, people fear spiders more than they do death.
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Shakespeare invented the word 'assassination' and 'bump'.
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Stewardesses is the longest word typed with only the left hand.
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The ant always falls over on its right side when intoxicated.
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The human heart creates enough pressure when it pumps out to the body to squirt blood 30 feet.
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The cigarette lighter was invented before the match.
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In the course of an average lifetime you will, while sleeping, eat 70 assorted insects and 10 spiders.