136. AUKTION ANTIKE MÜNZEN DER INSEL KRETA DIE SAMMLUNG DR. BURKHARD TRAEGER MÜNZEN AUS DER WELT DER ANTIKE 10. März 2008 Steigenberger Hotel Remarque Osnabrück Natruper-Tor-Wall 1 Hotel-Telefon +49 (0)5 41 60 96 633 Hotel-Fax +49 (0)5 41 60 96 634 (nur während der Auktion/only during the auction/ uniquement pendant la vente/solamente durante l'asta/solamente durante la subasta/только во время аукциона)
ZEITPLAN AUKTIONEN 136 - 139 AUKTION 136 ANTIKE MÜNZEN DER INSEL KRETA DIE SAMMLUNG DR. BURKHARD TRAEGER MÜNZEN AUS DER WELT DER ANTIKE AUKTION 137 THE DE WIT COLLECTION OF MEDIEVAL COINS PART III
AUKTION 138 ITALIEN UND VATIKAN ITALIEN UND VATIKAN MÜNZEN UND MEDAILLEN AUS MITTELALTER UND NEUZEIT SPEZIALSAMMLUNG WIED AUKTION 139 GOLDPRÄGUNGEN RUSSISCHE MÜNZEN UND MEDAILLEN IN GOLD UND SILBER DEUTSCHE MÜNZEN AB 1871
Detaillierter Zeitplan siehe Seite 5 Besichtigungen siehe Seite 8 Horaire détaillé voir page 5 Exposition des monnaies voir page 8
Montag, den 10. März 2008 10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 1 bis Nr. 616 14.00 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 617 bis Nr. 1652 Dienstag, den 11. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 3035 bis Nr. 3852 14.00 Uhr - 15.30 Uhr Nr. 3853 bis Nr. 4256 15.30 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 4501 bis Nr. 5102 Mittwoch, den 12. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 5103 bis Nr. 5983 14.00 Uhr - 20.00 Uhr Nr. 5984 bis Nr. 7318 Donnerstag, den 13. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 7501 bis Nr. 8294 14.00 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 8295 bis Nr. 9014 Freitag, den 14. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 9101 bis Nr. 9839 Detailed timetable view page 5 Viewing of auction good view page 8 Calendario dettagliato veda pagina 5 Esposizione veda pagina 8
Sehr geehrte Kundin, sehr geehrter Kunde und Münzfreund, ich freue mich, daß Sie bereits heute, 4 Wochen vor unserer nächsten Auktion, die neuen Kataloge erhalten haben und wünsche Ihnen viel Freude bei der Lektüre unseres Auktionsangebotes. Wir wurden oft gebeten, den Ablauf einer Auktion etwas näher zu beschreiben, diesem Wunsch kommen wir gerne nach. Am Ende dieses Kataloges finden Sie die Rubrik: “Wie biete ich richtig“, die Ihnen als Ratgeber zur erfolgreichen Teilnahme an unseren Auktionen dienen soll. Sollten Sie darüber hinaus Fragen zum Auktionsablauf haben, helfen wir Ihnen auch gerne persönlich weiter. Die Mitarbeiterinnen unserer Kundenbetreuung stellen wir Ihnen auf der nächsten Seite vor. Mit herzlichen Grüßen aus Osnabrück,
Ihr Fritz Rudolf Künker UNSERE ADRESSE OUR ADDRESS
Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG Gutenbergstr. 23 · 49076 Osnabrück Telefon/Phone: Fax: Gebührenfrei: E-Mail: Internet:
+49 (0)5 41-96 20 20 +49 (0)5 41-96 20 222 0800-58 36 537 service@kuenker.de www.kuenker.de
Montag-Donnerstag Freitag Sonnabend
9.00 - 17.00 Uhr 9.00 - 15.30 Uhr nach Vereinbarung
Außerhalb unserer Geschäftszeit steht unseren Kunden ein automatischer Anrufbeantworter zur Verfügung. Monday-Thursday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. Friday 9.00 a. m. to 3.30 p. m. Saturday by prior appointment Answering machine available after opening hours. WWW.KUENKER.DE WWW.KUENKER.COM
Auf unserer Internetseite haben Sie die Möglichkeit • die Abbildungen zu vergrößern • Ihre Gebote direkt abzugeben • die Ergebnisse der Auktionen abzurufen On our website you have the possibility • to zoom all images • to place your bids to view all auction results
AUKTIONSHOTEL AUCTION LOCATION
Steigenberger Hotel Remarque, Natruper-Tor-Wall 1, 49076 Osnabrück Telefon/Phone: Fax:
+49 (0)5 41-60 96 633 +49 (0)5 41-60 96 634
Mitglied im Verband der Deutschen Münzenhändler e. V. Associaton Internationale des Numismates Professionnels (AINP) 2
UNSERE KUNDENBETREUUNG STEHT IHNEN GERNE ZUR VERFÜGUNG Die Maxime unseres Teams lautet: Nur wenn Sie als Kunde zufrieden sind, sind wir es auch! Geben Sie uns Ihre Auktionsgebote zu treuen Händen, wir sorgen dafür, daß sie korrekt ausgeführt werden. Auch wenn Sie sich von Teilen oder Ihrer gesamten Sammlung trennen möchten, sind wir Ihre ersten Ansprechpartner. Beachten Sie dazu bitte auch die Hinweise für Einlieferer auf der folgenden Seite bzw. im hinteren Teil des Kataloges.
WIR FREUEN UNS AUF IHRE AUKTIONSGEBOTE UND EINLIEFERUNGEN!
Ulrich Künker Leitung Kundenbetreuung ulrich.kuenker@kuenker.de
Gisela Thomas Prokuristin gisela.thomas@kuenker.de
Alexandra Elflein English, Français, Italiano alexandra.elflein@kuenker.de
Marion Künker Deutsch, English marion.kuenker@kuenker.de
Sonia Russo Italiano, Español, English, Français sonia.russo@kuenker.de
Barbara Westmeyer Deutschsprachige Kundenbetreuung barbara.westmeyer@kuenker.de
Bettina Schweitzer Deutsch, Svenska bettina.schweitzer@kuenker.de
Anastasija Koepsell Russian, Deutsch anastasija.koepsell@kuenker.de
Nadine Zuber Deutsch, English nadine.zuber@kuenker.de
SO ERREICHEN SIE UNS GEBÜHRENFREI (AUS DEUTSCHLAND) TELEFON FAX INTERNET EMAIL
0800 / 5836537 (0800 / KUENKER) +49 (0) 541/ 96 20 20 +49 (0) 541/ 96 20 222 www.kuenker.de service@kuenker.de
WAS IST ZUR ERFOLGREICHEN AUKTIONSTEILNAHME BESONDERS WICHTIG? • • • • •
Ihr schriftlicher Auftrag sollte möglichst frühzeitig eintreffen, spätestens einen Tag vor der Auktion. Wenn Sie telefonisch an der Auktion teilnehmen möchten, bedarf das unserer vorherigen Genehmigung. Bitte teilen Sie uns diesen Wunsch daher mindestens 48 Stunden vor der Versteigerung mit. Nähere Informationen zum telefonischen Bieten finden Sie auf den folgenden Seiten. Beachten Sie bitte auch die Hinweise „Wie biete ich richtig“ im hinteren Teil des Kataloges. Gerne können Sie Ihre Gebote auch online abgeben. Unter www.kuenker.de bieten wir den gesamten Auktionskatalog online an. Bei Fragen rufen Sie uns an, unsere Kundenbetreuung freut sich auf Ihren Anruf! 3
WICHTIGE HINWEISE FÜR UNSERE EINLIEFERER 1.
Unser Expertenteam garantiert Ihnen eine fachgerechte Bearbeitung der von Ihnen eingelieferten Stücke. 2. Die Schätzpreise werden von uns aufgrund unserer hervorragenden Marktkenntnisse sorgfältig festgelegt. Die Stücke werden zu 80% der im Katalog angegebenen Schätzpreise ausgerufen. Durch diese Regelung werden Sie als Einlieferer geschützt. Für nicht verkaufte Objekte werden keine Gebühren erhoben. 3. Der Standard unserer Kataloge ist von hoher Qualität und findet internationale Anerkennung. Wir haben eine der besten Kundendateien, die es weltweit gibt. 4, Von der individuellen Betreuung unserer Kunden profitieren auch Sie als Einlieferer. 5. Als Einlieferer erhalten Sie Ihren Auktionserlös innerhalb von 45 Tagen nach der Auktion. Sonderregelungen sind nach Absprache möglich. 6. Auf Wunsch kann Ihre Einlieferung bei Ihnen zuhause abgeholt werden. Ab € 2.500,-- Einlieferungssumme übernehmen wir die Kosten, ab € 25.000,-können wir Ihre Einlieferungen unter Umständen und nach Absprache auch an einem vereinbarten Ort persönlich entgegennehmen. Selbstverständlich ist Ihr Versteigerungsgut durch uns versichert. 7. Nicht alle Münzen eignen sich, als Einzelstücke aufgenommen zu werden. Vertrauen Sie auf die Erfahrung unserer Experten, die niedrigpreisige Münzen liebevoll zu interessanten Lots zusammenstellen. 8. Der Schätzwert Ihrer Einlieferung sollte mindestens € 1.000,-- betragen. 9. Ihre Einlieferung wird Ihnen sofort bei Übernahme durch ein Protokoll quittiert. Spätestens fünf Wochen vor der Auktion erhalten Sie eine genaue Auflistung Ihrer Objekte mit den dazugehörenden Katalognummern. 10. Innerhalb einer Woche nach der Auktion erhalten Sie bereits die Ergebnisliste und können alle erzielten Preise feststellen. 11. Profitieren Sie von der Anziehungskraft eines führenden Unternehmens. Bitte wenden Sie sich bei Fragen an unseren Kundenservice unter 0541 – 96 20 20 oder gebührenfrei unter 0800 – 5 83 65 37. 12. Unsere Verträge für Einlieferungen können Sie unverbindlich anfordern. Haben Sie noch Fragen? Wir freuen uns auf Ihren Anruf. Telefon: 0541 – 96 20 20 oder gebührenfrei unter 0800 5 83 65 37.
RENSEIGNEMENTS IMPORTANTS A L'ATTENTION DES VENDEURS 1.
Notre équipe d’experts garantit une prise en charge compétente des pièces que vous nous confiez. 2. Notre excellente connaissance du marché nous permet de fixer soigneusement les prix estimés. Les pièces seront mises aux enchères à un prix représentant 80% du prix estimé indiqué dans le catalogue. Cette réglementation vous protège en tant que vendeur. Aucuns frais ne seront prélevés sur les pièces invendues. 3. Nos catalogues ont un niveau qualitatif élevé, reconnu au plan international. Nous disposons d’un des meilleurs fichiers clients du monde. 4. En tant que vendeur, vous profiterez vous aussi du suivi personnalisé que nous offrons à nos clients. 5. Le vendeur recevra le produit de la vente dans les 45 jours qui suivront les enchères. Des dispositions spéciales pourront être prises sur accord préalable. 6. Nous prendrons en charge les frais d´expédition des pièces dont le montant sera supérieur à € 2.500,--: Si leur montant est supérieur à € 25.000,--, l´un de nos employés se poudra charger de prendre la livraison à un lieu concordée. En concertation, notre assurance couvrira tous les risques. 7. Les pièces de monnaie ne se prêtent pas toutes à une vente individuelle. Faites confiance à l’expérience de nos spécialistes qui se chargeront avec plaisir de rassembler les pièces bon marché de manière à constituer des lots intéressants. 8. La valeur estimée des pièces fournies devrait s’élever à un minimum de € 1.000,--. 9. Au moment de la prise en charge, vous recevrez un détail des pièces fournies. Au plus tard cinq semaines avant la vente aux enchères, vous recevrez une liste exacte de vos pièces avec les numéros de catalogue correspondants. 10. Dans la semaine qui suivra la vente aux enchères, vous recevrez déjà la liste de ses résultats et pourrez prendre connaissance des prix obtenus. 11. Profitez de l’attrait du leader du marché. Pour tout renseignement, veuillez-vous adresser à notre service clientèle: +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20. 12. Vous pouvez demander sans engagement de votre part nos contrats de dépôt de pièces? Vous avez d’autres questions? Nous seront heureuses de vous répondre au +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20.
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IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR OUR CONSIGNERS 1.
Our team of specialists guarantees an expert treatment of the consigned items. 2. The estimates are carefully established by us due to our excellent knowledge of the market. Bidding for the items is then started at 80 % of the estimate price stated in the catalogue. This arrangement protects you as a consigner. Unsold items incur no fees. 3. The standard offered in our catalogue is of the highest quality, and is recognised internationally. We have one of the best clientele lists worldwide. 4. You as a consigner also profit from the individual consultation offered to our customers. 5. As a consigner, you receive the auction proceeds within 45 days of the close of auction. Special arrangements can be made following discussion. 6. For consignments with a value over € 2.500,-- we may bear the transportation costs. For deliveries over € 25.000,-- we may personally collect the items at an arranged place after prior consultation. Upon consultation, the shipping of your goods could be covered by our insurance. 7. Not all coins are suited to be registered as individual items. Trust in our expert´s experience as they carefully combine less-valuable coins into interesting lots. 8. The valuation price of your delivery should be at least € 1.000,--. 9. Your delivery is confirmed in writing immediately on receipt. At least five weeks before the auction, you receive an exact list of your objects with the relevant catalogue numbers. 10. Within a week of the close of auction, you receive a list with the results in order to see what prices were reached for each individual lot. 11. Profit from our position as a leading coin dealer. If you have any questions, please contact our customer service team on +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20. 12. Would you like to receive copies of our contracts for consigner, without making any commitment? Do you have any other questions? Our customer service team will be pleased to help you – please call on +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20.
INFORMAZIONI PER I NOSTRI DEPOSITANTI 1.
Il nostro team di esperti assicura un trattamento accurato dei pezzi che ci avete inviato. 2. Eseguiamo valutazioni finalizzate alla vendita. I prezzi di stima sono frutto della nostra eccezionale conoscenza del mercato e della nostra attenta valutazione. La base d´asta ammonta all´80% del prezzo di stima indicato sul catalogo. Non si addebitano spese per gli oggetti invenduti. 3. I nostri cataloghi sono di alta qualità e sono riconosciuti a livello internazionale. I nostri clienti sono fra i migliori al mondo. 4. Come depositanti potete beneficiare dell’assistenza riservata a ciascuno dei nostri clienti. 5. Come depositanti riceverete gli importi realizzati all’asta entro 45 giorni dal termine della stessa. Si possono concordare condizioni particolari. 6. A partire da un controvalore degli oggetti di € 2.500,--i costi del trasporto sono a nostro carico, mentre a partire da un controvalore di € 25.000 gli oggetti possono essere ritirati personalmente da un nostro incaricato ad un posto concordato. Naturalmente il trasporto dei vostri oggetti puó essere assicurato tramite la nostra assicurazione. 7. Non tutte le monete possono essere negoziate singolarmente. Fidatevi dell´esperienza dei nostri esperti, che raggruppano le monete non molto preziose in lotti di sicuro interesse. 8. Il valore stimato degli oggetti depositati deve ammontare ad almeno € 1.000,--. 9. Nel momento in cui gli oggetti sono presi in consegna, viene rilasciata una ricevuta numerata. Riceverete un elenco preciso degli oggetti che avete depositato con i relativi numeri di catalogo al massimo cinque settimane prima dell’asta. 10. Riceverete l’elenco degli oggetti aggiudicati entro una settimana dalla chiusura dell’asta. Potrete cosi verificare i prezzi realizzati. 11. Approfittate della capacità di un leader di mercato per aumentare il valore dei vostri oggetti. Se avete delle domande, rimaniamo a vostra disposizione per qualsiasi necessità. Rivolgetevi alla nostra consulenza ai clienti diretta al numero +49 (0)541-91 20 20. 12. Volete ricevere i nostri contratti senza impegno? Avete altre domande? Potete contattarci al numero +49 (0)541-96 20 20.
DETAILLIERTER ZEITPLAN AUKTIONEN 136-139 AUKTION 136 ANTIKE MÜNZEN DER INSEL KRETA DIE SAMMLUNG DR. BURKHARD TRAEGER MÜNZEN AUS DER WELT DER ANTIKE
Montag, den 10. März 2008 10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 1 bis Nr. 616 Sammlung Kreta, Kelten, Griechen: Hispania - Kreta 14.00 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 617 bis Nr. 1652 Griechen: Kykladen - Lots Griechen, Römer, Völkerwanderung, Byzantinische Münzen, Kreuzfahrer, Orientalen
AUKTION 137 THE DE WIT COLLECTION OF MEDIEVAL COINS PART III
Dienstag, den 11. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 3035 bis Nr. 3852 England, Irland, Schottland - Italien 14.00 Uhr - 15.30 Uhr Nr. 3853 bis Nr. 4256 Balkan - Gewichte
AUKTION 138 ITALIEN UND VATIKAN
ITALIEN UND VATIKAN MÜNZEN UND MEDAILLEN AUS MITTELALTER UND NEUZEIT SPEZIALSAMMLUNG WIED
15.30 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 4501 bis Nr. 5102 Aquileia - Lucca Mittwoch, den 12. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 5103 bis Nr. 5983 Mailand - Lots Italien, Europa, Übersee 14.00 Uhr - 20.00 Uhr Nr. 5984 bis Nr. 7318 Habsburgische Erblande, Deutsche Münzen und Medaillen mit der Spezialsammlung Wied, Sammlung Sedisvakanz, Medaillen, Papiergeld, Münzgefäße, Numismatische Literatur
AUKTION 139 GOLDPRÄGUNGEN RUSSISCHE MÜNZEN UND MEDAILLEN IN GOLD UND SILBER DEUTSCHE MÜNZEN AB 1871
Donnerstag, den 13. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 7501 bis Nr. 8294 14.00 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 8295 bis Nr. 9014 Freitag, den 14. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 9101 bis Nr. 9839
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INHALT AUKTION 136 Nr. ANTIKE MÜNZEN DER INSEL KRETA DIE SAMMLUNG DR. BURKHARD TRAEGER Allaria Aptera Arkadia Arsinoe Axos Chersonesos Eleutherna Elyros Gortyn Hierapytna Hyrtakina Itanos Knossos Kydonia Lappa Lato Lisos Lyttos Olous Phaistos Phalasarna Polyrrhenia Praisos Priansos Rhaukos Rithymna Sybrita Tylisos Pseudo-Rhodische Prägungen von Kreta Kreta als Römische Provinz Sammellos Kretischer Münzen Literatur MÜNZEN AUS DER WELT DER ANTIKE Keltische Münzen Britannia Gallia Belgica Germania Bohemia Pannonia Lots Griechische Münzen Hispania Gallia Campania Calabria Lucania Bruttium Sicilia Illyricum Moesia Scythia Thracia 6
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Nr. Macedonia Paeonia Thessalia Acarnania Phocis Boeotia Attica Aegina Corinthia Peloponnesus Creta Kykladen Bosporus Paphlagonia Bithynia Mysia Troas Aeolis Lesbos Ionia Caria Lydia Phrygia Lycia Pamphylia Cilicia Cyprus Syria Phoenicia Iudaea Mesopotamia Babylonia Parthia Persia Sasaniden Bactria India Aegyptus Cyrenaica Zeugitania Numidia Objekte aus Blei Lots
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Völkerwanderung Westgoten Ostgoten Langobarden Anonym
1391 1391 1393
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Byzantinische Münzen Byzanz Das Lateinische Kaiserreich von Constantinopel Thessalonica Nicaea
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1618 1620
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Römische Münzen Münzen der Römischen Republik Imperatorische Prägungen Münzen der Römischen Kaiserzeit
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Bleisiegel, Lots Kreuzfahrer Achaia Johanniter auf Rhodos Zypern Orientalische Münzen Kushan Kidariten in Indien Umayyaden, Kalifen in Damaskus Abassiden, Kalifen in Bagdad Artuqiden in Mardin Mihrabaniden in Afghanistan Großmogule in Indien Westliche Gangas in Orissa Lots
Nr. 1626 - 1630 1631 - 1633 1631 1632 1633 1634 - 1652 1634 - 1642 1643 1644 - 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 - 1652
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Ein Stichwortverzeichnis finden Sie am Ende dieses Auktionskataloges.
___________________________
BESICHTIGUNG Besichtigung des Auktionsgutes in unseren Geschäftsräumen, Gutenbergstr. 23, 49076 Osnabrück, ab dem 11. Februar 2008, nach vorheriger telefonischer Vereinbarung unter +49 (0)5 41 96 20 20.
EXPOSITION Les monnaies seront visibles à partir du 11 Février 2008, Gutenbergstr. 23, 49076 Osnabrück, sur rendez-vous téléphonique +49 (0)541 96 20 20.
EXPOSICIÓN Con cita previa +49 (0)541 96 20 20 podrá ver todos los lotes el 11 de febrero de 2008 en nuestras oficinas en 49076 Osnabrück, Gutenbergstr. 23.
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ON VIEW The coins are on view at our premises in 49076 Osnabrueck, Gutenbergstr. 23, from February 11th 2008, by prior appointment: +49 (0)541 96 20 20.
ESPOSIZIONE Tutti i lotti sono visionabili a partire dal 11 Febbraio 2008 presso la nostra sede, Gutenbergstr. 23, 49076 Osnabrück previo appuntamento telefonico +49 (0)541 96 20 20.
ПРОСМОТР АУКЦИОННЫХ ЛОТОВ Просмотр аукционных лотов проходит с 11 февраля 2008 года в нашем офисе по телефонной договоренности +49 (0)541 96 20 20 по адресу: Gutenbergstr. 23, 49076 Osnabrück.
WICHTIGE HINWEISE FÜR UNSERE TELEFONBIETER
IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON TELEPHONE BIDDING
Wenn Sie telefonisch mitbieten möchten, bitten wir Sie aus organisatorischen Gründen, uns diesen Wunsch bis spätestens 48 Stunden vor der Versteigerung schriftlich mitzuteilen. Voraussetzung für ein telefonisches Mitbieten ist, daß Sie mindestens den Schätzpreis bieten. Telefonisches Bieten ist erst ab einem Schätzpreis von ca. 500 Euro pro Los möglich.
If you wish to participate in the auction as a telephone bidder, please inform us at least 48 hours in advance as we have to approve and schedule all calls. To register for telephone bidding, we require that you submit at least the estimate as written bid in addition to being called. Telephone bidding is accepted on lot numbers with estimates starting at 500 Euro.
Bitte beachten Sie, daß wir keinerlei Haftung übernehmen, falls die telefonische Verbindung während der Auktion nicht zustande kommt.
We do not assume liability should the telephone line be interrupted or not be achieved.
Sollten Sie Fragen zu der telefonischen Teilnahme an unseren Auktionen haben, können Sie uns vor der Auktion unter +49 (0)5 41 96 20 20 oder 0800 5836 537 (gebührenfrei) anrufen. Während der Auktion erreichen Sie uns unter der auf der ersten Seite angegebenen Telefonnummer.
INFORMATIONS POUR LA PARTICIPATION PAR TELEPHONE
Please call +49 541 96 20 20 for more information or to register for telephone bidding. During the auction you will be able to reach us at the telephone number indicated on page 1.
INFORMAZIONI PER LA PARTECIPAZIONE TELEFONICA
Si vous désirez participer par téléphone à nos ventes aux enchères, veuillez vous mettre en relation avec Alexandra Elflein au moins 48 heures avant la vente au numéro +49 541 96 20 233. Pendant la vente aux enchères nous vous prions d'appeler le numéro indiqué sur page no. 1 de ce catalogue.
Se desiderate la partecipazione telefonica in diretta durante l´asta, siete pregati di chiamare la Signorina Sonia Russo al numero diretto +49 541 96 20 245 come minimo 48 ore prima dell´asta e di inviarci la vostra offerta, la quale deve ammontare come minimo al prezzo di stima anche per iscritto.
Une participation téléphonique à la vente sera possible à la condition que vous nous fassiez parvenir aussi votre ordre par écrit. Cet ordre devra être au moins égal au minimum au prix d’estimation et concerner un lot estimé au moins 500 Euros.
Accettiamo una partecipazione telefonica in diretta durante l´asta per oggetti il cui prezzo di stima ammonta come minimo ai 500 Euro. Non assumeremo nessuna responsabilità se la linea telefonica è occupata o se non siete raggiungibili.
Nous déclinons toute responsabilité dans le cas où la communication téléphonique serait interrompue, ou bien ne pourrait être établie.
INFORMACIONES DE COMO PARTICIPAR POR TELÉFONO
ВАЖНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ДЛЯ УЧАСТИЯ ПО ТЕЛЕФОНУ
Si quiere participar por teléfono en la subasta por favor se ponga en contacto anteriormente con la señora Sonia Russo +49 541 96 20 245 y envienos las pujas tambien por escrito por lo menos 48 oras antes de la subasta.
Для участия в торгах по телефону просим Вас связаться с нами не позднее 48 часов до начала аукциона. Условием проведения телефонных торгов является письменное подтверждение ставки, равной как минимум стартовой цене.
Autorizamos una participación por teléfono solamente para lotes cuyos precio de estima es por lo menos 500 Euro.
Участие в телефонных торгах возможно только для лотов со стартовой ценой свыше 500 евро.
No asumimos la responsabilidad si la conexión telefónica se interumpa sin previsión o si está comunicando.
Для получения дополнительной информации и регистрации на аукционе звоните Анастасии Кепселль до аукциона по телефону +49 541 96 20 268 и во время аукциона по телефону, указанному на первой странице каталога.
9
&+' 5#//.70) &4 +74 $74-*#4& 64#')'4
&KG JKGT \WT 8GTUVGKIGTWPI IGNCPIGPFG OGJT CNU 5VÒEMG WOHCUUGPFG 5COONWPI CPVKMGT MTGVKUEJGT /ÒP\GP KUV GKPG JGTXQTTCIGPFG WPF CWGTIGYÌJPNKEJG .GKUVWPI FKG FGT 5COONGT &T $WTMJCTF 6TCGIGT KP FGP NGV\VGP ,CJTGP OKV ITQGT 5CEJMGPPVPKU WPF #WUFCWGT GTDTCEJV JCV &CDGK KUV FCU 'PICIGOGPV HÒT FKG 0WOKUOCVKM CWH FKG (TGK\GKV FGU L·JTKIGP ,WTKUVGP DGUEJT·PMV FGT CNU 4GEJVUCPYCNV WPF 0QVCT 2CTVPGT GKPGT FGT HÒJTGPFGP $TGOGT 5Q\KGV·VGP KUV &CTÒDGT JKPCWU RHNGIV $WTMJCTF 6TCGIGT FGT FKG $GIGKUVGTWPI HÒT FCU /ÒP\GPUCOOGNP XQP UGKPGO 8CVGT )ÒPVJGT 6TCGIGT IGGTDV JCV CWEJ CPFGTG PWOKUOCVKUEJG 5COOGNIGDKGVG WPF UGV\V UKEJ HÒT FCU PWOKUOCVKUEJG 8GTGKPUNGDGP GKP $GTGKVU UGKV UGKPGO .GDGPULCJT KUV $WTMJCTF /KVINKGF FGT $TGOGT 0WOKUOCVKUEJGP )GUGNNUEJCHV KP FGT GT UGKVFGO OGJTGTG (WPMVKQPGP YCJTPCJO WPF FGTGP 8QTUKV\ GT KP 0CEJHQNIG XQP -CTN *GKP\ $WJUG OGJT CNU \GJP ,CJTG NCPI DGMNGKFGVG $WTMJCTF KUV TGIGNO·KI 6GKNPGJOGT TGIKQPCNGT WPF ÒDGTTGIKQPCNGT 0WOKUOCVKMGTVTGHHGP WPF VCIWPIGP WPF HGJNV UGNVGP CO PWOKUOCVKUEJGP /KVVCIUUVCOOVKUEJ KP $TGOGP &GT 0WOKUOCVKMGT $WTMJCTF 6TCGIGT JCV UKEJ CDGT MGKPGUHCNNU CWH FCU <WUCOOGPVTCIGP KPVGTGUUCPVGT UEJÌPGT WPF UGNVGPGT 2T·IWPIGP FGU CPVKMGP -TGVC DGUEJT·PMV XKGNOGJT VTWI GT OCIGDNKEJ \WT YKUUGPUEJCHVNKEJGP 'THQTUEJWPI FGT CPVKMGP MTGVKUEJGP /ÒP\RT·IWPI DGK #WH OGJT CNU 4GKUGP CWH FKG +PUGN -TGVC JCV $WTMJCTF KP\YKUEJGP CNNG 1TVG GTMWPFGV CP FGPGP UKEJ /ÒP\UV·VVGP DGHCPFGP 5GKPG YKUUGPUEJCHVNKEJGP 'TMGPPVPKUUG OCEJVG GT KP \CJNTGKEJGP 8GTÌHHGPVNKEJWPIGP \WI·PINKEJ FKG KP FGT PCEJHQNIGPFGP $KDNKQITCRJKG CWHIGHÒJTV UKPF $GUQPFGTU JKPIGYKGUGP UGK JKGT CWH FKG KP FGWVUEJGT WPF ITKGEJKUEJGT 5RTCEJG GTUEJKGPGPGP #TDGKVGP ÒDGT +VCPQU WPF 2JCNCUCTPC UQYKG ÒDGT FCU MTGVKUEJG .CD[TKPVJ #NU P·EJUVGU 2TQLGMV JCV UKEJ $WTMJCTF FKG /KVCTDGKV CP FGT XQP FGO $GTNKPGT 0WOKUOCVKMGT &T $GTPJCTF 9GKUUGT
KO 4CJOGP FGT 5[NNQIG 0WOOQTWO )TCGEQTWO IGNGKVGVGP 8GTÌHHGPVNKEJWPI FGT CPVKMGP MTGVKUEJGP /ÒP\GP FGU $GTNKPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVVU XQTIGPQOOGP <WINGKEJ OÌEJVG GT FKG CPVKMG /ÒP\ WPF )GNFIGUEJKEJVG CPFGTGT .CPFUEJCHVGP FGT CPVKMGP ITKGEJKUEJGP 9GNV GTMWPFGP 9KT FCPMGP $WTMJCTF 6TCGIGT HÒT UGKP 8GTVTCWGP WPF YÒPUEJGP +JPGP NKGDG -WPFKPPGP WPF -WPFGP XKGN (TGWFG DGKO 5VWFKWO FGU -CVCNQIGU WPF XKGN 'THQNI DGKO $KGVGP 1UPCDTÒEM KO ,CPWCT
0WOKUOCVKUEJG 8GTÌHHGPVNKEJWPIGP XQP $WTMJCTF 6TCGIGT
&CU -TGVKUEJG .CD[TKPVJ 00$ 5
&CU -TGVKUEJG .CD[TKPVJ ņ Ο Κρητικός λαβύρινδος, Ρέθυμνο
&CU *GNNGPKUVKUEJG 5KVKC ņ &KG 'PVFGEMWPI GKPGT DKUJGT WPDGMCPPVGP /ÒP\UV·VVG KO 1UVGP -TGVCU $TGOGT $GKVT·IG \WT /ÒP\ WPF )GNFIGUEJKEJVG $CPF $TGOGP 5
+VCPQU ņ 'WTQRCU OCTKVKOGU 5RTWPIDTGVV FGT #PVKMG PCEJ #HTKMC 00$ 5
Ίτανος, Κρητικής Εστίας, 8ο τόμο, Χανιά 2000-2001, 5. 23-47
'WTQRC WPF FGT 5VKGT 00$ 5
$TGOGT 0WOKUOCVKUEJG )GUGNNUEJCHV ņ %JTQPKM GKPGT NGDGPFKIGP )GOGKPUEJCHV XQP /ÒP\UCOONGTP $TGOGT $GKVT·IG \WT /ÒP\ WPF )GNFIGUEJKEJVG $CPF $TGOGP 5
2[TCPVJQU ņ - GKPG /ÒP\UV·VVG FGT #PVKMG CWH -TGVC $TGOGT $GKVT·IG \WT /ÒP\ WPF )GNFIGUEJKEJVG $CPF $TGOGP 5
&GT -CORH WO %JCPFCZ ņ 0WOKUOCVKUEJG <GWIPKUUG FGT N·PIUVGP $GNCIGTWPI FGT 9GNVIGUEJKEJVG 00$ 5
2QTVTC[CN QH VJG NQPIGUV UKGIG KP YQTNF JKUVQT[ QP OCRU QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ ,QWTPCN QH VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN /CR %QNNGEVQTUy 5QEKGV[ +UUWG 0Q 5RTKPI R
Η νομισματοκοπία της Ελληνιστικής Φαλάσαρνας, Κρητικο Πανοραμα, Δεκεμβριος 2003- Ιανουαριος 2004, 130-131
Ο Λαβύρινθος των (ρομαντικών) χαρτογράφων, Κρητικο Πανοραμα, Μαοος – Ιουνιος 2004, 69-71
'WTQRCU JGKNKIG *QEJ\GKV KP FGT CPVKMGP /ÒP\MWPUV *CPUGCVKUEJ 9GUVH·NKUEJGT 5COONGT /GTMWT 0T ,WPK 5
C &CU -TGVKUEJG .CD[TKPVJ 4GVJ[OPQ D) Ο Κρητικός Λαβύρινθος, Ρέθυμνο 2005
&KG /ÒP\GP FGT -TGVKUEJGP 5VCFV 2JCN±UCTPC 00$ 5
%TGVC 8GPG\KCPC KP FGT /GFCKNNGPMWPUV $TGOGT $GKVT·IG \WT /ÒP\ WPF )GNFIGUEJKEJVG $CPF $TGOGP 5
IGOGKPUCO OKV /CPQNKU + 5VGHCPCMKU %QWPVGT UVCORKPI EQKPU KP *GNNGPKUVKE %TGVG # HKTUV CRRTQCEJ :+++ %QPITGUQ +PVGTPCEKQPCN FG 0WOKUO±VKEC /CFTKF #EVCU + /CFTKF
-QKPÉP FGT 1TGKQK ņ 'KP GKP\KICTVKIGU PWOKUOCVKUEJGU $ÒPFPKU CWH -TGVC 00$ 5
10
(TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT
Mit freundlicher Genehmicung des Berliner Münzkabinetts
#06+-' /ª0<'0 &'4 +05'. -4'6#
.KGDJCDGT CPVKMGT /ÒP\GP FGT +PUGN -TGVC IKDV GU PKEJV \CJNTGKEJ &KG 'TJCNVWPIUITCFG CPVKMGT MTGVKUEJGT /ÒP\GP UKPF UGNVGP UGJT UEJÌP QFGT ICT XQT\ÒINKEJ UQPFGTP GJGT OKPFGTGT 3WCNKV·V *·WHKIGT H·NNV GKPG OCPIGNJCHVG MÒPUVNGTKUEJG WPF VGEJPKUEJG #WUHÒJTWPI KPU #WIG ªDGT RT·IWPIGP UKPF KP -TGVC J·WHKIGT CNU KTIGPFYQ KP FGT ITKGEJKUEJGP 9GNV &KG UVÌTGPFGP 'HHGMVG FGT ªDGTRT·IWPIGP XKGNHCEJ CWEJ )GIGPUVGORGNWPIGP GTUEJYGTGP FGP <WICPI \W MTGVKUEJGP /ÒP\GP &KG RQNKVKUEJG WPF YKTVUEJCHVNKEJG $GFGWVWPIUNQUKIMGKV FGT +PUGN KP MNCUUKUEJGT WPF JGNNGPKUVKUEJGT <GKV UEJGKPV UKEJ CWEJ KP FGT MTGVKUEJGP /ÒP\RT·IWPI YKFGT\WURKGIGNP &CDGK MCPP FKG CPVKMG /ÒP\RT·IWPI CWH -TGVC FWTEJCWU GKPKIGU DKGVGP GKPG 8KGN\CJN XQP UVKNKUVKUEJ WPF MÒPUVNGTKUEJ YGTVXQNNGP 9GTMGP FGT /ÒP\IN[RVKM UVTCJNV GKPGP GKIGPGP 4GK\ CWU -TGVC PKOOV KP FGT ITKGEJKUEJGP 9GNV CWEJ KPUQHGTP GKPG 5QPFGTUVGNNWPI GKP CNU FKG /ÒP\ RT·IWPI JKGT KP MNCUUKUEJGT <GKV FGWVNKEJ UR·VGT GKPUGV\V CNU CWH FGO ITKGEJKUEJGP QFGT MNGKPCUKCVKUEJGP (GUVNCPF UQYKG FGP +PUGNP 'TUV PCEJ XQT %JTKUVWU DGICPPGP 2JCKUVQU WPF )QTV[P /ÒP\GP \W RT·IGP MWT\ FCTCWH HQNIVG -PQUUQU $KU \W FKGUGT <GKV JCVVGP HTGOFG /ÒP\GP FGP )GNFDGFCTH IGFGEMV YQDGK DGUQPFGTU FKG 5VCVGTG XQP IKPC XGTDTGKVGV YCTGP $GNGDVGT YKTF FKG 2T·IGV·VKIMGKV CWH -TGVC IGIGP XQT %JTKUVWU YQDGK PWPOGJT CWEJ YGKVGTG 5V·FVG OKV FGT #WUICDG GKIGPGT /ÒP\GP DGIKPPGP &KG ITQG $NÒVG\GKV FGT MTGVKUEJGP /ÒP\RT·IWPI HKPFGV KP FGP ,CJTGP XQP DKU XQT %JTKUVWU UVCVV +P FKGUGT <GKV UKPF FKG MTGVKUEJGP /ÒP\GP J·WHKI CWH MNGKPCUKCVKUEJGP )GRT·IGP UQYKG /ÒP\GP XQP -[TGPG KP 0QTFCHTKMC QFGT XQO 2GNQRQPPGU ÒDGTRT·IV #NU 7TUCEJG HÒT FGP KPVGPUKXGP #WUUVQ MTGVKUEJGT /ÒP\GP FKGUGT <GKV YKTF FCU MTGVKUEJG 5ÌNFPGTVWO CPIGUGJGP 7O XQT %JTKUVWU JCVVGP JGKOMGJTGPFG MTGVKUEJG 5ÌNFPGT ITQG /GPIGP HTGOFGU 5KNDGT OKVIGDTCEJV FCU PWP XQP FGP MTGVKUEJGP 5V·FVGP WOIGOÒP\V YWTFG WPF FC\W HÒJTVG FC CWEJ MNGKPG WPF GPVNGIGPG 5V·FVG FGT +PUGN -TGVC /ÒP\GP RT·IVGP #WHITWPF XQP -TKGIGP WPF 9KTVUEJCHVUMTKUGP XGTGDDV PCEJ XQT %JTKUVWU FKG #WUOÒP\WPI XQP 5KNDGTOÒP\GP CWH -TGVC DKU \WO XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTV HCUV XQNNUV·PFKI 0CEJ FGT 'TQDGTWPI FGT +PUGN KO ,CJT X %JT UGV\V WPVGT TÌOKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV GKPG TGIGNO·KIG 2T·IGV·VKIMGKV YKGFGT GKP YQDGK -TGVC CNU TÌOKUEJGT 2TQXKP\ UQICT FCU 2TKXKNGI GTVGKNV YWTFG 5KNDGTRT·IWPIGP JGTCWU\WDTKPIGP &GP DGUQPFGTGP %JCTOG FGT CPVKMGP /ÒP\GP -TGVCU OCEJGP FKG 6JGOGP FGT /ÒP\FCTUVGNNWPI CWU &KG MTGVKUEJG /[VJQNQIKG KUV KP XKGNH·NVKIGT (QTO FCTIGUVGNNV -ÌPKI /KPQU UQYKG FCU OGPUEJGPHTGUUGPFG 7PIGJGWGT /KPQVCWTWU HKPFGP UKEJ CWH FGP 2T·IWPIGP XQP -PQUUQU &KG .GIGPFG XQP 'WTQRC WPF <GWU KP 5VKGTHQTO KUV CWH FGP )GRT·IGP FGT 5VCFV )QTV[P CDIGDKNFGV KP 2JCKUVQU HKPFGV UKEJ GKP <[MNWU FGT 6CVGP FGU *GTCMNGU YKG GVYC FGT -CORH OKV FGT *[FTC XQP .GTPC QFGT FGT 4CWD FGT RHGN CWU FGO )CTVGP FGT *GURGTKFGP )GTP YGTFGP FKG O[VJKUEJGP &CTUVGNNWPIGP KP OCNGTKUEJGT 9GKUG KP GKPG .CPFUEJCHVU FCTUVGNNWPI CWH FGP 2T·IWPIGP GKPDG\QIGP 9GT UKEJ OKVJKP <GKV WPF /WG PKOOV FKG CPVKMGP /ÒP\GP -TGVCU GKPGT P·JGTGP $GVTCEJVWPI \W WPVGT\KGJGP YKTF <WICPI IGYKPPGP \W GKPGT FGT TGK\XQNNUVGP WPF KPVGTGUUCPVGUVGP #TV ITKGEJKUEJGT /ÒP\RT·IWPI $WTMJCTF 6TCGIGT 11
APTERA
#06+-' /ª0<'0 &'4 +05'. -4'6# &+' 5#//.70) &4 $74-*#4& 64#')'4 #..#4+# &KG IGPCWG .CIG #NNCTKCU KUV DKU JGWVG PKEJV \YGKHGNUHTGK KFGPVKHK\KGTV YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ KUV #NNCTKC DGK FGO JGWVKIGP 1TV 5VCXTQOGPQU KP FGT 2TQXKP\ /[NQRQVCOQU CO 1UVGPFG FGT -ÒUVGPGDGPG XQP 4GVJ[OPQ \W NQMCNKUKGTGP &KG /ÒP\RT·IWPI FGT MTGVKUEJGP 2QNKU #NNCTKC DTCEJVG NGFKINKEJ FKG JKGT IG\GKIVG &TCEJOG JGTXQT DGK FGT FKG #DDKNFWPI FGU *GTCMNGU GKPGO 9GTM FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU PCEJIGCJOV KUV +PUIGUCOV ·JPGNV FKG /ÒP\FCTUVGNNWPI FGP DGMCPPVGP 2T·IWPIGP CWU *GTCMNGKC KP .WMCPKGP CWU FGT <GKV X %JT &KG W C XQP 5XQTQPQU PCEJ #NNCTKC IGNGIVGP 6GVTCFTCEJOGP 5XQTQPQU UKPF NCMGFCKOQPKUEJG 2T·IWPIGP FGU 0CDKU UKGJG )TWPCWGT XQP *QGTUEJGNOCPP 5 HH
1
Õ &TCEJOG WO X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO GKPG UKEJ CWHTKEJVGPFG 5EJNCPIG CNU *GNOUEJOWEM ALLARIW=6#0? *GTCMNGU UVGJV X X FKG CWUIGUVTGEMVG 4GEJVG CWH GKPG -GWNG IGUVÒV\V ÒDGT FGO .KPMGP #TO .ÌYGPHGNN 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N + 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5EJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $QWVKP #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
#26'4# &KG 5VCFV #RVGTC FKG OKV KJTGP DGKFGP *CHGPUV·FVGP -KUCOQU WPF /KPQC FKG 5WFCDWEJV MQPVTQNNKGTVG KUV GKPG FGT CO DGUVGP GTJCNVGPGP CPVKMGP 5V·VVGP -TGVCU 'VYC -KNQOGVGT ÌUVNKEJ XQP %JCPKC NKGIV FCU CWUIGFGJPVG 4WKPGPHGNF XQP #RVGTC CWH GKPGT *QEJGDGPG XQP /GVGT *ÌJG PCJG FGO /GGT UÒFNKEJ FGT 5WFCDWEJV &KG ITQG $NÒVG #RVGTCU H·NNV KP FKG HTÒJJGNNGPKUVKUEJG <GKV YQXQP PGDGP +PUEJTKHVGP KPUDGUQPFGTG FKG \CJNTGKEJGP KP #RVGTC IGRT·IVGP /ÒP\GP \GWIGP &KG HTÒJGUVGP WPF \WINGKEJ SWCNKV·VU XQNNUVGP 5VCVGTG CWU FGT <GKV 'PFG FGU WPF #PHCPI FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU \GKIGP CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG FGP -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC XQP FGT YKT CWU +PUEJTKHVGP YKUUGP FC UKG CNU *CWRVIÌVVKP FGT 5VCFV XGTGJTV YWTFG #WH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG KUV -ÌPKI #RVGTCU CDIGDKNFGV XQNN DGYCHHPGV WPF UVQN\ UGKPG 'JTHWTEJV XQT GKPGO .QTDGGTDCWO FCTDKGVGPF FGT IGNKGDVGP WPF JGKNKIGP 2HNCP\G FGU #RQNNQP 7O KJP JGTWO DTKPIV FKG +PUEJTKHV PTOLIOIKOS UGKPG +FGPVKV·V WPF 'KIGPUEJCHV KP 'TKPPGTWPI GT KUV FGT )TÒPFGT FGT 5VCFV
2
3
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I APTERA=IWN? -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T OKV 5VGRJCPG PTOLIOIKOS #RVGTCU UVGJV N OKV *GNO *CTPKUEJ 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT FKG 4GEJVG KP 8GTGJTWPI XQT GKPGO LWPIGP $CWO GTJQDGP .G 4KFGT 2N +: 5XQTQPQU 2N + 4 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT UKIPKGTV XQP 2[VJQFQTQU I # [PTARAIWN? -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T OKV 5VGRJCPG FCXQT 5KIPCVWT PUQODWROU =PTOLIOI? KOS #RVGTCU UVGJV N OKV *GNO *CTPKUEJ 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT FKG 4GEJVG KP 8GTGJTWPI XQT GKPGO LWPIGP $CWO GTJQDGP .G 4KFGT 5 5XQTQPQU 2N + 44 (GKPGT 5VKN #XGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT .CIGTNKUVG 2 ( ,CESWKGT 0T $GK FGO XQTNKGIGPFGP 5VÒEM JCPFGNV GU UKEJ WO GKPG FGT YGPKIGP UKIPKGTVGP MTGVKUEJGP /ÒP\GP 2[VJQFQTQU GKP CWGTQTFGPVNKEJ H·JKIGT )TCXGWT JCV CWEJ HÒT 2QN[TJGPKQP IGCTDGKVGV 5XQTQPQU
4
5
U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T APT ARA $QIGP .KPFITGP %QNN ++
FKGU 'ZGORNCT 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N + 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T C WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP 0T
U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC N OKV 5VGRJCPG (CEMGN N 5RGGTRKV\G 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 44 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
12
APTERA
8
7
6
U PCEJ X %JT I APTARA *GTCMQRH T OKV 5VGRJCPG APTA -TKGIGT IGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF 4WPFUEJKNF T JTG 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N + 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T +P 2WPMVMTGKU # P 6 # 2 #+ -TKGIGT UVGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF 4WPFUEJKNF .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T AP6# RAIW=0? -TKGIGT UVGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF 4WPFUEJKNF .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ++ 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
11
10
9
U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T OKV 5VGRJCPG +P 2WPMVMTGKU 5VCFVOQPQ ITCOO P ÒDGT # 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N + 44 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC #XGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T OKV 5VGRJCPG 5VCFVOQPQITCOO P ÒDGT # .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 44 $TCWPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
U PCEJ X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ # P -KVJCTC .KPFITGP %QNN ++
FKGU 'ZGORNCT 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ++ )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T D WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
12 a
12 c
12 b
C U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC N OKV 5VGRJCPG AP 6# (CEMGN N 5RGGT URKV\G .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU XCT D U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T OKV 5VGRJCPG # P 6 &TGK (CEMGNP OKV UKEJ MTGW\GPFGP )TKHHGP .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N + E U PCEJ X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ # P 6 # 2 #+ (CEMGN 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 5VÒEM 44 5EJÌP 'ZGORNCTG FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP C WPF D
13 a
13 b
13 c
13 d
C U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T OKV 5VGRJCPG +P 2WPMVMTGKU 5VCFVOQPQ ITCOO P ÒDGT # 5XQTQPQU D U PCEJ X %JT I *GTCMQRH T OKV 5VGRJCPG # P 6 # -TKGIGT UVGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF 4WPFUEJKNF 5XQTQPQU 2N + E U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T OKV 5VGRJCPG # =P] -KVJCTC .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU F U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T =#?PTARAI=WN? #O RJQTG .KPFITGP %QNN ++ C FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 5VÒEM 44 5EJÌP WPF DGUUGT 'ZGORNCTG C FGT #WMVKQP 5RKPM U .QPFQP .QV 0T D .CIGT FGT /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN E WPF F FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP
13
ARKADIA
14 b
14 a
14 d
14 g
14 f
14 c
14 e
14 h
C U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T =#? P =6? # =2? #+ =W?0 -TKGIGT IGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF 4WPFUEJKNF 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N + D U PCEJ X %JT I 9KG XQT E U PCEJ X %JT I 9KG XQT F U PCEJ X %JT I 9KG XQT G U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T APT=#? =2?AIWN -TKGIGT IGJV N OKV 5RGGT 4WPFUEJKNF WPF 2CTC\QPKWO 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ++ H U PCEJ X %JT I 9KG XQT I U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T OKV 5VGRJCPG APTARA IWN -TKGIGT IGJV N OKV 5RGGT 4WPFUEJKNF WPF 2CTC\QPKWO 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N ++ J U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T =APT?#2#+ WN -TKGIGT IGJV N OKV 5RGGT 4WPFUEJKNF WPF 2CTC\QPKWO 5XQTQPQU 5VÒEM /GKUV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCTG FGT #WMVKQPGP C 5EJWNVGP WPF %Q )OD* -ÌNP 0T D E F WPF J 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T I 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WM VKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T G 5EJWNVGP WPF %Q )OD* -ÌNP 0T H 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
15
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T +P XGTVKGHVGO 4WPF APT ARA $QIGP 50) %QR .G 4KFGT 2N ::8+++ 5XQTQPQU 2N + 4 #XGTU FG\GPVTKGTV XGTDTCWEJVGT #XGTUUVGORGN UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6GORGNJQHGT /ÒP\GPJCWU $GTNKP 0T
#4-#&+# 'KPG 5VCOOGUIGOGKPFG UGJT CNVGP 7TURTWPIU DKNFGVGP CWH -TGVC FKG #TMCFGT 1D GU GKPG CPVKMG 2QNKU OKV FGO 0COGP #TMCFKC ICD KUV FCIGIGP DKU JGWVG PKEJV PCEJIGYKGUGP 'U YKTF FCXQP CWUIGICPIGP FC FKG KO PQTFÌUVNKEJGP 6GKN <GPVTCNMTGVCU CPIGUKGFGNVGP #TMCFGT GKPGP *CWRVXGTUCOONWPIUQTV KP FGT 0·JG XQP #RJTCVK DGUCGP 5GKV FGO ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT VTKVV FKG 5VCOOGUIGOGKPFG FGT #TMCFGT KP 8GTVT·IGP OKV CPFGTGP 2QNGKU -TGVCU WPF CPFGTGT 4GIKQPGP CNU UQWXGT·PGT 5VCCV CWH &KG UGKV FKGUGT <GKV KP UGJT DGITGP\VGO 7OHCPI IGRT·IVGP /ÒP\GP \GKIGP CNU 8QTFGTUGKVGPOQVKX FGP -QRH FGU <GWU #OOQP OKV 9KFFGTJQTP QFGT FGP -QRH FGT #VJGPC Y·JTGPF CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG <GWU QFGT #VJGPC UQYKG 'VJPKMC OKV 8GT\KGTWPIGP CDIGDKNFGV UKPF
16 a
16 b
C U X %JT I -QRH FGU <GWU #OOQP T =ARKA] DWN #VJGPC UVGJV X X OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N ++ FQTV 5VÒEMG OKV JÌJGTGO )GYKEJV WPF ITÌGTGO &WTEJ OGUUGT KP 5KNDGT D U X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ /QPQITCOO XA 5XQTQPQU 5VÒEM 4 5EJÌP 'ZGORNCTG FGT 5COONWPI *CIGP 6TQPPKGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM .QV 0T 5VÒEM D YWTFG CWHITWPF GKPGU $GUEJTGKDWPIU\GVVGN FGT /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN PCEJ #TMCFKC IGNGIV &QTV YWTFG FCU /QPQITCOO CWH FGO 4GXGTU KTTVÒONKEJ CNU #2 IGNGUGP &KG <WYGKUWPI FKGUGU 5VÒEMGU JCNVGP YKT FCJGT HÒT PKEJV \WVTGHHGPF GU FÒTHVG UKEJ WO GKPG /ÒP\G GKPGT CPFGTGP MTGVKUEJGP /ÒP\UV·VVG JCPFGNP FKG CWH FKGUGT 2T·IWPI FCU /QPQITCOO FGU #EJCGKUEJGP $WPFGU MQRKGTV
14
AXOS #45+01' &GP ITQGP 'KPHNW FGT 2VQNGO·GT CWH -TGVC \GKIV W C CWEJ FKG )TÒPFWPI \YGKGT 5V·FVG QFGT 5KGFNWP IGP OKV FGO 0COGP #TUKPQG XQP FGPGP GKPG KO )GDKGV XQP .[VVQU FKG \YGKVG KP <GPVTCNMTGVC IGNGIGP JCDGP UQNN 7OUVTKVVGP KUV QD FKG )TÒPFWPIGP FGT 1TVG OKV FGO 0COGP #TUKPQG KP FKG 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV 2VQNGOCKQU ++ QFGT XQP 2VQNGOCKQU +8 HKGNGP &KG 'ZKUVGP\ GKPGT UGNDUVUV·PFKIGP 2QNKU #TUKPQG KUV KPU DGUQPFGTG FWTEJ /ÒP\RT·IWPIGP DGMCPPV YQDGK CWHITWPF FGT JPNKEJMGKV GKPKIGT /ÒP\GP OKV FGPGP XQP 4KVJ[OPC FKG 5EJNWHQNIGTWPI IG\QIGP YKTF #TUKPQG UGK OKV 4KVJ[OPC \W KFGPVKHK\KGTGP &KG .CIG FGU CPVKMGP #TUKPQG MQPPVG CPJCPF XQP #WUITCDWPIGP FWTEJ #TEJ·QNQIGP DKU JGWVG PKEJV DGUVKOOV YGTFGP &KG UGNVGPG /ÒP\RT·IGV·VKIMGKV KP #TUKPQG DTCEJVG CWUUEJNKGNKEJ $TQP\GOÒP\GP JGTXQT
18
17
U X %JT I 9GKDNKEJGT -QRH #RJTQFKVG! T # S 2 + -TKGIGT UVGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 5XQTQPQU 2N ++ 44 &WPMNG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
U X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO ARSI FCTÒDGT GKP &GNRJKP N FCTWPVGT GKP CWH FGO 4ÒEMGP T UEJYKOOGPFGT &GNRJKP 5XQTQPQU 2N ++ 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI &TC[EQVV GTYQTDGP KO 1MVQDGT DGK 5GCD[ U &KG <WYGKUWPI FKGUGT $TQP\G \W #TUKPQG KUV PKEJV IGUKEJGTV GU YKTF CWEJ -TGVC KP )GPGTG $TQP\G KO 0COGP FGT #TUKPQG ++ -ÌPKIKP XQP I[RVGP XGTVTGVGP XGTIN #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ 0CEJH /ÒPEJGP 0T
#:15 &KG DGFGWVGPFG 5VCFV #ZQU NCI CP FGP PÌTFNKEJGP #DJ·PIGP FGU 2UKNQTKVKU CP GKPGT FGT 5VTCGP FKG XQP 2KNIGTP DGPWV\V YWTFGP WO FKG JGKNKIG +F·KUEJG )TQVVG KP FGT FGT /[VJQU XQP FGT )GDWTV WPF 'T\KG JWPI FGU <GWU URKGNV \W GTTGKEJGP 0GDGP 'NGWVJGTPC MQPVTQNNKGTVG #ZQU \GKVYGKUG FKGUG *ÌJNG &KG YKEJVKIUVGP CTEJ·QNQIKUEJGP /QPWOGPVG FGU EC /GVGT JQEJ IGNGIGPGP CPVKMGP #ZQU UKPF FKG #MTQ RQNKU UQYKG GKP #RJTQFKVGVGORGN FGT DKU KP FKG 4ÌOGT\GKV CNU -WNVUV·VVG $GFGWVWPI JCVVG #ZQU JCVVG GKPG TGKEJJCNVKIG PWOKUOCVKUEJG 2TQFWMVKQP FKG XQP FGT *·NHVG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU DKU \WO #PHCPI FGT TÌOKUEJGP -CKUGT\GKV TGKEJVG #WH FGP 8QTFGTUGKVGP FGT DKU #PHCPI FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU IGRT·IVGP 5KNDGTOÒP\GP DGHKPFGV UKEJ FGT -QRH FGU #RQNNQP Y·JTGPF CWH FGP 4ÒEMUGKVGP GKP JQJGT &TGKHW CDIGDKNFGV KUV FGT GPVYGFGT CNU OKV #RQNNQP KP 8GTDKPFWPI UVGJGPFGU )GH· CWU &GN RJK KPVGTRTGVKGTV YGTFGP MCPP QFGT CNU GKPG FGT DGFGWVGPFUVGP 1RHGTICDGP WPF 1TV FGT 8GTGJTWPI HÒT FGP )QVV FGT +F·KUEJGP *ÌJNG #NU UKEJGTGU +PFK\ HÒT FKG $G\WIPCJOG CWH FKG 8GTGJTWPI FGT +F·KUEJGP *ÌJNG WPF OÌINKEJGTYGKUG CWEJ HÒT GKPG -QPVTQNNG FGU *GKNKIVWOU FWTEJ #ZQU YGTFGP FKG /ÒP\GP IGJCNVGP FKG FGP -QRH FGU <GWU CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG WPF GKPGP &TGKHW OKV FGO $NKV\DÒPFGN CWH FGT CPFGTGP 5GKVG CDDKNFGP &CU INGKEJG IKNV HÒT LGPG $TQP\GOÒP\GP FKG CPUVGNNG FGU &TGKHWGU CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG PWT FCU $NKV\DÒPFGN FGU <GWU CDDKNFGP
1,5:1
19
1,5:1
Õ &TCEJOG WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P XGTVKGHVGO 4WPF &TGKHW OKV FTGK 4KPIITKHHGP 5XQTQPQU 2N ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 9GDGT %QNN FKGU 'ZGORNCT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2JQVKCFGU 2CUEJC #WMVKQP *QHHOCPP 2CTKU WPF /CK 0T
20
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T +P XGTVKGHVGO 4WPF &TGKHW OKV FTGK 4KPIITKHHGP T # .G 4KFGT 2N FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU #RQNNQPKC 2N + 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV .GKEJVGT &QRRGNUEJNCI CWH FGO #XGTU IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 7$5 <ÒTKEJ 0T
15
AXOS
21
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (# CIW 0 TGVTQITCF &TGKHW 5XQTQPQU 2N 44 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
22
24
23
U X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU %#CI WN &TGKHW T WPF WPVGP LG GKP /QPQITCOO 5XQTQPQU 2N +++ 4 5EJYCT\DTCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
U X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCTCWH QXCNGT )GIGPUVGORGN #RQNNQMQRH T ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT -ÌEJGT +P 2WPMVMTGKU %#CI =WN? &TGKHW T WPF WPVGP LG GKP /QPQITCOO 5XQTQPQU 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP )GIGPUVGORGN XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP +VCNQ 8GEEJK .QPFQP 0T
U X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU %#CI WN &TGKHW .KPF ITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N +++ 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
25 a
25 b
25 c
25 d
C U X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU %ACI WN &TGKHW T WPF WPVGP LG GKP /QPQITCOO 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N +++ D U X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ %A[CI] =W?0 &TGKHW 5XQTQPQU 2N +++ E U X %JT I 9KG XQT U X %JT I 9KG XQT 5VÒEM 4 5EJÌP WPF DGUUGT
'ZGORNCTG C GTYQTDGP DGK FGT /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN F FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI .QTF )TCPVNG[
26
27
28
U 'PFG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ % # C + W 0 &TGKHW FCTCWH $NKV\ 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N +++ )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI /CWTKEG .CHHCKNNG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
U 'PFG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ =%? # =C? + =W? 0 &TGKHW FCTCWH $NKV\ 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N +++ )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\ <GPVTWO -ÌNP 0T
U 'PFG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 2WPMV MTGKU % # C + W 0 &TGKHW FCTCWH $NKV\ 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N +++ &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP 0WOKUOCVKE (KPG #TVU ::+++ $GXGTN[ *KNNU .QV 0T
16
CHERSONESOS
29
30
31 a
31 b
31 c
U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV &KCFGO +P 2WPMVMTGKU # C )GHNÒIGNVGT $NKV\ 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
U X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV &KCFGO )GHNÒIGNVGT $NKV\ FCTCWH TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN -QRH FGU *GTOGU T OKV 2GVCUQU 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP .QV 0T
C U X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV &KCFGO # C )GHNÒIGNVGT $NKV\ 5XQTQPQU D U X %JT I 9KG XQT E U X %JT I 9KG XQT 5VÒEM 4 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCTG C FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\ <GPVTWO -ÌNP 0T D FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T E FGT #WMVKQP 5EJWNVGP WPF %Q )OD* -ÌNP 0T
32 a
32 b
32 c
C U WO X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .GIGPFG WPNGUGTNKEJ &TGKHW 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N +++ D U WO X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #C &TGKHW N /QPQITCOO 5XQTQPQU E U 'PFG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ =%? # =C? + =W? 0 &TGKHW FCTCWH $NKV\ 5XQTQPQU 2N +++ 5VÒEM 4 5EJÌP WPF DGUUGT
33
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ ( # &TGKHW FCTCWH $NKV\ DÒPFGN 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N 4 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $QWVKP #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
%*'4510'515
#P FGT 5VGNNG FGU JGWVKIGP GVYC -KNQOGVGT ÌUVNKEJ XQP *GTCMNKQP NKGIGPFGP NGDJCHVGP 6QWTKUVGPQTVGU .KOGPCU %JGTUQPKUQW GTUVTGEMVG UKEJ FKG DGFGWVGPFG CPVKMG 5VCFV %JGTUQPGUQU FKG KP FGT TÌOKUEJGP WPF HTÒJD[\CPVKPKUEJGP 'RQEJG KJTG $NÒVG\GKV GTNGDVG WPF YGKV ITÌGT CNU FGT JGWVKIG 1TV CP FGT 9GUVMÒUVG FGT $WEJV XQP /CNKC YCT $KU KP FKG MNCUUKUEJG <GKV FKGPVG %JGTUQPGUQU CNU *CHGPQTV XQP .[VVQU KO ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT YWTFG GU UGNDUVUV·PFKI WO /KVVG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU GKPG 5[ORQNK VKG OKV .[VVQU GKP\WIGJGP +P FGT JGWVKIGP 5KGFNWPI HKPFGP UKEJ PQEJ \CJNTGKEJG 4WKPGP KPUDGUQPFGTG CWU TÌOKUEJGT WPF D[\CPVKPKUEJGT <GKV CP FKG GKPGP 'KPFTWEM XQP FGT $GFGWVWPI FGT CPVKMGP 5VCFV XGTOKV VGNP &KG KO ªDGTICPI XQP FGT MNCUUKUEJGP \WT JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP 'RQEJG GKPUGV\GPFG /ÒP\RT·IGV·VKIMGKV KP %JGTUQPGUQU \GWIV XQP FGT 5GNDUVUV·PFKIMGKV FGT 5VCFV KP FKGUGT <GKV YQDGK FCU $KNF FGT *CWRVIQVVJGKV $TKVQOCTVKU CWH FGP 8QTFGTUGKVGP FGT 5KNDGTOÒP\GP FCTIGUVGNNV KUV Y·JTGPF CWH FGP 4ÒEMUGKVGP FGT CWH GKPGO (GNUGP UKV\GPFG #RQNNQP OKV UGKPGT .[TC QFGT FGT OKV GKPGT -GWNG DGYCHHPGV CPUVÒTOGPFG *GTCMNGU GTUEJGKPV (ÒT FKG NGV\VIGPCPPVG &CTUVGNNWPI JCVVG FGT /ÒP\OGKUVGT QHHGPUKEJVNKEJ FCU ·JPNKEJG /ÒP\DKNF FGT 5VCVGTG XQP 5V[ORJCNQU KP #TMCFKGP \WO 8QTDKNF IGPQOOGP WPF MQRKGTV &KG $TQP\GOÒP\GP CWU FGO ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT DGNGIGP FC %JGTUQPGUQU CWEJ PCEJ #DUEJNW FGU 5[ORQNKVKGXGTVTCIGU OKV .[VVQU FCU 4GEJV DGJKGNV GKIGPG /ÒP\GP \W RT·IGP &KG INGKEJGP /ÒP\OQVKXG CWH FGP $TQP\GP XQP .[VVQU WPF %JGTUQPGUQU YKG FKG 2TQTC QFGT FGT CWHTGEJV UVGJGPFG #FNGT URTGEJGP CPFGTGTUGKVU HÒT FKG GPIG 8GTDKPFWPI FGT DGKFGP 5V·FVG
34
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ =XERSONAI ? #TVGOKU $TKVQ OCTVKU UKV\V N OKV <YGKI $CDGNQP 6TCKVé .G 4KFGT 2N :::+8 5XQTQPQU 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP 'TYQTDGP XQP #PEKGPV +ORQTVU /CTE $TGKVURTGEJGT )TCPF /CTCKU
17
CHERSONESOS
35
36
37
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCXQT $NKV\DÒPFGN #TVGOKU UVGJV T OKV $QIGP WPF \KGJV GKPGP 2HGKN CWU FGO -ÌEJGT .G 4KFGT 2N :::+8 H 5XQTQPQU 44 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5RKPM .QPFQP 0T
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU $TKVQOCTVKU N OKV 1JTTKPI XERSO TGVTQITCF *GTCMNGU UVÒTOV N UEJYKPIV OKV FGT 4GEJVGP FKG -GWNG WPF J·NV KP FGT .KPMGP .ÌYGPHGNN WPF $QIGP $/% 2N +8 FKGU 'ZGORNCT .G 4KFGT 2N 8+++ 5XQTQPQU FKGU 'ZGORNCT GTY·JPV 44 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +: 0GY ;QTM 0T FGT 5COONWPI 2TQH 6 4 )WTT FGT #WMVKQP /[GTU WPF #FCOU 0T WPF FGT &WDNGVVGP FGU $TKVKUEJGP /WUGWOU
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU $TKVQOCTVKU N OKV 1JTTKPI =XE?RSONAS =+WN? *GTCMNGU UVÒTOV N UEJYKPIV OKV FGT 4GEJVGP FKG -GWNG WPF J·NV KP FGT .KPMGP .ÌYGPHGNN WPF $QIGP .G 4KFGT XGTIN 2N ::8++ 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N +++ #XGTU WPF 4GXGTU 4 5GJT UEJÌP UEJÌP 'TYQTDGP DGK *KTUEJ 0CEJH /ÒPEJGP KO ,WPK &GT -QRH CWH FGO #XGTU \GKIV DGK 5XQTQPQU 2N +++ WPF UQYKG DGK .G 4KFGT GKPGP FGWVNKEJGP .QTDGGTMTCP\ FGT DGK WPUGTGO 5VÒEM HGJNV &GT #XGTUUVGORGN WPUGTGU 5VÒEMGU ·JPGNV FGO FGU XQTKIGP 5VÒEMGU UQYKG FGO FGT DGK 5XQTQPQU 2N +++ CDIGDKNFGVGP /ÒP\G
1,5:1
38
38
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU $TKVQOCTKU T OKV 1JTTKPI *CNUMGVVG WPF .QT DGGTMTCP\ FCU *CCT CO 5EJGKVGN KP -QT[ODQU XERSONA SI 10 #RQNNQP UKV\V T CWH 1ORJCNQU OKV -KVJCTC FCXQT 6J[OKCVGTKQP .G 4KFGT 2N 8+++ 5XQTQPQU 2N +++ 44 -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG ++ 0GY ;QTM 0T
39
40
41
U PCEJ X %JT I /QPQITCOO #FNGT UVGJV N OKV CWUIGDTGKVGVGP (NÒIGNP 5XQTQPQU 2N +8 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI .QTF )TCPVNG[
U PCEJ X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO #FNGT UVGJV N OKV CWUIGDTGKVG VGP (NÒIGNP 5XQTQPQU 2N +8 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
U PCEJ X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO =XER] 2TQTC N 5XQTQPQU 2N +8 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP 'TYQTDGP DGK /ÒP\MCDKPGVV (WPM 0GWMGHGTNQJ
18
ELEUTHERNA
43
42
44
U PCEJ X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO =XE?R 2TQTC T 5XQTQPQU XCT XGTIN 2N +8 4 &WPMNG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI .QTF )TCPVNG[
U PCEJ X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO 2TQTC T 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N +8 4 5EJÌP UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T &KG <WYGKUWPI KUV PKEJV IGUKEJGTV
U PCEJ X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO +P 2WPMVMTGKU XER TGVTQITCF 2TQTC T 5XQTQPQU 2N +8 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC MN -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\ <GPVTWO -ÌNP 0T
'.'76*'40# &CU CP FGP PQTFYGUVNKEJGP #DJ·PIGP FGU +FCIGDKTIGU MPCRR -KNQOGVGT UÒFÌUVNKEJ XQP FGT 5VCFV 4GVJ[OPQ NKGIGPFG 'NGWVJGTPC KUV GKPG FGT ITÌVGP WPF DGFGWVGPFUVGP CPVKMGP 2QNGKU -TGVCU +P FGP NGV\VGP ,CJTGP UKPF FWTEJ U[UVGOCVKUEJG #WUITCDWPIGP FWTEJ FKG 7PKXGTUKV·V -TGVC FKG 4WKPGP FGU CPVK MGP 'NGWVJGTPC HTGK IGNGIV WPF FCDGK .KEJV CWH 'RQEJGP FGT )GUEJKEJVG -TGVCU YKG FKG IGQOGVTKUEJG WPF CTEJCKUEJG IGYQTHGP YQTFGP FKG LÒPIUV PQEJ CNU FWPMNG <GKVRGTKQFG ICNVGP +P 'NGWVJGTPC JCV UKEJ FKG DGFGWVGPFUVG CTEJ·QNQIKUEJG 5V·VVG -TGVCU OKV WOHCPITGKEJGP /CWGTP ªDGTTGUVGP XQP )GD·WFGP $KNF JCWGTCTDGKVGP WPF -GTCOKMGP CWH FGT #MTQRQNKU WPF CP FGP #DJ·PIGP FGU *ÒIGNU XQP 'NGWVJGTPC GPV YKEMGNV FKG DGNGIV FC Y·JTGPF FGT JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP <GKVGRQEJG FQTV GKPG $NÒVG\GKV JGTTUEJVG &KG /ÒP\ RT·IGV·VKIMGKV KP 'NGWVJGTPC DGICPP KP FGT /KVVG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU YQDGK CWU FGP /ÒP\FCTUVGNNWPIGP FGWVNKEJ YKTF FC 'NGWVJGTPC GKPG #RQNNQP IGYGKJVG WPF XQP FKGUGO DGUEJÒV\VG 5VCFV YCT #WH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG FGT 2T·IWPIGP GTUEJGKPV FGUUGP NQTDGGTDGMT·P\VGT -QRH WPF CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG FGT CWHTGEJV UVGJGPFG )QVV GKPGP $QIGP VTCIGPF WPF KP FGT CWUIGUVTGEMVGP NKPMGP *CPF GKPGP TWPFGP )GIGPUVCPF JCNVGPF FGT KP FGT .KVGTCVWT CNU 5VGKP )NQDWU -WIGN QFGT CWEJ #RHGN GTMCPPV YWTFG #O YCJTUEJGKPNKEJUVGP GTUEJGKPV FKG $G\GKEJPWPI CNU 5VGKP YQDGK GU UKEJ WO FKG U[ODQNKUEJG &GWVWPI FGT )TWPFUVGKPNGIWPI FGT 5VCFV JCPFGNP MÌPPVG &KG #DDKNFWPIGP FGU -QRHGU #RQNNQPU CWH FGP 5KNDGTRT·IWPIGP 'NGWVJGTPCU \GWIGP PWT XGTGKP\GNV XQP FGT 5EJÌPJGKV FGU )QVVGU &KG HTÒJGP 2T·IWPIGP UKPF XQP TWUVKMCNGO 5VKN WPF PQEJ ICP\ KP FGT XQTMNCUUKUEJGP MTGVKUEJGP 6TCFKVKQP XGTJCHVGV &KGUG RTK OKVKX YKTMGPFGP /ÒP\GP \GKIGP FC FKG HTÒJG (QTOGPURTCEJG KP JGNNGPKUVKUEJGT <GKV YGKVGTNGDVG #WH GKPKIGP 2T·IWPIGP GTUEJGKPGP FKG $KNFPKUUG DCDCTKUKGTV WPF GU YKTF QHHGPDCT FC FKG XGTUEJKGFGPGP KP 'NGWVJGTPC V·VKI IGYGUGPGP 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGT ÒDGT WPVGTUEJKGFNKEJG (GTVKIMGKVGP XGTHÒIVGP 'NGWVJGTPC \·JNVG \W FGP PGWP MTGVKUEJGP 5VCFVUVCCVGP FGPGP Y·JTGPF FGT *GTTUEJCHV FGT 4ÌOGT ÒDGT FKG +PUGN GTNCWDV YWTFG GKIGPG /ÒP\GP \W RT·IGP
45
46
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ #RQNNQMQRH T +P 2WPMVMTGKU ELE8 TGVTQITCF #RQNNQ UVGJV T OKV 5VGKP WPF $QIGP 5XQTQPQU 2N :+ 'KPGU XQP \YGK DGMCPPVGP 'ZGORNCTGP 8GTDTCWEJVGT #XGTUUVGORGN UGJT UEJÌP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP $TWWP 4CUOWUUGP -QRGPJCIGP 0T
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ '.' 8Q' 0 #RQNNQ UVGJV N OKV 5VGKP WPF $QIGP .G 4KFGT XGTIN 2N +: 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N :+ 4 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T
19
ELEUTHERNA
50
49
48
47
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ '.' 8Q' 0 #RQNNQ UVGJV N OKV 5VGKP WPF $QIGP .G 4KFGT XGTIN 2N +: 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N :+ 4 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #RQNNQ UVGJV N OKV 5VGKP WPF $QIGP .G 4KFGT 2N 8+++ 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N :+ 4 -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUG UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5EJGPM $GJTGPU 'UUGP 0T
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T FCXQT ELEUQER #RQNNQ UVGJV N OKV 5VGKP WPF $QIGP .G 4KFGT 2N +: 5XQTQPQU 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV JGNOCTVKIGT (TKUWT ELEUQ #RQNNQ UVGJV T OKV 5VGKP WPF $QIGP .G 4KFGT 5XQTQPQU 4 .GKEJV MQTTQFKGTV MN -TCV\GT UQPUV UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP -WTRH·N\KUEJG /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /CPPJGKO 0T
51
52 51
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T XQP TCWJGO 5VKN #RQNNQ UVGJV N OKV 5VGKP WPF $QIGP .G 4KFGT XGTIN 2N +: 5XQTQPQU 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP -WTRH·N\KUEJG /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /CPPJGKO 0T
Õ 1DQN WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T #RQNNQ UVGJV T OKV $QIGP WPF 5VGKP 5XQTQPQU 2N :+ 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ 0CEJH /ÒPEJGP 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $QWVKP #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T WPF FGU (WPFGU XQP 2JCKUVQU
54
53 54 1,5:1
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV MWT\GO *CCT #RQNNQ UVGJV X X OKV 5VGKP WPF $QIGP .G 4KFGT 2N 8+++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 44 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF NCPI JGTCDHCNNGPFGP *CCTGP 'LE8 #RQNNQ UVGJV N OKV 5VGKP WPF $QIGP T #2 .G 4KFGT 2N :::+ 5XQTQPQU 2N :++ 44 'Z\GNNGPVGT 5VKN FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $QWVKP #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI ,COGUQP 0T
20
ELYROS
55
56
56
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ =ELE8QE? #RQNNQP UVGJV N OKV 5VGKP WPF $QIGP .G 4KFGT XGTIN 2N +: 5XQTQPQU 2N :+ 44 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ NKPMU TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN OKV /QPQITCOO P ÒDGT # +P 2WPMVMTGKU ' LEU QERNAIO=0? #RQNNQ UKV\V N OKV 5VGKP CWH 1ORJCNQU CP FGO GKPG .[TC NGJPV N /QPQITCOO 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU XCT 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
&GT )GIGPUVGORGN FÒTHVG FCU 5VCFVOQPQITCOO FGT 5VCFV #RVGTC FCTUVGNNGP OKV FGT 'NGWVJGTPC KO XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTV GKP $ÒPFPKU WPVGTJKGNV
57 b
57 a
57 c
C U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ ' LEU QERNAION #RQNNQ UKV\V N OKV 5VGKP CWH 1ORJCNQU CP FGO GKPG .[TC NGJPV N /QPQITCOO 5XQTQPQU 2N :++ D U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ ELEUQERNAION #RQNNQ UKV\V N OKV 5VGKP CWH 1ORJCNQU CP FGO GKPG .[TC NGJPV N /QPQITCOO 5XQTQPQU 2N :++ E U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QT DGGTMTCP\ WPVGP TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN /QPQITCOO P ÒDGT # +P 2WPMVMTGKU ' LE =;QERNAION? #RQNNQ UKV\V N OKV 5VGKP CWH 1ORJCNQU CP FGO GKPG .[TC NGJPV N /QPQITCOO 5XQTQPQU 5VÒEM 4 5EJÌPpHCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCTG C WPF D FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T E FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
1,5:1
58
1,5:1
7PVGT TÌOKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV 6KDGTKWU WPF &KXWU #WIWUVWU Õ &TCEJOG I TIBERIO% -#+%#2 %'$#%61% ' -12 L -QRH FGU 6KDGTKWU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ QEO% %'$# %61% ELE8QE -QRH FGU &KXWU #WIWUVWU T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 42% XGTIN #PO 5XQTQPQU 'KP\KIGU DGMCPPVGU 'ZGORNCT (GKPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 2GWU 0CEJH (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI #RQUVQNQ <GPQ #WMVKQP &QTQVJGWO 9KGP 0T
'.;415
#P FGP YGUVNKEJGP #DJ·PIGP FGT 9GKGP $GTIG NCI FKG XQP FGP &QTGTP IGITÒPFGVG DGFGWVGPFUVG 5VCFV FGU UÒFYGUVNKEJGP 6GKNGU FGT +PUGN -TGVC 'N[TQU /GVGT UÒFÌUVNKEJ FGU 1TVGU 4JQFQXCPK GTUVTGEMVG UKEJ FKG 5VCFV CWH FGO *ÒIGN -GHCNC XQP FGO FKG 'N[TKGT GKPGP RJCPVCUVKUEJGP 2CPQTCOCDNKEM CWH KJTG *·HGP 5[KC WPF .KUQU UQYKG FCU .KD[UEJG /GGT IGPKGGP MQPPVGP )GOGKPUCO OKV *[TVCMKPC .KUQU 6CTTJC UQYKG FGP *·HGP 2QKMKNCUQU WPF 5[KC YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ CWEJ -CPVCPQU DKNFGVG 'N[TQU GKPGP $WP FGUUVCCV FGP -QKPQP FGT 1TGKQK FGT 8GTVT·IG OKV CPFGTGP 5VCCVGP WPF -ÌPKIGP CDUEJNQ UQYKG /ÒP\GP RT·IVG &KG /ÒP\RT·IWPI UGV\V KP 'N[TQU \W $GIKPP FGT JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP <GKVGRQEJG GKP YQDGK CWU UEJNKGNKEJ &TCEJOGP WPF MGKPG 5VCVGTG IGRT·IV YWTFGP #NU /ÒP\DKNF GTUEJGKPGP FGT -QRH GKPGT MTGVK UEJGP <KGIG UQYKG GKPG $KGPG &KG /ÒP\FCTUVGNNWPIGP UKPF EJCTCMVGTKUVKUEJ HÒT FKG )GDKTIUIGIGPF PCJG FGT 9GKGP $GTIG WPF YKGUGP FCTCWH JKP FC FKG $GYQJPGT UKEJ OKV FGT ,CIF WPF $KGPGP\WEJV DGUEJ·H VKIVGP
59
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU EL ; 2+1 0 -QRH GKPGT MTGVKUEJGP <KGIG T FCTWPVGT 5RGGTURKV\G N +P 2WPMVMTGKU KP NGKEJV XGTVKGHVGO 4WPF $KGPG N 4QUG 5XQTQPQU 2N :++ 4 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
21
GORTYN
60
60 1,5:1
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU EL ; 2+1 0 -QRH GKPGT MTGVKUEJGP <KGIG T FCTWPVGT 5RGGTURKV\G N +P 2WPMVMTGKU KP NGKEJV XGTVKGHVGO 4WPF / + $KGPG 5XQTQPQU 4 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
)146;0
+P FGT /KVVG FGT HTWEJVDCTGP /GUUCTCGDGPG NKGIGP GVYCU OGJT CNU -KNQOGVGT XQO .KD[UEJGP /GGT GPVHGTPV CWH GKPGT (N·EJG XQP EC JC FKG ªDGTTGUVG FGT DGTÒJOVGP 2QNKU )QTV[P FKG OKV -PQUUQU \W FGP O·EJVKIUVGP MTGVKUEJGP 5V·FVGP Y·JTGPF FGT MNCUUKUEJGP #PVKMG \·JNVG &GT /[VJQU DGTKEJVGV FC FGT KP GKPGP 5VKGT XGTYCPFGNVG <GWU CWH UGKPGO 4ÒEMGP FKG UEJÌPG 2TKP\GUUKP 'WTQRC CWU KJTGT *GKOCV 2JÌPK\KGP PCEJ )QTV[P DTCEJVG 7PVGT GKPGT KOOGTITÒPGP 2NCVCPG KP FGT 0·JG GKPGU $CEJGU XQP )QTV[P HCPF KJTG JGKNKIG *QEJ\GKV UVCVV #WU FGT 8GTDKPFWPI XQP <GWU WPF 'WTQRC IKPI /KPQU JGTXQT FGUUGP $TWFGT 4JCFCOCPVJ[U *GTTUEJGT XQP 2JCKUVQU WPF 8CVGT FGU *GTQU )QTV[P YCT PCEJ FGO /[VJQU 0COGPIGDGT FGT 5VCFV 9·JTGPF FGT MNCUUKUEJGP WPF JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP <GKV UVTKVV )QTV[P OKV -PQUUQU WO FKG 8QTJGTTUEJCHV CWH -TGVC 7O UGKP <KGN \W GTTGKEJGP UEJNQ )QTV[P \CJNTGKEJG $ÒPFPKUXGTVT·IG OKV MTGVKUEJGP 2QNGKU UQYKG CWUY·TVKIGP /·EJVGP YKG \ $ /CICU XQP -[TGPG &GOGVTKQU XQP /CMGFQPKGP QFGT 'WOGPGU ++ XQP 2GTICOQP +O )GIGPUCV\ \W FGP FGP 4ÌOGTP HGKPFNKEJ IGIGPÒDGTUVGJGPFGP -PQU UKGTP WPVGTJKGNV )QTV[P KO WPF XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTV HTGWPFUEJCHVNKEJG $G\KGJWPIGP \W 4QO YCU UKEJ PCEJ FGT 'TQDGTWPI -TGVCU FWTEJ FKG 4ÌOGT WPVGT 3WKPVWU %CGEKNKWU /GVGNNWU KO ,CJTG X %JT HÒT )QTV[P RQUKVKX CWUYKTMGP YQNNVG FKG 2QNKU YWTFG PKEJV \GTUVÌTV UQPFGTP GTNGDVG GKPGP WPIG CJPVGP #WHUEJYWPI WPF GU DGICPP FKG ITÌVG $NÒVG\GKV FGT 5VCFV +O ,CJTG X %JT YWTFG -TGVC CWH #PQTFPWPI FGU #WIWUVWU OKV FGT -[TGPCKMC \W GKPGT TÌOKUEJGP 2TQXKP\ XGTGKPKIV WPF )QTV[P YWTFG CNU 5KV\ GKPGU 2TQRT·VQTU *CWRVUVCFV FGT 2TQXKP\ )QTV[P \·JNV \W FGP GTUVGP MTGVKUEJGP 2QNGKU FKG 'PFG FGT *·NHVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU X %JT GKIGPG /ÒP\GP RT·IVGP FKG FKG \WXQT CWH FGT +PUGN -TGVC MWTUKG TGPFGP ·IKP·KUEJGP 5VCVGTG CDNÌUVGP #WH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG FGT HTÒJUVGP 5VCVGTG YWTFG 'WTQRC CWH FGO 4ÒEMGP FGU <GWUUVKGTGU UKV\GPF CDIGDKNFGV Y·JTGPF FKG 4ÒEMUGKVGPFCTUVGNNWPI XQP FGP /ÒP\GP XQP 5COQU FKGUGT 'RQEJG DGGKPHNWV KUV WPF GKPGP .ÌYGPMQRH PGDGP GKPGT +PUEJTKHV \GKIV FKG ÒDGTUGV\V IGUEJNCIGPG #WUICDG XQP )QTV[P JGKV &KG &CTUVGNNWPI FGT 'WTQRC OKV FGO 5VKGT YWTFG HÒT OGJTGTG ,CJTJWPFGTVG FCU .GKVOQVKX FGT 2T·IWPIGP XQP )QTV[P GU HKPFGV UKEJ CWH FGP HTÒJUVGP 5VCVGTGP GDGPUQ YKG CWH FGP KP FGT /KVVG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU IGRT·IVGP &TCEJOGP UQYKG FGP UGKV FKGUGT <GKV CWUIGIGDGPGP $TQP\GOÒP\GP
63 61
62
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V OKV CWUIGUVTGEMVGP #TOGP CWH T ICNQRRKGTGPFGO 5VKGT WPVGP &GNRJKP T +P +PEWUWO LORT 801/ 6# %# SANA TGVTQITCF .ÌYGPOCUMG X X KP .KPK GPSWCFTCV -TCC[ *KTOGT 2N 0T 5XQTQPQU 2N :++ 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $QWVKP #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP $QWTIG[ 2CTKU 0T
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V OKV CWUIGUVTGEMVGP #TOGP CWH T ICNQRRKGTGPFGO 5VKGT WPVGP &GNRJKP T +P +PEWUWO .ÌYGPOCUMG X X KP SWCFTCVKUEJGO <KGTTCJOGP .G 4KFGT 2N :+ 5XQTQPQU 2N :++ 4 5GJT UEJÌP UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I LORT=805? TGVTQITCF 5VKGT NCIGTV T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF +P +PEWUWO LORT 805 61 %# 5/# TGVTQITCF .ÌYGPOCUMG X X KP .KPKGPSWCFTCV 5XQTQPQU 2N ++ +O 6GZV KTTVÒONKEJ 2N :++ 44 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI 2 / 2TQUEJQYUM[ #WMVKQP $TWWP 4CU OWUUGP -QRGPJCIGP 0T
22
GORTYN
64
65
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I LORT8 TGVTQITCF 5VKGT NCIGTV T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF +P +PEW UWO .ÌYGPOCUMG X X KP XGTVKGHVGO <KGTTCJOGP 5XQTQPQU 44 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $QWVKP #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I 5VKGT NCIGTV T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF +P +PEWUWO .ÌYGPOCUMG X X KP XGTVKGHVGO <KGTTCJOGP 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 4 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T
67
66
67 1,5:1
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V KP PCEJFGPMNKEJGT *CNVWPI N CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG FGP -QRH CWH FKG TGEJVG *CPF IGUVÒV\V 5VKGT UVGJV T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF .G 4KFGT 2N :++ 5XQTQPQU 2N :+8 44 *ÒDUEJG RKVVQTGUMG &CTUVGNNWPI FKGUGU UGJT UGNVGPGP 6[RU IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T - 5EJGHQNF /GKUVGTYGTMG ITKGEJKUEJGT -WPUV $CUGN DKNFGV FKGUGU 5VÒEM WPVGT 0T CD
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V KP PCEJFGPMNKEJGT *CNVWPI T CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG FGP -QRH CWH FKG .KPMG *CPF IGUVÒV\V +P 2WPMVMTGKU 5VKGT UVGJV T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF .G 4KFGT 2N :8+ 5XQTQPQU 2N :+++ 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI #RQUVQNQ <GPQ #WMVKQP &QTQVJGWO 9KGP 0T
68
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V KP PCEJFGPMNKEJGT *CNVWPI T CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG FGP -QRH CWH FKG NKPMG *CPF IGUVÒV\V 5VKGT UVGJV N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF OKV CPIGJQDGPGO *KPVGTJWH .G 4KFGT 2N :8+++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU XGTIN *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5EJYGK\GTKUEJGT $CPMXGTGKP <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI , 5 %COGTQP &CU 5VÒEM KUV ÒDGTRT·IV NGFKINKEJ CWH FGO #XGTU KUV FGT 7PVGTV[R \W GTMGPPGP GKP WPD·TVKIGT -QRH T .CWV .G 4KFGT MÌPPVG GU UKEJ WO GKPG /ÒP\G XQP <CM[PVJQU QFGT 'NKU JCPFGNP UKGJG .G 4KFGT 5
23
GORTYN
69
69 1,5:1
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V KP PCEJFGPMNKEJGT *CNVWPI T CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG FGP -QRH CWH FKG NKPMG *CPF IGUVÒV\V +P 2WPMVMTGKU GORT8NSO 0 5VKGT UVGJV T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF .G 4KFGT 2N :8 5XQTQPQU 2N :+++ 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %QKP )CNNGTKGU 0T
70
71
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V KP PCEJFGPMNKEJGT *CNVWPI T CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG FGP -QRH CWH FKG NKPMG *CPF IGUVÒV\V 5VKGT UVGJV T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF .G 4KFGT 2N :+8 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N :+8 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V KP PCEJFGPMNKEJGT *CNVWPI T CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG FGP -QRH CWH FKG NKPMG *CPF IGUVÒV\V WPVGP #FNGTMQRH N 5VKGT UVGJV T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF .G 4KFGT 2N :8+++ 5XQTQPQU )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP -WTRH·N\KUEJG /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /CPPJGKO 0T WPF FGU (WPFGU XQP 2JCKUVQU 0T &CU 5VÒEM YWTFG CWH GKPG 6GVTCFTCEJOG XQP -[TGPG 6[R 50) %QR ÒDGTRT·IV #WH FGO #XGTU KUV FKG 5KNRJK WOUVCWFG PQEJ IWV \W GTMGPPGP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
72
73
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V KP PCEJFGPMNKEJGT *CNVWPI T CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG 5VKGT UVGJV T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF .G 4KFGT 2N :8++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU $CTDCTKUKGTVGT 5VKN UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ 0CEJH /ÒPEJGP 0T WPF FGU (WPFGU XQP 2JCKUVQU 0T 'U JCPFGNV UKEJ WO GKPG ªDGTRT·IWPI CWH GKPGP 5VCVGT XQP +CUQU $CDGNQP 6TCKV¾ 2N
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V KP PCEJFGPMNKEJGT *CNVWPI T CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG +P XGTVKGHVGO 4WPF 5VKGT UVGJV T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF .G 4KFGT 2N :8+++ 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N :+8 5EJÌP &CU 5VÒEM KUV ÒDGTRT·IV WPF XQP DCTDCTKUKGTVGO 5VKN
74
75
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V JCND PCEMV T CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG WPF JGDV KJT )GYCPF +P 2WPMVMTGKU 5VKGT UVGJV T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF FCTWPVGT &GNRJKP T .G 4KFGT 2N 8+ 5XQTQPQU 2N :8 5GNVGPG 8CTKCPVG 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU -QRH FGT 'WTQRC T 5VKGTMQRH X X 5XQTQPQU 2N :8 4 2WP\G CWH FGO #XGTU -N -TCV\GT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP *GUU .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ 0CEJH /ÒPEJGP 0T 'KP 5VÒEM KP FGT HÒT FKGUG UGNVGPGP &TCEJOGP ÒDNKEJGP O·KIGP 'TJCNVWPI
24
GORTYN
77
76
78
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU -QRH FGT 'WTQRC T OKV 1JTTKPI *CNUMGVVG WPF 5RJGPFQPG 5VKGTMQRH T .G 4KFGT XGTIN 2N :: 5XQTQPQU 2N :8 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU -QRH FGT 'WTQRC T OKV 1JTTKPI *CNUMGVVG WPF 5RJGPFQPG 5VKGTMQRH T .G 4KFGT XGTIN 2N :: 5XQTQPQU 2N :8 4 5GJT UEJÌP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU -QRH FGT 'WTQRC T OKV 1JTTKPI *CNUMGVVG WPF 5RJGPFQPG =GORTU?NIWN 5VKGT UVGJV T CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG FGP T *KPVGTJWH CPIGJQDGP \WTÒEM DNKEMGPF .G 4KFGT 2N :: 5XQTQPQU 2N :8 44 ªDGTRT·IWPIUURWTGP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )QTP[ /ÒPEJGP 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP -WTRH·N\KUEJG /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /CPPJGKO 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI )CTVJ 4 &TGYT[ #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T
80
79 80 1,5:1
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V JCND PCEMV CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG JGDV OKV FGT 4GEJVGP KJTGP 5EJNGKGT WPF WOHCV OKV FGT .KPMGP GKPGP #FNGT FGT OKV CWUIGDTGKVGVGP 5EJYKPIGP CWH KJTGO 5EJQ UKV\V 5VKGT UVGJV T CWH 5VCPFNKPKG \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF FCTÒDGT .[TC .G 4KFGT 2N 8 5XQTQPQU 5GJT UGNVGPG 8CTKCPVG 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .*5 <ÒTKEJ 0T
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V JCND PCEMV CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG JGDV OKV FGT 4GEJVGP KJTGP 5EJNGKGT WPF WOHCV OKV FGT .KPMGP GKPGP #FNGT FGT OKV CWUIGDTGKVGVGP 5EJYKPIGP CWH KJTGO 5EJQ UKV\V GORTUNI TGVTQITCF 5VKGT UVGJV N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF FCTWPVGT $KGPG N $WMTCPKQP 5XQTQPQU 2N :8 5GJT UGNVGPG 8CTKCPVG (GKPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .*5 <ÒTKEJ 0T
83
81
82
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V JCND PCEMV T CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG JGDV OKV FGT 4GEJVGP KJTGP 5EJNGKGT WPF WOHCV OKV FGT .KPMGP GKPGP #FNGT FGT OKV CWUIGDTGKVGVGP 5EJYKPIGP CWH KJTGO 5EJQ UKV\V 5VKGT UVGJV T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF .G 4KFGT XGTIN 2N :8+++ 5XQTQPQU 2N :8 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 2GWU 0CEJH (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V JCND PCEMV T CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG WPF JGDV OKV FGT .KPMGP KJT )GYCPF N UKV\V GKP #FNGT CWH GKPGO #UV GORT=;? 0+WN 5VKGT UVGJV N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF .G 4KFGT 2N :.++ 5XQTQPQU 44 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'TYQTDGP DGK .GW 0WOKUOCVKM <ÒTKEJ KO /CK
U X %JT I +P 5VTCJNGPMTCP\ GO 2 'WTQRC UKV\V T CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG WPF NÒHVGV OKV FGT .KPMGP KJTGP 5EJNGKGT NKPMU UVGJV #FNGT N CWH GKPGO #UV \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF +P 1NKXGPMTCP\ GORTU 0+ W 0 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH N UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 50) %QR XCT 5XQTQPQU 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGTU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
25
GORTYN
85 a
84
85 b
85 c
U X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V T CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG WPF NÒHVGV OKV FGT .KPMGP KJTGP 5EJNGKGT NKPMU UVGJV #FNGT N CWH GKPGO #UV \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF +P 1NKXGPMTCP\ = ? W 0 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH N UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT 50) %QR XGTIN 5XQTQPQU HH 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI )WVMPGEJV #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
C U X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V T CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG WPF NÒHVGV OKV FGT .KPMGP KJTGP 5EJNGKGT NKPMU UVGJV #FNGT N CWH GKPGO #UV \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF +P 1NKXGPMTCP\ 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGP FGO 5EJNGKGT CWH N UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT 50) %QR XGTIN 5XQTQPQU HH D U X %JT I 9KG XQT E U X %JT I $CTDCTKUKGTVGT 5VKN 9KG XQT 5VÒEM 4 5EJÌP WPF DGUUGT
'ZGORNCTG C FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T D WPF E FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
86
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ GOR TUNIWN 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH T UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT .G 4KFGT 2N :.++ 5XQTQPQU 2N :8 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP UQPUV CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
88
87
89
87 1,5:1
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCTCWH TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN 5VKGT UVGJV T GOR TUNIWN 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH T UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT FCTCWH TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5XQTQPQU XCT 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCTCWH TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN 5VKGT UVGJV T GOR TUN=IWN? 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH T UVÒTOGP FGO 5VKGT FCTCWH TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5XQTQPQU XCT 4 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCTCWH TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN 5VKGT UVGJV T GORTUNIWN 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH T UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT FCTCWH TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5XQTQPQU 4 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 9#) &QTVOWPF 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT .CIGTNKUVG *CTNCP , $GTM %JKECIQ 0T
26
GORTYN
1,5:1
90
1,5:1
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ GOR TUNIWN 5VKGT UVÌV T .G 4KFGT 2N :.++ 5XQTQPQU 2N :8 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
91
92
U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #TVGOKUMQRH T OKV 6CGPKG ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ GORTUNIWN 5VKGT UVGJV N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N :8 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC MN 4CPFCWUDTWEJ UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #TVGOKUMQRH T OKV 6CGPKG ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ =GORTUNIWN? 5VKGT UVGJV N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N :8 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI , 2 4KIJGVVK #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T
93 b
93 d
93 c
93 e
93 a
C U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #TVGOKUMQRH T OKV 6CGPKG ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ GORTUNIWN 5VKGT UVGJV N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N :8 D U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV &KCFGO +P 2WPMV MTGKU 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH N UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT 5XQTQPQU HH E U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ GOR =6;0+? 5VKGT UVÌV T 5XQTQPQU F U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5VKGT UVÌV N 5XQTQPQU H G U X %JT I *GTOGUMQRH T OKV 2GVCUQU 5VKGT UVÌV N CWH 5VCPFNKPKG FCTÒDGT -GT[MGKQP 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 5VÒEM 4 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCTG C FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T E FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T F FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T G FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T F
94
95
U WO X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ GO ! 26 ! UNIWN 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH N UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT 5XQTQPQU XCT 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP &CXKUUQPU %QNF 5RTKPI 0T
U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV 6CGPKG +P 2WPMVMTGKU GORTUNI WN 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH N UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT 5XQTQPQU 2N :8 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI )WVMPGEJV #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
27
GORTYN
97
96
98
99 b
99 a
U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV 6CGPKG +P 2WPMVMTGKU GORTUN 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH N UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT 5XQTQPQU 2N :8 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5EJWNVGP WPF %Q )OD* (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T
U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV 6CGPKG +P 2WPMVMTGKU 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH N UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT 5XQTQPQU HH &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV 6CGPKG +P 2WPMVMTGKU 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH N UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU HH &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
C U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV 6CGPKG +P 2WPMVMTGKU =GOR?6;0 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH N UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT 5XQTQPQU 2N :8 D U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV 6CGPKG +P 2WPMVMTGKU 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH N UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT 5XQTQPQU HH 5VÒEM 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
C 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5RKPM U .QPFQP .QV 0T
102 a
101
102 b
103
100
U WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV NCPIGP *CCTGP WPF .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 5VTCJNGPMTCP\ GORTUNIWN 5VKGT URTKPIV N FCTWPVGT \YGK &GNRJKPG WPF /QPQITCOO 5XQTQPQU 2N :8+ 44 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ GOR 6=;0? 5VKGT UVÌV T CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG 5XQTQPQU 2N :8+ )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI /CWTKEG .CHHCKNNG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
C U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ GOR =6;0? 5VKGT UVÌV T CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N :8+ D U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ GOR =6;0? 5VKGT UVÌV N CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N :8+ 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCTG FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T D WPF E
U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ GOR 6;0 5VKGT UVÌV N CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG 5XQTQPQU 2N :8+ $TCWPITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
104 a
104 b
104 c
104 d
104 e
C U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ GORTU NIWN 5VKGT UVÌV T CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG 5XQTQPQU D U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QT DGGTMTCP\ GOR TUNI 5VKGT UVÌV T CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG 5XQTQPQU E U X %JT I 9KG XQT F U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ GOR = ? 5VKGT UVÌV T CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG 5XQTQPQU HH G U WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ GOR TUN 5VKGT UVÌV T CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG 5XQTQPQU 5VÒEM (CUV UGJT UEJÌP C DKU E 'ZGORNCTG FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T E WPF F 'ZGORNCTG FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
28
GORTYN
105
106 105 1,5:1
Õ &TCEJOG WO X %JT I /GFWUGPMQRH HCUV X X +P 5VTCJNGPMTCP\ G 1 #FNGT UVGJV N OKV 5EJNCPIG KP FGP (·PIGP 5XQTQPQU 2N :8+ 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I <GWUMQRH N OKV &KCFGO +P 5VTCJNGPMTCP\ GORTUNIW0 0CEMVGT *GTQU UVGJV X X OKV 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 5XQTQPQU XGTIN FQTV OKV $NKV\ WPVGT FGO *GTQU /KP MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
107
108 108 1,5:1
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I <GWUMQRH N OKV &KCFGO +P 5VTCJNGPMTCP\ GORTUNIWN 0CEMVGT *GTQU UVGJV X X OKV 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT N -TCP\ 5XQTQPQU 2N :8+ 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I <GWUMQRH N OKV &KCFGO +P 5VTCJNGPMTCP\ GORTUNIWN 0CEMVGT *GTQU UVGJV X X OKV 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT N -TCP\ 5XQTQPQU 2N :8+ 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
109
110
111
112
113
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV &KCFGO +P 5VTCJNGPMTCP\ GORTUNI =WN? 0CEMVGT *GTQU UVGJV X X OKV 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT N # 5XQTQPQU 2N :8+ 4 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPVGP G +P 2WPMVMTGKU GOR TUNIWN #RQNNQ UKV\V N CWH (GNUGP OKV 2HGKN WPF $QIGP WPVGT FGO $QIGP < 5XQTQPQU XCT 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPVGP D +P 2WPMVMTGKU GORTUN IWN #RQNNQ UKV\V N CWH (GNUGP OKV 2HGKN WPF $QIGP 5XQTQPQU 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0WOKUOCVKE (KPG #TVU .QU #PIGNGU 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT .KUVG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I <GWUMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 5VTCJNGPMTCP\ GORTUNIWN #RQNNQ UKV\V N CWH (GNUGP OKV 2HGKN WPF $QIGP 5XQTQPQU 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I <GWUMQRH T +P 2WPMVMTGKU GORTUNI WN #RQNNQ UKV\V N CWH (GNUGP OKV 2HGKN WPF $QIGP 5XQTQPQU XCT (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
29
HIERAPYNTA
115
114
115
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV &KCFGO +P 5VTKEJMTGKU =G?ORTUNIWN QIBOS #RQNNQ UKV\V N CWH (GNUGP OKV 2HGKN WPF $QIGP 5XQTQPQU 4 .GKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV &KCFGO +P 2WPMVMTGKU GOR 6; NIW 0 #VJGPC UVGJV N KO NCPIGP %JKVQP OKV *GNO 'WNG ! 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N :8+ 44 $TCWPITÒPG 2CVKPC #XGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
116
117
118
U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU *GTOGUMQRH N OKV 2GVCUQU +P 2WPMVMTGKU GORT 5VKGT UVÌV N CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG FCTÒDGT -GT[MGKQP 5XQTQPQU XCT 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
U X %JT I *GTOGUMQRH T OKV 2GVCUQU +P 2WPMVMTGKU GOR =6?UNIWN 5VKGT UVÌV N CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG 5XQTQPQU XCT 4 4GXGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
7PVGT TÌOKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV )CKWU %CNKIWNC WPF )GTOCPKEWU U I = ?ARA GERMANI = ? -QRH FGU %CNKIWNC N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ = ?KAIS= ?-QRH FGU )GTOCPKEWU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 42% 5XQTQPQU 44 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
*+'4#2;60#
#P FGT 5VGNNG XQP +GTCRGVTC FGT UÒFNKEJUVGP 5VCFV 'WTQRCU WPF ITÌVGP XQP 1UVMTGVC NCI KP FGT #PVKMG *KGTCR[VPC +P JGNNGPKUVKUEJGT <GKV IGNCPI GU *KGTCR[VPC FWTEJ -TKGIU\ÒIG WPF 8GTVT·IG \W GKPGO FGT DGFGWVGPFUVGP 5VCFVUVCCVGP -TGVCU WPF FGO ITÌVGP KO 5ÒFQUVGP FGT +PUGN \W YGTFGP *KGTCR[VPC YCT GKPG DGFGWVGPFG *CPFGNUUVCFV FKG KJTG IÒPUVKIG MNKOCVKUEJG .CIG KPUDGUQPFGTG \WO 9GKPCPDCW PWV\VG WPF CWUYGKUNKEJ \CJNTGKEJGT KP I[RVGP WPF CPFGTGP CPITGP\GPFGP .·PFGTP IGHWPFGPGT 5KGIGN CWH 9GK PGORJQTGP \WO CWUIGFGJPVGP 'ZRQTV PWV\VG &KG /ÒP\RT·IGV·VKIMGKV KP *KGTCR[VPC DGUEJT·PMVG UKEJ DKU KP FKG *·NHVG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU KO 9GUGPVNKEJGP CWH $TQP\GRT·IWPIGP FKG CNU *CWRVOQVKX FKG &CVVGNRCNOG \GKIVGP 'PFG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU YCT *KGTCR[VPC FKG GKP \KIG 5VCFV -TGVCU FKG \W FKGUGT <GKV CWGT 5VCVGTGP WPF &TCEJOGP CWEJ 6GVTCFTCEJOGP CWURT·IVG 7O X %JT \·JNVG *KGTCR[VPC \W FGP UKGDGP 5VCFVUVCCVGP FKG RUGWFQ CVJGPKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOGP KP FGT #TV FGT \GKVINGKEJGP CVJGPKUEJGP /ÒP\GP RT·IVG GTI·P\V WO FCU 5[ODQN FGT 5VCFV FGP <GWUCFNGT \W UCOOGP OKV FGO 5VCFVPCOGP WPF FGO 0COGP FGU )GDKGVUDGHGJNUJCDGTU <GPQRJKNQU UKGJG 0T 9·JTGPF FGT *GTTUEJCHV FGT 4ÌOGT ÒDGT FKG +PUGN GTJKGNV *KGTCR[VPC WPVGT 6KDGTKWU WPF %CNKIWNC FCU 4GEJV GKIGPG /ÒP\GP CWU\WRT·IGP
119
120
121
1,5:1
1,5:1
U X %JT I <GWUMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU 2CNOG N 5VCFVOQPQ ITCOO T #RJNCUVQP 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N :8++ 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC 4GXGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ 0CEJH /ÒPEJGP 0T
U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2CNOG N 5VCFVOQPQ ITCOO T #RJNCUVQP 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N :8++ 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
U X %JT I <GWUMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU + #2 NKIKGTV 2CNOG .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV $TCWPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T C WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
30
HIERAPYNTA
122 a
122 b
122 c
122 d
122 e
C U X %JT I <GWUMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2CNOG N 5VCFVOQPQITCOO T #RJNC UVQP 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N :8++ D U X %JT I 9KG XQT E U X %JT I 9KG XQT F U X %JT I 9KG XQT G U X %JT I 9KG XQT 5VÒEM 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCTG C DKU E FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T F FGT .KUVG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 0T G FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T D WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
123 a
124
123 b
125
126
C U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU 2CNOG N #RJNCUVQP T 5VCFVOQPQITCOO 5XQTQPQU 2N :8++ D U X %JT I 9KG XQT 5VÒEM 44 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCTG FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
U X %JT I ,ÒPINKPIUMQRH N 2CNOG N 5VCFVOQPQITCOO T #RJNCUVQP 5XQTQPQU XCT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM 0T .QV 0T
U X %JT I #EJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP +' 2# FA LA 2CNOG 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N :8++ 44 $TCWPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
U X %JT I #EJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP +'2 AP FA LA 2CNOG 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI .QTF )TCPVNG[
127
128 a
129
128 b
129
U X %JT I ,ÒPINKPIUMQRH T OKV 6CGPKG 2CNOG N 5VCFVOQPQITCOO T #RJNCUVQP WPVGP SWTE 5XQTQPQU 2N :8++ H 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
C U X %JT I ,ÒPINKPIUMQRH T OKV 6CGPKG 2CNOG N 5VCFVOQPQITCOO T #RJNC UVQP WPVGP SWTE 5XQTQPQU 2N :8++ HH D U X %JT I 9KG XQT 5VÒEM 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCTG C FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T D FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T E
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I 6[EJGMQRH T OKV /CWGTMTQPG +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ IERAPUT NIWN T LIBUS AGRA #FNGT UVGJV T OKV IGÌHHPGVGP 5EJYKPIGP FCXQT 2CNOG 5XQTQPQU 2N :8++ 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP ,CESWGU 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO 0T
31
HIERAPYNTA
131
130 130 1,5:1
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU 6[EJGMQRH T OKV /CWGTMTQPG +P .QTDGGT MTCP\ IERAPU T ARIST AGORAS #FNGT UVGJV T OKV IGÌHHPGVGP 5EJYKPIGP FCXQT 2CNOG 5XQTQ PQU 44 #XGTU NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU 6[EJGMQRH T OKV /CWGTMTQPG +P .QTDGGT MTCP\ IERAPU N KUDA NTO #FNGT UVGJV N OKV IGÌHHPGVGP 5EJYKPIGP FCXQT 2CNOG 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 4 'VYCU MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 2GWU 0CEJH (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T
133
132
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I 6[EJGMQRH T OKV /CWGTMTQPG +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ IERAPU N KUDA NTO #FNGT UVGJV N OKV IGÌHHPGVGP 5EJYKPIGP FCXQT 2CNOG 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 4 'VYCU MQTTQFKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU 6[EJGMQRH T OKV /CWGTMTQPG +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ IERAP ; T NEWN #FNGT UVGJV T OKV IGÌHHPGVGP 5EJYKPIGP FCXQT 2CNOG WPF /QPQITCOO 5XQTQ PQU 2N :8++ 4 'VYCU MQTTQFKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2KGTTG %CTNQ 8KCP #WMVKQP 2QKPFGUUCWNV 2CTKU 0T
134
134 1,5:1
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 2GICUQU CNU *GNOUEJOWEM +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ + ' 2# PU < *01 F ILO S 'WNG CWH #ORJQTG X X T UVGJV #FNGT T 5XQTQPQU XCT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV #XGTU NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI )CTVJ 4 &TGYT[ #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T
135
135 1,5:1
7PVGT TÌOKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV 6KDGTKWU WPF &KXWU #WIWUVWU Õ &TCEJOG I = ?1% -#+ %'$#%61% ' -12 L -QRH FGU 6KDGTKWU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ = ?%'$#%61% -=2?*6*% +'4# -QRH FGU &KXWU #WIWUVWU T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 42% XGTIN 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 4GXGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ 0CEJH /ÒPEJGP 0T
32
ITANOS *;46#-+0# +O 5ÒFYGUVGP -TGVCU NCI FKG YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ KO XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTV DGUKGFGNVG 2QNKU *[TVCMKPC PCJG FGT JGWVKIGP 1TVUEJCHV 6GOGPKC +JTG ITÌVG $GFGWVWPI GTNCPIVG *[TVCMKPC KP UR·VMNCUUKUEJGT WPF JGNNGPKUVKUEJGT <GKV )GOGKPUCO OKV 'N[TQU .KUQU WPF 6CTTJC YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ CWEJ -CPVCPQU UQYKG FGP *·HGP 2QKMKNCUQU WPF 5[KC DKNFGVG *[TVCMKPC GKPGP $WPFGUUVCCV FGT CNU -QKPQP FGT 1TGKQK GKP IGOGKP UCOGU $ÒTIGTTGEJV WPF )GDKGV DGUC UQYKG 8GTVT·IG OKV CPFGTGP 5VCCVGP CDUEJNQ *[TVCMKPC DGVGKNKIVG UKEJ CP FGT PWOKUOCVKUEJGP 8GTDKPFWPI FGU -QKPQP FGT 1TGKQK WPF RT·IVG YKG FKG ÒDTKIGP 5V·FVG &TCEJOGP OKV FGO /ÒP\DKNF FGU -QRHGU GKPGT MTGVKUEJGP <KGIG CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG UQYKG GKPGT $KGPG CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG
1,5:1
136
1,5:1
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU URTAKINIWN -QRH GKPGT MTGVKUEJGP <KGIG N +P 2WPMVMTGKU $KGPG 5XQTQPQU 6TCGIGT 00$ XGTIN 5 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG 4GXGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ 0CEJH /ÒPEJGP 0T
137
U X %JT I ; 2 TGVTQITCF 5XQTQPQU 6TCGIGT 00$ XGTIN 5 9QJN 7PKMWO 5GJT UEJÌP
+6#015
+O ·WGTUVGP 0QTFQUVGP -TGVCU NCI CP GKPGT MNGKPGP $WEJV FKG *CHGPUVCFV +VCPQU JGWVG 'TKOQWRQWNKU IGPCPPV FKG KP FGT #PVKMG PGDGP *KGTCR[VPC WPF 2TCKUQU GKPG FGT FTGK O·EJVKIUVGP 2QNGKU 1UVMTGVCU YCT &KG $GFGWVWPI XQP +VCPQU DGTWJVG CWH FGT 5GGHCJTV WPF (KUEJGTGK 'KPG $GUGV\WPI XQP +VCPQU FWTEJ 2TCKUQU YCT 8GTCPNCUUWPI FCHÒT FC +VCPQU WO X %JT FKG *KNHG FGT I[RVGT PCEJUWEJVG WPF OKV FGT +PVGTXGPVKQP FGU RVQNGO·KUEJGP 5VTCVGIGP 2CVTQMNQU DGHTGKV YWTFG 8QP FKGUGO <GKVRWPMV CP ÒDGT PCJOGP FKG I[RVGT FKG 4QNNG FGU $GUEJÒV\GTU XQP +VCPQU FCU FGTGP DGFGWVGPFUVG $CUKU KP FGT UÒFNKEJGP I·KU DKU \WO ,CJTG X %JT DNGKDGP UQNNVG #WEJ KP FGT (QNIG\GKV DNKGD +VCPQU DKU KP FKG D[\CPVKPK UEJG <GKV GKPG DGFGWVGPFG 5VCFV YQXQP FKG 4WKPGP ITQCTVKIGT 6GORGN WPF -KTEJGP CWU FGT <GKV DKU \WO PCEJEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTV \GWIGP &KG /ÒP\RT·IGV·VKIMGKV KP +VCPQU DGICPP \W $GIKPP FGU XQT EJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU #WH FGP 8QTFGTUGKVGP FGT HTÒJGUVGP 2T·IWPIGP KUV GKP D·TVKIGT /GGTIQVV OKV (KUEJNGKD FCTIGUVGNNV DGK FGO GU UKEJ WO )NCWMQU QFGT 6TKVQP JCPFGNP UQNN 9·JTGPF FGT 2JCUG FGT MTGVKUEJGP /ÒP\RT·IWPI #PHCPI FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU YGEJUGNVG +VCPQU FKG /ÒP\DKNFGT WPF CFCRVKGTVG HÒT FKG 5KNDGTRT·IWPIGP FGP CVJGPKUEJGP 6[R FGU JGNOVTCIGPFGP -QRHGU FGT #VJGPC CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVGPCPUKEJV WPF FGP <GWUCFNGT CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG &GT VTCFKVKQPGNNG 6[R FGU 6TKVQP QFGT )NCWMQU XGTUEJYCPF PKEJV GPFIÒNVKI UQPFGTP YWTFG CWH OGJTGTGP 2T·IWPIGP CNU MNGKPGU 5[ODQN PGDGP FGO #FNGT DGYCJTV
140
139 138
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I &GT D·TVKIG /GGTGUIQVV )NCWMQU 6TKVQP T KP FGT .KPMGP (KUEJ KP FGT GTJQDGPGP 4GEJVGP &TGK\CEM #EJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP KP .KPKGPSWCFTCV KP FGP 9KPMGNP CEJV 2WPMVG 5XQTQPQU 2N :8+++ 6TCGIGT # 44 (NCWG 2T·IWPI UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 1DQN WO X %JT I &GT D·TVKIG /GGTGUIQVV )NCWMQU 6TKVQP T FKG .KPMG GTJQDGP KP FGT GTJQDGPGP 4GEJVGP &TGK\CEM #EJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP OKV <GPVTCNRWPMV 5XQTQPQU 2N :8+++ 6TCGIGT # 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 1DQN WO X %JT I &GT D·TVKIG /GGTGUIQVV )NCWMQU 6TKVQP T FKG .KPMG GTJQDGP KP FGT GTJQDGPGP 4GEJVGP &TGK\CEM #EJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP OKV <GPVTCNRWPMV 5XQTQPQU 2N :8+++ 6TCGIGT # 44 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 2GWU 0CEJH (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5EJWNVGP WPF %Q )OD* -ÌNP 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5EJYGK\GTKUEJGT $CPMXGTGKP $CUGN 0T
33
ITANOS
142
141
Õ 5VCVGT ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P +PEWUWO ITANIW =0? #FNGT UVGJV N -QRH T T UEJYKOOV MNGKPGT /GGTGUIQVV )NCWMQU 6TKVQP OKV &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP .G 4KFGT 2N 8+++ 5XQTQPQU 2N :+: 6TCGIGT % 4 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ &TCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P +PEWUWO ITANIWN #FNGT UVGJV N -QRH T 5XQTQPQU 2N :+: 6TCGIGT % 4 5EJÌP
1,5:1
143
1,5:1
Õ &TCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P +PEWUWO ITANIWN #FNGT UVGJV N -QRH T T UEJYKOOV MNGKPGT /GGTGUIQVV )NCWMQU 6TKVQP OKV &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP .G 4KFGT 2N + 5XQTQPQU 2N :+: 6TCGIGT % #VVTCMVKXGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
144
145
146
147
146 1,5:1
Õ &TCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P +PEWUWO ITANIWN #FNGT UVGJV N -QRH T T UEJYKOOV MNGKPGT /GGTGUIQVV )NCWMQU 6TKVQP OKV &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP .G 4KFGT 2N + 5XQTQPQU 2N :+: 6TCGIGT % 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ &TCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P +PEWUWO ITANIWN #FNGT UVGJV N -QRH T T UEJYKOOV MNGKPGT /GGTGUIQVV )NCWMQU 6TKVQP OKV &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP .G 4KFGT 2N + 5XQTQPQU 2N :+: 6TCGIGT % 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ &TCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO ITANIWN #FNGT UVGJV N -QRH T T UEJYKOOV MNGKPGT /GGTGUIQVV )NCWMQU 6TKVQP OKV &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP 5XQTQPQU 6TCGIGT % 44 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P +PEWUWO =+?TANIW =0? T KO (GNF #FNGT UVGJV N -QRH T 5XQTQPQU 2N :+: 6TCGIGT % )GRT·IV OKV TQUVKIGO #XGTUUVGORGN UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT .KUVG -WPUV WPF /ÒP\GP #) .WICPQ 0T
148
149
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P +PEWUWO ITANIW-N T KO (GNF #FNGT UVGJV N -QRH T 5XQTQPQU 2N :+: 6TCGIGT % 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P +PEWUWO ITANIWN N KO (GNF #FNGT UVGJV N -QRH T 5XQTQPQU 6TCGIGT 7PGFKGTVG 8CTKCPVG 44 5EJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T
34
ITANOS
150
151
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P +PEWUWO ITANIWN #FNGT UVGJV N -QRH T T UEJYKOOV MNGKPGT /GGTGUIQVV )NCWMQU 6TKVQP OKV &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP 5XQTQPQU 2N :+: 6TCGIGT % /KP MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P +PEWUWO ITANIWN #FNGT UVGJV N -QRH T T UEJYKOOV MNGKPGT /GGTGUIQVV )NCWMQU 6TKVQP OKV &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP 5XQTQPQU 2N :+: 6TCGIGT % /KP MQTTQFKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2KGTTG %CTNQ 8KCP #WMVKQP 2QKPFGUUCWNV 2CTKU 0T
152
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO ITANIWN #FNGT UVGJV N -QRH T T UEJYKOOV MNGKPGT /GGTGUIQVV )NCWMQU 6TKVQP OKV &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP 5XQTQ PQU 6TCGIGT % XCT 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ 0CEJH /ÒPEJGP 0T
153
154
155
156
Õ 1DQN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO #EJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP OKV <GPVTCNRWPMV 5XQTQPQU 2N :+: 6TCGIGT % (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 1DQN WO X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 0GWPUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP OKV <GP VTCNRWPMV 5XQTQPQU 6TCGIGT % 4 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
Õ 1DQN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO #EJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP OKV <GPVTCNRWPMV 5XQTQPQU 2N :+: 6TCGIGT % 5GJT UEJÌP
'TYQTDGP DGK .GW 0WOKUOCVKM <ÒTKEJ KO /CK
Õ 1DQN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO #EJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP OKV <GPVTCNRWPMV 5XQTQPQU 2N :+: 6TCGIGT % 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
157
157 1,5:1
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO ITANIWN #FNGT UVGJV N -QRH T T UEJYKOOV MNGKPGT /GGTGUIQVV )NCWMQU 6TKVQP OKV &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP 5XQTQPQU 6TCGIGT & 'KPGU XQP \YGK DGMCPPVGP 'ZGORNCTGP $TCWPG 2CVKPC GVYCU MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5EJWNVGP WPF %Q )OD* (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T
35
KNOSSOS -015515 'VYC -KNQOGVGT UÒFNKEJ XQP *GTCMNKQP NKGIGP FKG 4WKPGP XQP -PQUUQU -TGVCU \YGKHGNNQU ITÌVG WPF DGTÒJOVGUVG 5VCFV FGT #PVKMG *CWRVUVCFV FGU O[VJKUEJGP -ÌPKIU /KPQU WPF XQTJGTTUEJGPFG 5VCFV FGT +PUGN Y·JTGPF FGT ÒDGTYKGIGPFGP <GKV FGT MNCUUKUEJGP WPF JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP 'RQEJG -PQUUQU KUV GPI XGTDWPFGP OKV FGP O[VJKUEJGP 'T\·JNWPIGP XQP &CKFCNQU WPF +MCTQU 6JGUGWU WPF #TKCFPG /KPQU WPF 2CUKRJCG UQYKG FGO /KPQVCWTWU WPF FGO MTGVKUEJGP .CD[TKPVJ &KG \W $GIKPP FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU XQP #TVJWT 'XCPU CWUIGITCDGPG 2CNCUVCPNCIG XQP -PQUUQU FKG XQP GKPKIGP 9KUUGPUEJCHVNGTP OKV FGO MTGVK UEJGP .CD[TKPVJ INGKEJIGUGV\V YKTF IKNV CNU DGFGWVGPFUVG 5GJGPUYÒTFKIMGKV -TGVCU -PQUUQU \·JNVG \W FGP DGFGWVGPFUVGP /ÒP\UV·VVGP CWH -TGVC KP FGT /KVVG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU MWT\ PCEJ FGO 2T·IGDGIKPP KP )QTV[P WPF 2JCKUVQU OKV FGT #WUICDG XQP 5KNDGTPQOKPCNGP DGIQPPGP YWTFG 8QO $GIKPP FGT 2T·IGV·VKIMGKV DKU KP FKG 4ÌOGT\GKV UVGNNVG FKG #DDKNFWPI GKPGU .CD[TKPVJGU CWH FGP /ÒP\GP XQP -PQUUQU FCU *CWRVOQVKX FCT <WP·EJUV KP 8GTDKPFWPI OKV CPFGTGP &CTUVGNNWPIGP FGT MTGVKUEJGP /[VJQNQIKG OKV FGPGP FKG 5VCFV KJTG 8GTICPIGPJGKV RTQRCIKGTVG WPF \WNGV\V CWH )GRT·IGP OKV FGT &CT UVGNNWPI TÌOKUEJGT -CKUGT DGNGIVG FCU .CD[TKPVJ ÒDGT GKPGP <GKVTCWO XQP ,CJTJWPFGTVGP UGKPG JGTCWU TCIGPFG $GFGWVWPI HÒT FCU CPVKMG -PQUUQU 'VYC WO X %JT UGV\VG KP -PQUUQU CNU GTUVGT /ÒP\UV·VVG CWH -TGVC FKG 2T·IWPI XQP $TQP\GOÒP\GP GKP CWH FGPGP \WP·EJUV CWUUEJNKGNKEJ -ÌRHG XQP )ÌVVGTP YKG <GWU #RQNNQP QFGT #TVGOKU FCTIGUVGNNV YWTFGP #D X %JT HKPFGV UKEJ FCPP CWEJ CWH FGP $TQP\G OÒP\GP XQP -PQUUQU FKG &CTUVGNNWPI FGU .CD[TKPVJGU \WP·EJUV UYCUVKMCHÌTOKI MWT\ FCTCWH GDGPHCNNU CNU SWCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ CDIGDKNFGV
158
158 2:1
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I /KPQVCWTWU KO -PKGNCWHUEJGOC T #EJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP KP $NÒVGPHQTO KP &QRRGNECTTé FGUUGP <YKUEJGPTCWO OKV RCTCNNGN CPIGQTFPGVGP .KPKGP CWUIGHÒNNV KUV .G 4KFGT 2N ::8 5XQTQPQU 2N +8 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV WPF JKUVQTKUEJGT $GFGWVWPI 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $QWVKP #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI %JCPFQP FG $TKCKNNGU #WMVKQP $QWTIG[ 2CTKU 0T
160
159
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 9GKDNKEJGT -QRH #TKCFPG QFGT 2GTUGRJQPG N OKV 5EJKNHMTCP\ +P /·CPFGTMTGKU =-0?WSION /KPQU QFGT <GWU! UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT .G 4KFGT 2N 8+ 5XQTQPQU #FFGPFC 2N 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 9GKDNKEJGT -QRH &GOGVGT! T OKV JTGPMTCP\ .CD[TKPVJ CWU XKGT PCEJ T FTGJGPFGP /·CPFGTP KP FGT /KVVG HÒPH 2WPMVG .G 4KFGT XGTIN 2N 8++ 50) .QEMGVV FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 4 % .QEMGVV #WMVKQP )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP 0T
161
162
161
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 9GKDNKEJGT -QRH &GOGVGT! T OKV JTGPMTCP\ .CD[TKPVJ CWU XKGT PCEJ N FTGJGPFGP /·CPFGTP OKV <GPVTCNRWPMV $CDGNQP 6TCKVé 2N %%:.+: FKGU 'ZGO RNCT .G 4KFGT 2N 8++ 5XQTQPQU 2N 8 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #FQNRJ *GUU #) .W\GTP 0T
U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #TVGOKUMQRH T ,CEMUQP 5 + 2N .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+ 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
36
KNOSSOS
163
U X %JT I <GWUMQRH T *GTCMQRH QFGT #TVGOKU! T ,CEMUQP 5 8+++ 2N 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+ &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'TYQTDGP DGK FGT /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN
164 a
164 b
164 c
C U X %JT I KNW #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #TVGOKUMQRH T ,CEMUQP 5 2N 5XQTQPQU D U X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #TVGOKUMQRH T 5XQTQPQU H E U X %JT I <GWUMQRH T #TVGOKUMQRH T ,CEMUQP 5 8+ 5XQTQPQU 5VÒEM 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCTG C FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T D FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T E FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\ <GPVTWO -ÌNP 0T
165 a
165 b
165 c
C U X %JT I <GWUMQRH T *GTCMQRH QFGT #TVGOKU! T ,CEMUQP 5 8+++ 2N 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+ D U X %JT I 9KG XQT E U X %JT I 9KG XQT 5VÒEM (CUV UGJT UEJÌP WPF UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCTG C FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T D FGT 5COONWPI )WVMPGEJV #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T E &GT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
166
167
166
U X %JT I -QRH FGU #RQNNQ -CTPGKQU T - 0 W S $NKV\ \YKUEJGP \YGK CEJVUVTCJNK IGP 5VGTPGP OKV <GPVTCNRWPMV ,CEMUQP 5 2N .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+ 44 $TCWPG 2CVKPC IGTKPI GTJCNVGP UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GTPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I 9GKDNKEJGT -QRH T OKV 1JTTKPI WPF *CNUMGVVG N TWPFGT )GIGP UVGORGN 5EJKNF 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ FCTWPVGT BIR TGVTQITCF .G 4KFGT 2N 8++ 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+ )GIGPUVGORGN XGTIN 5VGHCPCMKU 6TCGIGT 44 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *CIGP 6TQPPKGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T
168
169
170
U WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGTMTCP\ .CD[TKPVJ CWU XKGT PCEJ T FTGJGPFGP /·CPFGTP KP FGP 9KPMGNP - 0 W S ,CEMUQP 5 :8 2N 5XQTQPQU 2N 8 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
U WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T ! #EJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP OKV <GPVTCNRWPMV \YKUEJGP FGP 5VTCJNGP 2WPMVG ,CEMUQP 5XQTQPQU 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T 9KT HÒJTGP FCU 5VÒEM JKGT WPVGT -PQUUQU CWH JCNVGP GU LGFQEJ HÒT GDGPUQ YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ FC GU UKEJ WO GKPG 2T· IWPI XQP -GQU JCPFGNV XGTIN \ $ 2CRCIGQTIKCFQW $CPKU 5 HH &C GKP 'VJPKMQP HGJNV DNGKDV FKG (TCIG QHHGP
U WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P .KPKGPSWCFTCV CEJUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP ,CEMUQP 5 :8+ 2N 5XQTQPQU H 44 &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\ <GPVTWO -ÌNP 0T
37
KNOSSOS
1,5:1
171
171
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I *GTCMQRH N OKV 1JTTKPI *CNUMGVVG WPF GKPGT OKV 2CNOGVVGP IG UEJOÒEMVGP 5VGRJCPG +P 2WPMVMTGKU 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ FCTÒDGT 2WPMV N # ÒDGT 5RGGTURKV\G T 2 ÒDGT $NKV\ WPVGP =KNWSIWN? .G 4KFGT XGTIN 2N 8++ 5XQTQPQU 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
173
172 172 1,5:1
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU 3WCFTCVK UEJGU .CD[TKPVJ N AGE T $NKV\ WPVGP KNW 5XQTQPQU 4 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU 3WCFTCVK UEJGU .CD[TKPVJ N # T 2 WPVGP KNW 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+ 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *CIGP 6TQPPKGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2KGTTG %CTNQ 8KCP #WMVKQP 2QKPFGUUCWNV 2CTKU .QV 0T
174 a
174 b
174 c
C U #PHCPI ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[ TKPVJ ,CEMUQP 5 :8+++ 2N 5XQTQPQU 2N 8++ D U WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ WPVGP KNW ,CEMUQP 5 2N .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+ E U WO X %JT I 9KG XQT .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5VÒEM 4 5EJÌP WPF DGUUGT 'ZGORNCTG D WPF E FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T D WPF C WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T WPF WPF C FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
175 176
177
U WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ WPVGP KNW ,CEMUQP 5 2N 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+ 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
U WO X %JT I <GWUMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ FCTÒDGT -QRH FGU #RQNNQ -CTPGKQU T \YKUEJGP - 0 N 0W WPVGP =IS? T Q ,CEMUQP 5 ::++ 2N 5XQTQPQU 2N 8++ 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
U WO X %JT I +P 5VTCJNGPMTCP\ 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH N UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT FCTWPVGT \YGK &GNRJKPG - 0 =W? SI WN 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ FCTÒDGT 5VGTP ,CEMUQP 5 ::+++ 2N .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N 8++ 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T $GK FKGUGP CWGTIGYÌJPNKEJGP $TQP\GOÒP\GP OKV FGT #DDKNFWPI FGT /ÒP\U[ODQNG XQP )QTV[P GKPGTUGKVU UQYKG -PQUUQU CPFGTGTUGKVU JCPFGNV GU UKEJ WO FGP 0CEJYGKU GKPGU $ÒPFPKUUGU \YKUEJGP FKGUGP DGKFGP O·EJVKIUVGP 2QNGKU -TGVCU FCU PCEJ X %JT GKPIGICPIGP YWTFG WO KO N[VVKUEJGP -TKGI FKG DKU \W FKGUGO <GKVRWPMV O·EJVKIUVG 5VCFV KO <GPVTWO -TGVCU .[VVQU \W \GTUVÌTGP
38
KNOSSOS
1,5:1
178
178
U WO X %JT I +P 5VTCJNGPMTCP\ 'WTQRC TGKVGV OKV YGJGPFGO 5EJNGKGT CWH N UVÒTOGPFGO 5VKGT FCTWPVGT &GNRJKP 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ FCTÒDGT 5VGTP WPVGP =-0? ,CEMUQP 5 ::8+++ 2N 5XQTQPQU 2N 8++ 4 &WPMNITÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
179
181 b
181 a 180
U WO X %JT I 5VGTP OKV CEJV ITQGP WPF CEJV MNGKPGP 5VTCJNGP WPF <GPVTCNRWPMV 3WC FTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ ,CEMUQP 5 ::8 2N 5XQTQPQU 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
U WO X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -0=W S + WN? 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ ,CEMUQP 5 :::+ 2N 5XQTQPQU 2N 8++ 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
C U WO X %JT I #EJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP OKV CEJV ITQGP WPF CEJV MNGKPGP 5VTCJNGP WPF <GPVTCNRWPMV +P 2WPMVMTGKU 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ ,CEMUQP 5 ::8 2N 5XQTQPQU D U WO X %JT I #EJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP OKV <GPVTCNRWPMV KP FGP 9KPMGNP 2WPMVG 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ ,CEMUQP 5 ::8+ 2N 5XQTQPQU 2N 8++ 5VÒEM 4 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCTG FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
182 a
182 c
182 b
182 d
C U WO X %JT I 5VGTP OKV CEJV ITQGP WPF CEJV MNGKPGP 5VTCJNGP WPF <GPVTCNRWPMV 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ ,CEMUQP 5 ::8 2N .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU D U WO X %JT I <GWUMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[ TKPVJ FCTÒDGT -QRH FGU #RQNNQ -CTPGKQU ,CEMUQP 5 ::++ 2. 5XQTQPQU HH E U WO X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ =-0?W =5? + WN 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ ,CEMUQP 5 :::+ 2N 5XQTQPQU 2N 8++ F U WO X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ ,CEMUQP 5 :::+ 2N 5XQTQPQU 2N 8++ 5VÒEM 4 5EJÌP 'ZGORNCTG C WPF F FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T WPF C FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
183
U 'PFG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ =KNW? S + WN 3WCFTCVK UEJGU .CD[TKPVJ ,CEMUQP 5 :::+++ 2N .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+ 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T E WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
39
KNOSSOS
185 a
184
185 b
U 'PFG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ KNW S + WN 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ ,CEMUQP 5 :::+++ 2N 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+ 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++
U C U 'PFG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[ TKPVJ ,CEMUQP 5 :::+++ 2N 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+ D U 'PFG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ 5XQTQPQU 2N 8++ 5VÒEM 4 5EJÌP 'ZGORNCTG FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
187
186
186 1,5:1
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ KO (GNF $GCOVGPPCOG POL XOS KNW S + WN 4WPFGU .CD[TKPVJ 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+ 44 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU -QRH FGU <GWU QFGT /KPQU T OKV &KCFGO KO (GNF 0 + - # KNW S + WN 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ 5XQTQPQU 44 -QTTQFKGTV UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'TYQTDGP DGK .GW 0WOKUOCVKM <ÒTKEJ KO (GDTWCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
190
188
189
Õ &TCEJOG WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU -QRH FGU <GWU QFGT /KPQU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ KNW S + WN 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ 5COONWPI *CIGP 6TQPPKGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T UQPUV WPGFKGTV 7PKMWO 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *CIGP 6TQPPKGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
U X %JT /CIKUVTCV /PGUKVJGQU I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ T -=0? W S=+? W 0 WPVGP # /0* S + QE 1 S #FNGT UVGJV T OKV IGÌHHPGVGP 5EJYKPIGP FCTWPVGT $ 42% 5XQTQPQU 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UEJÌP
U X %JT /CIKUVTCV /PGUKVJGQU I #TVGOKUMQRH T -ÌEJGT N 0 / * $ T =-? 0 WSI WN 42% 5XQTQPQU 8QP CNNGTITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9QJN 7PKMWO $TCWPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI , 2 4KIJGVVK #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T 'U JCPFGNV UKEJ GKPFGWVKI WO GKPG 2T·IWPI FGU /CIKUVTCVGP /PGUKVJGQU HÒT FGP FKG #DMÒT\WPI 0/* DGNGIV KUV
UKGJG 42% CWEJ GKP \WU·V\NKEJGU $ CNU $GK\GKEJGP KUV DGMCPPV UKGJG FCU XQTKIG 5VÒEM &GT XQTNKGIGPFG 6[R #TVGOKU -ÌEJGT YCT HÒT /PGUKVJGQU LGFQEJ DKUJGT PKEJV DGMCPPV
40
KNOSSOS
191
192
191 1,5:1
U X %JT /CIKUVTCV 6CWTKCFCU I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #TVGOKUMQRH T ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT 6 # ; 2+ # D # -ÌEJGT WPVGP # 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N 8++ 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
U X %JT /CIKUVTCV -[FCU I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ T $NKV\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU - ; D # S #FNGT UVGJV T OKV IGÌHHPGVGP 5EJYKPIGP 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N 8++ 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CWH FGO 4GXGTU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT .KUVG *CTNCP , $GTM %JKECIQ 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI )CODGTKPK
194 a
193
194 b
194 c
U X %JT /CIKUVTCV -[FCU I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ T $NKV\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU - ; D # S #FNGT UVGJV T OKV IGÌHHPGVGP 5EJYKPIGP 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N 8++ 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CWH FGO 4GXGTU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
C U X %JT /CIKUVTCV 6CWTKCFCU I #TVGOKUMQRH T ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT =6? # =;? 2+ # D =#? # -ÌEJGT .KPFITGP %QNN ++ C FKGU 'ZGORNCT 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N 8++ D U X %JT /CIKUVTCV -[FCU I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ - ; D # S #FNGT UVGJV T OKV IGÌHHPGVGP 5EJYKPIGP 42% 5XQTQPQU E U X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ KO (GNF TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN /QPQITCOO #FNGT UVGJV T OKV IGÌHHPGVGP 5EJYKPIGP <WO )GIGPUVGORGN XGTIN /GVGPKFKU H 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP )GTKPI GTJCNVGPpUGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCTG C FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T C D FGT 5COONWPI , 2 4KIJGVVK #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T
195
196
197
7PVGT TÌOKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV #WIWUVWU X P %JT U &WWOXKTK % 2GVTQPKWU WPF / #PVQ PKWU I % + 0 %0 -QRH T 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ QDGP =% 2'?6410+=15? N ': & & T ++8+4 WPVGP / #0610+1 42% 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
U &WWOXKTK 2QNNKQ WPF .CDGQ I & & 2TQTC T =21.?.+10' +6'4 =.#?$'10' ++8+4 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+++ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP +VCNQ 8GEEJK .QPFQP 0T
OKV )CKWU WPF .WEKWU %CGUCTGU U PCEJ X %JT I .GIGPFG XGTUEJNKHHGP -QRH FGU #W IWUVWU T %02= ? -ÌRHG FGU )CKWU WPF FGU .WEKWU %CGUCT GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT FC\YKUEJGP %. 42% 5XQTQPQU HH 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP .QV 0T
41
KNOSSOS
198
WPF 6KDGTKWU U &WWOXKTK / #GOKNKWU WPF .CDGQ I 6+ %#'= ?6'4 & & -QRH N = ?/+.+ 24= ? -QRH T 42% 5XQTQPQU 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
'TYQTDGP DGK FGT /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN
199 a
199 b
199 c
199 d
199 e
C #WIWUVWU X P %JT WPF 6KDGTKWU U &WWOXKTK .CDGQ WPF / #GOKNKWU I = ?#4' ++ 8+4= ? -QRH N = ?#'/+.+= ? -QRH N 42% 5XQTQPQU D %CNKIWNC U &WWOXKTK &QUUGPPWU WPF 2WNEJGT I .GIGPFG XGTUEJNKHHGP -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ = ?&15= ? -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 42% XGTIN 5XQTQPQU XGTIN E )CKWU %CNKIWNC WPF )GTOCPKEWU U &WWOXKTK 2WNEJGT WPF 8CTKWU ! I %=#'5#4? #8) )'4/= ? -QRH FGU %CNKIWNC T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .GIGPFG XGTUEJNKHHGP -QRH FGU )GTOCPKEWU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 42% XGTIN 5XQTQPQU XGTIN F %NCWFKWU HÒT &KXWU #WIWUVWU U &WWOXKTK %CRKVQ WPF %[VJGTWU I =&+885 #8)?85685 %#2+610' +6'4= ? -QRH FGU &KXWU #WIWUVWU N OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG = ?#8) %;6*'41 +6'4= ? 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI 42% 5XQTQPQU XGTIN G 0GTQ WPF 1EVCXKC U &WWOXKTK 8QNWOPKWU WPF .WRKPWU I .GIGPFG XGTUEJNKHHGP -QRH 0GTQU T N FTCRKGTV ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT <GRVGT = ?#8)856+ -ÌRHG FGT 1EVCXKC WPF FGU 0GTQ GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT ÒDGT FGO -QRH FGT 1EVCXKC *CNDOQPF ÒDGT FGO -QRH 0GTQU 5VGTP 42% XGTIN 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP 5EJÌP WPF DGUUGT 'ZGORNCTG C FGT 5COONWPI , 2 4KIJGVVK #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T D WPF E GTYQTDGP DGK FGT /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN F FGT #WMVKQP 8GEEJK .QPFQP 0T G FGT .KUVG ,CESWKGT 0T
201
200
202
HÒT 6KDGTKWU U &WWOXKTK 2QNNKQ WPF .CDGQ I 6+ %#'5#4 -QRH T = ?++ 8+4 3 +6'4 *KTUEJ UVGJV T 42% 5XQTQPQU XGTIN H 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP .QV 0T
)CKWU %CNKIWNC WPF )GTOCPKEWU U &WWOXKTK 2WNEJGT WPF 8CTKWU I % %#'5#4 #8) )'4/#0+%85 -QRH FGU %CNKIWNC T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ )'4 %#'5#4 27.%*41 +++ 8#4+1 ++8+4 -QRH FGU )GTOCPKEWU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+++ 4 &WPMGNDTCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
U &WWOXKTK 2WNEJGT WPF 8CTKWU I % %#'5#4 #8) )'4/#0+%85 -QRH FGU %CNKIWNC T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ )'4/ %#'5#4 27.%*41 +++ 8#4+1 ++8+4 -QRH FGU )GTOCPKEWU T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N 4 &WPMGNDTCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI &T #FQNRJ 9KNF #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI /C\\KPK $F 5 2N :::8
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\ <GPVTWO -ÌNP 0T
42
KNOSSOS
203
204
U &WWOXKTK 2WNEJGT WPF 8CTKWU I =%? %#'5#4 #8) )'4/#0+=%85? -QRH FGU %CNKIWNC T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ = ?'5#4 27.%*41 =+++ 8#4+1 ++8+4? -QRH FGU )GTOCPKEWU T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ 42% 5XQTQPQU HH 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
%NCWFKWU HÒT &KXWU #WIWUVWU U /CIKUVTCVG %[VJGTWU WPF %CRKVQ I &+885 #8)85685 %#2+610' +6'4 =++ 8+4? -QRH FGU &KXWU #WIWUVWU N OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG =8+%61?4+# #8) %;6*'41 +6'4 ++ =8+4? 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+++ $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T
205
206
205 1,5:1
U /CIKUVTCVG %[VJGTWU WPF %CRKVQ I = ? ++ 8+4 -QRH FGU &KXWU #WIWUVWU N OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 8+%614+= ? 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI 42% XGTIN 5XQTQPQU XCT )TÒPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T
U /CIKUVTCVG %[VJGTWU WPF %CRKVQ I &+885 =#8)85685 %;6*?'41 +6'4 ++ 8+4 -QRH FGU &KXWU #WIWUVWU N OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG =8+%6?14=+# #?8) %#2+610' +6'4 ++ 8+4 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI 42% 5XQTQPQU 4 )TÒPTQVG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
208 207
209
WPF /GUUCNKPC U XQT &WWOXKTK %[VJGTWU WPF %CRKVQ I 6+ %.#8&+85 %#'5# = ?'4/#0+%85 -QRH FGU %NCWFKWU N = ?0# %#2+610' %;6*= ? &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT /GUUCNKPC T 42% 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT .KUVG 2KPPGDGTIGT /ÒP\GPJCPFNWPI 0T
0GTQ U I % % 2HNWI & & 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+++ #WIWUVWU 44 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpHCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'ORQTKWO *CODWTI 0T
WPF 1EVCXKC U &WWOXKTK .WRKPWU WPF 8QNWOPKWU I = ?#'5 #8) +/2 .82+01= ? -QRH FGU 0GTQ T N FTCRKGTV ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT <GRVGT = ?#'5 #8) +/2 '6 1%6#= ? -ÌRHG FGT 1EVCXKC WPF FGU 0GTQ GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT ÒDGT FGO -QRH FGT 1EVCXKC *CNDOQPF ÒDGT FGO -QRH 0GTQU 5VGTP 42% 5XQTQPQU XGTIN )TÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
43
KYDONIA
210
211
212
U &WWOXKTK .WRKPWU WPF 8QNWOPKWU I = ?1.8/0+1 .82= ? -QRH FGU 0GTQ T N FTCRKGTV ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT <GRVGT 0'41 %.#8 %#'5 #8) +/2 '6 1%6#8+# #8)856+ -ÌRHG FGT 1EVCXKC WPF FGU 0GTQ GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT ÒDGT FGO -QRH FGT 1EVCXKC *CNDOQPF ÒDGT FGO -QRH 0GTQU 5VGTP 42% 5XQTQPQU $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )TÒP *GKFGNDGTI 0T
WPF &KXWU %NCWFKWU U &WWOXKTK .WRKPWU WPF 8QNWOPKWU I 0'41 %.#8 = ? #8) +/2 = ? -QRH FGU 0GTQ T N FTCRKGTV = ?/0+1 .82+01 ++ = ? -QRH FGU &KXWU %NCWFKWU T 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+++ $TCWPITÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
U &WWOXKTK .WRKPWU WPF 8QNWOPKWU I 0'41 %.#8 = ? #8) +/2 .82+01 = ? ++ 8+4 -QRH FGU 0GTQ T N FTCRKGTV = ?.8/0+1 .82+01 ++ 8+4 -QRH FGU &KXWU %NCWFKWU T 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N 8+++ &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI , 2 4KIJGVVK #WEVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T
-;&10+#
#P FGT 5VGNNG FGT JGWVG PCEJ *GTCMNKQP \YGKVITÌVGP 5VCFV -TGVCU %JCPKC NCI KP FGT #PVKMG -[FQPKC 5GKV FGO ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT ICNV -[FQPKC CNU DGFGWVGPFUVG 2QNKU 9GUVMTGVCU UGKV FKGUGT <GKV XGTHQNIVGP FKG -[FQPKCVGP GKPG OKV .CPFPQV DGITÒPFGVG 'TQDGTWPIU WPF 'ZRCPUKQPURQNKVKM FKG CNNGTFKPIU MGKPGP DNGKDGPFGP 'THQNI JCVVG #WEJ WPVGT FGT TÌOKUEJGP WPF D[\CPVKPKUEJGP *GTTUEJCHV DNKGD -[FQPKC FKG YKEJVKIUVG 5VCFV 9GUVMTGVCU /KV FGT $GITÒPFWPI -[FQPKC UGK UGKV X %JT GKPG -QNQPKG IKPCU IGYGUGP YKTF FKG #WHHCUUWPI XGTVTGVGP -[FQPKC UGK FKG /ÒP\UV·VVG FGT GTUVGP CWH -TGVC IGRT·IVGP /ÒP\GP IGYGUGP FKG CNU RUGWFQ ·IKP·KUEJ DGMCPPV UKPF WPF CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG FKG /GGTGUUEJKNFMTÌVG
%CTGVVC %CTGVVC UQYKG CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG FCU ·IKP·KUEJG SWCFTCVWO KPEWUWO IGVTGPPV KP HÒPH 6GKNG FWTEJ FTGK UKEJ UEJPGKFGPFG .KPKGP DKNFGP 5GKV $GIKPP FGT JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP <GKVGRQEJG RT·IVG -[FQPKC /ÒP\GP OKV GKPGT GKIGPGP VTCFKVKQPGNNGP &CTUVGNNWPI FGU IGUEJOÒEMVGP -QRHGU FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC CNU 8QTFGT UGKVGPV[R UQYKG FGO O[VJKUEJGP 0COGPUIGDGT WPF *GTQU FGT 2QNKU -[FQP CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG -[FQPKC \·JNV \W FGP YGPKIGP 2QNGKU -TGVCU FKG CWEJ \W $GIKPP FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU PQEJ 5KNDGT OÒP\GP IGRT·IV JCDGP &KG UGKV FGO XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTV GTHQNIVG TGKEJG 2TQFWMVKQP CP $TQP \GOÒP\GP YWTFG KP -[FQPKC CWEJ Y·JTGPF FGT *GTTUEJCHV FGT 4ÌOGT ÒDGT FKG +PUGN HQTVIGUGV\V
213
214
215
216
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG WO X %JT I .CPFUEJKNFMTÌVG (ÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO KP GKPGO (GNF /QPFUKEJGN 4QDKPUQP 2UGWFQCGIKPGVKEC 2N +: 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG WO X %JT I .CPFUEJKNFMTÌVG (ÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO KP GKPGO (GNF /QPFUKEJGN 4QDKPUQP 2UGWFQCGIKPGVKEC 2N +: /KP MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG WO X %JT I .CPFUEJKNFMTÌVG (ÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 4QDKPUQP 2UGWFQCGIKPGVKEC 2N +: 5GJT UEJÌP
'TYQTDGP DGK .GW 0WOKUOCVKM <ÒTKEJ KO /CK
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG WO X %JT I .CPFUEJKNFMTÌVG (ÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO KP FGP WPVG TGP (GNFGT # F 4QDKPUQP 2UGWFQCGIKPGVKEC 2N : 4ÒEMUGKVG OKP MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $QWVKP #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
44
KYDONIA
217
218 218 1,5:1
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU ,ÒPINKPIUMQRH T WPVGT FGO -KPP 2WPMV *WPF UVGJV T .KPFITGP %QNN ++ C FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N +: 4 &WPMNG 2CVKPC NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T FQTV WPVGT 5KEKNKC 5GIGUVC +OKVCVKQP ! %CNEKCVK + &KG WPUKEJGTG <WYGKUWPI \W -[FQPKC GTHQNIVG FWTEJ *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I /·PCFGPMQRH T OKV 1JTTKPI WPF 4GDGPMTCP\ KUDWN &GT PCEMVG *GTQU -[FQP UVGJV N CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG WPF URCPPV UGKPGP $QIGP FCXQT UVGJV ,CIFJWPF T OKV GTJQ DGPGO NKPMGP 8QTFGTDGKP WPF DNKEMV \W KJO CWH KO (GNF N 5RGGTURKV\G 5XQTQPQU 2N +: 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T FGT #WMVKQP 2GWU 0CEJH (TCPM HWTV CO /CKP 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP %GTGUKQ .WICPQ 0T
219
220 219 1,5:1
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC T OKV 1JTTKPI *CNUMGVVG WPF 4GDGP MTCP\ =-?UDW=0? &GT PCEMVG *GTQU -[FQP UVGJV N CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG WPF URCPPV UGKPGP $QIGP .G 4KFGT 2N +: 5XQTQPQU 2N +: 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UQPUV IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC N KUDWN &GT PCEMVG *GTQU -[ FQP UVGJV N CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG WPF URCPPV UGKPGP $QIGP .G 4KFGT 2N : 5XQTQPQU 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T
223 221
222
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC T OKV 1JTTKPI *CNUMGVVG WPF 4GDGP MTCP\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU KUDWNI TGVTQITCF &GT PCEMVG *GTQU -[FQP UVGJV N CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG WPF URCPPV UGKPGP $QIGP #WMVKQP 0WOKUOCVKE (KPG #TVU 0T FKGU 'ZGORNCT UQPUV WPG FKGTV 8QP CNNGTITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5WDCGTCV MN 1DGTHN·EJGPUEJ·FGP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC N KUDON &GT PCEMVG *GTQU -[FQP UVGJV N CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG WPF URCPPV UGKPGP $QIGP .G 4KFGT XGTIN 2N + 5XQTQPQU 2N +: 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC N KUDON &GT PCEMVG *GTQU -[FQP UVGJV N CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG WPF URCPPV UGKPGP $QIGP .G 4KFGT XGTIN 2N + 5XQTQPQU 2N +: 5EJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
45
KYDONIA
224
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC N OKV 'HGWMTCP\ KUDWN &GT PCEMVG *GTQU -[FQP UVGJV N CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG WPF URCPPV UGKPGP $QIGP FCXQT UVGJV ,CIF JWPF T OKV GTJQDGPGO NKPMGP 8QTFGTDGKP WPF DNKEMV \W KJO CWH KO (GNF N (CEMGN 5XQTQPQU 2N +: 44 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI +OJQQH $NWOGT #WMVKQP #FQNRJ *GUU (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T
225
226
227
228
229
Õ 1DQN WO X %JT I &GOGVGTMQRH T OKV JTGPMTCP\ -; DW #ORJQTG CP LGFGO *GP MGN 9GKPTGDG 5XQTQPQU 2N +: 4 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT .KUVG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
U X %JT I ,ÒPINKPIUMQRH T -=UD? W *WPF UKV\V T .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N +: &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
U X %JT I ,ÒPINKPIUMQRH T -UD W *WPF UKV\V T 5XQTQPQU 2N +: &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
U X %JT I ,ÒPINKPIUMQRH N OKV &KCFGO -; =DW? *WPF UKV\V T 5XQTQPQU 2N +: )TÒPG 2CVKPC 4GXGTU NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
U X %JT I (TCWGPMQRH T OKV 5VGRJCPG -; DW *WPF UKV\V T 5XQTQPQU 2N +: 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T C WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI /CWTKEG .CHHCKNNG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI .QTF )TCPVNG[
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T D
230 a
230 b
230 c
230 d
230 e
C U X %JT I ,ÒPINKPIUMQRH T KUD W *WPF UKV\V T 5XQTQPQU 2N +: D U X %JT I ,ÒPINKPIUMQRH T -; DW *WPF UKV\V T 5XQTQPQU 2N +: E U X %JT I 9KG XQT F U X %JT I 9KG XQT G U X %JT I ,ÒPINKPIUMQRH N -; DW *WPF UKV\V T .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N +: 5VÒEM 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCTG C WPF D FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T E FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM .QV 0T F WPF G FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T WPF G FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
46
KYDONIA
232
233
231 232 1,5:1
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC N OKV 'HGWMTCP\ *ÒPFKP UVGJV N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF WPF U·WIV GKPGP -PCDGP KO #DUEJPKVV KUDWN 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 44 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $QWVKP #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
Õ 6TKJGOKQDQN X %JT I 2CPMQRH N OKV *QTP -; *WPF UKV\V T CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N +: 4 ªDGTRT·IWPIUURWTGP UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
Õ 6TKJGOKQDQN X %JT I 2CPMQRH N OKV *QTP -; *WPF UKV\V T CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N +: 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'TYQTDGP DGK .GW 0WOKUOCVKM <ÒTKEJ KO /CK
234
235
236
237 a
237 b
237 c
Õ &KQDQN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 'TJCDGPGU HÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU 3WCFTCV 5GCIGT %C 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &KQDQN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 0[ORJGPMQRH N 'TJCDGPGU HÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU 3WCFTCV 5GCIGT * 4 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ 0CEJH /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ &KQDQN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 0[ORJGPMQRH N 'TJCDGPGU HÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU 3WCFTCV 5GCIGT + 4 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) 0T
C Õ &KQDQN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 0[ORJGPMQRH N 'TJCDGPGU HÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU 3WCFTCV 5GCIGT & D Õ &KQDQN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 0[ORJGPMQRH N 'TJCDGPGU HÒPHHCEJ IGVGKN VGU 3WCFTCV 5GCIGT ( E Õ &KQDQN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 0[ORJGPMQRH N 'TJCDGPGU HÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU 3WCFTCV 5GCIGT * 5VÒEM 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP WPF DGUUGT
238
239 a
239 b
240
U X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGTMTCP\ -; DW *CNDOQPF 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N : )TÒPG 2CVKPC #XGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI .QTF )TCPVNG[
C U X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGTMTCP\ -; DW *CNDOQPF .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N : D U X %JT I 9KG XQT LGFQEJ .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5VÒEM 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCTG FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T WPF
U X %JT I 'WNG UVGJV T N # T + - ; DW 5VGTP ÒDGT *CNDOQPF 5XQTQPQU 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5EJWNVGP WPF %Q )OD* -ÌNP 1MVQDGT 0T
47
LAPPA
241 a
241 c
241 b
C U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU 'WNG UVGJV T N # T + ! =- ;? DW 5VGTP ÒDGT *CND OQPF 5XQTQPQU D U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU 'WNG UVGJV T N # $WEJUVCDG T PKEJV GTMGPPDCT =- ;? DW 5VGTP ÒDGT *CNDOQPF 5XQTQPQU HH E U X %JT I 'WNG UVGJV T 5VGTP ÒDGT *CNDOQPF .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU HH 5VÒEM (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCTG C FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI .QTF )TCPVNG[ D FGT .KUVG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF 0T E FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T E WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
242
244
243
245
7PVGT TÌOKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV 6KDGTKWU U I -#+ %#2 -QRH T KUDWN +# = ? &GT -PCDG /KNGVQU YKTF XQP GKPGT T UVGJGPFGP *ÒPFKP IGU·WIV 42% XCT 5XQTQPQU XCT 44 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP UEJÌP
U I -#+%#2 -QRH N =-;?DWNI= ?0 &GT -PCDG /KNGVQU YKTF XQP GKPGT N UVGJGPFGP *ÒP FKP IGU·WIV 42% 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT .KUVG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
&QOKVKCPWU U 0GQM[FQU 6JCTUC I -#+%#2 D 1/+6+#0=1%? -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ EPI 0'1 =-? ; DOU QA 5GEJUU·WNKIGT 6GORGN 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N : 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC IGUVQRHVGU .QEJ UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
6TCKCPWU U #NGZCPFTQU #TKUVCTEJQU I -#+%#2 = ?0 1% -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ EPI = ?+%6#4:1; 5GEJUU·WNKIGT 6GORGN 5XQTQPQU XIN 4 &WPMGNDTCWPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP +VCNQ 8GEEJK .QPFQP 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT .KUVG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF 0T
.#22# 0CJG FGT )TGP\G \YKUEJGP FGP 0QOQK 4GVJ[OPQ WPF %JCPKC DGK FGO 1TV #TIKTQWRQNK DGHKPFGP UKEJ FKG 4WKPGP FGT CPVKMGP 2QNKU .CRRC 'KPG GTUVG $NÒVG\GKV GTNGDVG .CRRC KP JGNNGPKUVKUEJGT <GKV KP FGT FCU )GDKGV FGU 5VCFVUVCCVGU DKU \WO .KD[UEJGP /GGT TGKEJVG 8QP .CRRC KUV DGMCPPV FC GU IWVG $G\KGJWP IGP \W 2VQNGOCKQU ++ WPVGTJKGNV WPF DGKO %JTGOQPKFGKUEJGP -TKGI CWH FGT 5GKVG 5RCTVCU WPF I[RVGPU UVCPF #WH -TGVC UGNDUV YGEJUGNVGP FKG $ÒPFPKURCTVPGT KP MWT\GP \GKVNKEJGP #DUV·PFGP #NU EKXKVCU NKDGTC GTNGDVG .CRRC KP FGT TÌOKUEJGP -CKUGT\GKV GKPG $NÒVG XQP FGT \CJNTGKEJG $CWVGP \GWIGP &KG /ÒP\RT· IGV·VKIMGKV DGICPP KP .CRRC GTUV \W $GIKPP FGT JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP <GKVGRQEJG +P .CRRC GTHQNIVG MGKPG #WU RT·IWPI XQP 5VCVGTGP UQPFGTP NGFKINKEJ XQP &TCEJOGP WPF MNGKPGTGP 0QOKPCNGP FKG /KVVG FGU XQT EJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU FWTEJ $TQP\GOÒP\GP GTUGV\V YWTFGP *CWRVOQVKX FGT /ÒP\DKNFPKUUG XQP .CRRC KUV GKP 5VKGTMQRH OKV GKPGO PCEJ QDGP WPF GKPGO PCEJ WPVGP IGTKEJVGVGP *QTP YCU CNU 5[ODQNK UKGTWPI FGU /QPFGU OKV FGT \WPGJOGPFGP WPF CDPGJOGPFGP 5KEJGN WPF FGT #PPCJOG IGFGWVGV YKTF FC KO 5VKGT UGKV HTÒJUVGP <GKVGP FGT /QPF CPIGDGVGV YWTFG +O XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTV RT·IVG .CRRC PQEJOCNU 5KNDGTOÒP\GP OKV FGT &CTUVGNNWPI FGU #RQNNQP CWU
246
U PCEJ X %JT I 5VKGTMQRH X X FCU NKPMG *QTP PCEJ QDGP FCU TGEJVG *QTP PCEJ WPVGP ,WIGPFNKEJGT (TCWGPMQRH #TVGOKU! T 5XQTQPQU 2N :+: 44 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
48
LATO
248
247
249
U PCEJ X %JT I 5VKGTMQRH X X L FCTWPVGT # MQRHUVGJGPF .KPFITGP %QNN ++
FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N :+: 44 4CPFCWUDTWEJ UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
U PCEJ X %JT I 5VKGTMQRH X X FCU NKPMG *QTP PCEJ QDGP FCU TGEJVG *QTP PCEJ WPVGP +P XGTVKGHVGO 4WPF L 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N :+: 44 5EJÌP
U PCEJ X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #TVGOKUMQRH T ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT -ÌEJGT L # &TGKHW 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N :: 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
251
252
250
U PCEJ X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ LAPP #+ WN .[TC 5XQTQPQU 2N :: 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI .QTF )TCPVNG[
U PCEJ X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ L # .[TC 5XQTQPQU 2N :: 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T
Õ &TCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #RQNNQ UVGJV T CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG OKV .[TC WPF 2NGMVTQP N LAPPAI WPVGP KOS T SULW 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ::++ 4 5EJÌP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5EJWNVGP WPF %Q )OD* -ÌNP 0T
.#61 +O 0QTFQUVGP -TGVCU NCI -KNQOGVGT PQTFYGUVNKEJ XQP -TKVUC FKG CPVKMG 2QNKU .CVQ FKG KO CWUIGJGPFGP ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT XQP FGP &QTGTP IGITÒPFGV YWTFG WPF KP FGT (QNIG\GKV \W FGP DGFGWVGPFUVGP 5VCFVUVCCVGP CWH -TGVC IGJÌTVG +O XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTV YCT .CVQ /KVINKGF KO MTGVKUEJGP 5V·F VGDWPF UEJNQ 8GTVT·IG OKV )QTV[P *KGTCR[VPC WPF 'NGWVJGTPC IGJÌTVG 'PFG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU \W FGP 8GTDÒPFGVGP /CMGFQPKGPU WPVGT IQTV[PKUEJGT (ÒJTWPI IKPI WO X %JT GKP $ÒPFPKU OKV #VVCNQU GKP WPF \·JNVG X %JT \W FGP CNU Krhtaieij DG\GKEJPGVGP 5V·FVGP FKG FGP $ÒPFPKUXGTVTCI OKV 'WOGPGU ++ CDUEJNQUUGP &KG /ÒP\RT·IWPI KUV KP .CVQ KO 7OHCPI UGJT DGITGP\V WPF UGV\VG CPIGUKEJVU FGT $GFGWVWPI XQP .CVQ GTUVCWPNKEJGTYGKUG GTUV WO X %JT GKP #DIGUGJGP XQP \YGK DKUJGT NGFKINKEJ KP LG GKPGO 'ZGORNCT DGMCPPVGP 5KNDGTOÒP\GP YWTFGP KP .CVQ CWUUEJNKGNKEJ $TQP\GOÒP\GP IGRT·IV
253
254
253 1,5:1
255
254 1,5:1
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT #TVGOKU N OKV 5VGRJCPG +P 2WPMVMTGKU =L?ATIWN *GTOGU IGJV T OKV -GT[MGKQP 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N :: 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT #TVGOKU N OKV 5VGRJCPG +P +PEWUWO L # &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU *GTOGU N OKV 2GVCUQU ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT -GT[MGKQP 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N :: 4 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT #TVGOKU N OKV 5VGRJCPG +P +PEWUWO L # &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU *GTOGU N OKV 2GVCUQU 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N :: 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI /CWTKEG .CHHCKNNG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP *GUU .W\GTP 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
49
LYTTOS
256 a
256 c
256 b
C U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT #TVGOKU N ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT -ÌEJGT LATIWN *GTOGU IGJV T OKV -GT[MGKQP 5XQTQPQU D U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT #TVGOKU N OKV 5VGRJCPG +P +PEWUWO L # &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU *GTOGU N OKV 2GVCUQU 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N :: E )CKWU %CNKIWNC WPF )GTOC PKEWU U I -QRH FGU %CNKIWNC N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -QRH FGU )GTOCPKEWU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 42% 5VÒEM 4 \WO 6GKN 44 5EJÌP WPF DGUUGT
'ZGORNCTG GTYQTDGP DGK C 2GICUK 0WOKUOCVKEU #PP #TDQT D /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN E #PEKGPV +ORQTVU $TGKVURTGEJGT )TCPF /CTCKU
.+515
#P FGT #IKQU -[TMQU $WEJV FGT 5ÒFYGUVMÒUVG -TGVCU NCI GVYC -KNQOGVGT YGUVNKEJ XQP 5QWIKC FKG 5VCFV .KUQU #NU *CHGPUVCFV XQP 'N[TQU WPF *[TVCMKPC DGYCJTVG .KUQU UGKPG 5GNDUVUV·PFKIMGKV WPF GTNCPIVG UGKPG ITÌVG $GFGWVWPI XQP FGT JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP DKU KP FKG HTÒJD[\CPVKPKUEJG <GKV $GTÒJOV YWTFG FKG 2QNKU XQT CNNGO CWHITWPF KJTGU #UMNGRKGKQPU GKPGU FGO )QVV FGT T\VG #UMNGRKQU WPF FGT *[IKGKC IG YGKJVGP 6GORGNU CWU FGO ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT &CPGDGP DGHCPF UKEJ GKPG *GKNSWGNNG FKG .KUQU \W GKPGO XKGNDGUWEJVGP 9CNNHCJTVUQTV PKEJV PWT FGT -TGVGT UQPFGTP CNNGT )TKGEJGP OCEJVG 1DYQJN .KUQU GKPG YQJNJCDGPFG 2QNKU YCT DNKGD FKG /ÒP\RT·IWPI FQTV UGJT DGITGP\V 0GDGP HTÒJGP )QNFPQOKPCNGP CWU FGT <GKV 'PFG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU UQYKG )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPIGP OKV *[TVCMKPC GTHQNIVG NGFKINKEJ FKG #WUICDG GKPKIGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP
257
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #TVGOKUMQRH T &GNRJKP T 5XQTQPQU HH 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
.;6615 &CU CPVKMG .[VVQU YCT GKPGT FGT O·EJVKIUVGP 5VCFVUVCCVGP -TGVCU WPF URKGNVG XQP FGT CTEJCKUEJGP DKU KP FKG TÌOKUEJG <GKVGRQEJG GKPG DGFGWVGPFG 4QNNG KP FGT MTGVKUEJGP )GUEJKEJVG &CU *GTTUEJCHVUIGDKGV XQP .[VVQU PCJO FGP ITÌVGP 6GKN XQO 1UVGP <GPVTCNMTGVCU GKP WPF TGKEJVG XQP %JGTUQPGUQU CP FGT 0QTFMÒ UVG ÒDGT FKG .CPFUEJCHVUT·WOG FGT 2GFKCFC WPF .CUKVJK *QEJGDGPG DKU \WO &KMVKIGDKTIG KO 5ÒFQUVGP +P CPVKMGP 5EJTKHVSWGNNGP YKTF .[VVQU J·WHKI GTY·JPV *QOGT HÒJTV GU KO 5EJKHHUMCVCNQI CWH WPF DGTKEJVGV XQO 9CIGPNGPMGT -QKTCPQU CWU FGO YQJPNKEJGP .[MVQU FGT XQT 6TQLC HÒT 'FQOGPGQU UGKP .GDGP NKG #WH -TGVC UGNDUV UEJNQ .[VVQU OKV YGEJUGNPFGP $ÒPFPKURCTVPGTP 8GTVT·IG CD FKG FGT MQPUGSWGPVGP 'ZRCPUKQPURQNKVKM FKGPVGP +P FGT /KVVG FGT *·NHVG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU MCO GU OKV FGO N[VVKUEJGP -TKGI \W GKPGO FGT DGFGWVGPFUVGP 'TGKIPKUUG FGT JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP <GKVGRQEJG CWH -TGVC &KG UQPUV OKVGKPCPFGT XGTHGKPFGVGP O·EJVKIUVGP 5VCFVUVCCVGP -PQUUQU WPF )QTV[P JCVVGP UKEJ OKV FGO <KGN XGTDÒPFGV .[VVQU \W WPVGTYGTHGP &GT -TKGI HÒJTVG \WT XÌNNKIGP <GTUVÌTWPI XQP .[VVQU &KG ÒDGTNGDGP FGP .[VVKGT HCPFGP <WHNWEJV KP .CRRC WPF GTJKGNVGP *KNHG XQP 5V·FVGP 9GUVMTGVCU UQ FC GU KJPGP UEJPGNN IGNCPI KJTG 5VCFV YKGFGT CWH\WDCWGP WPF PGWG /CEJV \W IGYKPPGP .[VVQU IGJÌTVG \W FGP GTUVGP 2QNGKU FKG GKIGPG /ÒP\GP CWH -TGVC RT·IVGP &KG /ÒP\OQVKXG DNKGDGP ÒDGT ,CJTJWPFGTVG INGKEJ FCTIGUVGNNV YWTFG GKP #FNGT CWH FGT GKPGP UQYKG FCU 8QTFGTVGKN GKPGU 'DGTU CWH FGT CPFGTGP 5GKVG 5GKV FGO XQT EJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTV \GKIGP FKG INGKEJGP /ÒP\OQVKXG CWH FGP $TQP\GP FKG GPIG 8GTDKPFWPI XQP .[VVQU \W %JGTUQPGUQU OKV FGT #DDKNFWPI FGT 2TQTC GTI·P\V WO FKG #PHCPIUDWEJUVCDGP FGT 5V·FVG .[VVQU $GFGWVWPI Y·JTGPF FGT 4ÌOGTJGTTUEJCHV ÒDGT FKG +PUGN -TGVC FQMWOGPVKGTV FCU 4GEJV \WT GKIG PGP /ÒP\RT·IWPI WPVGT %CNKIWNC WPF )GTOCPKEWU
258
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I #FNGT HNKGIV N +P +PEWUWO 2WPMVSWCFTCV FCTKP L866510
TGVTQITCF 'DGTMQRH N $CDGNQP 6TCKVé 2N %%:.8+++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 50) .QEMGVV FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+ #XGTU FKGUGU 5VÒEMGU CDIGDKNFGV 44 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T FGT 5COONWPI 4 % .QEMGVV #WMVKQP )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP 0T FGT 5COONWPI 2Q\\K #WMVKQP #TU %NCUUKEC )GPH 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI 2 .CODTQU
50
LYTTOS
259
260
261
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I #FNGT HNKGIV N +P +PEWUWO 2WPMVSWCFTCV FCTKP L866+ 'DGT MQRH N 5XQTQPQU XCT 4CPFCWUDTWEJ FGPPQEJ CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TCPMHWTVGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I #FNGT HNKGIV N +P +PEWUWO 2WPMVSWCFTCV FCTKP L86 6+10
TGVTQITCF 'DGTMQRH T 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+ 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT .KUVG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I #FNGT HNKGIV N N TGEJVGEMKIGT )GIGPUVGORGN -GT[MGKQP +P +PEWUWO 2WPMVSWCFTCV FCTKP L866=+? 10 'DGTMQRH T .G 4KFGT 2N :::++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU )GIGPUVGORGN XGTIN 5VGHCPCMKU 6TCGIGT 44 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 2GWU 0CEJH (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T
264 263
262
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I #FNGT HNKGIV N +P +PEWUWO 2WPMVSWCFTCV FCTKP L866+1 0 'DGTMQRH T .G 4KFGT 2N + 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+ 4 'VYCU MQTTQFKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I #FNGT HNKGIV N +P +PEWUWO 2WPMVSWCFTCV FCTKP L86+ 10
TGVTQITCF 'DGTMQRH T 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+ 4 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
'ZGORNCT FGT /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T WPF FGT .KUVG 4 /[GTU 0GY ;QTM 0T
Õ 1DQN X %JT I #FNGT HNKGIV N +P XGTVKGHVGO 3WCFTCV 'DGTMQRH N 5XQTQPQU 4 5EJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI #RQUVQNQ <GPQ #WMVKQP &QTQVJGWO 9KGP 0T
266
265
265
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I #FNGT HNKGIV T KP FGP (·PIGP $GWVG +P NGKEJVGO +PEWUWO 68 2WPMVSWCFTCV FCTKP 'DGTMQRH T 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 4 5GJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
U X %JT I #FNGT HNKGIV N .;6 TIWN 'DGTMQRH T 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+ 4 )TÒPDTCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
51
LYTTOS
267 b
267 a
267 f
267 e
267 d
267 c
C U X %JT I #FNGT HNKGIV N LUT TIWN 'DGTMQRH T 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+ D U X %JT I #FNGT HNKGIV T =LUT? TIWN 'DGTMQRH N 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+ E U X %JT I 9KG XQT .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT F U X %JT I 9KG XQT G U X %JT I #FNGT UVGJV T +P 2WPMVMTGKU 'DGTMQRH T 5XQTQPQU HH H U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU LU #FNGT HNKGIV T V 'DGTMQRH T 5XQTQPQU 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP WPF UGJT UGNVGP 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCTG C FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T D GTYQTDGP DGK FGT /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN E FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKN NGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T F FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T G WPF H FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
269
268 269 1,5:1
U X %JT I #FNGT HNKGIV T .;6 TIWN 'DGTMQRH N 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+ 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI /CWTKEG .CHHCKNNG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
U X %JT I #FNGT HNKGIV T .;6 TIWN 'DGTMQRH N 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+ 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
270
271
272
U X %JT I .GIGPFG XGTUEJNKHHGP #FNGT UVGJV T FCXQT /QPQITCOO 'DGTMQRH T WPVGP .GIGPFGPTGUVG ! 5XQTQPQU XGTIN HH 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5EJWNVGP WPF %Q )OD* -ÌNP 1MVQDGT 0T
U X %JT I = ? + W0 TGVTQITCF #FNGT UVGJV T = ?WN 'DGTMQRH T 5XQTQPQU XCT 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
U X %JT I #FNGT UVGJV T FCXQT /QPQITCOO 'DGTMQRH T WPVGP LU .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
273 a
273 b
273 c
273 d
273 e
C U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCXQT /QPQITCOO +P 2WPMVMTGKU LUTTI WN #FNGT UVGJV T FCXQT 'DGTMQRH WPVGP /QPQITCOO 5XQTQPQU 2N ::++ D U X %JT I 9KG XQT .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT E U X %JT I 9KG XQT F U X %JT I 9KG XQT G U X %JT I 9KG XQT 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCTG C FGT #WMVKQP +VCNQ 8GEEJK .QPFQP 0T D DKU G FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T WPF D FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
52
LYTTOS
275
274
U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU LUTTI WN #FNGT UVGJV T T 'DGTMQRH T FCTWPVGT /' TGVTQITCF 5XQTQPQU )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU LUTTI WN #FNGT UVGJV T T 'DGTMQRH T FCTWPVGT /' TGVTQITCF 5XQTQPQU &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
276
278
277
U X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ LUT #FNGT UVGJV T 5XQTQPQU 2N ::++ 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC NGKEJV DCTDCTKUKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ LUT #FNGT UVGJV T 5XQTQPQU 2N ::++ 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #FNGT UVGJV T +P 2WPMVMTGKU .KPKGPSWCFTCV FCTKP 'DGTMQRH T .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N ::++ 4 5EJYCT\G 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T C WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
279
280
281
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU LU 6 #FNGT UVGJV T +P 2WPMVMTGKU .KPKGPSWCFTCV FCTKP 'DGTMQRH T 5XQTQPQU XCT 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'ORQTKWO *CODWTI 0T
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU LU 6 #FNGT UVGJV T +P 2WPMVMTGKU .KPKGPSWCFTCV FCTKP 'DGTMQRH T .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU XCT 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T D WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #FNGT UVGJV T FCXQT L +P 2WPMVMTGKU .KPKGPSWC FTCV FCTKP 'DGTMQRH T 5XQTQPQU 2N ::++ #XGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
282
283
284
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 'DGTMQRH T +P 2WPMVMTGKU LU 6 #FNGT UVGJV T 5XQTQPQU 2N ::++ 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI /CWTKEG .CHHCKNNG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 'DGTMQRH T +P 2WPMVMTGKU LU 6 #FNGT UVGJV T 5XQTQPQU 2N ::++ 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\ <GPVTWO -ÌNP 0T
U 'PFG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV *GNO LUT 2TQTC T .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N ::++ 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T F WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
53
OLOUS
285
U 'PFG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV *GNO LUT 2TQTC T 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N ::++ 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC TCWJGT 5VKN UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T E
286 b
286 a
286 c
286 d
286 e
C U 'PFG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV *GNO LUT 2TQTC T 5XQTQPQU 2N ::++ D U 'PFG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 9KG XQT E U 'PFG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 9KG XQT F U 'PFG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 9KG XQT G U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 9KG XQT 5VÒEM 4 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCTG C FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T D DKU F GTYQTDGP DGK FGT /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN G FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKN NGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
287
287 1,5:1
7PVGT TÌOKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV )CKWU %CNKIWNC WPF )GTOCPKEWU U I GAION KAISARA GERMANIKON SEBASTON -QRH FGU %CNKIWNC T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ GERMANIKON KA=ISARA EPI AU?GOU /QPQITCOO -QRH FGU )GTOCPKEWU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ KO (GNF N LUT 42% 5XQTQPQU XGTIN H 44 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
1.175
1NQWU FGUUGP 0COG KO JGWVKIGP 1TV 'NQWPVC YGKVGTNGDV YCT OKV UGKPGP DGKFGP 0CVWTJ·HGP GKP DGFGW VGPFGT QUVMTGVKUEJGT 5VCFVUVCCV #P FGT 9GUVMÒUVG FGU )QNHGU XQP /KTCDGNNQ GVYC -KNQOGVGT PÌTFNKEJ XQP #IKQU 0KMQNCQU NCI 1NQWU CP FGT .CPFGPIG FKG FCU (GUVNCPF OKV FGT *CNDKPUGN -QNQM[VJC XGTDKPFGV CP FGTGP 'PFG UKEJ FKG MNGKPG +PUGN OKV FGO -CUVGNN 5RKPCNQPIC CPUEJNKGV &GT ÒDGTYKGIGPFG 6GKN FGU CPVKMGP 5VCFVIGDKGVGU XQP 1NQWU NKGIV JGWVG WPVGT FGT /GGTGUQDGTHN·EJG \WO GKPGP YGIGP FGU CNNIGOGKP CPIGUVKGIGPGP 9CUUGTUVCPFGU \WO ÒDGTYKGIGPFGP 6GKN LGFQEJ YGIGP FGT 5GPMWPI 1UVMTGVCU DGK INGKEJ \GKVKIGT #PJGDWPI 9GUVMTGVCU 8QP FGP &QTGTP IGITÒPFGV UVKGI 1NQWU KP JGNNGPKUVKUEJGT <GKV \W GKPGT YQJNJCDGPFGP *CPFGNUUVCFV CWH &KG /ÒP\RT·IWPI KUV KP 1NQWU KO 7OHCPI UGJT DGITGP\V 7O X %JT GTHQNIVG FKG #WURT·IWPI GKPGU 5VCVGTU WPF GKPKIGT 6GKNUVÒEMG KP UR·VGTGT <GKV RT·IVG 1NQWU PQEJ GKPKIG $TQP\GOÒP\GP FKG OKV FGT #DDKNFWPI XQP &GNRJKPGP CWEJ FCU OCTKVKOG 'NGOGPV FGT 5VCFV DGVQ PGP
288
2:1
2:1
U PCEJ X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #TVGOKUMQRH T +P +PEWUWO L QDGP 1 0 WPVGP 1 ÒDGT &GNRJKP 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ::++ 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
54
PHAISTOS 2*#+5615 +O <GPVTWO FGT /GUCTC 'DGPG NCI FCU \YGKVITÌVG OKPQKUEJG <GPVTWO -TGVCU 2JCKUVQU FGUUGP #WUITC DWPIUIGN·PFG UKEJ JGWVG CNU GKPG FGT DGGKPFTWEMGPFUVGP CPVKMGP 5V·VVGP FGT +PUGN FCTUVGNNV )TÒPFGT FGT 5VCFV UQNN FGT 5QJP FGU *GTCMNGU 2JCKUVQU IGYGUGP UGKP +O MNCUUKUEJGP #NVGTVWO YCT 2JCKUVQU GKP DGFGWVGPFGT 5VCFVUVCCV FGUUGP 5GNDUV·PFKIMGKV LGFQEJ UV·PFKI XQP FGO CWHUVTGDGPFGP )QTV[P DGFTQJV YWTFG &KG NGV\VG 'TY·JPWPI XQP 2JCKUVQU CNU CWVQPQOGT 5VCFVUVCCV GTHQNIVG KP FGO 8GTVTCI OKV 'WOG PGU ++ KO ,CJTG X %JT WPOKVVGNDCT FCPCEJ YWTFG 2JCKUVQU XQP )QTV[P GTQDGTV WPF \GTUVÌTV )G OGKPUCO OKV )QTV[P IGJÌTVG 2JCKUVQU \W FGP HTÒJGUVGP /ÒP\RT·IGUV·VVGP CWH -TGVC FKG /KVVG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU OKV FGT #WURT·IWPI XQP 5VCVGTGP DGICPP &KG UKEJ \GKVNKEJ CPUEJNKGGPFGP 2T·IWPIGP XQP 2JCKUVQU IGJÌTGP \W FGP CPURTWEJUXQNNUVGP /ÒP\GP FGU CPVKMGP -TGVC $GJGTTUEJV YGTFGP FKG /ÒP\GP XQP FGT &CTUVGNNWPI FGU FQTKUEJGP *GNFGP *GTCMNGU FGT DGK FGT 'TDTKPIWPI UGKPGT *GNFGP VCVGP YKG FGO -CORH OKV FGT *[FTC XQP .GTPC QFGT FGO &KGDUVCJN FGT RHGN FGT *GURGTKFGP CDIGDKNFGV KUV %JCTCMVGTKUVKUEJ HÒT 2JCKUVQU KUV CWEJ FKG 8QTFGTUGKVGPFCTUVGNNWPI FGU 6JCNQU GKPGU IGHNÒIGNVGP DTQP\GPGP 4KGUGP FGT CNU 9·EJVGT -TGVCU FKG +PUGN WONKGH WPF OKV 5VGKPYÒTHGP FKG (TGOFGP XGTVTKGD FKG XGTUWEJVGP UKEJ FGT MTGVKUEJGP -ÒUVG \W P·JGTP
289
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V CWH N ICNQRRKGTGPFGO 5VKGT +P +PEWUWO .ÌYGP OCUMG X X .G 4KFGT XGTIN 2N :: 5XQTQPQU )QTV[PC 2N :++ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG 2CVKPC OKP MQTTQFKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 7$5 <ÒTKEJ 0T
290
292
291
291
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I %#5/6=51? TGVTQITCF <GWU KP 5VKGTIGUVCNV T VTKVV CP FKG CWH GKPGO (GNUGP UKV\GPFG OKV GKPGO FÒPPGP )GYCPF DGMNGKFGVG 'WTQRC JGTCP FKG FKG 4GEJVG KO 4GFGIG UVWU GTJQDGP WPF FKG .KPMG KP FGP 5EJQ IGNGIV JCV *GTOGU OKV 2GVCUQU WPF -GT[MGKQP UKV\V N CWH (GNUGP WPF UVÒV\V FKG .KPMG CWH FGO (GNUGP CD WOJGT $ÒUEJG .G 4KFGT 2N :: 5XQTQPQU 2N ::++ 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I &GT IGHNÒIGNVG 4KGUG 6CNQU UVGJV KP JGTQKUEJGT 0CEMVJGKV KP GKPGO #WUHCNNUEJTKVV X X WPF GTJGDV FKG 4GEJVG OKV GKPGO 5VGKP \WO 9WTH \W UGKPGP (ÒGP GKP *WPF 5VKGT RTQVQOG T .G 4KFGT 2N ::+ 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+++ 44 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT .KUVG (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
'TYQTDGP DGK .GW 0WOKUOCVKM <ÒTKEJ KO /CK
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I ,WIGPFNKEJGT *GTCMNGUMQRH T FAISTIO <YGK 1EJUGP UVGJGP PGDGPGKPCPFGT T .G 4KFGT 2N +8 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+++ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *CIGP 6TQPPKGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T FGT 5COO NWPI $QWVKP #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T FGT #WMVKQP *GUU .GW .W\GTP 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP *GUU .GW .W\GTP 0T
293
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I *GTCMNGU UVGJV KP JGTQKUEJGT 0CEMVJGKV T OKV -GWNG WPF $QIGP N .ÌYGPHGNN T )GTUVGPMQTP = ?#+/6= ? TGVTQITCF 5VKGT UVGJV N OKV IGHGUUGNVGP $GKPGP WPF GTJQDG PGO NKPMGP 8QTFGTJWH .G 4KFGT 2N ::+ 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N ::+++ 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T
55
PHAISTOS
294
295
296
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I *GTCMNGU UVGJV KP JGTQKUEJGT 0CEMVJGKV X X OKV -GWNG $QIGP WPF .ÌYGPHGNN N FGT &TCEJG .CFQP T #RHGNDCWO FGT *GURGTKFGP +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5VKGT UVGJV N OKV IGHGUUGNVGP $GKPGP .G 4KFGT 2N ::+ 5XQTQPQU 2N -PCRRGT 5EJTÌVNKPI 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I *GTCMNGU UVGJV KP JGTQKUEJGT 0CEMVJGKV X X OKV -GWNG $QIGP WPF .ÌYGPHGNN N FGT &TCEJG .CFQP T #RHGNDCWO FGT *GURGTKFGP +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5VKGT UVGJV T OKV IGHGUUGNVGP $GKPGP .G 4KFGT 2N +8 FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+++ 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I *GTCMNGU UVGJV KP JGTQKUEJGT 0CEMVJGKV T OKV -GWNG WPF $QIGP N .ÌYGPHGNN T ITQGT .QTDGGT\YGKI FCTÒDGT FGT &TCEJG .CFQP +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5VKGT UVGJV N .G 4KFGT 2N +++ 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+++ 4GXGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP -WTRH·N\KUEJG /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /CPPJGKO 0T
297
298
298
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I ,WIGPFNKEJGT *GTCMNGUMQRH T +P TWPFGO +PEWUWO 5VKGT MQRH X X .G 4KFGT 2N ::++ 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+++ (GNFGT GVYCU DGCTDGKVGV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI )CTVJ 5 &TGYT[ #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU FAISTION ,WIGPFNKEJGT *GTCMNGU UKV\V N CWH FGO CWH HGNUKIGO $QFGP CWUIGNGIVGP .ÌYGPHGNN WPF J·NV OKV FGT .KPMGP FKG -GWNG CP UGKP TGEJVGU $GKP IG NGJPV FCXQT J·PIGP $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT CP GKPGO $CWO T GKPG ITQG #ORJQTG +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5VKGT UVÌV T .G 4KFGT 2N ::++ 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+8 44 'VYCU *QTPUKNDGT )TCHHKVK CWH FGO 4GXGTU UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T
299
300
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I *GTCMNGU UVGJV KP JGTQKUEJGT 0CEMVJGKV T KP #WUHCNNUVGNNWPI KO -CORH IGIGP FKG *[FTC XQP .GTPC GT UGV\V FGP NKPMGP (W CWH KJTGP 5EJYCP\ UEJYKPIV OKV FGT 4GEJ VGP FKG -GWNG WPF UEJÒV\V UGKPGP NKPMGP #TO OKV FGO .ÌYGPHGNN FAISTION 5VKGT IGJV T .G 4KFGT 2N ::+++ 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+8 4 -N -TCV\GT FGPPQEJ CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I *GTCMNGU UVGJV KP JGTQKUEJGT 0CEMVJGKV N KP #WUHCNNUVGNNWPI KO -CORH IGIGP FKG *[FTC XQP .GTPC GT UGV\V FGP NKPMGP (W CWH KJTGP 5EJYCP\ UEJYKPIV OKV FGT 4GEJ VGP FKG -GWNG WPF UEJÒV\V UGKPGP NKPMGP #TO OKV FGO .ÌYGPHGNN WPVGP -TGDU =FAISTION? 5VKGT IGJV T .G 4KFGT 2N +8 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+8 4 'VYCU MQTTQFKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .*5 <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP *GUU .GW .W\GTP 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI )CTVJ 4 &TGYT[
56
PHALASARNA
301
1,5:1
301
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I *GTCMNGU UVGJV PWT OKV FGO .ÌYGPHGNN DGMNGKFGV T KP #WUHCNN UVGNNWPI KO -CORH IGIGP FKG *[FTC XQP .GTPC GT UGV\V FGP NKPMGP (W CWH KJTGP 5EJYCP\ UEJYKPIV OKV FGT 4GEJVGP FKG -GWNG WPF WPF RCEMV FCU 7PIGJGWGT OKV FGT .KPMGP CO *CNU 5VKGT UVGJV N .G 4KFGT 2N ::+++ 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+8 FKGU 'ZGORNCT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV #XGTU NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *CIGP 6TQPPKGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI #RQUVQNQ <GPQ #WMVKQP &QTQVJGWO 9KGP 0T
302
303
304
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU FAI S ,WIGPFNKEJGT *GTCMNGUMQRH N +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5VKGTMQRH X X .G 4KFGT 2N ::+8 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+8 4 5GJT UEJÌP
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I &GT IGHNÒIGNVG 4KGUG 6CNQU UVGJV KP JGTQKUEJGT 0CEMVJGKV KP GKPGO #WUHCNNUEJTKVV T WPF GTJGDV FKG 4GEJVG OKV GKPGO 5VGKP \WO 9WTH KP FGT .KPMGP J·NV GT GDGPHCNNU GKPGP 5VGKP FAI% TIWN *WPF UVGJV T CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG OKV IGUGPMVGO -QRH 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+8 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I &GT IGHNÒIGNVG 4KGUG 6CNQU UVGJV KP JGTQKUEJGT 0CEMVJGKV KP GKPGO #WUHCNNUEJTKVV T WPF GTJGDV FKG 4GEJVG OKV GKPGO 5VGKP \WO 9WTH KP FGT .KPMGP J·NV GT GDGPHCNNU GKPGP 5VGKP FAI% TIWN *WPF UVGJV T CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG OKV IGUGPMVGO -QRH 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+8 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ 0CEJH /ÒPEJGP 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T &GT 5COONWPI /CWTKEG .CHHCKNNG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP $C TCPQYUM[ 4QO 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\ <GPVTWO -ÌNP 0T
2*#.#5#40# +O ·WGTUVGP 9GUVGP -TGVCU DGHKPFGV UKEJ GKPG FGT DGFGWVGPFUVGP CPVKMGP #WUITCDWPIUUV·VVGP FGT +PUGN FKG DGK FGP UGKV U[UVGOCVKUEJ FWTEJIGHÒJTVGP #WUITCDWPIGP FKG ªDGTTGUVG FGU CPVKMGP 2JCNCUCTPC CPU .KEJV IGDTCEJV JCDGP 2JCNCUCTPC JCVVG /KVVG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU UGKPG 7PCDJ·PIKI MGKV XQP FGT FGP ·WGTUVGP 9GUVGP -TGVCU DGJGTTUEJGPFGP 5VCFV 2QN[TTJGPKC GTNCPIV WPF KP FGP HQNIGPFGP ,CJT\GJPVGP CNU GKPG FGT ·NVGUVGP WPF DGFGWVGPFUVGP *CHGPUV·FVG -TGVCU UGKPG $NÒVG\GKV OKV *CPFGNUDG\KG JWPIGP GTTGKEJV FKG XQP FGT PÌTFNKEJGP I·KU DKU \WO YGUVNKEJGP /KVVGNOGGT TGKEJVGP *GWVG DGHKPFGP UKEJ FKG ªDGTTGUVG FGU *CHGPU XQP 2JCNCUCTPC DWEJUV·DNKEJ CWH FGO 6TQEMGPGP FC FWTEJ GKPG VGMVQPK UEJG .CPFJGDWPI FGT 9GUVMÒUVG -TGVCU KO ,CJTG P %JT FGT *CHGP VTQEMGP IGHCNNGP KUV WPF PWP /GVGT ÒDGT FGO /GGTGUURKGIGN JGTXQTTCIV <GTUVÌTV YWTFG 2JCNCUCTPC DGTGKVU KO ,CJTG X %JT DGK FGO (GNF\WI FGT 4ÌOGT WPVGT FGT (ÒJTWPI XQP /GVGNNWU \WT #WUTQVVWPI FGT 2KTCVGTKG KO /KVVGNOGGT WPF 'TQDGTWPI FGT +PUGN -TGVC 2JCNCUCTPC \·JNV \W FGP 5V·FVGP KP FGPGP FKG /ÒP\RT·IGV·VKIMGKV GTUV IGIGP 'PFG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU DGICPP &CTIGUVGNNV KUV FKG KO 0QTFYGUVGP -TGVCU XGTGJTVG )ÌVVKP #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC UQYKG GKP &TGK\CEM CNU OCTKVKOGU 5[ODQN FGT 2QNKU $GK FGP 2T·IWPIGP XQP 2JCNCUCTPC JCPFGNV GU UKEJ HCUV CWUUEJNKGNKEJ WO ªDGTRT·IWPIGP WPVGT 0WV\WPI M[TGPCGKUEJGP 5KNDGTIGN FGU D\Y FGT 6TKQDQNG XQP #TIQU XIN JKGT\W 6TCGIGT 00$ HH
305
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC T &TGK\CEM PCEJ WPVGP IGTKEJVGV \YKUEJGP FGP <CEMGP F # 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 7PTGIGNO·KIGT 5EJTÌVNKPI UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 7$5 <ÒTKEJ 0T
57
PHALASARNA
306
306 1,5:1
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC T OKV 1JTTKPI FCU *CCT XQP GKPGO $CPF IGJCNVGP WPF \W -QT[ODQU IGYWPFGP &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP IGTKEJVGV )TKHH OKV 4CPMGP XGT\KGTV \YKUEJGP FGP <CEMGP F # .G 4KFGT 2N :::++ 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC #XGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T
307
309
308
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC T OKV 1JTTKPI +P 2WPMVMTGKU &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP IGTKEJVGV )TKHH OKV 4CPMGP XGT\KGTV \YKUEJGP FGP <CEMGP F # .G 4KFGT 2N ::+: FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8 4 ªDGTRT·IWPIUURWTGP UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T FGT #WMVKQP #TU %NCUUKEC )GPH 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI 5KT *GTOCPP 9GDGT 0T
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC T OKV 1JTTKPI +P 2WPMVMTGKU &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP IGTKEJVGV )TKHH OKV 4CPMGP XGT\KGTV \YKUEJGP FGP <CEMGP F # .G 4KFGT 2N ::+: HH 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8 4 8QTFGTUGKVG NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC T OKV 1JTTKPI +P 2WPMVMTGKU &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP IGTKEJVGV )TKHH OKV 4CPMGP XGT\KGTV \YKUEJGP FGP <CEMGP F # .G 4KFGT 2N ::+: HH 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8 4 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T ªDGTRT·IV CWH GKPGT &KFTCEJOG XQP -[TGPG
310
311
1,5:1
312
1,5:1
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC T OKV 1JTTKPI +P 2WPMVMTGKU &TGK\CEM PCEJ WPVGP IGTKEJVGV )TKHH OKV 4CPMGP XGT\KGTV \YKUEJGP FGP <CEMGP F # .G 4KFGT 2N ::+: FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG 6ÌPWPI TCWJGT 5VKN UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5EJYGK\GTKUEJGT $CPMXGTGKP $CUGN 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP *GNDKPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC T OKV 1JTTKPI +P 2WPMVMTGKU &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP IGTKEJVGV )TKHH OKV 4CPMGP XGT\KGTV \YKUEJGP FGP <CEMGP F # .G 4KFGT 2N ::+: 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8 ªDGTRT·IWPI CWH GKPGP 6GVTQDQN XQP #TIQU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ 0CEJH /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC T OKV 1JTTKPI +P 2WPMVMTGKU &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP IGTKEJVGV )TKHH OKV 4CPMGP XGT\KGTV \YKUEJGP FGP <CEMGP F # .G 4KFGT 2N ::+: HH 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8 ªDGTRT·IWPI CWH GKPGP 6GVTQDQN XQP #TIQU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ 0CEJH /ÒPEJGP 0T
58
POLYRRHENIA
313 b
313 a
C Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC T OKV 1JTTKPI +P 2WPMV MTGKU &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP IGTKEJVGV )TKHH OKV 4CPMGP XGT\KGTV \YKUEJGP FGP <CEMGP F # .G 4KFGT 2N ::+: 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8 D Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I 9KG XQT .G 4KFGT 2N 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌP WPF HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
315
314
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I F &GNRJKP T 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I F &GNRJKP N .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC 4GXGTU GVYCU FG\GPVTKGTV UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
21.;44*'0+# 'VYC -KNQOGVGT UÒFNKEJ XQP -CUVGNK -KUUCOQU NKGIGP CWH GKPGO JQJGP *ÒIGN FKG 4WKPGP FGT GKPUV O·EJVKIUVGP 2QNKU KO ·WGTUVGP 9GUVGP -TGVCU 2QN[TTJGPKC FGT ·NVGUVGP 5KGFNWPI FGT &QTGT CWH -TGVC 5GKPG $NÒVG\GKV FWTEJNGDVG 2QN[TTJGPKC Y·JTGPF FGT MNCUUKUEJGP WPF JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP 'RQEJG CWU FGT \CJNTGKEJG $ÒPFPKUXGTVT·IG 2QN[TTJGPKCU OKV FGP XGTUEJKGFGPUVGP 2QNGKU FGT ITKGEJKUEJGP 9GNV DGMCPPV UKPF +O )GIGPUCV\ \W FGP CPFGTGP YGUVMTGVKUEJGP 5V·FVGP \GKIVG UKEJ 2QN[TTJGPKC IGIGPÒDGT FGP 4Ì OGTP PKEJV HGKPFNKEJ GKPIGUVGNNV WPF YWTFG FCJGT DGK FGT 'TQDGTWPI FGT +PUGN KO ,CJT X %JT HTGWPF NKEJ DGJCPFGNV &KG /ÒP\RT·IGV·VKIMGKV KP 2QN[TTJGPKC UGV\VG KP FGT *·NHVG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJT JWPFGTVU GKP YQDGK XQTJGTTUEJGPFGU /QVKX FGT /ÒP\FCTUVGNNWPIGP GKP 5VKGTMQRH KUV 0CEJFGO $TQP\G OÒP\GP UGKV FGT /KVVG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU 5KNDGTRT·IWPIGP CDIGNÌUV JCVVGP \·JNV 2Q N[TTJGPKC \W FGP YGPKIGP MTGVKUEJGP 5V·FVGP FKG KO XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTV FKG 2T·IWPI XQP 5KNDGTOÒP\GP YKGFGT CWHPGJOGP MQPPVGP 9·JTGPF FGT *GTTUEJCHV FGT 4ÌOGT ÒDGT FKG +PUGN -TGVC GTJKGNV 2QN[TTJGPKC WPVGT #WIWUVWU WPF %CNKIWNC FCU 4GEJV GKIGPG /ÒP\GP CWU\WRT·IGP
316
316
1,5:1
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCU *CCT KO 0CEMGP NCPI JGTCDHCN NGPF KO (GNF T TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN 5VKGTMQRH X X OKV 6CGPKGP IGUEJOÒEMV POL URHN +10 5VKGTMQRH X X OKV 6CGPKGP IGUEJOÒEMV T -GT[MGKQP .G 4KFGT 2N : 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8 )GIGPUVGORGN XGTIN 5VGHCPCMKU 6TCGIGT 4 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
317
318
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I POL URHN IWN 5VKGTMQRH X X OKV 6CGPKGP IGUEJOÒEMV POLU RHNI 5RGGTURKV\G 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ 5GJT UEJÌP
'TYQTDGP DGK *KTUEJ /ÒPEJGP
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I POL UR TGVTQITCF *0 IWN 5VKGTMQRH X X OKV 6CGPKGP IGUEJOÒEMV POLU RHNI 5RGGTURKV\G 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
59
POLYRRHENIA
319
320
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC N OKV 1JTTKPI *CNUMGVVG WPF *CCTPGV\ +P XGTVKGHVGO 4WPF 2WPMVMTGKU FCTKP 5VKGTMQRH X X OKV 6CGPKGP IGUEJOÒEMV .G 4KFGT 2N ::+: 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ (GKPG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 5VKGTMQRH X X $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT ÒDGT -TGW\ QDGP P .KPFITGP %QNN ++ C FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 44 )TÒPDTCWPG 2CVKPC DTGKVGT 5EJTÌVNKPI UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4CWEJ 9KGP 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T +PEGTVK WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T C
321
322
323
U X %JT I *GTCMQRH T OKV 5VGRJCPG +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5VKGTMQRH X X OKV 6CGPKGP IGUEJOÒEMV 5XQTQPQU XGTIN FQTV *GTCMQRH N 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
U X %JT I 5VKGTMQRH X X POL URH 5RGGTURKV\G 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ 4 5EJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI .QTF )TCPVNG[
U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU 5VKGTMQRH X X P 1 L ; 5RGGTURKV\G .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T C WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
324
326
325
327
U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU 4WPFUEJKNF P 1 5RGGTURKV\G 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\ <GPVTWO -ÌNP 0T
U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU 4WPFUEJKNF FCTCWH $WMTCPKQP P 1 L ; 5RGGTURKV\G .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T D WPF FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU 4WPFUEJKNF FCTCWH $WMTCPKQP P 1 L ; 5RGGTURKV\G 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ 4 5EJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
U X %JT I 4WPFUEJKNF PO= ? 5RGGTURKV\G 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM 0T
328 a
328 b
328 c
328 d
328 e
C U X %JT I 5VKGTMQRH X X OKV 6CGPKGP IGUEJOÒEMV LOP URH 5RGGTURKV\G 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ D U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU 4WPFUEJKNF P 1 5RGGT URKV\G 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ E U X %JT I 9KG XQT F U X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU 4WPFUEJKNF FCTCWH $WMTCPKQP P 1 L ; 5RGGTURKV\G 2N ::8+ G U X %JT I 9KG XQT 5VÒEM 4 5EJÌPpHCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCTG C WPF D FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN .QV 0T E G FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
60
POLYRRHENIA
329
331
330
U WO X %JT I $QKQVKUEJGT 5EJKNF PO L=;? 2 * <KGIGPMQRH T N 5RGGTURKV\G 5XQTQ PQU 2N ::8 44 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC 4GXGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM .QV 0T &KGUG WPF FKG HQNIGPFG $TQP\G UKPF FCU 'TIGDPKU GKPGT PWOKUOCVKUEJGP 8GTDKPFWPI 2QN[TJGPKQPU OKV FGO -QKPQP FGT 1TGKQK UKGJG JKGT\W 6TCGIGT 00$ 5 HH
U WO X %JT I $QKQVKUEJGT 5EJKNF <KGIGPMQRH T N 5RGGTURKV\G 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8 44 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
Õ &KQDQN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC HCUV X X OKV 5VGRJCPG WPF *CNUMGVVG ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT POLUR * NIW 0 #RQNNQ UVGJV N OKV CWUIGUVTGEMVGT 4GEJVGP WPF $QIGP DGMNGKFGV OKV %JNCO[U 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM .QV 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $QWVKP #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
332 a
332 b
C Õ &KQDQN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC HCUV X X OKV 5VGRJCPG WPF *CNUMGVVG ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT POLUR * NIW 0 #RQNNQ UVGJV N OKV CWUIGUVTGEMVGT 4GEJVGP WPF $QIGP DGMNGKFGV OKV %JNCO[U 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ D Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I 5VKGTMQRH X X OKV 6CGPKGP IGUEJOÒEMV POLU RHNI 5RGGTURKV\G 5XQTQPQU H 5VÒEM 4 5EJÌP
'ZGORNCTG C FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T D FGT 5COONWPI #RQUVQNQ <GPQ #WMVKQP &QTQVJGWO 9KGP 0T
333
1,5:1
335
334
1,5:1
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T P 1 L ; .[TC 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T .[TC 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
U *·NHVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO P 1 L ; 'WNG UVGJV T 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
'TYQTDGP DGK (QTWO #PEKGPV %QKPU
336
336 1,5:1
7PVGT TÌOKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV )CKWU %CNKIWNC WPF )GTOCPKEWU U /CIKUVTCV #WIWTKPWU I = ?GERMANIKON SEBASTON -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ = ?EINW POL -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+ 44 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI , 2 4KIJGVVK #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP -TGUU /ÒPEJGP 0T
61
PRAISOS 24#+515 7PIGH·JT INGKEJYGKV XQP FGT 0QTF WPF 5ÒFMÒUVG GPVHGTPV NCI CWH FGP FTGK *ÒIGNP GKPGT MNGKPGP *QEJ GDGPG 1UVMTGVCU FKG *CWRVUVCFV FGT 'VGQMTGVGT FGT YCJTJCHVKIGP -TGVGT 2TCKUQU &KG *GTTUEJCHV XQP 2TCKUQU FGJPVG UKEJ KP FGT ICP\GP JGWVKIGP 2TQXKP\ XQP 5KVKC CWU OKV #WUPCJOG FGU )GDKGVGU XQP +VCPQU CP FGT PQTFÌUVNKEJGP WPF ÌUVNKEJGP -ÒUVG &KG )GUEJKEJVG XQP 2TCKUQU KP FGT JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP <GKVGRQEJG KUV XQP \CJNTGKEJGP )TGP\UVTGKVKIMGKVGP OKV FGP DGPCEJDCTVGP 2QNGKU +VCPQU WPF *KGTCR[VPC IGRT·IV &GT 'ZRCPUKQPURQNKVKM XQP *KGTCR[VPC HKGN 2TCKUQU X %JT \WO 1RHGT FKG 2QNKU YWTFG XQNNUV·PFKI \GT UVÌTV &KG /ÒP\RT·IGV·VKIMGKV DGICPP KP 2TCKUQU /KVVG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU WPF DKNFGVG CWH FGP 5VCVGTGP PGDGP FGO OKV GKPGO #FNGT VJTQPGPFGP <GWU \WP·EJUV GKPGP 5VKGT UR·VGT FCU 8QTFGTVGKN GKPGU MTGVKUEJGP <KGIGPDQEMGU CD 0CEJFGO KO 3WCTVCN FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU $TQP\G 5KNDGT CNU /ÒP\OCVGTKCN GTUGV\V JCVVG \·JNVG 2TCKUQU \W FGP YGPKIGP MTGVKUEJGP 2QNGKU FKG \W $GIKPP FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU FKG 2T·IWPI XQP 5KNDGTOÒP\GP GTPGWV CWHPGJOGP MQPPVGP
338
337
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I <GWU &KMVCKQU UKV\V N CWH &KRJTQU CWH FGT 4GEJVGP #FNGT KP FGT .KPMGP <GRVGT FKG *ÒHVGP XQP *KOCVKQP DGFGEMV PRA=+? *GTCMNGU UVGJV T KP FGT CWUIGUVTGEMVGP .KPMGP $QIGP KP FGT GTJQDGPGP 4GEJVGP -GWNG N -ÌEJGT .G 4KFGT 2N 8+++ 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8++ 44 -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK ªDGTRT·IWPIUURWTGP UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP -WTRH·N\KUEJG /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /CPPJGKO 0T <GWU &KMVCKQU JCV UGKPGP $GK PCOGP XQO &KMVG GKPGO $GTI KO 1UVGP -TGVCU
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I <GWU &KMVCKQU UKV\V N CWH &KRJTQU CWH FGT 4GEJVGP #FNGT KP FGT .KPMGP <GRVGT FKG *ÒHVGP XQP *KOCVKQP DGFGEMV P2 TGVTQITCF 5VKGT UVÌV T CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG .G 4KFGT 2N 8+++ 5XQTQPQU XCT 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 2GWU 0CEJH (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T
340
339
339
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I <GWU &KMVCKQU UKV\V N CWH &KRJTQU CWH FGT 4GEJVGP #FNGT KP FGT .KPMGP <GRVGT FKG *ÒHVGP XQP *KOCVKQP DGFGEMV PR 5VKGT UVÌV T CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG .G 4KFGT 2N 8+++ XCT 5XQTQPQU XCT 44 -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP 0WOKUOCVKE (KPG #TVU $GXGTN[ *KNNU 0T
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGT &GOGVGT QFGT 2GTUGRJQPG T OKV JTGPMTCP\ +P XGTVKGHVGO 4WPF 5VKGTMQRH X X 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8++ 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI )CTVJ 4 &TGYT[ #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T
341
342
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I <GWU &KMVCKQU UKV\V N CWH &KRJTQU CWH FGT 4GEJVGP #FNGT KP FGT .KPMGP <GRVGT FKG *ÒHVGP XQP *KOCVKQP DGFGEMV +P 2WPMVMTGKU 2TQVQOG GKPGU MTGVKUEJGP <KGIGPDQE MGU N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF .G 4KFGT 2N :::+++ 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8++ 5EJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I <GWU &KMVCKQU UKV\V N CWH &KRJTQU CWH FGT 4GEJVGP #FNGT KP FGT .KPMGP <GRVGT FKG *ÒHVGP XQP *KOCVKQP DGFGEMV +P 2WPMVMTGKU 2TQVQOG GKPGU MTGVKUEJGP <KGIGPDQE MGU N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF .G 4KFGT 2N 8+++ 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8++ .GKEJV MQTTQFKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $QWVKP #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
62
PRAISOS
344
343
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I <GWU &KMVCKQU UKV\V N CWH &KRJTQU CWH FGT 4GEJVGP #FNGT KP FGT .KPMGP <GRVGT FKG *ÒHVGP XQP *KOCVKQP DGFGEMV +P 2WPMVMTGKU 2TQVQOG GKPGU MTGVKUEJGP <KGIGPDQE MGU N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF .G 4KFGT 2N 8+++ 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8++ -NGKPGT 2TÒHGKPJKGD CWH FGO 4GXGTU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I <GWU &KMVCKQU UKV\V N CWH &KRJTQU CWH FGT 4GEJVGP #FNGT KP FGT .KPMGP <GRVGT FKG *ÒHVGP XQP *KOCVKQP DGFGEMV +P 2WPMVMTGKU 2TQVQOG GKPGU MTGVKUEJGP <KGIGPDQE MGU N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF FCTWPVGT 5RGGTURKV\G 5COONWPI *CIGP 6TQPPKGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T FKGU 'ZGORNCT UQPUV WPGFKGTV 44 -NGKPGT 2TÒHGKPJKGD CWH FGO 4GXGTU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *CIGP 6TQPPKGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
345
346
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU PRAI
TGVTQITCF 2TQVQOG GKPGU MTGVKUEJGP <KGIGPDQEMGU N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF FCJKPVGT 5RGGTURKV\G .G 4KFGT XGTIN 2N 8+++ FQTV 'VJPKMQP CNU /QPQITCOO 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 5GJT UGNVGPG 8CTKCPVG #XGTU GVYCU MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *CIGP 6TQPPKGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 2GTUGRJQPGMQRH T OKV 1JTTKPI *CNUMGVVG WPF JTGPMTCP\ PRAI SIWN 5VKGT UVÌV T CWH 5VCPFNKPKG QDGP 4QUG 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+++ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 'VYCU MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T &GT 2GTUGRJQPGMQRH KUV GKPG UEJÌPG 0CEJDKNFWPI FGT &GMCFTCEJOGP FGU 'WCKPGVQU 'T YWTFG YQJN XQP 5VCVGTGP FGU NQMTKUEJGP 1RQWU ÒDGTPQOOGP FKG KJTGTUGKVU CWH FCU U[TCMWUCPKUEJG 8QTDKNF \WTÒEMIGJGP &KG 4QUG FÒTHVG <GKEJGP FGU 'KPHNWUUGU XQP 4JQFQU KO 1UVGP -TGVCU \W $GIKPP FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU UGKP
347
348
349
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG *·NHVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QT DGGTMTCP\ $KGPG .G 4KFGT 2N ::8+ 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+++ 4 5EJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG *·NHVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU X %JT I 2GTUGRJQPGMQRH N OKV 1JTTKPI WPF JTGPMTCP\ PRA =+ SI? $KGPG N 4QUG 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+++ 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $QWVKP #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG *·NHVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU X %JT I 2GTUGRJQPGMQRH N OKV 1JTTKPI WPF JTGPMTCP\ PRA =+ SI? $KGPG 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+++ 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T
63
PRIANSOS 24+#0515
#WH FGO 2NCVGCW FGU 6CHGNDGTIGU -CUVGNNQU PÌTFNKEJ FGU &QTHGU -CVQ -CUVGNKCPC GTJQD UKEJ FKG CPVKMG 2QNKU 2TKCPUQU \W FGT FCU -KNQOGVGT YGKVGT UÒFNKEJ IGNGIGPG +PCVQU JGWVG 6UQWVUQWTQU CNU *CHGP RNCV\ IGJÌTVG #WUITCDWPIGP FGT CPVKMGP 2QNKU YWTFGP DKUJGT PKEJV FWTEJIGHÒJTV FKG -GPPVPKUUG XQP 2TKCPUQU UVCOOGP CWUUEJNKGNKEJ CWU IGHWPFGPGP +PUEJTKHVGP FGU DKU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU WPF FGP /ÒP\GP &KG /ÒP\RT·IGV·VKIMGKV UGV\VG KP 2TKCPUQU \W $GIKPP FGT JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP <GKVGRQEJG WO X %JT GKP &KG &GWVWPI FGT CWH FGP GTUVGP 5VCVGTGP CDIGDKNFGVGP )ÌVVKP FKG KJTG 4GEJVG ÒDGT GKPG UKEJ XQT KJT CWHTKPIGNPFG 5EJNCPIG J·NV KUV WOUVTKVVGP CO J·WHKIUVGP YKTF FKG )ÌVVKP FGT 5EJNCPIG YGIGP CNU *[IKGKC DG\GKEJPGV GU MCPP UKEJ LGFQEJ CWEJ WO &GOGVGT JCPFGNP FGT UKEJ <GWU KP 5EJNCPIGPHQTO P·JGTV #WGT 5VCVGTGP WPF &TCEJOGP UKPF CWU FGT /ÒP\RT·IGV·VKIMGKV XQP 2TKCPUQU PWT PQEJ GKPKIG $TQP\GOÒP\GP DGMCPPV FKG KP FKG <GKV XQP FGT /KVVG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU DKU KP FCU ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT \W FCVKGTGP UKPF
351
350
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU )ÌVVKP UKV\V N CWH &KRJTQU WPF J·NV FKG 4GEJVG ÒDGT GKPG 5EJNCPIG T 2CNOG +P 2WPMVMTGKU PRIANSIEWN 2QUGKFQP UVGJV N OKV &TGK\CEM .G 4KFGT 2N ::8+ 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+++ 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC MPCRR UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP -WTRH·N\KUEJG /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /CPPJGKO 0T
Õ &TCEJOG WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU -QRH GKPGT )ÌVVKP #TVGOKU! T OKV 1JTTKPI *CNUMGVVG WPF .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCU *CCT CO 5EJGKVGN KP -QT[ODQU PRIAN SIEWN 2CNOG N &GNRJKP PCEJ QDGP UEJYKOOGPF T 5VGWGTTWFGT 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+++ 44 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WEVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP *GNDKPI /ÒPEJGP 1MVQDGT 0T
352
353
Õ &TCEJOG WO X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU -QRH GKPGT )ÌVVKP #TVGOKU! T OKV 1JTTKPI *CNUMGVVG WPF .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCU *CCT CO 5EJGKVGN KP -QT[ODQU PRIAN SIEWN 2CNOG N &GNRJKP PCEJ QDGP UEJYKOOGPF T 5VGWGTTWFGT 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+++ 44 )GNQEJV UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU -QRH GKPGT )ÌVVKP #TVGOKU! T OKV 1JTTKPI *CNU MGVVG WPF .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCU *CCT CO 5EJGKVGN KP -QT[ODQU FCTCWH TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN 2CNOG +P 5VTCJNGPMTGKU PRI#0%IwN &CVVGNRCNOG N 5VGWGTTWFGT T &GNRJKP 5XQTQPQU XCT 44 &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ' 5 0[OCP .KUVG -PQDNQEJ 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
354
355
356
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU -QRH GKPGT )ÌVVKP #TVGOKU! T OKV 1JTTKPI *CNU MGVVG WPF .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCU *CCT CO 5EJGKVGN KP -QT[ODQU +P 5VTCJNGPMTGKU PRIAN%IwN &CVVGN RCNOG N 5VGWGTTWFGT T &GNRJKP 5XQTQPQU 2N ::8+++ 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #TVGOKUMQRH ! T OKV 5VGRJCPG +P 2WPMVMTGKU PRIAN 2CNOG T (ÒNNJQTP .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+: 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
'TYQTDGP DGK XQP -QRRGPHGNU $TGOGP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #TVGOKUMQRH ! T +P 2WPMVMTGKU PRIAN 2QUGKFQP UVGJV N KP #WUHCNNUEJTKVV KP FGT GTJQDGPGP 4GEJVGP &TGK\CEM ÒDGT FGT .KPMGP J·PIV %JNCO[U 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+: 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
64
RHAUKOS 4*#7-15
#P FGT 5VGNNG FGT 1TVUEJCHV #IKQU /[TQP MPCRR -KNQOGVGT UÒFYGUVNKEJ XQP *GTCMNKQP GTUVTGEMVG UKEJ KP FGT #PVKMG ÒDGT \YGK *ÒIGNITWRRGP FKG 5VCFV 4JCWMQU XQP FGT JGWVG DKU CWH GKPKIG CPVKMG 5EJGTDGP WPF /CWGT\ÒIG MGKPG 5RWTGP OGJT \W HKPFGP UKPF 8QP FGT $GFGWVWPI FGT 2QNKU 4JCWMQU KP JGNNGPKUVK UEJGT <GKV \GWIGP GKPKIG $ÒPFPKUXGTVT·IG $GUKGIGNV YWTFG FCU 5EJKEMUCN XQP 4JCWMQU X %JT PCEJFGO )QTV[P WPF -PQUUQU GKPGP 8GTVTCI ÒDGT FKG 'TQDGTWPI WPF 6GKNWPI FGU )GDKGVGU XQP 4JCWMQU CDIGUEJNQUUGP JCVVGP FGP UKG WPXGT\ÒINKEJ KP FKG 6CV WOUGV\VGP OKV FGT (QNIG FC 4JCWMQU CPUEJNKG GPF PKEJV OGJT GZKUVKGTVG &KG /ÒP\RT·IGV·VKIMGKV KP 4JCWMQU DGICPP \W $GIKPP FGT JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP <GKVGRQEJG &KG /ÒP\OQVKXG FGT 5VCVGTG WPF MNGKPGTGP 0QOKPCNG \GKIGP 2QUGKFQP OGKUV UGKP 2HGTF HÒJTGPF FGP &TGK\CEM UQYKG &GNHKPG
358
357
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 2QUGKFQP UVGJV X X KP FGT 4GEJVGP &TGK\CEM WPF J·NV OKV FGT .KPMGP GKP T UVGJGPFGU 2HGTF CO <ÒIGN 2#8 -+10 TGVTQITCF 8GT\KGTVGT &TGK\CEM 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+: 4 -QTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I 2QUGKFQP UVGJV X X KP FGT 4GEJVGP &TGK\CEM WPF J·NV OKV FGT .KPMGP GKP T UVGJGPFGU 2HGTF CO <ÒIGN FCU GKPGP 8QTFGTJWH CWH GKPGP (GNUGP UGV\V 2#=8? -+10
TGVTQITCF 8GT\KGTVGT &TGK\CEM .G 4KFGT 2N 8+ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+: 4 &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP *GNDKPI /ÒPEJGP 1MVQDGT 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP -WTRH·N\KUEJG /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /CPPJGKO 0T WPF FGU (WPFGU XQP 2JCKUVQU 0T
360
359
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I 2QUGKFQP UVGJV X X KP FGT 4GEJVGP &TGK\CEM WPF J·NV OKV FGT .KPMGP GKP T UVGJGPFGU 2HGTF CO <ÒIGN FCU GKPGP 8QTFGTJWH CWH GKPGP (GNUGP UGV\V N QDGP TGEJVGEMKIGT )GIGPUVGORGN 5VKGTMQRH X X T WPVGP TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN 5EJKNF 2#; TGVTQITCF 8GT\KGTVGT &TGK\CEM N &GNRJKP .G 4KFGT 2N ::: FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I 2QUGKFQP UVGJV X X KP FGT 4GEJVGP &TGK\CEM WPF J·NV OKV FGT .KPMGP GKP T UVGJGPFGU 2HGTF CO <ÒIGN FCU GKPGP 8QTFGTJWH CWH GKPGP (GNUGP UGV\V 2#;- +10 8GT \KGTVGT &TGK\CEM 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+: FKGU 'ZGORNCT 4 -NGKPGT 'KPJKGD CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG UQPUV HCUV UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 7$5 <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGU (WPFGU XQP 2JCKUVQU 0T <W FGP )GIGPUVGORGNP XGTIN 5VGHCPCMKU 6TCGIGT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI 2CWN .CODTQU
362
361
363
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I +P 2WPMVMTGKU 2QUGKFQP UVGJV X X KP FGT 4GEJVGP &TGK\CEM WPF J·NV OKV FGT .KPMGP GKP T UVGJGPFGU 2HGTF CO <ÒIGN T /QPQITCOO 2#; -+10 8GT\KGTVGT &TGK\CEM 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+: 4 'VYCU MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
U X %JT I 2QUGKFQPMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8GT\KGTVGT &TGK\CEM FCTCWH TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN YGKDNKEJGT -QRH T 5XQTQPQU 44 $TCWPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FGU /GVTQRQNKVCP /WUGWO QH #TV #WMVKQP 5QVJGD[ U <ÒTKEJ #RTKN 0T FGT 5COONWPI ,QJP 9CTF 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI , 2KGTRQPV /QTICP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\ <GPVTWO -ÌNP 0T &KGUG -QODKPCVKQP XQP 8QTFGT WPF 4ÒEMUGKVGPV[R KUV KP FGT ITKGEJKUEJGP 9GNV UGJT J·WHKI FKG <WYGKUWPI KUV PKEJV IGUKEJGTV
U X %JT I 2QUGKFQPMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ =2#;? =-+?WN <YGK &GNRJKPG GKP CPFGT IGIGPÒDGT PCEJ WPVGP UEJYKOOGPF .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+: 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
65
RITHYMNA 4+6*;/0#
#P FGT 5VGNNG FGT FTKVVITÌVGP 5VCFV -TGVCU 4GVJ[OPQ NCI KP FGT #PVKMG FKG 5VCFV 4KVJ[OPC XQP FGT )GD·WFGÒDGTTGUVG JGWVG PKEJV OGJT XQTJCPFGP UKPF <GWIPKUUG XQP FGT 'ZKUVGP\ 4KVJ[OPCU CNU CWVQPQ OGT 5VCFVUVCCV KP FGT MNCUUKUEJGP WPF JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP <GKVGRQEJG UKPF FKG /ÒP\GP WPF GKPKIG +PUEJTKHVGP &C MGKPG 8GTVT·IG XQP 4KVJ[OPC OKV CPFGTGP 5V·FVGP KPPGTJCND QFGT CWGTJCND -TGVCU DGMCPPV UKPF WPF 4KVJ[OPC CWEJ PKEJV KP FGP 8GTVTCIUYGTMGP MTGVKUEJGT 5V·FVG KP JGNNGPKUVKUEJGT <GKV IGPCPPV YKTF UEJGKPV FKG $GFGWVWPI XQP 4KVJ[OPC PWT IGTKPI IGYGUGP \W UGKP #WEJ FKG YGPKIGP XQP 4KVJ[OPC CWU IGIGDGPGP /ÒP\GP OKV FGT &CTUVGNNWPI FGU DGJGNOVGP #VJGPCMQRHGU CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG UQYKG GKPGO &TGK\CEM WPF &GNHKPGP CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG URTGEJGP PKEJV HÒT FKG 2T·IGV·VKIMGKV GKPGT DGFGWVGPFGP 5VCFV
364
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO 2 + &TGK\CEM PCEJ WPVGP IGTKEJVGV \YKUEJGP \YGK PCEJ WPVGP UEJYKOOGPFGP &GNRJKPGP 5XQTQPQU 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV #XGTU GVYCU FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ /ÒPEJGP 0T
365
366
367
368
369
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO &TGK\CEM PCEJ QDGP IGTKEJVGV \YKUEJGP \YGK PCEJ QDGP UEJYKOOGPFGP &GNRJKPGP 5XQTQPQU 2N ::+: 44 'VYCU MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO 2 TGVTQITCF + &TGK \CEM PCEJ WPVGP IGTKEJVGV 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N 4 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO 2 TGVTQITCF + &TGK \CEM PCEJ WPVGP IGTKEJVGV 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N 4 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO &TGK\CEM PCEJ WPVGP IGTKEJVGV \YKUEJGP FGP <CEMGP 2 + 5XQTQPQU XCT 4 5GJT UEJÌP
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO &TGK\CEM PCEJ WPVGP IGTKEJVGV \YKUEJGP FGP <CEMGP + 2 5XQTQPQU 4 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT .KUVG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 0T
370 a
66
370 b
370 c
C U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO &TGK\CEM PCEJ WPVGP IGTKEJVGV \YKUEJGP FGP <CEMGP + 2 5XQTQPQU D U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO &TGK\CEM 5XQTQPQU H E #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO &TGK \CEM PCEJ WPVGP IGTKEJVGV \YKUEJGP FGP <CEMGP 2 + 5XQTQPQU XCT 5VÒEM 4 5EJÌP
SYBRITA 5;$4+6#
#WH FGO 4ÒEMGP WPF CP FGP VGTTCUUKGTVGP *·PIGP FGU *ÒIGNU -GHCNCU YGUVNKEJ FGU IWV -KNQOGVGT XQP 4GVJ[OPQ GPVHGTPVGP &QTHGU 6JTQPQU CO 4CPFG FGU /CTKVCNGU HKPFGP UKEJ FKG ªDGTTGUVG FGT CPVKMGP 2QNKU 5[DTKVC FGTGP GZRQPKGTVG .CIG CP FGP *CPFGNUYGIGP FGT #PVKMG XQP 0QTF PCEJ 5ÒFMTGVC UQYKG 1UV PCEJ 9GUVMTGVC FKG 2QNKU KP FGT JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP 'RQEJG \W GKPGT DNÒJGPFGP *CPFGNUUVCFV YGTFGP NKG 5GKV /KVVG FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU WPVGTJKGNV 5[DTKVC GPIG $G\KGJWPIGP OKV )QTV[P YQXQP $ÒPFPKUXGTVT·IG GDGPUQ \GWIGP YKG GVYC FKG /ÒP\RT·IWPI XQP 5[DTKVC KP FGT <GKV \YKUEJGP WPF X %JT CNU 5VCVGTG XQP )QTV[P OKV FGT &CTUVGNNWPI FGT 'WTQRC CWH FGT JGKNKIGP 2NCVCPG WPF <GWU KP 5VKGTHQTO ÒDGTPQOOGP YWTFGP $GMCPPV KUV 5[DTKVC KPUDGUQPFGTG YGIGP UGKPGT /ÒP\GP CWU FGT <GKV IGIGP 'PFG FGU WPF #PHCPI FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU &KG KP FKGUGT <GKV IGRT·IVGP 5VCVGTG \GKEJPGP UKEJ FWTEJ GKPG JGTXQTTCIGPFG MÒPUVNGTKUEJG 3WCNKV·V FGT /ÒP\CDDKNFWPIGP CWU WPF \GKIGP FC GU FGP $GYQJPGTP XQP 5[DTKVC IGNWPIGP YCT GKPGP JQEJVCNGPVKGTVGP -ÒPUVNGT \W IGYKPPGP FGUUGP 'T\GWIPKUUG CWH -TGVC WPÒDGTVTQHHGP UKPF
372
371
371
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V KP PCEJFGPMNKEJGT *CNVWPI N CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG 5VKGT NKGIV N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF .G 4KFGT 2N +: 5XQTQPQU 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 7$5 <ÒTKEJ 0T
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I &KQP[UQUMQRH T OKV 'HGWMTCP\ FCXQT 6TCWDG S8$2 ITIWN &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU *GTOGU T OKV 2GVCUQU FCXQT -GT[MGKQP (TCPMG *KTOGT 5XQTQPQU 2N ::: 44 (GKPGT 5VKN JQJGU 4GNKGH MPCRR UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP #FQNRJ *GUU .W\GTP 0T
373
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I ,WIGPFNKEJGT &KQP[UQUMQRH T OKV 'HGWMTCP\ FCJKPVGT 6TCWDG SUBRITION *GTOGU UVGJV N KP FGT 4GEJVGP -GT[MGKQP ÒDGT FGP 5EJWNVGTP %JNCO[U CWH FGO -QRH 2GVCUQU .G 4KFGT 2N +: 5XQTQPQU 2N ::: 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -NGKPG 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $QWVKP #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
374
U PCEJ X %JT I *GTOGUMQRH T OKV 2GVCUQU ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT -GT[MGKQP SUBRITION -KGHGTMPQEJGP GKPGU 6KGTGU .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N ::: 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -NGKPG 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP ++ 0T
67
TYLISOS 6;.+515 -KNQOGVGT YGUVNKEJ XQP *GTCMNKQP DGHKPFGV UKEJ FGT 1TV 6[NKUQU FGT UGKV OGJT CNU ,CJTGP DG YQJPV KUV WPF \W FGP 5KGFNWPIGP \·JNV FKG UGKV KJTGT )TÒPFWPI DKU KP FKG JGWVKIG <GKV WPXGT·PFGTV KJTGP CPVKMGP 0COGP DGYCJTV JCDGP 6[NKUQU YCT KP FGT OKPQKUEJGP <GKVGRQEJG OKV -PQUUQU GPI XGTDWPFGP WPF GTTGKEJVG UGKPG JÌEJUVG $NÒVG KP FGT ,ÒPIGTGP WPF 0CEJRCNCUV\GKV +O MNCUUKUEJGP #NVGTVWO DKU KP TÌOKUEJG <GKV DNKGD FCU CO 2CYGI XQP -PQUUQU PCEJ 9GUVMTGVC NKGIGPFG 6[NKUQU GKPG FGT YKEJVKIUVGP 5V·FVG -TGVCU YCU CWU \CJNTGKEJGP 8GTVT·IGP JGTXQTIGJV 5GKV FGO XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTV WPVGT UVCPF FKG 5VCFV -PQUUQU YQDGK GU YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ KUV FC 6[NKUQU XQP -PQUUQU GTQDGTV WPF FGUUGP )G DKGV GKPXGTNGKDV YWTFG &KG /ÒP\RT·IGV·VKIMGKV FCWGTVG KP 6[NKUQU PWT GKPGP MWT\GP <GKVTCWO #PHCPI FGU XQTEJTKUVNKEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU #DIGDKNFGV YWTFGP FKG KP FGT 5VCFV XGTGJTVGP )ÌVVGT *GTC WPF #RQNNQP
376
375
375
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I *GTCMQRH T OKV /CWGTMTQPG =6?UL ISIO=0? #RQNNQP UVGJV N OKV 2JKCNG WPF $QIGP T .QTDGGT\YGKI 5XQTQPQU 2N :::+ 4 .GKEJV MQTTQFKGTV MPCRR UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I *GTCMQRH T OKV 5VGRJCPG .[TC 5XQTQPQU 2N :::+ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
378
379 377
25'7&1 4*1&+5%*' 24 )70)'0 810 -4'6#
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I )GHNÒIGNVGU )QTIQPGPJCWRV HCUV X X T TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN 0KMGMQRH T +P 2WPMVMTGKU GORGOS 4QUG \YKUEJGP 2 1 N 5VGTP #UJVQP %TGVG #UJVQP 6JG %QKPCIG QH 4JQFGU 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 2GWU 0CEJH (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I *GNKQUMQRH HCUV X X +P 2WPMVMTGKU STRATWN 4QUG \YK UEJGP \YGK &GNRJKPGP #UJVQP %TGVG #UJVQP 6JG %QKPCIG QH 4JQFGU 4 5EJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I *GNKQUMQRH HCUV X X AINETWR 4QUG \YKUEJGP 2 1 N -GT[ MGKQP #UJVQP %TGVG # #UJVQP 6JG %QKPCIG QH 4JQFGU 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
380
381
-4'6# #.5 4¤/+5%*' 2418+0<
U X %JT I =29/+? TGVTQITCF 4QOCMQRH N OKV *GNO $KGPG 42% 5XQTQPQU 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC ªDGTRT·IWPIUURWTGP UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI , 2 4KIJGVVK #WEVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T
U X %JT . .QNNKWU I +P 2WPMVMTGKU -QRH FGT #TVGOKU &KMV[PPC T ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT +P 2WPMVMTGKU . .1. =.+? 85 *KTUEJ UVGJV T CWH 5VCPFNGKUVG \YKUEJGP UGKPGP $GKPGP ID 42% 5XQTQPQU 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T
68
KRETA ALS RÖMISCHE PROVINZ
382
)CKWU %CNKIWNC WPF &KXWU #WIWUVWU Õ &TCEJOG I =G KAISAR SEB GER ARX MEG DHM ECOU UPA? -QRH FGU %CNKIWNC T N FTCRKGTV ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT <GRVGT +P 2WPMVMTGKU -QRH FGU &KXWU #WIWUVWU N OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG WOIGDGP XQP UKGDGP 5VGTPGP 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N :::++ 4 5EJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
'TYQTDGP XQP ) $NCPEQP *CPPQXGT
383
1,5:1
1,5:1
%NCWFKWU Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG I +P 2WPMVMTGKU TI KLAUDIOS KAISAR SE GERM ARX MEG DHM ECOU UPA -QRH N +P 2WPMVMTGKU &KXWU #WIWUVWU OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT UKV\V N CWH GKPGT 'NGHCPVGPSWCFTKIC OKV /CJQWVU N KO (GNF UKGDGP 5VGTPG 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N :::++ 44 .GKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T
384
385
386
OKV #PVQPKC WPF &TWUWU U I +P 5VTKEJMTGKU =6+ -?LAUDIOS KAISAR GERM SEBA =STOS? -QRH T +P 5VTKEJMTGKU DROU.KLAU GER ANTWNIA $ÒUVGP FGT #PVQPKC OKV 5EJNGKGT WPF 5VGRJCPG WPF FGU &TWUWU GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT 42% 5XQTQPQU WPIGPCWG $GUEJTGKDWPI 2N :::++ 44 .GKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\ <GPVTWO -ÌNP 0T
WPF /GUUCNKPC U I =TI KLAUDIOS KAISAR GERMA SEBA? -QRH FGU %NCWFKWU N OUALERIA =MESSALEINA? &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT /GUUCNKPC T 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N :::++ 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UEJÌP
8GURCUKCPWU U I =AUTOKRATWR OUESPASI?ANOS.SE -QRH T EPI ANQUP=ATOU SI?LWNOS <GWU UKV\V N OKV $NKV\ WPF <GRVGT 42% 5XQTQPQU 2N :::+++ 4 &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'TYQTDGP DGK (QTWO #PEKGPV %QKPU ,CPWCT
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 0KIIGNGT ++ #WMVKQP .GW /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT .KUVG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
69
KRETA ALS RÖMISCHE PROVINZ
387
389
388
U I = ?OUESPASIAN= ? -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU <GWU UKV\V N OKV $NKV\ WPF <GRVGT 42% 5XQTQPQU 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5EJWNVGP 0T
&QOKVKCPWU U I = ?KAISAR= ? -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ = ? #VJGPC UVGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 42% 5XQTQPQU 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ %NC[ .KPFITGP
U I = ?KAISAR= ? -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ = ?DAIOS = ? <GWU UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT FCXQT #NVCT 42% 5XQTQPQU 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
391
390
6TCKCPWU Õ &TCEJOG I +/2 %#'5 0'4 64#+#0 126+/ #8) )'4 &#% 2#46 -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV DIKTUNNA KRHT &KG 0[ORJG &KMV[PPC UKV\V N CWH (GNUGP OKV FGO MKPFNKEJGP <GWU 2HGKN WPF -ÌEJGT N WPF T LG GKP DGYCHHPGVGT -WTGV 50) %QR 5XQTQ PQU 2N :::+++ 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T
Õ &TCEJOG I +/2 %#'5 0'4 64#+#0 126+/ #8) )'4 &#% 2#46 -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ N FTCRKGTV DIKTUNNA KRHT &KG 0[ORJG &KMV[PPC UKV\V N CWH (GNUGP OKV FGO MKPFNKEJGP <GWU 2HGKN WPF -ÌEJGT N WPF T LG GKP DGYCHHPGVGT -WTGV 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 2N :::+++ 4 -PCRRGT 5EJTÌVNKPI HCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP +VCNQ 8GEEJK .QPFQP 0T
392
393
394
U I TRAIANO% -#+%#2 -QRH N -1+010 KRHTwN #VJGPC #NMKU UVGJV T ,GPMKPU KP 0% 5 0T 2N 8 5XQTQPQU 4 5EJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5VCEM U 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T
*CFTKCPWU U I = ? ADRIANO% -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ )NQDWU CWH IKTNCPF GPIGUEJOÒEMVGO #NVCT \YKUEJGP - - 5XQTQPQU 2N :::8 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'TYQTDGP DGK FGT /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN
U I #;61- ADRIANO% -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -CNCVJQU ! \YKUEJGP - - 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N :::8 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 2GWU 0CEJH (CTCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T
70
KRETA ALS RÖMISCHE PROVINZ
395
395 1,5:1
#PVQPKPWU + 2KWU U I = ? -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 2WPMVMTGKU -TKGIGT IGJV N OKV ITQGO 5EJKNF 5XQTQPQU 2N :::8 4 5EJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT .KUVG 2KPPGDGTIGT /ÒP\GPJCPFNWPI (GDTWCT 0T
5#//'..15 -4'6+5%*'4 /ª0<'0
C #RVGTC U PCEJ X %JT I *GTCMQRH T -TKGIGT 5XQTQPQU HH D U PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGT #TVGOKU #RVGTC T -TKGIGT 5XQTQPQU HH E U PCEJ X %JT I 9KG XQT 5XQTQPQU XCT F U PCEJ X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T -TKGIGT .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU G #ZQU U X %JT I <GWUMQRH T &TGKHW 5XQTQPQU 2N +++ H U X %JT I <GWUMQRH T )GHNÒIGNVGT $NKV\ 5XQTQPQU 2N +++ I 'NGWVJGTPC U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T #RQNNQ UKV\V N CWH 1ORJC NQU OKV .[TC WPF 5VGKP 5XQTQPQU 2N :++ J )QTV[P U WO X %JT 'WTQRC CWH 2NCVCPG 'WTQRC CWH ICNQRRKGTGPFGO 5VKGT 5XQTQPQU HH K U WO X %JT I 9KG XQT L U WO X %JT I <GWUMQRH T 'WTQRC CWH ICNQRRKGTGPFGO 5VKGT 5XQTQPQU HH M U WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T 5VKGT UVÌV T 5XQTQPQU N %CNKIWNC WPF )GTOCPKEWU U I -QRH FGU %CNKIWNC -QRH FGU )GTOCPKEWU 42% 5XQTQPQU O *KGTCR[VPC U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I ,ÒPINKPIUMQRH N 2CNOG FCPGDGP #RJNCUVQP .KPFITGP %QNN ++ FKGU 'ZGORNCT P -PQUUQU U X %JT I <GWUMQRH #RQNNQMQRH .KPFITGP %QNN ++
FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5XQTQPQU Q U WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH 3WCFTCVKUEJGU .CD[TKPVJ 5XQTQPQU R %NCWFKWU HÒT &KXWU #WIWUVWU U I -QRH N 8KEVQTKC 42% H 5XQTQPQU S 0GTQ WPF 1EVCXKC U I -QRH FGU 0GTQ -ÌRHG FGU 0GTQ WPF FGT 1EVCXKC GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT 42% 5XQTQPQU T -[FQPKC U X %JT I ,ÒPINKPIUMQRH T *WPF UKV\V T 5XQTQPQU U U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 'WNG UVGJV T 5VGTP ÒDGT /QPFUKEJGN 5XQTQPQU HH V .CVQ U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #TVGOKUMQRH *GTOGU 5XQTQPQU W .[VVQU U X %JT I <GWUMQRH #FNGT 5XQTQPQU HH X U 'PFG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH 2TQTC 5XQTQPQU Y 1NQWU U PCEJ X %JT I #TVGOKUMQRH 5VCFVOQPQITCOO WPF &GNRJKP 5XQTQPQU Z 2JCKUVQU U ,CJTJWP FGTV X %JT I )GHNÒIGNVGT 4KGUG 6CNQU *WPF 5XQTQPQU [ U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 9KG XQT \ 2JCNCUCTPC U PCEJ X %JT I F &GNRJKP 5XQTQPQU · 2QN[TJGPKC U WO X %JT I $ÌQVKUEJGT 5EJKNF <KGIGPMQRH 5XQTQPQU Ì U X %JT I $WMTCPKQP 5RGGTURKV\G 5XQTQPQU Ò 4GVJ[OPQP U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH &TGK\CEM 5XQTQPQU HH 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP /GKUV UEJÌP GKPKIG DGUUGT
'ZGORNCTG FGT 5COONWPIGP , 2 4KIJGVVK #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T Z %QTPGNKWU % 8GTOGWNG +++ #WMVKQP 6TKVQP +++ 0GY ;QTM .QV 0T W *GPT[ %NC[ .KFITGP WPF ,COGU * ,Q[ #WM VKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T F WPF O WPF P ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV .QV 0T Y .QV 0T H .QV 0T Q T U WPF V .QV 0T X [ WPF Ì #WMVKQP 5RKPM .QPFQP .QV 0T E #WMVKQP -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM .QV 0T D WPF · GTYQTDGP DGK FGT /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN N WPF R &QODTQYUMK .KUVG /ÒPUVGT 0T \
&#5 %142759'4- 810 , 0 58141015 ª$'4 &+' /ª0<'0 810 -4'6#
58141015 , 0 0WOKUOCVKSWG FG NC %T½VG CPEKGPPG CEEQORCIPéG RCT N *KUVQKTG NC )éQITCRJKG GV NC /[VJQNQIKG FG N +NG $·PFG /CEQP +: 5 6HP *CNDNGFGT &GEMGN FGU 6GZVDCPFGU NQUG UQPUV GKP HGKPGU 'ZGORNCT
'U JCPFGNV UKEJ WO FKG GZVTGO UGNVGPG 5QPFGTCWUICDG OKV CWH HGKPGO 3WCNKV·VURCRKGT IGFTWEMVGO 6GZV /KV RGTUÌPNK EJGT 9KFOWPI FGU #WVQTU KP ITKGEJKUEJGT 5EJTKHV CP +CPPKU &KOKVTK
71
KELTISCHE MÜNZEN
-'.6+5%*' /ª0<'0
399
398
1,5:1
400
1,5:1
$4+6#00+#
#64'$#6'5 'RCVKEEWU Õ 3WKPCT I $ÒUVG KO .ÌYGPHGNN T #FNGT UVGJV HCUV X X XCP #TUFGNN )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
64+018#06'5 Ô 5VCVGT X %JT I 5VKNKUKGTVGT #RQNNQMQRH T 2HGTF T XCP #TUFGNN 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5VCVGT X %JT I 5VKNKUKGTVGT #RQNNQMQRH T 2HGTF T XCP #TUFGNN
401
8QT\ÒINKEJ
402
403
)#..+#
#010;/ Õ 1DQN ! XQT X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV *GNO 2HGTF N &GNGUVTéG 6CEJG XGTIN 5GJT UEJÌP
#'&7+ Õ 3WKPCT &KCUWNQU 5GTKG XQT X %JT I -QRH N 2HGTF T &GNGUVTéG 6CEJG 5GJT UEJÌP
$+674+)'5 ! Ô 5VCVGT ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I -QRH T *CJP CWH 2HGTF T FCTWPVGT $NÒVG &GNGUVTéG 6CEJG 44 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CO 4CPF UQPUV CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT &CU 5VÒEM YWTFG OÌINKEJGTYGKUG CWEJ XQP FGP .GOQXKEGU IGRT·IV
404
405
406
%14+151.+6'5 $ 5VCVGT ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I -QRH T 5VKNKUKGTVGU 2HGTF T OKV .GPMGT WPVGP .[TC &GNGUVTéG 6CEJG XGTIN &6 6WUEJG\KHHGTP CWH #XGTU WPF 4GXGTU IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
4'&10'5 $ 5VCVGT ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I -QRH T 5VKNKUKGTVGU 2HGTF T OKV .GPMGT WPVGP 4CF &GNGUVTéG 6CEJG &6 6WUEJG\KHHGTP CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
8'0'6+ $ 5VCVGT ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I -QRH T XQP 2GTNUEJPÒTGP WOIGDGP #PFTQMG RJCNGU 2HGTF N OKV .GPMGT FCTWPVGT 'DGT N &GNGUVTGé 6CEJG &6 HH 5GJT UEJÌP
72
KELTISCHE MÜNZEN
408
409
407
$'.)+%#
#010;/ Ô 5VCVGT ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2HGTF N WPVGP 4QUGVVG &GNGUVTéG 6CEJG 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
#/$+#0+ Ô 5VCVGT X %JT I $WEMGN 5VKNKUKGTVGU 2HGTF T \YKUEJGP 2WPMVGP WPF *CNDOQPFGP &GNGUVTGé 6CEJG XGTIN HH 5GJT UEJÌP
4'/+ Ô 5VCVGT X %JT I #WIG 2HGTF N &GNGUVTéG 6CEJG -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP
2QVKP WO X %JT I (KIWT T OKV 6QTSWGU WPF 5EJNCPIG $·T T HTKV 5EJNCPIG &G NGUVTéG 6CEJG XGTIN &C\W 5GSWCPK 2QVKP &GNGUVTéG 6CEJG HH WPF $QKGT Õ 1DQN 6[R 4QUGNFQTH ++ &GODUMK HH 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌP
<WT &CVKGTWPI UKGJG 0KEM /KEJCGN )CDG 1RHGT <CJNWPIUOKVVGN 5VTWMVWTGP MGNVKUEJGP /ÒP\IGDTCWEJU KO YGUVNK EJGP /KVVGNGWTQRC $CPF 4CJFGP 5
1,5:1
411
)'4/#0+#
1,5:1
#010;/ Õ 3WKPCT X %JT I 6CP\GPFGU /·PPNGKP OKV 6QTSWGU WPF 5EJNCPIG 2HGTF T -QRH \WTÒEMIGYCPFV %CUVGNKP <ÒTKEJ HH &GODUMK *GTXQTTCIGPF \GPVTKGTVGU 'ZGORNCT UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
<WT &CVKGTWPI UKGJG 0KEM /KEJCGN )CDG 1RHGT <CJNWPIUOKVVGN 5VTWMVWTGP MGNVKUEJGP /ÒP\IGDTCWEJU KO YGUVNK EJGP /KVVGNGWTQRC $CPF 4CJFGP 5
413
412
415
414
8+0&'.+-'4 Ô 5VCVGT 4GIGPDQIGPUEJÒUUGNEJGP X %JT /CPEJKPI ! I )NCVV )NCVV -GNNPGT 6[R 8 # 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5VCVGT 4GIGPDQIGPUEJÒUUGNEJGP ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I $WEMGN &TGK KPU &TGKGEM IGUVGNNVG 5EJNGKHGP -GNNPGT XGTIN 6[R 8 ( 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5VCVGT 4GIGPDQIGPUEJÒUUGNEJGP X %JT I -TCP\ -WIGNP KP 6QTSWGU -GNNPGT 6[R +8 # 5GJT UEJÌP
&CVKGTWPI FKGUGU WPF FGT HQNIGPFGP \YGK 5VÒEMG PCEJ 0KEM /KEJCGN )CDG 1RHGT <CJNWPIUOKVVGN 5VTWMVWTGP MGNVKUEJGP /ÒP\IGDTCWEJU KO YGUVNKEJGP /KVVGNGWTQRC $CPF 4CJFGP 5
Ô 5VCVGT 4GIGPDQIGPUEJÒUUGNEJGP X %JT I )NCVV -TGW\ -GNNPGT 6[R 8 & 5GJT UEJÌP
416
417
Ô 5VCVGT 4GIGPDQIGPUEJÒUUGNEJGP X %JT I 4QNNVKGT 5GEJU -WIGNP KP 6QTSWGU -GNNPGT 6[R + # 4 5EJÌP
Ô 5VCVGT 4GIGPDQIGPUEJÒUUGNEJGP WO X %JT I 8QIGNMQRH N \YKUEJGP \YGK -WIGNP FCXQT &TGKXKGTVGNMTCP\ 6QTSWGU OKV -WIGNP -GNNPGT 6[R ++ & 5GJT UEJÌP
<WT &CVKGTWPI UKGJG 0KEM /KEJCGN )CDG 1RHGT <CJNWPIUOKVVGN 5VTWMVWTGP MGNVKUEJGP /ÒP\IGDTCWEJU KO YGUVNK EJGP /KVVGNGWTQRC $CPF 4CJFGP 5 HH
73
HISPANIA
418
$1*'/+#
419
$1+'4 Ô 5VCVGT ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I $WEMGN <YGK N·PINKEJG )GDKNFG XQP <KEM \CEMNKPKG WOIGDGP &GODUMK HH 2CWNUGP 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5VCVGT ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I $WEMGN <YGK N·PINKEJG )GDKNFG XQP <KEM\CEMNKPKG WOIGDGP &GODUMK HH 2CWNUGP FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 6TQPPKGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
420
421
2#0010+#
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG 6[R OKV &TGKGEMUQTPCOGPV ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ 4GKVGT T &GODUMK XGTIN )ÌDN 1UVMGNVGP -QUVKCN 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG 6[R 4GKVGTUVWORH -TQKUDCEJ 'PFG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I -QRH T OKV FTGKHCEJGO 2GTNFKCFGO 4GKVGT CWH IGRWPMVGVGT $QFGPNKPKG N &GODUMK )ÌDN 1UVMGNVGP -QUVKCN 'VYCU MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
422
6*4#%+#
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT 6[NKU ! I $WEMGN <GWU #GVQRJQTQU UKV\V N %CUVGNKP <ÒTKEJ XGTIN &GODUMK -QUVKCN XGTIN 5GJT UEJÌP
.165 -'.6+5%*'4 /ª0<'0
)CNNKUEJG $ 5VCVGTG Z &CU KPVGTGUUCPVG .QV GPVJ·NV CEJV ICNNKUEJG $ 5VCVGTG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU X %JT OGKUV %QTKQUQNKVGU $KVVG DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
-GNVKUEJG /ÒP\GP WPF /KPKCVWTT·FGT KP 5KNDGT WPF $TQP\G 'PVJCNVGP UKPF 4QWGNNGU Z \YGK 3WKPCTG 4QOCMQRH 2HGTF UQYKG GKPG KDGTQMGNVKUEJG $TQP\GOÒP\G 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌP
$GK FGP 4QWGNNGU 4·FGTP JCPFGNV GU UKEJ PKEJV WO /ÒP\GP CWEJ PKEJV WO 'TUCV\OÒP\GP CNU 8QVKXICDGP UQPFGTP VCVU·EJNKEJ WO /KPKCVWTT·FGT FKG CNU 9GKJGICDGP CP FGP XQP FGP 4ÌOGTP OKV ,WRKVGT KFGPVKHK\KGTVGP MGNVK UEJGP 4CFIQVV FKGPVGP 'KPG )GNFHWPMVKQP FKGUGT /KPKCVWTT·FGT OW PCEJ FGT\GKVKIGO (QTUEJWPIUUVCPF CWUIGUEJNQU UGP YGTFGP
)4+'%*+5%*' /ª0<'0
425
426
425
*+52#0+#
$#45%70'5 Õ &GPCT X %JT I /·PPGTMQRH T 4GKVGT T OKV 5EJYGTV $WTIQU 50) $/ (GKPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
)#..+# 74
/#55#.+# Õ 1DQN X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T 8KGTURGKEJKIGU 4CF FCTKP / # &GRG[TQV (GKPGT 5VKN XQT\ÒINKEJ
CALABRIA
427 428
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ 1DQN X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N 8KGTURGKEJKIGU 4CF FCTKP / # &GRG[TQV 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ 6GVTQDQN X %JT I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT #TVGOKU T ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT -ÌEJGT .ÌYG N &GRG[TQV 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
429 1,5:1
430
1,5:1
%#/2#0+#
2*+56'.+# Õ 1DQN X %JT I /·PPGTMQRH HCUV X X &GNRJKP ÒDGT )GTUVGPMQTP WPF /WUEJGN 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 5CODQP #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
57'55# #7470%# Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FC JKPVGT 5EJKNF &KG &KQUMWTGP TGKVGP N 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 5CODQP 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
431
1,5:1
1,5:1
%#.#$4+#
6#4'06 Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I 6CTCU CWH &GNRJKP T OKV 1EVQRWU *KRRQMCOR T WPVGP /WUEJGN (KUEJGT $QUUGTV 4CXGN 8NCUVQ 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI XQT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT 6CTGPV FKG GKP\KIG 2HNCP\UVCFV 5RCTVCU YWTFG FGT 5CIG PCEJ CP FGT 5VGNNG IGITÒPFGV YQ GKP &GNRJKP FGP UEJKHHDTÒ EJKIGP 6CTCU GKPGP 5QJP FGU 2QUGKFQP WPF FGT 5CV[TC CP .CPF DTCEJVG &GT &GNRJKPTGKVGT YKTF UQ CWEJ XQP #TKUVQ VGNGU CNU 6CTCU KFGPVKHK\KGTV GKPG &GWVWPI FKG JGWVG CPIG\YGKHGNV YKTF 5Q JCPFGNV GU UKEJ \WOKPFGUV DGK FGP HTÒJGP 2T·IWPIGP NCWV 9QNHICPI (KUEJGT $QUUGTV GKPFGWVKI WO 2JCNCPVQU 9KT DG\GKEJPGP FGP &GNRJKPTGKVGT JKGT WPF KO (QNIGPFGP FGT 6TCFKVKQP HQNIGPF CNU 6CTCU &GT 6[R &GNRJKPTGKVGT *KRRQMCOR IGJV CWH RJQGPK\KUEJG &CTUVGNNWP IGP \WTÒEM &QTV TGKVGV /GNSCTV CWH FGO &GNRJKP WPF GU GTUEJGKPV CWEJ FGT *KRRQMCOR
432
433
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I 0CEMVGT 4GKVGT N 6CTCU CWH &GNRJKP N OKV 6CGPKG (KUEJGT $QUUGTV 4CXGN 8NCUVQ 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I 0CEMVGT 4GKVGT T OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 6CTCU CWH &GNRJKP N OKV 8CUG WPVGP 9GNNGP (KUEJGT $QUUGTV 4CXGN 8NCUVQ 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO (GKPG 2CVKPC 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP
75
LUCANIA
436
434
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I 0CEMVGT 4GKVGT T UGKP 2HGTF DGMT·P\GPF FCTWPVGT WPVGTUWEJV GKP 2HGTFGMPGEJV FGP NKPMGP 8QTFGTJWH FGU 2HGTFGU 6CTCU CWH &GNRJKP N OKV -CPVJCTQU &TGK\CEM WPF 5EJKNF (KUEJGT $QUUGTV 4CXGN 8NCUVQ 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 4 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CWH FGO 4GXGTU UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
&KG )GPTG 5\GPG CWU FGO #NNVCI FKG CWH FGO #XGTU WPUGTGU 5VÒEMGU CDIGDKNFGV KUV HKPFGV UKEJ CWH ITKGEJKUEJGP /ÒP\GP JÌEJUV UGNVGP
Õ &KQDQN X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO *GTCMNGU T GTYÒTIV FGP PGOGKUEJGP .ÌYGP 4CXGN 8NCUVQ XGTIN H 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO &C\W GKP 1DQN 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I 0CEMVGT 4GKVGT T OKV 5RGGTGP WPF 5EJKNF 6CTCU CWH &GNRJKP N OKV -CPVJCTQU WPF &TGK\CEM FCTWPVGT &GNRJKP N (KUEJGT $QUUGTV 4CXGN 8NCUVQ HH 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T
437
437 1,5:1
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I 5CV[TCMQRH N 0CEMVGT 4GKVGT T UGKP 2HGTF DGMT·P\GPF FCJKPVGT &GNRJKP WPVGP #PMGT 4CXGN 8NCUVQ 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 4 4GXGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
6CTCU YCT FGT 5QJP 2QUGKFQPU WPF FGT 5CV[TC FKG FCJGT CWH FGO #XGTU FGU 5VÒEMGU GTUEJGKPV
438
439
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I 0CEMVGT 4GKVGT N FCXQT UVGJV ,ÒPINKPI T WPF DGMT·P\V FCU 2HGTF 6CTCU CWH &GNRJKP T OKV 2HGKN WPF $QIGP WPVGP 'NGHCPV 4CXGN 8NCUVQ HH 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO (GKPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
/KV FGO 'TUEJGKPGP XQP 2[TTJWU XQP 'RKTWU CWH FGO UÒFKVCNKUEJGP 5EJCWRNCV\ IGJV GKPG )GYKEJVUTGFWMVKQP FGT &KFTCEJOGP GKPJGT #WEJ FGT 'NGHCPV CWH FGO 4GXGTU FÒTHVG FKG #PMWPHV FGU 2[TTJWU CP\GKIGP FGPP FKGUGT DTCEJVG -TKGIUGNGHCPVGP PCEJ OKV
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I 4GKVGT T URGGTUEJNGWFGTPF N -TCP\ 6CTCU CWH &GNRJKP N OKV -CPVJCTQU WPF (ÒNNJQTP T &TGKHW 4CXGN 8NCUVQ 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CWH FGO 4GXGTU XQT\ÒINKEJ IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
440
441
.7%#0+#
76
*'4#%.'# Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO UVGKP UEJNGWFGTPFG 5E[NNC CNU *GNO\KGT N - *GTCMNGU UVGJV X X OKV -GWNG WPF .ÌYGPHGNN N 5M[RJQU 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 9QTM 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP
/'6#2106 Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I &GOGVGTMQRH T JTG T 2HNWI ,QJPUVQP % 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
LUCANIA
443
442
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I &GOGVGTMQRH N JTG N #NVCT ,QJPUVQP % 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO -N 5VGORGNDTWEJ CWH FGO #XGTU CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I &GOGVGTMQRH T JTG N #OGKUG T (ÒNNJQTP OKV JTGP ,QJPUVQP & 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 5GJT UGNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC
444
5;$#4+5 Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 5VKGT UVGJV N -QRH \WTÒEMIGYCPFV +PEWU 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 50) #05 XGTIN 50) /ÒPEJGP XGTIN +O 4CPFDGTGKEJ OKP MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
)GO· FGT UEJTKHVNKEJGP ªDGTNKGHGTWPI YWTFG 5[DCTKU CNU ·NVGUVG ITKGEJKUEJG 2HNCP\UVCFV X %JT IGITÒPFGV 8QP FGT JQJGP $NÒVG \W YGNEJGT FKGUG 5VCCVGP /GVCRQPV WPF 5[DCTKU KP WPINCWDNKEJ MWT\GT <GKV IGFKGJGP \GWIGP CO NGDGPFKIUVGP FKG GKP\KIGP CWH WPU IGMQOOGPGP -WPUVYGTMG FKGUGT KVCNKUEJGP #EJ·GT KJTG /ÒP\GP XQP UVTGPIGT CNVGTVÒONKEJ UEJÌPGT #TDGKV ÒDGTJCWRV FKG HTÒJGUVGP &GPMO·NGT XQP -WPUV WPF 5EJTKHV KP +VCNKGP FGTGP 2T·IWPI GTYGKUNKEJ KO , F 5V 4QO X %JT DGTGKVU DGIQPPGP JCVVG &KGUG /ÒP\GP \GKIGP FC FKG #EJ·GT FGU 9GUVGPU PKEJV DNQ VGKNPCJOGP CP FGT GDGP WO FKGUG <GKV KO /WVVGTNCPFG JGTTNKEJ UKEJ GPVYKEMGNPFGP $KNFPGTMWPUV UQPFGTP KP FGT 6GEJPKM FGOUGNDGP YQJN ICT ÒDGTNGIGP YCTGP FGPP UVCVV FGT FKEMGP QHV PWT GKPUGKVKI IGRT·IVGP WPF TGIGNO·KI UEJTKHVNQUGP 5KNDGTUVÒEMG YGNEJG WO FKGUG <GKV KP FGO GKIGPVNKEJGP )TKGEJGPNCPF YKG DGK FGP KVCNKUEJGP &QTGTP ÒDNKEJ YCTGP UEJNWIGP FKG KVCNKUEJGP #EJ·GT OKV ITQGT WPF UGNDUV·PFKIGT )GUEJKEMNKEJMGKV CWU \YGK INGKEJ CTVKIGP VGKNU GTJCDGP WPF VGKNU XGTVKGHV IGUEJPKVVGPGP 5VGORGNP ITQG FÒPPG UVGVU OKV #WHUEJTKHV XGTUGJGPG 5KNDGTOÒP \GP FGTGP UQTIH·NVKI XQT FGT (CNUEJOÒP\GTGK LGPGT <GKV 2NCVVKGTWPI IGTKPIGP /CVGTKCNU OKV FÒPPGP 5KNDGTDN·VVGTP UKEJ UEJÒV\GPFG 2T·IYGKUG FGP YQJNIGQTFPGVGP -WNVWTUVCCV XGTT·V /QOOUGP 4ÌO )GUEJ + 5
445
446
447
6*74+1+ Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 5E[NNC CNU *GNO\KGT 5VKGT UVGJV N FCTWPVGT 8QIGN KO #DUEJPKVV (KUEJ 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 50) #05 50) /ÒPEJGP #VVTCMVKXGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
+O ,CJTG X %JT YWTFG OKV *KNHG #VJGPU 5[DCTKU +8 IGITÒPFGV 5VTCDQP &KG 5VCFV PCJO CD X %JT YGKVGTG -QNQPKUVGP CWH FKG X %JT FKG WTURTÒPINKEJGP $GYQJPGT XGTVTKGDGP &KGUG ITÒPFGVGP FCTCWHJKP 5[DCTKU 8 Y·JTGPF 5[DCTKU +8 KP 6JWTKQK WODGPCPPV YWTFG &GT #XGTU WPUGTGU 5VÒEMGU DG\KGJV UKEJ CWH FKG 4QNNG #VJGPU DGK FGT )TÒPFWPI FGT 5VCFV Y·JTGPF CWH FGO 4GXGTU FGT 5VKGT XQP 5[DCTKU GTUEJGKPV
Õ &KUVCVGT X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 5E[NNC OKV &TGK\CEM CNU *GNO\KGT 5VKGT UVÌV T QDGP Z KO #DUEJPKVV \YGK (KUEJG 0Që * 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *GUU &KXQ <ÒTKEJ 0T
8'.+# *;'.' Õ &KFTCEJOG WO X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO )TGKH CNU *GNO\KGT .ÌYG T FCTÒDGT -GT[MGKQP 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 9KNNKCOU 5GJT UEJÌP
77
BRUTTIUM
448
449
450
$4766+7/
$4'66++ Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT 0KMG T OKV &KCFGO FCJKPVGT 8QIGN (NWIQVV UVGJV X X OKV <GRVGT UKEJ UGNDUV DGMT·P\GPF T P 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 5EJGW 5 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
-41610 Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I &TGKHW T 4GKJGT &TGKHW KPEWU 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 50) #05 50) /ÒPEJGP (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I &TGKHW +PEWU #FNGT HNKGIV T 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 50) #05 XGTIN 50) /ÒPEJGP XGTIN 4 $TGKVGT 5EJTÌVNKPI NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
451
452
.1-41+ '2+<'2*;4+1+ Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I <GWUMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #FNGT N UEJN·IV *CUGP N $NKV\ T /QPQITCOO 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 50) (KV\YKNNKCO
4GXGTU UVGORGNINGKEJ 4 #VVTCMVKXGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 2GICUWU N FCTWPVGT $NKV\ #VJGPCMQRH N OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO %CNEKCVK 2GICUK 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI
.QMTKU YWTFG KO HTÒJGP ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT XQP .QMTGTP CWU )TKGEJGPNCPF IGITÒPFGV OÌINKEJGTYGKUG OKV *KNHG XQP 5[TCMWU .QMTKU DNKGD 5[TCMWU LGFGPHCNNU RQNKVKUEJ UVGVU GPI XGTDWPFGP WPF RHNGIVG CWEJ YKEJVKIG *CPFGNUDG\KG JWPIGP OKV 5K\KNKGP &KGU HÒJTVG CWEJ \WT #WURT·IWPI FGT 2GICUK CNU FKGUG KP 5K\KNKGP KO <WIG FGT MQTKPVJKUEJGP 7PVGTUVÒV\WPI XQP 5[TCMWU FWTEJ 6KOQNGQP FQTV GKPIGHÒJTV YWTFGP
453
1,5:1
1,5:1
5+%+.+#
#-4#)#5 Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I #FNGT UVGJV T -TGDU 50) #05 50) /ÒPEJGP 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
454
455
454
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I #FNGT UVGJV N -TGDU 50) #05 XGTIN HH 50) /ÒP EJGP XGTIN #XGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV OKP MQTTQFKGTV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
'4;: Õ .KVTC X %JT I *WPF UVGJV T FCTÒDGT 5YCUVKMC #RJTQFKVG UKV\V N OKV 6CWDG FCJKPVGT $CWO <QFFC (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
78
SICILIA
1,5:1
456
1,5:1
)'.# Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I 4GKVGT T OKV .CP\G #PFTQMGRJCNG 5VKGTRTQVQOG T ,GPMKPU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2GVGT / 5WVGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T )GNC JCVVG UGKPGP 0COGP XQO (NWIQVV )GNCU YKG CWEJ 8GTIKN KP FGT #GPGKU +++ GTY·JPV KOOCPKUSWG )GNC HNWXKK EQIPQOKPG FKEVC &KGUGT (NWIQVV YKTF CWH FGP /ÒP\GP CNU OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT 5VKGT FCTIGUVGNNV 2KPFCT 2[VJ + GTY·JPV GKPG 5VCVWG FGU (NWIQVVGU CNU 5VKGT
458
458
457
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I 3WCFTKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V 2HGTFG #PFTQMGRJCNG 5VKGT RTQVQOG T ,GPMKPU -N -TCV\GT CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ .KVTC X %JT I 4GKVGT N OKV 5EJKNF #PFTQMGRJCNG 5VKGTRTQVQOG T ,GPMKPU 5GJT UEJÌP
459
460
461
-#6#0' Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT I #PFTQMGRJCNGT 5VKGT T FCTÒDGT <YGKI KO #DUEJPKVV (KUEJ 0KMG KP NCPIGO %JKVQP IGJV N OKV 6CGPKG WPVGP -# 6#0 ' #TPQNF $KWEEJK 4CP FC\\Q *QCTF #05 05 4K\\Q XGTIN 6CX +: 50) #05 XGTIN 4 5GJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI &GT 5VKGT CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG XGTMÌTRGTV FGP (NWIQVV #OGPCPQU
.'106+01+ Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I 3WCFTKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V 2HGTFG .Ì YGPMQRH T XQP XKGT )GTUVGPMÌTPGTP WOIGDGP 4K\\Q XGTIN 6CX ::++ HH *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP /GT\DCEJGT /ÒPEJGP 0T +P GKPGO WO X %JT XGTDQTIGPGP *QTV HCPFGP UKEJ \YGK 6GVTCFTCEJOGP OKV UVGORGNINGKEJGT 8QTFGTUGKVG &GT 4GXGTU FGU 5VÒEMGU \GKIV CNU URTGEJGPFGU 9CRRGP GKPGP .ÌYGPMQRH WOIGDGP XQP )GTUVGPMÌTPGTP FKG CWH FGP )GVTGKFGTGKEJVWO FGT %CORK .GQPVKPK JKPYGKUGP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .ÌYGPMQRH N XQP XKGT )GTUVGPMÌTPGTP WOIGDGP 4K\\Q XGTIN 6CX ::+++ 5GJT UEJÌP
&CU 5VÒEM KUV PCEJ %JT $QGJTKPIGT FCVKGTV
79
SICILIA
462
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .ÌYGPMQRH N XQP FTGK )GTUVGPMÌTPGTP WPF GKPGO $NCVV WOIGDGP 4K\\Q 6CX ::+8 UVGORGNINGKEJ +P FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI UGJT UGNVGP 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
464
463
/'55#0# Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I #WTKIC UVGJV KP /CWNVKGTDKIC T 0KMG DG MT·P\V /CWNVKGTG KO #DUEJPKVV \YGK &GNRJKPG IGIGPGKPCPFGT *CUG URTKPIV T ÒDGT &GNRJKP T %CNVC DKCPQ 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
5')'56# Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I *WPF T -QRH FGT 0[ORJG 5GIGUVC T 4K\\Q 2N .:++ 50) #05 50) #UJOQNGCP 4 /KPKOCNG -QTTQUKQPUURWTGP CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
465
465 1,5:1
5'.+075 Õ &KFTCEJOG WO X %JT I 'RRKEJDNCVV 8KGNHCEJ IGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) #05 XGTIN 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T
466
1,5:1
1,5:1
467
51.175 U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH X X OKV MQTKPVKUEJGO *GNO $QIGP UEJÒV\G MPKGV T %CNEKCVK ªDGTFWTEJUEJPKVVNKEJ GTJCNVGP &WPMNG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
5;4#-75 Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I 3WCFTKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V 2HGTFG #TGVJWUCMQRH T XQP XKGT &GNRJKPGP WOIGDGP $QGJTKPIGT /KP MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
80
SICILIA
468
469
469
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I 0CEMVGT 4GKVGT T #TGVJWUCMQRH T $QGJTKPIGT 44 #XGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I 3WCFTKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V .GPMGT KO #DUEJPKVV -GVQU #TGVJWUCMQRH T XQP XKGT &GNRJKPGP WOIGDGP $QGJTKPIGT -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CWH FGO 4GXGTU UGJT UEJÌP
470
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I 3WCFTKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V .GPMGT KO #DUEJPKVV -GVQU #TGVJWUCMQRH T XQP XKGT &GNRJKPGP WOIGDGP $QGJTKPIGT 5GNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
471 472
1,5:1
1,5:1
6GVTCU PCEJ X %JT I #TGVJWUCMQRH HCUV X X 1EVQRWU %CNEKCVK )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT 5VGORGN XQP 'WMNGKFCU WPUKIPKGTV I 3WCFTKIC N 0KMG DGMT·P\V .GPMGT #TGVJWUCMQRH N XQP XKGT &GNRJKPGP WOIGDGP 6WFGGT #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T &GT 4GXGTU \GKIV GKPGP #TGVJWUCMQRH XQP HGKPUVGO 5VKN
473 1,5:1
1,5:1
474
Õ *GOKNKVTC X %JT I #TGVJWUCMQRH N 4CF KP FGP 9KPMGNP 'VJPKMQP WPF \YGK &GNRJKPG 50) #05 50) /ÒPEJGP 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2TQH &T *CIGP 6TQPPKGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 0T
&TCEJOG PCEJ X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO 5GGUVGTP \YKUEJGP \YGK &GNRJKPGP %CNEKCVK )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
81
SICILIA
475
476
&KQP X %JT U I -QRH FGU <GWU 'NGWVJGTKQU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ $NKV\ T )GTUVGP MQTP %CNEKCVK )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
6KOQNGQP X %JT &TCEJOG I $·TVKIGT -QRH N OKV *GNO #TEJKCU! 2GICUQU N FCTWPVGT &GNRJKP N %CNEKCVK FKGU 'ZGORNCT 44 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 6QO 8KT\K WPF FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T #TEJKCU JCV 5[TCMWU CNU MQTKPVJKUEJG -QNQPKG IGITÒPFGV
477
478
U I -QTGMQRH N OKV JTGPMTCP\ 2GICUQU HNKGIV N %CNEKCVK )TÒPG 2CVKPC OKP MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
&KNKVTQP I <GWUMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2HGTF N %CNEKCVK &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT UGJT UEJÌP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1,5:1
479
1,5:1
4GRWDNKM X %JT Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 2GICUWU HNKGIV N #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO %CNEKCVK 2GICUK 8QT\ÒINKEJ /ÌINKEJGTYGKUG YWTFG FCU 5VÒEM CWEJ WPVGT 6KOQNGQP IGRT·IV
480 1,5:1
1,5:1
#ICVJQMNGU X %JT Ô .KVTGP X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N $KIC T WPVGP 6TKUMGNKU 50) #05 XGTIN HH 50) /ÒPEJGP XGTIN HH 4 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
481
482
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I #TGVJWUCMQRH N XQP FTGK &GNRJKPGP WOIGDGP 3WCFTKIC N QDGP 6TKUMGNKU +GTCTFK 50) #05 50) /ÒPEJGP #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
U I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO 2GICUQU N %CNEKCVK )TÒPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
82
SICILIA
484
483
U I <GWUMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ $NKV\ %CNEKCVK &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
*KMGVCU X %JT U I -QRH FGU <GWU *GNNCPKQU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #FNGT CWH $NKV\ N %CNEKCVK $TCWPG 2CVKPC ªDGTRT·IWPIUURWTGP UGJT UEJÌP
485
487
486
*KGTQP ++ X %JT U I -QTGMQRH N OKV JTGPMTCP\ FCJKPVGT /QJPMWIGN 5VKGT UVÌV N FCTÒDGT -GWNG %CNEKCVK &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
U I 2QUGKFQPMQRH N &TGK\CEM \YKUEJGP \YGK &GNRJKPGP %CNEKCVK &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
4GRWDNKM X %JT Õ .KVTGP I -QTGMQRH N OKV JTGPMTCP\ FCJKPVGT 'WNG 0KMG KP 3WCFTKIC T $WTPGVV 'PPC JQCTF KP 504 2N & 50) #05 50) /ÒPEJGP 44 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
489
488
489
U I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCJKPVGT /QPFUKEJGN &TGKHW %CNEKCVK &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI .KPFITGP ++ 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
U I #TGUMQRH T OKV *GNO 0KMG MPKGV X X CWH 5VKGT %CNEKCVK )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
490 1,5:1
1,5:1
270+'4 Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT 'PVGNNC ! I 2HGTFGRTQVQOG T XQP 0KMG DG MT·P\V T )GTUVGPMQTP 2CNOG ,GPMKPU ++ 44 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP 83
ILLYRICUM
491
493
492
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG I #TGVJWUCMQRH N XQP XKGT &GNRJKPGP WOIGDGP 2HGTFGMQRH N FCJKPVGT 2CNOG ,GPMKPU +++ 5GJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG I #TGVJWUCMQRH N XQP XKGT &GNRJKPGP WOIGDGP 2HGTFGMQRH N FCJKPVGT 2CNOG ,GPMKPU +++ 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT /*5$/ 3W·UVQTGPOÒP\UV·VVG I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .Ì YGPHGNN T 2HGTFGMQRH N FCJKPVGT 2CNOG ,GPMKPU +8 -N 5VGORGNDTWEJ CWH FGO #XGTU IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ &GT 2HGTFGMQRH IGJÌTV \WT )TÒPFWPIUUCIG XQP -CTVJCIQ UQ UEJTGKDV 8GTIKN &QTV \WGTUV XQP 9GNNGP WPF 9KPF CPU 7HGT IGYQTHGP ITWDGP GKP <GKEJGP FKG 2WPKGT CWU &KG *GTTUEJGTKP ,WPQ \GKIVG GU CP GKPGU 5VTGKVTQUUGU *CWRV UQ YGTFG FGPP -TKGIUTWJO \KGTGP FCU 8QNM LCJTJWPFGTVGNCPI WPF (ÒNNG FGU .GDGPU &KG 8QTFGTUGKVG KOKVKGTV 6GV TCFTCEJOGP #NGZCPFGTU FGU )TQGP
495
494
+..;4+%7/
&;44*#%*+7/ Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I -WJ N U·WIV -CND #NMKPQQUI·TVGP KO #DUEJPKVV -GWNG /CKGT KP 0< #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I -WJ T U·WIV -CND QDGP R ! #NMKPQQUI·TVGP KO #DUEJPKVV -GWNG /CKGT KP 0< XGTIN (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
496
/1'5+#
+56415 Õ &TCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I <YGK -ÌRHG X X IGIGPGKPCPFGT XGTUGV\V 5GGCFNGT CWH &GNRJKP N WPVGP # #/0) -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ &KG DGKFGP -ÌRHG CWH FGO #XGTU UKPF WPVGTUEJKGFNKEJ IGFGWVGV YQTFGP CNU -ÌRHG FGT &KQUMWTGP CNU 5QPPGPCWHICPI WPF 5QPPGPWPVGTICPI QFGT CNU RGTUQPKHK\KGTVGT 9KPF *KPF +UVTKCP HCEGU CPF VJG TKXGT &CPWDG KP 0% 5 H FGWVGV FKG DGKFGP -ÌRHG CNU GKPG &CTUVGNNWPI FGU (NWUUIQVVGU +UVTQU FC KP FGT #PVKMG VGKNYGKUG XQP \YGK /ÒPFWP IGP FGU +UVTQU P·ONKEJ KPU 5EJYCT\G /GGT WPF KP FKG #FTKCVKUEJG 5GG CWUIGICPIGP YWTFG
1,5:1
497
84
1,5:1
Ô 5VCVGT X %JT I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPUJQTP #VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT DI CWH FGO 6JTQP IS KO #DUEJPKVV &TGK\CEM #/0) FG %CNNCVC[ & 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *GUU &KXQ #) <ÒTKEJ 0T
SCYTHIA
498
499
500
501
-#..#6+5 Ô 5VCVGT X %JT I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPUJQTP #VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCTWPVGT &TGK\CEM #/0) FG %CNNCVC[ & 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&GT -QRH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG \GKIV FKG <ÒIG /KVJTCFCVGU 8+ UQ YKG UKG XQP UGKPGP MNGKPCUKCVKUEJGP 6GVTCFTCEJOGP DGMCPPV UKPF &KGUG )QNFRT·IWPI UVGJV KO <WUCOOGPJCPI OKV FGO $GHTGKWPIUMTKGI /KVJTCFCVGU 8+ IGIGP FKG 4ÌOGT
Ô 5VCVGT X %JT I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPUJQTP #VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCTWPVGT &TGK\CEM #/0) FG %CNNCVC[ & 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5VCVGT X %JT I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPUJQTP #VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCTWPVGT &TGK\CEM #/0) FG %CNNCVC[ & 4 C 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
61/+5 Ô 5VCVGT X %JT ! I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPUJQTP #VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCTWPVGT &TGK\CEM #/0) FG %CNNCVC[ & 'VYCU $GNCI CWH FGO 4GXGTU UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
503
502
Ô 5VCVGT X %JT ! I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPUJQTP #VJGPC 0KMG RJQTQU UKV\V N FCTWPVGT &TGK\CEM #/0) FG %CNNCVC[ & 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% 2 <ÒTKEJ 0T
Ô 5VCVGT X %JT ! I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPUJQTP #VJGPC 0KMG RJQTQU UKV\V N FCTWPVGT &TGK\CEM #/0) FG %CNNCVC[ & 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
504
505
505
5%;6*+#
1.$+# &GNRJKPIGNF ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I &GNRJKP T 5EJTKHV 50) $/ XGTIN $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
-QUQP EC X %JT Ô 5VCVGT X %JT 1NDKC I /CIKUVTCV UEJTGKVGV N \YKUEJGP \YGK .KMVQTGP FCXQT /QPQITCOO #FNGT N OKV -TCP\ WPF <GRVGT 42% # -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG XQT\ÒINKEJ
&KGUG KPVGTGUUCPVG )QNFOÒP\G KUV UGKV DGMCPPV CNU 'TCUOWU XQP 4QVVGTFCO UKG \W GTMN·TGP XGTUWEJVG 'U H·NNV UQHQTV CWH FC FKGUGT /ÒP\V[R TÌOKUEJG &GPCTG FGT UR·VGP 4GRWDNKM PCEJCJOV &KG 8QTFGTUGKVG KUV PCEJ GKPGO &GPCT IGUVCNVGV FGP / +WPKWU $TWVWU X %JT \WT 'TKPPGTWPI CP FKG 8GTVTGKDWPI FGT 6CTSWKPKGT FWTEJ UGKPGP 8QTHCJTGP . +WPKWU $TWVWU RT·IGP NKG %TCYHQTF &KG 4ÒEMUGKVG JCV GKPGP &GPCT FGU 3 2QORQPKWU 4WHWU \WO 8QTDKNF IGRT·IV X %JT %TCYHQTF &KGUG 0CEJCJOWPI TÌOKUEJ TGRWDNKMCPKUEJGT /ÒP\GP IGUEJCJ PKEJV \WH·NNKI 5Q JCV OCP NCPIG CPIGPQOOGP FC -QUQP GKP 8GTDÒPFGVGT FGU %CGUCT /ÌTFGTU $TWVWU KO $ÒTIGT MTKGI IGIGP /CTE #PVQP WPF 1EVCXKCP #WIWUVWU IGYGUGP KUV -QUQP FGT UGKPGP 0COGPU\WI CWH FKG 8QTFGTUGKVG WPUGTGT /ÒP\G RT·IGP NKG YWTFG NCPIG CNU -ÌPKI FGT 6JTCMGT CPIGUGJGP /CZ XQP $CJTHGNFV URTCEJ XQP GKPGO &CMGTMÌPKI -QUQP KP $GTNKPGT /ÒP\DN·VVGT -QUQP YWTFG CDGT CWEJ HÒT FKG 5E[VJGP KP #PURTWEJ IGPQOOGP &KG 8GTDKPFWPI \W FGP &CMGTP FGO JGWVKIGP 4WO·PKGP IGPCWGT 5KGDGPDÒTIGP JCV 1 +NKGUEW GTCTDGKVGV KP 3WC FGTPK 6KEKPGUK &CU CWH GKPKIGP 5VÒEMGP CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG \W HKPFGPFG /QPQITCOO NKGUV +NKGUEW WPUGTGT /GKPWPI PCEJ \WVTGHHGPF CNU $# HÒT BASILEUS -ÌPKI Y·JTGPF CPFGTG GU CNU $4 HÒT $TWVWU \W FGWVGP XGTUWEJV JCDGP &CU 0QOKPCN OKV GKPGO &WTEJUEJPKVVUIGYKEJV XQP I KUV UKEJGT MGKP TÌOKUEJGT #WTGWU UQPFGTP GKP ITKGEJKUEJGT )QNFUVCVGT &KG /ÒP\UV·VVG 1NDKC XGTDKTIV UKEJ YQJN PKEJV KP FGO /QPQITCOO YKG *GCF WPF CPFGTG INCWDVGP UQPFGTP UKG GTIKDV UKEJ CWU FGO 4ÒEMUGKVGPV[R FGT PKEJV PWT FGP 4WHWU &GPCT \WO 8QTDKNF JCV UQPFGTP CWEJ \W 1NDKC RCV
85
THRACIA
1,5:1
506
1,5:1
6*4#%+#
#$&'4# Õ &TCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV /QNRCIQTGU I )TGKH UKV\V N &KQP[UQUMQRH T /C[ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 8QP CNNGTITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9QJN 7PKMWO *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT .KUVG 0WOKUOCVKE (KPG #TVU 0T FGT 5COONWPI ,COGUQP 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP $TÒFGT 'IIGT 9KGP 0T
507
507 1,5:1
#+015 Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I *GTOGUMQRH T OKV 2GVCUQU <KGIGPDQEM T FCXQT #ORJQTG /C[ XGTIN # 2 4 -N -TCV\GT IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG 0GY ;QTM 0T
508
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I *GTOGUMQRH X X OKV 2GVCUQU <KGIGPDQEM T FCXQT .QTDGGTMTCP\ /C[ 4 5GJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC
509
1,5:1
1,5:1
#21..10+# 2106+%# Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT /CIKUVTCV OQEJQU I #RQNNQ MQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #PMGT N # T -TGDU 50) $/ XGTIN )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
510
86
511
%*'4510'515 Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I .ÌYGPRTQVQOG T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF 8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO KP GKPGO 9KPMGN JTG ! KO IGIGPÒDGTNKGIGPFGP 9KPMGN -WIGN 50) %QR XGTIN 50) (KV\YKNNKCO (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I .ÌYGPRTQVQOG T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF 8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO KP GKPGO 9KPMGN 9GKPVTCWDG KO IGIGPÒDGTNKGIGPFGP 9KPMGN -WIGN WPF # 50) %QR 50) (KV\YKN NKCO (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
THRACIA
512
513
514
514
/#410'+# Õ 5VCVGT X %JT /CIKUVTCV +MGUKQU I 2HGTF URTKPIV N 9GKPUVQEM N -GT[MGKQP 5EJÌPGTV )GKUU (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT /CIKUVTCV %JQTGIQU I 2HGTF URTKPIV N 9GKPUVQEM N (NKGIG 5EJÌPGTV )GKUU HH 8QT\ÒINKEJ IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1&'5515 Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG #NGZCPFTGKGT <GKV /KVJTCFCVGU 8+ X %JT I *GTCMNG UMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T <GWU #GVQRJQTQU UKV\V N 2TKEG #XGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
516
515
2#06+-#2#+10 U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 2CPMQRH N OKV 'HGWMTCP\ $QIGP WPF 2HGKN 50) $/ &WPMNG 2CVKPC MQTTQFKGTV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 2CPMQRH T )TGKHGPRTQVQOG N FCTWPVGT (KUEJ N 50) $/ HH &WPMNG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
517
2'4+06*15 U WO P %JT I *GTCMNGUMQRH N <GWU UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT FCXQT #FNGT 5EJÌPGTV #XGTU UVGORGNINGKEJ &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
519
518
521
6*#515 Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 5CV[T XGTUEJNGRRV 0[ORJG 8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) %QR 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I 5CV[T XGTUEJNGRRV 0[ORJG 8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) %QR XGTIN #VVTCMVKXGU IWV \GPVTKGTVGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I 5CV[T XGTUEJNGRRV 0[ORJG 8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) %QR XGTIN 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 1DQN ! X %JT I 5CV[TMQRH T <YGK &GNRJKPG ÒDGTGKPCPFGT N WPF T 50) %QR &C\W HÒPH YGKVGTG -NGKPUKNDGTOÒP\GP XQP 6JCUQU W C &KQDQN 5CV[T T +PEWUWO 5NI -NGKP *GOKQDQN &GNRJKP T +PEWUWO *GOKQDQN 0[ORJGPMQRH &GNRJKP XGTIN 50) %QR UQYKG \YGK 6TKJGOKQDQNG 5CV[T N OKV -CPVJCTQU -CPVJCTQU 50) %QR HH 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌP
87
THRACIA
523
522
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG PCEJ X %JT I &KQP[UQUMQRH T *GTCMNGU UVGJV N OKV -GWNG WPF .Ì YGPHGNN 50) %QR XGTIN (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG PCEJ X %JT I &KQP[UQUMQRH T *GTCMNGU UVGJV N OKV -GWNG WPF .Ì YGPHGNN 50) %QR XGTIN -N -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 2GWU 0CEJH (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T
525
524
-¤0+)4'+%* .[UKOCEJQU X %JT Õ &TCEJOG PCEJ #NGZCPFGT 6[R X %JT .CORUCMQU I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T <GWU #GVQRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT /QPQITCOO WPF .ÌYGPRTQVQOG WPVGT FGO 6JTQP (CEMGN 6JQORUQP KP 'UUC[U 4QDKPUQP 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT .CORUCMQU I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPU JQTP #VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT /QPQITCOO KO #DUEJPKVV *CNDOQPF 6JQORUQP KP 'UUC[U 4QDKPUQP )GUVQRHVGU .QEJ UQPUV IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
526
525
527
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT .CORUCMQU I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPU JQTP #VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT /QPQITCOO WPF #RJNCUVQP 6JQORUQP KP 'UUC[U 4QDKPUQP 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT #ORJKRQNKU I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPU JQTP #VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT -GT[MGKQP OKV )TKHH FCJKPVGT /QPQITCOO 6JQORUQP KP 'UUC[U 4QDKPUQP (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
'KPG /ÒP\G XQP DGUVGO JGNNGPKUVKUEJGP 5VKN
528
1,5:1
88
1,5:1
Ô 5VCVGT X %JT 2GNNC I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPUJQTP #VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT /QPQITCOO CWH FGO 6JTQP P KO #DUEJPKVV - 6JQORUQP KP 'UUC[U 4QDKPUQP 9KP\ -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
MACEDONIA
529
530
531
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO PCEJ X %JT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPUJQTP #VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT /QPQITCOO /ÒNNGT 6JQORUQP KP 'UUC[U 4QDKPUQP 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO PCEJ X %JT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPUJQTP #VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT WPF KO #DUEJPKVV /QPQITCOO /ÒNNGT 6JQORUQP KP 'UUC[U 4QDKPUQP 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO PCEJ X %JT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPUJQTP #VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT /QPQITCOO /ÒNNGT 6JQORUQP KP 'UUC[U 4QDKPUQP 5GJT UEJÌP
533
532 1,5:1
/#%'&10+#
#-#06*15 Õ 6GVTQDQN XQT X %JT I 5VKGTRTQVQOG N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF FCTÒDGT #MCPVJQUDNÒVG 8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) #05 XGTIN 50) %QR (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ 6GVTQDQN X %JT I 5VKGTRTQVQOG N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF 8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) #05 XGTIN 50) %QR XGTIN 4CPFCWUDTWEJ IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
534
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT I .ÌYG T UEJN·IV 5VKGT N KO #DUEJPKVV 0+ +PEWUWO FCTKP XKGTIGVGKNVGU 3WCFTCV &GUPGWZ (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T &CU 5VÒEM IGJÌTV \W &GUPGWZU 6[R * FGT KO RJÌPK\KUEJGP 5VCPFCTF IGRT·IV YWTFG #WEJ FCU GKP\KIG XQP &GUPGWZ CPIGHÒJTVG 'ZGORNCT XQP FKGUGP 5VGORGNP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 0CPVGWKN YWTFG KO RJÌPK\KUEJGP 5VCPFCTF IGRT·IV <YGK YGKVGTG XQP FGT )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI XGTUVGKIGTVG 5VÒEMG #WMVKQP /ÒPEJGP 0T #WMVKQP /ÒPEJGP 0T UKPF LGFQEJ YKG WPUGT 'ZGORNCT KO CVVKUEJGP 5VCPFCTF IGRT·IV YQTFGP #WEJ YGPP FKG &CVGPDCUKU OKV NGFKINKEJ XKGT 'ZGORNCTGP PKEJV UGJT CWUUCIGMT·HVKI KUV UQ UEJGKPV FQEJ FGT CVVKUEJG 5VCP FCTF HÒT FKGUG 5VÒEMG PQTOCN \W UGKP 'TUV IGIGP 'PFG FGT 2T·IWPI FGT 5VÒEMG XQP FKGUGP 5VGORGNP UEJGKPV FCPP FGT RJÌPK\KUEJG 5VCPFCTF GKPIGHÒJTV YQTFGP \W UGKP /KV 5KEJGTJGKV UVGJV FCU 5VÒEM LGFQEJ CO #PHCPI FGT 2T·IWPI XQP &GUPGWZU 6[R *
89
MACEDONIA
535
535 1,5:1
$+5#.6#+ Õ 1MVQFTCEJOG PCEJ X %JT I *GTQU OKV 2GVCUQU WPF .CP\GP UVGJV JCNDT JKPVGT GKPGO 2HGTF 8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO #/0) 4 5GJT UEJÌP &GT *GTQU KUV 4JGUQU FGT 5QJP FGU 5VT[OQP -ÌPKI FGT 6JTCMGT 'T M·ORHVG XQT +NKQP HÒT FKG 6TQKCPGT WPF YWTFG FWTEJ 1F[UUGWU WPF &KQOGFGU IGVÌVGV *QOGT +NKCU $WEJ WPF 'WTKRKFGU 4JGUQU
537
536
.'6' ! Õ 5VCVGT ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 5CV[T T J·NV HNKGJGPFG 0[ORJG CO #TO \WTÒEM +PEWUWO 50) #05 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
0'#21.+5 Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I )QTIQPGKQP 9KPFOÒJNGPHNÒIGNCTVKIGU +PEWUWO #/0) XGTIN 50) #05 -PCRRGT 5EJTÌVNKPI NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
+P 0GCRQNKU DGVTCV FGT #RQUVGN 2CWNWU \WGTUV FGP $QFGP 'WTQRCU #RQUVGNIGUEJKEJVG ++
538
538 1,5:1
1.;06*15 Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT I 3WCFTKIC T \YKUEJGP -PCWH WPF 2GKVUEJGP UEJPWT FGU .GPMGTU -WIGN +P +PEWUWO #FNGT HNKGIV N %CJP 1N[PVJWU CPF 5[TCEWUG 6[R $ FKGU 'ZGORNCT 2TKEG 9CIIQPGT #U[WV XGTIN 50) #05 XGTIN 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI -WPUVHTGWPF #WMVKQP $CPM .GW /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) <ÒTKEJ 0T FGT 5COONWPI +OJQQH $NWOGT #WMVKQP *GUU 0CEJH &QWDNGVVGP FGU -ÌPKIN /ÒP\ECDKPGVU \W $GTNKP (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI ,COGUQP 0T &KG <WYGKUWPI KUV PKEJV IGUKEJGTV FCU 5VÒEM KUV CDGT UKEJGT PQTFITKGEJKUEJ &GT #XGTU FKGPVG YKG *GTDGTV # %CJP IG\GKIV JCV CNU 8QTNCIG HÒT FKG GTUVGP 6GVTCFTCEJOGP XQP 5[TCMWU #NNG *GTDGTV # %CJP DGMCPPVGP 5VÒEMGU FGU 6[RU $ 5VÒEM UVCOOGP XQP GKPGO 5VGORGNRCCT
539 1,5:1
90
1,5:1
%JCNMKFKUEJGT $WPF Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV #TKUVQP I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -KVJCTC 50) #05 (GKPGT 5VKN XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI
MACEDONIA
540 1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -KVJCTC 50) #05 XGTIN (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
541
543
542
146*#)14'+# Õ *GOKFTCEJOG WO X %JT I #TVGOKUMQRH X X ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT -ÌEJGT /CMGFQPKUEJGT *GNO FCTÒDGT 5VGTP 50) #05 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP
216+&#+# Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I 2QUGKFQP *KRRKQU TGKVGV T WPVGT FGO 2HGTF 5VGTP MCWO PQEJ UKEJVDCT N -WIGN &KCIQPCN IGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO #/0) XGTIN 50) #05 -QTTQFKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
-¤0+)4'+%* #O[PVCU X %JT 4GIKGTWPI Õ &KFTCEJOG I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T 2HGTF T KO .KPKGPSWCFTCV #/0) XGTIN 6H ::: 50) #05 HH (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
544
545
545 1,5:1
2JKNKRRQU ++ X %JT Ô 5VCVGT X %JT 2GNNC I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ $KIC T FCTWPVGT -CPVJCTQU .G 4KFGT 6H (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 2JKNKRR ++ FGT 8CVGT #NGZCPFGTU FGU )TQGP IGNCPIVG CP FKG 4GIKGTWPI $CNF PCEJ UGKPGO 4GIKGTWPIUCPVTKVV IGNCPI GU KJO FCU IQNF WPF UKNDGTTGKEJG 2CPICKQPIGDKGV WPVGT UGKPG -QPVTQNNG \W DTKPIGP FGUUGP ,CJTGUGTVTCI 6CNGPVG DGVTWI WPF KJO FKG #WURT·IWPI FGT UEJÌPGP )QNFUVCVGTG KP FGT #PVKMG 2JKNKRRGKQK IGPCPPV GTOÌINKEJVG &KG 8QTFGTUGKVG WPUGTGU 5VÒEMGU \GKIV FGP -QRH #RQNNU FGU FGNRJKUEJGP )QVVGU \W FGO 2JKNKRRQU GKPG DGUQPFGTG $G\KGJWPI JCVVG +O *GKNKIGP -TKGI JCVVG 2JKNKRR UKEJ IGIGP FKG 2JQMGT IGYCPFV YGNEJG FKG 6GORGNUEJ·V\G KP &GNRJK IGTCWDV JCVVGP &KG 4ÒEMUGKVG URKGNV CWH GKPGP 5KGI 2JKNKRRU X %JT DGK FGP 1N[ORKUEJGP 5RKGNGP CP
UKGJG 2NWVCTEJ #NGZ +PFGO 2JKNKRRQU ++ CWH FKGUGO 5VÒEM UQYQJN GKPG 8GTDKPFWPI \W &GNRJK CNU CWEJ \W 1N[ORKC UEJWH \YGK 1TVGP FKG CNNGP )TKGEJGP JGKNKI YCTGP DTCEJVG GT CWEJ UGKP RCPJGNNGPKUEJGU RQNKVKUEJGU 2TQ ITCOO \WO #WUFTWEM &GT 2JKNKRRGKQU YCT GKPG FGT 9GNVOÒP\GP FGT #PVKMG
Ô 5VCVGT RQUVJWO X %JT 6GQU I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ $KIC T WPVGP 2CNO\YGKI OKV 6CGPKG KO #DUEJPKVV 5RGGTURKV\G 6JQORUQP KP 5VWFKQ 2CWNQ 0CUVGT 1DNCVC 4 -PCRRGT 5EJTÌVNKPI (CUUWPIUURWTGP IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ &KGUG RQUVJWOGP 2JKNKRRGKGT YWTFGP PCEJ FGO 6QF #NGZCPFGTU +++ XQP MÌPKIUVTGWGP -T·HVGP IGRT·IV FKG UQ FCTCP GTKPPGTP YQNNVGP FC 2JKNKRRQU +++ #TTJKFCKQU GKP 5QJP FGU 2JKNKRRQU ++ WPF UQOKV TGEJVO·KIGT 6JTQPHQNIGT YCT
546
547
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO X %JT 2GNNC I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4GKVGT T OKV <YGKI WPVGP 5EJNCPIG WPF DQGQVKUEJGT 5EJKNF .G 4KFGT 2N #VVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO X %JT #ORJKRQNKU I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4GKVGT T OKV <YGKI WPVGP /QPQITCOO WPF L .G 4KFGT 2N 9KP\ 2TÒHUVGNNG CO 4CPF MN -TCV\GT CWH FGO 4GXGTU UGJT UEJÌP
91
MACEDONIA
549
548
550
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO X %JT #ORJKRQNKU I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4GKVGT T OKV <YGKI WPVGP *CNDOQPF WPF P .G 4KFGT 2N 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO X %JT #ORJKRQNKU I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4GKVGT T OKV <YGKI WPVGP <YGKI WPF P .G 4KFGT 2N 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO X %JT #ORJKRQNKU I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4GKVGT T OKV <YGKI WPVGP L ÒDGT (CEMGN WPF /QPQITCOO .G 4KFGT 2N $TGKVGT 5EJTÌVNKPI HGKPG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP
551
553
552
#NGZCPFGT +++ X %JT Ô 5VCVGT X %JT 5CTFGKU I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPV JKUEJGO *GNO 0KMG UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 5V[NKU FCXQT *KTUEJMQRH 2TKEG 4 -N -TCV\GT UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T
Ô 5VCVGT X %JT 5CTFGKU I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO 0KMG UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 5V[NKU FCXQT *KTUEJMQRH 2TKEG 4 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5VCVGT X %JT .CORUCMQU I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO 0KMG UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 5V[NKU FCXQT \YGK XGTGKPVG 2HGTFGRTQVQOG N WPVGP /QPQITCOO 2TKEG 8QT\ÒINKEJ
555
554
556
554
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT $CD[NQP I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T <GWU #GVQRJQ TQU UKV\V N WPVGT FGO 6JTQP /QPQITCOO ÒDGT / 2TKEG 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
&CU 5VÒEM UVCOOV CWU FGT 'OKUUKQP \W FGT CWEJ FKG CWGTQTFGPVNKEJ UGNVGPGP &GMCFTCEJOGP #NGZCPFGTU FGU )TQGP IGJÌTGP
Ô 5VCVGT RQUVJWO X %JT 6CTUQU I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO N Q 0KMG UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 5V[NKU FCXQT -GT[MGKQP WPVGP /QPQITCOO WPF Q 2TKEG 4 #XGTU OKP FG\GPVTKGTV CVVTCMVKXGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
Ô 5VCVGT RQUVJWO X %JT MNGKPCUKCVKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJK UEJGO *GNO 0KMG UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 5V[NKU N 'HGWDNCVV T P 2TKEG (CUUWPIUURWTGP UGJT UEJÌP
92
MACEDONIA
557
2:1
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO X %JT $CD[NQP I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T -GWNG -ÌEJGT WPF $QIGP 2TKEG 44 5GJT UEJÌP
558
2:1
559
558 1,5:1
Ô 5VCVGT RQUVJWO X %JT $CD[NQP I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO 0KMG UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 5V[NKU N /+ WPVGP T /QPQITCOO KP -TCP\ 2TKEG 9KP\ )TCHHKVQ CWH FGO 4GXGTU XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
Ô 5VCVGT RQUVJWO X %JT $CD[NQP I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO 0KMG UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 5V[NKU N WPF T LG GKP /QPQITCOO 2TKEG 4CPF DGCTDGKVGV WPVGTIGYKEJVKI HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
560
561
561
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO X %JT $CD[NQP I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T <GWU #GVQRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT /QPQITCOO KP -TCP\ WPVGP /+ 2TKEG (GKPGT 5VKN 4GXGTU OKP FG\GPVTKGTV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ &TCEJOG RQUVJWO X %JT -QNQRJQP I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T <GWU #GVQRJQTQU UKV\V N 2TKEG #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
562
563
564
565
Ô 5VCVGT RQUVJWO X %JT #D[FQU I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO 0KMG UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 5V[NKU FCXQT /QPQITCOO WPVGP /WUEJGN 2TKEG 4 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT UGJT UEJÌP
2JKNKRRQU +++ X %JT Ô 5VCVGT X %JT -QNQRJQP I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPV JKUEJGO *GNO 0KMG UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 5V[NKU N &TGKHW 2TKEG 2 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Ô 5VCVGT X %JT $CD[NQP I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO 0KMG UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 5V[NKU 2TKEG 2 #VVTCMVKXGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
Ô 5VCVGT X %JT $CD[NQP I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO 0KMG UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 5V[NKU 2TKEG #VVTCMVKXGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T
93
MACEDONIA
567
566
#PVKIQPQU &QUQP X %JT Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG 2GNNC ! I 2QUGKFQPMQRH T #RQNNQ UKV\V N CWH 2TQTC OKV $QIGP /GTMGT KP #05/0 +: 5 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
.CWV /GTMGT HGKGTV FKG 4ÒEMUGKVG FGP 5GGUKGI FGU &QUQP ÒDGT 2VQNGOCKQU +++ DGK #PFTQU KO ,CJT X %JT
2JKNKRRQU 8 X %JT Õ &KFTCEJOG I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO +P -TCP\ -GWNG #/0) 50) #UJOQNGCP 44 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
568
569
570
571
2GTUGWU X %JT Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO #FNGT UVGJV T CWH $NKV\ /COTQVJ *GTTNKEJGU 2QTVT·V XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO #FNGT UVGJV T CWH $NKV\ /COTQVJ D 8QT\ÒINKEJ
0CEJ FGO $GIKPP FGU -TKGIGU IGIGP 4QO NKG 2GTUGWU FCU )GYKEJV FGT 6GVTCFTCEJOGP WO GVYC JGTCDUGV\GP WO )GNF \W IGYKPPGP 5Q GTMN·TV UKEJ FCU )GYKEJV FKGUGU 5VÒEMGU
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO #FNGT UVGJV T CWH $NKV\ /COTQVJ 5GJT UEJÌP
4¤/+5%*' 2418+0< Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I &TCRKGTVG #TVGOKUDÒUVG T OKV $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT CWH OCMGFQPKUEJGO 5EJKNF -GWNG KP -TCP\ N $NKV\ 50) #UJOQNGCP 50) %QR (GKPGT 5VKN XQT\ÒINKEJ
572
573
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I &TCRKGTVG #TVGOKUDÒUVG T OKV $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT CWH OCMGFQPKUEJGO 5EJKNF -GWNG KP -TCP\ N $NKV\ 50) #UJOQNGCP 50) %QR 5GJT UEJÌP
0CEJ FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 2[FPC X %JT YWTFG /CMGFQPKGP KP 4GIKQPGP GKPIGVGKNV 5GKV X %JT FWTHVGP FKGUG CWH 5GPCVUDGUEJNW YKGFGT /ÒP\GP RT·IGP *KGT NKGIV GKPG 2T·IWPI FGT 4GIKQP XQT
#GUKNNCU 3W·UVQT Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT 6JGUUCNQPKEC I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T FCJKPVGT Q +P -TCP\ (KUEWU -GWNG WPF 5VWJN $CWUNCWIJ )TWRRG 8++ 1 FG %CNNCVC[ & -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CO 4CPF UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT &KG #XGTUNGIGPFG DGIKPPV % 24 'U YWTFG NCPIG XGTOWVGV FC % HÒT GKPGP %CGUCT UVGJV FKGU KUV CDGT YQJN WPYCJTUEJGKPNKEJ UKGJG $CWUNCWIJ 5
94
THESSALIA
574
575
2#'10+#
-¤0+)4'+%* .[MMGKQU X %JT Õ 5VCVGT I <GWUMQRH T *GTCMNGU GTYÒTIV FGP PGOGKUEJGP .ÌYGP 50) #05 .GKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ *GTCMNGU GTYÒTIV FGP PGOGKUEJGP .ÌYGP T -ÌEJGT WPF $QIGP #/0) XGTIN 50) #05 XCT 9KP\ 5VGORGNDTWEJ CWH FGO #XGTU XQT\ÒINKEJ
576
577
576 1,5:1
577 1,5:1
2CVTCQU X %JT Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4GKVGT T GT UVKEJV IGUVÒT\VGP )GIPGT N /QPQITCOO 2CGQPKCP *QCTF 50) #05 (GKPGT 5VKN -NGKPG 5EJÒTHUVGNNG CO 4CPF UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4GKVGT T GTUVKEJV IGUVÒT\VGP )GIPGT N $WMTCPKQP 50) #05 4GXGTU UVGORGNINGKEJ (GKPGT 5VKN #VVTCMVKXGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
578
6*'55#.+#
.#4+55# Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I 0[ORJGPMQRH HCUV X X 2HGTF T *GTTOCPP 6CH 8 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
&KG 8QTFGTUGKVG FKGUGU 5VÒEMGU NGJPV UKEJ CP FKG U[TCMWUCPKUEJGP 6GVTCFTCEJOGP FGU -KOQP CP &GT 0[ORJGPMQRH CWH WPUGTGO 5VÒEM KUV KO )GIGPUCV\ \W XKGNGP CPFGTGP 0CEJCJOWPIGP FGU MKOQPKUEJGP 0[ORJGPMQRHGU GKPG XQNN PCEJGORHWPFGPG WPF MÒPUVNGTKUEJ JQEJUVGJGPFG #TDGKV *GTTOCPP XGTOWVGV FC FKG &KFTCEJOGP XQP .CTKUUC FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP 2JCTUCNQU KO ,CJTG X %JT HGKGTP
579
580 579 1,5:1
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I 0[ORJGPMQRH HCUV X X 2HGTF ITCUV T *GTTOCPP 6H 8++ 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I 0[ORJGPMQRH HCUV X X 2HGTF ITCUV T *GTTOCPP 6H 8+++ #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
95
BOEOTIA
582
581
.+)# X %JT Õ 5VCVGT X %JT /CIKUVTCVG #NGZCPFTQU WPF /GPGMTCVGU I -QRH FGU <GWU XQP &QFQPC T OKV 'KEJGPMTCP\ #VJGPC +VQPKC UVGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF $/% 50) #UJOQNGCP 50) %QR 5GJT UEJÌP
<WO 0QOKPCN WPF \WT &CVKGTWPI FGT VJGUUCNKUEJGP $WPFGUUVCVGTG UKGJG (TCPMG <WT %JTQPQNQIKG FGT 5VTCVGIGP WPF FGT /ÒP\RT·IWPI FGU -QKPQP FGT 6JGUUCNGT KP 5EJYGK\GT /ÒP\DN·VVGT 5 HH
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT /CIKUVTCVG 2QN[ZGPQU WPF 'WMQNQU I -QRH FGU <GWU XQP &QFQPC T OKV 'KEJGPMTCP\ #VJGPC +VQPKC UVGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF $/% 50) #UJOQNGCP 50) %QR (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
584
583
586
585
#%#40#0+#
#0#-614+10 Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 2GICUWU HNKGIV N #VJGPCMQRH N OKV MQTKPVJK UEJGO *GNO FCJKPVGT #NVCT %CNEKCVK 2GICUK 5VGORGNDTÒEJG CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
#4)15 #/2*+.1%*+-10 Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 2GICUWU HNKGIV N #VJGPCMQRH N OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO FCJKPVGT MQTKPVJKUEJGT *GNO %CNEKCVK 2GICUK (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
.'7-#5 Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 2GICUWU HNKGIV N #VJGPCMQRH N OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO T )TGKHGPRTQVQOG N %CNEKCVK 2GICUK 5GJT UEJÌP
2*1%+5
(¤&'4#6+10 Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I 5VKGTMQRH X X #TVGOKUMQRH T 9KNNKCOU XGTIN (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\ <GPVTWO -ÌNP 0T FQTV KTTVÒONKEJ WPVGT -TGVC 2TCKUQU
588 589
587
$1'16+#
6*'$'0 Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I $QGQVKUEJGT 5EJKNF #ORJQTG \YKUEJGP TI MO $/% 5NI $%& 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $%& #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T
-1+010 Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I $QKQVKUEJGT 5EJKNF -CPVJCTQU FCTÒDGT -GWNG T *CNDOQPF $/% 5NI $%& FKGU 'ZGORNCT (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ &TCEJOG WO X %JT 6JGDGP ! I &GOGVGTMQRH HCUV X X OKV JTGPMTCP\ 2QUGKFQP UVGJV T OKV &TGK\CEM WPF &GNRJKP FCXQT DI WPF DQKQVKUEJGT 5EJKNF $/% 5NI $%& FKGU 'ZGO RNCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
96
ATTICA
590 1,5:1
1,5:1
#66+%#
#6*'0 Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P +PEW UWO 'WNG UVGJV T FCJKPVGT 1NKXGP\YGKI 5GNVOCP )TWRRG % 50) /ÒPEJGP 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N 44 /KP MQTTQFKGTV CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
591
592 591 1,5:1
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P +PEWUWO 'WNG UVGJV T FCJKPVGT 1NKXGP\YGKI 5GNVOCP )TWRRG ) 50) /ÒPEJGP 5XQTQPQU XGTIN 2N 44 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CWH FGO #XGTU UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P +PEWUWO 'WNG T FCJKPVGT 1NKXGP\YGKI WPF /QPFUKEJGN 5VCTT )TWRRG 8 XGTIN 5GJT UEJÌP
593
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 'WNG T FCJKPVGT 1NKXGP\YGKI WPF /QPFUKEJGN 5VCTT XGTIN 2N ::++ $TGKVGT 5EJTÌVNKPI JGTXQTTCIGPF \GPVTKGTVGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
594
595
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 'WNG T FCJKPVGT 1NKXGP\YGKI WPF /QPFUKEJGN 5VCTT XGTIN 2N ::+++ (GKPG 6ÌPWPI HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 'WNG T FCJKPVGT 1NKXGP\YGKI WPF /QPFUKEJGN 5VCTT XGTIN 2N ::+++ #WH #XGTU WPF 4GXGTU LG GKPG MN 2TÒHRWP\G CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
97
AEGINA
596
597
597 1,5:1
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 'WNG UVGJV T FCJKPVGT 1NKXGP\YGKI WPF /QPFUKEJGN 50) /ÒPEJGP XGTIN HH 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 'WNG UVGJV T FCJKPVGT 1NKXGP\YGKI WPF /QPFUKEJGN 50) /ÒPEJGP XGTIN 44 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC
599
598
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG /CKOCMVGTKQP 0QXGODGT &G\GODGT X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P -TCP\ 'WNG CWH #ORJQTG OKV ' X X T 2HGTFGRTQVQOG 6JQORUQP C FKGU 'ZGORNCT CDIGDKNFGV #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG /CKOCMVGTKQP 0QXGODGT &G\GODGT X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P -TCP\ 'WNG CWH #ORJQTG OKV ' X X T 'NGHCPV 6JQORUQP M .GKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG .CXCN &KG 0GWUVKNRT·IWPIGP UKPF PCEJ %JT $QGJTKPIGT FCVKGTV
601
602
603
#')+0#
#')+0# Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 5GGUEJKNFMTÌVG /GJTHCEJ IGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) &GNGRKGTTG XGTIN HH &C\W GKPG 6GVTCFTCEJOG #NGZCPFGTU FGU )TQGP UWDCGTCV! 5VÒEM 5EJÌP Z HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I .CPFUEJKNFMTÌVG (ÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) &GNGRKGTTG HH -N 2TÒHRWP\G UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I .CPFUEJKNFMTÌVG (ÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) &GNGRKGTTG HH 2TÒHRWP\G UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I .CPFUEJKNFMTÌVG (ÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) &GNGRKGTTG HH (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
604
605 605 1,5:1
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I .CPFUEJKNFMTÌVG (ÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) &GNGRKGTTG XGTIN 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I .CPFUEJKNFMTÌVG (ÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) &GNGRKGTTG 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T
98
PELOPONNESUS
607 606
608
%14+06*+#
-14+06* Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 2GICUWU HNKGIV T +P +PEWUWO #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO %CNEKCVK 2GICUK 4CXGN XGTIN #XGTU FG\GPVTKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I 2GICUWU HNKGIV N -QRH FGT #RJTQFKVG ! T 5NI $%& 50) %QR 4 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 2GICUWU HNKGIV N #VJGPCMQRH N OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO FCJKPVGT #TVGOKU OKV (CEMGN %CNEKCVK 2GICUK 4CXGN #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
609
610
1,5:1
611
1,5:1
2'.12100'575
'.+5 1.;/2+# Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I #FNGT UVGJV T CWH FGO -ÌTRGT GKPGU $GWVGVKGTGU $NKV\ 5GNVOCP XGTIN 2N 8+++ 5NI $%& FKGU 'ZGORNCT 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P -TCP\ $NKV\ $/% 5NI $%& 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG WO X %JT I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #FNGT UVGJV T CWH -CRKVGNN $/% 5NI $%& FKGU 'ZGORNCT 8QTFGTUGKVG NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
613 612
614
#4)1.+5 #4)15 Õ 6TKQDQN WO X %JT I 9QNHURTQVQOG N # KP +PEWUWO 5NI $%& HH 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 6TKQDQN WO X %JT I 9QNHURTQVQOG N # KP +PEWUWO WPVGP #FNGT 5NI $%& 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP
6')'# Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGT #VJGPC #NGC T -GRJGQU IGJV T OKV &QNEJ WPF 5EJKNF WPVGP 5RGGT 5NI $%& 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
-GRJGQU 5QJP FGU #NGQU WPF FGT 0GCKTC KUV GKP CTMCFKUEJGT *GTQU FGT \WUCOOGP OKV FGO -WNV FGT #VJGPC #NGC PCEJ 6GIGC MCO -GRJGQU WPVGTUVÒV\VG OKV UGKPGP \YCP\KI 5ÌJPGP FGP <WI FGU *GTCMNGU IGIGP *KRQMQQP &KG -GRJKFGP MGJTVGP XQP FGO #DGPVGWGT PKEJV \WTÒEM
99
BOSPORUS
615
616
%4'6#
)146;0# Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V KP PCEJFGPMNKEJGT *CNVWPI T CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG FGP -QRH CWH FKG NKPMG *CPF IGUVÒV\V 5VKGT UVGJV T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF .G 4KFGT 2N :8 HH 5XQTQPQU HH 4 $TGKVGT NGKEJV QXCNGT 5EJTÌVNKPI UGJT UEJÌP
2*#+5615 Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I *GTCMNGU UVGJV KP JGTQKUEJGT 0CEMVJGKV N KP #WUHCNN UVGNNWPI KO -CORH IGIGP FKG *[FTC XQP .GTPC GT UGV\V FGP NKPMGP (W CWH KJTGP 5EJYCP\ UEJYKPIV OKV FGT 4GEJVGP FKG -GWNG WPF UEJÒV\V UGKPGP NKPMGP #TO OKV FGO .ÌYGPHGNN WPVGP -TGDU 5VKGT IGJV T .G 4KFGT ::+++ UVGORGNINGKEJ 5XQTQPQU 4 4GXGTU GVYCU IGIN·VVGV UGJT UEJÌP
*GTCMNGU FGT JKGT KO -CORH OKV FGT NGTPCKUEJGP *[FTC IG\GKIV YKTF YCT FGT )TQXCVGT FGU *GTQU 2JCKUVQU FGU O[VJKUEJGP 5VCFVITÒPFGTU
617
1,5:1
1,5:1
-;-.#&'0
5;415 Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT I &GOGVGTMQRH T OKV JTGPMTCP\ +P .QTDGGT MTCP\ FKG -CDKTGP UVGJGP X X OKV 5RGGTGP ÒDGT KJTGP -ÌRHGP 5VGTPG 0KEQNGV 2KGTTG #OCPFT[ 5 FKGU 'ZGORNCT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI XQT\ÒINKEJ
618
1,5:1
1,5:1
$1521475
100
#UCPFTQU X %JT Ô 5VCVGT ,CJT CNU -ÌPKI X %JT I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO 0KMG UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF <YGKI /CE&QPCNF 0CYQVMC 42% 44 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
MYSIA
619
621
620
2#2*.#)10+#
5+012' Õ &TCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV '- I 0[ORJGPMQRH N #FNGT CWH &GNRJKP N 50) $/ 50) X #WNQEM 5GJT UEJÌP
$+6*;0+#
-¤0+)4'+%* 2TWUKCU ++ X %JT Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG I -QRH OKV IGHNÒIGNVGT 6CGPKG T <GWU 5VTCVKQU UVGJV N OKV <GRVGT WPF DGMT·P\V -ÌPKIUPCOGP FCXQT #FNGT CWH $NKV\ ÒDGT /QPQ ITCOO 9CFFKPIVQP 4GE IGP 2N ::: $TGKV WPF HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 2TWUKCU ++ IGPCPPV -[PGIQU ,·IGT YKTF XQP 2QN[DKQU CNU YGKPGTNKEJGT $CTDCT QJPG 5MTWRGN WPF )GYKUUGP IGUEJKNFGTV &GT -ÌPKI YCT OKV #RCOG XGTJGKTCVGV FGT 5EJYGUVGT FGU -ÌPKIU 2GTUGWU YCU KJP CDGT PKEJV JKPFGTVG UKEJ KO TÌOKUEJ OCMGFQPKUEJGP -TKGI CWH FKG 5GKVG FGT 4ÌOGT \W UVGNNGP X %JT VTCV GT KO 5GPCV KP (TGKIGNCUUGPGPVTCEJV CWH WPF TGFGVG FKG 5GPCVQTGP OKV 5EJÒV\GPFG )ÌVVGT CP YCU FGP *GTTGP FQEJ GVYCU \W YGKV IKPI 2QN[DKQU 0CEJ ÒDGT 4GIKGTWPIULCJTGP XQNNGT 6GTTQT XGTUWEJVG GT UGKPGP GTUVIGDQTGPGP 5QJP 0KMQOGFGU WODTKPIGP \W NCUUGP &KGUGT TGDGNNKGTVG OKV RGTICOGPKUEJGT *KNHG &KG $ÒTIGT XQP 0KMQOGFGKC NKGHGTVGP FGP XGTJCVGP -ÌPKI CWU WPF 0KMQOGFGU NKG KJP UVGKPKIGP #RRKCP /KVJTCFCVGU HH ,WUVKPWU :::+8
U I &KQP[UQUMQRH T OKV 'HGWMTCP\ -GPVCWT %JKTQP T OKV .[TC 9CFFKPIVQP 4GE IGP &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
622
0KMQOGFGU ++ X %JT Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT X %JT I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO <GWU UVGJV N OKV <GRVGT WPF DGMT·P\V -ÌPKIUPCOGP FCXQT #FNGT CWH $NKV\ N 9CFFKPIVQP 4GE IGP #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC
2:1
623
2:1
/;5+#
-;<+-15 'N 5VCVGT X %JT I 6JWPHKUEJMQRH N 8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO X (TKV\G XGTIN 50) (TCPEG )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
624
625
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I -QRH FGT -QTG 5QVGKTC N OKV JTGPMTCP\ WPF 5EJNGKGT .ÌYGPMQRH N FCTWPVGT 6JWPHKUEJ X (TKV\G 4 5GJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I -QRH FGT -QTG 5QVGKTC N OKV JTGPMTCP\ WPF 5EJNGKGT .ÌYGPMQRH N FCTWPVGT 6JWPHKUEJ X (TKV\G 4 #XGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
101
AEOLIS
627
626
2'4)#/10 #VVCNQU + X %JT Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG I -QRH FGU 2JKNGVCKTQU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #VJGPC 5VGRJCPQRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT 9GKPVTCWDG WPF # FCJKPVGT $QIGP 9GUVGTOCTM )TWRRG +8 $ .:::++ )WVGT 5VKN UGJT CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
5VCFV Õ %KUVQRJQT X %JT I %KUVC O[UVKEC KP 'HGWMTCP\ <YGK 5EJNCPIGP WO -Ì EJGT T 5EJNCPIGPUVCD 50) X #WNQEM 50) %QR 50) (TCPEG 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT .KUVG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
628
2:1
629 2:1
641#5
2:1
2:1
6'0'&15 Õ 1DQN X %JT I ,CPWUHÌTOKIGT -QRH (TCWGPMQRH N D·TVKIGT /·PPGT MQRH T &QRRGNCZV \YKUEJGP 6 ' -NGKP 4 5GJT UEJÌP 6GPGFQU UQNN UGKPGP 0COGP XQP 6GPGU JCDGP FGT KP 6GPGFQU IÌVVNKEJG 8GTGJTWPI IGPQ %KEGTQ &G PCVWTC FGQTWO +++ 5Q UVGNNV FGT &QRRGNMQRH CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG PCEJ GKPGT &GWVWPI 6GPGU WPF FGUUGP 5EJYGUVGT *GOKVJGC FCT (ÒT FKG &QRRGNCZV CWH FGO 4GXGTU IGDGP UEJQP FKG CPVKMGP #WVQTGP OGJTGTG 'TMN·TWPIGP 2CWUCPKCU DGTKEJVGV FC 6GPGU UKEJ OKV UGKPGO 8CVGT \GTUVTKVVGP JCVVG #NU FKGUGT OKV UGKPGO 5EJKHH DGK 6GPGFQU XQT #PMGT NCI WO UKEJ OKV FGO 5QJP \W XGTUÌJPGP JCV 6GPGU FKG 6CWG OKV GKPGT &QRRGNCZV FWTEJUEJNCIGP WO FKG 8GTUÌJPWPI \W XGTJKP FGTP #TKUVQVGNGU DTKPIV FKG #ZV OKV GKPGO )GUGV\ GKPGU -ÌPKIU XQP 6GPGFQU KP 8GTDKPFWPI YGNEJGU 'JGDTWEJ OKV FGO 6QF DGUVTCHVG WPF GKPGP 5QJP FGU -ÌPKIU VTCH 9CJTUEJGKPNKEJGT KUV CNNGTFKPIU FC FKG &QRRGNCZV GKP 5[ODQN FGU &KQP[UQU 2GNGM[U KUV WPF CWH XQTITKGEJKUEJG <GKV \WTÒEMIGJV
#'1.+5
-;/' Õ *GOKQDQN X %JT I #FNGTMQRH N 8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO -NGKP 9CIIQPGT 4QUGP %QNN 5GJT UEJÌP
630
631
632
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG PCEJ X %JT /CIKUVTCV 1N[ORKQU I -QRH FGT #OC\QPG -[OG T OKV 6CGPKG +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2HGTF UVGJV T FCTWPVGT 5M[RJQU 1CMNG[ KP #05/0 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG PCEJ X %JT /CIKUVTCV *GTCMNGKFGU I -QRH FGT #OC\QPG -[OG T OKV 6CGPKG +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2HGTF UVGJV T FCTWPVGT 5M[RJQU WPF #FNGT CWH $NKV\ 1CMNG[ KP #05/0 G 2N G FKGU 'ZGORNCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP -CUVPGT /ÒPEJGP 0T
/;4+0# Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ #RQNNQ XQP )T[PGKQP UVGJV T OKV 2CVGTC WPF .QTDGGT\YGKI OKV JGTCDJ·PIGPFGP 6CGPKGP FCXQT 1ORJC NQU WPF -CPVJCTQU 5CEMU 5VGORGNDTWEJ CWH FGO 4GXGTU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&GT #RQNNQ XQP )T[PGKQP JCV YKG 8GTIKN KP FGT #GPGKU CPIKDV FGO #GPGCU DGHQJNGP PCEJ +VCNKGP \W GKNGP
102
IONIA
633
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ #RQNNQ XQP )T[PGKQP UVGJV T OKV 2CVGTC WPF .QTDGGT\YGKI OKV JGTCDJ·PIGPFGP 6CGPKGP FCXQT 1ORJCNQU WPF -CPVJCTQU 5CEMU (GNFGT NGKEJV DGCTDGKVGV UGJT UEJÌP
635
634 1,5:1
1,5:1
1,5:1
1,5:1
.'5$15
70$'-#006' /ª0<56 66' $ 5VCVGT WO X %JT I <YGK 'DGTMÌRHG GKPCP FGT IGIGPÒDGT QDGP LE +PEWUWO $/% 4 5GJT UEJÌP
/;6+.'0' 'N *GMVG 5VCVGT X %JT I .ÌYGPMQRH T +PEWUGT -CNDUMQRH T $QFGPUVGFV )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
&KGUG 'OKUUKQP FKGPVG \WT &GEMWPI FGU GTJÌJVGP )GNFDGFCTHGU Y·JTGPF FGU KQPKUEJGP #WHUVCPFGU
636
637
1,5:1
1,5:1
1,5:1
1,5:1
'N *GMVG 5VCVGT X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO +P +PEWUWO <YGK -CNDUMÌRHG GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT $QFGPUVGFV 4 5GJT UEJÌP
'N *GMVG 5VCVGT X %JT I 'DGTRTQVQOG T +P +PEWUWO .ÌYGPMQRH T $QFGPUVGFV 4 5GJT UEJÌP
638
639
2:1
2:1
2:1
2:1
+10+#
70$'56+//6' /ª0<56 66' 'N 5VCVGT ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I )NCVV CO 4CPFG \YGK -WIGNP 5MCTCDCGWU! +PEWUWO #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T XGTIN CWEJ 0T #XGTU 50) -C[JCP 9CIIQPGT 4QUGP %QNN 9GKFCWGT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'N 5VCVGT ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I .ÌYGPOCUMG X X +PEWUWO 8GTIN 50) X #WNQEM XGTIN 50) -C[JCP 5EJÌP
641
640
641
'2*'515 Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I $KGPG 8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) -C[JCP /KP MQTTQFKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV 2J[NCMQU I $KGPG *KTUEJRTQVQOG T \WTÒEM DNKEMGPF FCJKPVGT 2CNOG #UJVQP W C 6JG 2KZQFCTQU *QCTF %NCUU + 1 $/% 5GNVGPGT /CIKUVTCV 'VYCU FG\GPVTKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
103
IONIA
644 642
2:1
2:1
Õ 1MVQDQN X %JT /CIKUVTCV 6JGQRJKNQU I -QRH #TUKPQGU ++ T OKV 5EJNGKGT $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT *GCF KP 0% 5 4 4GXGTU NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
&CU 5VÒEM YWTFG WPVGT .[UKOCEJQU IGRT·IV FGT 'RJGUQU \W 'JTGP UGKPGT )GOCJNKP FGT DGTÒJOVGP 2VQNGO·GTKP #TUKPQG ++ KP #TUKPQGKC WODGPCPPV JCVVG
'4;6*4#+ Õ &KQDQN ! X %JT I 2GICUWU HNKGIV T $NÒVG $/% HH 50) %QR XGTIN 50) X #WNQEM &C\W 6JTCEKC %JGTUQPGUQU Õ *GOKFTCEJOG 5VÒEM 'VYCU MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
/#)0'5+# #TEJGRQNKU PCEJ X %JT Õ 6TKJGOKQDQN I <GWUMQRH T OKV *CCTDCPF +P +PEWUWO 2GTNSWCFTCV FCTKP HNKGIV #FNGT N 0QNNé 9GPPKPIGT # C XCT 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
#TEJGRQNKU YCT FGT 5QJP FGU DGTÒJOVGP 6JGOKUVQMNGU FGU 5KGIGTU ÒDGT FKG 2GTUGT DGK 5CNCOKU
646 1,5:1
645
1,5:1
645
5VCFV Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG PCEJ X %JT /CIKUVTCV *GTQIPGVQU 5QJP FGU <QR[TKQP I #TVG OKUDÒUVG T OKV $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT +P -TCP\ 0CEMVGT #RQNNQ UVGJV N CWH /·CPFGT CP &TGKHW IGNGJPV CWH FKGUGO -ÌEJGT $/% 50) X #WNQEM 50) %QR 8QT\ÒINKEJ /ÌINKEJGTYGKUG YCTGP FKG CWH FGP OCIPGUKUEJGP /ÒP\GP IGPCPPVGP +PFKXKFWGP MGKPG #OVUVT·IGT UQPFGTP TGKEJG /·PPGT FKG GKPG .GKVWTIGKC GKP 9GTM HÒT FGP 5VCCV KP FKGUGO (CNN GKPG 5RGPFG FKG FKG 2T·IWPI FGT /ÒP\GP GTOÌINKEJVG XQNNDTCEJVGP WPF CWU FKGUGO )TWPF FWTEJ FKG 0GPPWPI KJTGU 0COGPU CWH FGP /ÒP\GP IGGJTV YWTFGP 5KGJG ,QPGU 9TGCVJGF 6GVTCFTCEJOU QH /CIPGUKC KP #05/0 5 HH
/+.'6 Õ &KQDQN X %JT I .ÌYGPRTQVQOG N +O +PEWUWO $NÒVGPQTPCOGPV 9CI IQPGT 4QUGP %QNN (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
648 647
649 1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV &KQIGPGU I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .ÌYG UVGJV T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF FCJKPVGT 5VGTP &GRRGTV .KRRKV\ -KPPU %* /KNGUKCP 5KNXGT %QKPCIG KP VJG 5GEQPF %GPVWT[ $% KP #UJVQP *WTVGT *TUI 5VWFKGU KP )TGGM 0WOKUOCVKEU KP /GOQT[ QH /CTVKP ,GUUQR 2TKEG .QPFQP 0T 5GJT UEJÌP
2*1-#+# 'N *GMVG 5VCVGT X %JT I 9GKDNKEJGT -QRH N FCTWPVGT 4QDDG 8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO $QFGPUVGFV #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
5/;40# Õ 6TKJGOKQDQN HTÒJGU ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 9GKDNKEJGT -QRH N OKV -GMT[RJCNQU 8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) (KV\YKNNKCO 2JQMCKC 4QDKPUQP KP 0% XGTIN RN ++ (GKPGT 5VKN IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
1,5:1
104
650
1,5:1
6'15 Õ 6TKQDQN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT /CIKUVTCV &KQIGPGU I )TGKH UKV\V T -CPVJCTQU $/% 50) X #WNQEM 50) %QR (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
CARIA
2:1
651
652
2:1
%#4+#
*GMCVQOPQU X %JT 5CVTCR Õ &TCEJOG /KNGV ! I .ÌYGPMQRH N QDGP '-# 5VGTPGPOWUVGT 50) -GEMOCP 50) X #WNQEM )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
#WHITWPF FGT CWHH·NNKIGP ªDGTGKPUVKOOWPI FKGUGU 6[RU OKV FGP HTÒJGP 2T·IWPIGP XQP /KNGV MÌPPVG OCP FQTV FKG /ÒP\UV·VVG XGTOWVGP #TVCZGTZGU JCVVG *GMCVQOPQU CWEJ FKG *GTTUEJCHV ÒDGT /KNGV ÒDGTVTCIGP
2KZQFCTQU X %JT 5CVTCR Ô 5VCVGT I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ <GWU .CDTCWPFQU UVGJV T OKV <GRVGT WPF &QRRGNCZV 50) -C[JCP 44 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
654
653
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ &KFTCEJOG I #RQNNQMQRH HCUV X X <GWU .CDTCWPFQU UVGJV T OKV <GRVGT WPF &QRRGNCZV 50) X #WNQEM (GKPGT 5VKN OKP MQTTQFKGTV XQT\ÒINKEJ 2KZQFCTQU YCT FGT LÒPIUVG 5QJP FGU *GMCVQOPQU PCEJ FGO 6QF UGKPGU $TWFGTU *KFTKGWU XGTFT·PIVG GT FGUUGP )GOCJNKP #FC XQP FGT 4GIKGTWPI &GT 4GXGTU FGU 5VÒEMGU \GKIV LGPGP )QVV FGUUGP -WNV UKEJ FKG *GMCVQOPKFGP \W KJTGO (COKNKGPMWNV GTMQTGP JCVVGP <GWU .CDTCWPFQU &CU *GKNKIVWO FGU )QVVGU NCI KP .CDTCPFC D\Y .CDTCWPFC GKPGO 5VCFKGP XQP /[NCUC GPVHGTPVGP 1TV &CU &QRRGNDGKN UQNN FGT -WNVNGIGPFG PCEJ LGPGU UGKP YGNEJGU *GTCMNGU FGT #OC\QPGPMÌPKIKP *KRRQN[VG CDIGTWPIGP WPF FGT 1ORJCNG IGUEJGPMV JCVVG XQP FKGUGT UQNN GU CP CP FKG N[FKUEJGP -ÌPKIG ÒDGTIGICPIGP UGKP UEJNKGNKEJ UQNN GU XQP )[IGU CNU 8QVKX CP FCU *GKNKIVWO FGU <GWU .CDTCWPFQU ÒDGTIGDGP YQTFGP UGKP
Õ &TCEJOG I #RQNNQMQRH HCUV X X OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #EJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP 50) -GEMOCP 44 5GJT UEJÌP &KG MNGKPGP 0QOKPCNG FGT *GMCVQOPKFGP UKPF XKGN UGNVGPGT CNU FKG 6GVTCFTCEJOGP WPF &KFTCEJOGP
656
655
-0+&15 Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I .ÌYGPRTQVQOG T +P +PEWUWO #RJTQFKVGMQRH T %CJP 'VYCU XGTDTCWEJVGT 4GXGTUUVGORGN XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T
Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I .ÌYGPRTQVQOG T +P +PEWUWO #RJTQFKVGMQRH T %CJP (GKPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
657
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV *KRRQMTKVQU I -QRH FGT #RJTQFKVG 'WRNQKC N FCJKPVGT 2TQTC +P +PEWUWO .ÌYGPRTQVQOG N #UJVQP W C 6JG *GECVQOPWU *QCTF 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
658
659
4*1&15 Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I *GNKQUMQRH T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 4QUG N 9GKP VTCWDG WPF '; #UJVQP 6JG %QKPCIG QH 4JQFGU 50) -GEMOCP 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV 'TCUKMNGU I *GNKQUMQRH HCUV X X 4QUG N *GNO #UJVQP 6JG %QKPCIG QH 4JQFGU 50) -GEMOCP )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
105
LYDIA
661
660
660
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV /PCUKOCEJQU I *GNKQUMQRH HCUV X X 4QUG N UVGJV #VJGPC #UJVQP 6JG %QKPCIG QH 4JQFGU 50) -GEMOCP 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ *GOKFTCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV #PVCKQU I *GNKQUMQRH HCUV X X +P +PEWUWO 4QUG KO (GNF 2HGKNURKV\G ,GPMKPU 4JQFKCP 2NKPVQRJQTQK XGTIN 50) -GEMOCP XGTIN )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
662
662
2:1
663
663
1,5:1
.;&+#
#N[CVVGU X %JT 'N 5VCVGT X %JT 5CTFGKU I .ÌYGPMQRH T +PEWUWO 50) X #WNQEM 9CIIQPGT 4QUGP %QNN 5GJT UEJÌP
&KG <WUEJTGKDWPI \W #N[CVVGU KUV FKG VTCFKVKQPGNNG &KGUGU 5VÒEM UVCOOV UKEJGT CWU .[FKGP WPF IGJÌTV KP FKG <GKV XQT -TQKUQU
-TQKUQU X %JT Ô 5VCVGT NGKEJVGT 5VCPFCTF 5CTFGKU I .ÌYGP WPF 5VKGTRTQVQOG GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT <YGK +PEWUC 50) X #WNQEM 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ -TQKUQU FGT 5QJP FGU #N[CVVGU CWU FGO )GUEJNGEJV FGT /GTOPCFGP YCT FGT NGV\VG -ÌPKI XQP .[FKGP 'U IGNCPI -TQKUQU FCU YGUVNKEJG -NGKPCUKGP DKU CP FGP *CN[U \W WPVGTYGTHGP OKV #WUPCJOG XQP .[MKGP WPF -KNKMKGP &GT 4GKEJVWO FGU N[FKUEJGP -ÌPKIU YCT URTKEJYÌTVNKEJ -TQKUQU JCV GKP WOHCUUGPFGU DKOGVCNNKUEJGU /ÒP\U[UVGO GPV YQTHGP FCU CWH GKPGO UEJYGTGP )QNFUVCVGT XQP I WPF GKPGO NGKEJVGP )QNFUVCVGT XQP I UQYKG GKPGO 5KNDGT UVCVGT XQP I DGK GKPGO 8GTJ·NVPKU XQP )QNF \W 5KNDGT XQP DGTWJVG 'U ICD 5VÒEMGNWPIGP FGT 5VCVGTG DKU JKPCD \WO 5VCVGT &CU OGKUVGTJCHVG 9·JTWPIUU[UVGO FGU -TQKUQU OKV XGTUEJKGFGPGP 0QOKPCNGP HCPF KP FGT #PVKMG PKG YKGFGT UGKPGUINGKEJGP
664
665
666
2:1
2:1
2:1
Ô 5VCVGT UEJYGTGT 5VCPFCTF 5CTFGKU I .ÌYGP WPF 5VKGTRTQVQOG GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT +PEWUWO 50) /ÒPEJGP XGTIN 50) X #WNQEM 9CIIQPGT 4QUGP %QNN 44 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5VCVGT NGKEJVGT 5VCPFCTF 5CTFGKU I .ÌYGP WPF 5VKGTRTQVQOG GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT +PEWUWO 50) /ÒPEJGP 44 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5VCVGT UEJYGTGT 5VCPFCTF 5CTFGKU I .ÌYGP WPF 5VKGTRTQVQOG GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT +PEWUWO $GTM KP /ÒP\GPTGXWG 5 #DD 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
667
667 1,5:1
Õ 5VCVGT 5CTFGKU I .ÌYGP WPF 5VKGTRTQVQOG GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT <YGK +PEWUC 50) X #WNQEM ªDGTFWTEJUEJPKVVNKEJ GTJCNVGP #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
668
1,5:1
668
669
2:1
669
Õ 5VCVGT 5CTFGKU I .ÌYGP WPF 5VKGTRTQVQOG GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT +PEWUWO 9CIIQPGT 4QUGP %QNN 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT 5CTFGKU I .ÌYGP WPF 5VKGTRTQVQOG GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT +PEWUWO $GTM KP /ÒP\GPTGXWG 5 #DD -NGKP 44 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
106
PAMPHYLIA
670
671
5#+66# U ,CJTJWPFGTV P %JT I &TCRKGTVG 5GPCVUDÒUVG T (NWIQVV *GTOQU NCIGTV N OKV 5EJKNHTQJT WPF (ÒNNJQTP 50) /ÒPEJGP &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
2*4;)+#
&+10;5121.+5 U I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT $QWNG T OKV 5EJNGKGT WPF &KCFGO -WNV DKNF FGT #TVGOKU 'RJGUKC X X X #WNQEM /ÒP\GP WPF 5V·FVG 2JT[IKGPU + HH 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
673
672
672
*+'4#21.+5 U ,CJTJWPFGTV P %JT I &TCRKGTVG 5GPCVUDÒUVG T 6[EJG UVGJV N OKV JTGP 5VGWGTTWFGT WPF (ÒNNJQTP 50) %QR 50) X #WNQEM )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
.#1&+-'+# % (CDKWU / H X %JT Õ %KUVQRJQT /CIKUVTCV 'WGPQU *GTQFQW I %KUVC O[UVKEC KP 'HGWMTCP\ <YGK 5EJNCPIGP WO -ÌEJGT 5VWORH 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 4CPFCWUDTWEJ UGJT UEJÌP
5VWORH HÒJTV PWT GKP 'ZGORNCT CWU FGT 5COONWPI 9CFFKPIVQP CP
675
674
.;%+#
814&;0#56+5%*' 24 )70)'0 Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 'DGTRTQVQOG N +PEWUWO 8KUOCTC ++ 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 'DGTRTQVQOG N 3WCFTCVWO KPEWUWO 8KUOCTC ++ XGTIN 5GJT UEJÌP
676
677
2#/2*;.+#
#52'0&15 Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I <YGK 4KPIGT +P +PEWUWO 5EJNGWFGTGT T FCXQT 6TKUMGNKU 50) (TCPEG 50) X #WNQEM (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I <YGK 4KPIGT WPVGP 'HGWDNCVV 5EJNGWFGTGT T FCXQT 6TKUMGNKU WPF #FNGT 50) %QR 50) (TCPEG 50) X #WNQEM 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) 0GY ;QTM 0T
107
CILICIA
678
679
680
680
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I <YGK 4KPIGT +P +PEWUWO 5EJNGWFGTGT T FCXQT 6TKUMGNKU WPVGP #UVTCICN T TGEJVGEMKIGT )GIGPUVGORGN 5VKGT T 50) (TCPEG 50) X #WNQEM (GKPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I <YGK 4KPIGT 5EJNGWFGTGT T FCXQT 6TKUMGNKU 50) (TCPEG 50) X #WNQEM 5GJT UEJÌP
5+&' Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO 0KMG IGJV N OKV -TCP\ KO (GNF N )TCPCVCRHGN $/% #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
681 683
682
%+.+%+#
-'.'0&'4+5 Õ &TCEJOG X %JT I 4GKVGT UGKVY·TVU N <KGIG N FGP -QRH \W TÒEMIGYCPFV 50) (TCPEG 50) .GXCPVG 4 -PCRRGT 5EJTÌVNKPI MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP
0#)+&15 Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I #RJTQFKVG UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC FCXQT #NVCT FCJKPVGT 'TQU &KQP[UQU UVGJV N OKV JTG WPF 6J[TUQU .GFGTGT 50) (TCPEG 50) .GXCPVG #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
1.$# #LCZ U WO P %JT I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV -CRRG WPF -GT[MGKQP 6TKUMGNKU 42% )TÒPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
684
685
684 1,5:1
685 1,5:1
6#4515 &CVCOGU X %JT 5CVTCR Õ 5VCVGT I (TCWGPMQRH X X -QRH GKPGU -TKGIGTU T OKV *GNO 50) (TCPEG 50) .GXCPVG XGTIN 4GXGTU GVYCU FG\GPVTKGTV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI &GT 8QTFGTUGKVGPV[R FÒTHVG XQP U[TCMWUCPKUEJGP /ÒP\GP OKV FGO #TGVJWUCMQRH GP HCEG KPURKTKGTV UGKP
108
$CNCMTQU X %JT 5CVTCR Õ 5VCVGT I #VJGPCMQRH HCUV X X OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO N MQTKPVJKUEJGT *GNO $CCNVCTU UKV\V N OKV .QVWU\GRVGT FCXQT JTG WPF 9GKPVTCWDG FCJKPVGT MQTKPVJK UEJGT *GNO WPF $ 50) (TCPEG 50) .GXCPVG 4GXGTU GVYCU XGTRT·IV UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
SYRIA
687 686
1,5:1
686
1,5:1
5VCFV Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I 5CVTCR TGKVGV N $QIGPUEJÒV\G MPKGV T OKV IGURCPPVGO $QIGP 50) (TCPEG XGTIN 50) .GXCPVG 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5VGORGNDTÒEJG CWH FGO #XGTU 2TÒHGKPJKGD CWH FGT 4GXGTU UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 1DQN WO X %JT I $CCNVCTU UKV\V T OKV #FNGT WPF <GRVGT $CCNVCTU UVGJV T OKV <GRVGT WPF #FNGT 50) (TCPEG 50) .GXCPVG #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
1,5:1
688
1,5:1
%;2475
-+6+10 2WOKCVJQP X %JT Ô 5VCVGT ,CJT X %JT I *GTCMNGU UVGJV T OKV $QIGP WPF -GWNG .ÌYG T UEJN·IV *KTUEJ T $/% XGTIN HH 6\KCODC\KU 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1,5:1
689
1,5:1
1,5:1
690
1,5:1
2#2*15 2P[VQU ++ QFGT 2P[VCIQTCU ++ WO X %JT Õ 1DQN I 5VKGT UVGJV N FCTÒDGT IGHNÒIGNVG 5QPPGPUEJGKDG #FNGT UVGJV N T 1NKXGP\YGKI $/% XCT 6\KCODC\KU 4 5GJT UEJÌP
5#.#/+5 'WCIQTCU ++ X %JT Õ 1DQN I )TQMÌPKI KO -PKGNCWH T OKV $QIGP WPF 5RGGT 5CVTCRGPMQRH T $CDGNQP .GU 2GTUGU #EJGOGPKFGU 0T -NGKP 50) (TCPEG 50) -C[JCP 50) .GXCPVG 6\KCODC\KU 44 5GJT UEJÌP
&KG <WYGKUWPI KUV PKEJV IGUKEJGTV CNVGTPCVKX M·OG CWEJ GKPG WPDGUVKOOVG MKNKMKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG KP $GVTCEJV
692
691
693
5;4+#
#PVKQEJQU + X %JT Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT 5GNGWMGKC CF 6KITKO I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO #RQNNQ UKV\V N CWH 1ORJCNQU OKV 2HGKN WPF $QIGP *QWIJVQP .QTDGT 0G YGNN '5/ 50) 5RCGT 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT 5GNGWMGKC CF 6KITKO I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO #RQNNQ UKV\V N CWH 1ORJCNQU OKV 2HGKN WPF $QIGP *QWIJVQP .QTDGT 0GYGNN '5/ 50) 5RCGT (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG 5GNGWMGKC CF 6KITKO I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO #RQNNQ UKV\V N CWH 1ORJCNQU OKV 2HGKN WPF $QIGP 50) 5RCGT XGTIN 5GJT UEJÌP UEJÌP
&KG $GK\GKEJGP CWH FGO 4GXGTU UKPF PKEJV GTMGPPDCT
109
PHOENICIA
695
694
.#1&+-'+# #& /#4' Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT X %JT I 6[EJGDÒUVG T OKV /CWGTMTQPG +P -TCP\ <GWU #GVQRJQTQU UKV\V N /ÎTMJQNO KP #05/0 C 5GJT UEJÌP
#4#&15 Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I -QRH FGU &CIQP QFGT /GNMCTVJ ! T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ )CNGGTG T ÒDGT 9GNNGP $/% 50) %QR 5GJT UEJÌP
2*1'0+%+#
697
696
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT X %JT I 8GTUEJNGKGTVG 6[EJGDÒUVG T OKV /CWGTMTQPG +P -TCP\ 0KMG UVGJV N OKV #RJNCUVQP $/% -TQOCPP 5 .GKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT X %JT I 8GTUEJNGKGTVG 6[EJGDÒUVG T OKV /CWGTMTQPG +P -TCP\ 0KMG UVGJV N OKV #RJNCUVQP $/% -TQOCPP 5 HH 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
699
698
699
$;$.15 Õ 5EJGMGN X %JT I 5RJKPZ UKV\V N +P +PEWUWO 2GTNMTGKU FCTKP $NKV\ $/% 4QWXKGT XGTIN 6[R 50) %QR 44 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
#\DCCN WO X %JT Õ 5VCVGT I )CNGGTG N OKV FTGK *QRNKVGP FCTWPVGT *KRRQECOR N .ÌYG N UEJN·IV 5VKGT N $/% 5GJT UEJÌP
700
1,5:1
1,5:1
6;415 Õ 5EJGMGN ,CJT X %JT I /GNSCTVMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #FNGT UVGJV N OKV 2CNO\YGKI FCXQT -GWNG $/% 50) %QR 8QT\ÒINKEJ &KG V[TKUEJGP 5EJGMGN YGTFGP KP FGT $KDGN OGJTHCEJ GTY·JPV 5Q DGVTWI FKG 6GORGNUVGWGT GKPGP JCNDGP V[TKUEJGP 5EJGMGN 'ZQFWU ,GUWU YKGU 5KOQP 2GVTWU CP FKG 6GORGNUVGWGT OKV GKPGO 5VCVGT CNUQ GKPGO UEJYGTGP V[TKUEJGP 5EJGMGN YKG WPUGTGO 5VÒEM \W DG\CJNGP FGP GT KO /CWN GKPGU (KUEJGU HKPFGP UQNNVG /CVVJ·WU FCU 7OUVQGP FGT 6KUEJG FGT )GNFYGEJUNGT KO 6GORGN /CVVJ·WU /CTEWU YCT UKEJGT CWEJ FWTEJ FKG &CTUVGNNWPI FGU V[TKUEJGP )QVVGU *GTCMNGU /GNSCTV CWH FKGUGP /ÒP\GP OQVKXKGTV #WEJ FKG 5KNDGTNKPIG FGU ,WFCU YCTGP UKEJGT V[TKUEJG 5EJGMGN
110
IUDAEA
703 705
704
+7&#'#
2QPVKWU 2KNCVWU 2TQMWTCVQT .GRVQP ,CJT I .KVWWU .+* -TCP\ /GUJQTGT 6TGCUWT[ &C\W YGKVGTG .GRVC /GUJQTGT 6TGCUWT[ 5VÒEM (CUV UGJT UEJÌP GKPKIG UEJY·EJGT
#PVQPKWU (GNKZ 2TQMWTCVQT U ,CJT I <YGK IGMTGW\VG 2CNO\YGKIG 5EJTKHV KP -TCP\ /GUJQTGT 6TGCUWT[ &C\W 8CNGTKWU )TCVWU U /GUJQTGT 6TGCUWT[ WPF 2QPVKWU 2KNCVWU U /GUJQTGT 6TGCUWT[ HH 5VÒEM 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
#WHUVCPF 2TWVCJ ,CJT I ,CJT #ORJQTG (TGKJGKV XQP <KQP 9GKP DNCVV /GUJQTGT 6TGCUWT[ C &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
5EJGMGN ,CJT ,GTWUCNGO I (ÒT FKG $GHTGKWPI <KQPU 'VJTQI ,CJT 8KGT VGN <YGK .WNCXU /GUJQTGT 6TGCUWT[ 'VYCU MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
#WHUVCPF $CT -QMJDC U I 5EJKO QP 2TKP\ XQP +UTCGN <YGKI KP -TCP\ ,CJT FGT 9KGFGTJGTUVGNNWPI +UTCGNU .[TC /KNFGPDGTI 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
2QPVKWU 2KNCVWU YKTF GKIGPVÒONKEJGTYGKUG KO %TGFQ IGPCPPV
706
707
707
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG I 5EJKOyQP (CUUCFG FGU 6GORGNU XQP ,GTWUCNGO (ÒT FKG (TGK JGKV ,GTWUCNGOU .WNCX (GUVUVTCW N <KVTWUHTWEJV /KNFGPDGTI 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP XQT\ÒINKEJ HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ &CU 5VÒEM KUV YKG CNNG /ÒP\GP FGU #WHUVCPFGU CWH HTGOFGP /ÒP\GP ÒDGTRT·IV
Õ &TCEJOG I 5EJKOyQP KP -TCP\ (ÒT FKG (TGKJGKV ,GTWUCNGOU -CPPG T 2CNO \YGKI /KNFGPDGTI ªDGTRT·IWPIUURWTGP HGKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
710 709
708
/'51216#/+#
*#64# U WO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU 5JCOCUJ T 5% FCTÒDGT #FNGT 5NQEWO KP #05/0 XGTIN 2N 44 ªDGTRT·IV UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
U WO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU 5JCOCUJ T 5% FCTÒDGT #FNGT 5NQEWO KP #05/0 XGTIN 2N 44 .GKEJV MQTTQFKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
$#$;.10+#
$#$;.10 Ô &CTGKMG PCEJ X %JT I )TQMÌPKI KO -PKGNCWH T OKV $QIGP WPF 5RGGT +PEWUWO OKV 9GNNGP /KVEJKPGT +PFQITGGMU XGTIN 0KEQNGV 2KGTTG XGTIN HH 44 5GJT UEJÌP
111
PARTHIA
712
711
714
713
2#46*+#
#TUCMGU ++ X %JT Õ &TCEJOG *GMCVQOR[NQU ! I -QRH N OKV $CUJNKM #TUCMGU UKV\V T OKV $QIGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG 5GJT UEJÌP
/KVJTCFCVGU + X %JT Õ &TCEJOG *GMCVQOR[NQU I -QRH N OKV $CUJNKM #TUCMGU UKV\V T CWH 1ORJCNQU OKV $QIGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
/KVJTCFCVGU ++ X %JT Õ &TCEJOG 'EDCVCPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV &KCFGO #TUCMGU UKV\V T CWH 1ORJCNQU OKV $QIGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ &TCEJOG 'EDCVCPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV &KCFGO #TUCMGU UKV\V T OKV $QIGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
715
716
Õ &TCEJOG 4JCICG I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV &KCFGO #TUCMGU UKV\V T OKV $QIGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG 4JCICG I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV 6KCTC #TUCMGU UKV\V T OKV $QIGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
717
1,5:1
1,5:1
2JTCCVGU +++ X %JT Õ &TCEJOG 'MDCVCPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV &KCFGO #TUCMGU UKV\V T OKV $QIGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
718
720
719
720
1TQFGU ++ X %JT Õ &TCEJOG /KVJTCFCVMCTV I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV &KCFGO \YKUEJGP 5VGTP WPF /QPFUKEJGN #TUCMGU UKV\V T OKV $QIGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG 'MDCVCPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV &KCFGO WPF 5VKTP\GKEJGP \YKUEJGP 5VGTP WPF /QPFUKEJGN ÒDGT 5VGTP #TUCMGU UKV\V T OKV $QIGP FCJKPVGT &TGK\CEMCPMGT 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG 5GJT UEJÌP
2JTCCVGU +8 X %JT Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG *[RGTDGTGVCKQW 5GRVGODGT ,CJT UGN TC X %JT 5GNGWMGKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV &KCFGO -ÌPKI UKV\V T FCXQT UVGJV 6[EJG N OKV 2CNO\YGKI WPF (ÒNNJQTP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
112
PARTHIA
722
721
2JTCCVCMGU X P %JT Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT UGN TC X %JT 5GNGWMGKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV &KCFGO XQP \YGK 0KMGP DGMT·P\V #TUCMGU UKV\V T OKV $QIGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG XGTIN HH 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
8QPQPGU + Õ &TCEJOG 'MDCVCPC I -QRH N OKV &KCFGO 0KMG UVGJV T OKV 2CNO\YGKI 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&CU 5VÒEM HGKGTV GKPGP 5KGI ÒDGT FGP TGXQNVKGTGPFGP #TVCDCPQU ++ FGT CDGT UR·VGT FQEJ 8QPQPGU UVÒT\VG
724
723
726
725
8CTFCPGU + Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT UGNGWMKFKUEJGT TC 5GNGWMGKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV &KCFGO -ÌPKI GORH·PIV 2CNO\YGKI XQP 6[EJG 5GNNYQQF HH 5JQTG XGTIN -N )TCHHKVK CWH FGO #XGTU IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT UGNGWMKFKUEJGT TC 5GNGWMGKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV &KCFGO -ÌPKI GORH·PIV 2CNO\YGKI XQP 6[EJG 5GNNYQQF HH 5JQTG XGTIN 5GJT UEJÌP
)QVCT\GU ++ Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT UGNGWMKFKUEJGT TC 5GNGWMGKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV &KCFGO -ÌPKI UKV\V T XQP 6[EJG DGMT·P\V 5GNNYQQF HH 5JQTG #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
8QPQPGU ++ Õ &TCEJOG 'MDCVCPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO WPF &KCFGO \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VGTPGP #TUCMGU UKV\V T OKV $QIGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG 8QTFGTUGKVG NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
728
727
729
8QNQICUGU + Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT UGN TC 5GNGWMGKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV &KCFGO -ÌPKI UKV\V N WPF GORH·PIV &KCFGO XQP 6[EJG 5GNNYQQF HH 5JQTG -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &TCEJOG 'MDCVCPC I -QRH N OKV &KCFGO #TUCMGU UKV\V T OKV $QIGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG 5GJT UEJÌP
8CTFCPGU ++ $ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT UGN TC 5GNGWMGKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV &KCFGO -ÌPKI UKV\V N WPF GORH·PIV &KCFGO XQP 6[EJG 5GNNYQQF HH 5JQTG XGTIN 5GJT UEJÌP
113
PERSIA
731
730
732
733
734
2CMQTQU ++ Õ &TCEJOG 'MDCVCPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV 6KCTC WPF &KCFGO #TUC MGU UKV\V T OKV $QIGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG 5GJT UEJÌP
8QNQICUGU +++ Õ &TCEJOG 'MDCVCPC I -QRH N OKV &KCFGO #TUCMGU UKV\V T OKV $QIGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
2CTVJCOCURCVGU Õ &TCEJOG 'MDCVCPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV 6KCTC #TUCMGU UKV\V T OKV $QIGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ &TCEJOG 'MDCVCPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV 6KCTC #TUCMGU UKV\V T OKV $QIGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG &QRRGNUEJNCI CWH FGO 4GXGTU IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
/KVJTCFCVGU +8 Õ &TCEJOG 'MDCVCPC I -QRH N OKV &KCFGO #TUCMGU UKV\V T OKV $Q IGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG 8QT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
737 736
735
8QNQICUGU +8 Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT UGN TC 5GNGWMGKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV 6KCTC -ÌPKI UKV\V N WPF GORH·PIV &KCFGO XQP 6[EJG 5GNNYQQF H 5JQTG 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG #TVGOKUKQW #RTKN FGU ,CJTGU UGN TC 5GNGWMGKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV 6KCTC -ÌPKI UKV\V N WPF GORH·PIV &KCFGO XQP 6[EJG 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
8QNQICUGU 8+ Õ &TCEJOG 'MDCVCPC I $ÒUVG N OKV 6KCTC #TUCMGU UKV\V T OKV $Q IGP 5GNNYQQF 5JQTG &QRRGNUEJNCI CWH FGO 4GXGTU UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
738
1,5:1
738
2'45+#
#EJ·OGPKFGP Ô &CTGKMG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I )TQMÌPKI KO -PKGNCWH T OKV $QIGP WPF 5RGGT +PEWUWO 50) $GTT[ 5GJT UEJÌP &KG RGTUKUEJG &CTGKMG KUV PCEJ &CTGKQU + FGO )TQGP DGPCPPV FGT FKGUG 5VÒEMG \WGTUV RT·IVG 'U YCTGP FKG DG MCPPVGUVGP )QNFOÒP\GP KJTGT <GKV DKU PCEJ FGT <GTUEJNCIWPI FGU 2GTUGTTGKEJGU FKG )QNFUVCVGTG #NGZCPFGTU FGU )TQGP CP KJTG 5VGNNG VTCVGP &CU JKGT CPIGDQVGPG 5VÒEM IGJÌTV \W FGP HTÒJGP &CTGKMGP WPF FÒTHVG FGOPCEJ Y·JTGPF FGT 2GTUGTMTKGIG \WT $G\CJNWPI RGTUKUEJGT 5QNFCVGP IGFKGPV JCDGP /KV FGP &CTGKMGP YWTFG 9GNVIGUEJKEJVG IG UEJTKGDGP UQ DGTKEJVGV 2NWVCTEJ FC FGT 5RCTVCPGTMÌPKI #IGUKNCQU FGT UGKV X %JT KP -NGKPCUKGP UGJT GTHQNI TGKEJ -TKGI IGIGP FKG 2GTUGT HÒJTVG FWTEJ IQNFGPG &CTGKMGP OKV FGPGP UGKPG )GIPGT KP )TKGEJGPNCPF DGUVQEJGP YWTFGP IGIGP KJP -TKGI \W HÒJTGP \WO #DDTWEJ FGU -TKGIGU KP -NGKPCUKGP IGPÌVKIV YWTFG #IGUKNCQU UQNN IGUCIV JCDGP FC KJP RGTUKUEJG $QIGPUEJÒV\GP CWU #UKGP XGTVTKGDGP J·VVGP &KG $QIGPUEJÒV\GP 6QZQVCK UVGJGP HÒT FKG &CTGKMGP FKG LC CWH FGO #XGTU GKPGP $QIGPUEJÒV\GP \GKIGP OKV FGPGP FKG 2QNKVKMGT KP #VJGP WPF 6JGDGP \WO -TKGI IGIGP 5RCTVC CPIGUVCEJGNV YWTFGP
114
BACTRIA
739
741
1,5:1
740
741
Ô &CTGKMG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I )TQMÌPKI KO -PKGNCWH T OKV $QIGP WPF 5RGGT +PEWUWO 50) $GTT[ )WV \GPVTKGTVGU WPF CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ 5KINQU ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I )TQMÌPKI KO -PKGNCWH T OKV $QIGP WPF &QNEJ +PEW UWO 50) $GTT[ 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 5KINQU ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I )TQMÌPKI KO -PKGNCWH T OKV IGURCPPVGO $QIGP +PEWUWO -NGKP 4 5GJT UEJÌP
742
1,5:1
744
743
743
742
2:1
744
2:1
Õ 5KINQU ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I )TQMÌPKI KO -PKGNCWH T OKV IGURCPPVGO $QIGP +PEWUWO -NGKP 4 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 5KINQU ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I )TQMÌPKI KO -PKGNCWH T OKV $QIGP WPF &QNEJ +PEWUWO -NGKP 44 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 5KINQU ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I )TQMÌPKI KO -PKGNCWH T OKV IGURCPPVGO $QIGP +PEWUWO -NGKP 44 5EJÌP
745
746
5#5#0+&'0
#TFCUJKT + Õ &TCEJOG /ÒP\UV·VVG $ *COCFCP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 6KCTC (GWGTCNVCT )ÌDN 505 6[R +++ D D 5GJT UEJÌP
5EJCRWT + Õ &TCEJOG I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV -TQPG (GWGTCNVCT \YKUEJGP \YGK #UUKUVGP\HKIWTGP )ÌDN 5GJT UEJÌP
749
747
1,5:1
1,5:1
747
8CJTCP ++ OKV -ÌPKIKP WPF -TQPRTKP\ Õ &TCEJOG I )GMTÌPVG $ÒUVGP FGU -Ì PKIURCCTGU IGIGPÒDGT FGT $ÒUVG FGU -TQPRTKP\GP (GWGTCNVCT DGKFGTUGKVU -ÌPKI )ÌDN 5GJT UEJÌP
#TFCUJKT ++ Õ &TCEJOG I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV -TQPG (GWGTCNVCT \YKUEJGP \YGK #UUKUVGP\HKIWTGP )ÌDN &C\W GKPG &TCEJOG FGU 8CJTCP +8 WPF GKPG &TCEJOG FGU 8CJTCP 8 5VÒEM (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ Z UGJT UEJÌP Z
$#%64+#
&KQFQVQU + WO X %JT Ô CVVKUEJGT 5VCVGT OKV 6KVGN #PVKQEJQU ++ $CNMJ I -QRH FGU &KQ FQVQU + T OKV &KCFGO BASILEWS ANTIOXOU <GWU UVGJV N WPF UEJNGWFGTV $NKV\ FCXQT -TCP\ WPF #FNGT $0 $CEV # /KVEJKPGT +PFQITGGM C 50) #05 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ #NU &KQFQVQU UKEJ XQP #PVKQEJQU NÌUVG RT·IVG GT \WP·EJUV PQEJ /ÒP\GP KO 0COGP FGU 5GNGWMKFGP UGV\VG CDGT UGKP GKIGPGU 2QTVT·V CWH FKG /ÒP\GP
115
INDIA
750 751
751
'WVJ[FGOQU ++ X %JT Õ CVVKUEJG &TCEJOG /GTX I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO *GTCMNGU UVGJV X X OKV -TCP\ -GWNG WPF .ÌYGPHGNN $0 $CEV % /KVEJKPGT +PFQITGGM C 50) #05 5WDCGTCV MN 2TÒHGKPJKGD UGJT UEJÌP
#PVKOCEJQU + X %JT Õ CVVKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOG 2WUJMCNCXCVK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV -CWUKC 2QUGKFQP UVGJV X X OKV &TGK\CEM WPF 2CNO\YGKI $0 $CEV # /KVEJKPGT +PFQITGGM H 50) #05 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
752
753
'WMTCVKFGU + X %JT Õ CVVKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOG 2WUJMCNCXCVK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV *GNO &KQUMWTGP TGKVGP T $0 $CEV ' /KVEJKPGT +PFQITGGM GG 50) #05 9KP\ -TCV\GT UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ CVVKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOG $CEVTC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV *GNO &KQUMWTGP TGKVGP T $0 $CEV 9 /KVEJKPGT +PFQITGGM H 50) #05 $TGKVGT (NCP CO 4CPF NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
754
755
756
757
1,5:1
+0&+#
#PVKCNMKFCU X %JT Õ KPFKUEJG &TCEJOG 2WUJMCNCXCVK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KC FGO <GWU 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT 'NGHCPVGPRTQVQOG N $0 $CEV $ /KVEJKPGT +PFQITGGM C 50) #05 5GJT UEJÌP
#PVKCNMKFCU XGTOWVNKEJ FGT 0CEJHQNIGT FGU .[UKCU IGJÌTVG XKGNNGKEJV \WO *CWUG FGU 'WMTCVKFGU + YKG FKG &KQUMW TGPOÒV\GP CWH UGKPGP $TQP\GP PCJGNGIGP
'RCPFGT WO X %JT Õ KPFKUEJG &TCEJOG /ÒP\UV·VVG KP 2CTQRCPKUCFCG I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO #VJGPC #NMKFGOQU UVGJV N OKV 5EJKNF WPF $NKV\ $0 $CEV # /KVEJKPGT +PFQITGGM C 50) #05 44 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'RCPFGT HQNIVG OÌINKEJGTYGKUG 6JGQRJKNQU
#TVGOKFQTQU WO X %JT Õ KPFKUEJG &TCEJOG 2WUJMCNCXCVK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KC FGO 0KMG IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI $0 $CEV $ /KVEJKPGT +PFQITGGM E 50) #05 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
9KT HÒJTGP #TVGOKFQTQU JKGT WPVGT FGP +PFQITKGEJGP CWH #WH GKPGO *GOKQDQN 5GPKQT /CE&QPCNF 6JG &GENKPG QH VJG +PFQ )TGGMU #VJGP 5 DG\GKEJPGV UKEJ #TVGOKFQTQU LGFQEJ CNU 5QJP FGU /CWGU UQ FC GT OÌINK EJGTYGKUG \W FGP +PFQ 5E[VJGP \W \·JNGP KUV 5KEJGT KUV FKGU LGFQEJ PKEJV XKGNNGKEJV MQOOV KP FGT $G\GKEJPWPI CWEJ NGFKINKEJ GKP #DJ·PIKIMGKVUXGTJ·NVPKU \W /CWGU \WO #WUFTWEM
116
+PFQRCTVJGT 2CMQTGU ,CJTJWPFGTV P %JT Õ &TCEJOG I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV &KCFGO -ÌPKI UKV\V T OKV $QIGP #NTCO 44 5GJT UEJÌP
AEGYPTUS
759
758
#');2675
2VQNGOCKQU + X %JT Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT #NGZCPFTKC I #NGZCP FGTMQRH T OKV 'NGHCPVGPUMCNR #VJGPC #NMKFGOQU T FCJKPVGT Q WPF /QPQITCOO FCXQT \YGK /QPQ ITCOOG WPF #FNGT 50) %QR XCT 5XQTQPQU XCT -N -TCV\GT WPF )TCHKVVK UQPUV UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT #NGZCPFTKC I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV 'NGHCPVGPUMCNR #VJGPC #NMKFGOQU T FCXQT *GNO WPF #FNGT FCJKPVGT /QPQITCOO 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 5XQTQPQU MCPPVG XQP FKGUGT 8CTKCPVG PWT GKP 'ZGORNCT KP 2CTKU
760
1,5:1
1,5:1
2VQNGOCKQU ++ X %JT HÒT #TUKPQë ++ Ô 1MVQFTCEJOG /PCKQP X %JT #NGZCP FTKC I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF 5EJNGKGT FCJKPVGT Q &QRRGNHÒNNJQTP OKV 6CGPKG 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 6TQZGNN 2N #XGTU UVGORGNINGKEJ )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP &KGUGU ITQG CPVKMG )QNFPQOKPCN YWTFG \WGTUV WPVGT 2VQNGOCKQU ++ X %JT PCEJ X %JT CWUIGRT·IV CNU GT UGKPG 5EJYGUVGTIGOCJNKP #TUKPQG ++ PCEJ KJTGO 6QF \W IÌVVNKEJGP 'JTGP CWHUVGKIGP NKG &KGUGT 6[R YWTFG KOOGT YKGFGT CWHIGITKHHGP 'KPG 1MVQFTCEJOG &TCEJOGP YCT FGT )GIGPYGTV XQP GKPGT /KPG F J &TCEJ OGP KP 5KNDGT FCJGT CWEJ FGT CPVKMG 0COG /PCKQP FGT KP 2CR[TK OGJTHCEJ XQTMQOOV +P FGT ·I[RVKUEJGP -WRHGT Y·JTWPI GPVURTCEJ FCU 5VÒEM 6CNGPVGP -WRHGT QFGT -WRHGTFTCEJOGP
761
1,5:1
1,5:1
Ô 1MVQFTCEJOG /PCKQP X %JT #NGZCPFTKC I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF 5EJNGKGT FCJKPVGT - &QRRGNHÒNNJQTP OKV 6CGPKG 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 6TQZGNN 2N #XGTU UVGORGNINGKEJ #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT 117
AEGYPTUS
762
2VQNGOCKQU +++ X %JT &TCEJOG X %JT #NGZCPFTKC I -QRH FGU <GWU #OOQP T OKV 6CGPKG #FNGT UVGJV N FCXQT (ÒNNJQTP 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 9GKUGT ªDGTFWTEJUEJPKVVNKEJ GTJCNVGP $TCWPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
763
1,5:1
1,5:1
2VQNGOCKQU +++ X %JT HÒT #TUKPQë ++ Ô 1MVQFTCEJOG /PCKQP X %JT #NGZCPFTKC I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF 5EJNGKGT FCJKPVGT C &QRRGNHÒNNJQTP OKV 6CGPKG 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 6TQZGNN 2N #XGTU UVGORGNINGKEJ #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT &KGUGU ITQG CPVKMG )QNFPQOKPCN YWTFG \WGTUV WPVGT 2VQNGOCKQU ++ X %JT PCEJ X %JT CWUIGRT·IV CNU GT UGKPG 5EJYGUVGTIGOCJNKP #TUKPQG ++ PCEJ KJTGO 6QF \W IÌVVNKEJGP 'JTGP CWHUVGKIGP NKG &KGUGT 6[R YWTFG KOOGT YKGFGT CWHIGITKHHGP 'KPG 1MVQFTCEJOG &TCEJOGP YCT FGT )GIGPYGTV XQP GKPGT /KPG F J &TCEJ OGP KP 5KNDGT FCJGT CWEJ FGT CPVKMG 0COG /PCKQP FGT KP 2CR[TK OGJTHCEJ XQTMQOOV +P FGT ·I[RVKUEJGP -WRHGT Y·JTWPI GPVURTCEJ FCU 5VÒEM 6CNGPVGP -WRHGT QFGT -WRHGTFTCEJOGP
764
1,5:1
1,5:1
2VQNGOCKQU +8 X %JT Ô 1MVQFTCEJOG X %JT #NGZCPFTKC I $ÒUVG 2VQNG OCKQU +++ T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG &TGK\CEM WPF #GIKU (ÒNNJQTP OKV &KCFGO WPF 5VTCJNGPDKPFG WPVGP DI 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 44 )GRT·IV OKV GKPGO #XGTUUVGORGN FGT YKP\KIG -QTTQUKQPUURWTGP CWHYKGU 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT &GT XGTIÌVVNKEJVG 2VQNGOCKQU +++ VT·IV FKG #VVTKDWVG XQP *GNKQU 0GRVWP WPF #VJGPC GKPG KO *GNNGPKUOWU DGNKGDVG -QODKPCVKQP XQP )ÌVVGTP
118
AEGYPTUS
765
1,5:1
1,5:1
Ô 1MVQFTCEJOG X %JT #NGZCPFTKC I $ÒUVG 2VQNGOCKQU +++ T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG &TGK\CEM WPF #GIKU (ÒNNJQTP OKV &KCFGO WPF 5VTCJNGPDKPFG WPVGP DI 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 44 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
766
2VQNGOCKQU 8+ X %JT Õ &KFTCEJOG ,CJT X %JT #TCFQU I -QRH 2VQNGOCKQU + T #FNGT CWH $NKV\ N 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
767
1,5:1
1,5:1
2VQNGOCKQU 8+++ X %JT HÒT #TUKPQG ++ Ô 1MVQFTCEJOG /PCKQP #NGZCPFTKC I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF 5EJNGKGT FCJKPVGT - &QRRGNHÒNNJQTP OKV 6CGPKG 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 9KP\ -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
&KGUGT 6[R YWTFG KOOGT YKGFGT CWHIGITKHHGP UQ CWEJ WPVGT 2VQNGOCKQU 8+++ 0CEJ 5XQTQPQU UQNNGP FKG )GUKEJVU \ÒIG FGT FCTIGUVGNNVGP 2GTUQP CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG -NGQRCVTC +++ YKGFGTIGDGP 5KG YCT UGKPG 5VKGHVQEJVGT FKG GT X %JT JGKTCVGVG
768
-NGQRCVTC 8++ X %JT 1DQN #NGZCPFTKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T #FNGT CWH $NKV\ N FCXQT &QRRGNHÒNNJQTP 50) %QR 5XQTQPQU 9GKUGT 44 5EJÌP
119
ZEUGITANIA
2:1
769
2:1
%;4'0#+%#
-;4'0' Ô .KVTC X %JT /CIKUVTCV -[F -CTPGKQUMQRH N -[TGPGMQRH T 0C XKNNG 5GJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
770
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT I -CTPGKQUMQRH N 5KNRJKWO T /QPQITCOO $/% 50) %QR 5GJT UEJÌP
<WT <GKV FGT 2T·IWPI FKGUGU 5VÒEMGU YCT /CICU GKP *CNDDTWFGT FGU 2VQNGOCKQU + )QWXGTPGWT XQP -[TGPG &GT 5KNRJKWOJCPFGN OCEJVG -[TGPG TGKEJ KP 4QO YWTFG 5KNRJKWO OKV 5KNDGT CWHIGYQIGP &KG 2HNCP\G ICNV NCPIG CNU CWUIGUVQTDGP UKG UQNN LGFQEJ KP .KD[GP YKGFGTGPVFGEMV YQTFGP UGKP 5KRJKWO YWTFG UQYQJN CNU )GYÒT\ CNU CWEJ CNU *GKNOKVVGN XGTYGPFGV ªDGT FKG 8GTYGPFWPI CNU )GYÒT\ DGTKEJVGV WPU FGT /GKUVGTMQEJ #RKEKWU KP UGKPGO 9GTM &G TG EQSWKPCTKC &CU IGIGPÒDGT FGO M[TGP·KUEJGP OKPFGTYGTVKIGTG RCTVJKUEJG 5KNRJKWO (GTWNC CUCHQGVKFC YKTF JGWVG PQEJ KP FGT KPFKUEJGP -ÒEJG GKPIGUGV\V WPVGT FGT $G\GKEJPWPI *KPI DGUQPFGTU DGK )GTKEJVGP OKV *ÒNUGP HTÒEJVGP GU JCV GKPGP KPVGPUKXGP MPQDNCWEJCTVKIGP )GUEJOCEM &GT JQJG 2TGKU FGU 5KNRJKWOU GTMN·TV UKEJ CDGT YQJN JCWRVU·EJNKEJ FWTEJ UGKPG 8GTYGPFWPI CNU 8GTJÒVWPIUOKVVGN UKGJG 4KFFNG %QKPU CPF %QPVTCEGRVKXGU 6JG 2NCPV VJCV OCFG -[TGPG (COQWU KP 6JG %GNCVQT 8QN 5 H 'KPG RKMCPVG #PURKGNWPI FCTCWH HKPFGV UKEJ DGK %CVWNN %CTOKPC 5CIGP UQNN KEJ YKG XKGNG FGKPGT -ÒUUG .KGDUVG .GUDKC OKT IGPWI UKPF WPF \WXKGN UKPF! 5Q XKGN -ÌTPGT 5CPFGU FKG .KD[UEJG 9ÒUVG +P FGO 5KNRJKWOVTCIGPFGP %[TGPG <YKUEJGP #OOQPU 1TCMGN WPF FGU CNVGP $CVVWU JQEJIGJGKNKIVGO )TCDOCN CWHYGKUV
771
<'7)+6#0+#
772
-#46*#)1 Ô 5VCVGT X %JT I 6CPKVMQRH N OKV JTGPMTCP\ 2HGTF UVGJV T ,GP MKPU .GYKU )TWRRG +8 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'N 5VCVGT X %JT I 6CPKVMQRH N OKV JTGPMTCP\ 2HGTF UVGJV T ,GPMKPU .GYKU )TWRRG 8 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
774
773
773
5EJGMGN X %JT I 6CPKVMQRH N 2HGTF UVGJV T FCJKPVGT 2CNOG #NGZCPFTQRQWNQU $TCWPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
.+$;5%*'4 #7(56#0& X %JT $ 5EJGMGN .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN N .ÌYG T 50) %QR 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *CWEM WPF #WHJ·WUGT /ÒPEJGP 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ 0T &GT )GNFOCPIGN PCEJ FGO 2WPKUEJGP -TKGI HÒJTVG \WO #WHUVCPF FGT MCTVJCIKUEJGP 5ÌNFPGT FGO UKEJ DCNF FKG PQTFCHTKMCPKUEJGP 7PVGTVCPGP FGT 5VCFV CPUEJNQUUGP 'U MCO UQICT \W GKPGT UGNVGPGP GKIGPGP /ÒP\RT·IWPI FKG UKEJ CP FKG NGV\VG 5QNFRT·IWPI -CTVJCIQU FKTGMV CPUEJNQ
120
NUMIDIA
775
776
07/+&+#
,WDC + X %JT Õ &GPCT I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV <GRVGT #EJVU·WNKIGT 6GORGN /C \CTF 50) %QR 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI XQT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *GUU &KXQ <ÒTKEJ 0T
,WDC ++ X P %JT Õ &GPCT P %JT I -QRH T KO .ÌYGPHGNN ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT -GWNG 5EJTKHV KP -TCP\ /C\CTF 50) %QR 44 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
777 1:1,3
5;4+#
1$,'-6' #75 $.'+
&GOGVTKQU + X %JT QFGT #NGZCPFGT + -ÌPKINKEJ UGNGWMKFKUEJGU 2D )GYKEJV \W GKPGT /KPC ,CJT UGN TC X %JT #IQTCPQOQU 'WFQTQU I SELEUKEIOS BCR EPI '; D W ROU /0# 5GNGWMKFKUEJGT #PMGT \YKUEJGP \YGK &GNRJKPGP WPVGP T GKP YGKVGTGT &GN RJKP 4CWVGPOWUVGT 4QUVQXV\GHH / 6JG UQEKCN CPF GEQPQOKE JKUVQT[ QH VJG JGNNGPKUVKE YQTNF 1ZHQTF 2N .8 FKGU 'ZGORNCT 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %QOVG %JCPFQP FG $TKCKNNGU
.165
/KNGV Õ &KQDQNG &CU .QV GPVJ·NV OKNGUKUEJG &KQDQNG X %JT .ÌYGPMQRH T D\Y N $NÒVGPQTPCOGPV KP +PEWUWO -NGKP HH *QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU 1DLGMV DKVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI ITKGEJKUEJGT 5KNDGTOÒP\GP &KG JQEJKPVGTGUUCPVG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV W C \GJP 6GVTCFTCEJ OGP Z #VJGP Z /CEGFQPKC #NGZCPFGT +++ GKPGP 5VCVGT 6GQU MQTTQFKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP &TCEJOGP Z -ÌPKITGKEJ /CEGFQPKC Z -ÌPKITGKEJ -CRRCFQMKGP Z 2CTVJKC Z 6CDC Z -QNQRJQP Z -ÌPKITGKEJ 5[TKGP Z $CEVTKC Z 4JQFQU Z 'RJGUQU HÒPH CEJ·OGPKFKUEJG 5KINQK GKPGP %KUVQ RJQT UQYKG \CJNTGKEJG OGKUV MNGKPCUKCVKUEJG -NGKPUKNDGTOÒP\GP W C UGNVGPG 6GKNUVÒEMG FGU RGTUKUEJGP 5KINQU /CIPGUKC CF /CGCPFTWO 'RJGUQU %CTKUEJG 5CVTCRGP GKPG 6GVTCFTCEJOG #NGZCPFGTU FGU )TQGP GVE *QEJKPVGTGUUCPVG 5COONWPI OKV 5GNVGPJGKVGP FKG JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU )TWPFUVQEM HÒT FGP #WHDCW GKPGT )TKGEJGPUCOONWPI CDGT CWEJ \WO #WUDCW GKPGT DGTGKVU DGUVGJGPFGP 5COONWPI IGGKIPGV KUV WPF WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIV YGTFGP UQNNVG 5VÒEM 8KGNG UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP GKPKIG UGJT UEJÌP YGPKIG DGUUGT
5RG\KCNUCOONWPI $TQP\GOÒP\GP XQP 5[TCMWU &KG KPVGTGUUCPVG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV XKGNG XGTUEJKGFGPG \WO 6GKN UGNVGPG $TQP\GOÒP\GP XQP 5[TCMWU \ $ 2[TTJQU *GTCMNGUMQRH #VJGPC 2TQOCEJQU #IC VJQMNGU 2GTUGRJQPGMQRH (CEMGN KP -TCP\ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ,COGU * ,Q[ GVE 'PVJCNVGP UKPF W C HQNIGPFG %CNEKCVK 0TP GVE &CU JQEJKP VGTGUUCPVG .QV GKIPGV UKEJ JGTXQTTCIGPF \WO #WHDCW GKPGT 5RG\KCNUCOONWPI U[TCMWUCPKUEJGT $TQP\G OÒP\GP CDGT CWEJ \WO #WUDCW GKPGT DGUVGJGPFGP 5COONWPI WPF UQNNVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIV YGTFGP 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP 121
GRIECHISCHE LOTS
5COONWPI ITKGEJKUEJGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV \CJNTGKEJG $TQP\GOÒP\GP CWU XKGNGP 6GKNGP FGT ITKGEJKUEJGP 9GNV GPVJCNVGP UKPF \ $ #ICVJQMNGU 5[TCEWU 2CPVKMCRCKQP /CKQPKC 2J[ IGNC 'RJGUQU 5CTFGKU 5GNGWMGKC RTQU -CN[MCFPQ #KCZ 6GWMTQW %KNKEKC 1NDC #NCDCPFC #NGZCPFTKC 6TQCU %JKQU -CUUCPFGT /CEGFQPKC 'VGPPC 6GQU #NGZCPFGT FGT )TQG /CTQPGKC -[\KMQU WPF XKGNG CPFGTG OGJT &KG 5COONWPI IKDV GKPGP IWVGP ªDGTDNKEM ÒDGT FKG $TQP\GRT·IWPI FGT ITKGEJKUEJGP 9GNV WPF GKIPGV UKEJ JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU )TWPFUVQEM HÒT GKPG 5COONWPI ITKGEJKUEJGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP *QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU 1DLGMV FCU WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIV YGTFGP UQNNVG EC 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP 5EJÌPpIWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
)TQGU .QV CPVKMGT OGKUV ITKGEJKUEJGT 5KNDGTOÒP\GP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF W C 6GVTCFTCEJOGP 5VÒEM FCDGK OGJTHCEJ #VJGP -ÌPKITGKEJ /CMGFQPKGP U[TKUEJG RCTVJKUEJG WPF RVQNGO·KUEJG )GRT·IG GVE 5VCVGTG W C #URGPFQU WPF #GIKPC FKXGTUG &TCEJOGP YGPKIG TÌOKUEJG &GPCTG GVE *QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU 1DLGMV FCU WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIV YGTFGP UQNNVG 5VÒEM 6GKNU OKV 2TÒHGKPJKGDGP #WUDTÒEJGP Q · UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI ITKGEJKUEJGT 5KNDGT WPF $TQP\GOÒP\GP &CU .QV GPVJ·NV FTGK Õ *GOKFTCEJOGP XQP 6CDCK %CTKCG GKPGP $ 5VCVGT FGU -ÌPKITGKEJU $QURQTWU \CJNTGKEJG $TQP\GOÒP\GP XQP *KURCPKC DKU KP FGP 1UVGP W C UGEJU )TQDTQP\GP XQP 4JQFQU GKPKIG 2T·IWPIGP FGU -ÌPKITGKEJU $QURQTWU GVE *QEJKP VGTGUUCPVGU 1DLGMV DKVVG DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
-NGKPG 5COONWPI $TQP\GOÒP\GP FGT -[MNCFGP #PFTQU Z -GQU Z WPF 6GPQU Z 5VÒEM 4 5EJÌP WPF DGUUGT
)TKGEJKUEJG 5KNDGTOÒP\GP Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG 6JCUQU &KQP[UQUMQRH *GTCMNGU %CRRCFQEKC Õ &TCEJOG 5[TKC &GOGVTKQU ++ Õ &TCEJOG 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌP
)GOKUEJVGU .QV MGNVKUEJGT ITKGEJKUEJGT WPF D[\CPVKPKUEJGT /ÒP\GP &CU KPVGTGUUCPVG .QV GPVJ·NV \YGK MGNVKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOGP 2JKNKRRGKGT \YGK MNGKPGTG MGNVKUEJG 5KNDGTPQOKPCNG GKPGP &GPCT CWU *KURCPKC $CUEWPGU GKPG 6GVTCFTCEJOG FGU 2JKNKRRQU ++ XQP /CEGFQPKGP GKPG PWOKFKUEJG $TQP\G OÒP\G XKGT UCUCPKFKUEJG &TCEJOGP GKPGP QUVIQVKUEJGP (QNNKU GKPGP &GPCT FGT TÌOKUEJGP 4GRWDNKM UQYKG HÒPH D[\CPVKPKUEJG $TQP\GOÒP\GP 5VÒEM /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP
.QV ITKGEJKUEJGT /ÒP\GP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF FTGK 6GVTCFTCEJOGP Z #VJGP MNCUUKUEJG 'WNGP Z #TCFQU UQYKG FTGK $TQP\GOÒP\GP Z -CTVJCIQ Z 0WOKFKC 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI RCTVJKUEJGT /ÒP\GP &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV RCTVJKUEJG /ÒP\GP XQP /KVJTCFCVGU + Z OKV $CUJNKM DKU 8QNQICUGU 8+ FCTWPVGT VGKNU UGJT JÒDUEJG &TCEJOGP XKGT 6GVTCFTCEJOGP FCTWPVGT #TVCDCPQU ++ OKV (TQPVCNDÒUVG UQYKG GKP &KEJCNMQP &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV XKGNG XGTUEJKGFGPG 4GIGPVGP WPF GKIPGV UKEJ JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU )TWPFUVQEM HÒT FGP #WHDCW GKPGT 2CTVJGTUCOONWPI CDGT CWEJ \WO #WUDCW GKPGT DGUVGJGPFGP 5COONWPI $KVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP GKPKIG DGUUGT YGPKIG UEJNGEJVGT GTJCNVGP
5COONWPI RCTVJKUEJGT WPF UCUCPKFKUEJGT 5KNDGTOÒP\GP &KG KPVGTGUUCPVG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV RCTVJK UEJG &TCEJOGP XQP /KVJTCFCVGU + OKV $CUJNKM DKU KPU FTKVVG ,CJTJWPFGTV PCEJ %JT HGTPGT FTGK 6GV TCFTCEJOGP 6KTKFCVGU 8CTFCPGU + )QVCT\GU + UQYKG XKGT UR·VG UCUCPKFKUEJG &TCEJOGP &CU 1DLGMV GKIPGV UKEJ JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU )TWPFUVQEM HÒT FGP #WHDCW GKPGT 2CTVJGTUCOONWPI WPF UQNNVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIV YGTFGP 5VÒEM /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI OGKUV ÌUVNKEJGT 2T·IWPIGP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF GKPG RCTVJKUEJG &TCEJOG GKPKIG KPFQITKGEJKUEJG WPF KPFQUE[VJKUEJG 2T·IWPIGP FCTWPVGT HÒPH 6GVTCFTCEJOGP UCUCPKFKUEJG WPF MWUEJCPQ UCUCPKFKUEJG )GRT·IG GKPG KPVGTGUUCPVG 4GKJG XQP 2T·IWPIGP FGU -WUEJCPTGKEJGU UQYKG GKPKIG \WO 6GKN UGJT UGN VGPG W C )ÌDN 'O WPF JWPPKUEJG 2T·IWPIGP &C\W GKPG MNCUUKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOG XQP #VJGP *QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU 1DLGMV DKVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGJT UGNVGP /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP
.QV OGKUV RVQNGO·KUEJGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP &CU KPVGTGUUCPVG .QV GPVJ·NV MNGKPGTG RVQNGO·KUEJG $TQP\G PQOKPCNG \ $ 2VQNGOCKQU +++ &KEJCNMQP X %JT -[TGPG 9GKUGT -NGQRCVTC +++ OKV 2VQNGOCKQU +: D\Y : &KEJCNMQP X %JT #NGZCPFTKC 9GKUGT GVE \YGK UR·VTÌOK UEJG 0WOOK GKP MWUJCPKUEJGU U GVE +PVGTGUUCPVGU .QV DKVVG DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
122
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
4¤/+5%*' /ª0<'0
792
/ª0<'0 &'4 4¤/+5%*'0 4'27$.+-
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT /GVCRQPVWO CPQP[O I $·TVKIGT /CTUMQRH N OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO FCJKPVGT 'KEJGPDN·VVGT 2HGTFGMQRH T CWH FGT .GKUVG CO *CNU 41/#01 FCJKPVGT JTG $/% %TCYH 5[F 4 5GJT UEJÌP
&KG 8QTFGTUGKVG MQRKGTV GKPGP .GWMKRRQU -QRH FGT GKIGPUV·PFKIGP 2T·IWPI /GVCRQPVU &GT 2HGTFGMQRH NGJPV UKEJ CP MCTVJCIKUEJG 8QTDKNFGT CP X %JT JCVVG 4QO GKP $ÒPFPKU OKV -CTVJCIQ IGIGP 2[TTJQU IGUEJNQUUGP &KG (WPFG DGUV·VKIGP FKG &CVKGTWPI
793
5GOKU X %JT 4QO CPQP[O I /KPGTXCMQRH QFGT WPD·TVKIGT /CTUMQRH! N OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO WPVGP NKGIGPFGU 5 9GKDNKEJGT -QRH 8GPWU! N FCTWPVGT NKGIGPFGU 5 $/% %TCYH 5[F )TÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
795
794
794
6TKGPU X %JT 4QO CPQP[O I $NKV\ N WPF T LG \YGK 9GTVMWIGNP &GNRJKP T FCTWPVGT XKGT 9GTVMWIGNP $/% %TCYH 5[F 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
5GZVCPU X %JT 4QO CPQP[O I /WUEJGN \YKUEJGP \YGK 9GTVMWIGNP %CFWEGWU \YKUEJGP \YGK 9GTVMWIGNP $/% %TCYH 5[F )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
123
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
796
3WCFTCPU X %JT 4QO CPQP[O I 'DGT T WPVGP FTGK 9GTVMWIGNP 'DGT N WPVGP FTGK 9GTVMWIGNP $/% %TCYH 5[F $TCWPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
797
798
799
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT 4QO CPQP[O I ,CPWUMQRH ,WRKVGT OKV $NKV\ WPF <GRVGT KP 3WCFTKIC T XQP 8KEVQTKC IGNGPMV WPVGP CWH $QFGP XGTVKGHV 41/# $/% XGTIN %TCYH 5[F $TGKVGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT 4QO CPQP[O I ,CPWUMQRH ,WRKVGT OKV $NKV\ WPF <GRVGT KP 3WCFTKIC T XQP 8KEVQTKC IGNGPMV WPVGP CWH $QFGP XGTVKGHV 41/# $/% XGTIN %TCYH 5[F -N -TCV\GT UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &KFTCEJOG X %JT 4QO CPQP[O I ,CPWUMQRH ,WRKVGT OKV $NKV\ WPF <GRVGT KP 3WCFTKIC T XQP 8KEVQTKC IGNGPMV WPVGP CWH $QFGP XGTVKGHV 41/# $/% XGTIN %TCYH 5[F $TGKVGT 5EJTÌVNKPI UGJT UEJÌP
800
#U X %JT 4QO CPQP[O I $·TVKIGT ,CPWUMQRH WPVGP 9GTVCPICDG + NKGIGPF 2TQTC T FCTÒDGT + $/% %TCYH 5[F )TÒPG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT 'KPG /ÒP\G KO TGFW\KGTVGP .KDTCN (W &KGUG U 5GTKG IGJÌTV \W FGP ,CPWUMQRH &KFTCEJOGP
124
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
801
802
803
804
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO / #VKNKWU 5CTCPWU I 4QOCMQRH T &KQUMWTGP TGKVGP T $CD $/% %TCYH E 5[F E 8QT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO 2 2QTEKWU .CGEC I 4QOCMQRH T FCXQT : 5QNFCV UVGJV N WPF NGIV FKG *CPF CWH FGP -QRH GKPGU 6QICVWU FCJKPVGT O·PPNKEJG (KIWT OKV 5VÌEMGP $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F C -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CO 4CPF UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO . 2QORQPKWU /QNQ I #RQNNQMQRH T 0WOC 2QORKNKWU UVGJV T OKV .KVWWU FCXQT #NVCT CP FGP FGT 8KEVKOCTKWU GKPG <KGIG JGTCPHÒJTV $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F /KP MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO . 6KVWTKWU 5CDKPWU I -QRH FGU -ÌPKIU 6CVKWU T <YGK 5QNFCVGP UVGJGP GKPCPFGT OKV LG GKPGT 5CDKPGTKP IGIGPÒDGT $CD $/% %TCYH C 5[F (GKPG 2CVKPC JQJGU 4GNKGH UGJT CVVTCMVKXGU MPCRR XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ 0T &KG 4ÒEMUGKVG UVGNNV FGP DGTÒJOVGP 4CWD FGT 5CDKPGTKPPGP FCT
806
805
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO . 6KVWTKWU 5CDKPWU I -QRH FGU -ÌPKIU 6CVKWU T FCXQT 2CNO\YGKI 6CTRGKC YKTF XQP \YGK 5QNFCVGP OKV 5EJKNFGP DGFGEMV FCTÒDGT 5VGTP KP /QPFUKEJGN $CD $/% %TCYH E 5[F C #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
&KG 8GUVCNKP 6CTRGKC GKPG 6QEJVGT FGU 5RWTKWU 6CTRGKWU JCVVG 4QO CP FKG 5CDKPGT XGTTCVGP KPFGO UKG KJPGP FKG 5VCFVVQTG ÌHHPGVG #NU $GNQJPWPI HÒT KJTGP 8GTTCV UQNNVG UKG XQP FGP 5CDKPGTP FCU GTJCNVGP YCU LGPG CP KJTGP #TOGP VTWIGP 5KG DGMCO GU CWEJ CNNGTFKPIU GTJKGNV UKG PKEJV FGP IQNFGPGP 5EJOWEM FGT 5CDKPGT UQPFGTP YWTFG OKV FGP 5EJKNFGP DGYQTHGP WPF XQP GKPGO (GNUGP IGUVÒT\V &KGUGT (GNUGP YWTFG XQP PWP CP CNU VCTRGKUEJGT (GNUGP DG\GKEJ PGV WPF *QEJXGTT·VGT YWTFGP XQP FQTV KP FGP 6QF IGUVÒT\V
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO % /CTEKWU %GPUQTKPWU I -ÌRHG FGU 0WOC 2QORKNKWU WPF FGU #PEWU /CTEKWU PGDGPGKPCPFGT T <YGK 2HGTFG T CWH FGO GKPGP &GUWNVQT $CD $/% HH %TCYH C 5[F G H 5GJT UEJÌP
'KP &GUWNVQT DGJGTTUEJVG FKG -WPUV KO XQNNGP )CNQRR XQP GKPGO 2HGTF CWH GKP CPFGTGU \W YGEJUGNP
807
808 1,5:1
Õ &GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG . %QTPGNKWU 5WNNC I . 58..# 8GPWUMQRH T FCXQT UVGJV %WRKFQ N OKV 2CNO\YGKI FGU 5KGIGU -CPPG WPF .KVWWU \YKUEJGP \YGK 6TQRJ·GP $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
5WNNC DGHCPF UKEJ KO -TKGI IGIGP /KVJTCFCVGU 8+ 0CEJ UGKPGO 5KGI DGK %JCKTQPGKC X %JT FÒTHVG FKG GTUVG KORGTCVQTKUEJG #MMNCOCVKQP GTHQNIV UGKP X %JT PCEJ 1TEJQOGPQU FKG \YGKVG
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO . %CUUKWU .QPIKPWU I .KDGTMQRH T OKV 'HGWMTCP\ WPF 6J[TUWU .KDGTCMQRH N $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
.KDGT WPF .KDGTC GTUEJGKPGP CWH FKGUGO &GPCT YGKN GKP 8QTHCJTG FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU HÒT FKGUG )QVVJGKVGP X %JT GKPGP 6GORGN IGYGKJV JCDGP UQNN
125
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
809
811
810
812
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO . %CUUKWU .QPIKPWU I .KDGTMQRH T OKV 'HGWMTCP\ WPF 6J[TUWU .KDGTCMQRH N $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F 4 )TCHHKVK CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT URCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG ! %P %QTPGNKWU .GPVWNWU I -QRH FGU )GPKWU 2QRWNK 4QOCPK T )NQDWU \YKUEJGP DGMT·P\VGO <GRVGT WPF 5VGWGTTWFGT $CD $/% %TCYH C 5[F #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT URCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG ! %P %QTPGNKWU .GPVWNWU I -QRH FGU )GPKWU 2QRWNK 4QOCPK T #XGTUKPEWUWO $CD $/% HH %TCYH 5[F C 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO % 'IPCVKWU /CZUWOWU I %WRKFQMQRH T ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT <YGKU·WNKIGT 6GORGN FGU ,WRKVGT .KDGTVCU FCTKP 5VCVWGP FGU ,WRKVGT WPF FGT .KDGTVCU X X $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F 4 -NGKPG 2TÒHUVGNNG CO 4CPF IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
%P .GPVWNWU YCT %WTCVQT FGPCTKQTWO HNCPFQTWO
813
815
814
816
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO / 2NCGVQTKWU %GUVKCPWU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT (QTVWPC T FCJKPVGT PKEJV KFGPVKHK\KGTVGU 1DLGMV $ÒUVG GKPGU -PCDGP X X OKV GKPGO 6CDNGVV OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 5145 $CD $/% XGTIN %TCYH 5[F 4 -N 2WP\GP NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO 3 2QORQPKWU /WUC I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV &KCFGO *GTEWNGU /WUCTWO KO .ÌYGPHGNN T OKV .[TC WPF -GWNG $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F 4 #XGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO 3 2QORQPKWU /WUC I #RQNNQMQRH T FCJKPVGT 5CPFCNG 6JCNKC UVGJV N OKV /CUMG $CD $/% %TCYH D 5[F 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI MN -TCV\GT CWH FGO 4GXGTU XQT\ÒINKEJ IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO / 2WRKWU 2KUQ I *GTOGUMQRH T OKV &KCFGO N 5VGTP WPF -TCP\ T )GH· +P -TCP\ /GUUGT WPF 2CVGTC $CD $/% %TCYH D 5[F 4 5GJT UEJÌP
#WEJ $CPVK MCPP FCU 5[ODQN FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG PKEJV KFGPVKHK\KGTGP &GT 4GXGTU DG\KGJV UKEJ CWH FCU 1TCMGN FGT (QTVWPC KP 2TCGPGUVG 'U JCPFGNVG UKEJ WO GKP .QUQTCMGN 'U YWTFG QTCMGNV KPFGO GKP -PCDG FKG .QUV·HGNEJGP
5QTU OKUEJVG WPF GKPGU \QI FCU FCPP XQP GKPGO 2TKGUVGT KPVGTRTGVKGTV YWTFG %KEGTQ YGVVGTVG KP &G FKXKPCVKQPG IGIGP FKG .QUQTCMGN WPF XGTUWEJVG UKG CNU 6TWI WPF 6·WUEJWPI \W GTYGKUGP &GT /ÒP\OGKUVGT Y·JNVG FKG 5\GPG CWU 2TCGPGUVG FC UGKPG (COKNKG XQP FQTV UVCOOVG
&GT 6GORGN FGU *GTEWNGU /WUCTWO YWTFG WO X %JT XQP / (WNXKWU 0QDKNKQT CWH FGO 5ÒFVGKN FGU /CTU HGNFGU GTTKEJVGV (WNXKWU JCVVG PCEJ UGKPGO 5KGI ÒDGT FKG #GVQNKGT 5VCVWGP FGT /WUGP CWU )TKGEJGPNCPF PCEJ 4QO IGDTCEJV 2NKPKWU *0
6JCNKC YCT FKG /WUG FGT -QOÌFKG
817
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO / #GOKNKWU .GRKFWU I (TCWGPMQRH T OKV &KCFGO 4GKVGT OKV 6TQRJ·G T $CD XCT $/% %TCYH C 5[F 4 9KP\ -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP &KG 4ÒEMUGKVG \GKIV FCU 5VCPFDKNF FGU / #GOKNKWU .GRKFWU -QPUWN KO ,CJT X %JT
126
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
818
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO % 5GTXGKNKWU % H (NQTCMQRH T FCJKPVGT .KVWWU <YGK 5QNFCVGP RCTCFKGTGP XQTGKPCPFGT OKV IG\QIGPGP 5EJYGTVGTP $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ &GT /ÒP\OGKUVGT JCV (NQTC CDIGDKNFGV FC GKPGT UGKPGT #JPGP FGT GTUVG (NCOGP (NQTCNKU YCT
819
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO . /CTEKWU 2JKNKRRWU I -QRH FGU #PEWU /CTEKWU T OKV &KCFGO FCJKPVGT .KVWWU 4GKVGTUVCVWG T CWH #SW·FWMV CWU FGO GKPG $NWOG Y·EJUV $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
3 /CTEKWU 4GZ FGT FWTEJ FCU 5VCPFDKNF IGGJTV YWTFG XQNNGPFGVG FKG 9CUUGTNGKVWPI #SWC /CTEKC FKG \WO -CRKVQN HÒJTVG
820
821
822
823
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO % /GOOKWU I %GTGUMQRH T )GHCPIGPGT MPKGV T FCJKPVGT 6TQ RJ·G $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F $TGKVGT 5EJTÌVNKPI CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
&GT /ÒP\OGKUVGT YCT FGT 5EJYKGIGTUQJP 5WNNCU GT YCT 2TQRT·VQT KP $KVJ[PKGP
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO 3 %CUUKWU .QPIKPWU I 8GTUEJNGKGTVG 8GUVCDÒUVG T 8GUVCVGORGN FCTKP MWTWNKUEJGT 5VWJN \YKUEJGP 5VKOOWTPG WPF 5VKOOVCHGN OKV #% $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F 4 2TÒHRWP\G CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
#WH FGP 5VKOOVCHGNP UVGJV # DUQNXQ D\Y % QPFGOPQ &GT 8QTICPI FÒTHVG UKEJ CWH GKPGP 8GUVCNKPPGPRTQ\G X %JT DG\KGJGP
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO 3 %CUUKWU .QPIKPWU I .KDGTVCUMQRH T 8GUVCVGORGN FCTKP MWTWNK UEJGT 5VWJN \YKUEJGP 5VKOOWTPG WPF 5VKOOVCHGN OKV #% $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F 4 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO 3 %CUUKWU .QPIKPWU I -QRH FGU )GPKWU 2QRWNK 4QOCPK T FCJKPVGT <GRVGT #FNGT UVGJV T CWH $NKV\ N .KVWWU T -CPPG $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F $TGKVGT 5EJTÌVNKPI UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
127
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
824
825
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO 3 %CUUKWU .QPIKPWU I -QRH FGU )GPKWU 2QRWNK 4QOCPK T FCJKPVGT <GRVGT #FNGT UVGJV T CWH $NKV\ N .KVWWU T -CPPG $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F -N -TCV\GT UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO %P 2NCPEKWU I $ÒUVG FGT /CEGFQPKC ! T OKV %CWUKC -TGVKUEJG <KGIG T FCJKPVGT $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F .GKEJVG 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CO 4CPF XQT\ÒINKEJ
&GT /ÒP\OGKUVGT JCVVG UQYQJN KP /CMGFQPKGP CNU CWEJ KP -TGVC IGFKGPV
1,5:1
826
1,5:1
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO / ,WPKWU $TWVWU I -QRH FGU . ,WPKWU $TWVWU T -QRH FGU % 5GTXKNKWU #JCNC T $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&GT /ÒP\OGKUVGT KUV FGT UR·VGTG %CGUCTOÌTFGT 'T \GKIV JKGT FWTEJ FKG $KNFGT \YGKGT 8QTHCJTGP UGKPG UVTGPI TGRW DNKMCPKUEJG )GUKPPWPI \WO GKPGP . ,WPKWU $TWVWU FGT FKG VCTSWKPKUEJGP -ÌPKIG XGTVTKGD WPF \WO CPFGTGP % 5GTXKNKWU #JCNC FGT FGP 5VCCV XQT 5RWTKWU /CGNKWU TGVVGVG
1,5:1
827
1,5:1
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO % %QGNKWU %CNFWU I -QRH FGU -QPUWNU % %QGNKWU %CNFWU T \YK UEJGP 5RGGT WPF 5VCPFCTVG OKV *+5 /CPP UKV\V N CWH .GEVKUVGTPKWO \YKUEJGP \YGK 6TQRJ·GP $CD $/% R #PO %TCYH D 5[F 44 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT #WH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG YKTF FGT %QPUWN FGU ,CJTGU X %JT IGHGKGTV FGT CNU VTKDWPWU RNGDKU X %JT FKG .GZ %QGNKC 6CDGNNCTKC FWTEJUGV\VG *+5 *KURCPKC DG\KGJV UKEJ CWH UGKPG 5KGIG KP 5RCPKGP
828
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO %P 0GTKWU I 5CVWTPMQRH T ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT *CTRC .GIKQPUCFNGT \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
&CU 5VÒEM KUV KP OKNKV·TKUEJGO <WUCOOGPJCPI IGRT·IV YQTFGP PCEJFGO %CGUCT FGP 4WDKEQP ÒDGTUEJTKVVGP JCVVG &KG DGKFGP CWH FGO 4GXGTU IGPCPPVGP %QPUWNP . %QTPGNKWU .GPVWNWU WPF % %NCWFKWU /CTEGNNWU NKGGP UR·VGT /ÒP\GP KO GKIGPGP 0COGP RT·IGP
1,5:1
829
1,5:1
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO . *QUVKNKWU 5CUGTPC I -QRH GKPGU ICNNKUEJGP -TKGIGTU YQJN FGU 8GTEKPIGVQTKZ T )CNNKUEJGT -TKGIGT UVGJV N OKV 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT KP T HCJTGPFGO 5VTGKVYCIGP $CD $/% %TCYH C 5[F 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5VGTPDGTI <ÒTKEJ 0T 8GTEKPIGVQTKZ YCT FGT (ÒJTGT FGU ITQGP )CNNKGTCWHUVCPFGU IGIGP %CGUCT KO ,CJTG X %JT 0CEJ FGO (CNN #NGUKCU OWVG 8GTEKPIGVQTKZ UKEJ GTIGDGP &KG DGTÒJOVG ENGOGPVKC %CGUCTKU YWTFG KJO PKEJV \WVGKN PCEJ UGEJU ,CJTGP *CHV YWTFG GT KO 6WNNKCPWO JKPIGTKEJVGV &GT 4GXGTU \GKIV GKPGP ICNNKUEJGP 5VTGKVYCIGP 'UUGFWO OKV 9CIGPM·ORHGT
'UUGFCTKWU WPF .GPMGT #WTKIC &KG 5VTGKVYCIGP YWTFGP XQT CNNGO IGIGP FKG -CXCNNGTKG GKPIGUGV\V
128
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
830
831 831 1,5:1
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO &GEKOWU 2QUVWOKWU #NDKPWU $TWVK H I /CTUMQRH T OKV *GNO <YGK %CTP[EGU ÒDGT -TGW\ QDGP QXCNGT 5EJKNF WPVGP 4WPFUEJKNF $CD $/% %TCYH C 5[F 4 -N )TCHHKVQ CWH FGO #XGTU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ XQT\ÒINKEJ
&GT /ÒP\OGKUVGT FKGUGU WPF FGU HQNIGPFGP 5VÒEMGU YCT \WP·EJUV GKP #PJ·PIGT %CGUCTU WPF M·ORHVG KP )CNNKGP FCJGT FKG 4ÒEMUGKVGPFCTUVGNNWPI 'T IGJÌTVG UR·VGT \W FGP %CGUCTOÌTFGTP
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO &GEKOWU 2QUVWOKWU #NDKPWU $TWVK H I 2KGVCUMQRH T <YGK *·PFG JCNVGP %CFWEGWU $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&KG 4ÒEMUGKVGPFCTUVGNNWPI FGU XQTNKGIGPFGP 5VÒEMGU U[ODQNKUKGTV FKG ENGOGPVKC %CGUCTKU
833
832 833 1,5:1
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO 2GVVKNKWU %CRKVQNKPWU I #FNGT UVGJV T CWH $NKV\ OKV CWUIGDTGKVGVGP 5EJYKPIGP 5GEJUU·WNKIGT 6GORGN $CD $/% %TCYH E 5[F 4 5GJT UEJÌP
#WH FGO 4GXGTU KUV FGT ,WRKVGTVGORGN CWH FGO %CRKVQN FCTIGUVGNNV 'U JCPFGNV UKEJ WO FGP X %JT FWTEJ 3 .WVCVKWU %CUUKWU PGW GTTKEJVGVGP 6GORGN &CU CNVG XKGTU·WNKIG *GKNKIVWO YCT X %JT GKPGO $TCPF \WO 1RHGT IGHCNNGP
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO . .KXKPGKWU 4GIWNWU I -QRH FGU 2TCGVQTU . .KXKPGKWU 4GIWNWU T %WTWNKUEJGT 5VWJN \YKUEJGP LG FTGK (CUEGU $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
834
835
1,5:1
836
1,5:1
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO . .KXKPGKWU 4GIWNWU I -QRH FGU 2TCGVQTU . .KXKPGKWU 4GIWNWU T /QFKWU \YKUEJGP \YGK JTGP $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F 44 5GJT UEJÌP
&CU 2QTVT·V \GKIV FGP 8CVGT FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU &KG 4ÒEMUGKVG DG\KGJV UKEJ CWH FKG -QTPXGTVGKNWPI FKG FKGUGT FWTEJ \WHÒJTGP JCVVG
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO . .KXKPGKWU 4GIWNWU I -QRH FGU 2TCGVQTU . .KXKPGKWU 4GIWNWU T )NCFKCVQT N KO -CORH OKV GKPGO .ÌYGP KO *KPVGTITWPF )NCFKCVQT T KO -CORH OKV GKPGO 2CPVGT N XGTYWPFGVGT 'DGT $CD $/% %TCYH 5[F 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CO 4CPF XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC /ÌINKEJGTYGKUG YQNNVG FGT /ÒP\OGKUVGT OKV FGT 4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPI CWH FKG 5RKGNG JKPYGKUGP FKG GT XGTCPUVCNVGV J·VVG YGPP GT \WO #GFKN IGY·JNV YQTFGP Y·TG
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO . /WUUKFKWU .QPIWU I %QPEQTFKCMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF 5EJNGKGT FCXQT *CNDOQPF 5EJTGKP FGT 8GPWU %NQCEKPC $CD $/% %TCYH E 5[F D 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP &KG 4ÒEMUGKVG IKDV GKPGP 6GKN FGU (QTWOU YKGFGT
129
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN
837
2:1
2:1
Ô #WTGWU X %JT 4QO % 0WOQPKWU 8CCNC I -QRH FGT 0KMG YQJN OKV FGP <ÒIGP FGT (WNXKC T %Ő07/10+85 KO #DUEJPKVV 8##.# 5QNFCV OKV 5EJYGTV WPF 5EJKNF N ITGKHV \YGK JKPVGT GKPGT 2CNKUCFG XGTUEJCP\VG )GIPGT CP $CJTHGNFV &KG 4ÌOKUEJG )QNFOÒP\GPRT·IWPI Y·JTGPF FGT 4GRW DNKM WPF WPVGT #WIWUVWU FKGU 'ZGORNCT $CD $/% %CNKEQ %TCYH 5[F 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 8KGTQTFV #WMVKQP ,CESWGU 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO CO /·T\ 0T FGT 5COO NWPI 2TQYG #WMVKQP #FQNRJ *GUU 0CEJH (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T FGT 5COONWPI %QPUWN 'FQWCTF (TKGFTKEJ 9GDGT #WMVKQP ,CEQD *KTUEJ /ÒPEJGP 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI 8KEQOVG 2QPVQP F #OéEQWTV #WMVKQP 4QNNKP GV (GWCTFGPV 2CTKU CO #RTKN 0T &GT #WTGWU UVCOOV CWU FGT NGV\VGP 2JCUG FGT TGRWDNKMCPKUEJGP /ÒP\RT·IWPI KP 4QO &KG 2T·IWPIGP FGT /ÒP\OGK UVGT FGU ,CJTGU X %JT % %NQFKWU 8GUVCNKU / #TTKWU 5GEWPFWU % 0WOQPKWU 8CCNC WPF . 5GTXKWU 4WHWU UKPF CNNG TGEJV UGNVGP YCU FCTCWH JKPYGKUV FC FKG /ÒP\UV·VVG 4QO KP FKGUGO ,CJT PWT UGJT MWT\ CMVKX YCT &KG /ÒP\OGKUVGT JCDGP VGKNU 2QTVT·VU CWH FKG 8QTFGTUGKVGP KJTGT /ÒP\GP IGUGV\V FKG \YCT XQTFGTITÒPFKI FWTEJ FKG .GIGPFG CWH KJTG 8QTHCJTGP XGTYGKUGP D\Y KO (CNNG FGT (WNXKC CWH FKG )ÌVVKP 0KMG D\Y 8KEVQTKC LGFQEJ ITQG JPNKEJMGKV OKV FGP <ÒIGP FGU LWPIGP 1EVCXKCP #TTKWU 5GEWPFWU ,WNKWU %CGUCT WPF (WNXKC 0WOQPKWU 8CCNC QFGT KO (CNNG FGU . 5GTXKWU 4WHWU OKV $TWVWU CWHYGKUGP &KG /ÒP\OGKUVGT YQNNVGP FWTEJ FKG 9CJN FGT GPVURTGEJGPFGP 2QTVT·VU YQJN KJTG 5[ORCVJKG HÒT FKG LGYGKNKIGP 2CTVGKGP FGU $ÒTIGTMTKGIU CWUFTÒEMGP QJPG UKEJ LGFQEJ FWTEJ GKPG GPVURTGEJGPFG #WHUEJTKHV QHHGP FC\W \W DGMGPPGP YCU KO ,CJTG CWEJ UGJT IGH·JTNKEJ IGYGUGP Y·TG 1D FKG 2QTVT·VU CWH FGP /ÒP\GP VCVU·EJNKEJ LGPG 2GTUQPGP FGU $ÒTIGTMTKGIU FCTUVGNNGP FGPGP UKG ·JPGNP KUV FCJGT WPIG MN·TV &KG 8KEVQTKC OKV FGP <ÒIGP FGT (WNXKC FÒTHVG % 0WOQPKWU 8CCNC CWH FGP #XGTU FGT /ÒP\G IGUGV\V JCDGP FC GT OKV GKPGO 5KGI FGT -T·HVG WO (WNXKC WPF .WEKWU #PVQPKWU KO 2GTWUKPKUEJGP -TKGI TGEJPGVG &KG *QHHPWPI HTGKNKEJ GTHÒNNVG UKEJ PKEJV FGT -TKGI GPFGVG OKV FGT 'TQDGTWPI 2GTWUKCU FGTGP WO )PCFG HNGJGPFGP 'KPYQJPGTP 1EVCXKCPWU FKG DGTÒJOVG #PVYQTV /QTKGPFWO GUV GU OW IGUVQTDGP YGTFGP ICD (WNXKC WPF .WEKWU #PVQPKWU YWTFGP HTGK NKEJ DGIPCFKIV &GT 4GXGTU FÒTHVG UKEJ CWH GKPG *GNFGPVCV GKPGU 8QTHCJTGP FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU DG\KGJGP FGT GKPUV GKP XCNNWO GKPG 2CNKUCFG DG\YWPIGP JCVVG WPF CWH FGP YQJN FCU %QIPQOGP 8CCNC D\Y 8CNC \WTÒEM\WHÒJTGP KUV 'KP INGKEJPCOKIGT 5QJP FGU % 0WOQPKWU 8CCNC YCT .GICV FGU 2 3WKPEVKNKWU 8CTWU WPF OCEJVG KP FGT 8CTWUUEJNCEJV -CNMTKGUG DGK 1UPCDTÒEM UGKPGO *GNFGPOWV XGTURTGEJGPFGP %QIPQOGP MGKPG 'JTG 8GNN ++ 0WOQPKWU 8CNC CDGT GKP .GICV FGU 8CTWU UQPUV GKP TWJKIGT WPF DGY·JTVGT /CPP ICD GKP CDUEJTGEMGPFGU $GKURKGN 'T DGTCWDVG FKG (WUQN FCVGP KJTGU 5EJWV\GU FWTEJ FKG 4GKVGTGK OCEJVG UKEJ OKV UGKPGP 5EJYCFTQPGP CWH FKG (NWEJV WPF UWEJVG FGP 4JGKP \W GTTGKEJGP ,GFQEJ FCU 5EJKEMUCN T·EJVG UGKPG 5EJCPFVCV 'T ÒDGTNGDVG UGKPG -COGTCFGP PKEJV XQP FGPGP GT FGUGTVKGTV YCT UQPFGTP HCPF CNU &GUGTVGWT FGP 6QF
838
839
+/2'4#614+5%*' 24 )70)'0
%P 2QORGKWU /CIPWU OCKQT Ŏ X %JT Õ &GPCT X %JT #RQNNQPKC . %QTPGNKWU .GPVWNWU % %NCWFKWU /CTEGNNWU WPF 6 #PVKUVKWU I #RQNNQMQRH T ,WRKVGT UVGJV T OKV $NKV\ WPF #FNGT \YKUEJGP 5VGTP WPF #NVCT $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 44 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI 2TÒHRWP\G CWH FGO 4GXGTU UGJT UEJÌP
3 %CGEKNKWU /GVGNNWU 2KWU 5EKRKQ Ŏ X %JT Õ &GPCT X %JT CHTKMCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I ,WRKVGTMQRH T 'NGHCPV T $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
0CEJ 2JCTUCNQU UCOOGNVG UKEJ GKP ITQGT 6GKN FGT 2QORGKCPGT WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ XQP 3 %CGEKNKWU /GVGNNWU 7PUGTG /ÒP\G KUV FCU 2TQFWMV FGT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG &GT CTEJCKUEJG ,WRKVGTMQRH DGIGIPGV CWEJ CWH GKPGO #WTGWU
7PKMWO KP 2CTKU WPF GKPGO &GPCT %TCYH YQ GT FWTEJ GKPGP #FNGTMQRH CNU $GK\GKEJGP GKPFGWVKI KFGPVKHK \KGTV KUV
130
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN
840
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ &GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP #HTKMC /CTEWU 'RRKWU I #HTKMCMQRH KO 'NGHCP VGPUMCNR T FCXQT JTG FCTWPVGT 2HNWI *GTEWNGU UVGJV X X OKV -GWNG WPF .ÌYGPHGNN $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT 3 %CGEKNKWU /GVGNNWU 2KWU 5EKRKQ YCT FGT -QOOCPFGWT FGT 2QORGKCPGT KP #HTKMC 'T ÒDGTNGDVG FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK 6JCRUWU WPF Y·JNVG DCNF FCTCWH KP *KRRQ 4GIKWU FGP (TGKVQF /CTEWU 'RRKWU NKG FKGUGU WPF FCU HQNIGPFG 5VÒEM YQJN CNU NGICVWU HKUEK ECUVTGPUKU RT·IGP
842
841
Õ &GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP #HTKMC /CTEWU 'RRKWU I #HTKMCMQRH KO 'NGHCP VGPUMCNR T FCXQT JTG FCTWPVGT 2HNWI *GTEWNGU UVGJV X X OKV -GWNG WPF .ÌYGPHGNN $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F (GKPG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
/ 2QTEKWU %CVQ 7VKEGPUKU Ŏ X %JT Õ 3WKPCT X %JT 7VKEC I .KDGTMQRH T OKV 'HGWMTCP\ 8KEVQTKC UKV\V T OKV 2CVGTC $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F -N 2TÒHRWP\G CWH FGO 4GXGTU UGJT UEJÌP
0CEJ FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 6JCRUWU Y·JNVG %CVQ FGT UGKP .GDGP PKEJV FGT %NGOGPVKC %CGUCTKU XGTFCPMGP YQNNVG KP 7VKEC FGP (TGKVQF
844
843 843 1,5:1
% ,WNKWU %CGUCT Ŏ X %JT Õ &GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG I 'NGHCPV T 2TKG UVGTIGT·VG $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC &KG 4ÒEMUGKVG \GKIV %CGUCTU #OV CNU 2QPVKHGZ OCZKOWU CP FKG GKP\KIG QHHK\KGNNG 5VGNNWPI FKG GT \W $GIKPP FGU $ÒTIGTMTKGIGU DGMNGKFGVG
Õ &GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG I 'NGHCPV T 2TKGUVGTIGT·VG $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ 0T
845
846
Õ &GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG I 'NGHCPV T 2TKGUVGTIGT·VG $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F .GKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG XQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ &GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG I 'NGHCPV T 2TKGUVGTIGT·VG $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 5GJT UEJÌP
131
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN
848
847
Õ &GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP #HTKEC I 8GPWUMQRH T #GPGCU N VT·IV UGKPGP 8CVGT #PEJKUGU WPF FCU 2CNNCFKWO CWU FGO DTGPPGPFGP 6TQLC $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F /KP FG\GPVTKGTV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG 0GY ;QTM 0T %CGUCT UVGNNVG KP UGKPGT 2TQRCICPFC KOOGT YKGFGT UGKPG #DUVCOOWPI XQP FGP CWH FKGUGT WPF FGT HQNIGPFGP /ÒP\G FCTIGUVGNNVGP O[VJKUEJGP 8QTHCJTGP JGTCWU #UECPKWU +WNWU FGT 5QJP FGU #GPGCU IKNV CNU 5VCOOXCVGT FGT ,WNKGT #GPGCU YKGFGTWO UVCOOVG XQP 8GPWU CD *KGT XGTDKPFGV UKEJ FKG )TÒPFWPIUUCIG 4QOU U[ODQNKUKGTV FWTEJ FCU 2CNNCFKWO OKV FGO 7TURTWPI FGT IGPU +WNKC
Õ &GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP #HTKEC I 8GPWUMQRH T #GPGCU N VT·IV UGKPGP 8CVGT #PEJKUGU WPF FCU 2CNNCFKWO CWU FGO DTGPPGPFGP 6TQLC $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 5GJT UEJÌP
849
1,5:1
1,5:1
Ô #WTGWU X %JT 4QO # *KTVKWU I 8GUVCMQRH T OKV 5EJNGKGT 2TKGUVGTIGT·VG $CD $/% %CNKEQ C %TCYH 5GCT 5[F (GKPGT 5VKN CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT *KTVKWU YCT GKP .GICV %CGUCTU 0CEJ FGUUGP 'TOQTFWPI DGMNGKFGVG GT FCU -QPUWNCV 'T XGTHCVG CWEJ FCU $WEJ FGU DGTÒJOVGP 9GTMGU FG DGNNQ ICNNKEQ
851
850
Ô #WTGWU X %JT 4QO # *KTVKWU I 8GUVCMQRH T OKV 5EJNGKGT 2TKGUVGTIGT·VG $CD $/% %CNKEQ C %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT URCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH FGT 8GPWU )GPGVTKZ T FCJKPVGT %WRKFQ 6TQRJ·G FCTWPVGT \YGK ICNNKUEJG )GHCPIGPG $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F -N 4CPFCWUDTWEJ UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
&KGUGU 5VÒEM YWTFG \WT $G\CJNWPI FGT 8GVGTCPGP %CGUCTU Y·JTGPF FGU -CORHGU IGIGP FKG 2QORGKCPGT KP 5RCPKGP IGRT·IV &KG )GHCPIGPGP CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG UKPF GKPG VTCWGTPFG (TCW WPF GKP IGHGUUGNVGT /CPP FGUUGP -QRH FGO 6[R FGU 8GTEKPIGVQTKZ GPVURTKEJV
1,5:1
852
1,5:1
Ô #WTGWU X %JT 4QO . /WPCVKWU 2NCPEWU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT 8KEVQTKC T %CRKU $CD $/% %CNKEQ %TCYH C 5GCT 5[F C 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ . /WPCVKWU 2NCPEWU GKPG FGT UEJKNNGTPFUVGP )GUVCNVGP CWU FGT 'PFRJCUG FGT 4GRWDNKM YCT \WP·EJUV GKP GPIGT 8GTVTCWVGT %CGUCTU FGT UGKPG -CTTKGTG HÌTFGTVG WPF KJO CWEJ \WO #OV FGU 2TCGHGEVWU WTDK XGTJCNH /KV FKGUGO #OV HKGN KJO CWEJ FKG /ÒP\RT·IWPI \W WPF WPVGT UGKPGT 2TCGHGEVWT YWTFG KP FGT XQP %CGUCT PGW GKPIGTKEJVGVGP /ÒP\ UV·VVG CO ,CPKEWNWO JGWVG )KCPKEQNQ WPUGTG /ÒP\G IGRT·IV 0CEJ FGO 6QFG %CGUCTU UEJNWI UKEJ 2NCPEWU CWH FKG 5GKVG FGT /ÌTFGT UGKPGU 9QJNV·VGTU YCPFVG UKEJ CDGT KO ,CJTG X %JT FGO #PVQPKWU \W &QEJ CWEJ FKGUGP XGTTKGV GT WPF UEJNWI UKEJ CWH FKG 5GKVG FGU 1EVCXKCPWU 'U YCT . /WPCVKWU 2NCPEWU FGT KO ,CJTG X %JT KO 5GPCV FKG 8GTNGKJWPI FGU 6KVGNU #WIWUVWU CP 1EVCXKCPWU DGCPVTCIVG
132
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN
854
853
853 855
&WRQPFKWU X %JT 4QO % %NQXKWU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT 8KEVQTKC T /KPGTXC IGJV N OKV 6TQRJ·G 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF FCXQT 5EJNCPIG N $CD $/% %TCYH C 5GCT 5[F &WPMNG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO / /GVVKWU I -QRH %CGUCTU T OKV -TCP\ FCJKPVGT .KVWWU WPF %W NWNNWU 8GPWU UVGJV N OKV 8KEVQTKC WPF <GRVGT CP GKPGP CWH GKPGO )NQDWU UVGJGPFGP 5EJKNF IGNGJPV $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 44 -TCV\GT CWH #XGTU WPF 4GXGTU UGJT UEJÌP UEJÌP
/GVVKWU HÒJTV CWH FKGUGO 5VÒEM FKG 8GTYGPFWPI XQP -QPVTQNNDWEJUVCDGP PGW GKP FKG UGKV NCPIGO PKEJV OGJT XGT YGPFGV YQTFGP YCTGP
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO . (NCOKPKWU %JKNQ I -QRH %CGUCTU T OKV -TCP\ 2CZ UVGJV N OKV %CFWEGWU WPF <GRVGT $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 44 9KP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
&CU JGTTNKEJG KFGCNKUKGTVG 2QTVT·V CWH FGO #XGTU UQNN XGTOWVNKEJ FKG )ÌVVNKEJMGKV %CGUCTU WPF FCOKV FGP *GTT UEJCHVUCPURTWEJ UGKPGU #FQRVKXUQJPGU 1EVCXKCPWU WPVGTUVTGKEJGP
856
857
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO . /WUUKFKWU .QPIWU I -QRH %CGUCTU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (ÒNN JQTP CWH )NQDWU \YKUEJGP 5VGWGTTWFGT %CFWEGWU WPF #RGZ $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F C 4 /KP FG\GPVTKGTV 2TÒHRWP\GP CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
&KGUG 2TQRCICPFCRT·IWPI KP <WUCOOGPJCPI OKV FGT #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPI \YKUEJGP /CTE #PVQP WPF 1EVCXKCP GKPGTUGKVU WPF FGP %CGUCTOÌTFGTP CPFGTGTUGKVU UVGNNV %CGUCTU 'THQNIG \W .CPF WPF \WT 5GG U[ODQNKUKGTV FWTEJ FCU 5VGWGTTWFGT WPF FCU (ÒNNJQTP CWH FGO )NQDWU JGTCWU WPF XGTYGKUV OKV FGO #RGZ FCTCWH FC %CGUCT 2QPVKHGZ /CZKOWU YCT WPF FGO TÌOKUEJGP 8QNM )NÒEM HGNKEKVCU IGDTCEJV JCV U[ODQNKUKGTV FWTEJ FGP %CFWEGWU
/ +WPKWU $TWVWU Õ &GPCT X %JT N[MKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I .KDGTVCUMQRH T .[TC \YKUEJGP -ÌEJGT WPF .QTDGGT\YGKI $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 4 .GKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
858
859
Õ &GPCT X %JT N[MKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG % (NCXKWU *GOKE I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU #RQNNQ T FCXQT .[TC 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI FCXQT 6TQRJ·G $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 44 2TÒHRWP\GP CWH FGO #XGTU UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP -NGKPCUKGP QFGT 0QTFITKGEJGPNCPF 2WDNKWU 5GTXKNKWU %CUEC .QPIWU I 0GRVWPMQRH T ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT &TGK\CEM 8KEVQTKC UVGJT T CWH IGDTQEJGPGO <GRVGT OKV 2CNO\YGKI WPF FWTEJVTGPPVGO &KCFGO $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV )GNQEJV UGJT UEJÌP
2WDNKWU 5GTXKNKWU %CUEC .QPIWU YCT GKPGT FGT %CGUCTOÌTFGT GT HÒJTVG FGP GTUVGP &QNEJUVQ &GT 0GRVWPMQRH CWH FGO #XGTU URKGNV CWH FKG OKNKV·TKUEJGP 'THQNIG FGU %CUUKWU WPF FKG ªDGTNGIGPJGKV FGT %CGUCTOÌTFGT \WT 5GG CP &GT 4GXGTU \GKIV FKG <KGNG FGT %CGUCTOÌTFGT /KV KJTGO 5KGI XGTMÌTRGTV FWTEJ FKG 8KEVQTKC YKTF FKG $GUVTGDWPI \WT 'TTKEJVWPI GKPGT -ÌPKIUJGTTUEJCHV \WPKEJVG IGOCEJV U[ODQNKUKGTV FWTEJ FCU \GTDTQEJGPG <GRVGT WPF FCU FWTEJ VTGPPVG &KCFGO WPF FKG 4GRWDNKM YKGFGTJGTIGUVGNNV
133
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN
861
860
%P &QOKVKWU #JGPQDCTDWU Õ &GPCT X %JT WPDGMCPPVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH T 2TQTC T FCTCWH 6TQRJ·G $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
&KG 4ÒEMUGKVG DG\KGJV UKEJ CWH FGP 5GGUKGI FGU #JGPQDCTDWU ÒDGT &QOKVKWU %CNXKPWU KO ,CJT X %JT &COCNU YWTFG GT \WO +ORGTCVQT CWUIGTWHGP
5GZVWU 2QORGKWU Ŏ X %JT Õ &GPCT X %JT UK\KNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH FGU 2QO RGKWU OCIPWU T N %CRKU T .KVWWU 0GRVWP UVGJV N \YKUEJGP #PCRKCU WPF #ORJKPQOWU FKG KJTG 'NVGTP VTCIGP $/% $CD %TCYH C 5GCT 5[F 44 2TÒHRWP\GP CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
&KG $TÒFGT #PCRKCU WPF #ORJKPQOWU JCVVGP KJTG 'NVGTP Y·JTGPF GKPGU #WUDTWEJGU FGU #GVPC KP 5KEJGTJGKV IG DTCEJV +P FKGUGT 4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPI YKTF CNUQ RTCMVK\KGTVG 2KGVCU IG\GKIV YCU OKV FGT #PPCJOG FGU 6KVGNU 2KWU FWTEJ 5GZVWU 2QORGKWU KP <WUCOOGPJCPI UVGJGP FÒTHVG
863
862
/CTEWU #PVQPKWU Ŏ X %JT Õ &GPCT X %JT #VJGP / +WPKWU 5KNCPWU I -QRH T 5EJTKHV KP \YGK <GKNGP $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT #VJGP I -QRH T #0610+85 #8) +/2 +++ $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F #XGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
&KG FTKVVG KORGTCVQTKUEJG #MMNCOCVKQP GTHQNIVG PCEJ FGO 2CTVJGTMTKGI X %JT
864
865
Õ &GPCT X %JT 2CVTCU ! I )CNGGTG T %*146+8/ 24#'614+#47/ .GIKQPUCF NGT \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 4 -NGKPG 2TÒHRWP\G CWH FGO 4GXGTU UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT 2CVTCU ! I )CNGGTG T .') +++ .GIKQPUCFNGT \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VCPFCT VGP $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 2TÒHRWP\G CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
'U JCPFGNV UKEJ YQJN WO FKG NGIKQ +++ )CNNKEC
Õ &GPCT X %JT 2CVTCU ! I )CNGGTG T .') 8+ .GIKQPUCFNGT \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VCP FCTVGP $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F &C\W GKP YGKVGTGT .GIKQPUFGPCT
.') :+ $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 5VÒEM 2TÒHRWP\GP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
#WU GKPGT CNVGP .GIKQ 8+ %CGUCTU IKPIGP \YGK .GIKQPGP JGTXQT FKG .GIKQ 8+ (GTTCVC CWH FGT 5GKVG FGU /CTEWU #PVQPKWU WPF FKG XQP 1EVCXKCP CWHIGUVGNNVG .GIKQ 8+ 8KEVTKZ UR·VGT W C KP 0QXCGUKWO 0GWUU WPF %CUVTC 8G VGTC :CPVGP UVCVKQPKGTV
867
868
Õ &GPCT X %JT 2CVTCU ! I )CNGGTG T .') : .GIKQPUCFNGT \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VCPFCT VGP $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F -N -TCV\GT CWH FGO 4GXGTU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&KG .GIKQ : YWTFG WTURTÒPINKEJ X %JT CWHIGUVGNNV WPF YCT FKG .KGDNKPIUNGIKQP %CGUCTU X %JT YWTFG UKG GTPGWV CWHIGUVGNNV WPF YCT PCEJ FGO $ÒTIGTMTKGI \WP·EJUV KP *KURCPKC WNVGTKQT UVCVKQPKGTV IGNCPIVG KP PGTQPKUEJGT <GKV PCEJ %CTPWPVWO YWTFG CDGT P %JT YKGFGT PCEJ 5RCPKGP IGUCPFV YQ UKG KO ,CJT HÒT 8KVGNNKWU 2CTVGK GTITKHH 5EJNKGNKEJ YWTFG UKG CWEJ PQEJ KP *CTGPCVKWO 4KPFGTP 0QXKQOCIWU $CVCXQTWO 0KLOGIGP #SWKPEWO
$WFCRGUV WPF UEJNKGNKEJ 8KPFQDQPC 9KGP UVCVKQPKGTV
Õ &GPCT X %JT 2CVTCU ! I )CNGGTG T .') :8++ .GIKQPUCFNGT \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VCP FCTVGP $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 5GJT UEJÌP &KG .GIKQ :8++ YWTFG XQP 1EVCXKCP CWHIGUVGNNV WPF X %JT CP FGP 4JGKP XGTNGIV +O ,CJTG P %JT IKPI UKG KP FGT 8CTWUUEJNCEJV WPVGT
134
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN
870
869
Õ &GPCT X %JT 2CVTCU ! I )CNGGTG T .') :8+++ .GIKQPUCFNGT \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 5GJT UEJÌP
&KG .GIKQ :8+++ IKPI KO ,CJTG P %JT KP FGT 8CTWUUEJNCEJV KP -CNMTKGUG DGK 1UPCDTÒEM WPVGT &KGUG 5EJNCEJV XGTNQT 2 3WKPEVKNKWU 8CTWU IGIGP GKPG -QCNKVKQP IGTOCPKUEJGT 5V·OOG WPVGT FGT (ÒJTWPI FGU %JGTWUMGTHÒTUVGP #TOKPKWU GVYC TÌOKUEJG 5QNFCVGP HCPFGP FGP 6QF <W FGP 6QVGP IGJÌTVG CWEJ / %CGNKWU GKP %GPVWTKQ FGT .GIKQP FGUUGP KP :CPVGP IGHWPFGPGT )TCDUVGKP DKU JGWVG FGP GKP\KIGP GRKITCRJKUEJGP $GNGI HÒT FKG 8CTWUMCVC UVTQRJG FCTUVGNNV &GP #FNGT FGT .GIKQ :8+++ MQPPVGP TÌOKUEJG 6TWRRGP GKPKIG ,CJTG UR·VGT GPVYGFGT XQP FGP /CTUGTP 6CE #PP ++ QFGT FGP %JCWMGTP %CUU &KQ .: \WTÒEMIGYKPPGP
Õ &GPCT X %JT 2CVTCU ! I )CNGGTG T .') :+: .GIKQPUCFNGT \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VCP FCTVGP $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 2TÒHRWP\G CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP &KG .GIKQ :+: IKPI KP FGT 8CTWUUEJNCEJV KO ,CJTG P %JT WPVGT &GP #FNGT FGT .GIKQP MQPPVG UR·VGT GKPG XQP )GTOCPKEWU IGIGP FKG $TWEVGTGT IGUCPFVG NGKEJVG *GGTGUCDVGKNWPI WPVGT . 5VGTVKPKWU \WTÒEMIGYKPPGP
1,5:1
871
1,5:1
WPF % ,WNKWU %CGUCT Õ &GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP FGT )CNNKC %KUCNRKPC I -QRH FGU /CTEWU #PVQPKWU T FCJKPVGT .KVWWU -QRH %CGUCTU T OKV -TCP\ FCJKPVGT %CRKU $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 4 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
872
Õ &GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP FGT )CNNKC %KUCNRKPC I -QRH FGU /CTEWU #PVQPKWU T FCJKPVGT .KVWWU -QRH %CGUCTU T OKV -TCP\ FCJKPVGT %CRKU $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F C 4 2TÒHRWP\G CWH FGO 4GXGTU HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
1,5:1
873
1,5:1
WPF 1EVCXKCPWU Õ &GPCT X %JT 'RJGUWU / $CTDCVKWU I $GKFGTUGKVU -QRH T $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 2T·EJVKIGT 5VKN XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T &GT /ÒP\OGKUVGT FKGUGU WPF FGU HQNIGPFGP 5VÒEMGU VT·IV FGP WPIGYÌJPNKEJGP 6KVGN 3 2 SWCGUVQT RTQ RTCGVQTG
874
Õ &GPCT X %JT 'RJGUWU / $CTDCVKWU I $GKFGTUGKVU -QRH T $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F -N 2TÒHRWP\GP CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
135
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN
875
876
877
WPF 1EVCXKC Õ %KUVQRJQT X %JT 'RJGUQU +QPKC I -QRH T OKV 'HGWMTCP\ -QRH FGT 1EVCXKC T CWH %KUVC O[UVKEC \YKUEJGP \YGK 5EJNCPIGP $CD $/% 42% 5GCT 5[F 4 5GJT UEJÌP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ %KUVQRJQT X %JT 'RJGUQU +QPKC I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP T &KQP[UQU UVGJV N OKV -CPVJCTQU WPF 6J[TUQU CWH %KUVC O[UVKEC \YKUEJGP \YGK 5EJNCPIGP $CD $/% 42% 5GCT 5[F (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
&GT %KUVQRJQT GTKPPGTV CP FKG 'JGUEJNKGWPI XQP 1EVCXKC FGT 5EJYGUVGT FGU 1EVCXKCPWU OKV /CTEWU #PVQPKWU &KG 4ÒEMUGKVG HGKGTV FGP IÌVVNKEJGP 5VCVWU FGU 6TKWOXKTP CNU PGWGT &KQP[UWU GKPG 'JTG FKG /CTEWU #PVQPKWU KO ,CJT X %JT DGK UGKPGT #PMWPHV KP 'RJGUWU XGTNKGJGP YWTFG
Õ %KUVQRJQT X %JT 'RJGUQU +QPKC I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP T &KQP[UQU UVGJV N OKV -CPVJCTQU WPF 6J[TUQU CWH %KUVC O[UVKEC \YKUEJGP \YGK 5EJNCPIGP $CD $/% 42% 5GCT 5[F )TCHHKVQ CWH FGO #XGTU UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
1,5:1
878
1,5:1
WPF .WEKWU #PVQPKWU Õ &GPCT X %JT 'RJGUWU / %QEEGKWU 0GTXC I $GKFGTUGKVU -QRH T $CD $/% %TCYH C 5GCT 5[F 44 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI MN &TWEMUVGNNG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
/ %QEEGKWU 0GTXC %QPUWN FGU ,CJTGU X %JT YCT FGT 7TITQXCVGT FGU UR·VGTGP -CKUGTU 0GTXC .WEKWU #PVQ PKWU GKP LÒPIGTGT $TWFGT FGU /CTEWU #PVQPKWU YCT KP UGKPGT ,WIGPF HÒT UGKP NQVVGTJCHVGU .GDGP DGMCPPV +O ,CJTG X %JT YCT GT %QPUWN
881 879
880
Õ &GPCT X %JT 'RJGUWU / %QEEGKWU 0GTXC I $GKFGTUGKVU -QRH T $CD $/% %TCYH C 5GCT 5[F 44 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
WPF -NGQRCVTC U X %JT %JCNEKU 5[TKC I -QRH T &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO 42% 5GCT 44 &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
/ #GOKNKWU .GRKFWU Ŏ X %JT WPF 1EVCXKCPWU Õ &GPCT X %JT KVCNKUEJG .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH FGU .GRKFWU T -QRH FGU 1EVCXKCPWU T $CD $/% %TCYH C 5GCT 5[F 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 2TÒHRWP\GP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
&C /CTE #PVQPU 0COG HGJNV KUV CWEJ UEJQP GKPG UR·VGTG &CVKGTWPI WPF GKPG CHTKMCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG XQTIGUEJNCIGP YQTFGP
136
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN
882
883
Õ &GPCT X %JT KVCNKUEJG .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH FGU .GRKFWU T -QRH FGU 1EVCXKCPWU T $CD $/% %TCYH C 5GCT 5[F 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 4GXGTU FG\GPVTKGTV UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
1EVCXKCPWU Õ &GPCT X %JT KVCNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH T -TCP\ CWH EWTWNKUEJGO 5VWJN $CD $/% %TCYH C 5GCT 5[F .GKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV FGPPQEJ CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
885
884
Õ &GPCT X %JT KVCNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH T -TCP\ CWH EWTWNKUEJGO 5VWJN $CD $/% %TCYH C 5GCT 5[F -QTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT KVCNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH T 4GKVGTUVCVWG 1EVCXKCPU N OKV GTJQDGPGT 4GEJVGP $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
887
886
Õ &GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP +VCNKGP 3WKPVWU 5CNXKWU 5CNXKFKGPWU 4WHWU I -QRH T $NKV\ $CD $/% %TCYH C 5GCT 5[F D 44 .GKEJV MQTTQFKGTV 4GXGTU GVYCU FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO 6K 5GORTQPKWU )TCEEJWU I -QRH T .GIKQPUCFNGT \YKUEJGP 5VCP FCTVG 2HNWI WPF &GEGORGFC $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 4 2TÒHRWP\GP CWH FGO #XGTU UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
3WKPVWU 5CNXKWU 5CNXKFKGPWU 4WHWU JCVVG WPVGT 1EVCXKCPWU OGJTGTG OKNKV·TKUEJG -QOOCPFQU &GT $NKV\ CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG HKPFGV UKEJ CWEJ CWH 5EJNGWFGTDNGKGP FKG FGP 0COGP FGU 5CNXKFKGPWU VTCIGP
#WH FKGUGT UGNVGPGP 2T·IWPI DG\GKEJPGV UKEJ 1EVCXKCPWU FCU GTUVG /CN CNU FKXK +WNK HKNKWU 5QJP FGU IÌVVNKEJGP +WNKWU &GT 4GXGTU DG\KGJV UKEJ CWH FKG #PUKGFNWPI XQP 8GVGTCPGP FWTEJ 1EVCXKCP PCEJ FGO 2GTWUKPKUEJGP -TKGI 5VCPFCTVG WPF .GIKQPUCFNGT DG\KGJGP UKEJ CWH FCU HTÒJGTG .GDGP FGT 8GVGTCPGP 2HNWI WPF &GEGORGFC GKPG /GUVCPIG XQP (W .·PIG FKG DGK FGT #WHVGKNWPI FGU .CPFGU XGTYGPFGV YWTFG CWH KJT PGWGU .GDGP
888
889
890
Õ &GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH T / #)4+22# %15 &'5+) $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT 5[F 44 -N -TCV\GT MN 2TÒHRWP\G CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT KVCNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH T /GTEWT UKV\V T CWH (GNUGP OKV 2GVCUWU WPF .[TC $/% %QJ 4+%w 4 5GJT UEJÌP
#WH FGP /ÒP\GP FKGUGT 5GTKG GTUEJGKPV \WO GTUVGP /CN FGT 0COG #ITKRRCU FGU (TGWPFGU WPF )GPGTCNU FGU 1EVC XKCPWU 'U KUV DKUNCPI PKEJV IGMN·TV QD FCU XQTNKGIGPFG 5VÒEM WPVGT #ITKRRC KP )CNNKGP QFGT WPVGT 1EVCXKCPWU KP +VCNKGP IGRT·IV YQTFGP KUV
<W &CVKGTWPI WPF 4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPI UKGJG 5GCT 6JG *KUVQT[ CPF %QKPCIG QH VJG 4QOCP +ORGTCVQTU $% .QPFQP 0T
Õ &GPCT X %JT KVCNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH N 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N CWH )NQDWU OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI $/% %QJ 4+%w D )WVGU 2QTVT·V UGJT UEJÌP
<WT &CVKGTWPI UKGJG 5GCT 6JG *KUVQT[ CPF %QKPCIG QH VJG 4QOCP +ORGTCVQTU $% .QPFQP 0T
137
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
891
892
893
Õ &GPCT X %JT KVCNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT 8KEVQTKC T #WIWUVWU CNU 0GRVWP UVGJV N OKV #RJNCUVQP WPF <GRVGT (W CWH )NQDWU $/% %QJ 4+%w 4 5GJT UEJÌP <WT &CVKGTWPI UKGJG 5GCT 6JG %QKPCIG QH VJG 4QOCP +ORGTCVQTU $% .QPFQP 0T &KG &CTUVGNNWPIGP CWH #XGTU WPF 4GXGTU XGTYGKUGP CWH FGP 5GGUKGI DGK #EVKWO
Õ &GPCT X %JT KVCNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT 8KEVQTKC T 1EVCXKCPWU CNU 0GRVWP UVGJV N OKV #RJNCUVQP WPF <GRVGT (W CWH )NQDWU $/% %QJ 4+%w 4 'VYCU *QTPUKNDGT WPF MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CWH FGO 4GXGTU UGJT UEJÌP
WPF /CTEWU #PVQPKWU Õ &GPCT X %JT KVCNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH FGU 1EVCXKCPWU T )GHNÒIGNVGT %CFWEGWU $CD $/% %TCYH E 5GCT C 5[F C )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
&CU 5VÒEM HGKGTV FGP 8GTVTCI XQP $TWPFKUKWO WPF FKG #WUUÌJPWPI \YKUEJGP 1EVCXKCPWU WPF /CTEWU #PVQPKWU
894
896
895
/ª0<'0 &'4 4¤/+5%*'0 -#+5'4<'+6
#WIWUVWU X P %JT Õ &GPCT X %JT WPDGUVKOOVG KVCNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I 8KEVQTKC OKV -TCP\ WPF <YGKI CWH 2TQTC T -CKUGT KP 3WCFTKIC T OKV <YGKI $/% %QJ 4+%w 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP <WT &CVKGTWPI UKGJG 5GCT 6JG %QKPCIG QH VJG 4QOCP +ORGTCVQTU $% .QPFQP 0T &KG 8QTFGTUGKVG DG\KGJV UKEJ CWH FGP 5KGI DGK #EVKWO FGT 4GXGTU CWH FGP UKGITGKEJGP 'KP\WI KP #NGZCPFTKC
Õ &GPCT X %JT WPDGUVKOOVG KVCNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5VCPFDKNF CWH 4QUVTCNU·WNG $/% %QJ 4+%w 5GJT UEJÌP
<WT &CVKGTWPI UKGJG 5GCT 6JG %QKPCIG QH VJG 4QOCP +ORGTCVQTU $% .QPFQP 0T +O 4+% YKTF FKG 8QTFGTUGKVG CNU #RQNNQMQRH DGUEJTKGDGP CDGT FKG JPNKEJMGKV OKV FGO INGKEJ\GKVKIGP #WIWUVWURQT VT·V KUV UQ ITQ FC JÌEJUVGPU #WIWUVWU CNU #RQNNQ FCTIGUVGNNV UGKP MCPP &C MGKPG 7OUEJTKHV XQTJCPFGP KUV OW FKG $GXÌNMGTWPI FCOCNU FGP -QRH CNU FGP FGU #WIWUVWU CPIGUGJGP JCDGP
Õ &GPCT X %JT WPDGUVKOOVG KVCNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5VCPFDKNF CWH 4QUVTCNU·WNG $/% %QJ 4+%w -N -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
897
898
Õ &GPCT X %JT %QNQPKC 2CVTKEKC ! I -QRH T 1$ %+8+5 5'48#615 KP -TCP\ EQTQPC EKXKEC $/% %QJ 4+%w C 5GJT UEJÌP
&KG EQTQPC EKXKEC HÒT FKG 'TTGVVWPI XQP $ÒTIGTP YWTFG #WIWUVWU KO ,CJT FWTEJ 5GPCVUDGUEJNW \WGTMCPPV TGU IGUVCG 8+ 'U JCPFGNV UKEJ IGYKUUGTOCGP WO FGP JÌEJUVGP 1TFGP 4QOU
Õ &GPCT X %JT WPDGUVKOOVG URCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG %QNQPKC 2CVTKEKC! I -QRH T 5EJKNF OKV %. 8 \YKUEJGP .GIKQPUCFNGT WPF (GNF\GKEJGP $/% %QJ 4+%w C 5GJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT +O ,CJTG X %JT YWTFG #WIWUVWU FGT ENKRGWU XKTVWVKU FGT CWH FGT /ÒP\G FCTIGUVGNNV KUV WPF CWEJ KP FGP TGU IGUVCG GTY·JPV YKTF 8+ XGTNKGJGP X %JT YWTFGP FKG (GNF\GKEJGP FKG %TCUUWU DGK UGKPGT 0KGFGTNCIG DGK %CTTJCG X %JT XGTNQTGP JCVVG XQP FGP 2CTVJGTP \WTÒEMIGIGDGP $GKFG 'TGKIPKUUG YGTFGP CWH FGT /ÒP\G IGHGKGTV
138
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
900
899
901
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO / &WTOKWU I *QPQUMQRH T 2CTVJGT MPKGV T OKV 8GZKNNWO $/% %QJ 4+%w KTTVÒONKEJG $GUEJTGKDWPI 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT WPDGUVKOOVG URCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG %QNQPKC %CGUCTCWIWUVC! I -QRH T OKV 'KEJGPMTCP\ -QOGV $/% %QJ XGTIN 4+%w C 4 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CWH FGO 4GXGTU UQPUV CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
&GT -QOGV KUV FGT UKFWU ,WNKWU ªDGT FKGUGP -QOGVGP UEJTGKDV 2NKPKWU PCV ++ 0WT CP GKPGO GKP\KIGP 1TV FGT 'TFG P·ONKEJ KP 4QO YKTF GKP -QOGV KP GKPGO 6GORGN XGTGJTV YGKN KJP FGT &KXWU #WIWUVWU CNU UGJT IÒPUVKIGU <GKEJGP HÒT UKEJ GTMN·TVG 'T VTCV P·ONKEJ \W $GIKPP UGKPGT 4GIKGTWPI KP 'TUEJGKPWPI Y·JTGPF FGT 5RKGNG FKG GT \W 'JTGP FGT 8GPWU )GPGVTKZ MWT\ PCEJ FGO 6QFG UGKPGU 8CVGTU %CGUCT KP FGO PQEJ XQP FKGUGO GKPIGUGV\VGP -QNNG IKWO CDJKGNV /KV HQNIGPFGP 9QTVGP ·WGTVG GT FCTÒDGT UGKPG (TGWFG )GTCFG CP FGP 6CIGP OGKPGT 5RKGNG YWTFG GKP *CCTUVGTP UKGDGP 6CIG NCPI CO PÌTFNKEJGP 6GKN FGU *KOOGNU GTDNKEMV GT IKPI WO FKG GNHVG 6CIGUUVWPFG CWH YCT UGJT NGWEJVGPF WPF KP CNNGP .·PFGTP UKEJVDCT &CU 8QNM INCWDVG FWTEJ FKGUGP 5VGTP YGTFG FKG #WHPCJOG FGT 5GGNG %CGUCTU WPVGT FKG WPUVGTDNKEJGP )ÌVVGT CPIG\GKIV WO FGUUGPVYKNNGP YWTFG FKGUGU 5VGTP\GKEJGP CO #DDKNF UGKPGU -QRHGU CPIGDTCEJV FCU UR·VGT CWH FGO (QTWO IGYGKJV YWTFG 5Q URTCEJ GT UKEJ ÌHHGPVNKEJ CWU KP UGKPGO +PPGTP CDGT YCT GT OKV (TGWFG ÒDGT\GWIV FC FGT 5VGTP HÒT KJP CWHIGICPIGP UGK WPF FC GT OKV KJO CWHIGJG WPF \YCT YGPP YKT FKG 9CJTJGKV UCIGP YQNNGP \WO *GKNG FGT 9GNV
Õ &GPCT X %JT WPDGUVKOOVG URCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG %QNQPKC 2CVTKEKC! I 6QIC RKEVC ÒDGT VWPKEC RCNOCVC \YKUEJGP #FNGT WPF -TCP\ 3WCFTKIC T $/% %QJ 4+%w 4 5GJT UEJÌP
902
2:1
2:1
Ô #WTGWU X %JT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T #RQNNQ UVGJV N OKV 2NGEVTWO WPF .[TC $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+%w 4GXGTU OKP FG\GPVTKGTV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT #RQNNQ JCV #WIWUVWU KO ,CJT X %JT FGP 5KGI ÒDGT /CTEWU #PVQPKWU WPF %NGQRCVTC KP FGT 5EJNCEJV DGK #EVKWO IGUEJGPMV #P FKGUGU 'TGKIPKU GTKPPGTV FKG /ÒP\G
903
904
Õ &GPCT X %JT 4QO . %CPKPKWU )CNNWU I -QRH T $CTDCT MPKGV T OKV (GNF\GKEJGP $/% %QJ 4+%w 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UQPUV IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
$GK FGO $CTDCTGP JCPFGNV GU UKEJ YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ WO GKPGP )GTOCPGP UKGJG $/% 5 %8+++
Õ &GPCT X %JT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ )CKWU %CGUCT TGKVGV T OKV 5EJYGTV WPF 5EJKNF FCJKPVGT .GIKQPUCFNGT \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP $/% %QJ 4+%w 5GJT UEJÌP
139
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
905
Ô #WTGWU X %JT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ )CKWU WPF .WEKWU %CGUCTGU UVGJGP X X OKV 5RGGTGP WPF 5EJKNFGP FCTÒDGT .KVWWU WPF 5KORWNWO $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+%w 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP &GT XQTNKGIGPFG 6[R MCPP PCEJ PGWGTGT (QTUEJWPI GZCMVGT FCVKGTV YGTFGP CNU FKGU KO 4+% IGOCEJV YWTFG X P %JT &KG 5VÒEMG YWTFGP X %JT IGRT·IV YKG UKEJ CWU FGT 6CVUCEJG GTIKDV FC )CKWU %CGUCT KO ,CJT P %JT FGP -QPUWNCV KPPGJCVVG WPF UQOKV PKEJV OGJT FGUKIPKGTVGT -QPUWN YCT -GJPG <WT &CVKGTWPI FGT (WPFOÒP\GP CWU -CNMTKGUG KP 9KGIGNU 4CKPGT *TUI &KG (WPFOÒP\GP XQP -CNMTKGUG WPF FKG HTÒJMCKUGT\GKVNKEJG /ÒP\RT· IWPI /ÌJPGUGG 5 H 5KGJG \WT &CVKGTWPI WPF \WT &GWVWPI FGU 4GXGTUGU CWEJ 9QNVGTU )CKWU WPF .WEKWU %CGUCTGU CNU FGUKIPKGTVG -QPUWNP WPF RTKPEKRGU KWXGPVWVKU &KG NGZ 8CNGTKC %QTPGNKC WPF 4+% +w HH KP %JKTQP 5 HH
906
907
908
Õ &GPCT X %JT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ )CKWU WPF .WEKWU %CGUCTGU UVGJGP X X OKV 5RGGTGP WPF 5EJKNFGP FCTÒDGT 5KORWNWO WPF .KVWWU $/% %QJ 4+%w 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ )CKWU WPF .WEKWU %CGUCTGU UVGJGP X X OKV 5RGGTGP WPF 5EJKNFGP FCTÒDGT 5KORWNWO WPF .KVWWU $/% %QJ 4+%w 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT X %JT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ )CKWU WPF .WEKWU %CGUCTGU UVGJGP X X OKV 5RGGTGP WPF 5EJKNFGP FCTÒDGT .KVWWU WPF 5KORWNWO $/% %QJ 4+%w (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
909
910
Õ %KUVQRJQT X %JT 2GTICOQP /[UKC I -QRH T 6TKWORJDQIGP FCTCWH 3WCFTKIC 42% 5EJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
Õ %KUVQRJQT X %JT 'RJGUWU +QPKC I -QRH T +O .QTDGGTMTCP\ %CRTKEQTP T OKV (ÒNNJQTP 42% (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
#WH FGO 4GXGTU KUV YKG 5WGVQP UEJTGKDV #WI FCU 5VGTP\GKEJGP %CRTKEQTP 5VGKPDQEM CDIGDKNFGV WPVGT FGO #WIWUVWU IGDQTGP YWTFG &KGUG #WUUCIG 5WGVQPU UVGJV KP GKPGO UEJGKPDCTGP 9KFGTURTWEJ \WO )GDWTVUVCI FGU #WIWUVWU WPVGT $GTÒEMUKEJVKIWPI FGU TGRWDNKMCPKUEJGP -CNGPFGTU WPF CPFGTGT (CMVQTGP FGT QFGT 5GRVGODGT X %JT FGPP FKG 5QPPG UVCPF GPVYGFGT YGPP OCP FGP (TÒJNKPIURWPMV KP )TCF 9KFFGT CPPKOOV KP FGT ,WPIHTCW QFGT CDGT KP FGT 9CCIG YGPP OCP PCEJ GKPGT EJCNF·KUEJGP /GVJQFG FGT $GTGEJPWPI FGU *QTQUMQRGU FGP (TÒJNKPIURWPMV KP )TCF 9KFFGT CPPKOOV 5Q KUV XGTOWVGV YQTFGP FC 5WGVQP FCU 0CVKXKV·VU\GKEJGP OKV FGO -QP\GRVKQPU\GKEJGP FGU #WIWUVWU XGTYGEJUGNV JCV \WNGV\V -C[ 'JNKPI 9GT YKTF LGV\V PQEJ CP 5EJKEMUCNUGTHQT UEJWPI WPF *QTQUMQR INCWDGP! 'RJTCKO F 5[TGT $GOGTMWPIGP \W ,WNKCPU 5VKGTOÒP\GP WPF FGO )GDWTVU FCVWO FGU -CKUGTU KP ,0) 5 'U YKTF CDGT DGK /CPKNKWU GDGPHCNNU FGT %CRTKEQTP CNU )GDWTVU\GKEJGP FGU #WIWUVWU DG\GKEJPGV #UVTQPQOKEC ++ /CPKNKWU PGPPV CWEJ FCU )GDWTVU\GKEJGP FGU 6KDG TKWU FKG 9CCIG #UVTQPQOKEC +8 $GK FGT )GDWTV FGU 6KDGTKWU CO 0QXGODGT X %JT UVCPF FKG 5QPPG CNNGTFKPIU KO 5MQTRKQP JKGT NKGIV UEJGKPDCT FGTUGNDG 9KFGTURTWEJ YKG DGK #WIWUVWU XQT FGT CDGT MGKPGUHCNNU FC FWTEJ CWH\WNÌUGP KUV FC OCP FCU )GDWTVU\GKEJGP \W GKPGO -QP\GRVKQPU\GKEJGP WOFGWVGV GU UGK FGPP OCP IGJV XQP GKPGO OGFK\KPKUEJGP 9WPFGT CWU 'U IKDV GKPG CPFGTG .ÌUWPI (ÒT FCU 5VGTP\GKEJGP FGT )GDWTV KUV PKEJV FGT 5VCPF FGT 5QPPG UQPFGTP FGT FGU /QPFGU TGNGXCPV .GIV OCP FKGUG #WHHCUUWPI \WITWPFG UQ UVKOOV FKG #WUUCIG FGT 3WGNNGP \W FGP 0CVKXKV·VU\GKEJGP FGT -CKUGT UQYQJN DGK #WIWUVWU CNU CWEJ DGK 6KDGTKWU &GT 4GXGTU WPUGTGU 5VÒE MGU \GKIV CNUQ LGPGU 6KGTMTGKU\GKEJGP KP FGO DGKO <GKVRWPMV FGT )GDWTV FGU #WIWUVWU FGT /QPF UVCPF 5KGJG 5EJÒV\ &GT %CRTKEQTP CNU 5VGTP\GKEJGP FGU #WIWUVWU KP #PVKMG WPF #DGPFNCPF 5 WPF 6JQTOCPP -QP\GRVKQPU\GKEJGP CWH CPVKMGP /ÒP\GP! KP 8QTDGTGKVWPI
140
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
912
911
Õ %KUVQRJQT X %JT 'RJGUWU +QPKC I -QRH T +O .QTDGGTMTCP\ %CRTKEQTP T OKV (ÒNNJQTP 42% (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ %KUVQRJQT X %JT 'RJGUWU +QPKC I -QRH T $ÒPFGN XQP UGEJU JTGP 42% 5GJT UEJÌP
913
915
914
Õ %KUVQRJQT X %JT 'RJGUWU +QPKC I -QRH T )GUEJOÒEMVGT #NVCT 42% 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ %KUVQRJQT X %JT 'RJGUWU +QPKC I -QRH T )GUEJOÒEMVGT #NVCT 42% 5GJT UEJÌP
U 6TCRG\QRQNKU %CTKC /CIKUVTCV #PFTQPKMQU )QTIKRRQW I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCXQT .KVWWU 6J[TUQU 42% 44 $TCWPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
916
917
918
U 5CDTCVJC 5[TVKEC I -QRH FGU *GTCMNGU /GNSCTV T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P -TCP\ -QRH FGU #WIWUVWU T FCXQT .KVWWU #NGZCPFTQRQWNQU C 42% $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ /ÒPEJGP 0T
WPF #ITKRRC #U 0GOCWUWU I $GKFGT -ÌRHG PCEJ CWGP DNKEMGPF -TQMQFKN CP 2CNOG IGMGVVGV T 4+%w 42% )TÒPG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
#U 0GOCWUWU I $GKFGT -ÌRHG PCEJ CWGP DNKEMGPF -TQMQFKN CP 2CNOG IGMGVVGV 4+%w 42% )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP UEJÌP
#ITKRRC FGT (TGWPF WPF )GPGTCN FGU #WIWUVWU YCT DGTGKVU X %JT IGUVQTDGP &CU -TQMQFKN JCVVGP YQJN 5QNFC VGP XQO ·I[RVKUEJGP (GNF\WI FGU ,CJTGU X %JT OKVIGDTCEJV XGTOWVNKEJ YCTGP UKG CNU 8GVGTCPGP KP 0GOCWUWU CPIGUKGFGNV YQTFGP
141
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
920
919
6KDGTKWU 5GUVGT\ 4QO I 6TKWORJCNSWCFTKIC 5% $/% %QJ 4+%w &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC GVYCU MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
&KG NGGTG 3WCFTKIC URKGNV XGTOWVNKEJ CWH FCU 8QTIGJGP FGU . 8KVGNNKWU IGIGP FKG 2CTVJGT CP QDYQJN MGKP $GUEJNW ÒDGT FKG <WGTMGPPWPI FGT 5KIPC VTKWORJCNKC HÒT . 8KVGNNKWU DGMCPPV KUV &GT 8CVGT FGU UR·VGTGP -CKUGTU YCT XQP 6KDGTKWU CNU NGICVWU #WIWUVK RTQ RTCGVQTG PCEJ 5[TKGP IGUEJKEMV YQTFGP FC KP #TOGPKGP FGT 2CTVJGTMÌPKI #TVCDCPQU +++ UGKPGP 5QJP #TUCMGU GKPIGUGV\V JCVVG .WEKWU 8KVGNNKWU YCT ·WGTUV GTHQNITGKEJ GU IGNCPI KJO PKEJV PWT KP #TOGPKGP GKPGP -ÌPKI XQP 4QOU )PCFGP GKP\WUGV\GP UQPFGTP CWEJ KP 2CTVJKGP UGNDUV GKPGP PGWGP -ÌPKI \W KPUVCN NKGTGP #TVCDCPQU +++ OWVG \W FGP 5M[VJGP HNKGJGP
#U 4QO I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5VGWGTTWFGT XQT )NQDWU $/% %QJ 4+%w 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC #XGTU NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
921
1,5:1
1,5:1
Ô #WTGWU .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .KXKC CNU 2CZ UKV\V T OKV <YGKI WPF <GRVGT $/% %CNKEQ F %QJ 4+%w )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP /ÒP\UVGORGN FKGUGU 6[RU OKV .KXKC CNU 2CZ CWH FGO 4GXGTU CNUQ FGO 6[R FGU DGTÒJOVGP 6TKDWVG 2GPP[U FGT $KDGN YWTFGP MÒT\NKEJ KO .GIKQPUNCIGT 8KPFQPKUUC JGWVG 9KPFKUEJ GPVFGEMV 0CEJ FGO CTEJ·QNQIKUEJGP $GHWPF KUV FCXQP CWU\WIGJGP FC KP 8KPFQPKUUC GKPG QHHK\KGNNG /ÒP\UV·VVG GZKUVKGTV JCV &KGUG UGPUCVKQPGNNG 'PVFGEMWPI UVGNNV XKGNG /ÒP\UV·VVGP\WYGKUWPIGP FGT HTÒJGP -CKUGT\GKV KP (TCIG FGPP GU KUV FCXQP CWU\WIGJGP FC CWEJ KP CPFGTGP .GIKQPUNCIGTP /ÒP\UV·VVGP GZKUVKGTV JCDGP
922
923
924
925
Õ &GPCT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .KXKC CNU 2CZ UKV\V T $/% %QJ 4+%w (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
&GT 5KNDGTNKPI FGT $KDGN 6TKDWVG 2GPP[
Õ &GPCT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .KXKC CNU 2CZ UKV\V T $/% %QJ 4+%w 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .KXKC CNU 2CZ UKV\V T $/% %QJ 4+%w 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
U 5GIQDTKIC *KURCPKC I -QRH T +P -TCP\ 'VJPKMQP 42%
142
)TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
927
926
&WRQPFKWU 7VKEC #HTKEC I 2TQEQPUWN 8KDKWU /CTUWU 3WCGUVQT &TWUWU %CGUCT 2TCGVQT 6 ) 4WHWU -QRH N .KXKC UKV\V T #NGZCPFTQRQWNQU D 42% XCT 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH T <GWU 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N 2TKGWT 42% 44 9KP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
&CU 5VÒEM UVCOOV XGTOWVNKEJ CWU GKPGT PQTFU[TKUEJGP QFGT MKNKMKUEJGP /ÒP\UV·VVG
928
929
930
HÒT &KXWU #WIWUVWU #U 4QO I -QRH N OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG #NVCT $/% %QJ 4+%w (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
HÒT ,WNKC 5GUVGT\ 4QO I 5234 +8.+#' #8)856 %CTRGPVWO T XQP \YGK /CWN VKGTGP IG\QIGP 5% $/% %QJ 4+%w 4 &WPMNG 2CVKPC NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
&GP MCKUGTNKEJGP &COGP YWTFGP FKG 2TKXKNGIKGP XQP 8GUVCNKPPGP XGTNKGJGP HTGKNKEJ QJPG KJPGP FGTGP 2HNKEJVGP CWH\WGTNGIGP W C 5CETQUCPEVKVCU FCU KWU VTKWO NKDGTQTWO YGNEJGU KJPGP LWTKUVKUEJG 7PCDJ·PIKIMGKV WPF FKG /ÌINKEJMGKV KJTGP $GUKV\ UGNDUV \W XGTYCNVGP XGTNKGJ WPF UEJNKGNKEJ FCU CWGTIGYÌJPNKEJG 4GEJV KP GKPGO %CT RGPVWO \W HCJTGP YCU CWH FGO #XGTU WPUGTGT /ÒP\G JGTCWUIGUVGNNV YKTF
HÒT .KXKC &WRQPFKWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT .KXKC ! CNU +WUVKVKC T OKV &KCFGO 5% $/% %QJ 4+%w $TCWPG 2CVKPC GVYCU MQTTQFKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
931
932
)CKWU %CNKIWNC #U 4QO I -QRH N 8GUVC UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+%w &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
#U 4QO I -QRH N 8GUVC UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+%w $TCWPG 2CVKPC MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
143
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
933
1,5:1
1,5:1
HÒT &KXWU #WIWUVWU &WRQPFKWU 4QO I -QRH N OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG #WIWUVWU UKV\V N OKV <YGKI $/% %QJ 4+%w $TCWPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ &KG 4ÒEMUGKVG DG\KGJV UKEJ CWH FGP 4GIKGTWPIUCPVTKVV FGU %CNKIWNC KP 4QO CNU FGT -CKUGT XQT 5GPCV 4KVVGTP WPF 8GTVTGVGTP FGT 2NGDU GKPG 4GFG JKGNV %CUUKWU &KQ 5WGVQP %CNKIWNC FKG FGP EQPUGPUWU WPKXGTUQTWO DGUV· VKIGP UQNNVG 5KGJG X -CGPGN KP 5EJYGK\GT /ÒP\DN·VVGT 5
934
935
&WRQPFKWU 4QO I -QRH N OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG #WIWUVWU UKV\V N OKV <YGKI $/% %QJ 4+%w 5GJT UEJÌP
HÒT #ITKRRC #U 4QO I -QRH N OKV 4QUVTCNMTQPG 0GRVWP UVGJV N OKV &GNRJKP WPF &TGK \CEM $/% 6KDGTKWU %QJ #ITKRRC 4+%w )TÒPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
936
937
#U 4QO I -QRH N OKV 4QUVTCNMTQPG 0GRVWP UVGJV N OKV &GNRJKP WPF &TGK\CEM $/%
6KDGTKWU %QJ #ITKRRC 4+%w &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
#U 4QO I -QRH N OKV 4QUVTCNMTQPG 0GRVWP UVGJV N OKV &GNRJKP WPF &TGK\CEM $/%
6KDGTKWU %QJ #ITKRRC 4+%w )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
938
939
#U 4QO I -QRH N OKV 4QUVTCNMTQPG 0GRVWP UVGJV N OKV &GNRJKP WPF &TGK\CEM $/%
6KDGTKWU %QJ #ITKRRC 4+%w $TCWPG 2CVKPC OKP MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
HÒT 0GTQ WPF &TWUWU %CGUCTGU &WRQPFKWU 4QO I 0GTQ WPF &TWUWU %CGUCTGU TGKVGP T 5% $/% %QJ 4+%w $TCWPG 2CVKPC OKP MQTTQFKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T
144
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
940 941
941
%NCWFKWU Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 6TKWORJDQIGP FCTCWH 4GKUVGTUVCVWG N \YKUEJGP \YGK 6TQRJ·GP CWH FGO #TEJKVTCX &' )'4/#0+5 $/% %QJ 4+%w 4 5WDCGTCV UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5RGU IGJV N OKV $NWOG $/% %QJ 4+%w $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
942
Ô #WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ %QPUVCPVKC UKV\V N CWH EWTWNKUEJGO 5VWJN $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+%w (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
944
943
#U 4QO I -QRH N /KPGTXC IGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF $/% %QJ 4+%w &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
#U 4QO I -QRH N .KDGTVCU UVGJV T OKV 2KNGWU $/% %QJ 4+%w &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
946
945
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH T <GWU 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N 2TKGWT 42% # 8QP CNNGTITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
42% WPF 2TKGWT MGPPGP PWT FCU 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2TKGWT &CU 5VÒEM UVCOOV XGTOWVNKEJ CWU GKPGT PQTFU[TK UEJGP QFGT MKNKMKUEJGP /ÒP\UV·VVG
&KQDQN ,CJT #NGZCPFTKC #GI[RVWU I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCXQT 5VGTP 0KNRHGTF T &CVVCTK )GKUUGP 42% &WPMNG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1,5:1
947
1,5:1
HÒT #PVQPKC Ô #WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV JTGPMTCP\ %GTGU UVGJV X X OKV (CEMGN WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+%w 4 5GJT UEJÌP 145
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
948
949
&WRQPFKWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T %NCWFKWU UVGJV N OKV 5KORWNWO $/% %QJ 4+%w 4 5EJÌPG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU IWV CWUIGRT·IVGU 'ZGORNCT UGJT UEJÌP
&WRQPFKWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T %NCWFKWU UVGJV N OKV 5KORWNWO $/% %QJ 4+%w 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
950
1,5:1
1,5:1
HÒT 0GTQ %NCWFKWU &TWUWU Ô #WTGWU 4QO I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 6TKWORJDQ IGP FCTCWH 4GKVGTUVCVWG T \YKUEJGP 6TQRJ·GP WPF )GHCPIGPGP CWH FGO #TEJKVTCX &' )'4/ $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+%w #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT &GT 4GXGTU \GKIV FGP INGKEJGP 6TKWORJDQIGP YKG 0T JKGT CNNGTFKPIU OKV 4GKVGTUVCVWG T
951
952
952
HÒT $TKVCPPKEWU U -NC\QOGPCK +QPKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 9KFFGT T \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF 42% 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ
0GTQ 5GUVGT\ .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ ÒDGT MNGKPGO )NQDWU 0GTQ TGKVGV T DGINGKVGV XQP GKPGO 1HHK\KGT OKV 8GZKNNWO KO #DUEJPKVV &'%845+1 $/% %QJ 4+%w 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ 0CEJH /ÒPEJGP 0T
953
954
954
Ô #WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5CNWU UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+%w 5GJT UEJÌP
&WRQPFKWU 4QO I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO \YGKI $/% %QJ 4+%w $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
146
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
955
1,5:1
1,5:1
#U WO .WIFWPWO I -QRH N 8KEVQTKC IGJV N WPF J·NV 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 5234 $/% %QJ 4+%w WGTUV UGNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI -CDKPGVVUVÒEM *GTXQTTCIGPFGU 2QTVT·V 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV ITÒPDTCWPGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 'IQP $GEMGPDCWGT #WMVKQP $CPMJCWU #WHJ·WUGT /ÒPEJGP 0T FQTV 6KVGN UVÒEM FGT #WMVKQP
956
957
957
Ô #WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +822+6'4 %85615 ,WRKVGT UKV\V N OKV $NKV\ WPF <GRVGT $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+%w 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP &GO +WRRKVGT %WUVQU YCT 0GTQ PCEJ FGT 'PVFGEMWPI FGT 8GTUEJYÌTWPI FGU 2KUQ KO #RTKN 6CEKVWU #PP :8 HH DGUQPFGTU XGTDWPFGP
&TCEJOG PCEJ 4JQFQU %CTKC I -QRH T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 0KMG UVGJV N CWH 2TQTC OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI 42% )TÒPDTCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
958
1,5:1
1,5:1
WPF #ITKRRKPC HKNKC $ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT #PVKQEJKC 5[TKC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 2TKGWT 42% WGTUV UGNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI RT·EJVKIG 2QTVT·VU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5VGTPDGTI <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP *GUU .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T #ITKRRKPC HKNKC YWTFG P %JT KP -ÌNP IGDQTGP +JT \W 'JTGP GTJKGNV FKG 5VCFV FGP 0COGP %QNQPKC %NCWFKC #TC #ITKRRKPGPUKWO
147
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
959
960
$ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT #PVKQEJKC 5[TKC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 2TKGWT 42% -PCRRGT 5EJTÌVNKPI HGKPG 2CVKPC YKP\ -TCV\GT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
0GTQ WPF 2QRRCGC $ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT #NGZCPFTKC #GI[RVWU I -QRH T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T &CVVCTK )GKUUGP 42% 5GJT UEJÌP
962
961
$ÒTIGTMTKGI Õ &GPCT URCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG 6CTTCEQ! I )GPKWUMQRH OKV FGP <ÒIGP FGU #WIWUVWU! T ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT (ÒNNJQTP /CTU IGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF $/% /CTVKP 4+%w 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI JGTXQTTCIGPFGT 5VKN IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT ICNNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I 8'56# 2 4 38+=4+6+8/? &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT 8GUVC T OKV 5EJNGKGT WPF 5VGRJCPG (+&'5 =':?'4%+688/ *CPFUEJNCI $/% /CTVKP 4+%w 44 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
&CU 5VÒEM YWTFG XQP FGP 5[ORCVJKUCPVGP FGU 8KVGNNKWU IGRT·IV 8GUVC UVGJV HÒT FKG GTFIGDWPFGPGP EJVJQPKUEJGP )ÌVVGT &KG 8GUVCNKPPGP DTKPIGP 6QVGPQRHGT XGTVGKNGP FCU $QJPGPUVTQJ \WT 4GKPKIWPI FGT $ÒTIGT XGTDTGPPGP FKG HÒT 6GNNWU IGQRHGTVGP 4KPFGT W X O /KV FGT 0GPPWPI XQP 8GUVC KUV GKPGT FGT ·NVGUVGP WPF YKEJVKIUVGP TÌOKUEJGP -WNVG IGPCPPV
963
965
966
964
)CNDC 5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T 5234 1$ %+8 5'4 KP 'KEJGPMTCP\ $/% 5 #PO %QJ 4+%w $TCWPG 2CVKPC (GNFGT NGKEJV IGIN·VVGV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P 'KEJGPMTCP\ 5234 1$ %+8 5'4 $/% 5 #PO %QJ 4+%w )TÒPDTCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
&WRQPFKWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5234 1$ %+8 5'4 KP 'KEJGPMTCP\ $/% %QJ 4+%w XCT 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP UEJÌP
&WRQPFKWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2CZ UVGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF IGHNÒIGNVGO %CFWEGWU $/% %QJ 4+%w $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
148
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
968
967 968 1,5:1
Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .KXKC UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT $/% XCT %QJ 4+%w XCT 4 2T·EJVKIGU 2QTVT·V HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
1VJQ Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T 5GEWTKVCU UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+%w 2T·EJVKIGU 2QTVT·V 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CWH FGO 4GXGTU XQT\ÒINKEJ HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
969
971
970
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T #GSWKVCU UVGJV N OKV 9CCIG WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+%w 5EJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT #PVKQEJKC 5[TKC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #FNGT UVGJV N CWH .QTDGGT\YGKI OKV -TCP\ KO 5EJPCDGN N 2CNO\YGKI 2TKGWT 42% 7PTGIGNO·KIGT 5EJTÌVNKPI UGJT UEJÌP
8KVGNNKWU Õ &GPCT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KEVQTKC IGJV N WPF J·NV 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 52 34 $/% %QJ 4+%w 5GJT UEJÌP
972
973 973 1,5:1
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5234 1$ %5 KP 'KEJGPMTCP\ $/% %QJ 4+%w (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ %QPEQTFKC UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/% %QJ 4+%w 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
974
975 975 1,5:1
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .KDGTVCU UVGJV T OKV 2KNGWU WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+%w 4 5GJT UEJÌP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *KTUEJ 0CEJH /ÒPEJGP 0T
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ &TGKHW FCTCWH &GNRJKP FCTWPVGT 4CDG $/% %QJ 4+%w -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CWH FGO 4GXGTU XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T
149
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
976
977
978
8GURCUKCPWU 5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2CZ UVGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/% %QJ XGTIN 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4QOC UVGJV N OKV 8KEVQTKC WPF 5RGGT $/% XCT %QJ XCT 4+% $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4QOC UVGJV N OKV 8KEVQTKC WPF 5RGGT $/% %QJ 4+% $TCWPG 2CVKPC NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
979
980
OKV 6KVWU WPF &QOKVKCPWU Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -ÌRHG FGU 6KVWU WPF FGU &QOKVKCPWU GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT $/% %QJ 4+% 4 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
HÒT 6KVWU Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ ,WRKVGT UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT FCXQT #NVCT $/% %QJ 4+% (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
983
981
982
HÒT &QOKVKCPWU WPF #ITKRRC ++ U ,CJT FGU #ITKRRC ++ %CGUCTGC 2CPGCU +WFCGC I -QRH FGU &QOKVKCPWU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 0KMG UVGJV N WPF UEJTGKDV CWH GKPGP 5EJKNF 42% )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
#ITKRRC ++ YCT FGT UKGDVG WPF NGV\VG -ÌPKI FGT JGTQFKCPKUEJGP &[PCUVKG P %JT GTJKGNV FGT XQP %NCWFKWU FKG 6GVTCTEJKG FGU *GTQFGU 2JKNKRRQU 'T XGTUWEJVG XGTIGDNKEJ FGP LÒFKUEJGP #WHUVCPF \W XGTJKPFGTP
150
HÒT #ITKRRC ++ U ,CJT FGU #ITKRRC ++ %CGUCTGC 2CPGCU +WFCGC I -QRH FGU 8GURCUKCPWU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 6[EJG UVGJV N OKV JTGP WPF (ÒNNJQTP 42% 5GJT UGNVGP DGUQPFGTU KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI &WPMNG 2CVKPC JGTXQTTCIGPFGU 2QTVT·V UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
6KVWU Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 6TQRJ·G FCTWPVGT UKV\GP \YGK )GHCPIGPG $/% %QJ 4+% C (GKPGT 5VKN HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
984
985
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5RGU IGJV N OKV $NWOG $/% %QJ 4+% $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
&QOKVKCPWU 5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #GIKU N -CKUGT UVGJV N WPF QRHGTV CWU 2CVGTC ÒDGT #NVCT KO *KPVGTITWPF 6GORGN FGT /KPGTXC $/% %QJ 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC 4GXGTU NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP UEJÌP
&CU 5VÒEM \GKIV CWH FGO 4GXGTU GKPG KPVGTGUUCPVG #TEJKVGMVWTFCTUVGNNWPI
987
986
#U 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF #GIKU #NVCT $/% XGTIN %QJ 4+% 5EJYCT\G 2CVKPC NGKEJV IGIN·VVGV UGJT UEJÌP
5GOKU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU #RQNNQ T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4CDG UVGJV T CWH <YGKI $/% %QJ 4+% C 5EJYCT\DTCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
988
989
990
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ /KPGTXC IGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF $/% %QJ 4+% *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC RT·EJVKIGU 2QTVT·V UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ /KPGTXC IGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF $/% %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ %KUVQRJQT WPDGUVKOOVG MNGKPCUKCVKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG QFGT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ .GIKQPUCFNGT \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP 42% 5GJT UEJÌP
991
993
992
993
HÒT &QOKVKC U 'RJGUQU +QPKC *QOQPQKC OKV 5O[TPC . +WPKWU %CGUGPPKWU 2CGVWU I &TC RKGTVG $ÒUVG T &KG 0GOGUGKU XQP 5O[TPC UVGJGP GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT (TCPMG 0QNNé HH 42% )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
0GTXC Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #GSWKVCU UVGJV N OKV 9CCIG WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/% %QJ 4+% )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .KDGTVCU UVGJV N OKV 2KNGWU WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+% $TCWPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
151
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
994
1,5:1
1,5:1
#U 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (QTVWPC UVGJV N OKV 5VGWGTTWFGT WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/% %QJ 4+% 5GNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI 5EJYCT\G 2CVKPC RT·EJVKIGU 2QTVT·V 8QT\ÒINKEJ HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP 5VGTPDGTI <ÒTKEJ 0T
996
995
996
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .KDGTVCU UVGJV N OKV 2KNGWU WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T
6TCKCPWU &WRQPFKWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG ,WUVKVKC QFGT #DWPFCPVKC! UKV\V N OKV <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+% &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
998 997
997
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2CZ #WIWUVC VJTQPV N OKV <YGKI WPF <GR VGT $/% #PO %QJ 4+% -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CWH FGO 4GXGTU CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT ITÒPGT 2CVKPC
Ô #WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #GIKU N *GTEWNGU UVGJV X X CWH #NVCT OKV -GWNG WPF .ÌYGPHGNN $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+% 5GJT UEJÌP
1000 999
999
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2CZ UKV\V N OKV <YGKI WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+% $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV 6TCWGTPFG &CEKC UKV\V T XQT 6TQRJ·G $/% %QJ XCT 4+% (GKPG 2CVKPC IWVGU 2QTVT·V HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
152
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1002
1001
1003
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV 4QOC UVGJV N OKV 8KEVQTKC WPF 5RGGT FCXQT MPKGV &CMGT $/% %QJ 4+% $TCWPG 2CVKPC NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV $TÒEMG FCTWPVGT CPMGTPFGU $QQV $/% %QJ 4+% 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ %KTEWU /CZKOWU KO +PPGTGP 5RKPC WPF 1DGNKUM $/% %QJ 4+% 44 $TCWPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T
1004
2:1
2:1
Ô #WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5GPCV OKV <GRVGT WPF FGT )GPKWU 2QRWNK 4QOCPK OKV 2CVGTC WPF (ÒNNJQTP UVGJGP GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT WPF QRHGTP ÒDGT #NVCT $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+% 44 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT /KPKOCNG -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU XQT\ÒINKEJ .CWV *CTQNF /CVVKPIN[ DG\KGJGP UKEJ FKG CWH FGO 4GXGTU GTY·JPVGP XQVC UWUEGRVC CWH FKG 8KEGPPCNKGP FGU -CKUGTU
$/% 5 .:::+8
1005
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJYGTV N WPF T NCIGTP 'WRJTCV 6KITKU WPF #TOGPKC $/% %QJ 4+% 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T &KGUGU 5VÒEM HGKGTV FKG 'KPINKGFGTWPI FGT DGKFGP PGWGP 2TQXKP\GP #TOGPKGP WPF /GUQRQVCOKGP KP FCU 4GKEJ
153
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1006
1007
1008
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 6TCKCP UKV\V N CWH 2NCVVHQTO WPF DGMT·P\V 2CTVJCOCURCVGU FCXQT MPKGV 2CTVJKC FCJKPVGT UVGJV 5QNFCV $/% %QJ 4+% 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
+O ,CJTG IKPIGP FKG 2CTVJGT KP FKG 1HHGPUKXG IGIGP 6TCKCP FGT KP $CD[NQP OKV 8GTYCNVWPIUCWHICDGP DGHCV YCT 0CEJ CPH·PINKEJGP RCTVJKUEJGP 'THQNIGP UKG XGTPKEJVGVGP FCU *GGT FGU #RRKWU /CZKOWU 5CPVTC UKGJG *CTV OCPP )GTJCTFV #D #TUCEG ECGUWU GUV 'KP RCTVJKUEJGT (GNFJGTT CWU FGT <GKV 6TCKCPU WPF *CFTKCPU KP )ÌVVKPIGT (QTWO HÒT #NVGTVWOUYKUUGPUEJCHV 5 HH IGNCPI GU 6TCKCP 2CTVJCOCURCVGU \WO 8GTTCV CP FGT RCTVJK UEJGP 5CEJG \W DGYGIGP WPF GT OCEJVG KJP \WT $GNQJPWPI KP -VGUKRJQP \WO -ÌPKI FGT 2CTVJGT
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 6TCKCP UKV\V N CWH 2NCVVHQTO WPF DGMT·P\V 2CTVJCOCURCVGU FCXQT MPKGV 2CTVJKC FCJKPVGT UVGJV 5QNFCV $/% %QJ 4+% 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
&TCEJOG ,CJT #NGZCPFTKC #GI[RVWU I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #GIKU N 0KN NCIGTV N OKV 5EJKNH WPF (ÒNNJQTP FCTWPVGT -TQMQFKN FCTÒDGT 0KNUVCPFUCPICDG +5 'NNGP &CVVCTK FKGU 'ZGORNCT )GKUUGP XGTIN 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'KP 0KNUVCPF XQP 'NNGP CWH FGO 0KNQOGVGT DGFGWVGVG NCWV 2NKPKWU ªDGTHNW &KG 'TPVGGTVT·IG I[RVGPU JKPIGP XQO 0KNJQEJYCUUGT CD #WEJ FKG $GUVGWGTWPI TKEJVGVG UKEJ PCEJ FGO 0KNUVCPF
1009
1010 1009
HÒT &KXC /CTEKCPC 5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO &KXC UKV\V N OKV JTGP WPF <GRVGT KP 'NGHCPVGPDKIC $/% %QJ 4+% 44 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
*CFTKCPWU Ô #WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (QTVWPC UKV\V N OKV 5VGWGTTWFGT WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/% %CNKEQ C %QJ 4+% (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
1011
154
1012
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV ,WRKVGT UKV\V N OKV 8KEVQTKC WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ XGTIN 4+% C )TÒPG 2CVKPC 4GXGTU NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV MN -TCV\GT UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV (GNKEKVCU UVGJV N OKV %CFWEGWU WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/% %QJ 4+% D $TCWPG 2CVKPC NGKEJV IGIN·VVGV UGJT UEJÌP
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1013
1014
1014
Ô #WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ )GPKWU UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC WPF JTGP $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+% 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 3WKPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF -TCP\ $/% XCT %QJ 4+% 4 5GJT UEJÌP
1016
1015
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -CKUGT UVGJV N OKV 5EJTKHVTQNNG WPF GTJGDV YGKDNKEJG )GUVCNV OKV /CWGTMTQPG WPF )NQDWU $/% %QJ 4+% C 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV *KNCTKVCU UVGJV N OKV 2CNO \YGKI WPF (ÒNNJQTP \YKUEJGP \YGK -KPFGTP $/% %QJ 4+% )TÒPDTCWPG 2CVKPC MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
1017
1017
1018
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T #GI[RVQU NCIGTV N OKV 5KUVTWO FCXQT +DKU $/% %QJ 4+% 5GJT UEJÌP
&KGUGU 5VÒEM UVCOOV CWU FGT 5GTKG FGT 2T·IWPIGP \W *CFTKCPU \YGKVGT ITQGT 4GKUG FWTEJ FKG 2TQXKP\GP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5EJTKH VTQNNG FCXQT UVGJV +VCNKC N OKV (ÒNNJQTP WPF 2CVGTC WPF QRHGTV ÒDGT #NVCT $/% %QJ 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
ex 1021 1019
ex 1020
Õ %KUVQRJQT 5O[TPC +QPKC I -QRH T #FNGT UVGJV N CWH $NKV\ -QRH T /GVECNH 4 5GJT UEJÌP
#U 4QO HÒT FGP 7ONCWH KP 5[TKGP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 6[EJG XQP #P VKQEJKC UKV\V N CWH (GNUGP OKV JTGP WPVGP UEJYKOOGPFGT (NWIQVV 1TQPVGU $/% XCT $WVEJGT %QJ XCT 4+% XCT 4 &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1DQN ,CJT #NGZCPFTKC #GI[RVWU 2TQUQRKVGU 0QOQU I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ N FTCRKGTV *CTRQMTCVGU UVGJV N 8GTIN )GKUUGP &C\W 1DQN ,CJT #TUKPQKVGU 0QOQU I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV -QRH FGU #OGPGOJGV +++ T OKV 0GOGU -QRHVWEJ WPF 7T·WU5EJNCPIG )GKUUGP 9GDGT 7PVGTUWEJWPIGP \W FGP ·I[RVKUEJGP 0QOGP RT·IWPIGP KP <2' 5 0T D WPF 1DQN ,CJT *GTCMNGQRQNKVGU 0QOQU I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ *GTCMNGUMQRH T 8GTIN )GKUUGP 5VÒEM 4 5EJÌP
155
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1023
1022
1022
&TCEJOG ,CJT #NGZCPFTKC #GI[RVWU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +UKU 2JCTKC UVGJV T OKV 5KUVTWO WPF IGDCWUEJVGO 5GIGN &CVVCTK 5CXKQ FKGU 'ZGORNCT )GKUUGP $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
HÒT 5CDKPC Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO %QPEQTFKC UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC FGP N 'NNDQIGP CWH 5VCVWG FGT 5RGU IGUVÒV\V $/% %QJ 4+% 5GJT UEJÌP
1024
1025
HÒT #GNKWU 5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T 5RGU IGJV N OKV $NWOG $/% %QJ 4+% $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
HÒT #PVKPQWU U 0KMQOGFKC $KVJ[PKC I -QRH T 0CEMVGT ,ÒPINKPI UVGJV N WPF J·NV 2HGTF CO <ÒIGN #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T FKGU 'ZGORNCT $NWO 9CFFKPIVQP 4GE IGP 8QP CNNGTITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9QJN 7PKMWO $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌP
1026 1027
WPF 4JQKOGVCNMGU XQP $QURQTWU 'N 5VCVGT ,CJT I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO FCXQT -GWNG (TQNQXC 2N :+: )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
#PVQPKPWU + 2KWU 5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #PVQPKPWU 2KWU WPF /CTEWU #WTGNKWU UKV\GP N CWH 2NCVVHQTO FCXQT WPF FCJKPVGT LG GKP 5QNFCV $/% %QJ 4+% 4 &WPMNG 2CVKPC GVYCU MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
1028
1029
1,5:1
1,5:1
Ô #WTGWU 4QO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T 4QOC UKV\V N OKV 2CNNCFKWO WPF 5RGGT WPVGP 5EJKNF $/% %CNKEQ C %QJ 4+% D 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ <YGK *·PFG JCNVGP %CFWEGWU WPF JTGP $/% %QJ 4+% 5VGORGNHTKUEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ 0T
156
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1032
1030
1031
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #GSWKVCU UVGJV N OKV 9CCIG WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/% %QJ 4+% )TÒPDTCWPG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #GSWKVCU UVGJV N OKV 9CCIG WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/% %QJ 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC 4GXGTU NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV XQT\ÒINKEJ IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (QTVWPC UVGJV T OKV 5VGWGTTWFGT CWH )NQDWU WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/% 5 %QJ 4+% (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI
1,5:1
1,5:1
Ô #WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2KGVCU UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU WPF -KPF \YKUEJGP \YGK -KPFGTP $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+% 9KP\ -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1034
1033
1035 1034
&TCEJOG ,CJT #NGZCPFTKC #GI[RVWU I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ <QFKCEWU 5QPPG KP .ÌYG FTCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU *GNKQU T OKV 5VTCJNGPMTQPG ÒDGT T URTKPIGPFGO .ÌYGP FCXQT 5VGTP &CVVCTK )GKUUGP 44 &WPMNG 2CVKPC UEJÌP UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
HÒT &KXC (CWUVKPC OCVGT Ô #WTGWU PCEJ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T #GVGTPKVCU UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU WPF <GRVGT $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+% 5GJT UEJÌP
1037
1036
1038
Õ &GPCT PCEJ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5EJNGKGT 5VGTP $/% %QJ 4+% 4 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT PCEJ 4QO &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T %GTGU UVGJV N OKV GTJQDGPGT 4GEJVGP WPF (CEMGN $/% %QJ 4+% 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ PCEJ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T #GVGTPKVCU UKV\V N OKV 2JÌPKZ CWH )NQDWU WPF <GRVGT $/% # %QJ 4+% $ $TCWPG 2CVKPC NGKEJV IGIN·VVGV IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T
157
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1040 1039
1039
5GUVGT\ PCEJ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T %GTGU UVGJV N OKV \YGK (CEMGNP $/% %QJ 4+% $TCWPG 2CVKPC WPIGYÌJPNKEJ DTGKVGT 5EJTÌVNKPI UGJT UEJÌP
HÒT (CWUVKPC HKNKC Ô #WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 8GPWU UVGJV N OKV #RHGN WPF <GRVGT $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+% D 5GJT UEJÌP
1041
WPF /CTEWU #WTGNKWU Õ &GPCT PCEJ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -QRH T $/% %QJ 4+% C 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
1,5:1
1042
1,5:1
HÒT /CTEWU #WTGNKWU Ô #WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T %NGOGPVKC UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+% D 4 $TGKVGT 5EJTÌVNKPI XQT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T
1043
1044
1043
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T /KPGTXC UKV\V T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF $/% %QJ 4+% $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
WPF 'WRCVQT XQP $QURQTWU 'N 5VCVGT ,CJT I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ &TC RKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO (TQNQXC 2N ::+8 -N -TCV\GT MN 2TÒHUVGNNG CO 4CPF HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1045
158
#PVQPKPWU ++ /CTEWU #WTGNKWU 5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ 5CNWU UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT WPF HÒVVGTV GKPG WO GKPGP #NVCT IGYWPFGPG 5EJNCPIG $/% %QJ 4+% &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1047
1046
1046
/GFCKNNQP 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KEVQTKC UKV\V T OKV 5EJKNF FCXQT 6TQRJ·G )PGEEJK 2N )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (QTVWPC UKV\V N OKV 5VGWGTTW FGT WPF (ÒNNJQTP WPVGT FGO 6JTQP 4CF $/% %QJ 4+% 4QDGTVUQP (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T
1049
1048
HÒT (CWUVKPC HKNKC 5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T (GEWPFKVCU UVGJV N OKV \YGK -KP FGTP KO #TO \YKUEJGP \YGK -KPFGTP $/% %QJ 4+% $TCWPG 2CVKPC DTGKVGT 5EJTÌVNKPI UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VGRJCPG 5CNWU UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF HÒVVGTV 5EJNCPIG $/% %QJ 4+% &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1050
1051
1052
1053
WPF .WEKWU 8GTWU 4GUVKVWVKQP HÒT /CTEWU #PVQPKWU Õ &GPCT 4QO I #0610+ 85 #8)84 )CNGGTG N KO #DUEJPKVV +++8+4 4 2 % #0610+085 '6 8'485 #8) 4'56 .') 8+ .GIKQPUCFNGT \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP $/% %QJ 4+% 4 5GJT UEJÌP
&KGUG 2T·IWPI GJTV FKG .GIKQ 8+ (GTTCVC FKG PCEJ FGT 0KGFGTNCIG FGU #PVQPKWU \WP·EJUV XQP #WIWUVWU PCEJ 5[TKGP FCPP PCEJ 2CN·UVKPC XGTUGV\V YQTFGP YCT WPF FKG YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ KO 2CTVJGTHGNF\WI FGU .WEKWU 8GTWU GKPG 4QNNG URKGNVG #WEJ OCI NCWV *CTQNF /CVVKPIN[ FKG JPNKEJMGKV FGT 0COGP #PVQPKWU WPF #PVQPKPWU GKPGP #PNC HÒT FKGUG 4GUVKVWVKQPURT·IWPI IGIGDGP JCDGP UKGJG $/% 5 %::+++
OKV .WEKWU 8GTWU WPF 'WRCVQT XQP $QURQTWU 'N 5VCVGT ,CJT I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO FCXQT -GWNG (TQNQXC XGTIN 2N ::8+ #XGTU UVGORGNINGKEJ 4 -N -TCV\GT IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'N 5VCVGT ,CJT I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KC FGO FCXQT -GWNG (TQNQXC 2N ::8+ 4 )GNQEJV UGJT UEJÌP
.WEKWU 8GTWU #U 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (QTVWPC UKV\V N OKV 5VGWGTTWFGT WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/% %QJ 4+% $TCWPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
159
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1054
2:1
2:1
Ô #WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KEVQTKC UVGJV T WPF UEJTGKDV 8+% #8) CWH 5EJKNF $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+% 44 9KP\ -TCV\GT FGPPQEJ XQT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT &GT RTCEJVXQNNG #WTGWU HGKGTV FGP KO 8GTNCWHG FGU 2GTUGTMTKGIGU GTTWPIGPGP 5KGI KP #TOGPKGP YQ .WEKWU 8GTWU 5QJCGOWU CNU -ÌPKI GKPUGV\VG
1058
1055
1056
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2CZ UVGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/% %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ 0T
5GUVGT\ 4QO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -CKUGT UVGJV N OKV GTJQDG PGT 4GEJVGP WPF <GRVGT N WPF T LG \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP $/% XGTIN %QJ 4+% WPIGPCWG $GUEJTGKDWPI $TCWPG 2CVKPC RT·EJVKIGU 2QTVT·V HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT 4QO -QRH T )GHCPIGPGT 2CTVJGT UKV\V T \W UGKPGP (ÒGP 9CHHGP $/% %QJ 4+% &C\W \YGK &GPCTG FGU /CTEWU #WTGNKWU GKP &GPCT FGU %CTCECNNC GKPG &TCEJOG CWU %CGUC TGC %CRRCFQEKCG UQYKG $TQP\GP FCTWPVGT GKP &WRQPFKWU FGU 6TCKCP $/% %QJ 4+% 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KEVQTKC UVGJV T OKV 2CNO\YGKI WPF RNC\KGTV 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 8+% 2#4 CWH GKPGT 2CNOG $/% %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1059
1060
1059
#U 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #PPQPC UVGJV N OKV 6CHGN WPF 5VGWGTTWFGT FCXQT /QFKWU CWH 2TQTC $/% #PO %QJ 4+% 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG 0GY ;QTM 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP ,CESWGU 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO 0T
160
U ,CJT #OCUKC 2QPVWU I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ /CTEWU #WTGNKWU WPF .WEKWU 8GTWU TGKEJGP UKEJ FKG *CPF 9CFFKPIVQP 4GE IGP $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1061
1062 1061
&TCEJOG ,CJT #NGZCPFTKC #GI[RVWU I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV 5GOCUKC #NGZCPFTKC TGKVGV N OKV 2CNO\YGKI &CVVCTK )GKUUGP $TCWPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
HÒT .WEKNNC Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 2WFKEKVKC UVGJV N $/% %QJ 4+% (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1063
1064
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 2KGVCU UVGJV N WPF QRHGTV ÒDGT #NVCT $/% %QJ 4+% #VVTCMVKXGU 2QTVT·V UEJYCT\DTCWPG 2CVKPC NGKEJV IGIN·VVGV UGJT UEJÌP
%QOOQFWU 5GUVGT\ 4QO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .KDGTVCU UVGJV N OKV 2KNGWU WPF 5VCD $/% %QJ 4+% XGTIN $TCWPG 2CVKPC 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
1065
1,5:1
1,5:1
&WRQPFKWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV 5VCD WPF <GRVGT N )NQDWU $/% %QJ 4+% &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
1066
1067
1067
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -CKUGT UVGJV CWH 2NCVVHQTO N OKV 5RGGT FCXQT FTGK 5QNFCVGP OKV .GIKQPUCFNGTP $/% %QJ 4+% 4 2T·EJVKIGU 2QTVT·V HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&KG 4ÒEMUGKVG UVGJV KO <WUCOOGPJCPI OKV FGO 5VWT\ FGU 2GTGPPKU
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5GEWTKVCU UKV\V N OKV )NQDWU $/% %QJ 4+% &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
161
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1069
1068
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5GEWTKVCU UKV\V N OKV )NQDWU $/% %QJ 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC NGKEJV IGIN·VVGV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -CKUGT QRHGTV N ÒDGT &TGKHW FCXQT HÒJTV GKP -PCDG GKPGP 1RHGTUVKGT JGTCP FGT 8KEVKOCTKWU JQNV \WO 5EJNCI CWU KO *KPVGTITWPF (NÌVGPURKGNGT WPF GKPG YGKVGTG 2GTUQP $/% %QJ 4+% 44 $TCWPG 2CVKPC MPCRRGT 5EJTÌVNKPI UGJT UEJÌP
1070
1070
1071
Õ &KFTCEJOG %CGUCTGC %CRRCFQEKC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ $GTI #TICKQU 5[F XGTIN #XGTU 4GXGTU 5GJT UEJÌP
HÒT %TKURKPC 5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T %QPEQTFKC UKV\V N OKV (ÒNNJQTP $/% %QJ 4+% $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
1072
1072 1,5:1
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T .CGVKVKC UVGJV X X OKV 2CVGTC WPF 4WFGT CWH )NQDWU $/% %QJ 4+% $TCWPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1074 1073
1075
2GTVKPCZ Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .CGVKVKC UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+% C 4 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N FKG *·PFG \W GKPGO 5VGTP GTJQDGP $/% %QJ 4+% C 4 5GJT UEJÌP
&KFKWU ,WNKCPWU Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ %QPEQTFKC UVGJV N OKV .GIKQPUCFNGT WPF 8GZKNNWO $/% %QJ 4+% 4 5GJT UEJÌP
162
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1,5:1
1,5:1
HÒT &KFKC %NCTC Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T *KNCTKVCU UVGJV N OKV 2CNO\YGKI WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/% %QJ 4+% 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1,5:1
1076
1077
1,5:1
2GUEGPPKWU 0KIGT Õ &GPCT #PVKQEJKC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI $/% XGTIN 4+% XGTIN 44 5GJT UEJÌP
1079
1078
Õ &GPCT #PVKQEJKC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (QTVWPC UKV\V N OKV <YGKI WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/% 4+% 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
%NQFKWU #NDKPWU Õ &GPCT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (KFGU UVGJV T OKV JTGP WPF GKPGO -QTD OKV (TÒEJVGP $/% %QJ XGTIN 4+% 4 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
1,5:1
1080
1,5:1
Õ &GPCT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ <YGK *·PFG JCNVGP .GIKQPUCFNGT $/% %QJ 4+% D 44 -PCRRGT 5EJTÌVNKPI XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC
1083
ex 1081
1082
5GRVKOKWU 5GXGTWU 5GUVGT\ ! 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ /KPGTXC UVGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF $/% XGTIN %QJ XGTIN 4+% XGTIN &C\W GKP &GPCT FGU 6TCKCPWU 5VÒEM (CUV UGJT UEJÌP WPF UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -CKUGT UVGJV N OKV 8KEVQTKC WPF 5RGGT WPF YKTF XQP 4QOC DGMT·P\V $/% %QJ 4+% 44 &WPMNG 2CVKPC 4GXGTU NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (QTVWPC UVGJV X X OKV (ÒNNJQTP WPF 5VGWGTTWFGT -QRH T N 2TQTC $/% %QJ 4+% C 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP $CPMJCWU #WHJ·WUGT /ÒPEJGP 0T
163
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1084
1084 1,5:1
#U 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #GIKU N ªDGTFCEJVG $TÒEMG FCTWPVGT $QQV $/% #PO %QJ 4+% D 44 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP #DIGDKNFGV KUV XGTOWVNKEJ FGT 2QPU %GUVKWU FGT FKG 6KDGTKPUGN OKV FGO TGEJVGP 6KDGTWHGT XGTDCPF
1,5:1
1,5:1
HÒT &KXWU 2GTVKPCZ Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T #FNGT UVGJV T CWH )NQDWU -QRH N $/% %QJ 4+% # 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV *GTXQTTCIGPFGU 2QTVT·V #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
1,5:1
1085
1086
1,5:1
HÒT ,WNKC &QOPC Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T %GTGU UKV\V N OKV JTGP WPF (CEMGNP $/% %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
1088
1087
1087
Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T %[DGNG UKV\V N $/% %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
#U 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 8GPWU UVGJV N OKV *GNO WPF 2CNO\YGKI CP 5·WNG IGNGJPV FCXQT 5EJKNF $/% %QJ XGTIN 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1089
2:1
164
2:1
HÒT %CTCECNNC Ô #WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 5RGU IGJV N OKV $NWOG $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1091 1092
1090
U 6CXKQP )CNCVKC I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ <GWU UKV\V N OKV <GR VGT WPF $NKV\ N WPF T LG GKP #FNGT 50) X #WNQEM FKGU 'ZGORNCT 4 5EJYCT\DTCWPG 2CVKPC MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
HÒT )GVC Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\ FCXQT 5EJKNF CWH $CUKU $/% %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
U 0KPKEC %NCWFKQRQNKU %KNKEKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ +P .QTDGGTMTCP\ (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV 50) (TCPEG 50) .GXCPVG 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
1093
1093 1,5:1
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG #PVKQEJKC 5[TKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T #FNGT UVGJV X X CWH FGO $GKP GKPGU 1RHGTVKGTGU -QRH T OKV -TCP\ KO 5EJPCDGN 2TKGWT 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
1094
1095 1095 1,5:1
#PVQPKPWU +++ %CTCECNNC Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ 6TQRJ·G \YKUEJGP \YGK )GHCPIGPGP $/% %QJ XCT 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -CKUGT KP 3WCFTKIC T OKV #FNGT\GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+% C 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP WPF 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
1097
1096
1097
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV 5VCD WPF <GR VGT FCXQT )NQDWU $/% %QJ 4+% C (GNFGT NGKEJV IGIN·VVGV UGJT UEJÌP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5CTCRKU UVGJV N OKV GTJQDGPGT 4GEJVGP WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+% -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
165
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1100 1098
1099
Õ #PVQPKPKCP 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 5CTCRKU UVGJV N OKV /QFKWU WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ XGTIN 4+% F -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG XQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ #PVQPKPKCP 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 5CTCRKU UVGJV N OKV /QFKWU WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ XGTIN 4+% F )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
U *CFTKCPQRQNKU 6JTCEKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF #NVCT 8CTDCPQX 44 2T·EJVKIG ITÒPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
1101
U 2JKNKRRQRQNKU 6JTCEKC I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #GIKU WPF 5RGGT -CKUGT TGKVGV T OKV <GRVGT WPF GTJQDGPGT 4GEJVGP /QWUJOQX 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC GVYCU MQTTQFKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
1102
U WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG /CIKUVTCV 'WVJKMVQU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG #UMNGRKQU UVGJV N OKV 5EJNCPIGPUVCD 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5EJGKPV WPGFKGTV )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
8QO 0COGP FGT 5VCFV KUV WPGKPFGWVKI PWT %+w \W NGUGP YCU GKPG IGPCWG <WYGKUWPI WPOÌINKEJ OCEJV
1103
1104
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG #MMQ 2VQNGOCKU 2JQGPKEKC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #FNGT UVGJV X X -QRH N OKV -TCP\ KO 5EJPCDGN WPVGP 5VGTPG ÒDGT 2KNGK FGT &KQUMWTGP 2TKGWT )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG 6[TQU 2JQGPKEKC I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #FNGT UVGJV X X -QRH N OKV -TCP\ KO 5EJPCDGN WPVGP 2WTRWTUEJPGEMG 2TKGWT )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
6[TQU YCT FCU <GPVTWO FGT 2WTRWTIGYKPPWPI /CP DGPÌVKIVG GVYC 2WRWTUEJPGEMGP /WTGZ VTWPEWNWU WO GKP )TCOO FGU GZVTGO VGWTGP (CTDUVQHHGU JGT\WUVGNNGP *GWVG NKGIV FGT 2TGKU HÒT GKP )TCOO 2WTRWT WO 'WTQ
166
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1105
2:1
2:1
HÒT ,WNKC &QOPC Ô #WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T -CKUGTKP UKV\V N OKV <YGKI WPF <GRVGT $/% # %CNKEQ %QJ 4+% 2TCEJVGZGORNCT XQP HGKPGT 'TJCNVWPI HCUV 5VGORGNINCP\
1106
1107
HÒT 2NCWVKNNC Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T %QPEQTFKC UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+% C #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
WPF 4JGUMWRQTKU +++ XQP $QURQTWU 'N 5VCVGT ,CJT I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCXQT 5VGTP &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO (TQNQXC 2N :.8+ -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CWH FGO #XGTU HCUV UGJT UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
1109
1108
1108
)GVC 5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV %CTCECNNC WPF )GVC UVGJGP GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT WPF QRHGTP ÒDGT #NVCT FC\YKUEJGP (NÌVGPURKGNGT $/% %QJ 4+% C $TCWPG 2CVKPC 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (QTVWPC UKV\V N OKV 5VGWGTTWFGT WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/% %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1110
1111
1112
1113
/CETKPWU Õ &GPCT 4QO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (KFGU UVGJV X X OKV \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP $/% %QJ XCT 4+% # 2T·EJVKIGU 2QTVT·V XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
Õ &GPCT 4QO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (KFGU UVGJV X X OKV \YGK 5VCP FCTVGP $/% %QJ XCT 4+% # (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT 4QO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (KFGU UVGJV X X OKV \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP $/% %QJ 4+% *GTTNKEJGU 2QTVT·V XQT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
Õ &GPCT 4QO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ ,WRKVGT UVGJV N OKV $NKV\ WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ XGTIN 4+% (GKPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T
167
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1115
1114
Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG #GNKC %CRKVQNKPC ,GTWUCNGO +WFCGC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #FNGT UVGJV T -QRH N OKV -TCP\ KO 5EJPCDGN \YKUEJGP UGKPGP $GKPGP -CPVJCTQU WPVGP 6J[TUQU 2TKGWT XCT 44 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
HÒT &KCFWOGPKCPWU Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 2TKP\ UVGJV N OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF <GRVGT FCJKPVGT \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP $/% %QJ 4+% -PCRRGT 5EJTÌVNKPI XQT\ÒINKEJ
1116
1118
1117
Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 2TKP\ UVGJV N OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF <GRVGT FCJKPVGT \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP $/% %QJ 4+% )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 2TKP\ UVGJV N OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF <GRVGT FCJKPVGT \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP $/% %QJ 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
#PVQPKPWU +8 'NCICDCN Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ WPF *QTP -CKUGT UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC WPF -GWNG FCXQT #NVCT T 5VGTP $/% %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU # ) $CUGN 0T $GK FGO UQIGPCPPVGP *QTP UQNN GU UKEJ WO GKPG 5VKGTRGPKUURKV\G JCPFGNP 'NMG -TGPIGN KP ,D0WO 5 HH 'KPG CPFGTG #PUKEJV XGTVTKVV 9 9GKUGT KP )0 /·T\ 5 HH
1119
/GFCKNNQP 2GTKPVJQU 6JTCEKC I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #GIKU N *GTCMNGU UVGJV N WPF TKPIV FGP -GT[PKVKUEJGP *KTUEJ PKGFGT 5EJÌPGTV #XGTU ( 4GXGTU UKGJG 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV $TCWPITÒPG 2CVKPC UVCTMG 4CPFMGTDGP MN -TCV\GT UGJT UEJÌP
1120
1121
HÒT ,WNKC 5QCGOKCU Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 8GPWU UVGJV N OKV #RHGN WPF <GR VGT FCXQT 5VGTP $/% %QJ 4+% (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
HÒT ,WNKC /CGUC Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T (GEWPFKVCU UVGJV N OKV (ÒNNJQTP WPF J·NV FKG *CPF ÒDGT GKP -KPF $/% %QJ 4+% )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
168
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1123
1122
5GXGTWU #NGZCPFGT 5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ /CTU IGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF $/% %QJ 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC JGTTNKEJGU 2QTVT·V XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *GUU .GW .W\GTP 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\JCPFNWPI $CUGN $CUGN 0T
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV 2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV JTGP WPF (ÒNNJQTP FCXQT /QFKWU $/% %QJ 4+% &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
1125
1124 1125
Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ /CTU IGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF $/% %QJ 4+% 2TCEJVGZGORNCT HCUV UVGORGNHTKUEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T &KG MTKGIGTKUEJG &CTUVGNNWPI FGU /CTU 7NVQT UVGJV KO <WUCOOGPJCPI OKV FGO 2GTUGTMTKGI FGU -CKUGTU
/GFCKNNQP ,CJT #OCUKC 2QPVWU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #FNGT OKV CWUIGDTGKVGVGP 5EJYKPIGP CWH #NVCT N $CWO QDGP 5QN KP 3WCFTKIC 9CFFKPIVQP 4GE IGP &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1127
1126
&TCEJOG ,CJT #NGZCPFTKC #GI[RVWU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ -CKUGT TGKVGV N OKV GTJQDGPGT 4GEJVGP WPF <GRVGT FCXQT 2CNOG &CVVCTK FKGU 'ZGORNCT )GKUUGP 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC GVYCU MQTTQFKGTV UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP UEJÌP
HÒT ,WNKC /COCGC 5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO 8GPWU UVGJV T OKV <GRVGT WPF %WRKFQ $/% %QJ 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1129
1128
1129
Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO (GNKEKVCU UVGJV N OKV %CFWEGWU CP 5·WNG IGNGJPV $/% %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO (GNKEKVCU UVGJV N OKV %CFWEGWU CP 5·WNG IGNGJPV $/% %QJ 4+% &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
169
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1131
1130
HÒT 1TDKCPC $ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT #NGZCPFTKC #GI[RVWU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T #VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N &CVVCTK FKGU 'ZGORNCT )GKUUGP 44 #O 4CPF NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
WPF 4JGUMWRQTKU +++ XQP $QURQTWU 'N 5VCVGT ,CJT I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCXQT 5VGTP &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO (TQNQXC 2N :.+: 5GJT UEJÌP
1133
1132 1134
/CZKOKPWU + 6JTCZ Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (KFGU UVGJV N OKV \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP $/% %QJ 4+% # 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2CZ UVGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&WRQPFKWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 2CZ UVGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+% &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
1135
2:1
2:1
HÒT &KXC 2CWNKPC Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5EJNGKGT 2HCW HNKGIV T OKV &KXC $/% %QJ 4+% 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1136
1137
HÒT /CZKOWU 5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 2TKGUVGTIGT·VG $/% %QJ 4+% $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 2TKP\ UVGJV N OKV 5VCD WPF <GRVGT FCJKPVGT \YGK (GNF\GKEJGP $/% %QJ 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T
170
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1138
1139
1139 1,5:1
WPF /CZKOWU U 0KPKMC %NCWFKQRQNKU %KNKEKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T 50) (TCPEG 50) .GXCPVG )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
)QTFKCPWU + #HTKECPWU Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4QOC UKV\V N CWH 5EJKNF OKV 8KEVQTKC WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+% 44 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
)QTFKCPWU + YWTFG \WUCOOGP OKV UGKPGO INGKEJPCOKIGP 5QJP KP #HTKMC #PHCPI ,CPWCT \WO #WIWUVWU CWUIGTW HGP WPF XQO 5GPCV CPGTMCPPV 0CEJFGO UGKP 5QJP 5EJNCEJV WPF .GDGP IGIGP FGP .GICVGP XQP 0WOKFKGP XGTNQTGP JCVVG DGIKPI GT PCEJ PQEJ PKEJV GKPOCN GKPGO /QPCV 4GIKGTWPI 5GNDUVOQTF
1141
1140
1141 1,5:1
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO \YGKI $/% %QJ 4+% 4 .GKEJV RQNKGTV MN -TCV\GT DTCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
)QTFKCPWU ++ #HTKECPWU Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KTVWU UVGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF $/% %QJ 4+% 44 /KP MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ )QTFKCPWU ++ #HTKECPWU YWTFG WO CNU 5QJP FGU )QTFKCPWU + IGDQTGP &GT 0COG UGKPGT /WVVGT KUV PKEJV DGMCPPV
FGT KP FGT *KUVQTKC #WIWUVC IGPCPPVG 0COG (CDKC 1TGUVKNNC KUV HKMVKX CDGT UKG YCT OÌINKEJGTYGKUG GKPG 'PMGNKP FGU 5QRJKUVGP *GTQFGU #VVKEWU ªDGT .GDGP WPF -CTTKGTG FGU )QTFKCPWU KUV YGPKI DGMCPPV \YCT HCDWNKGTV FGT #WVQT FGT *KUVQTKC #WIWUVC NWUVNQU GKPGP EWTUWU JQPQTWO \WUCOOGP KUV CDGT OGJT FCTCP KPVGTGUUKGTV FGO -CKUGT XGTUEJKGFGPG )GNÒUVG \W\WUEJTGKDGP UQ FKEJVGV GT FGO )QTFKCPWU -QPMWDKPGP CP XQP FGPGP KJO LGFG -KPFGT IGDQTGP JCDGP UQNN UQYKG GKPG $KDNKQVJGM OKV $·PFGP 5KEJGT KUV PWT FC )QTFKCPWU ++ EQPUWN UWHHGEVWU YCT DGXQT GT UGKPGO 8CVGT CNU .GICV KP #HTKEC FKGPVG 'U KUV WPMNCT QD GT KP 6J[UFTWU IGOGKPUCO OKV UGKPGO 8CVGT YGPKIG 6CIG UR·VGT KP -CTVJCIQ QFGT GTUV FWTEJ FGP 5GPCV KP 4QO \WO -CKUGT GTJQDGP YQTFGP KUV #NU %CRGNKCPWU FGT FGO /CZKOKPWU 6JTCZ VTGW IGDNKGDGPG 5VCVVJCNVGT XQP 0WOKFKGP OKV UGKPGT #TOGG PCEJ -CTVJCIQ OCTUEJKGTVG YWTFG )QTFKCPWU ++ \WO -QOOCPFGWT GKPGT VGKNU CWU (TGKYKNNKIGP DWPV \WUCOOGPIGYÒTHGNVGP #TOGG WPF UVGNNVG UKEJ FGO (GKPF \WO -CORH 'T HKGN UGKP 8CVGT DGIKPI FCTCWHJKP 5GNDUVOQTF &KG /ÒP\GP FGT DGKFGP )QTFKCPK #HTKECPK \·JNGP \W FGP UGNVGPGP WPF DGUQPFGTU DGIGJTVGP 2T·IWPIGP FGT TÌOKUEJGP -CKUGT\GKV
1143
1144
1142
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF <YGKI $/% %QJ 4+% 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC (GNFGT NGKEJV IGIN·VVGV UGJT UEJÌP
$CNDKPWU Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -CKUGT UVGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF 2CTC\QPKWO $/% %QJ 4+% )WVGU 2QTVT·V CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV 5VCD WPF (ÒNN JQTP FCXQT )NQDWU $/% %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T
171
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1146
1145
1146
Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO \YGKI $/% %QJ 4+% (GKPG 6ÌPWPI HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV 5VCD WPF (ÒNNJQTP FCXQT )NQDWU $/% %QJ 4+% 5GJT UEJÌP UEJÌP
1148
1147
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV 5VCD WPF (ÒNNJQTP FCXQT )NQDWU $/% %QJ 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ %QPEQTFKC UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF &QRRGNHÒNNJQTP $/% %QJ 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
1149
1150
1151
2WRKGPWU Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ %QPEQTFKC UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF &QRRGNHÒNNJQTP $/% %QJ 4+% -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2CZ UKV\V N OKV <YGKI WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+% 2T·EJVKIGU 2QTVT·V 4GXGTU UEJYCEJ CWUIGRT·IV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T
Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 2CZ UKV\V N OKV <YGKI WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1153
1152
1153
Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (GNKEKVCU UVGJV N OKV %CFWEGWU WPF <GRVGT $/% %QJ 4+% )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO \YGKI $/% %QJ 4+% C $TCWPG 2CVKPC MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CWH FGO 4GXGTU IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU #) $CUGN 0T
172
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1,5:1
1154
1,5:1
)QTFKCPWU +++ Ô #WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #G SWKVCU UVGJV N OKV 9CCIG WPF (ÒNNJQTP %CNKEQ FKGU 'ZGORNCT CDIGDKNFGV %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1155
1156
Õ &GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5QN UVGJV X X OKV GTJQDGPGT 4GEJVGP WPF )NQDWU %QJ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
&WRQPFKWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG .KDGTVCU UVGJV N OKV 2KNGWU WPF <GRVGT %QJ 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1158
1157
2JKNKRRWU + Õ #PVQPKPKCP #PVKQEJKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 2#: (80& #6# %8/ 2'45+5 2CZ UVGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF <GRVGT %QJ 4+% 4 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CWH FGO 4GXGTU UGJT UEJÌP
Õ #PVQPKPKCP 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 4QOC UKV\V N OKV 8KEVQTKC WPF <GRVGT %QJ 4+% D 8QT\ÒINKEJ
0CEJ FGO 6QF FGU )QTFKCPWU +++ CP FGO 2JKNKRRWU + YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ PKEJV WPUEJWNFKI YCT UEJNQ 2JKNKRRWU #TCDU OKV FGP 5CUCPKFGP GKPGP (TKGFGPUXGTVTCI FGT W C FKG <CJNWPI XQP 5GUVGT\GP CP 5EJCRWT XQTUCJ &GT 4GXGTU WPUGTGU 5VÒEMGU HGKGTV FKGUGP (TKGFGP
1159
1160
1161
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -CKUGT UKV\V N OKV )NQDWU WPF <GRVGT %QJ 4+% C &WPMNG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 'NGHCPV OKV /CJQWV N %QJ 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ ,CJT 8KOKPCEKWO /QGUKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ /QGUKC UVGJV N \YKUEJGP 5VKGT WPF .ÌYG #/0) 8CTDCPQX 4 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
.ÌYG WPF 5VKGT UKPF FKG #D\GKEJGP FGT DGKFGP QDGTOÌUKUEJGP .GIKQPGP FGT .GIKQ 8++ %NCWFKC WPF FGT .GIKQ ++++ (NCXKC &KG .GIKQPGP YCTGP KP 8KOKPCEKWO WPF 5KPIKFWPWO $GNITCF UVCVKQPKGTV &KG #XGTUWOUEJTKHV GPFGV 2 / FKGU UVGJV JKGT HÒT 2CTVJKEWU D\Y 2GTUKEWU /CZKOWU
173
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1163
1162
$ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT #NGZCPFTKC #GI[RVWU I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QT DGGTMTCP\ &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU *GNKQU T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG &CVVCTK 5CXKQ FKGU 'ZGORNCT )GKUUGP #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
HÒT &KXWU /CTKPWU U 2JKNKRRQRQNKU #TCDKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T FCTWPVGT UVGJV #FNGT T 4QOC UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC WPF 5RGGT \W KJTGP (ÒGP 5EJKNF 5RKLMGTOCP 44 5EJÌP UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
/CTKPWU YCT FGT 8CVGT FGU 2JKNKRRWU + 'U KUV PKEJV XGTYWPFGTNKEJ FC KP FGT 2TQXKP\ #TCDKC HÒT KJP IGRT·IV YWTFG UVCOOVG FQEJ 2KNKRRWU + CWU FKGUGT )GIGPF FCJGT CWEJ FGT $GKPCOG #TCDU
1165
1164
1164
HÒT 1VCEKNKC 5GXGTC Õ #PVQPKPKCP 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO CWH /QPFUK EJGN 5#'%8.#4'5 #8)) 0KNRHGTF T %QJ 4+% D 5GJT UEJÌP
$GK FKGUGO 5VÒEM JCPFGNV GU UKEJ WO GKPG 2T·IWPI CPN·NKEJ FGT ,CJTHGKGT 4QOU CNUQ FGT NGV\VGP VCVU·EJNKEJ IGHGKGTVGP TÌOKUEJGP 5·MWNCTHGKGT &KG P·EJUVG 5·MWNCTHGKGT J·VVG PCEJ GKPGT CPFGTGP <·JNWPI QFGT UVCVVHKP FGP OÒUUGP WPF Y·TG FCPP KP FKG 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV %QPUVCPVKPU FGU )TQGP IGHCNNGP HCPF LGFQEJ PKEJV UVCVV &KGU PCJO <QUKOQU \WO #PNC %QPUVCPVKP HÒT FGP 0KGFGTICPI FGU 4GKEJGU XGTCPVYQTVNKEJ \W OCEJGP FGPP PCEJ GKPGT CNVGP 2TQRJG\GKWPI YCT FKG 5KEJGTJGKV FGU 4GKEJGU OKV FGT QTFPWPIUIGO·GP &WTEJHÒJTWPI FKGUGT (GKGTP WPF FGO 8QNN\WI FGT GPVURTGEJGPFGP -WNVG XGTMPÒRHV
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO 2WFKEKVKC UKV\V N OKV <GRVGT %QJ 4+% C )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1167 1166
1168
#U 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VGRJCPG 2WFKEKVKC UKV\V N OKV <GRVGT WPF NÒHVGV KJTGP 5EJNGKGT N -KPF %QJ 4+% 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
HÒT &KXWU #WIWUVWU Õ #PVQPKPKCP 4QO I -QRH T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG #FNGT %QJ 4+% 6TCKCPWU &GEKWU 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'KPG 2T·IWPI CPN·NKEJ FGT ,CJTHGKGT 4QOU
HÒT &KXWU 8GURCUKCPWU Õ #PVQPKPKCP 4QO I -QRH T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG #FNGT %QJ 4+% 6TCKCPWU &GEKWU 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1169
1170
HÒT &KXWU 6KVWU Õ #PVQPKPKCP 4QO I -QRH T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG #NVCT %QJ 4+% D 4 5GJT UEJÌP
&KG 5GTKG FGT %QPUGETCVKQPURT·IWPIGP KUV UKEJGT \WT ,CJTHGKGT 4QOU KO ,CJT WPF PKEJV GTUV WPVGT 6TCKC PWU &GEKWU IGRT·IV YQTFGP
174
HÒT &KXWU #PVQPKPWU + 2KWU Õ #PVQPKPKCP 4QO I -QRH T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG #NVCT %QJ 4+% 6TCKCPWU &GEKWU 8QT\ÒINKEJ
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1171
1172
6TCKCPWU &GEKWU Ô #WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 7DGTKVCU UVGJV N OKV $ÌTUG WPF (ÒNNJQTP %CNKEQ %QJ 4+% )GUVQRHVGU .QEJ FGPPQEJ CVVTCMVKXGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ #PVQPKPKCP 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 7DGTKVCU UVGJV N OKV $ÌTUG WPF (ÒNNJQTP %QJ 4+% (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1,5:1
1173
1,5:1
*QUVKNKCPWU Õ #PVQPKPKCP /CK ,WNK #PVKQEJKC I % 18#. 156+. /'5 %18+0685 #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG #&8'0685 #8) -CKUGT TGKVGV N OKV GTJQDGPGT 4GEJVGP WPF 5RGGT 5EJGKPV WPGFKGTV 8QP CNNGTITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9QJN 7PKMWO (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
*QUVKNKCPWU YCT KO /CK XQP UGKPGO 8CVGT \WO #WIWUVWU GTPCPPV YQTFGP PCEJ FGO *GNFGPVQF FGU &GEKWU KP FGT 5EJNCEJV DGK #DTKVVWU KP FGT *·NHVG FGU ,WPK XGTNQT GT MWT\ FGP 6KVGN DKU 6TGDQPKCPWU )CNNWU KJP DCNF FCTCWH CFQRVKGTVG WPF YKGFGTWO KP FGP 4CPI GKPGU #WIWUVWU GTJQD 0QEJ XQT FGO TCHHVG FKG KP 4QO ITCUUKGTGPFG 2GUV *QUVKNKCPWU JKPYGI GT YCT CNUQ PWT GVYC \YGK /QPCVG OKV GKPGT MWT\GP 7PVGTDTGEJWPI -CKUGT &KGU GTMN·TV FKG ITQG 5GNVGPJGKV FGT 5VÒEMG FGU *QUVKNKCPWU CNU #WIWUVWU
1174
1175
1174
6TGDQPKCPWU )CNNWU Õ #PVQPKPKCP /GFKQNCPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGP DKPFG 2CZ UVGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF <GRVGT %QJ 4+% -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
U 5GNGWEKC CF %CN[ECFPWO %KNKEKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG $ÒUVG FGU #RQN NQP WPF FGT #TVGOKU 6[EJG GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT FC\YKUEJGP <YGKI 50) (TCPEG 50) .GXCPVG XCT 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1177
1178
1176
U #PVKQEJKC 5[TKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KGTU·WNKIGT 6GORGN FCTKP 5VCVWG FGT 6[EJG XQP #PVKQEJKC WPF 1TQPVGU ÒDGT FGO 6GORGN 9KFFGT N $/% XCT &WPMNG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
#GOKNKCPWU Õ #PVQPKPKCP 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG ,WRKVGT UVGJV N OKV $NKV\ WPF <GRVGT FCXQT UVGJV FGT -CKUGT N %QJ 4+% 4 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ #PVQPKPKCP 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI %QJ 4+% 4 5GJT UEJÌP
175
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1179
1180
1181
1182
8CNGTKCPWU #UUCTKC ,CJT #PC\CTDQU %KNKEKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ <YGK -CKUGT UKV\GP N 50) (TCPEG 50) .GXCPVG <KGINGT )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
#UUCTKC #PC\CTDQU %KNKEKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5GEJU 2TGKUMTQPGP KP \YGK 4GKJGP <KGINGT 5GJT UEJÌP
U 5GNGWEKC CF %CN[ECFPWO %KNKEKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG $ÒUVGP FGU #RQNNQP WPF FGT #TVGOKU 6[EJG GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT FC\YKUEJGP <YGKI 50) (TCPEG 50) .GXCPVG 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
U 6CTUQU %KNKEKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG -[DGNG OKV *GNO 0KMG WPF 2C VGTC CWH .ÌYGP T 50) (TCPEG 50) .GXCPVG )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1183
1184
1185
HÒT &KXC /CTKPKCPC Õ #PVQPKPKCP 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T CWH /QPFUKEJGN OKV 5EJNGKGT &KXC CWH 2HCW T /+4 4+% 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ #PVQPKPKCP 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T CWH /QPFUKEJGN OKV 5EJNGKGT &KXC CWH 2HCW T /+4 4+% 5GJT UEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I 8GTUEJNGKGTVG $ÒUVG T 2HCW X X /+4 F 4+% XGTIN 44 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
1186
2:1
2:1
)CNNKGPWU Ô #WTGWU 4QO 'OKUUKQP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (GNKEKVCU UVGJV N OKV #DCEWU WPF (ÒNNJQTP %CNKEQ /+4 N 4+% 44 2TCEJVGZGORNCT (CUV UVGORGNHTKUEJ &GT #PNC HÒT FKG FTKVVG .KDGTCNKVCU FGU )CNNKGPWU YCT NCWV 4QDGTV )ÌDN FKG 'TJGDWPI FGU 8CNGTKCPWU ++ \WO %CGUCT KO ,CJT
176
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1187
1189
1188
$ #PVQPKPKCP %QNQPKC I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG /CTU UVGJV N KP 6GO RGN OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF /+4 J 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
$ #PVQPKPKCP /GFKQNCPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG =.') +++ +?6#. 8++ 2 8++ ( 5VQTEJ UVGJV T %QJ /+4 4+% 44 5GJT UEJÌP
$ #PVQPKPKCP /GFKQNCPWO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG =%1** 24?#'6 8+ 2 8+ ( .ÌYG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG /+4 T 4+% 4 5GJT UEJÌP
&CU CWH GKPGP WPIGYÌJPNKEJ UEJYGTGP 5EJTÌVNKPI IGRT·IVG 5VÒEM RTGKUV FKG 2TCGVQTKCPGTEQJQTVGP HÒT KJTG 6GKNPCJOG CP FGT ITQGP #NGOCPPGPUEJNCEJV FGU ,CJTGU DGK /GFKQNCPWO &GT -CKUGT UGNDUV UVCPF KP FKGUGT 5EJNCEJV CP FGT 5RKV\G FGT 2TCGVQTKCPGTEQJQTVGP WPF OW GKPG JGTCWUTCIGPFG 9CHHGPVCV XQNNDTCEJV JCDGP YKG 2T·IWPIGP CWU 4QO DGNGIGP
1191
1190
U 2GTICOQP KP *QOQPQKC OKV 'RJGUQU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #UMNGRKQU OKV 5EJNCPIGPUVCD UVGJV X X FCPGDGP -WNVUVCVWG FGT #TVGOKU 'RJGUKC X X (TCPMG 0QNNé H #XGTU MQTTQFKGTV UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
U 6CTUQU %KNKEKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG #RQNNQ UVGJV N OKV .QTDGGT\YGKI WPF <GRVGT WPVGP 'DGT 50) (TCPEG XGTIN 4GXGTU 50) .GXCPVG )TÒPDTCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1192
7TCPKWU #PVQPKPWU Õ 6GVTCFTCEJOG 'OGUC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG #FNGT UVGJV T -QRH N OKV -TCP\ KO 5EJPCDGN 2TKGWT 44 #XGTU NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
+O ,CJTG YCT FGT TÌOKUEJG 1UVGP FGT UGKV 2JKNKRRWU MGKPGP -CKUGT OGJT IGUGJGP JCVVG $CTDCTGP WPF 5CUCPKFGP YGKVIGJGPF CWUIGNKGHGTV FGPP FKG DGUVGP TÌOKUEJGP 6TWRRGP YCTGP KP +VCNKGP FWTEJ FKG $ÒTIGTMTKGIG IGDWPFGP #NU 5EJCRWT + KO (TÒJLCJT UGKPG HCUV GKP ,CJT\GJPV CPFCWGTPFG 1HHGPUKXG IGIGP FKG TÌOKUEJGP 1UVRTQXKP\GP UVCT VGVG FKG 2GTUGT /GUQRQVCOKGP WPF 5[TKGP ÒDGTUEJYGOOVGP WPF IGYCNVKIG $GWVG OCEJVGP MCO GU KP 'OGUC \WT #WUTWHWPI FGU #RJTQFKVGRTKGUVGTU 5CORUKIGTCOWU \WO -CKUGT 7TCPKWU #PVQPKPWU &KGUGT XGTVGKFKIVG UGKPG GPIGTG *GKOCV OKV 'THQNI XGTUEJYCPF CDGT DGKO 'KPVTGHHGP 8CNGTKCPU KO 1UVGP WPVGT WPIGMN·TVGP 7OUV·PFGP #NNG 2T· IWPIGP FGU 7TCPKWU #PVQPKPWU UKPF GZVTGO UGNVGP
1194
1193
1194
2QUVWOWU &QRRGNUGUVGT\ %QNQPKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG (KFGU UVGJV N OKV \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP $CUVKGP %QJ 'NOGT 4+% $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
Õ #PVQPKPKCP %QNQPKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 2KGVCU UVGJV N KP FGP #TOGP \YGK -KPFGT PGDGP KJT \YGK -KPFGT 'NOGT 4+% <UEJWEMG 4 -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK XQT\ÒINKEJ
177
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1,5:1
1195
1,5:1
$ #PVQPKPKCP %QNQPKC 'OKUUKQP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG ,WRKVGT UVGJV N -QRH T OKV $NKV\ WPF <GRVGT KO (GNF % # 'NOGT 4+% <UEJWEMG 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&CU %# UVGJV HÒT % QNQPKC # ITKRRKPGPUKWO CNUQ -ÌNP
1,5:1
1196
1,5:1
.CGNKCPWU #PVQPKPKCP /QIQPVKCEWO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI 'NOGT 4+% 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
)GQTI 'NOGT IGJV FCXQP CWU FC .CGNKCPWU FKG XQP 2QUVWOWU HTKUEJ GKPIGTKEJVGVG /ÒP\UV·VVG KP 6TKGT KP UGKPG )GYCNV IGDTCEJV JCV WPF FQTV UGKPG /ÒP\GP RT·IGP NKG #WEJ % ( <UEJWEMG PKOOV FKG /ÒP\UV·VVG KP 6TKGT CP
&KG TÌOKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG -ÌNP 6TKGT 5 &KGU YWTFG W C XQP + -ÌPKI CPIG\YGKHGNV FGT FKG /ÒP\UV·VVG KP /CKP\ XGTOWVGV &KG ICNNKUEJGP 7UWTRCVQTGP XQP 2QUVWOWU DKU 6GVTKEWU /ÒPEJGP 5 UQ CWEJ )KNNLCO #PVQPKPKCPK WPF #WTGK FGU 7NRKWU %QTPGNKWU .CGNKCPWU -ÌNP 5 0CEJ GKPGT CPFGTGP #WHHCUUWPI JCV .CGNKCPWU MWT\HTKUVKI -ÌNP GKPIGPQOOGP WPF FKG /ÒP\UV·VVG PCEJ /CKP\ XGTNCIGTV $GUN[ $NCPF 6JG %WPGVKQ 6TGCUWTG 4QOCP %QKPCIG QH VJG 6JKTF %GPVWT[ # & .QPFQP 5 WPF &GO YKFGTURTKEJV $ 5EJWNVG FGT CPPKOOV FC .CGNKCPWU UKEJ KP FGP $GUKV\ GKPGT /ÒP\UV·VVG FGU 2QUVWOWU UGV\VG WPF FQTV UGKPG /ÒP\GP RT·IGP NKG FQTV MQPPVG GT UKEJ CDGT PWT MWT\ JCNVGP YCU FKG 5GNVGPJGKV UGKPGT 2T·IWPIGP GTMN·TV 5EJWNVG &KG )QNFRT· IWPI FGT ICNNKUEJGP -CKUGT XQP 2QUVWOWU DKU 6GVTKEWU #CTCW 5 9GKUGT /CKP\ TÌOKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG! KP &KG /ÒP\UV·VVGP /CKP\ WPF 9KGUDCFGP 5RG[GT NGIV UKEJ CWH /CKP\ HGUV
1197
1199
1198
#PVQPKPKCP /QIQPVKCEWO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI 'NOGT 4+% 4 5GJT UEJÌP
/CTKWU #PVQPKPKCP %QNQPKC 'OKUUKQP 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGP DKPFG (GNKEKVCU UVGJV N OKV %CFWEGWU WPF (ÒNNJQTP 'NOGT 4+% <UEJWEMG 5GJT UEJÌP
#PVQPKPKCP 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI 'NOGT 4+% <UEJWEMG +PVGTGUUCPVGU 2QTVT·V UGJT UEJÌP
1200
1201
6GVTKEWU + HÒT 6GVTKEWU ++ #PVQPKPKCP 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 5RGU IGJV N OKV $NWOG 'NOGT 4+% <UEJWEMG #XGTU OKP FG\GPVTKGTV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
/CETKCPWU $ #PVQPKPKCP 5COQUCVC I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG #GSWKVCU UVGJV N OKV 9CCIG WPF (ÒNNJQTP /+4 M 4+% (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
&KG /ÒP\GP FGU LÒPIGTGP /CETKCPWU YGTFGP KO 4+% FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG #PVKQEJKC \WIGYKGUGP &KG /ÒP\UV·VVG #PVKQ EJKC YCT CDGT YKG #PFTGCU #NHÌFK IG\GKIV JCV CWHITWPF FGT RGTUKUEJGP $GFTQJWPI DGTGKVU WPVGT 8CNGTKCPWU MQORNGVV PCEJ 5COQUCVC XGTNGIV YQTFGP YQ UKEJ FCU OKNKV·TKUEJG *CWRVSWCTVKGT KO 1UVGP DGHCPF WPF YQ UKEJ \WO <GKVRWPMV KJTGT 'TJGDWPI CWEJ FKG /CETKCPK CWHJKGNVGP 'TUV UR·VGT WPVGT )CNNKGPWU MGJTVG FKG /ÒP\G PCEJ #PVKQEJKC \WTÒEM
178
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1203
1202
1205
1204
$ 6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT #NGZCPFTKC #GI[RVWU I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ #FNGT UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ KO 5EJPCDGN &CVVCTK )GKUUGP 5GJT UEJÌP
3WKGVWU $ #PVQPKPKCP 5COQUCVC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 5RGU IGJV N OKV $NWOG FCXQT 5VGTP /+4 P 4+% (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
3WKPVKNNWU #PVQPKPKCP 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG (KFGU UVGJV N OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 5RGGT %QJ 4+% -PCRRGT 5EJTÌVNKPI HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
#WTGNKCPWU &GPCT 4QO 'OKUUKQP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ 8KEVQTKC GKNV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI FCXQT UKV\V )GHCPIGPGT %$0 HH /+4 H 4+% 4 5KNDGTUWF XQT\ÒINKEJ
1207
1208
1206
1206
U -TGOPC 2KUKFKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ (QTVWPC UVGJV N OKV -CNCVJQU -CKUGTDÒUVG WPF <GRVGT FGP T (W CWH (NWIQVV -GUVTQU IGUGV\V X #WNQEM /ÒP\GP WPF 5V·FVG 2KUK FKGPU ++ HH )TÒPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
HÒT &KXWU %NCWFKWU ++ #PVQPKPKCP 4QO I -QRH T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG #NVCT /+4 O 4+% XCT &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
WPF 8CDCNCVJWU $ #PVQPKPKCP #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG FGU #WTG NKCPWU T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU 8CDCNCVJWU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ %$0 /+4 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1209
1,5:1
1,5:1
6CEKVWU Ô #WTGWU 5KUEKC 'OKUUKQP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ 4QOC UKV\V N OKV 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU WPF 5RGGT %CNKEQ %$0 2N %QJ 4+% 4 9KP\ -TCV\GT GVYCU (WPFDGNCI UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 179
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1211
1210
#PVQPKPKCP 5KUEKC 'OKUUKQP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU WPF <GRVGT %$0 2N %QJ 4+% 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
#PVQPKPKCP .WIFWPWO 'OKUUKQP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG (GNKEKVCU UVGJV N OKV %CFWEGWU WPF (ÒNNJQTP %$0 %QJ 4+% -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK XQT\ÒINKEJ
1213
1212
1212 1,5:1
(NQTKCPWU $ #PVQPKPKCP .WIFWPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 5QNFCV IGJV T OKV 6TQRJ·G WPF 5RGGT %$0 XGTIN %QJ 4+% 5GJT UGNVGPG 8CTKCPVG -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
#PVQPKPKCP 5KUEKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU WPF <GRVGT %$0 5 %QJ 4+% 6KEKPWO 5GJT UEJÌP
1214
2:1
2:1
2TQDWU Ô #WTGWU 5KUEKC I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KEVQTKC UVGJV T CWH )NQDWU OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI T WPF N LG GKP )GHCPIGPGT %CNKEQ %QJ 2KPM #WHDCW 5 4+% 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1215
1215 1,5:1
180
#PVQPKPKCP 4QO 1HHK\KP I -QPUWNCTDÒUVG N OKV #FNGT\GRVGT WPF 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 4QOC VJTQPV X X KP UGEJUU·WNKIGO 6GORGN %QJ 4+% 5KNDGTUWF XQT\ÒINKEJ
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1216
2:1
2:1
%CTWU Ô #WTGWU 5KUEKC I &'1 '6 &1/+01 %#41 #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8+%61 4+# #8) 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N CWH )NQDWU OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI %CNKEQ 4+% 44 /KP IGYGNNV YKP\ -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJ &KGUGU 'ZGORNCT KUV DGK (TKGFDGTI )QNF %QKPU QH VJG 9QTNF 0T #D FGT /KVVG FGT FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU P %JT CEJVGVG OCP KP FGT /ÒP\RT·IWPI \WPGJOGPF KOOGT YGPKIGT CWH FKG JGTIGDTCEJVG (QTO FGT 6KVWNCVWT YCU UEJNKGNKEJ KP .GIGPFGP OKV FGO FGWU GV FQOKPWU 6KVGN IKRHGNVG FGT XQT %CTWU CWEJ UEJQP DGK #WTGNKCPWU WPF 2TQDWU XQTMCO &KG 'KPHÒJTWPI FGU 6KVGNU KP )GNÒDFGHQTO &1/+01 '6 &'1 YCT GKPG +PKVKCVKXG FGU RTQEWTCVQT OQPGVCG KP 5GTFKEC WPVGT #WTGNKCPWU FGT OKV FKGUGP 6KVGN PCEJ UGKPGT 8GTUGV\WPI PCEJ 5KUEKC CWEJ 2TQDWU WPF %CTWU XGTGJTVG &KG 6KVWNCVWT GPVUVCPF YQJN PKEJV CWH $GVTGKDGP FGT 4GKEJU TGIKGTWPI YWTFG XQP FKGUGT CDGT IGFWNFGV 5KGJG #NHÌNFK #PFTGCU &KG OQPCTEJKUEJG 4GRT·UGPVCVKQP KO TÌOKUEJGP -CKUGTTGKEJG &CTOUVCFV 5 HH
1218
1217
1219
1220
#PVQPKPKCP .WIFWPWO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV *GNO WPF 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI CWH )NQDWU \YKUEJGP \YGK )GHCPIGPGP 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
%CTKPWU #PVQPKPKCP .WIFWPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
%CTCWUKWU #PVQPKPKCP .QPFKPKWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 2CZ UVGJV N OKV 1NKXGP\YGKI WPF <GRVGT 4+% QJPG FKGUGU /ÒP\\GKEJGP )TÒPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
#PVQPKPKCP .QPFKPKWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 2CZ UVGJV N OKV 1NKXGP\YGKI WPF <GRVGT 4+% .GKEJVG 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP CO 4CPF XQT\ÒINKEJ
1221
1222
#PVQPKPKCP %COWNQFWPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 2CZ UVGJV N OKV 1NKXGP \YGKI WPF <GRVGT 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
#NNGEVWU #PVQPKPKCP .QPFKPKWO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 2CZ UVGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF <GRVGT $WTPGVV 4+% (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
181
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1223
1224
#PVQPKPKCP .QPFKPKWO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG )CNGGTG $WTPGVV 4+% 5GJT UEJÌP
9GIGP FGU 3 KO #DUEJPKVV FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG YKTF KP FGT (QTUEJWPI IGNGIGPVNKEJ FKG #PUKEJV XGTVTGVGP FKGUG #PVQPKPKCPG TGFW\KGTVGP (QTOCVGU UGKGP 3WKPCTG IGYGUGP 5GNDUVXGTUV·PFNKEJ JCPFGNV GU UKEJ PCEJ YKG XQT WO &QRRGNFGPCTG &CU 3 KUV CPFGTU \W FGWVGP XKGNNGKEJV CNU *KPYGKU CWH FKG HÒT IGRNCPVGP 3WKPSWGPPCNKGP #WH FGO 4GXGTU FGU 5VÒEMGU KUV GKPG 0CXKU NWUQTKC FCTIGUVGNNV GKP /KVVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU GKPIGHÒJTVGT 5EJKHHUV[R &KG UGJT UEJNCPMGP WPF HNCEJIGJGPFGP 5EJKHHG YWTFGP DKU KP FKG 5R·VCPVKMG KP TÌOKUEJGP (NWHNQVVGP GKPIGUGV\V WPF URKGNVGP OKNKV·TKUEJ GKPG DGFGWVGPFG 4QNNG 5Q IGNCPIVG ,WNKCPWU ++ #RQUVCVC KO $ÒTIGTMTKGI IGIGP %QPUVCPVKWU ++ OKV /CPP KP PWT 6CIGP XQP 7NO PCEJ 5KTOKWO FKGU DGFGWVGV FC DGK 4WFGTGTP WPF /CPP <WNCFWPI FGT -CKUGT FKG (CJTV OKV 0CXGU NWUQTKCG WPVGTPCJO 'KPGT FGT ITÌVGP 8QTVGKNG FKGUGU 5EJKHHV[RU YCT LC FC GT PWT GKPG OKPKOCNG <GKV FGT 'KPYGKUWPI DGPÌVKIVG WPF FCJGT OKV TGIWN·TGP .CPFVTWRRGP DGOCPPV YWTFG #PJCPF FGT KP /CKP\ IGHWPFGPGP 0CXGU NWUQTKCG YWTFG CP FGT 7PKXGTUKV·V 4GIGPUDWTI GKPG .WUQTKC PCEJIGDCWV UKGJG (GTMGN -QPGP 5EJ·HGT 0CXKU .WUQTKC 'KP 4ÌOGTUEJKHH KP 4GIGPUDWTI 5V -CVJCTKPGP #NNGEVWU RTQRCIKGTVG FKGUGP 5EJKHHUV[R CWH UGKPGP /ÒP\GP WPIGYÌJPNKEJ UVCTM YKG XQT KJO UEJQP 2QUVWOWU
&KQENGVKCPWU Õ #TIGPVGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI 4+% C 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1226
1225
Õ #TIGPVGWU 0KEQOGFKC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .CIGTVQT 4+% C (GKPG 6ÌPWPI CVVTCMVKXGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
.CWV /CTKC 4CFPQV[ #NHÌNF[ #PVKMG 0WOKUOCVKM 6GKN + 5 UVGJV FKG 4GXGTUCDDKNFWPI FKGUGU WPF FGU HQNIGPFGP 5VÒEMGU HÒT FGP JGTXQTTCIGPFGP #WUDCW FGU )TGP\XGTVGKFKIWPIUU[UVGOU YGNEJGU FKG 5KEJGTJGKV FGU 4GKEJGU ICTCPVKGTVG WPF FKG (GKPFG DQVO·KI OCEJVG &CU QHHGPG 6QT \GKIV FC FKG (GUVWPIGP YKGFGT FKG 6QTG HÒT *CPFGN WPF 9CPFGN ÌHHPGP MÌPPGP
Õ #TIGPVGWU 0KEQOGFKC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ .CIGTVQT 4+% C 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP
1,5:1
1227
1,5:1
Ô #WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ ,WRKVGT UKV\V N OKV $NKV\ WPF <GRVGT FCXQT #FNGT OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ %CNKEQ %QJ 4+% C 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2GTE[ * 9GDD #WMVKQP #FQNRJ *GUU 0CEJH .W\GTP 0T ,WRKVGT YCT FGT RGTUÌPNKEJG )QVV &KQENGVKCPU FGT -CKUGT NKG UKEJ FGUJCND CWEJ CNU ,QXKWU DG\GKEJPGP
1228
1229
/CZKOKCPWU + #PVQPKPKCP .WIFWPWO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV *GNO WPF 5VTCJNGPDKPFG *GTEWNGU T GTYÒTIV FGP PGOGKUEJGP .ÌYGP JKPVGT KJO -GWNG WPF GKPG KJP DGMT·P \GPFG 8KEVQTKC 4+% 44 5GJT UEJÌP
&CVKGTWPI PCEJ 2KGTTG $CUVKGP *GTEWNGU YCT FGT RGTUÌPNKEJG )QVV FGU /CZKOKCPWU FGT -CKUGT NKG UKEJ FGUJCND CWEJ CNU *GTEWNKWU DG\GKEJPGP
Õ #TIGPVGWU 5KUEKC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI 4+% D FKGU 'ZGORNCT GTY·JPV 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KVVC -CUVPGT /ÒPEJGP 0T &KGU 'ZGORNCT KUV DGK ,GNQEPKM 6H +++ CDIGDKNFGV
182
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1230
1231
Õ #TIGPVGWU 4QO 1HHK\KP I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI 4+% D 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
(QNNKU 6TGXGTK 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ )GPKWU UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC WPF (ÒNNJQTP 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1232
1233
&QOKVKWU &QOKVKCPWU (QNNKU #NGZCPFTKC 1HHK\KP I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ )GPKWU UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC WPF (ÒNNJQTP FCXQT #FNGT 4+% 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP ªDGT &QOKVKWU &QOKVKCPWU GKPGP MWT\NGDKIGP 7UWTRCVQT KP I[RVGP KUV YGPKI DGMCPPV &KG 4GXQNVG FKG YCJT UEJGKPNKEJ OKV FGT /ÒP\TGHQTO FGU &KQENGVKCPWU KP <WUCOOGPJCPI UVGJV DGICPP KP FGT GTUVGP #WIWUVJ·NHVG CWGTJCND #NGZCPFTKCU FKG 5VCFV MCO CDGT YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ PQEJ KO .CWHG FGU #WIWUV KP FKG *·PFG FGU 7UWTRCVQTU /ÌINKEJGTYGKUG UVCTD FGT -CKUGT DGTGKVU KO &G\GODGT FKG 4GXQNVG FCWGTVG LGFQEJ \WOKPFGUV KP #NGZCPFTKC DKU KP FGP /·T\ CP
(QNNKU #NGZCPFTKC 1HHK\KP I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ )GPKWU UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC WPF (ÒNNJQTP FCXQT #FNGT 4+% 4 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
1234
1235
/CZKOKCPWU ++ )CNGTKWU Õ #TIGPVGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI 4+% D (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ #TIGPVGWU *GTCENGC 1HHK\KP I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI 4+% 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1,5:1
1236
1,5:1
/CZKOKPWU ++ &CKC U 0KEQOGFKC I 8GTUEJNGKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT %GTGU N OKV &KC FGO WPF JTG (QTVWPC UVGJV N OKV 5VGWGTTWFGT WPF (ÒNNJQTP XCP *GGUEJ 6JG .CUV %KXKE %QKPCIGU CPF VJG 4GNKIKQWU 2QNKE[ QH /CZKOKPWU &C\C #& KP 0% 0T 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP XCP *GGUEJ MQPPVG PWT 'ZGORNCTG PCEJYGKUGP &KGUG UGNVGPGP 5VÒEMG DTKPIGP FKG CPVKEJTKUVNKEJG 4GNKIKQPURQNKVKM FGU &CKC \WO #WUFTWEM &KG /ÒP\GP OKV %GTGU (QTVWPC CWU 0KEQOGFKC UKPF XKGN UGNVGPGT CNU FKG 5VÒEMG OKV ,WRK VGT 8KEVQTKC WPF #PVKQEJKC #RQNNQ CWU #PVKQEJKC D\Y FKG 5VÒEMG OKV 5CTCRKU 0KN CWU #NGZCPFTKC
1237
1238
/CZGPVKWU (QNNKU 6KEKPWO 1HHK\KP I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4QOC UKV\V N OKV )NQDWU WPF <GRVGT KP XKGTU·WNKIGO 6GORGN XQP 8KEVQTKC DGMT·P\V 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
HÒT &KXWU 4QOWNWU (QNNKU 4QO I -QRH T )TCDOQPWOGPV 4+% 4 &WPMNG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
/ÌINKEJGTYGKUG KUV FCU CWH FKGUGT WPF FGT HQNIGPFGP /ÒP\G FCTIGUVGNNVG VGORNWO FKXK 4QOWNK CNU 8QTDCW FGT -KTEJG FGT *N -QUOCU WPF &COKCPWU GTJCNVGP IGDNKGDGP
183
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1239
1239
1240
(QNNKU 4QO I -QRH T )TCDOQPWOGPV 4+%
4 .GKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
#NGZCPFGT XQP -CTVJCIQ (QNNKU -CTVJCIQ I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5GEJUU·W NKIGT 6GORGN FCTKP UKV\V 4QOC N OKV )NQDWU WPF 5RGGT 4+% 44 &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP +O ,CJT XGTNCPIVG /CZGPVKWU FGT UKEJ FGT .Q[CNKV·V FGT 6TWRRGP KP #HTKEC PKEJV UKEJGT YCT XQP . &QOKVKWU #NGZCPFGT FGO XKECTKWU #HTKECG KJO UGKPGP 5QJP CNU )GKUGN \W UGPFGP #NGZCPFGT YGKIGTVG UKEJ WPF YWTFG XQP UGKPGP 6TWRRGP \WO #WIWUVWU RTQMNCOKGTV
1241
1243
1242
1244
.KEKPKWU + (QNNKU #TGNCVG 1HHK\KP I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 816 :: KP .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
HÒT .KEKPKWU ++ (QNNKU *GTCENGC 1HHK\KP I -QPUWNCTDÒUVG N OKV )NQDWU <GRVGT WPF /CRRC .CIGTVQT 4+% /KP MQTTQFKGTV UQPUV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV 5KNDGTUWF
%QPUVCPVKPWU + (QNNKU 6TGXGTK I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5QN UVGJV T -QRH N OKV GTJQDGPGT 4GEJVGP WPF )NQDWU 4+% 4 5GJT UEJÌP
(QNNKU 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ /CTU UVGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 4+% 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1245
1,5:1
Ô 5QNKFWU %[\KEWU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI 4+% 44 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
1,5:1
184
1,5:1
1246
1,5:1
HÒT *GNGPC (QNNKU 5KUEKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO 5GEWTKVCU UVGJV N OKV <YGKI 4+% 44 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1247
1248 1247 1,5:1
%QPUVCPU Ô 5QNKFWU 6JGUUCNQPKEC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT WPF 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV 6TQRJ·G WPF 2CNO\YGKI 4+% 4 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
Ô 5QNKFWU 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO <YGK 8KEVQTKGP JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 816 : /8.6 :8 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #WEVKQPGU #) $CUGN 0T
1249
1250
1251
Ô 5QNKFWU 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO <YGK 8KEVQTKGP JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 816 : /8.6 :: 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
Ô 5QNKFWU 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO <YGK 8KEVQTKGP JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 816 : /8.6 :: 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
%QPUVCPVKWU ++ Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT WPF 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO 8KEVQTKC UKV\V T WPF UEJTGKDV 816 :8 CWH GKPGP XQP GKPGO )GPKWU IGJCNVGPGP 5EJKNF 4+% 44 -N -TCV\GT UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ 0T
1252
1253
1254
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT WPF 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO 8KEVQTKC UKV\V T WPF UEJTGKDV 816 :8 CWH GKPGP XQP GKPGO )GPKWU IGJCNVGPGP 5EJKNF 4+% 44 )TQD GPVHGTPVGT *GPMGN (CUUWPIUURWTGP UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU 0KEQOGFKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT WPF 4QUGVVGPFKC FGO 4QOC WPF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP X X WPF JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 816 :: /8.6 ::: 4+% 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 4QOC WPF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP UKEJ IGIGPÒDGT WPF JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 816 :: /8.6 ::: 4+% .GKEJV DGUEJPKVVGP UGJT UEJÌP
185
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1256
1255
1256 1,5:1
Ô 5QNKFWU 0KMQOGFKC 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 4QOC WPF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP UKEJ IGIGPÒDGT WPF JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 816 ::: /8.6 :::: 4+% 4 -N -TCV\GT IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU 4QO 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF
%JTKUVQITCOO CNU 5EJKNFUEJOWEM 4QOC WPF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP UKEJ IGIGPÒDGT WPF JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 816 ::: /8.6 :::: 4+% XCT 5GJT UGNVGPG 8CTKCPVG 8QT\ÒINKEJ &GT 4+% MGPPV FCU 5VÒEM PWT OKV GKPGO 5VGTP CNU 5EJKNFUEJOWEM
1257
1258
8GVTCPKQ /CKQTKPC 5KUEKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ -CKUGT UVGJV N OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCPFCTVG XQP 8KEVQTKC DGMT·P\V 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
8GVTCPKQ GKP 1HHK\KGT FGU %QPUVCPVKWU ++ JCVVG UKEJ KP 2CPPQPKGP \WO #WIWUVWU CWUTWHGP NCUUGP WO \W XGTOGKFGP FC FKG $CNMCP 2TQXKP\GP CP /CIPGPVKWU HKGNGP #NU %QPUVCPVKWU ++ XQO 2GTUGTHGNF\WI \WTÒEMMGJTVG VTCV GT CP 9GKJPCEJVGP \WTÒEM WPF UVCTD WPDGJGNNKIV &KG 4GXGTUNGIGPFG *1% 5+) 01 8+%614 '4+5 DG\KGJV UKEJ CWH FKG CPIGDNKEJ %JTKUVWUGTUEJGKPWPI D\Y -TGW\GUXKUKQP %QPUVCPVKPU XQT FGT 5EJNCEJV CP FGT /KNXKUEJGP $TÒEMG
/CKQTKPC 6JGUUCNQPKEC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV N OKV \YGK %JTKUVQITCOOUVCPFCTVGP 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1259
1260
,WNKCPWU ++ #RQUVCVC &QRRGNOCKQTKPC #TGNCVG 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 5VKGT UVGJV T FCXQT UVGJV #FNGT T CWH -TCP\ OKV -TCP\ KO 5EJPCDGN FCTÒDGT \YGK 5VGTPG 4+% 'VYCU TCWJG FWPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
&CU /ÒP\DKNF TKGH WPVGT FGT EJTKUVNKEJGP $GXÌNMGTWPI XQP #PVKQEJKC ITQGP #WHTWJT JGTXQT &KG #PVKQEJGPGT FGW VGVGP FGP 5VKGT CNU 1RHGTUVKGT UKGJG 5\KFCV <WT 9KTMWPI WPF #WHPCJOG FGT /ÒP\RTQRCICPFC +WN /KUQR F KP /WUGWO *GNXGVKEWO 5 &C KP #PVKQEJKC GKPG *WPIGTUPQV JGTTUEJVG WPF FGP %JTKUVGP FGT )GPW FGU 1RHGTHNGKUEJGU FGT KP ITQGT <CJN IGQRHGTVGP 5VKGTG XGTDQVGP YCT KUV KJTG XQO -CKUGT KP UGKPGT 5CVKTG /KUQRQ IQP $CTVJCUUGT IGUEJKNFGTVG URÌVVKUEJG 4GCMVKQP CWH FKG /ÒP\G PKEJV XÌNNKI WPXGTUV·PFNKEJ &C FGT 5VKGT CWEJ XQP 5QETCVGU 5EJQNCUVKEWU CNU 1RHGTUVKGT DG\GKEJPGV YKTF JKUV GEEN WPF FKG ÒDTKIGP &GWVWPIGP FGU 5VKGTGU
#RKUUVKGT /KVJTCUUVKGT IQNFGPGU -CND RJKNQUQRJKUEJGU 5[ODQN HÒT GKPGP IWVGP -CKUGT WPF <QFKCMCNUVKGT CWU XKGNGTNGK )TÒPFGP CWUUEJGKFGP JCPFGNV GU UKEJ DGK FGO CWH FGO 4GXGTU CDIGDKNFGVGP 5VKGT YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ VCVU·EJNKEJ WO GKPGP 1RHGTUVKGT UKGJG 6JQTOCPP <WT &GWVWPI FGU 5VKGTGU CWH FGP (QNNGU -CKUGT ,WNKCPU KP $TGOGT $GKVT·IG \WT /ÒP\ WPF )GNFIGUEJKEJVG &KG LÒPIUVG &GWVWPI FGU 5VKGTGU CNU -QP\GRVKQPU\GKEJGP -C[ 'JNKPI KP ,0) 5 UVGJV KO 9KFGTURTWEJ \WT XQP ,WNKCP XGTVTGVGPGP 2JKNQUQRJKG FGU +CODNKEJQU WPF FGT EJCN F·KUEJGP 1TCMGN UKGJG 6JQTOCPP -QP\GRVKQPU\GKEJGP CWH CPVKMGP /ÒP\GP! KP 8QTDGTGKVWPI
&QRRGNOCKQTKPC 5KTOKWO 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 5VKGT UVGJV T FCTÒDGT \YGK 5VGTPG 4+% &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI )KNDGTV 5VGKPDGTI #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ XQO 0T
186
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1261
1262
&QRRGNOCKQTKPC 0KEQOGFKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 5VKGT UVGJV T FCTÒDGT \YGK 5VGTPG 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
&QRRGNOCKQTKPC #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 5VKGT UVGJV T FCTÒDGT \YGK 5VGTPG 4+% &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC GVYCU (WPFDGNCI HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
1264 1263
&QRRGNOCKQTKPC #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 5VKGT UVGJV T FCTÒDGT \YGK 5VGTPG 4+% .GKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
%GPVGPKQPCNKU *GTCENGC 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG N OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 816 : /8.6 :: KP -TCP\ 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1267
1265
1266
1266
,QXKCPWU Ô 5QNKFWU 5KTOKWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV N OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCPFCTVG FCXQT )GHCPIGPGT 4+% -N -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJ
&QRRGNOCKQTKPC %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU 4+% )TÒPG 2CVKPC NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ UGJT UEJÌP
8CNGPVKPKCPWU + Ô 5QNKFWU 5KTOKWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU 4+% 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1268
1270
1269
Ô 5QNKFWU 0KEQOGFKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU 4+% C 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU 0KEQOGFKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU 4+% D )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU 4+% D 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU #PVKQEJKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU 4+% D &C\W GKP D[\CPVKPKUEJGT 5QNKFWU FGU 2JQECU 5GCT 5VÒEM 5EJÌP WPF UGJT UEJÌP
187
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1272
1274
1273
Ô 5QNKFWU 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO <YGK -CKUGT UKV\GP X X OKV )NQDWU FCJKPVGT 8KEVQTKC 4+% C (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
8CNGPU Ô 5QNKFWU 5KUEKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO <YGK -CKUGT UKV\GP X X OKV )NQDWU FCJKPVGT 8KEVQTKC 4+% D )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO <YGK -CKUGT UKV\GP X X OKV )NQDWU FCJKPVGT 8KEVQTKC 4+% G )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1276
1275
1277
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I -QPUWNCTDÒUVG N OKV 2GTNFKCFGO /CRRC WPF <GRVGT <YGK -CKUGT UKV\GP X X \YKUEJGP \YGK )GHCPIGPGP 4+% D 44 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Ô 5QNKFWU #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO 4QOC WPF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP HCUV X X OKV 5EJKNF FCTCWH 816 : /8. :: QDGP %JTKUVQITCOO 4+% F 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 4QOC WPF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP HCUV X X OKV 5EJKNF FCTCWH 816 : /8. :: QDGP %JTKUVQITCOO 4+% E 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 2GWU 0CEJH (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T
1278
2:1
2:1
Ô /GFCKNNQP \W 5QNKFK (GUVCWTGWU #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I &0 8#.'05 2'4 ( #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+%614+# 41/#0148/ 8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO \YGKI KO #DUEJPKVV #01$# &GRG[TQV )PGEEJK 4+% 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -NGKPG 5EJÒTHURWTGP CWH FGO #XGTU IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
&CU 5VÒEM YKTF OKV GKPGO 'EJVJGKVU\GTVKHKMCV XQP &CXKF 5GCT IGNKGHGTV &CU )GYKEJV FGU 5VÒEMGU GPVURTKEJV GVYC FGU TÌOKUEJGP 2HWPFGU WPF UQOKV FGO TGHQTOKGTVGP #WTGWU FGU &KQENGVKCPWU &CJGT YGTFGP FKGUG 5VÒEMG CWEJ CNU (GUVCWTGK DG\GKEJPGV 9CJTUEJGKPNKEJ YWTFGP FKGUG /ÒP\GP HÒT &QPCVKXC XGTYGPFGV 7PUGT 5VÒEM YWTFG OÌINKEJGTYGKUG \W FGP 3WKPSWGPPCNKGP IGRT·IV XGTIN $CUVKGP &QPC VKXC 2N 8++ FCU \WO INGKEJGP #PNC IGRT·IVG /GFCKNNQP 4+% +: 5 OKV UGJT ·JPNKEJGO %JTKUVQITCOO CWH FGO 4GXGTU
188
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1279
1279
1280
2TQEQRKWU %GPVGPKQPCNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF 5EJKNF FCTÒDGT %JTKUVQITCOO 4+% D 4 'VYCU (WPFDGNCI UGJT UEJÌP
)TCVKCPWU Ô 5QNKFWU 6TGXGTK 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGP FKCFGO <YGK -CKUGT UKV\GP X X OKV )NQDWU FCJKPVGT 8KEVQTKC 4+% I 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
1282 1281
1282
Ô 5QNKFWU 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO <YGK -CKUGT UKV\GP X X OKV )NQDWU FCJKPVGT 8KEVQTKC 4+% F )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
8CNGPVKPKCPWU ++ Õ 5KNKSWC .WIFWPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI 4+% 4 5GJT UEJÌP
1283
1284
1284 1,5:1
1285
1284 1,5:1
Ô 5QNKFWU /GFKQNCPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO <YGK -CKUGT UKV\GP X X OKV )NQDWU FCJKPVGT 8KEVQTKC 4+% C 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU ! %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV 5RGGT WPF )NQDWU (W CWH 2TQTC 4+% XGTIN D 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU .WIFWPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO <YGK -CKUGT UKV\GP X X OKV )NQDWU FCJKPVGT 8KEVQTKC 4+% C 4 9KP\ -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU XQT\ÒINKEJ
1286
1287 1286 1,5:1
Ô 5QNKFWU 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO <YGK -CKUGT UKV\GP X X OKV )NQDWU FCJKPVGT 8KEVQTKC 4+% C 8QT\ÒINKEJ
6JGQFQUKWU + Ô 5QNKFWU 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO <YGK -CKUGT UKV\GP X X OKV )NQDWU FCJKPVGT 8KEVQTKC 4+% D 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
189
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1289
1288
1290
/CIPWU /CZKOWU Õ 5KNKSWC 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 4QOC UKV\V X X OKV )NQDWU WPF 5RGGT 4+% D 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ 5KNKSWC 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 4QOC UKV\V X X OKV )NQDWU WPF 5RGGT 4+% D 5GJT UEJÌP
(NCXKWU 8KEVQT Õ 5KNKSWC /GFKQNCPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 4QOC UKV\V N OKV )NQDWU WPF 5RGGT 4+% D 44 9KP\KIGT 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1291
1,5:1
1,5:1
'WIGPKWU Õ 5KNKSWC 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 4QOC UKV\V N CWH 2CP\GT OKV 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU WPF 5RGGT 4+% F 4 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
0CEJ FGO 6QF FGU 8CNGPVKPKCP ++ GTJQD FGT OCIKUVGT OKNKVWO #TDQICUV 'WIGPKWU \WO #WIWUVWU 'WIGPKWU FGT GKIGPVNKEJ GKP %JTKUV YCT YCPFVG UKEJ DCNF GKPGT TÌOGTHTGWPFNKEJGP 4GNKIKQPURQNKVKM \W FGT #NVCT FGT 8KEVQTKC YWTFG KP FKG %WTKC \WTÒEMIGDTCEJV 6GORGN YWTFGP YKGFGT IGÌHHPGV TGNKIKÌUG (GUVG IGHGKGTV WPF 1RHGT FCTIGDTCEJV OCTUEJKGTVG 6JGQFQUKWU + IGIGP 'WIGPKWU WPF CO 5GRVGODGT VTCHGP UKEJ FKG *GGTG CO (TKIKFWU #TDQICUV NKG ,WRKVGTUVCVWGP CWHUVGNNGP FGTGP $NKV\G PCEJ 1UVGP IGTKEJVGV YCTGP CWH FGP 5VCPFCTVGP FGT 6TWRRGP YWTFGP $KNFGT FGU *GTEWNGU CPIGDTCEJV &GT 5EJNCEJVXGTNCWH YCT CO GTUVGP 6CIG IÒPUVKI FKG 6TWRRGP FGU 6JGQFQUKWU YWTFGP UVCTM FG\KOKGTV 0CEJ GKPGO XQT CNNGT #WIGP XQNN\QIGPGP )GDGV FGU 6JGQFQUKWU DTCEJVG GKP 9GVVGTWO UEJYWPI CO 5GRVGODGT FKG 9GPFG FKG 6TWRRGP FGU 'WIGPKWU YWTFGP XGTPKEJVGV GT UGNDUV IGHCPIGPIGPQOOGP WPF IGVÌVGV FGT RTQOKPGPVG 5GPCVQT WPF 2T·VQTKCPGTRT·HGMV 8KTKWU 0KEQOCEJWU (NCXKCPWU FGT NKGDGT UVGTDGP YQNNVG CNU UGKPG 4QOCPKVCU CWH\WIGDGP Y·JNVG FGP (TGKVQF /KV FGO 4KPIGP CO (TKIKFWU FCU FGP %JCTCMVGT GKPGU 4GNKIK QPUMTKGIGU JCVVG UGV\VG UKEJ FCU %JTKUVGPVWO KO TÌOKUEJGP 4GKEJ GPFIÒNVKI FWTEJ
1292
1293
Õ 5KNKSWC 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 4QOC UKV\V N CWH 2CP\GT OKV 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU WPF 5RGGT 4+% F 4 -N 4CPFHGJNGT CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Õ 5KNKSWC 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 4QOC UKV\V N CWH 2CP\GT OKV 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU WPF 5RGGT 4+% F 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP
1294
1295
1296
#TECFKWU Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV <GRVGT WPF )NQDWU 4+% F 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU /GFKQNCPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO 4+% -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CWH FGO 4GXGTU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU /GFKQNCPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO 4+% )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
190
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1297
1298
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV <GRVGT WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH 2TQTC 4+% (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
Ô 5QNKFWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO 4+% 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1299
1301
1300
*QPQTKWU Ô 5QNKFWU /GFKQNCPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
Ô 5QNKFWU /GFKQNCPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO 4+% (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU /GFKQNCPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO 4+% #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
1302
1303
1304
1305
Ô 5QNKFWU /GFKQNCPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO 4+% 9KP\ -TCV\GT FGPPQEJ CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Ô 5QNKFWU 5KTOKWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCP FCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO 4+% 4 )GNQEJV UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV <GRVGT WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH 2TQTC 4+% -N -TCV\GT UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV <GRVGT WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH 2TQTC 4+% 9KP\ -TCV\GT CWH FGO 4GXGTU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
191
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1306
1307
Ô 5QNKFWU 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCP FCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO 4+% #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Ô 5QNKFWU 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCP FCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO 4+% #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
1308
1309
1310
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV <GRVGT WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH 2TQTC N 5VGTP 4+% 4 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO 4+% 4 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO 4+% 4 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1311
1312
Ô 5QNKFWU PCEJ 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV *GNO -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQ ITCOOUVCD WPF 5EJYGTV IGMTÌPV XQP FGT *CPF )QVVGU (W CWH .ÌYGP 4+% 4 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV <GRVGT WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU 4+% 4 )WVGU XQT\ÒINKEJ
1313
1314
1315
%QPUVCPVKPWU +++ Õ 5KNKSWC 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 4QOC UKV\V N OKV 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU WPF 5RGGT 4+% 4 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
%QPUVCPVKPWU +++ YWTFG KP $TKVCPPKGP \WO #WIWUVWU GTJQDGP 'T UGV\VG DCNF PCEJ )CNNKGP ÒDGT WPF FGJPVG UGKPGP 'KPHNW CWEJ PCEJ 5RCPKGP CWU GTNCPIVG %QPUVCPVKPWU +++ FKG #PGTMGPPWPI FGU *QPQTKWU XGTNQT CNNGT FKPIU $TKVCPPKGP WPF 5RCPKGP MCO GU \WT #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPI OKV *QPQTKWU YWTFG %QPUVCPVKPWU +++ KP UGKPGO *CWRVSWCTVKGT KP #TGNCVG DGNCIGTV WPF HNQJ PCEJFGO GKP 'PVUCV\JGGT IGUEJNCIGP YQTFGP YCT KP GKPG -KTEJG WPF NGIVG FGP 2WTRWT CD &GT 'ZMCKUGT YWTFG IGHCPIGPIGPQOOGP WPF PCEJ +VCNKGP IGUCPFV CDGT GTOQTFGV DGXQT GT *QPQTKWU GTTGKEJVG 5GKP -QRH YWTFG CD FGO 5GRVGODGT KP 4CXGPPC \WT 5EJCW IGUVGNNV
Õ 5KNKSWC 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 4QOC UKV\V N OKV 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU WPF 5RGGT 4+% 4 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 5KNKSWC 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 4QOC UKV\V N OKV 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU WPF 5RGGT 4+% 4 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP UGJT UEJÌP
192
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1,5:1
1316
1,5:1
,QJCPPGU Ô 5QNKFWU 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV T OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO 4+% 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV <YGK YKP\ 2WP\GP CWH FGO #XGTU UQPUV IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
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
1318
1317
1319
0WOOWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO 8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV 6TQRJ·G WPF )GHCPIGPGO 4+% HH 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
6JGQFQUKWU ++ Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV <GRVGT WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU 4+% (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV <GRVGT WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU N 5VGTP 4+% 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #FQNRJ ' %CJP (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T
1320 1,5:1
1321
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV <GRVGT WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU N 5VGTP 4+% (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ /KNKCTGPUG NGKEJV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV GTJQDGPGT 4GEJVGP WPF )NQDWU N 5VGTP 4+% 4 )WVGU XQT\ÒINKEJ
1322
1323 1322 1,5:1
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV *GNO 2GTNFKCFGO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 4QOC WPF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP X X OKV 5EJKNF FCTCWH 816 :8 /8. :: 4+% 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU N 5VGTP 4+% 4 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
193
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1324
1325
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 6JGQ FQUKWU UKV\V X X OKV /CRRC WPF -TGW\\GRVGT FCPGDGP UVGJV 8CNGPVKPKCPWU +++ OKV /CRRC WPF -TGW\ \GRVGT 4+% 4 .GKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU 6JGUUCNQPKEC I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU N 5VGTP 4+% 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1327
1326
1329
1328
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V N OKV -TGW\INQDWU WPF <GRVGT FCJKPVGT 5VGTP 4+% 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V N OKV -TGW\INQDWU WPF <GRVGT FCJKPVGT 5VGTP 4+% )TCHHKVQ CWH FGO #XGTU GVYCU DGUEJPKVVGP UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V N OKV -TGW\INQDWU WPF <GRVGT N 5VGTP 4+% XCT 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V N OKV -TGW\INQDWU WPF <GRVGT N 5VGTP 4+% 9KP\ -TCV\GT UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
1331
1330
HÒT #GNKC 'WFQEKC Ô 6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO -TGW\ KP -TCP\ 4+% 4 9KP\ -TCV\GT IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
#GNKC 'WFQEKC 6QEJVGT GKPGU #VJGPGTU .GQPVKWU VTWI CNU #PJ·PIGTKP FGT CNVGP 4GNKIKQP FGP 0COGP #VJGPCKU GTUV YWTFG UKG IGVCWHV #GNKC 2WNEJGTKC HÒJTVG UKG KJTGO $TWFGT \W 5KG JGKTCVGVG 6JGQFQUKWU ++ WPF HÒJTVG DKU YGKVIGJGPF FKG 4GIKGTWPI &CPCEJ \QI UKG UKEJ PCEJ ,GTWUCNGO \WTÒEM WPF HÒJTVG GKP TGNKIKÌUGU .GDGP DKU \W KJTGO 6QF
Ô 6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -TGW\ KP -TCP\ 4+% 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T
1332
1332 1,5:1
HÒT #GNKC 2WNEJGTKC Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO IGMTÌPV XQP FGT *CPF )QVVGU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V N OKV -TGW\INQDWU WPF <GRVGT N 5VGTP 4+% 44 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT #GNKC 2WNEJGTKC YCT FKG ·NVGUVG 5EJYGUVGT FGU -CKUGTU 5KG ÒDGTPCJO OKV ,CJTGP FKG 4GIGPVUEJCHV KP 1UVTQO PCEJFGO FGT 2T·VQTKCPGTRT·HGMV #PVJGOKWU WPF FGT 'WPWEJ #PVKQEJWU GPVOCEJVGV YQTFGP YCTGP
194
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1,5:1
1333
1,5:1
Ô 6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -TGW\ KP -TCP\ 4+% 44 9KP\ -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP 0T
1334
1335
8CNGPVKPKCPWU +++ Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 6JGQFQUKWU UKV\V X X OKV /CRRC WPF -TGW\\GRVGT FCPGDGP UVGJV 8CNGPVKPKC PWU +++ OKV /CRRC WPF -TGW\\GRVGT 4+% 4 .GKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CPIMTGW\ WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT 5EJNCPIG 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&KG 5EJNCPIG U[ODQNKUKGTV FGP 6GWHGN
1337
1336
1338
1339
Ô 5QNKFWU 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CPIMTGW\ WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT 5EJNCPIG 4+% )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\ WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT 5EJNCPIG 4+% #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Ô 5QNKFWU 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CPIMTGW\ WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT 5EJNCPIG 4+% -N 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CPIMTGW\ WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT 5EJNCPIG 4+% 5GJT UEJÌP
1340
1341
Ô 5QNKFWU 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CPIMTGW\ WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU FGP (W CWH OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT 5EJNCPIG 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU /GFKQNCPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CPIMTGW\ WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT 5EJNCPIG 4+% 9KP\ -TCV\GT CWH FGO 4GXGTU IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
195
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1343
1342
Ô 5QNKFWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CPIMTGW\ WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU FGP (W CWH OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIG 5EJNCPIG IGUGV\V 4+% .GKEJV WPTGIGNO·KIGT 4CPF UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CPIMTGW\ WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU FGP (W CWH OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIG 5EJNCPIG IGUGV\V 4+% -N 4CPFHGJNGT MN -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1344
1345
/CTEKCPWU Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ T 5VGTP 4+% 4 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ T 5VGTP 4+% 4 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
1348
1346
1349
1347
1350
Ô 6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8KEVQTKC UVGJV X X OKV -TCP\ WPF -TGW\INQDWU T 5VGTP 4+% 5GJT UEJÌP
.GQ + Ô 6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF -TGW\INQDWU T 5VGTP 4+% 4 .GKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ FCJKPVGT 5VGTP 4+% 5EJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ FCJKPVGT 5VGTP 4+% -N 2TÒHGKPJKGD CWH FGO 4GXGTU XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ FCJKPVGT 5VGTP 4+% 5GJT UEJÌP
1,5:1
196
1351
1,5:1
Ô 5QNKFWU 4QO I %QPUWNCTDÒUVG N OKV 2GTNFKCFGO /CRRC WPF -TGW\\GRVGT -CKUGT UKV\V X X OKV 0KODWU /CRRC WPF -TGW\\GRVGT 4+% 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1,5:1
1352
1,5:1
/CKQTKCPWU 0WOOWU 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI 4+% 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1353
1,5:1
1,5:1
.KDKWU 5GXGTWU Ô 5QNKFWU /GFKQNCPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\ WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT 5EJNCPIG 4+% 2N UVGORGNINGKEJ 44 8GTDTCWEJVGT #XGTUUVGORGN XQT\ÒINKEJ .KDKWU 5GXGTWU GKP .WMCPKGT YWTFG XQP 4KEKOGT CO 0QXGODGT \WO #WIWUVWU GTJQDGP &KG /CEJV DNKGD HTGKNKEJ KP 4KEKOGTU *·PFGP WPF PCEJ ,CJTGP DGFGWVWPINQUGT 4GIKGTWPI UVCTD .KDKWU 5GXGTWU FGT PKG FWTEJ .GQ CPGTMCPPV YQTFGP YCT GPVYGFGT GKPGU PCVÒTNKEJGP 6QFGU QFGT FWTEJ )KHV
1355
1354
#PVJGOKWU Ô 5QNKFWU WO 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF <YGK -CKUGT UVGJGP X X WPF JCNVGP -TGW\INQDWU 4+% 44 $GUEJPKVVGP UGJT UEJÌP
#PVJGOKWU YCT FGT NGV\VG #WIWUVWU FGU 9GUVGPU FGT XGTUWEJV JCV XGTNQTGPGU 6GTTKVQTKWO \WTÒEM\WIGYKPPGP
Ô 6TGOKUUKU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -TGW\ KP -TCP\ 4+% 4 5GJT UEJÌP
1356
1357
<GPQ Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TGW\ T 5VGTP 4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TGW\ T 5VGTP 4+% 5EJÒTHUVGNNG CO 4CPF CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
1,5:1
1358
1,5:1
Õ 5KNKSWC /GFKQNCPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO #FNGT UVGJV T CWH -TCP\ QDGP -TGW\ 4+% 44 5GJT UEJÌP 197
LOTS RÖMISCHER MÜNZEN
.165 4¤/+5%*'4 /ª0<'0
7OHCPITGKEJG 5COONWPI XQP /ÒP\GP FGT TÌOKUEJGP 4GRWDNKM &CU KPVGTGUUCPVG 1DLGMV GPVJ·NV \YGK #GU ITCXG FCTWPVGT %TCYH &GPCTG UQYKG FKXGTUG 3WKPCTG $TQP\GOÒP\GP GVE &CU KP NCPIGT 5COOGNV·VKIMGKV GPVUVCPFGPG 1DLGMV GPVJ·NV \CJNTGKEJG DGUUGTG WPF KPVGTGUUCPVG 6[RGP \ $ #TEJKVGM VWTFCTUVGNNWPIGP \ $ OGJTGTG &GPCTG FGU 2GVKNNKWU %CRKVQNKPWU OKV ,WRKVGTVGORGN &KG 5COONWPI GKIPGV UKEJ FC FGP /ÒP\GP CWEJ FKG $GUVKOOWPIUMCTVGP FGU 5COONGTU DGKNKGIGP RGTHGMV CNU )TWPFUVQEM HÒT FGP #WHDCW GKPGT 4GRWDNKMUCOONWPI *QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU 1DLGMV DKVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP EC 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI KORGTCVQTKUEJGT 2T·IWPIGP &KG KPVGTGUUCPVG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV &GPCTG FCTWPVGT % ,WNKWU %CGUCT Z %CUUKWU .QPIKPWU Z %P 2QORGKWU /CIPWU OKPQT Z %TCYH 5GZVWU 2QORGKWU Z /CTEWU #PVQPKWU Z FCTWPVGT GKPG 2T·IWPI FGU 5ECTRWU %TCYH UQYKG GKPG UEJÌPG 5GTKG XQP .GIKQPUFGPCTGP OKV FGP .GIKQPGP ++ :8++ WPF :+: ::+++ /CTEWU #PVQPKWU WPF 1EVCXKCPWU Z 1EVCXKCPWU Z UQYKG FTGK TGRWDNKMCPKUEJG &GPCTG UR·VGTGT %CGUCTOÌTFGT W C $TW VWU #JCNC 5KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV HGTPGT GKPGP 3WKPCT FGU /CTEWU #PVQPKWU \YGK &KQDQNG FGT -NGQRCVTC 8++ UQYKG FKXGTUG VGKNU UGNVGPG $TQP\GP W C 2TCGHGEVWU %P 5VCVKNKWU .KDQ WPDGMCPPVG URCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG &KG KPVGTGUUCPVG 5COONWPI FKG OKV FGP $GUVKOOWPIUM·TVEJGP FGU 5COONGTU CWUIGNKGHGTV YKTF GKIPGV UKEJ JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU )TWPFUVQEM HÒT FGP #WHDCW GKPGT 5COONWPI KORGTCVQTKUEJGT 2T·IWP IGP CDGT CWEJ \WO #WUDCW GKPGT DGUVGJGPFGP 5COONWPI $KVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP VGKNU UEJY·EJGT GKP 5VÒEM IGNQEJV \YGK 5VÒEMG TGRCTKGTV
5COONWPI TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP FGT -CKUGT\GKV 6GKN &KG LWNKUEJ ENCWFKUEJG &[PCUVKG &KG 5COO NWPI GPVJ·NV 2T·IWPIGP XQP #WIWUVWU DKU 0GTQ FCTWPVGT &GPCTG ÒDGTYKGIGPF #WIWUVWU \WO 6GKN UGJT UGNVGP W C GKPG 3WQF XKCG OWPKVCG UWPV 2T·IWPI /ÒP\OGKUVGTFGPCTG GVE CDGT CWEJ GKPGP 3WKPCT FGU #WIWUVWU \YGK %KUVQRJQTK FGU #WIWUVWU FKXGTUG TGKEJU WPF RTQXKP\KCNTÌOKUEJG 2T·IWPIGP GVE 7PVGT FGP TGKEJUTÌOKUEJGP 2T·IWPIGP HKPFGP UKEJ W C 5GUVGT\GP W C 0GTQ &GEWTUKQ FKXGTUG #UUG W C OKV .KXKC CNU +WUVKVKC 5CNWU WPF 2KGVCU WUY &KG 5COONWPI IKDV GKPGP IWVGP ªDGTDNKEM ÒDGT FKG /ÒP\RT·IWPI UQYQJN FKG TGKEJUTÌOKUEJG CNU CWEJ FKG RTQXKP\KCNTÌOKUEJG FGT LWNKUEJ ENCWFKUEJGP &[PCUVKG WPF GKIPGV UKEJ JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU )TWPFUVQEM GKPGT 4ÌOGTUCOONWPI CDGT CWEJ \WO #WUDCW GKPGT DGUVGJGPFGP 5COONWPI $KVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP EC 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP 6GKNU OKV MNGKPGP (GJNGTP UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP FGT -CKUGT\GKV 6GKN XQO 6QF 0GTQU DKU \WO 'PFG FGT GTUVGP HNCXKUEJGP &[PCUVKG &CU KPVGTGUUCPVG 1DLGMV GPVJ·NV 2T·IWPIGP XQP )CNDC 1VJQ 8KVGNNKWU 8GURCUKC PWU 6KVWU &QOKVKCPWU WPF ,WNKC 6KVK FCTWPVGT &GPCTG 5GUVGT\G UQYKG FKXGTUG TGKEJU WPF RTQXKP \KCNTÌOKUEJG 5KNDGTOÒP\GP W C GKPGP 3WKPCT \YGK #PVQPKPKCPG IGRT·IV WPVGT 2JKNKRRWU #TCDU FK XGTUG 5KNDGTOÒP\GP CWU %CGUCTGC %CRRCFQEKCG GVE &KG 5COONWPI DKGVGV GKPGP IWVGP ªDGTDNKEM ÒDGT FKG /ÒP\RT·IWPI FGU IGPCPPVGP <GKVTCWOGU WPF UQNNVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIV YGTFGP EC 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP 6GKNU OKV MNGKPGP (GJNGTP UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP FGT -CKUGT\GKV 6GKN &KG <GKV FGT #FQRVKXMCKUGT WPF FGT #PVQPKPG &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV 2T·IWPIGP XQP 0GTXC DKU %QOOQFWU FCDGK CWEJ FKG MCKUGTNKEJGP &COGP WPF #GNKWU W C &GPCTG ÒDGT 5GUVGT\G UQYKG \CJNTGKEJG YGKVGTG VGKNU UGNVGPG TGKEJU WPF RTQXKP\K CNTÌOKUEJG 5KNDGT WPF $TQP\GOÒP\GP &CU JQEJKPVGTGUUCPVG 1DLGMV IKDV GKPGP JGTXQTTCIGPFGP ªDGT DNKEM ÒDGT )GUEJKEJVG WPF /ÒP\RT·IWPI GKPGT HCU\KPKGTGPFGP 'RQEJG WPF KUV FWTEJ \CJNTGKEJG KPVGTGU UCPVG WPF UGNVGPG 5VÒEMG UQYQJN HÒT GKPGP DGIKPPGPFGP CNU CWEJ HÒT GKPGP GTHCJTGPGP 5COONGT KPVGTGU UCPV $KVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP EC 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP 9GPKIG OKV MNGKPGP (GJNGTP UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP FGT -CKUGT\GKV 6GKN 8QP FGT 'TOQTFWPI FGU %QOOQFWU DKU \WO 'PFG FGT 5GXGTGT &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV 2T·IWPIGP XQP &KFKWU ,WNKCPWU /CPNKC 5ECPVKNNC %NQFKWU #NDKPWU FGP 5GXGTGTP UQYKG /CETKPWU WPF &KCFWOGPKCPWU FCDGK CWEJ FKG MCKUGTNKEJGP &COGP W C &GPCTG #PVQPKPKCPG UQYKG \CJNTGKEJG YGKVGTG VGKNU UGNVGPG TGKEJU WPF RTQXKP\KCNTÌOKUEJG 5KNDGT WPF $TQP\GOÒP\GP &CU JQEJKPVGTGUUCPVG 1DLGMV IKDV GKPGP JGTXQTTCIGPFGP ªDGTDNKEM ÒDGT )GUEJKEJVG WPF /ÒP\RT·IWPI GKPGT HCU\KPKGTGPFGP 'RQEJG WPF KUV FWTEJ \CJNTGKEJG KPVGTGUUCPVG WPF UGNVGPG 5VÒEMG UQYQJN HÒT GKPGP DGIKPPGPFGP CNU CWEJ HÒT GKPGP GTHCJTGPGP 5COONGT KPVGTGUUCPV $KVVG WPDGFKPIV DG UKEJVKIGP EC 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP FGT -CKUGT\GKV 6GKN 8QP /CZKOKPWU + 6JTCZ DKU #GOKNKCPWU &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV 2T·IWPIGP CWU FGT <GKV XQP P %JT FCTWPVGT CWEJ UGNVGPG -CKUGT \ $ $CN DKPWU Z *QUVKNKCPWU CNU #WIWUVWU #GOKNKCPWU GVE 'U UKPF UQYQJN TGKEJU CNU CWEJ RTQXKP\KCNTÌOKUEJG 2T·IWPIGP KP 5KNDGT WPF $TQP\G GPVJCNVGP FCTWPVGT CWEJ UGNVGPG 5VÒEMG DGUQPFGTU DGK FGP 2TQXKP\KCN RT·IWPIGP &CU JQEJKPVGTGUUCPVG 1DLGMV IKDV GKPGP IWVGP ªDGTDNKEM ÒDGT FKG TÌOKUEJG /ÒP\RT·IWPI WPF KUV FWTEJ \CJNTGKEJG KPVGTGUUCPVG WPF UGNVGPG 5VÒEMG UQYQJN HÒT GKPGP DGIKPPGPFGP CNU CWEJ HÒT GKPGP GTHCJTGPGP 5COONGT KPVGTGUUCPV &KG $GUVKOOWPIUM·TVEJGP FGU 5COONGTU NKGIGP FGP /ÒP\GP DGK $KVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP EC 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
198
LOTS RÖMISCHER MÜNZEN
5COONWPI TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP FGT -CKUGT\GKV 6GKN 8QP 8CNGTKCPWU + DKU %CTKPWU &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV 2T·IWPIGP CWU FGT <GKV XQP P %JT FCTWPVGT CWEJ UGNVGPG 4GIGPVGP \ $ /CTKPKCPC /CETKCPWU WPF 3WKGVWU GVE 'U UKPF UQYQJN TGKEJU CNU CWEJ RTQXKP\KCNTÌOKUEJG 2T·IWPIGP KP 5KNDGT WPF $TQP\G GPVJCNVGP FCTWPVGT CWEJ UGNVGPG 5VÒEMG DGUQPFGTU DGK FGP 2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGP CDGT CWEJ DGK FGP $TQP\GOÒP\GP FGU 2QUVWOWU &CU JQEJKPVGTGUUCPVG 1DLGMV IKDV GKPGP IWVGP ªDGTDNKEM ÒDGT FKG TÌOKUEJG /ÒP\RT·IWPI FGU IGPCPPVGP <GKVTCWOGU WPF KUV FWTEJ \CJNTGKEJG KPVGTGUUCPVG WPF UGNVGPG 5VÒEMG UQYQJN HÒT GKPGP DGIKPPGPFGP CNU CWEJ HÒT GKPGP GTHCJTGPGP 5COONGT KPVGTGUUCPV &KG $GUVKO OWPIUM·TVEJGP FGU 5COONGTU NKGIGP FGP /ÒP\GP DGK $KVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP EC 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP GKPKIG DGUUGT
5COONWPI TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP FGT -CKUGT\GKV 6GKN 8QP FGT 6GVTCTEJKG DKU \WO 'PFG FGU 4GK EJGU &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV #PVQPKPKCPG FGT 6GVTCTEJGP WPF FGU DTKVCPPKUEJGP 5QPFGTTGKEJGU HGTPGT (QNNGU WPF 6GKNUVÒEMG /CKQTKPCG %GPVGPKQPCNGU 0WOOK GVE YGPKIG 5KNKSWCG &C\W GKPKIG HTÒJGTG TÌOKUEJG 2T·IWPIGP +PVGTGUUCPVGU 1DLGMV DKVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP EC 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP GKPKIG DGUUGT
5COONWPI TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP FGT -CKUGT\GKV 6GKN #NGZCPFTKPGT &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV 2T·IWPIGP FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG #NGZCPFTKC XQP #WIWUVWU DKU \WT 6GVTCTEJKG OGKUV 6GVTCFTCEJOGP CDGT CWEJ &TCEJ OGP FCTWPVGT GKP UEJYCEJ GTJCNVGPGT #PVKPQQU WPF GKPG 2T·IWPI CWU FGT 6KGTMTGKUUGTKG FGU #PVQPKPWU 2KWU WPF FKXGTUG MNGKPGTG $TQP\GPQOKPCNG W C CEJV 5VÒEM FGU #WIWUVWU &CU 1DLGMV XGTOKVVGNV GKPGP IWVGP ªDGTDNKEM ÒDGT FKG CNGZCPFTKPKUEJG /ÒP\RT·IWPI WPF KUV IWV CNU )TWPFUVQEM HÒT GKPG #NGZCPFTK PGTUCOONWPI CDGT CWEJ \WO #WUDCW GKPGT DGUVGJGPFGP 5COONWPI IGGKIPGV $KVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVK IGP EC 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP GKPKIG DGUUGT
5COONWPI TÌOKUEJGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP &KG KPVGTGUUCPVG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV ÒDGTYKGIGPF TGKEJUTÌOKUEJG $TQP\GOÒP\GP OGKUV 5GUVGT\G YGPKIG 2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGP CEJV UR·VTÌOKUEJG $TQP\GOÒP\GP WPF GKPG U[TCMWUCPKUEJG $TQP\GOÒP\G FGU *KGTQP ++ &KG TGKEJUTÌOKUEJGP 2T·IWPIGP TGKEJGP \GKVNKEJ XQP FGT HTÒJGP -CKUGT\GKV DKU KP FCU XKGTVG ,CJTJWPFGTV P %JT JGTXQT\WJGDGP KUV \ $ GKP 5GUVGT\ FGT #ITKR RKPC OCVGT 4GXGTU %CTRGPVWO &C XKGNG -CKUGT WPF MCKUGTNKEJG &COGP XGTVTGVGP UKPF GKIPGV UKEJ FCU 1DLGMV JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU )TWPFUVQEM HÒT FGP #WHDCW GKPGT 4ÌOGTUCOONWPI CDGT CWEJ \WO #WUDCW GKPGT DGUVGJGPFGP 5COONWPI $KVVG DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI TÌOKUEJGT &GPCTG WPF #PVQPKPKCPG 'PVJCNVGP UKPF &GPCTG XQP FGT 4GRWDNKM Z DKU KP FCU FTKVVG ,CJTJWPFGTV P %JT FCTWPVGT GKP &GPCT FGU 6KDGTKWU 6TKDWVGRGPP[ GKPKIG HNCXKUEJG 2T·IWP IGP &GPCTG FGT #FQRVKXMCKUGT W C #GNKWU %CGUCT FGT 5GXGTGT GVE &KG GPVJCNVGPGP #PVQPKPKCPG UVCOOGP CWU FGT <GKV FGU )QTFKCPWU +++ DKU %CTKPWU FCDGK W C (NQTKCPWU WPF GKPKIG UGJT JÒDUEJG .KPUDÒUVGP FGU 2TQDWU &KG KPVGTGUUCPVG 5COONWPI GKIPGV UKEJ FWTEJ FKG \CJNTGKEJGP GPVJCNVGPGP 4GIGP VGP FKG VGKNU UGJT IWVGP 3WCNKV·VGP UQYKG GKPKIG KPVGTGUUCPVG &CTUVGNNWPIGP JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU )TWPFUVQEM HÒT FGP #WHDCW GKPGT 4ÌOGTUCOONWPI CDGT CWEJ \WO #WUDCW GKPGT DGUVGJGPFGP 5COONWPI *QEJKPVGT GUUCPVGU 1DLGMV DKVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ YGPKIG UEJY·EJGT
5COONWPI TÌOKUEJGT &GPCTG &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV 2T·IWPIGP XQP FGT 4GRWDNKM DKU KPU FTKVVG ,CJT JWPFGTV P %JT FCTWPVGT HÒPH 2T·IWPIGP FGU #WIWUVWU GKP 6TKDWVGRGPP[ FGU 6KDGTKWU GVE &CU KPVGTGU UCPVG 1DLGMV GPVJ·NV )GRT·IG XKGNGT -CKUGT WPF MCKUGTNKEJGT &COGP WPF GKIPGV UKEJ JGTXQTTCIGPF HÒT FGP 'KPUVKGI KP FKGUGU HCU\KPKGTGPFG 5COOGNIGDKGV CDGT CWEJ \WO #WUDCW GKPGT DGUVGJGPFGP 5COONWPI WPF UQNNVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIV YGTFGP 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI TÌOKUEJGT 2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGP &CU JQEJKPVGTGUUCPVG 1DLGMV GPVJ·NV ÒDGTYKGIGPF 2TQXKP \KCNRT·IWPIGP CWU -NGKPCUKGP FCTWPVGT CWEJ KPVGTGUUCPVG 5VÒEMG YKG GKPG *QOQPQKC 2T·IWPI 2GTICOQP OKV 5CTFGKU #WIWUVWU GKPG $TQP\G FGT .WEKNNC CWU 5[PPCFC &QOKVKC \CJNTGKEJG )TQDTQP\GP CWU 6CTUQU GVE &CU 1DLGMV GKIPGV UKEJ JGTXQTTCIGP CNU )TWPFUVQEM HÒT FGP #WHDCW GKPGT 5COONWPI XQP 2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGP CDGT CWEJ \WO #WUDCW GKPGT DGUVGJGPFGP 5COONWPI WPF UQNNVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJ VKIV YGTFGP EC 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP /GKUV UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI TÌOKUEJGT &GPCTG WPF #PVQPKPKCPG UQYKG GKPKIGT 2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGP WPF )TKGEJGP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF &GPCTG XQP FGT 4GRWDNKM DKU KPU FTKVVG ,CJTJWPFGTV P %JT \WO 6GKN OKV KPVGTGUUCP VGP 4ÒEMUGKVGP \ $ 8KC 6TCKCPC #PVQPKPKCPG 2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGP CNGZCPFTKPKUEJG WPF U[TKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOGP GKP %KUVQRJQT UQYKG UKGDGP YGKVGTG OGKUV ITKGEJKUEJG 5KNDGTOÒP\GP FCTWPVGT \YGK 6GVTCFTCEJOGP *QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU .QV DKVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI CPVKMGT OGKUV TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP &KG 5COONWPI FKG JKGT CNU IGUEJNQUUGPGU 1DLGMV KP \YGK /ÒP\MQHHGTP CPIGDQVGP YKTF GPVJ·NV ITKGEJKUEJG /ÒP\GP KP 5KNDGT WPF $TQP\G W C GKPG 6GV TCFTCEJOG #NGZCPFGTU FGU )TQGP WPF GKPG 6GVTCFTCEJOG XQP 6JCUQU UCUCPKFKUEJG &TCEJOGP GVE TÌOKUEJG 5KNDGT WPF $TQP\GOÒP\GP XQP FGT 4GRWDNKM DKU KP FKG 5R·VCPVKMG FCTWPVGT GKPKIG KPVGTGUUCPVG $TQP\GOÒP\GP FGT 4GRWDNKM GKPKIG KPVGTGUUCPVG 2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGP &GPCTG #PVQPKPKCPG 5GUVGT\GP GKPG 5KNKSWC FGU %QPUVCPVKWU ++ GVE UQYKG GKPKIG D[\CPVKPKUEJG WPF QTKGPVCNKUEJG )GRT·IG *QEJKPVGTGU UCPVGU 1DLGMV FCU WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIV YGTFGP UQNNVG EC 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP 9GPKIG DGUEJ·FKIV QFGT IGNQEJV IGTKPI GTJCNVGPpUGJT UEJÌP 199
LOTS RÖMISCHER MÜNZEN
5COONWPI #PVQPKPKCPG 'NCICDCN )QTFKCPWU +++ 2KWU 1VCEKNKC 5GXGTC 6TCKCPWU &GEKWU 6TGDQPKCPWU )CNNWU 8QNWUKCPWU 8CNGTKCPWU )CNNKGPWU 2QUVWOWU %NCWFKWU )QVJKEWU WPF 6CEKVWU &KG 5VÒEMG UKPF FWTEJYGI CVVTCMVKX $KVVG DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌP GKPKIG DGUUGT
.QV TÌOKUEJGT &GPCTG WPF #PVQPKPKCPG &CU .QV GPVJ·NV &GPCTG XQP 8GURCUKCPWU &QOKVKCPWU 0GTXC 6TCKCP *CFTKCP #PVQPKPWU 2KWU #PVQPKPWU ++ /CTEWU #WTGNKWU .WEKWU 8GTWU %QOOQFWU %NQFKWU #NDKPWU 5GRVKOKWU 5GXGTWU #PVQPKPWU +++ %CTCECNNC )GVC 2NCWVKNNC 'NCICDCN ,WNKC /CGUC WPF #NGZ CPFGT 5GXGTWU (GTPGT UKPF #PVQPKPKCPG FCTWPVGT 8KEVQTKPWU 6CEKVWU %CTWU 0WOGTKCPWU UQYKG GKPG 5KNKSWC GPVJCNVGP 5VÒEM /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI OGKUV TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP &CU KPVGTGUUCPVG 1DLGMV GPJ·NV &GPCTG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU P %JT FCTWPVGT W C 8KVGNNKWU WPF /CETKPWU #PVQPKPKCPG FKXGTUG $TQP\GP FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU P %JT FCTWPVGT W C GKP &WRQPFKWU FGU 0GTXC WPF GKPG /CKQTKPC FGU /CIPGPVKWU GKPG 5KNKSWC FGU ,WNKCPWU ++ FTGK 2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGP FCTWPVGT GKP CNGZCPFTKPKUEJGT 1DQN FGU %NCWFKWU 4GXGTU 0KN RHGTF UQYKG \YGK ITKGEJKUEJG )GRT·IG 5[TCMWU U FGU *KGTQP ++ WPF %CRRCFQEKC &TCEJOG FGU #TKQDCT\CPGU +PVGTGUUCPVG 5COONWPI FKG UKEJ FWTEJ FKG XKGNGP XGTVTGVGPGP 4GIGPVGP WPF 0QOKPCNG JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU )TWPFUVQEM HÒT GKPG 4ÌOGTUCOONWPI GKIPGV $KVVG DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP
-NGKPGU .QV TGKEJUTÌOKUEJGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF \YGK 3WCFTCPVGP %NCWFKWU CPQO[O UQYKG HÒPH 5GUVGT\GP Z 5GXGTWU #NGZCPFGT /CZKOKPWU + 6JTCZ 2JKNKRRWU #TCDU 4GXGTU 9ÌNHKP OKV 4QOWNWU WPF 4GOWU 1VCEKNKC 5GXGTC $KVVG DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM (CUV UGJT UEJÌP WPF UGJT UEJÌP
.QV OGKUV TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP &CU KPVGTGUUCPVG .QV GPVJ·NV W C &GPCTG W C &QOKVKCPWU 6TCKCPWU Z *CFTKCPWU #PVQPKPWU 2KWU GVE #PVQPKPKCPG W C 2TQDWU 4GXGTU #&8'0685 #8) FKXGTUG OGKUV UR·VTÌOKUEJG $TQP\GOÒP\GP UQYKG GKPG &TCEJOG #NGZCPFGTU FGU )TQGP $KVVG DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP YGPKIG UEJY·EJGT
2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGP KP $TQP\G 5KNDGT WPF $KNNQP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF W C GKP U FGU %NCWFKWU CWU /C MGFQPKGP 42% 2T·IWPIGP CWU -KNKMKGP W C 8CNGTKCPWU + #PC\CTDQU 4GXGTU 2TGKUMTQPG CWH 6KUEJ FTGK CNGZCPFTKPKUEJG 2T·IWPIGP \YGK 6GVTCFTCEJOGP WPF GKP &KQDQN FGU 8GURCUKCPWU GKPG U[TKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOG FGU 6TCKCPWU GVE +PVGTGUUCPVGU .QV DKVVG DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI TÌOKUEJGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF TGKEJUTÌOKUEJG 2T·IWPIGP XQO 3WCFTCPU DKU \WO 5GUVGT\GP CWU FGT <GKV XQP #WIWUVWU DKU 2JKNKRRWU #TCDU UQYKG UR·VTÌOKUEJG $TQP\GOÒP\GP
OGKUV (QNNGU WPF 6GKNUVÒEMG XQP FGT 6GVTCTEJKG DKU KP FKG \YGKVG *·NHVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU P %JT &KG KPVGTGUUCPVG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV 2T·IWPIGP XKGNGT XGTUEJKGFGPGT -CKUGT CDGT CWEJ MCKUGTNKEJGT &COGP KP VGKNU TGEJV JÒDUEJGP 3WCNKV·VGP WPF GKIPGV UKEJ JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU )TWPFUVQEM HÒT FGP #WHDCW GKPGT 4Ì OGTUCOONWPI CDGT CWEJ \WO #WUDCW GKPGT DGUVGJGPFGP 5COONWPI WPF UQNNVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIV YGTFGP 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP GKPKIG DGUUGT
)GOKUEJVGU .QV ITKGEJKUEJGT TÌOKUEJGT WPF D[\CPVKPKUEJGT /ÒP\GP OGKUV KP $TQP\G &CU KPVGTGU UCPVG .QV GPVJ·NV ÒDGTYKGIGPF $TQP\GOÒP\GP FCTWPVGT ITKGEJKUEJG )GRT·IG W C GKPKIG KPVGTGUUCPVG U[TKUEJG 2T·IWPIGP FCTWPVGT CWEJ 6T[RJQP TGKEJUTÌOKUEJG 2T·IWPIGP XQP FGT HTÒJGP -CKUGT\GKV DKU KP FKG 5R·VCPVKMG FCTWPVGT GKPKIG 5GUVGT\G 2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGP W C CNGZCPFTKPKUEJG &TCEJOGP D[\CP VKPKUEJG $TQP\GOÒP\GP UQYKG GKPG KVCNKGPKUEJG $TQP\GOGFCKNNG CWH &KXWU #WIWUVWU 'U UKPF CWEJ PGWP 2T·IWPIGP KP 5KNDGT D\Y $KNNQP GPVJCNVGP &GPCTG WPF #PVQPKPKCPG +PVGTGUUCPVGU 1DLGMV DKVVG WPDG FKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP EC 5VÒEM 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
5COONWPI TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP FGT -CKUGT\GKV 'PVJCNVGP UKPF &GPCTG XQP 6TCKCP *CFTKCP #PVQPKPWU + 2KWU #PVQPKPWU ++ /CTEWU #WTGNKWU (CWUVKPC HKNKC %QOOQFWU 5GRVKOKWU 5GXGTWU ,WNKC &QOPC #PVQPKPWU +++ %CTCECNNC Z #PVQPKPWU +8 'NCICDCN ,WNKC /CGUC 5GXGTWU #NGZCPFGT WPF ,WNKC /CGUC #PVQPKPKCPG FGU 2JKNKRRWU + #TCDU WPF FGU 2TQDWU GKP &WRQPFKWU FGU 0GTQ UQYKG \GJP (QNNGU
FCTWPVGT (CWUVC *GNGPC WPF )CNGTKC 8CNGTKC &C\W GKPG &TCEJOG FGU #NGZCPFGT +++ XQP /CEGFQPKGP &WTEJ FKG VGKNU UGJT JÒDUEJGP WPF FWTEJI·PIKI UCOOGNYÒTFKIGP 3WCNKV·VGP UQYKG FKG 8KGN\CJN FGT XGT VTGVGPGP -CKUGT WPF -CKUGTKPPGP GKIPGV UKEJ FCU 1DLGMV JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU )TWPFUVQEM HÒT FGP #WHDCW GKPGT 4ÌOGTUCOONWPI CDGT CWEJ \WO #WUDCW GKPGT DGUVGJGPFGP 5COONWPI $KVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVK IGP 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
.QV TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP FGT -CKUGT\GKV &CU KPVGTGUUCPVG 1DLGMV GPVJ·NV UKGDGP &GPCTG &KXWU 8GURCUKC PWU 6TCKCPWU *CFTKCPWU %CTCECNNC 'NCICDCN OKV *QTP ,WNKC 5QCGOKCU ,WNKC 2CWNC #PVQPKPKCPG XQP FGP 2JKNKRRK DKU 2QUVWOWU FCTWPVGT GKP 2QUVWOWU OKV 4GXGTU (NWIQVV 4JGPWU GKP #U FGU )CNDC GKPGP &QRRGNUGUVGT\ FGU 2QUVWOWU WPF (QNNGU FCTWPVGT UGJT CVVTCMVKXG 6TKGTGT 5VÒEMG UQYKG GKP &KXWU 4QOWNWU &C\W GKPG ITKGEJKUEJG $TQP\GOÒP\G 2JQGPKEKC 5KFQP &CU 1DLGMV GKIPGV UKEJ JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU )TWPFUVQEM HÒT FGP #WHDCW GKPGT 4ÌOGTUCOONWPI FC XKGNG XGTUEJKGFGPG 4GIGPVGP UQYKG XKGNG UGJT CVVTCMVKXG 5VÒEMG GPVJCNVGP UKPF $KVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
.QV TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP &CU .QV GPVJ·NV GKPGP &GPCT FGT TÌOKUEJGP 4GRWDNKM %TCYH 4GXGTU 6CTRGKC XKGT &GPCTG FGT TÌOKUEJGP -CKUGT\GKV Z 6KVWU 6TCKCP IGHCV KP GKPGT -GVVG #PVQPKPWU 2KWU GKPGP #PVQPKPKCP FGU 2QUVWOWU 4GXGTU (NWIQVV 4JGPWU UQYKG GKPGP -NGKPHQNNKU 5VÒEM /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP FTGK 'ZGORNCTG IGHCV
200
VÖLKERWANDERUNG
.QV OGKUV TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP XQP FGT 4GRWDNKM DKU KP FKG 5R·VCPVKMG &CU KPVGTGUUCPVG .QV GPVJ·NV W C GKP #GU ITCXG 6TKGPU %TCYH &GPCTG FCDGK 4GRWDNKM #WIWUVWU FKXGTUG #PVQPKPKCPG WPF TGKEJUTÌOKUEJG $TQP\GOÒP\GP FCTWPVGT \YGK 5GUVGT\G CDGT CWEJ GKPKIG ITKGEJKUEJG )GRT·IG W C &TCEJOGP #NGZCPFGTU FGU )TQGP \YGK RCTVJKUEJG &TCEJOGP UQYKG GKPGP &KQDQN FGT -NGQRCVTC 8++ WPF D[\CPVKPKUEJG $TQP\GOÒP\GP +PVGTGUUCPVGU .QV DKVVG DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP GKPKIG UEJY·EJGT
.QV XQP #PVQPKPKCPGP WPF OGKUV UR·VTÌOKUEJGP $TQP\GOÒP\GP &CU KPVGTGUUCPG .QV GPVJ·NV #PVQ PKPKCPG XQP )QTFKCPWU +++ DKU \WT 6GVTCTEJKG FCDGK W C GKP 2TQDWU OKV KPVGTGUUCPVGT .KPMUDÒUVG UQYKG $TQP\GOÒP\GP OGKUV (QNNGU /CKQTKPCG CPF 6GKNUVÒEMG CDGT CWEJ GKP #U FGU 6TCKCPWU +PVGTGUUCPVGU .QV DKVVG DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP GKPKIG DGUUGT
.QV OGKUV TGKEJUTÌOKUEJGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP &CU KPVGTGUUCPVG .QV GPVJ·NV GKPGP 3WCFTCPU FGU %CNKIWNC GKP #U FGU %NCWFKWU 4GXGTU %QPUVCPVKC GKP #U FGU 0GTQ GKP #U FGU 8KVGNNKWU GKPGP &WRQPFKWU FGU 8KVGNNKWU UQYKG UR·VTÌOKUEJG $TQP\GOÒP\GP FCDGK W C *GNGPC UQYKG GKPG CNGZCPFTKPKUEJG 6GV TCFTCEJOG FGU #WTGNKCPWU OKV 8CDCNCVJWU +PVGTGUUCPVGU .QV DKVVG DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP
.QV TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP FGT -CKUGT\GKV &CU .QV GPVJ·NV TÌOKUEJG /ÒP\GP FGU DKU ,CJTJWPFGTVU P %JT FCTWPVGT FTGK &GPCTG 6TCKCP %TKURKPC %CTCECNNC FTGK 5GUVGT\G *CFTKCPWU #PVQPKPWU 2KWU /CZKOKPWU + 6JTCZ UQYKG FKXGTUG #PVQPKPKCPG UR·VTÌOKUEJG $TQP\GOÒP\GP WPF GKPG CNGZCPFTKPKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOG 5VÒEM 5EJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP
5RG\KCNUCOONWPI /CZGPVKWU &KG KPVGTGUUCPVG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV 2T·IWPIGP OGKUV (QNNGU FCTWPVGT GKPGP (QNNKU FGU /CZGPVKWU HÒT /CZKOKCPWU WPF GKPGP (QNNKU FGU /CZGPVKWU HÒT &KXWU 4QOWNWU &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV XKGNG XGTUEJKGFGPG $ÒUVGPXCTKCPVGP 2T·IWPIGP CWU XKGNGP /ÒP\UV·VVGP 4QO 1UVKC %CTVJCIQ 6KEKPWO WPF #SWKNGKC UQYKG XKGNG 4GXGTUOQVKXG &CU 1DLGMV GKIPGV UKEJ JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU )TWPFUVQEM HÒT FGP #WHDCW GKPGT /CZGPVKWU 5RG\KCNUCOONWPI CDGT CWEJ \WO #WUDCW GKPGT DGUVGJGPFGP 5COONWPI WPF UQNNVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIV YGTFGP 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP GKP 5VÒEM OKV 5EJTÌVNKPIUNQEJ
8¤.-'49#0&'470)
1392
1391
9'56)16'0
.KXXC ++ Ô 6TGOKUUKU 'OGTKVC I $GKFGTUGKVU $ÒUVG X X %08 /KNGU G 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
6WNICP Ô 6TGOKUUKU 'OGTKVC I $GKFGTUGKVU $ÒUVG X X %08 XCT /KNGU XCT 44 )GTGKPKIV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&KG $GK\GKEJGP \W DGKFGP 5GKVGP FGT $ÒUVG CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG UKPF YGFGT DGK /KNGU PQEJ KO %08 XGT\GKEJPGV 'KPG ·JPNKEJG )GUVCNVWPI FGU /ÒP\DKNFGU KUV CDGT WPVGT 6WNICP CWU FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG .WUKVCPKC DGMCPPV XIN %08
1393
1393 1,5:1
156)16'0
#VJCNCTKEJ Ô 5QNKFWU OKV 0COGP +WUVKPKCPWU + 4CXGPPC I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ N 5VGTP -TCWU XCT *CJP /+$ 4QO /GVNKEJ C 4 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
201
VÖLKERWANDERUNG
1,5:1
1394
1,5:1
Õ 5KNKSWC OKV 0COGP +WUVKPKCPWU + 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO +P -TCP\ & 0 #6*#. #4+%85 4+: -TCWU *CJP /+$ /GVNKEJ 5GJT UEJÌP
1395
6JGQFCJCF (QNNKU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV -TQPG 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI )TKGTUQP HH *CJP /+$ -TCWU HH /GVNKEJ D 4 -QTTQFKGTV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
1396
1,5:1
1,5:1
9KVKIKU Õ 5KNKSWC 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO +P -TCP\ &0 88+6 +%'5 4': *CJP /+$ /GVVNKEJ -TCWU XGTIN HH -N 4CPFCWUDTWEJ UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
1397
.#0)1$#4&'0
$'0'8'06 4QOQCNF ++ 'N 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU +WUVKPKCPWU ++ I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU -TGW\ CWH XKGT 5VWHGP N 4 %0+ :8+++ 5 XGTIN HH )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 1FF[ 44 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
1398
1398 1,5:1
#010;/
)QNFDTQUEJG ,CJTJWPFGTV #OGVJ[UV KP QXCNGT )QNFHCUUWPI CWU \YGK 2GTNGPUEJPÒTGP OKV \YGK FC\YKUEJGPNKGIGPFGP $QTFÒTGP CWU *CNDDÌIGP ¤UG WPF 5EJCTPKGT CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG GTJCNVGP FKG 0CFGN HGJNV 2WDNK\KGTV KP 9GTN $GIGIPWPI OKV 9GTN KP )GUEJKEJVG WPF )GIGPYCTV 9GTN 5 .·PIG OO $TGKVG OO *ÌJG OO )GYKEJV I )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QT\ÒINKEJG #TDGKV
&KG -WPUV /GVCNN WPF KPUDGUQPFGTG )QNF \W XGTCTDGKVGP IGPQUU KO /GTQYKPIGTTGKEJ FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU WPF CP FGUUGP )TGP\GP GKP JQJGU #PUGJGP 'KP IWVGU $GKURKGN JKGTHÒT KUV FGT #WHUVKGI FGU )QNFUEJOKGFU 'NKIKWU CWU 5ÒF ICNNKGP \WO /QPGVCT WPF UEJNKGNKEJ UQICT CNU 8GTVTCWVGT FGU -ÌPKIU &CIQDGTV + \WO $KUEJQH XQP 0Q[QP &CDGK UEJGKPV GU MGKPG 'PVYKEMNWPI XQP GKPGO URG\KHKUEJ TÌOKUEJGP JKP \W GKPGO HT·PMKUEJ IGTOCPKUEJGP *CPFYGTM IGIGDGP \W JCDGP 8KGNOGJT DGUVCPF GKPG WPIGDTQEJGPG -QPVKPWKV·V KO -WPUVIGYGTDG OKV 'NGOGPVGP DGKFGT -WNVWTMTGKUG #WU FGT IGTOCPKUEJGP 6TCFKVKQP UVCOOVG FCDGK FKG 6KGTFCTUVGNNWPI YQJKPIGIGP FKG CPVKM TÌOKUEJG -QORQPGPVG FWTEJ 5EJOWEMUVGKPGKPNCIGP YKG DGK FGT XQTNKGIGPFGP $TQUEJG \W UGJGP IGDKNFGV YWTFG
XIN 4QVJ * -WPUV FGT /GTQYKPIGT\GKV KP &KG (TCPMGP 9GIDGTGKVGT 'WTQRCU $F /CKP\ 5
202
BYZANZ
$;<#06+0+5%*' /ª0<'0
1400
1399
$;<#0<
#PCUVCUKWU Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ FCJKPVGT 5VGTP &1% I 5GCT -N -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU UQPUV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ FCJKPVGT 5VGTP &1% J 5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\
1401
1403
1402
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ FCJKPVGT 5VGTP &1% K 5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ FCJKPVGT 5VGTP &1% K 5GCT /KP IGYGNNV MN -TCV\GT NGKEJV DGUEJPKVVGP UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ FCJKPVGT 5VGTP &1% D 5GCT 5GNVGPG 8CTKCPVG 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1404
(QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 9GTV &1% D 5GCT )TÒPDTCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1405
1406
,WUVKPWU + Ô 6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF -TGW\INQDWU KO (GNF T 5VGTP &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
%GPVGPKQPCNKU %JGTUQP ! I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\UVCD WPF )NQDWU &1% *CJP /+$' 5GCT % 44 5GJT UEJÌP
&KGUG 5VÒEMG YCTGP PWT HÒT FGP 7ONCWH KP %JGTUQP PKEJV KO IGUCOVGP 4GKEJ DGUVKOOV 1D UKG KP %JGTUQP IGRT·IV YWTFGP KUV WPMNCT
203
BYZANZ
1408
1407
1407
WPF +WUVKPKCPWU + (QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 9GTV &1% QJPG FKGUG 1HHK\KP 5GCT 44 )TÒPDTCWPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
+WUVKPKCPWU + Õ 5KNKSWC %CTVJCIQ I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 816 /8.6 *6+ KP -TCP\ &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1409
1,5:1
1,5:1
Ô 5QNKFWU 4CXGPPC I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO -TGW\INQDWU WPF 5EJKNF 'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\UVCD WPF )NQDWU T UGEJUUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP &1% *CJP /+$' 5GCT # 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG YKP\ -TCV\GT CWH FGO 4GXGTU XQT\ÒINKEJ 0CEJFGO $GNKUCT FKG 1UVIQVGP CWU 4QO XGTVTKGDGP JCVVG NKG GT \WP·EJUV 5QNKFK PCEJ #TV FGT FQTV WPVGT 9KVKIKU IGRT·IVGP 5VÒEMG UEJNCIGP 5EJNKGNKEJ YWTFGP YGPKIG 5QNKFK YKG FCU XQTNKGIGPFG 5VÒEM PCEJ UVCFVTÌOKUEJGO 8QT DKNF CWUIGOÒP\V OKV UGEJUUVTCJNKIGO 5VGTP %101$ WPF FGO )NQDWU QJPG -TGW\ /KV FGO #D\WI FGU $GNKUCT CWU 4CXGPPC 'PFG YWTFG FQTV FKG 2T·IWPI XQP )QNFOÒP\GP HÒT GKPKIG ,CJTG GKPIGUVGNNV
1411
1410
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO -TGW\INQ DWU WPF 5EJKNF 'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU T 5VGTP &1% D 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO -TGW\INQ DWU WPF 5EJKNF 'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU T 5VGTP &1% I 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1413
204
1412
1413
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO -TGW\INQDWU WPF 5EJKNF 'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU T 5VGTP &1% 5GCT 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CO 4CPF )TCHHKVK CWH FGO 4GXGTU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
(QNNKU 4GIKGTWPIULCJT 6JGWRQNKU #PVKQEJKC I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO -TGW\INQDWU WPF 5EJKNF 9GTV &1% 5GCT ªDGTFWTEJUEJPKVVNKEJ GTJCNVGP )TÒPG 2CVKPC MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CO 4CPF HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
BYZANZ
1415
1414
+WUVKPWU ++ Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU WPF 5EJKNF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV <GRVGT WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% H 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQ DWU WPF 5EJKNF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV <GRVGT WPF -TGW\INQDWU N -TGW\ &1% 5GCT 44 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UQPUV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1417
1416
1416
Ô 6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO 8KEVQTKC X X OKV -TCP\ WPF -TGW\INQDWU T 5VGTP &1% 5GCT /KP IGYGNNV DTGKVGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
WPF 5QRJKC (QNNKU 4QO I -CKUGT WPF -CKUGTKP UKV\GP X X 9GTV &1% 5GCT 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
1418
1,5:1
1,5:1
6KDGTKWU ++ %QPUVCPVKPWU Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %QPUWNCTDÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG /CRRC WPF #FNGT\GRVGT OKV -TGW\ -TGW\ CWH XKGT 5VWHGP &1% 5GCT 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1419
(QNNKU ,CJT %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I -QPUWNCTDÒUVG X X OKV /CRRC WPF #FNGT\GRVGT 9GTV &1% G 5GCT $TCWPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1420
1421
/CWTKEKWU 6KDGTKWU Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO WPF -TGW\INQDWU 'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% C 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO WPF -TGW\INQDWU 'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% K 5GCT -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CWH FGO 4GXGTU XQT\ÒINKEJ
205
BYZANZ
1423 1422
(QNNKU ,CJT #PVKQEJKC I %QPUWNCTDÒUVG X X OKV #MCMKC WPF #FNGT\GRVGT 9GTV &1% E 5GCT $TCWPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
&GMCPWOOKQP %CTVJCIQ I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV &KCFGO -TGW\ CWH \YGK 5VWHGP &1% 5GCT 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1424
1425
1426
1427
Ô 5QNKFWU 6JGQWRQNKU #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO WPF -TGW\INQ DWU 'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% E 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU 6JGQWRQNKU #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO WPF -TGW\INQDWU 'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% I 5GCT (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU 6JGQWRQNKU #PVKQEJKC I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO WPF -TGW\INQDWU 'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT &TWEMUVGNNG UQPUV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
2JQECU Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I -QPUWNCTDÒUVG X X OKV /CRRC WPF -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU 'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% QJPG FKGUG 1HHK\KP 5GCT 44 5GJT UEJÌP
1428
1429
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU 'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% E 5GCT -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -TGW\ &1% 5GCT $TGKVGU JGTXQTTCIGPF \GPVTKGTVGU 'ZGORNCT IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1430
1431
(QNNKU ,CJT %[\KEWU 1HHK\KP I -QPUWNCTDÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG /CRRC WPF -TGW\ 9GTV &1% D 5GCT )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU 'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% G 5GCT &TWEMUVGNNG CO 4CPF HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
206
BYZANZ
1432
1433 1432 1,5:1
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU 'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% G 5GCT 5GNVGPG 8CTKCPVG 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU 'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% K 5GCT -N -TCV\GT GVYCU DGUEJPKVVGP UGJT UEJÌP
8CTKCPVG OKV #XGTUNGIGPFG F00
1435
1434
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU 'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% C 5GCT 5VGORGNINCP\
Ô 6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -TGW\ &1% 5GCT 2T·IGUEJY·EJG KO 4CPFDGTGKEJ UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -TGW\ &1% Z 5GCT Z 5VÒEM #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP WPF DGUUGT
1438
1437
WPF .GQPVKC (QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I FO (1%#5 22 #8% -CKUGT OKV -TGW\INQDWU WPF -CKUGTKP OKV -TGW\\GRVGT UVGJGP X X 9GTV &1% F XCT 5GCT XCT 5GNVGPG 8CTKCPVG &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
&KG 4GXQNVG FGT *GTCENKK (QNNKU +PFKEVKQP #NGZCPFTGVVC I $ÒUVGP FGU *GTCENKWU 'ZCTEJ XQP #HTKEC WPF UGKPGU 5QJPGU *GTCENKWU FGU UR·VGTGP -CKUGTU X X 9GTV &1% 5GCT 44 $TCWPITÒPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *CWEM WPF #WHJ·WUGT /ÒPEJGP 0T
1440 1439
1441
*GTCENKWU Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO WPF -TGW\ -TGW\ CWH \YGK 5VWHGP &1% C 5GCT 4 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 6TGOKUUKU 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO -TGW\ &1% 5GCT 4 #VVTCMVKXGU JGTXQTTCIGPF \GPVTKGTVGU 'ZGORNCT UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
WPF *GTCENKWU %QPUVCPVKPWU Ô 5QNKFWU ,GTWUCNGO I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X FCTÒDGT -TGW\ -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% 5GCT 4 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT
207
BYZANZ
1443
1442
1443
&GMCPWOOKQP 4QO I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X 9GTV &1% 5GCT
4 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% D 5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1445
1444
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% F 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% F 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1447
1446
Õ *GZCITCOO %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I <YGK -CKUGT UKV\GP X X -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% 5GCT (CUV UGJT UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
Õ *GZCITCOO %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I <YGK -CKUGT UKV\GP X X -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU CWH FTGK 5VWHGP T - &1% 5GCT 4GXGTU NGKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
1449
1448
1449
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP T + &1% F 5GCT )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
(QNNKU 5GNGWEKC +UCWTKCG 1HHK\KP I <YGK -CKUGT UVGJGP X X 9GTV &1% 5GCT 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1450
1,5:1
1451 1452
1,5:1
Ô 5QNKFWU FKEM +PFKMVKQP -CTVJCIQ I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X -TGW\ CWH \YGK 5VWHGP &1% XGTIN 5GCT 4 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU FKEM ! +PFKMVKQP! -CTVJCIQ I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X -TGW\ CWH \YGK 5VWHGP &1% XGTIN 5GCT 4 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% G 5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
208
BYZANZ
1454
1,5:1
1453
1,5:1
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% I 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
OKV *GTCENKWU %QPUVCPVKPWU WPF /CTVKPC Õ 5KNKSWC -CTVJCIQ I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG OKV -TQPG X X $GKFGT $ÒUVGP OKV -TQPG X X FC\YKUEJGP -TGW\ &1% 5GCT )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1456
1455
1457
1457
Õ 5KNKSWC -CTVJCIQ I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG OKV -TQPG X X $GKFGT $ÒUVGP OKV -TQPG X X FC\YKUEJGP -TGW\ &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 5KNKSWC -CTVJCIQ I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG OKV -TQPG X X $GKFGT $ÒUVGP OKV -TQPG X X FC\YKUEJGP -TGW\ &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
(QNNKU ,CJT /ÒP\UV·VVG CWH <[RGTP %QPUVCPVKC! I <YGK -CKUGT WPF -CKUGTKP UVGJGP X X 9GTV &1% C 5GCT 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
1458
1459
1460
OKV *GTCENKWU %QPUVCPVKPWU WPF *GTCENQPCU Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TGK -CKUGT UVGJGP X X -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP \YKUEJGP *GTCENKWU /QPQITCOO WPF ' &1%
QJPG FKGUG 1HHK\KP 5GCT -NGKPGT 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CWH FGO 4GXGTU XQT\ÒINKEJ
%QPUVCPU ++ Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% C 5GCT (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% L 5GCT -N -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU NGKEJV DGUEJPKVVGP UGJT UEJÌP
1461 1462
1463
Ô 5QNKFWU FKEM %CTVJCIQ I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ *GZCITCOO %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% 5GCT (GKPG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP
0WOOK #NGZCPFTKC I -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\UVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU 9GTV + $ FC\YKUEJGP -TGW\ &1% 5GCT 4 5GJT UEJÌP
209
BYZANZ
1465 1464
1466
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% E 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% H 5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% H 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1467
1468
1469
1470
Ô 5GOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU &1% 5GCT #XGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO -TGW\ &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 6TGOKUUKU 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO -TGW\ &1% 5GCT 4 5GJT UEJÌP
WPF %QPUVCPVKPWU +8 Ô 5QNKFWU FKEM +PFKEVKQP %CTVJCIQ I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% XGTIN 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1471
1472
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X FCTÒDGT -TGW\ -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% C 5GCT 9KP\ -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X FCTÒDGT -TGW\ -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% G 5GCT /KP IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP
1473
1474
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% H 5GCT -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
OKV %QPUVCPVKPWU +8 *GTCENKWU WPF 6KDGTKWU Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP \YKUEJGP \YGK 2TKP\GP &1% G 5GCT .GKEJV DGUEJPKVVGP &QRRGNUEJNCI HCUV UVGORGNHTKUEJ
210
BYZANZ
1475
1476
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP \YKUEJGP \YGK 2TKP\GP &1% I 5GCT -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CO 4CPF YKP\ -TCV\GT CWH FGO 4GXGTU UQPUV HCUV UVGORGNHTKUEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP \YKUEJGP \YGK 2TKP\GP &1% I 5GCT )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1478
1477
1479
1480
%QPUVCPVKPWU +8 Ô 6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO -TGW\ &1% 5GCT (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO -TGW\ &1% 5GCT /KP IGYGNNV XQT\ÒINKEJ
OKV *GTCENKWU WPF 6KDGTKWU Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP \YKUEJGP \YGK 2TKP\GP &1% F 5GCT -N -TCV\GT DGUEJPKVVGP UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP \YKUEJGP \YGK 2TKP\GP &1% QJPG FKGUG 1HHK\KP 5GCT -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CO 4CPF UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1482
1481
1482
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT -TGW\ \YKUEJGP \YGK 2TKP\GP &1% J 5GCT $GUEJPKVVGP XQT\ÒINKEJ
(QNNKU 5[TCMWU I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 9GTV \YKUEJGP \YGK 2TKP\GP &1% 5GCT 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC ªDGTRT·IWPIUURWTGP UGJT UEJÌP
1483
1484
+WUVKPKCPWU ++ 4GIKGTWPI Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% E 5GCT -N -TCV\GT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% F 5GCT -N -TCV\GT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
211
BYZANZ
1485
1,5:1
1,5:1
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\ CWH \YGK 5VWHGP WPF #MCMKC &1% H 5GCT 44 -N )TCHHKVK HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T &KG GTUVG %JTKUVWUFCTUVGNNWPI CWH GKPGT /ÒP\G
1486
1,5:1
1,5:1
.GQPVKWU Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG #MCMKC WPF -TGW\INQDWU -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% I 5GCT 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T &GT +UCWTKGT .GQPVKWU JCVVG WPVGT UGKPGP 8QTI·PIGTP GKPG IN·P\GPFG OKNKV·TKUEJG -CTTKGTG IGOCEJV WPF KPUDGUQPFGTG FKG #TCDGT OGJTHCEJ IGUEJNCIGP OCEJVG LGFQEJ +WUVKPKCPWU ++ .GQPVKWU HÒT FKG 0KGFGTNCIG DGK 5GDCUVQRQNKU XGTCPVYQTVNKEJ WPF NKG KJP GKPMGTMGTP +P FGP HQNIGPFGP ,CJTGP XGTUEJNGEJVGTVG UKEJ FKG OKNKV·TKUEJG .CIG FGU 4GKEJGU WPF YWTFG .GQPVKWU DGHTGKV WPF \WO 5VTCVGIQU XQP *GNNCU GTPCPPV 'T QTICPKUKGTVG OKV ITQGT 7PVGT UVÒV\WPI GKPG 4GDGNNKQP IGIGP +WUVKPKCPWU ++ WPF UGV\VG KJP CD 0CEJFGO FKG #TCDGT -CTVJCIQ GKPPGJOGP MQPP VGP WPF FKG OKV FGT 4ÒEMGTQDGTWPI DGVTCWVGP 6TWRRGP GTHQNINQU DNKGDGP MCO GU \W GKPGT 4GXQNVG FKG \WT #DUGV \WPI FGU .GQPVKWU HÒJTVG
1488
1487
6KDGTKWU +++ Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% I 5GCT 9KP\ -TCV\GT IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
+WUVKPKCPWU ++ 4GIKGTWPI WPF 6KDGTKWU (QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X OKV 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ CWH )NQDWU 9GTV &1% D 5GCT 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
1490 1489
1491
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X OKV -TGW\ CWH \YGK 5VWHGP &1% C 5GCT 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT XQT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X OKV -TGW\ CWH \YGK 5VWHGP &1% D 5GCT 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
2JKNKRRKEWU Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GMTÌPVG $ÒUVG X X KO .QTQU OKV -TGW\INQDWU WPF #FNGT\GRVGT -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% G 5GCT 4 -TCV\GT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP $CPMJCWU #WHJ·WUGT /ÒPEJGP 0T
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 2JKNKRRKEWU YWTFG GKPKIG /QPCVG XQT FGT 'TOQTFWPI FGU +WUVKPKCPWU ++ KP %JGTUQPGUUQU \WO -CKUGT CWUIGTWHGP 'T YCT GKP #PJ·PIGT FGU /QPQVGNGVKUOWU GKPGT EJTKUVQNQIKUEJGP .GJTG PCEJ FGT %JTKUVWU \YGK 0CVWTGP CDGT PWT GKPGP 9KNNGP JCV &KG 2TQRCIKGTWPI FKGUGT .GJTG FKG CWH FGO -QP\KN XQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU CNU *·TGUKG XGT WTVGKNV YQTFGP YCT DGUEJYQT PGWGP TGNKIKÌUGP 7PHTKGFGP JGTCWH 2CRUV %QPUVCPVKP YGKIGTVG UKEJ FGP PGWGP -CKUGT CP\WGTMGPPGP #O ,WPK YWTFG 2JKNKRRKEWU CDIGUGV\V IGDNGPFGV WPF KPU 'ZKN IGUEJKEMV #O ,CPWCT UVCTD FGT 'ZMCKUGT UGKP )TCD DGHKPFGV UKEJ KO -NQUVGT &CNOCVQK
212
BYZANZ
1493
1492
#PCUVCUKWU ++ #TVGOKWU (QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG -TGW\INQDWU WPF #MCMKC 9GTV &1% 5GCT 5EJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $ÒUVG X X OKV -TGW\INQDWU WPF #MCMKC -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% H 5GCT 44 #O 4CPF NGKEJV IGDQIGP FQTV &TWEMUVGNNG MN -TCV\GT UQPUV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
#O ,WPK YWTFG 2JKNKRRKEWU XQP #PJ·PIGTP FGU #PCUVCUKWU ++ IGDNGPFGV WPF KPU 'ZKN IGUEJKEMV #O HQNIGPFGP 6CI DGUVKGI #PCUVCUKWU ++ FGP 6JTQP <YGK CP FGT #DUGV\WPI FGU 2JKNKRRKEWU OCIGDNKEJ DGVGKNKIVG /·PPGT 6JGQ FQTQU /[CEGU WPF )GQTIKQU $QWTCRJWU NKG FGT PGWG -CKUGT MWT\ FCTCWH GDGPHCNNU DNGPFGP WPF KPU 'ZKN UEJKEMGP #PCUVCUKWU ++ XGTUV·TMVG FKG $GHGUVKIWPIGP FGT *CWRVUVCFV WPF IKPI IGIGP FKG $GFTQJWPI FWTEJ FKG #TCDGT XQT &KG 5QNFCVGP GKPGT XQP KJO KP 4JQFQU UVCVKQPKGTVGP (NQVVG TGDGNNKGTVGP UEJNKGNKEJ WPF \YCPIGP KJP \WT #DFCPMWPI XGTUWEJVG GT OKV DWNICTKUEJGT 7PVGTUVÒV\WPI XGTIGDNKEJ FKG /CEJV \WTÒEM\WIGYKPPGP WPF YWTFG GPVJCWRVGV
1494
1495
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $ÒUVG X X OKV -TGW\INQDWU WPF #MCMKC -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% QJPG FKGUG 1HHK\KP 5GCT 44 )TCHHKVK CWH FGO 4GXGTU UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
.GQ +++ WPF %QPUVCPVKPWU 8 Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGTUGKVU FTC RKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TGW\INQDWU WPF /CRRC &1% 5GCT 2T·IGUEJY·EJG KO 4CPFDGTGKEJ YKP\ -TCV\GT CWH FGO 4GXGTU XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGTUGKVU FTCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TGW\INQDWU WPF /CRRC &1% 5GCT *GPMGNURWT NGKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP
1497
1496
1498
%QPUVCPVKPWU 8 WPF .GQ +8 Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGTUGKVU FTCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TGW\ WPF /CRRC &1% I 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGTUGKVU FTCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TGW\ WPF /CRRC &1% I 5GCT )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1499
1500
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X $ÒUVG .GQU +++ X X OKV -TQPG &1% E 5GCT 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X $ÒUVG .GQU +++ X X OKV -TGW\ &1% E 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
213
BYZANZ
1501
1502
(QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X $ÒUVG .GQU +++ X X OKV -TGW\ T -TGW\ KO #DUEJPKVV 9GTV &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
.GQ +8 OKV %QPUVCPVKPWU 8+ Õ /KNKCTGUKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT 'VYCU DGUEJPKVVGP UGJT UEJÌP
1503
1504
Õ /KNKCTGUKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
(QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X $ÒUVGP .GQU +++ WPF %QPUVCPVKPU 8 X X KO #DUEJPKVV 9GTV &1% 5GCT $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1505
1506
%QPUVCPVKPWU 8+ WPF +TGPG Õ /KNKCTGUKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT 4 5GJT UEJÌP
0KEGRJQTWU + (QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG -TGW\ WPF #MCMKC 9GTV &1% 5GCT 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
1507
1,5:1
1,5:1
WPF 5VCWTCEKWU Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG -TGW\ WPF #MCMKC &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG -TGW\INQDWU WPF #MCMKC &1% C 5GCT 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
1508
214
1509
.GQ 8 WPF %QPUVCPVKPWU (QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\ &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT &WPMGNITÒPG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
/KEJCGN ++ WPF 6JGQRJKNWU (QNNKU 5[TCMWU I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X 9GTV &1% 5GCT -PCRRGT 5EJTÌVNKPI HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
BYZANZ
1510
1,5:1
1,5:1
6JGQRJKNWU Ô 6TGOKUUKU 5[TCMWU I $GKFGTUGKVU $ÒUVG X X OKV -GW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1511
1512
Õ /KNKCTGUKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP 5GEJU <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT (GKPG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP
(QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV -TQPG 6WHC .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU 8KGT <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% C 5GCT )TÒPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1514
1513
1515
1516
OKV %QPUVCPVKPWU WPF /KEJCGN +++ Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG X X OKV 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ WPF #MCMKC N 5VGTP <YGK $ÒUVGP X X QDGP -TGW\ &1% G 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
/KEJCGN +++ WPF $CUKNKQU + (QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGTUGKVU FTC RKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\INQDWU WPF #MCMKC &1% 5GCT &WPMGNDTCWPG 2CVKPC CO 4CPF GVYCU MQTTQFKGTV UQPUV UGJT CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
(QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGTUGKVU FTCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG 2CVTKCTEJGP MTGW\INQDWU WPF #MCMKC &1% 5GCT 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
$CUKNKWU + WPF %QPUVCPVKPWU Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X OKV 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ &1% 5GCT #VVTCMVKXGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU
1517
1518
Õ /KNKCTGUKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP FCTWPVGT )NQDWU 5GEJU <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG XQT\ÒINKEJ
OKV %QPUVCPVKPWU WPF .GQ 8+ (QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TGK -CKUGT UVGJGP X X (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV FCTWPVGT 5VGTP &1% F 5GCT 4 )TÒPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
215
BYZANZ
1519
1520
.GQ 8+ (QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I -CKUGT UKV\V X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF #MCMKC 8KGT <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
WPF #NGZCPFGT (QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I <YGK -CKUGT VJTQPGP X X OKV .CDCTWO 8KGT <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1521
1522
WPF %QPUVCPVKPWU 8++ Õ /KNKCTGUKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP FCTWPVGT )NQDWU (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI
%QPUVCPVKPWU 8++ WPF <QG (QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X OKV 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1523
1525
1524
(QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X OKV 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
WPF 4QOCPWU + (QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU 4QOCPWU + X X OKV -TQPG .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU 8KGT <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT ªDGTRT·IV DTCWPG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
OKV 4QOCPWU + WPF %JTKUVQRJQTWU Õ /KNKCTGUKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP FCTWPVGT -WIGN (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1526
1527
WPF 4QOCPWU ++ Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X OKV 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ &1% 5GCT 44 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X OKV 2CVTKCT EJGPMTGW\ &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
216
BYZANZ
1528
1529
Õ /KNKCTGUKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP FCTWPVGT )NQDWU (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
(QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X 8KGT <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1530
1531
1532
4QOCPWU + WPF %JTKUVQRJQTWU Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X OKV 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X OKV 2CVTKCT EJGPMTGW\ &1% 5GCT )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
Ô 5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X OKV 2CVTKCT EJGPMTGW\ &1% 5GCT 9KP\ -TCV\GT IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
1534
1533
0KEGRJQTWU ++ Õ /KNKCTGUKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I /GFCKNNQPDÒUVG X X CWH -TGW\ (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ /KNKCTGUKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I /GFCKNNQPDÒUVG X X CWH -TGW\ (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT -N -TCV\GT UGJT UEJÌP
1535
1536
1537
(QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG -TGW\\GRVGT WPF )NQDWU 8KGT <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
,QJCPPGU + Õ /KNKCTGUKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I /GFCKNNQPDÒUVG X X CWH -TGW\ (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT 'VYCU DGUEJPKVVGP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
$CUKNKWU ++ WPF %QPUVCPVKPWU 8+++ Õ /KNKCTGUKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X FC\YKUEJGP -TGW\ (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
217
BYZANZ
1538
1539
Õ /KNKCTGUKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X FC\YKUEJGP -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU ÒDGT XKGT 5VWHGP (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ /KNKCTGUKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X FC\YKUEJGP -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU ÒDGT XKGT 5VWHGP 5EJTKHV &1% 5GCT 4 5GJT UEJÌP
1541
1540
Ô *KUVCOGPQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X OKV -TGW\ &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
%QPUVCPVKPWU 8+++ Ô *KUVCOGPQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF #MCMKC &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1,5:1
1542 1,5:1
Ô *KUVCOGPQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF #MCMKC &1% 5GCT -N -TCV\GT CWH FGO 4GXGTU XQT\ÒINKEJ
1543
1544
Ô *KUVCOGPQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF #MCMKC &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô *KUVCOGPQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF #MCMKC &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1545
1546
4QOCPWU +++ Ô *KUVCOGPQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X /CTKC MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% 5GCT -N -TCV\GT CWH FGO 4GXGTU UGJT UEJÌP
Ô *KUVCOGPQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X /CTKC MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
218
BYZANZ
1547
1548
Ô *KUVCOGPQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X /CTKC MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
%QPUVCPVKPWU +: Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X $ÒUVG X X OKV -TGW\\GRVGT WPF )NQDWU OKV 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ &1% C 5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1549
1550
1551
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X $ÒUVG X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X $ÒUVG X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X $ÒUVG X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT (CUV UGJT UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
1552
1553
1554
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X OKV -TGW\\GRVGT WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X OKV -TGW\\GRVGT WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X OKV -TGW\\GRVGT WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
219
BYZANZ
1555
1556
1555
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X OKV -TGW\\GRVGT WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
Ô 6GVCTVGTQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG <GRVGT WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% C 5GCT 4 /KP IGYGNNV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1557
1557 1,5:1
+UCCEKWU + %QOPGPWU Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV 5EJYGTV &1% 5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
1558
1559
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV 5EJYGTV &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
%QPUVCPVKPWU : Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
1560
1561
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .C DCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .C DCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1562
1563
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .C DCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT .GKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .C DCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
220
BYZANZ
1564
1565
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .C DCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .C DCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1566
1567
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X /CTKC MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X /CTKC MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
1568
1569
(QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG -TGW\ WPF #MCMKC &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
4QOCPWU +8 (QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP % 4 2 D &1% 5GCT $TCWPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
1570
1571
1572
OKV /KEJCGN 8++ %QPUVCPVKWU #PFTQPKEWU WPF 'WFQEKC Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU MTÌPV -CKUGTRCCT &TGK 2TKP\GP UVGJGP X X &1% 5GCT #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU MTÌPV -CKUGTRCCT &TGK 2TKP \GP UVGJGP X X &1% 5GCT -N -TCV\GT UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU MTÌPV -CKUGTRCCT 2TKP\GP UVGJGP X X &1% 5GCT (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
221
BYZANZ
1573
1,5:1
1,5:1
WPF 'WFQEKC Ô 6GVCTVGTQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $TWUVDKNF FGT /WVVGTIQVVGU X X XQT FGT $TWUV PKODKGTVGT %JTKUVWUMQRH *ÒHVDKNFGT FGU -CKUGTU WPF FGT -CKUGTKP X X OKV -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU &1% 5GCT 44 -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP
1574
1575
1576
/KEJCGN 8++ Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1577
1578
1579
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP
222
BYZANZ
1581
1580
Ô *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP
Õ /KNKCTGUKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I /WVVGTIQVVGU UVGJV DGVGPF X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\ WPF 5EJYGTV KP 5EJGKFG &1% C 5GCT 44 &QRRGNUEJNCI CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
1583
1582
(QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VGTPGP &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% C 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
0KEGRJQTWU +++ 'N *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1584
1585
1586
'N *KUVCOGPQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .C DCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
(QNNKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -TGW\ OKV CEJVUVTCJNKIGO 5VGTP KP FGT /KVVG KP FGP 9KPMGNP % F 0 D &1% 5GCT $TCWPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
#NGZKWU + Õ *KUVCOGPQP 6JGUUCNQPKEC I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X 5V &GOGVTKQU OKV 5EJYGTV WPF FGT -CKUGT UVGJGP X X OKV 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ &1% C 5GCT 4 )GUVQRHVGU .QEJ UGJT UEJÌP
1587
1588
Ô *[RGTR[TQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT .GKEJV IGYGNNV MN )TCHHKVK UGJT UEJÌP
Ô *[RGTR[TQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% I 5GCT .GKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
223
BYZANZ
1589
1590
1590
Ô *[RGTR[TQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% I 5GCT .GKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP
&GT 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGT JCV CWH FGO #XGTU XGTUGJGPVNKEJ N FGU -QRHGU %JTKUVK %+ UVCVV +% ITCXKGTV
6GVCTVGTQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG <GRVGT WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1591
1592
1593
,QJCPPGU ++ Ô *[RGTR[TQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT WPF /CTKC JCNVGP 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ &1% 5GCT )TCHHKVQ CWH FGO #XGTU UGJT UEJÌP
'N #URTQP 6TCEJ[ 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT WPF 5V )GQTI UVGJGP X X OKV 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% F 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô *[RGTR[TQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X /CTKC MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% D 5GCT )TCHHKVK CO 4CPF UGJT UEJÌP
1595
1594
1595
Ô *[RGTR[TQP 5E[RJCV 6JGUUCNQPKEC I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X /CTKC MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% C 5GCT 'VYCU $GNCI CWH FGO 4GXGTU IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
6GVCTVGTQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU UVGJV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\ \GRVGT WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1596
224
/CPWGN + 'N #URTQP 6TCEJ[ 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU UVGJV X X -CKUGT WPF 5V 6JGQFQTQU UVGJGP X X OKV 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ &1% D 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
BYZANZ
1598
1597
'N #URTQP 6TCEJ[ 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X /CTKC MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% 5GCT -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T
'N #URTQP 6TCEJ[ 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X /CTKC MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% 5GCT -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP
1600
1599
1601
6GVCTVGTQP 6JGUUCNQPKEC I -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP *CNDHKIWT FGU -CKUGTU X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
#PFTQPKMQU + 'N #URTQP 6TCEJ[ 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I /CTKC UVGJV DGVGPF X X CWH FGT $TWUV %JTKUVWUMQRH %JTKUVWU MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% D 5GCT 5VCTMGT 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UQPUV CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
6JGQFQTQU /CPMCRJCU WPF $ 6TCEJ[ 2JKNCFGNRJGKC I %JTKUVWU UVGJV X X -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ &1% 5GCT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5EJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
6JGQFQTQU /CPMCRJCU DTCEJVG \WP·EJUV FKG $ÒTIGT UGKPGT *GKOCVUVCFV 2JKNCFGNRJGKC \WO #WHTWJT FCPP ICP\ .[FKGP +UCCMKQU ++ -QOPGPQU DGNCIGTVG KJP KO 5QOOGT KP 2JKNCFGNRJGKC UEJNQ CDGT YGIGP FGU JGTCPPCJGP FGP -TGW\HCJTGTJGGTGU XQP -CKUGT (TKGFTKEJ + $CTDCTQUUC GKP #DMQOOGP /CPMCRJCU FWTHVG CNNGU DGJCNVGP OWVG LGFQEJ FGP -CKUGTVKVGN CDNGIGP #NU $CTDCTQUUCU *GGT XQT 2JKNCFGNRJGKC NCI WPF 2TQXKCPV HQTFGTVG NGJPVG /CPMCRJCU CD OWVG UKEJ CDGT PCEJ MWT\GT $GNCIGTWPI HÒIGP IGNCPI GU FGO )QWXGTPGWT FGU 6JGOCU FGT 6JTCMGUKGT $CUKNKQU $CVCV\GU /CPMCRJCU FWTEJ $GUVGEJWPI \W KUQNKGTGP &KGUGT HNQJ \WO 5WNVCP XQP +MQPKQP MGJTVG YGPKI UR·VGT CDGT OKV GKPGO VÒTMKUEJGP *GGT \WTÒEM WPF \QI RNÒPFGTPF FWTEJU .CPF +P\YKUEJGP JCVVG UKEJ +UCCM ++ OKV FGO 5WNVCP CWH #WUNKGHGTWPI FGU /CPMCRJCU IGIGP .ÌUGIGNF IGGKPKIV /CPMCRJCU MCO KP D[\CPVKPKUEJG *CHV YQJN DKU GTUEJKGP /CPMCRJCU YKGFGT CNU *GTT XQP 2JKNCFGNRJGKC WPVGTNCI CDGT FGO .CVGKPGTJGGT -CKUGT *GKPTKEJU + KP GKPGT 5EJNCEJV /·T\ WO YGPKI UR·VGT UGKPGP $GUKV\ CP 6JGQFQTQU .CUMCTKU GPFIÒNVKI \W XGTNKGTGP 2JKNCFGNRJGKC YWTFG 6GKN FGU -CKUGTTGKEJU 0KMCKC
1602
1603
+UCCMKQU ++ #PIGNQU Ô *[RGTR[TQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I /CTKC VJTQPV X X -CKUGT OKV -TGW\\GRVGT WPF 'T\GPIGN /KEJCGN UVGJGP X X WPF JCNVGP 5EJYGTV &1% D 5GCT 4 2T·IGUEJY·EJG WPF )TCHHKVK CWH FGO #XGTU IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô *[RGTR[TQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I /CTKC VJTQPV X X -CKUGT OKV -TGW\\GRVGT WPF 'T\GPIGN /KEJCGN UVGJGP X X WPF JCNVGP 5EJYGTV &1% F 5GCT 4 2T·IGUEJY·EJG XQT\ÒINKEJ
225
BYZANZ
1604
1605
#NGZKQU +++ 6GVCTVGTQP 6JGUUCNQPKEC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU 5V )GQTIKQU X X OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CDCTWO WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
/KEJCGN 8+++ #URTQP VTCEJ[ 6JGUUCNQPKEC I 5V &GOGVTKQU UVGJV X X OKV 5RGGT WPF 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ &GT IGHNÒIGNVG -CKUGT UVGJV N OKV 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ $GPFCNN 2TKXCVG %QNNGEVKQP &1% 5GCT )GTKPI GTJCNVGP UEJÌP
1607
1606
#PFTQPKEWU ++ WPF /KEJCGN +: Ô *[RGTR[TQP 5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I /CTKC KP /CWGTTKPI 5KINC 5VGTP ÒDGT - 5VGTP ÒDGT 0 $GPFCNN 2TKXCVG %QNNGEVKQP 5KINC %JTKUVWU MTÌPV DGKFG -CKUGT &1% HH .2% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
#UUCTKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I *CNDHKIWT FGU 'T\GPIGNU /KEJCGN OKV <GRVGT WPF )NQDWU %JTK UVWU MTÌPV DGKFG -CKUGT $GPFCNN 2TKXCVG %QNNGEVKQP &1% .2% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1609
1608
WPF #PFTQPKEWU +++ Ô *[RGTR[TQP QFGT DKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I /CTKC KP /CWGTTKPI 5KINC -WIGN .KNKG # $GPFCNN 2TKXCVG %QNNGEVKQP 5KINC %JTKUVWU MTÌPV DGKFG -CKUGT $GPFCNN 2TKXCVG %QNN &1% HH .2% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô *[RGTR[TQP QFGT DKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I /CTKC KP /CWGTTKPI 5KINC $-
NKIKGTV - F NKIKGTV $GPFCNN 2TKXCVG %QNNGEVKQP 5KINC %JTKUVWU MTÌPV DGKFG -CKUGT $GPFCNN 2TKXCVG %QNN QJPG FKGUG 5KINC &1% .2% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1610
226
1611
1612
#PFTQPKMQU +++ #UUCTKQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I -TGW\ -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\\GRVGT $GPFCNN 2TKXCVG %QNNGEVKQP &1% HH .2% 5GCT -N 4CPFCWUDTWEJ UGJT UEJÌP
OKV ,QJCPPGU 8 #UUCTKQP WO 6JGUUCNQPKEC I 'T\GPIGN UVGJV X X <YGK -CKUGT UVGJGP X X \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VGTPGP $GPFCNN 2TKXCVG %QNNGEVKQP &1% .2% 5GCT 44 5EJÌP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
/CPWGN ++ Õ 5VCXTCVQP UEJYGTGT 5VCPFCTF $CUKNGWU 5GTKG %QPUVCPVKPQ RQNKU /ÒP\UV·VVG I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X $GPFCNN 2TKXCVG %QNNGEVKQP &1% HH .2% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
BYZANZ
1613
1614
,QJCPPGU 8+++ Õ 5VCXTCVQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X $GPFCNN 2TKXCVG %QNNGEVKQP 5KINC &1% HH .2% 5GCT #XGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCXTCVQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X $GPFCNN 2TKXCVG %QNNGEVKQP 5KINC &1% HH .2% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1615
1616
Õ 5VCXTCVQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X $GPFCNN 2TKXCVG %QNNGEVKQP 5KINC &1% HH .2% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Õ 5VCXTCVQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X $ÒUVG X X $GPFCNN 2TKXCVG %QNNGEVKQP &1% HH .2% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1617
&#5 .#6'+0+5%*' -#+5'44'+%* 810 %1056#06+012'.
$CNFWKP ++ XQP %QWTVGPC[ Ô *[RGTRGTQP 5E[RJCV PCEJ 6[R FGT *[RGTRGTC FGU ,QJCP PGU +++ &WMCU 8CVCV\GU X %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X T ÒDGT FGO 6JTQP XKGT 2WPMVG /CTKC MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% H /GVECNHw XGTIN 5 H 5GCT 44 5GJT UEJÌP
#WHITWPF FGT XGTVTCINKEJGP 8GTGKPDCTWPIGP \YKUEJGP FGO -CKUGTTGKEJ 0KMCKC WPF FGO .CVGKPKUEJGP -CKUGTTGKEJ XQP %QPUVCPVKPQRGN YCT GU DGKFGP 5GKVGP WPVGTUCIV /ÒP\GP FGU LGYGKNU CPFGTGP 5VCCVGU PCEJ\WRT·IGP $CNFWKP ++ XQP %QWTVGPC[ DTCEJ FKGUGP 8GTVTCI WPF NKG *[RGTRGTC OKV 0COGP WPF 6[R FGU ,QJCPPGU +++ &WMCU 8CVCV\GU XQP 0KMCKC RT·IGP 9KT MÌPPGP FCPM FGT 24#6+%# &'..# /'4%#674+# GPVUVCPFGP WO FGU (NQTGPVKPKUEJGP -CWHOCPPU (TCPEGUEQ $CNFWEEK 2GIQNQVVK FKG 2T·IWPIGP FGT .CVGKPGT KFGPVKHK\KGTGP FC 2GIQNQVVK KP UGKPGO *CPFDWEJ HÒT -CWHNGWVG FKG XQP FGP .CVGKPGTP XGTYGPFGVGP 5KINC CPHÒJTV YKG KO XQTNKGIGPFGP (CNN FKG )TWRRG XQP XKGT 2WPMVGP JGTCNFKUEJ NKPMU CNUQ XQO $GVTCEJVGT IGUGJGP TGEJVU ÒDGT FGO 6JTQP
1618
1619
1620
1620
6*'55#.10+%#
6JGQFQTQU -QOPGPQU &WMCU 6GVCTVGTQP 6JGUUCNQPKEC I *CNDHKIWT FGU 5V &GOGVTKQU X X OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF -CKUGT UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU WPF <GRVGT &1% 5GCT 4 $TCWPG 2CVKPC HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
,QJCPPGU -QOPGPQU &WMCU 6TCEJ[ 5E[RJCV 6JGUUCNQPKEC I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X *CNDHKIWT FGU -CKUGT X X OKV .CDCTWO\GRVGT WPF #MCMKC &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
0+%#'#
6JGQFQTQU + -QOPGPQU .CUMCTKU 6TCEJ[ 5E[RJCV 0KECGC I /WVVGTIQVVGU VJTQPV X X -CKUGT WPF 5V 6JGQFQTQU UVGJGP X X WPF JCNVGP 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ &1% 5GCT 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
227
BYZANZ
1622
1621
1621
,QJCPPGU +++ Ô *[RGTRGTQP 5E[RJCV /CIPGUKC I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X /CTKC MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% 5GCT -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP CVVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô *[RGTRGTQP 5E[RJCV /CIPGUKC I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X /CTKC MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% XGTIN D 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
1623
1624
1625
Ô *[RGTRGTQP 5E[RJCV /CIPGUKC I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X /CTKC MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% F 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô *[RGTRGTQP 5E[RJCV /CIPGUKC I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X /CTKC MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% F 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
Ô *[RGTRGTQP 5E[RJCV ! /CIPGUKC I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X /CTKC MTÌPV -CKUGT &1% 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
$;<#06+0+5%*' $.'+5+')'.
.QV XQP D[\CPVKPKUEJGP $NGKUKGIGNP ITKGEJKUEJGP WPF TÌOKUEJG 2D 5[ODQNC 2NQODGP GVE 'PVJCNVGP UKPF D[\CPVKPKUEJG $NGKUKGIGN UQYKG FKXGTUG ITKGEJKUEJG WPF D[\CPVKPKUEJG 2D 5[ODQNC WPF 2NQODGP UQYKG GKP MNGKPGT $TQP\GJCNDOQPF *QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU .QV DKVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP
.165 $;<#06+0+5%*'4 /ª0<'0
-NGKPGU .QV D[\CPVKPKUEJGT )QNFOÒP\GP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF FTGK 5QNKFK 5GCT UQYKG GKPG 6TGOKUUKU 5GCT 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌP WPF DGUUGT
5COONWPI D[\CPVKPKUEJGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV ÒDGTYKGIGPF D[\CPVKPKUEJG $TQP\G OÒP\GP FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU HGTPGT GKP *GZCITCOO WPF \YGK &GPCTG FGU (ÒTUVGPVWOU #PVKQEJKC *QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU 1DLGMV DKVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP EC 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP
.QV OGKUV D[\CP\VKPKUEJGT /ÒP\GP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF HÒPH (QNNGU W C *GTCENKWU WPF *GTCENKWU %QPUVCP VKPWU /ÒP\UV·VVG 5GNGWEKC +UCWTKCG 5GCT XKGT *CNDHQNNGU \YGK 6TCEJGC \YGK /KNKCTGUKC Z CWU IGDTQEJGP UQYKG GKPG XGPG\KCPKUEJG 5KNDGTOÒP\G WPF HÒPH QTKGPVCNKUEJG 5KNDGTOÒP\GP 5VÒEM <WO 6GKN UGNVGP /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP
-NGKPGU .QV D[\CPVKPKUEJGT )QNFOÒP\GP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF \YGK *KUVCOGPC 4QOCPWU +8 WPF \YGK *[RGTRGTC #PFTQPKMQU ++ WPF /KEJCGN +: ,QJCPPGU +++ XQP 0KMCKC 5VÒEM /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP
228
ORIENTALEN
-4'7<(#*4'4
1633
1631
1632
#%*#+#
,CMQD XQP $CWZ <GEEJKPG PCEJ FGO XGPG\KCPKUEJGP 6[R I )CODGTKPK /GVECNHw )1.& 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&KG <WYGKUWPI KUV PKEJV IGUKEJGTV
,1*#00+6'4 #7( 4*1&15
#PVQPKWU (NWXKCPWU <GEEJKPG PCEJ XGPG\KCPKUEJGO 6[R I -CUFCINK /GVECNHw 5EJNWODGTIGT )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP +VCNQ 8GEEJK .VF .QPFQP 0T
<;2'40
*GKPTKEJ + 'N $G\CPV I -ÌPKI UVGJV X X OKV .CPIMTGW\ WPF -TGW\INQDWU %JTK UVWU VJTQPV X X %.% 6[R # & F /CNNQ[ 2TGUVQP 5GNVOCP 44 &TGKHCEJ IGNQEJV HCUV UGJT UEJÌP IGTKPI GTJCNVGP
14+'06#.+5%*' /ª0<'0
1634
1635
-75*#0
-CPKUJMC Ô 5VCVGT 2GUJCYCT 'OKUUKQP 1HHK\KP I -ÌPKI UVGJV N OKV &TGK\CEM WPF QRHGTV ÒDGT #NVCT 0CPC UVGJV T OKV <GRVGT WPF &QUG )ÌDN 4 'VYCU $GNCI HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
*WXKUJMC Ô 5VCVGT 6CZKNC 'OKUUKQP 1HHK\KP I $ÒUVG N OKV <GRVGT /KQTQ UVGJV N OKV <GRVGT WPF 5EJYGTV )ÌDN 5GJT UEJÌP
1636
1637
8CUWFGXC ++ Ô 5VCVGT I -ÌPKI UVGJV N 1GUJQ UVGJV X X XQT $WEMGNUVKGT )ÌDN (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô 5VCVGT I -ÌPKI UVGJV N 1GUJQ UVGJV X X XQT $WEMGNUVKGT )ÌDN XGTIN
8QT\ÒINKEJ
229
ORIENTALEN
1638
1639
1640
/CKQTGU &QOWU 'N 5VCVGT PCEJ I -ÌPKI UVGJV N )ÌVVKP #TFQMUJQ OKV (ÒNNJQTP VJTQPV X X )ÌDN )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
'N 5VCVGT PCEJ I -ÌPKI UVGJV N )ÌVVKP #TFQMUJQ OKV (ÒNNJQTP VJTQPV X X )ÌDN 5GJT UEJÌP
'N 5VCVGT PCEJ I -ÌPKI UVGJV N )ÌVVKP #TFQMUJQ OKV (ÒNNJQTP VJTQPV X X )ÌDN 5GJT UEJÌP
1642
1641
'N 5VCVGT PCEJ I -ÌPKI UVGJV N )ÌVVKP #TFQMUJQ OKV (ÒNNJQTP VJTQPV X X )ÌDN )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP
'N 5VCVGT PCEJ I -ÌPKI UVGJV N )ÌVVKP #TFQMUJQ OKV (ÒNNJQTP VJTQPV X X )ÌDN (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
1643
-+&#4+6'0 +0 +0&+'0
-KFCTC PCEJ Ô 5VCVGT 6CZKNC I -ÌPKI UVGJV N )ÌVVKP #TFQMUJQ OKV (ÒNNJQTP VJTQPV X X )ÌDN )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
1,5:1
1644
1,5:1
7/#;;#&'0 -#.+('0 +0 &#/#5-75
#N 9CNKF + Ô &KPCT ,CJT #* I 9CNMGT 5
Õ &KTJGO ,CJT #* I 9CNMGT &C\W GKP ;C\KF ++ Õ &KTJCO #*
9CUKV 9CNMGT HH 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌP
4 5GJT UEJÌP
1646
#$#55+&'0 -#.+('0 +0 $#)&#& 230
*CTWP CN 4CUEJKF Ô &KPCT #* I -C\CP %QNN XGTIN
5GJT UEJÌP
ORIENTALEN
1647
#4673+&'0 +0 /#4&+0
*WUCO CF &KP ;WNWS #TUNCP &KTJGO I &TGK UVGJGPFG WPF GKPG MPKGGPFG (KIWT (ÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV 5 5 &WPMNG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP
#WH FGO #XGTU KUV FKG UQIGPCPPVG $GYGKPWPI 5CNCFKPU FCTIGUVGNNV 'U KUV CNNGTFKPIU WOUVTKVVGP QD FKG &CTUVGNNWPI CWH FGP 6QF 5CNCFKPU CPURKGNV /ÌINKEJGTYGKUG KUV FKG )TQG -QPLWPMVKQP FGU ,CJTGU CDIGDKNFGV KP FKGUGO (CNNG Y·TG FCU 6KGTMTGKU\GKEJGP ,WPIHTCW WOIGDGP XQP 2NCPGVGP CDIGDKNFGV
1649
1648
1648
/+*4#$#0+&'0 +0 #()*#0+56#0
+\\ CF FKP -CTOCP Ô 6CPMC KPFKUEJGT /ÒP\HW ,CJT PKEJV NGUDCT 0KOTW\ #NDWO %JGEMNKUV 4 5GJT UEJÌP
)4155/1)7.' +0 +0&+'0
#WTCPI\GD #NCOIKT Ô /QJWT #* ,CJT 5JCJLCJCPCDCF I - / 5GJT UEJÌP
1650
1,5:1
1,5:1
9'56.+%*' )#0)#5 +0 14+55#
Ô 2CIQFG I 'NGHCPV T $NWOGPOWUVGT /KVEJKPGT -CTPCVCMC #PFJTC
8QT\ÒINKEJ
.165
6CDCTKUVCP WPVGT CDDCUKFKUEJGP )QWXGTPGWTGP .QV XQP 6CDCTK &KTJCOU FCXQP HÒPH OKV 0COGP FGU 7OCT KDP CN #NC \YGK OKV 0COGP FGU 5C KF KDP &C NCL UQYKG \YGK CPQP[OG 5VÒEMG OGKUV OKV XGTUEJKGFGPGP &CVGP 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌP
)TQG 5COONWPI XQP /ÒP\GP FGU KPFKUEJGP -WNVWTTCWOGU &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV /ÒP\GP XQP FGT #PVKMG DKU \WO ,CJTJWPFGTV KP )QNF OGKUV UEJYGTG )QNFVCPMC WPF /QJWTG XQP LG I 5KNDGT 5VÒEM OGKUV 6CPMC WPF 4WRKGP XQP LG I WPF -WRHGT OKV 5EJYGTRWPMV CWH FGP KUNCOKUEJGP /ÒP\GP XQP #HIJCPKUVCP DKU $GPICNGP +O 'KP\GNPGP XKGT 2T·IWPIGP FGT #PVKMG FCU /KV VGNCNVGT XGTVTGVGP OKV )JC\PCYKFGP Z )TQ 5GNFUEJWMGP Z 5WNVCPG XQP &GNJK )QNF 5KNDGT WPF -WRHGTOÒP\GP CPFGTG KPFKUEJG 5WNVCPCVG FGU 5R·VOKVVGNCNVGTU Z /QIJWNG FCXQP GKPG )QNF WPF GKPG -WRHGTOÒP\G 0CEJHQNIGUVCCVGP FGU WPF ,CJTJWPFGTVU Z 'CUV +PFKC %QO RCP[ WPF -CKUGTTGKEJ +PFKGP Z 5ÒFKPFKGP )QNFRCIQFC -WRHGTOÒP\G CWGTFGO 7OC[[CFGP
Z 6KOWTKFGP Z WPF OQFGTPG CHIJCPKUEJG /ÒP\GP Z +PVGTGUUCPVG #PHCPIUUCOONWPI XQP JQ JGO 5VCPFCTF DKVVG WPDGFKPIV DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM /GKUV UGJT UEJÌP 231
LITERATURVERZEICHNIS Alexandropoulos Alföldi Alföldi Alram Altekar Alvarez-Burgos Amandry AMNG Arnold-Biucchi
van Arsdell Ashton
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Ashton/Weiss
=
Ashton et al.
= = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Atlan v. Aulock
Bab. Babelon, Perses Babelon, Traité Bahrf. Balcer Baldus Baldwin
Balog Banti Banti/Simonetti Barron Bastien
Bendall Bérend
= = = = = = = = = = = = =
Berk Betlyon
= =
Bickford-Smith
=
Bloesch
=
Bauslaugh Bedoukian Bellinger
Blum BN Bact. BMC
Bodenstedt Boehringer Bopearachchi Burgos
= = = = = = = = = = = = =
Alexandropoulos, J.: Les monnaies de l’Afrique Antique. Toulouse 2000. Alföldi, A.: Studien zur Geschichte der Weltkrise des 3. Jahrhunderts nach Christus. Darmstadt 1967. Alföldi, A. und Alföldi, E.: Die Kontorniat-Medaillons. Berlin 1976-1990. Alföldi, Maria R.: Bild und Bildersprache der römischen Kaiser. Mainz 1999. Alram, M.: Iranisches Personennamenbuch Band IV. Nomina propria iranica in nummis. Wien 1986. Altekar, A. S.: The Coinage of the Gupta Empire. Varanasi 1957. Alvarez-Burgos, F.: La Moneda Hispanica desde sus origines hasta el Siglo V. Madrid 1987. Amandry, M.: Notes de numismatique africane. V, in: RN XXXII (1990), S. 56-84. Imhoof-Blumer (Herausgeber): Die antiken Münzen Nordgriechenlands. 4 Bände, Berlin 1898-1935. Arnold-Biucchi, C.: The Randazzo Hoard 1980 and Sicilian Chronology in the early fifth Century B.C. ANS NS 18, New York 1990. -: La monetazione d’argento di Himera classica, in: Quaderni Ticinesi XVII (1988), S. 85-100. van Arsdell, R. D.: Celtic coinage of Britain. London 1989. Ashton, R. H. J.: A series of pseudo-Rhodian drachms from Mainland Greece, in: NC 1988, S. 21-32. -: The pseudo-Rhodian drachms of Mylasa, in: NC 1992, S. 1-39. -: The Coinage of Rhodes 408-c. 190 BC, in: Meadows/Shipton (Hrsg.), Money and its uses in the ancient greek world, Oxford 2001, S. 79-115. Ashton, R. H. J. und Weiss, A.-P. C.: The Post-Plinthophoric Silver Drachms of Rhodes, in: NC 1997, S. 1-40. Ashton et al.: The Hecatomnus Hoard (CH 5.17, 8.96, 9.387), in: Coin Hoards IX (2002), S. 95-158. -: The Pixodarus Hoard (CH 9.421), in: Coin Hoards IX (2002), S. 159-243. Atlan, S.: Untersuchungen über die sidetischen Münzen des V. und IV. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Ankara 1967. v. Aulock, H.: Münzen und Städte Lykaoniens. Tübingen 1976. -: Münzen und Städte Pisidiens. 2 Bände. Tübingen 1977. -: Kleinasiatische Münzstätten VI-VII, in: JbNum 20 (1970), S. 151-159. Babelon, E.: Monnaies Consulaires. Paris 1885 f. Babelon, E. : Les Perses Achéménides. Paris 1893. -: Traité des monnaies grecques et romaines. Paris 1901 ff. Bahrfeldt, M. von: Die römische Goldmünzenprägung. Halle 1923. Balcer, J. M.: The early silver coinage of Teos, in: SNR 42 (1968), S. 5-50. Baldus, H. R.: MON(eta) URB(is) - ANTIOXIA. Frankfurt/Main 1969. Baldwin, Agnes, The Electrum Coinage of Lampsakos. New York 1914. -: The Electrum and Silver Coins of Chios, issued during the sixth, fifth and fourth Centuries, B.C., in: American Journal of Numismatics, 48 (1914), S. 1-60. Balog, P.: The Coinage of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt and Syria. New York 1964. Banti, A.: Corpus Nummorum Romanorum. Monetazione Republicana. Firenze 1980 ff. Banti, A. und Simonetti, L.: Corpus Nummorum Romanorum. Firenze 1972 ff. Barron, J. P.: The Silver Coins of Samos. London 1966. Bastien, P.: Le Monnayage de Bronze de Postume. Wetteren 1967. -: Imitations of Roman Bronze Coins, A.D. 318-363, in: ANSMN 30 (1985), S. 143-177. Bauslaugh, R. A.: Silver Coinage with the Types of Aesillas the Quaestor. New York 2000. Bedoukian, P. D.: Coinage of Cilician Armenia. Danbury 1979. Bellinger, A. R.: The Syrian tetradrachms of Caracalla and Macrinus. New York 1940. -: The first Civic Tetradrachms of Ilium, in: ANSMN VIII (1958), S. 11-24. -: Troy, The Coins. Princeton 1961. Bendall, S. : A private collection of Palaeologan coins. Wolverhampton 1988. Bérend, D.: Les tétradrachmes de Rhodes de la première période, 1re partie, in: Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 51 (1972), S. 5-39. Berk, H. J.: Die Münzprägung des Kroisos, in: Münzen Revue 9/97, S. 30-32. Betlyon, J. W.: A New Chronology for the Pre-Alexandrine Coinage of Sidon, in: ANSMN 21 (1976), S. 11-35. Bickford-Smith, R. A.: The imperial mints in the east for Septimius Severus: it is time to begin a thorough reconsideration, in: RIN XCVI (1994/1995), S. 53-71. Bloesch, H., Tetradrachms of Aegae, in: Mørkholm/Waggoner (Hrsg.), Greek Numismatics and Archaeology: Essays in Honor of Margaret Thompson, Wetteren 1979, S. 1-7. -: Hellenistic Coins of Aegae (Cilicia), in: ANSMN 27 (1982), S. 53-96. Blum, G.: Numismatique d’Antinoos, in: JIAN XVI (1914), S. 33-70. Bopearachchi, O.: Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Greeks. Paris 1991. Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum. London 1873-1927. Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum. London 1910. Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum. London 1923 ff. (soweit erschienen 2. Auflage). Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum. London 1908. Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum. London 1875 ff. Bodenstedt, Fr.: Die Elektronmünzen von Phokaia und Mytilene. Tübingen 1981. Boehringer, Chr.: Zur Chronologie mittelhellenistischer Münzserien 220-160 v. Chr. Berlin 1972. Boehringer, E.: Die Münzen von Syrakus. Berlin 1929. Bopearachchi, O./Pieper, W.: Ancient Indian Coins. Turnhout 1998. Burgos, F. A.: La moneda Hispanica desde sus orígenes hasta el siglo V. Madrid 1987.
Burnett
=
= Butcher = Buttrey = Buttrey u. a. , Morgantina Studies = Cahn
= = =
Cahn/Gerin Calciati
= = = = = =
Calico Caltabiano Castelin
CBN CLC CNV Coh. Coins from Karanis 1935. Coleiro Crawf. Crawford
= = = = = = = = =
Curtis Dattari Dattari/Savio De Callataÿ Greek
= = = =
Delestrée
=
Delestrée/Tache
=
Delrieux
=
Dembski Dengate Depeyrot
= = =
Deppert-Lippitz Desneux Dittrich DOC
= = = =
Draganov Edhem Elmer
= = =
Emmet Fb. Fischer-Bossert
= = =
Forrer Franke Franke/Hirmer Franke/Nollé v. Fritze
= = = = =
Frolova Frolova/Ireland Furtwängler
= = = =
Gaebler Gallatin
= =
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Gielow Gilljam Gnecchi Göbl
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Grierson/Blackburn Grose/McClean Grunauervon Hoerschelmann Gutmann/Schwabacher Hahn
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Hahn/Luegmeyer Hardwick
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Hazard Head van Heesch
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Heipp-Tamer Hendy Hepworth
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Herrmann Hersh
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Herzfelder Holloway-Jenkins Hopper
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Houghton Houghton
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Houghton/Lorber Howgego Hurter
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Jackson
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Jenkins
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Ierardi Imhoof-Blumer
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Jenkins/Lewis Johnston
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Numismatica Antiqua, Leuven 1982, S. 193-196. -: The Last Civic Coinages and the religious Policy of Maximinus Daza (AD 312), in: NC 1993, S. 65-75. Heipp-Tamer, C.: Die Münzprägung der lykischen Stadt Phaselis in griechischer Zeit. Saarbrücken 1993. Hendy, M. F.: Coinage and money in the Byzantine Empire 1081-1261. Washington 1969. Hepworth, R. G.: Epaminondas’ Coinage, in: Carradice et al. (Hrsg.), Proceedings of the 10th international congress of numismatics, London 1986, S. 35-40. Herrmann, F.: Die Silbermünzen von Larissa in Thessalien, in: ZfN 35 (1924). Hersh, C. A.: Additions and Corrections to Martin J. Price`s “The Coinage in the name of Alexander the Great and Philip Arrhidaeus”, in: Ashton/Hurter (Hrsg.): Studies in Greek Numismatics in memory of Martin Jessop Price. London 1998, S. 135-144. Herzfelder, H.: Les monnaies d' argent de Rhegion. Paris 1957. Holloway, R. R. und Jenkins, G. K.: Terina. Bellinzona 1983. Hopper, R. 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Jones
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Jongkees Jurukova
= =
Kadman von Kaenel Kampmann Karbach Karwiese Kasdagli Kazan Coll. Kellner Kindler
= = = = = = = = = =
Kinns
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Klein Kleiner Kleiner/Noë Klose Konuk
= = = = =
Kostial Kraay
= = = = = = = = =
Kraay/King Kraus Kritt Kroll/Walker Kromann Krzyzanowska Kubitschek La Tour Lacam Lambros Lavva Lederer
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Le Rider
= = = = =
Lindgren Coll.
Lorber LPC Lukanc MacDonald MacDonald Maier Malloy Mamroth Martin Mavrogordato May
Mazard Merker
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Meshorer
=
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A.: Die Münzprägung von Smyrna in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Berlin 1987. Konuk, K.: The Early Coinage of Kaunos, in: Ashton/Hurter (Hrsg.), Studies in Greek Numismatics in Memory of Martin Jessop Price, London 1998, S. 197-223. Kostial, M.: Kelten im Osten. München 1997. Kraay, C. M.: The Coinage of Sybaris after 510 B. C., in: NC 1958, S. 13-37. -: The Melos Hoard of 1907 Re-examined, in: NC 1964, S. 1-20. -: The archaic Coinage of Himera. Napoli 1984. Kraay, C. M. und King, C. E.: A mid-fifth century hoard from South Italy, in: SNR 66 (1987), S. 7-33. Kraus, F. F.: Die Münzen Odovacars und des Ostgotenreiches in Italien. Halle (Saale) 1928. Kritt, B.: Dynastic Transitions in the Coinage of Bactria. Lancaster 2001. Kroll, J. H. und Walker, A. S.: The Athenian Agora. Vol. XXVI: Thje Greek Coins. Princeton 1993. Kromann, A.: Greek and Phoenician Letters on Aradian Tetradrachms, in: Studies in Ancient History and Numismatics presented to Rudi Thomsen. Aarhus 1988, S. 104-113. 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Meshorer
Mionnet
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MIR
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Meshorer/Qedar Metcalf Metcalf² Metlich Milbank Mildenberg
Mildenberg/Hurter Miles Milne
Mørkholm/Kromann
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Morrisson/Schwartz
=
Mitchiner
Mittag Mlasowsky de Morgan Mørkholm
Mostecky Moushmov Moustaka Müller Münsterberg Müseler
= = = = = = = Munro-Hay/Juel-Jensen = Naville = Nawotka = Newell = = = = = = = Nicolet-Pierre = = Nicolet-Pierre/Amandry = = Noë Noë/Johnston Noeske Nollé/Wenninger
= = = = =
Oakley Paeonian Hoard Papageorgiadou-Banis Paruck Paschalis
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Pfeiler
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Paulsen Picard
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Pink Price
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Price/Trell Price/Waggoner Prieur
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Ravel Rajgor Raymond Retowski RIC Rizzo Robertson
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Robinson
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Rogers Rostovtseff Rostovtsew/Prou
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Rouvier RPC Russo
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Rutter
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Ruzicka Sacks Sambon Scheers Scheu
Schlumb. Schönert Schönert-Geiss Schulte Schulten Schwabacher
Seager Sear
Senior/MacDonald
= = = = = = = = = = =
Seyrig
=
Shore Simonetta Sjöqvist
= = = =
Slg. Bally-Herzog
=
Sellwood Seltman
Senior
Pfeiler, H.: Die Münzprägung der Brettier, in. Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte 14 (1964), S.7-50. Paulsen, R.: Die Münzprägungen der Boier. Wien/Leipzig 1933. Picard, O.: Chalcis et la Confédération Eubéenne. Étude de Numismatique et d´Histoire (Ive-Ier siècle). Paris 1979. Pink, K.: Der Aufbau der römischen Münzprägung in der Kaiserzeit: VI/1 Probus, in: NZ 73 (1949), S. 13-74. Price, M. J.: The Larissa, 1968 Hoard (IGHC 37), in: Le Rider/Jenkins/Waggoner/Westermark (Hrsg.), Kraay-Mørkholm Essays, Louvain-la-Neuve 1989, S. 233-243. -: The Coinage in the name of Alexander the Great and Philipp Arrhidaeus. London 1991. Price, M. J. und Trell, B. L.: Coins and their Cities. London 1977. Price, M. J. und Waggoner, N.: Archaic Greek Coins in the Asyut Hoard. London 1975. Prieur, M. und K.: A type corpus of the syro-phoenician tetradrachms and their fractions from 57 BC to AD 253. London 2000. Ravel, O. E.: Les »Poulains« de Corinthe. Basel 1936 ff. -: The Collection of Tarentine Coins formed by M. P. Vlasto. London 1947. Rajgor, D.: Standard Catalogue of Sultanate Coins of India. Bombay 1991. Raymond, D.: Macedonian Regal Coinage to 413 B. C. New York 1953. Retowski, O.: Die Münzen der Komnenen von Trapezunt. Braunschweig 1974². Mattingly, H. and Sydenham, E. A.: The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. I-X. London 1923 ff. Rizzo, G. M.: Monete Grecche della Sicilia. Rom 1946. Robertson, A. S.: Roman imperial coins in the Hunterian Coin Cabinet, University of Glasgow. Vol. I-V. London 1962 ff. Robinson, E. S. G.: Carthaginian and other South Italian Coinages of the Second Punic War, in: NC 1964, S. 37-64. -: Pseudoaeginetica, in: NC 1928, S. 172-198. Rogers, E.: The Copper Coinage of Thessaly. London 1932. Rostovzeff, M: The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World, Oxford 1941. Rostovtsew, M. und Prou, M.: Catalogue des plombes de l’antiquité du moyen age et des temps modernes. Paris 1900. Rouvier, J.: Numismatique des Villes de la Phenicie, in : JIAN 3-7 (1900-1904). Burnett, A./Amandry, M./Ripolles, P. P.: Roman Provincial Coinage Vol. I-II. London/Paris 1992-1999. Russo, R.: Unpublished Roman Republican bronze coins, in: Burnett/Wartenberg/Witschonke (Hrsg.), Coins of Macedonia and Rome: Essays in honour of Charles Hersh. London 1998. Rutter, N. K.: Campanian Coinages 475-380 B. C. Edinburgh 1979. -: Historia Numorum. Italy. London 2001. Ruzicka, L.: Die Münzen von Serdica, in: NZ XLVIII (1915), S. 1-82. Sacks, K. S.: The wreathed Coins of Aeolian Myrina, in: ANSMN 30 (1985), S. 1-43. Sambon, A.: Les Monnaies Antiques de l' Italie. Paris 1903. Scheers, S.: La Gaule Belgique, Numismatique Celtique. Louvain 1983. Scheu, F.: The earliest coins of the Bruttians. Numismatic Chronicle 1955, S. 101 ff. -: Bronze coins of the Bruttians, in: NC 1961, S. 51-66. -: Coinage Systems of Aetolia, in: NC 1960, S. 37-52. -. Silver and gold coins of the Bruttians, in: NC 1962, S. 43-63. Schlumberger, G.: Numismatique de l' Orient latin. Paris 1878. Schönert, E.: Die Münzprägung von Perinthos. Berlin 1965. Schönert-Geiss, E.: Die Münzprägung von Byzantion. 2 Bände, Berlin und Amsterdam 1970 und 1972. -: Die Münzprägungen von Maroneia. Berlin 1987. Schulte, B.: Die Goldprägung der gallischen Kaiser von Postumus bis Tetricus. Aarau 1983. Schulten, P. N.: Die römische Münzstätte Trier. Frankfurt 1974. -: Die Typologie der römischen Konsekrationsprägungen. Frankfurt 1979. Schwabacher, W.: Die Tetradrachmenprägung von Selinunt, in: MBNG XLIII (1925), S. 1-89. -: Lycian Coin Portraits, in: Kraay/Jenkins (Hrsg.), Essays in Greek Coinage presented to Stanley Robinson, Oxford 1968, S. 111-124. Seager, R. B.: A Cretan Coin Hoard. New York 1924. Sear, D. R.: Byzantine Coins and their Values. London 1974. -: Greek Imperial Coins. London 1972. -: The History and Coinage of the Roman Imperators. London 1998. Sellwood, D.: An Introduction to the Coinage of Parthia. London 1971. Seltman, C. T.: Athens. Its History and Coinage before the Persian Invasion. Cambridge 1924. -: The Temple Coins of Olympia. Cambridge 1921. -: The Engravers of the Akragantine Decadrachms, in: NC 1948, S. 1-10. Senior, R.: From Gondophares to Kanishka. Glastonbury 1997. -: Indo-Scythian Coins and History. 3 Bände. London 2001. Senior, R. C./MacDonald, D.: The decline of the Indo-Greeks. A re-appraisal of the chronology from the time of Menander to that of Azes. Athen 1998. Seyrig, H.: Monnaies Hellénistiques, in: RN 1963, S. 1-64. -: Monnaies hellénistiques de Byzance et de Chalcédoine, in: Kraay/Jenkins (Hrsg.), Essays in Greek Numismatics presented to Stanley Robinson, Oxford 1968, S. 183-200. Shore, F. B.: Parthian Coins & History. Quarryville 1993. Simonetta, B.: The Coins of the Cappadocian Kings. Fribourg 1977. Sjöqvist, E.: Numismatic Notes from Morgantina I. The SIKELIWTAN Coinage, in: ANSMN IX (1960), S. 53-63. Sammlung Arthur Bally-Herzog. Auktion Münzen und Medaillen AG 93, Basel 2003.
Slg. BCD
Slg. Gutknecht Slg. Jameson Slg. Pangerl Slg. Mazzini Slg. Pozzi Slg. Schledehaus
= = = = = = = = = =
Slg. Slocum Slg. Trau
= =
Slocum SNA Tübingen SNG ANS
= = =
SNG Ashmolean SNG v. Aulock SNG Berry SNG BM SNG Cop. SNG Delepierre SNG Evelpidis SNG Fitzwilliam SNG France SNG Kayhan SNG Keckman SNG Levante SNG Lloyd SNG Lockett SNG Milano SNG Morcom SNG München SNG Pfalz SNG Righetti SNG Spaer SNG Tübingen SNS Spaer
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Spijkerman S./S. Starr Stumpf
= = = =
Sutherland Svoronos
= = = = = = = = =
Syd. Taylor Thompson
= =
Touratsoglou Traeger Troxell
= = = = = =
Tudeer
= = =
Tziambazis
=
Münzen von Korinth. Sammlung BCD. Auktion Lanz 105, München 2001. Münzen von Euboia. Sammlung BCD. Auktion Lanz 111, München 2002. Sammlung BCD. Auktion Leu 90, Zürich 2004. The BCD Collection of the Coinage of Boiotia. Auktion Triton IX, New York 2006. Sammlung Hans Hermann Gutknecht, Auktion Münzen und Medaillen GmbH 17, Stuttgart 2005. Collection R. Jameson. Tome I-III. Paris 1913-1924. Martini, R.: Collezione Pangerl. Contromarche Imperiali Romane (Augustus-Vespasianus). Milano 2003. Mazzini, G.: Monete imperiali romane. Milano 1957-1958. Catalogue des Monnaies Greques antiques, Auktion Kat. Naville + Cie. I, Genf 1920. Savio, A.: Katalog der alexandrinischen Münzen der Sammlung Dr. Christian Friedrich August Schledehaus im Kulturgeschichtlichen Museum Osnabrück. Bramsche 1997. The John J. Slocum Collection of Coins of the Crusades, Auktion Sotheby’s LN 7145, London 1997. Sammlung Franz Trau. Münzen der römischen Kaiser. Auktion Gilhofer & Ranschburg/Adolph Hess A. G. vom 22. Mai 1935. Slocum, J. J.: Another Look at the Coins of Hatra, in: ANSMN 22 (1977), S. 37-47. Ilisch, L.: Sylloge Nummorum Arabicorum. Palestina IV. Tübingen 1993. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. The Collection of the American Numismatic Society. New York 1961 ff. -: Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. London 1976 ff. -: Sammlung v. Aulock, Deutschland. Berlin 1957-1968. -: The Burton Y. Berry Collection. New York 1961 ff. -: The British Museum. London 1993. -: The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum. Copenhagen 1942-1979. -: Bibliothèque Nationale, Collection Jean et Marie Delepierre. Paris 1983. -: Collection Rena H. Evelpidis, Athenes. Louvain 1970 ff. -: Fitzwilliam Museum, Leake and General Collection. London 1940 ff. -: Bibliothèque Nationale, Cabinet des Medailles. Paris 1993 ff. -: The Muharrem Kayhan Collection. Istanbul 2002. -: The Erkki Keckman Collection in the Skopbank, Helsinki. Helsinki 1994. -: Switzerland I, Levante-Cilicia. Bern 1986 ff. -: The Lloyd Collection. London 1933. -: The Lockett Collection. London 1938 ff. -: Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche. Milano 1988 ff. -: The John Morcom Collection of Western Greek bronze Coins. Oxford 1995. -: Staatliche Münzsammlung München. Berlin 1968 ff. -: Pfälzer Privatsammlungen. München 1993 ff. -: Katalog der Sammlung Jean-Pierre Righetti im Bernischen Historischen Museum. Bern 1993. -: The Arnold Spaer collection of Seleucid coins. Jerusalem 1998. -: Münzsammlung der Universität Tübingen. Berlin 1981 ff. Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Paris-Berlin-Wien, Wien 2003-2004. -: Spaer, A.: More on the ‘Ptolemaic’ Coins of Aradus, in: Le Rider/Jenkins/Waggoner/Westermark (Hrsg.), Kraay-Mørkholm Essays, Louvain-la-Neuve 1989, S. 267-273. Spijkerman, A.: The Coins of the Decapolis and Provincia Arabia. Jerusalem 1978. Spengler, W. F./Sayles, W. G.: Turkoman Figural Bronze Coins and their Iconography. Lodi 1992. Starr, Ch. G.: Athenian Coinage. Oxford 1970. Stumpf, G. R.: Numismatische Studien zur Chronologie der römischen Statthalter in Kleinasien (122 v.-163 n. Chr.). Saarbrücken 1991. Sutherland, C. H. V.: The Cistophori of Augustus. London 1970. Svoronos, J. N.: ΤΑ ΝΟΜΙΣΜΑΤΑ ΤOΥ ΚΡΑΤΟΥΣ ΤΟΝ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΩΝ. Athen 1904. -: L’Hellénisme primitif de la Macédoine, Paris 1919. -: Les monnaies d' Athènes. München 1923 ff. -: Numismatique de la Crète ancienne. Nachdruck Bonn 1972. Sydenham, E. A.: The Coinage of the Roman Republic. London 1952. -: The Coinage of Caesarea in Cappadocia. London 1933. Taylor, J. J.: Bronze Age Goldwork of the British Isles, Cambridge 1980. Thompson, M.: The New-Style Silver Coinage of Athens. 2 Bände. ANS, Numismatic Studies 10. New York 1961. -: The mints of Lysimachos, in: Kraay/Jenkins (Hrsg.), Essays in Greek coinage presented to Stanley Robinson. Oxford 1968. -: Posthumous Philipp II Staters of Asia Minor, in: Scheers, S. (Hrsg.), Studio Paulo Naster Oblata. Leuven 1982, S. 57-65. -: Alexander’s Drachm Mints II: Lampsacus and Abydus. New York 1991. Touratsoglou, I.: Die Münzstätte von Thessaloniki in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Berlin 1988. Traeger, B.: Itanos. Europas maritimes Sprungbrett der Antike nach Afrika, in: NNB 2/1999, S. 55-63. Troxell, H. A.: Arsinoe’s Non-Era, in: ANSMN 28, (1983), S. 35-70. -: The Coinage of the Lycian League. New York 1992. -: Carians in Miniature, in: Houghton, A. u. a. (Hrsg.), Festschrift für Leo Mildenberg. Wetteren 1984, S. 249-257. -: Orontes, Satrap of Mysia, in: SNR 60 (1981), S. 27-37. Studies in the Macedonian Coinage of Alexander the Great. New York 1997. Tudeer, L. O. Th.: Die Tetradrachmenprägung von Syrakus in der Periode der signierenden Künstler. Berlin 1913. Tziambazis, E.: A Catalogue of the Coins of Cyprus (from 560 B.C. to 1571 A.D.). Larnaca 2001-2002.
Varbanov Vecchi Vismara Vogt
= = = = =
Waddington
=
Waggoner
= = =
Wallace Weber Coll. Weidauer Weiser
= = = = =
Wenninger Westermark
= = =
Westermark/Jenkins Williams
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Work Wruck Yarkin Youroukova Ziegaus Ziegler Zodda Zoega Zschucke
Varbanov, I.: Greek Imperial Coins. Bourgas 2005. Vecchi, I. G.: Italian cast Coinage. London 1979. -: The coinage of the Rasna: a study in Etruscan numismatics, in: SNR 67-78 (1988-1999). Vismara, I. G.: Monetazione arcaica della Lycia. Vol. I-III. Milano 1989-1996. Vogt, J.: Die alexandrinischen Münzen. Grundlegung einer alexandrinischen Kaisergeschichte. Band I+II. Stuttgart 1924. Waddington, W.; Babelon, E. und Reinach, Th.: Recueil général des monnaies grecques d´Asie Mineure. Band I-4, Paris 1904-1912. Waggoner, N. M.: Early Greek Coins from the Collection of Jonathan P. Rosen. New York 1983. -: Further reflections on Audoleon and his Alexander mint, in: RBN 129 (1983), S. 5-21. -: A new Wrinkle in the Hellenistic Coinage of Antioch/Alabanda, in: Le Rider/Jenkins/Waggoner/Westermark (Hrsg.), Kraay-Mørkholm Essays, Louvain-la-Neuve 1989, S. 283-290. Wallace, W. P.: The Euboian League and its Coinage. New York 1956. Forrer, L.: The Weber Collection. London 1922 ff. Weidauer, L.: Probleme der frühen Elektronprägung. Fribourg 1975. Weiser, W.: Katalog der ptolemäischen Bronzemünzen der Sammlung des Instituts der Altertumskunde der Universität Köln. Opladen 1995. -: Katalog der bithynischen Münzen der Sammlung des Instituts für Altertumskunde der Universität zu Köln. Band 1. Nikaia. Opladen 1983. Wenninger, A.: Zur Münzprägung der Stadt Syangela in Karien, in: NNB 11/1980, S. 388. Westermark, U.: Das Bildnis des Philetairos von Pergamon. Stockholm 1960. -: Himera: The Coins of Akragantine Type, in: Amandry/Hurter/Bérend (Hrsg.), Travaux de Numismatique grecque offerts a Georges Le Rider, London 1999, S. 409-434. Westermark, U. und Jenkins, K.: The Coinage of Kamarina. London 1980. Williams, R. T.: The silver Coinage of the Phokians. London 1972. -: The silver Coinage of Velia. London 1992. -: The Confederate Coinage of the Arcadians in the Fifth Century B.C. New York 1965. Work, E: The earlier staters of Heraclea Lucaniae, New York 1940. Wruck, W.: Die syrische Provinzialprägung von Augustus bis Traian. Stuttgart 1931. Yarkin, U.: The Coinage of Syangela in Caria, in: NC 1975, S. 12-18. Youroukova, Y.: Coins of the Ancient Thracians. Sofia 1976. Ziegaus, B.: Das Geld der Kelten und ihrer Nachbarn. München 1994. Ziegler, R.: Münzen Kilikiens aus kleineren deutschen Sammlungen. München 1989. Zodda, D.: Contributo alla storia della monetazione di Erice nel V sec. A.C., in: RIN XCI (1989), S. 3-26. Zoega, G.: Numi Aegyptii imperatorii. Rom 1787. Zschucke, C.-F.: Die römische Münzstätte Trier. Trier 1988². -: Die Bronze-Teilstück-Prägungen der römischen Münzstätte Trier. Trier 1989. -: Die römische Münzstätte Köln. Trier 1993.
INDEX A
#DCUUKFGP -CNKHGP KP $CIFCF #DFGTC #D[FQU #ECTPCPKC #EJCKC #GIKPC #GI[RVWU #GFWK #GNKC %CRKVQNKPC #GQNKU #HTKEC #KPQU #MCPVJQU #MMQ 2VQNGOCKU #MTCICU #NGZCPFTKC #NGZCPFTKPGT #NNCTKC #OCUKC #ODKCPK #ORJKRQNKU #PCMVQTKQP #PC\CTDQU #PVKQEJKC #RQNNQPKC 2QPVKEC #RVGTC #TCDKC #TCFQU #TIQNKU #TIQU #ORJKNQEJKMQP #TMCFKC %TGVC #TMCFKC 2GNQRQPPGUQU #TUKPQG #TVWSKFGP KP /CTFKP #URGPFQU #VJGP #VTGDCVGU #VVKEC #ZQU
B
$CD[NQP $CD[NQPKC $CEVTKC $CTUEWPGU $GNIKEC $KUCNVCK $KVJ[PKC $KVWTKIGU $QGQVKC $QJGOKC $QKGT $QURQTWU $TGVVKK $TKVCPPKC $TWVVKWO $[DNQU
$[\CPVKPKUEJG $NGKUKGIGN $[\CPVKPKUEJG /Ã&#x2019;P\GP $[\CP\
C
%CGUCTGC %CRRCFQEKCG %CGUCTGC 2CPGCU %CNCDTKC %CORCPKC %CRRCFQEKC %CTKC %JGTUQPGUQU %TGVC %JGTUQPGUQU 6JTCEKC %KNKEKC %QTKPVJKC %QTKQUQNKVGU %TGVC %[RTWU %[TGPCKEC
D
&KQP[UQRQNKU &[TTJCEJKWO
E
'NGWVJGTPC 'NKU 'N[TQU 'OGUC 'RJGUQU 'T[VJTCK 'T[Z
G
)CNCVKC )CNNKC )GIGPUVGORGN )GNC )GTOCPKC )GYKEJVG )QTV[P )TKGEJGP )TKGEJKUEJG /Ã&#x2019;P\GP )TQUUOQIWNG KP +PFKGP
H
*CFTKCPQRQNKU *CVTC *GTCENGC *KGTCRQNKU *KGTCR[VPC *KURCPKC *[GNG UKGJG 8GNKC *[TVCMKPC +NN[TKEWO
I
,GTWUCNGO UKGJG #GNKC %CRKVQNKPC ,QJCPPKVGT CWH 4JQFQU
/GUQRQVCOKC /GUUCPC /GVCRQPV /KJTCDCPKFGP /KNGV /QGUKC /QPQITCRJKGP /[TKPC /[UKC /[VKNGPG
K
N
+ORGTCVQTKUEJG 2T·IWPIGP +PFKC +QPKC +UVTQU +VCPQU +WFCGC
J
-CNNCVKU -CTVJCIQ -CVCPG -GNGPFGTKU -GNVKUEJG /Ã&#x2019;P\GP -KFCTKVGP KP +PFKGP -KVKQP -NC\QOGPCK -PKFQU -PQUUQU -QNQRJQP -QTKPVJ -TGOPC -TGW\HCJTGT -TQVQP -WUJCP -[FQPKC -[MNCFGP -[OG -[TGPG -[\KMQU
L
.CORUCMQU .CPIQDCTFGP .CQFKMGKC .CQFKMGKC CF OCTG .CRRC .CTKUUC .CVGKPKUEJGU -CKUGTTGKEJ XQP %QPUVCPVKPQRGN .CVQ .GIKQPURT·IWPIGP .GQPVKPQK .GUDQU .GVG .GWMCU .KUQU .QMTQK 'RK\GRJ[TKQK .QVU .WECPKC .[EKC .[FKC .[VVQU
M
/CEGFQPKC /CIPGUKC /CTQPGKC /CUUCNKC
0CIKFQU 0GCRQNKU /CEGFQPKC 0GOCWUWU 0KECGC -CKUGTTGKEJ 0KMQOGFKC 0KPKEC %NCWFKQRQNKU 0WOKFKC 0WOKUOCVKUEJG .KVGTCVWT
O
1DLGMVG CWU $NGK 1FGUUQU 1NDC 1NDKC 1NQWU 1N[ORKC 1N[PVJQU 1TKGPVCNKUEJG /Ã&#x2019;P\GP 1TVJCIQTGKC 1UVIQVGP
P
2CGQPKC 2CORJ[NKC 2CPPQPKC 2CPVKMCRCKQP 2CRJNCIQPKC 2CRJQU 2CTVJKC 2GNNC 2GNQRQPPGUWU 2GTICOQP 2GTKPVJQU 2GTUKC 2JCKUVQU 2JCNCUCTPC 2JKNKRRQRQNKU #TCDKCG 2JKNKRRQRQNKU 6JTCEKCG 2JKUVGNKC 2JQEKU 2JQGPKEKC 2JQMCKC 2JT[IKC 2KUKFKC 2QN[TTJGPKC 2QPVWU 2QVKFCKC 2TCKUQU 2TKCPUQU 2WPKGT
R
4GFQPGU 4GOK 4JCWMQU 4JQFQU 4KVJ[OPC 4ÌOKUEJG /ÒP\GP
S
5CDTCVJC 5CKVVC 5CNCOKU 5CTFGKU 5CUCPKFGP 5EJOWEMUVÒEMG 5E[VJKC 5GIGUVC 5GIQDTKIC 5GNGWEKC CF %CN[ECFPWO 5GNKPWU 5KEKNKC 5KFG 5KPQRG 5O[TPC 5QNQWU 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGT 'WMNGKFCU 2[VJQFQTQU 5WGUUC #WTWPEC 5[DCTKU 5[DTKVC 5[TCMWU 5[TKC 5[TQU 5[TVKEC
T
6CTGPV 6CTUQU 6CXKQP 6GIGC 6GPGFQU 6GQU 6JCUQU 6JGDGP 6JGUUCNKC 6JGUUCNQPKEC -CKUGTTGKEJ 6JTCEKC 6JWTKQK 6QOKU 6TCRG\QRQNKU 6TKPQXCPVGU 6TQCU 6[NKUQU 6[TQU
U
7OC[[CFGP -CNKHGP KP &COCUMWU 7VKEC
V
8GNKC 8GPGVK 8KOKPCEKWO 8KPFGNKMGT 8ÌNMGTYCPFGTWPI
W
9GUVIQVGP 9GUVNKEJG )CPICU KP 1TKUUC
Z
<GWIKVCPKC <[RGTP -ÌPKITGKEJ
Dr. Derichs · Köln · Berlin
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Paar Appliques Louis XV. Paris, 1755. Vergoldete Bronze, H ca. 42 cm. Verkauft für: e 51.000,-
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NUMISMATISCHE AUSDRÜCKE EXPRESSIONS NUMISMATIQUES NUMISMATIC TERMS TERMINI DI NUMISMATICA DEUTSCH
ENGLISCH
FRANÇAIS
ITALIANO
Abschlag Am Rand Berieben Blei Dezentriert Doppelschlag Einfassung Einseitig Emailliert Erhaltung Etwas Exemplar Fassungsspuren Fehlprägung Feld(er) Fundexemplar Gedenkmünze Geglättet Gelocht Geprägt Gewellt Goldpatina Hübsch Jahrh. = Jahrhundert. Kl. = klein Korrosionsspuren Kratzer Kupfer Legierung Leicht(e) l. = links Min. = minimal Nachahmung Prachtexemplar Prägeschwäche Randdelle Randfehler Randschrift r. = rechts Rückseite Schriftspuren Schrötling Schrötlingsfehler Schwach ausgeprägt Selten in dieser Erhaltung Seltener Jahrgang Stempel Stempelfehler Überdurchschnittlich erhalten Überprägt Unediert Unikum Vergoldet Von aller größter Seltenheit Vorderseite Winz.= winzig Zain Zierrand Zinn Ziseliert
struck at the rim/border slightly polished lead uncentered double struck frame uniface enamelled condition/preservation slightly specimen, copy trace of mounting mis-strike field(s) specimen from a hoard commemorative coin tooled holed minted bent golden patina attractive century small traces of corrosion scratch(es) copper alloy slightly left minimal imitation attractive, perfect piece weakly struck edge nick edge faults lettered edge to right reverse traces of inscription flan flan defect weakly struck rare in this condition rare year die(s) mistake in the die extraordinary condition overstruck unpublished unique specimen gilt extremely rare head tiny flan ornamental border tin chased
frappe en tranche frotté plomb decentré double frappe encadrement uniface émaillé conservation un peu exemplaire traces de monture défaut de frappe champ de trésor monnaie commemorative lissé troué frappé ondulé patine dorée joli siécle petit traces de corrosion rayure cuivre alliace légère gauche minimal imitation pièce magnifique de frappe molle défaut sur la tranche erreur sur la tranche inscription sur la tranche droite revers traces de légende flan Flan défectueux de frappe molle conservation rare année rare coin erreur de frappe conservation extraordinaire surfrappé inédit pièce unique doré très rare en face petit flan tranche ornée étain ciselé
coniazione al bordo trattato piombo non centrato ribattitura cornice uniface smaltato conservazione un poco esemplare tracce di montatura difetto di coniazione campo da tesoretto moneta commemorativa liscio bucato coniato ondolato patina d´oro carino secolo piccolo segni di corrosione graffio(i) rame lega leggero sinistra minimamente contraffazzione esemplare magnifico conio stanco ammaccatura al bordo errore nel bordo inscrizione sul bordo destra rovescio tracce di leggenda tondello errore di tondello conio stanco conservazione rara annata rara conio errore di conio conservazione estraordinaria ribattuto inedito pezzo unico dorato di estrema raritá diritto veramente piccolo tondello taglio ornato stagno cesellato
HINWEISE FÜR UNSERE BIETENDEN AUKTIONSKUNDEN 1. Die Auktionsbedingungen finden Sie am Ende dieses Katalogs. 2. Bitte senden Sie uns Ihre Aufträge möglichst frühzeitig zu. Wenn uns Ihr Auftrag erst kurz vor der Auktion erreicht, können sich bei der Bearbeitung Fehler einschleichen. 3. Das beiliegende Formular macht es Ihnen leicht, ein schriftliches Gebot abzugeben. Falls Sie Ihre Gebote faxen möchten: unser Telefax 0541 - 96 20 222 steht Ihnen Tag und Nacht zur Verfügung. 4. Die von Ihnen ersteigerten Objekte werden Ihnen innerhalb von acht Tagen nach Beendigung der Auktion zugeschickt. Die Aufträge werden in der Reihenfolge des Eingangs bearbeitet, d. h. die zuerst eingegangenen Aufträge werden auch zuerst bearbeitet. Auch alle Bieter, die keinen Zuschlag erhalten haben, werden von uns nach der Auktion benachrichtigt. 5. Wenn Sie telefonisch bieten möchten, teilen Sie uns diesen Wunsch bitte mindestens 48 Stunden vor der Auktion mit. Unseren Kundenservice erreichen Sie unter 0541 – 96 20 20 oder gebührenfrei unter 0800 – 5 83 65 37. 6. Wenn Sie als neuer Kunde noch nicht bei uns gekauft haben, ist es empfehlenswert, wenn Sie uns Referenzen angeben. Nennen Sie uns eine Münzhandlung, mit der Sie bereits in Geschäftsverbindung stehen. Oder rufen Sie unseren Kundenservice an. 7. Die Echtheit aller verkauften Objekte wird auch über die gesetzliche Frist hinaus gewährleistet. 8. Alle Kunden, die als Bieter an einer unserer Auktionen teilnehmen, erhalten innerhalb von zwei Wochen nach der Auktion unsere Ergebnisliste gratis. 9. Sie haben Fragen zu einer bestimmten Münze? Sie möchten persönlich an unserer Auktion teilnehmen? Sie haben andere Fragen? Unser Kundenservice freut sich auf Ihren Anruf, entweder direkt unter 0541 – 96 20 20 oder gebührenfrei unter 0800 – 5 83 65 37.
IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR PLACING BIDS 1. The terms and conditions of the auction can be found at the end of this catalogue. 2. Please send us your instructions as early as possible. The likelihood of errors occurring increases if we do not receive your instructions until shortly before the auction. 3. The enclosed form makes it simple for you to submit a written bid. Our fax machine +49 (0)541 – 96 20 222 is on standby day and night in case you wish to fax your bids. 4. The objects which you purchase will be delivered to you within eight days of the close of auction. Instructions are processed in the same order as they were received – in other words, the first instructions to be received are the first to be processed. All unsuccessful bidders will be also informed after the auction. 5. If you would like to bid by telephone, please ring our customer service beforehand on +49 (0)541 - 96 20 20. 6. If you are a new customer who has not yet bought anything through us, we recommend that you give us references. Name a coin dealer with whom you have already done business. Or call our customer service. 7. The genuineness of all sold objects is also warranted beyond the statutory length of time. 8. All customers who participate as bidders in our auction receive our list of results free of charge within two weeks of the close of auction. 9. Do you have questions about a particular coin? Would you like to participate personally in our auction? Do you have any other questions? Our customer service team will be pleased to help you – call on +49 (0)541 - 96 20 20.
RENSEIGNEMENTS À L'ATTENTION DE NOS CLIENTS DES VENTES AUX ENCHÈRES 1. Vous trouverez les conditions générales de vente aux enchères à la fin de ce catalogue. 2. Veuillez nous faire parvenir vos ordres le plus tôt possible. Si vos ordres nous parviennent juste avant la vente aux enchères, des erreurs risquent d’être commises lors de leur traitement. 3. Le formulaire ci-joint vous aidera à rédiger facilement votre offre. Si vous souhaitez faxer votre offre, vous pourrez le faire 24 heures sur 24 au +49 (0)541 – 96 20 222. 4. Les objets dont vous serez adjudicataire vous seront envoyés dans les huit jours suivant la fin de la vente aux enchères. Les commandes seront prises en compte dans l’ordre de leur arrivée, c’est-à-dire que les commandes nous parvenant les premières seront d’abord traitées. Après la vente aux enchères, nous préviendrons tous les enchérisseurs n’ayant pas obtenu l’adjudication. 5. Si vous souhaitez faire des enchères par téléphone, veuillez appeler aupravant notre service clientèle au +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20. 6. Si vous êtes un nouveau client et n’avez encore fait aucune acquisition chez nous, il serait conseillé de nous fournir quelques références. Indiquez nous si vous traitez déjà avec un professionnel du commerce des monnaies. Ou contactez notre service clientèle au +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20. 7. L’authenticité des pièces vendues sera garantie même au-delà des délais légaux. 8. Tous les clients participant à l’une de nos ventes aux enchères en tant qu’enchérisseurs recevront gratuitement une liste de résultats dans les deux semaines suivant la vente aux enchères. 9. Vous avez des questions concernant une pièce particulière? Vous désirez prendre part personnellement à notre vente aux enchères? Vous avez d’autres questions? Notre service clientèle se fera un plaisir de vous répondre au +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20.
INFORMAZIONI PER GLI OFFERENTI DELLE NOSTRE ASTE 1. Le condizioni d’asta si trovano alla fine di questo catalogo. 2. Siete pregati di inviarci i vostri ordini il più presto possibile. Se il vostro ordine ci perviene poco tempo prima dell’apertura dell’asta, si possono verificare errori nell’elaborazione dello stesso. 3. Per le vostre offerte scritte potete utilizzare il modulo allegato al catalogo. Nel caso voleste trasmettere le vostre offerte per fax, siete pregati di inviarle al seguente numero: +49 (0)541-96 20 222. 4. Gli oggetti che avete acquistato all’asta vi saranno spediti entro otto giorni dal termine della stessa. Gli ordini vengono evasi in base alla data di ricevimento, quindi hanno precedenza quelli pervenuti prima. Anche gli offerenti che non hanno avuta alcuna aggiudicazione riceveranno una nostra comunicazione al termine dell’asta. 5. Se desiderate la partecipazione telefonica in diretta durante l´asta, siete pregati di chiamare prima la consulenza ai clienti al numero diretto +49 (0)541-96 20 20. 6. Se siete clienti nuovi e non avete mai acquistato da noi, vi proponiamo di inviarci delle referenze. Dateci il nome di un negozio di monete presso il quale avete già fatto degli acquisti, oppure chiamate la nostra consulenza ai clienti al numero +49 (0)541 96 20 20. 7. Il certificato d’autenticità di tutti gli oggetti venduti viene rilasciato anche oltre i termini privisti per legge. 8. Tutti i clienti che hanno partecipato ad una nostra asta riceveranno gratuitamente l´elenco delle aggiudicazioni entro quindici giorni dal termine della stessa. 9. Avete delle domande su una moneta in particolare ? Desiderate partecipare personalmente ad una nostra asta? Avete altre domande? Rivolgetevi al nostro Servizio Clienti al numero +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20.
WIE BIETE ICH RICHTIG?
MEINE TEILNAHME ALS SCHRIFTLICHER BIETER 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Studieren Sie den Katalog sorgfältig und notieren Sie alle Lose, die interessant für Sie sind. Legen Sie für jedes Los Ihr persönliches Limit fest, das Sie maximal zu zahlen bereit sind. Füllen Sie das beiliegende Formular aus (siehe rechte Seite) und tragen Sie für jedes Los Ihr Höchstgebot ein. Schicken Sie uns Ihren Auftrag frühzeitig. Bei gleich hohen Geboten erhält das zuerst eingegangene Gebot den Zuschlag. Sie haben interessante Lose für insgesamt € 10.000,-- gefunden, möchten jedoch nur € 2.000,-- ausgeben. Kein Problem: Sie geben als Gesamtlimit (ohne Aufgeld) € 2.000,-- an. Wenn Sie Fragen haben: Die MitarbeiterInnen unserer Kundenbetreuung sind für Sie da. Tel. 0800 – 583 65 37 (gebührenfrei). Wenn Sie telefonisch an unseren Auktionen teilnehmen möchten, ist das ab einer Schätzung von € 500,- pro Los möglich. Bitte teilen Sie uns diesen Wunsch mindestens einen Werktag vor Beginn der Versteigerung schriftlich mit.
MEINE PERSÖNLICHE TEILNAHME IN OSNABRÜCK 1.
3.
Wir freuen uns sehr, wenn Sie persönlich nach Osnabrück kommen möchten. Das Flair einer Auktion und die Stimmung im Auktionssaal sind ein besonderes Erlebnis für Sie als Sammler. Osnabrück ist außerdem immer eine Reise wert und die persönliche Betreuung durch unsere Mitarbeiter wissen immer mehr Kunden zu schätzen. 2. Bitte rufen Sie uns rechtzeitig an, damit wir Ihnen Tipps für die Anreise geben und Ihnen ein Hotelzimmer reservieren können. Sie erreichen uns gebührenfrei unter: 0800 – 5 83 65 37. Als erfolgreicher Bieter können Sie Ihre neu erworbenen Stücke gleich persönlich mit nach Hause nehmen. Als guter Kunde unseres Hauses haben Sie 20 Tage Zahlungsziel nach der Auktion.
WIE ENTSTEHT DER PREIS EINER AUKTION? 1. 2.
Der im Auktionskatalog angegebene Preis ist ein Schätzpreis, der durch unsere Experten festgelegt wurde. Das Mindestgebot liegt bei 80% dieses Wertes. Die Zuschlagpreise sind oft deutlich höher als die Schätzpreise. Als Auktionshaus müssen wir bereits vor der Auktion alle schriftlichen Gebote koordinieren. Folgende Beispiele sind im Bietverfahren möglich:
Beispiel 1 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,--) Es liegt kein schriftlicher Auftrag vor: der Auktionator ruft das Los in der Auktion mit € 800,-- aus. Wenn im Saal nur ein Bieter darauf ein Gebot abgibt, erhält der Saalbieter den Zuschlag für € 800,--.
Beispiel 3 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,--) Es liegt dem Auktionator nur ein schriftliches Gebot von € 850,-- vor: das Los wird in der Auktion mit € 800,-ausgerufen. Falls kein Bieter im Saal ein Gegenangebot abgibt, erhält der schriftliche Bieter den Zuschlag bei € 800,--.
Beispiel 2 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,--) Es liegen dem Auktionator drei schriftliche Gebote vor:
Beispiel 4: (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,--) Es liegt dem Auktionator nur ein schriftliches Gebot von € 1.200,-- vor: der Auktionator ruft das Los mit € 800,-- aus. Gibt es im Saal keinen Gegenbieter, erhält der schriftliche Bieter den Zuschlag bei € 800,--. Falls es im Saal Gegenbieter gibt, bietet der Auktionator für seinen schriftlichen Bieter bis maximal € 1.200,-- und erteilt einem Gegenbieter im Saal erst bei mehr als € 1.200,-- den Zuschlag.
Bieter 1: Limit € 2.900,-Bieter 2: Limit € 1.800,-Bieter 3: Limit: € 800,-Nach der Versteigerungsordnung muss der Auktionator im Interesse von Bieter 1 und 2 angemessen überbieten (um ca. 5 bis 10%). Der Ausrufpreis in der Auktion beträgt daher im Interesse von Bieter 1, € 1.900,-- (obwohl die Schätzung € 1.000,-- beträgt). Falls keine höheren Gebote aus dem Saal erfolgen, erhält Bieter 1 den Zuschlag für € 1.900,--. Das Höchstangebot von € 2.900,-- musste nicht ausgeschöpft werden.
Beispiel 5 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,--) Es liegen drei Gebote von je € 975,-- vor: um Missverständnisse zu vermeiden, überzieht der Auktionator das zuerst eingegangene Gebot geringfügig und erteilt den Zuschlag bei € 1.000,--.
WIE BIETE ICH RICHTIG?
MUSTERAUKTIONSAUFTRAG FÜR SCHRIFTLICHE BIETER 1. Name, Adresse, Telefon: Ihre vollständige Anschrift ist wichtig, damit wir Ihren Auktionsauftrag annehmen und bearbeiten können. Ihre Telefonnummer brauchen wir, um Sie bei Rückfragen zu Ihren Geboten schnell erreichen zu können.
5. Ihre Kundennummer Die Angabe Ihrer Kundennummer unterstützt uns bei der Bearbeitung Ihres Auktionsauftrages. Viele Vorarbeiten für die Auktion werden dadurch einfacher und es werden Fehler vermieden.
2. Losnummern und Gebote Listen Sie alle Lose, für die Sie sich interessieren, mit ihrer Katalognummer auf und legen Sie für sich selbst fest, wie viel Sie bereit sind für jedes einzelne Los zu bieten.
6. Ihr Limit pro Einzellos An dieser Stelle geben Sie an, was Sie für jedes einzelne Stück maximal bereit sind auszugeben.
3. „Oder“-Gebote Wenn Sie sich für mehrere Münzen interessieren, aber nur ein Stück davon erwerben wollen, können Sie Ihre Gebote einfach mit einem „oder“ verbinden. Wichtig: bei den „oder“-Geboten können Sie nicht auf frühere Katalognummern zurückgreifen (z.B. 2890 oder 1558), da die Nr. 1558 dann bereits versteigert ist. 4. Unterschreiben Sie Ihren Auktionsauftrag . . .nachdem Sie Ihre Angaben noch einmal überprüft haben. Ihre Unterschrift ist wichtig, denn damit bestätigen Sie uns, dass sie tatsächlich teilnehmen wollen.
7. Überschreitung Ihrer Limits pro Einzellos In der Praxis zeigt sich, daß oft mehrere Bieter mit ihren Geboten dicht beieinander liegen. Deshalb empfiehlt es sich, an dieser Stelle einer geringfügigen Überschreitung Ihrer Gebote zuzustimmen. Dadurch erhöhen sich Ihre Chancen, im Wettbewerb mit anderen den Zuschlag zu erhalten. 8. Begrenzung Ihres Gesamtlimits Hier können sie die Gesamtsumme Ihrer Gebote begrenzen und festlegen, was Sie insgesamt maximal bereit sind auszugeben. Aufgeld und Mehrwertsteuer kommen später noch hinzu.
ANTWORTEN AUF FRAGEN, DIE UNS OFT GESTELLT WERDEN 1.
Zuschlagpreis/Aufgeld: Wir berechnen als Auktionshaus ein Aufgeld von 15% auf den Zuschlagpreis, dazu kommt die gesetzliche Mehrwertsteuer. Beispiel 2: Zuschlagpreis: € 1.000,-€ 100,-Aufgeld 15% € 150,-€ 15,00 Versandkosten, z. B.* € 5,90 € 5,90 MwSt. 7% € 80,91 € 8,46 ______ ________ Rg.-Betrag € 1.236,81 Rg.-Betrag € 129,36 Mehrwertsteuer: üblicherweise in Deutschland 7%, seit dem 01.01.2000 sind viele Goldmünzen, die nach 1800 geprägt wurden, steuerfrei. Bei Fragen zu der MWSt-Berechnung rufen Sie uns an, gebührenfrei unter: 0800 / 5836537. Rücklosverkauf: Alle Lose, die in der Auktion nicht verkauft wurden, können Sie innerhalb von vier Wochen nach der Versteigerung zu 80% des Schätzpreises (zzgl. Aufgeld und Mehrwertsteuer) erwerben. Achtung: Viele Rücklose sind schnell vergriffen. Unser Spezialservice: Alle Bieter erhalten gratis die Ergebnisliste innerhalb von zwei Wochen nach der Auktion. Im Internet können Sie die Ergebnisliste der Auktion sofort nach der Auktion unter www.kuenker.de einsehen. Beispiel 1:
2. 3.
4.
Zuschlagpreis Aufgeld 15%: Versandkosten, z.. B.* MwSt. 7%
* Die Kosten für Versand und Versicherung werden nach Aufwand berechnet.
VERSTEIGERUNGSBEDINGUNGEN Die Versteigerung erfolgt im Auftrag und für Rechnung der Eigentümer unter Einhaltung der sich aus der Versteigerungsordnung (BGB1 I 1976, 1346) ergebenden und für Kommissionäre geltenden gesetzlichen Bestimmungen des BGB und HGB gegen Barzahlung des Kaufpreises in ~-Währung. Durch Abgabe eines Gebotes werden die Versteigerungsbedingungen anerkannt, dies gilt auch für die schriftlichen Gebote. Der Zuschlagpreis ist Nettopreis im Sinne des Umsatzsteuergesetzes und bildet die Berechnungsgrundlage für das vom Käufer zu zahlende Aufgeld in Höhe von 15 %. Auf den daraus entstehenden Gesamtpreis (Zuschlag + Aufgeld) wird die jeweils gültige Umsatzsteuer erhoben, soweit dies gesetzlich vorgeschrieben ist. Ausländischen Käufern aus Ländern der europäischen Gemeinschaft wird die in Deutschlang gültige Umsatzsteuer berechnet. Anderen ausländischen Käufern (aus Drittländern) wird, sofern die Münzen durch uns exportiert werden, ein Aufgeld von 15 % netto auf den Zuschlagpreis berechnet; sie erhalten die Lieferung nur gegen Zahlung des Kaufpreises in ~ - Währung, bankspesenfrei. Ausländischen Münzhändlern aus Ländern der europäischen Gemeinschaft wird bei Nachweis der Umsatzsteuer-Identifikationsnummer (§ 27 a USTG) und der sonstigen Voraussetzungen gemäß § 4 Nr. 1 b USTG in Verbindung mit § 6 a USTG die Lieferung ohne Umsatzsteuer berechnet. Sofern nichts anderes vereinbart wird, ist die Zahlung der Auktionsrechnung bei anwesenden Käufern sofort, bei schriftlichen Bietern spätestens 20 Tage nach Erhalt fällig. Bei Zahlungsverzug werden Zinsen von 1 % pro Monat berechnet. Wird die Zahlung nicht sofort an den Versteigerer geleistet oder die Abnahme der zugeschlagenen Sache verweigert, so findet die Übergabe der Sache an den Ersteigerer nicht statt. Der Ersteigerer verliert vielmehr seine Rechte aus dem Zuschlag, und die Sache kann auf seine Kosten erneut versteigert werden. In diesem Fall haftet der Ersteigerer für den Ausfall, dagegen hat er auf den Mehrerlös keinen Anspruch. Der Zuschlag erfolgt nach dreimaligem Ausruf des höchsten Gebotes und verpflichtet zur Abnahme und Zahlung. Bei Meinungsverschiedenheiten über den Zuschlag wird die Nummer noch einmal ausgerufen. Der Versteigerer ist berechtigt, Nummern zu vereinigen oder zu trennen. Eine Vorausnahme von Nummern erfolgt nicht. Der Zutritt zur Versteigerung ist nur Interessenten gestattet, die einen Katalog besitzen.
Die Mindeststeigerungsstufen für das Bietungsverfahren betragen:
Mindestangebote
Mindeststeigerungsstufe
Schriftliche Aufträge werden von uns ohne Auftragsprovision gewissenhaft ausgeführt. Aufträge von uns unbekannten Sammlern können nur ausgeführt werden, wenn ein Depot hinterlegt wird oder Referenzen benannt werden. Schriftliche Gebote können nur bis 24 Stunden vor Auktionsbeginn verbindlich berücksichtigt werden. Im Bedarfsfall ist der Auktionator berechtigt, die Limits um 3 – 5 % zu überschreiten. Bei mehreren gleichhohen Geboten erhält das zuerst eingegangene den Zuschlag. Unlimitierte Aufträge haben keinen Anspruch auf unbedingte Ausführung. Telefonisches Bieten ist nur in Ausnahmefällen möglich. Telefonische Bieter müssen sich mindestens einen Werktag vor der Auktion voranmelden. Der Versand geht zu Lasten und auf Risiko des Ersteigerers bzw. Empfängers. Das Auktionsgut bleibt bis zur vollständigen Bezahlung aller Forderungen aus Anlaß der Versteigerung Eigentum des Verkäufers. Ist der Käufer Vollkaufmann, so ist Osnabrück als Gerichtsstand vereinbart. Für das Mahnverfahren gilt die Zuständigkeit des Amtsgerichts Osnabrück auch in allen anderen Fällen als vereinbart. Ansonsten ist es Osnabrück nur, wenn nur die Firma Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG ihren allgemeinen Gerichtsstand in der BRD hat, oder wenn alle Ansprüche im Wege des Mahnverfahrens geltend gemacht werden, oder wenn die im Klageweg in Anspruch zu nehmende Vertragspartei nach Vertragsabschluß ihren gewöhnlichen Aufenthaltsort aus dem Geltungsbereich der BRD verlegt hat, oder ihr Wohnsitz oder gewöhnlicher Aufenthaltsort zum Zeitpunkt der Klage nicht bekannt ist. Die Beschreibung im Katalog ist gewissenhaft durchgeführt. Sie begründet jedoch keine Rechts- oder Sachmängelhaftung gemäß §§ 434, 459 ff BGB. Die Angabe der Erhaltung ist streng nach den im deutschen Münzhandel üblichen Erhaltungseinstufungen vorgenommen und gilt als persönliche Beurteilung. Bei der Auktion anwesende Käufer kaufen grundsätzlich „wie besehen“. Da durch Vorbesichtigung Gelegenheit gegeben ist, sich vom Erhaltungszustand des Versteigerungsgutes zu überzeugen, können nach erfolgtem Zuschlag Reklamationen nur bei irrtümlich übersehener Henkel- oder Fassungsspur oder gestopftem Loch berücksichtigt werden. Bei Losen mit mehreren Stücken sind die Stückzahlen nur Circa-Angaben, irrtümliche Zuschreibungen sind im Einzelfall nicht ausgeschlossen. Diese Lose sind nach erfolgtem Zuschlag von jeder Reklamation ausgeschlossen. Der Versteigerer kann bei eventuellen Meinungsverschiedenheiten bzw. Beanstandungen einen vereidigten Sachverständiger seiner Wahl (die Kosten trägt der unterliegende Teil) beauftragen. Eventuelle Beanstandungen können nur innerhalb von 8 Tagen nach der Auktion bzw. nach Erhalt der ersteigerten Stücke berücksichtigt werden. Die Echtheit der Stücke wird bis zur Höhe des Kaufpreises garantiert. Die beigedruckten Preise sind Schätzpreise, die unter- oder überschritten werden können. Aufträge, die unter 80 % des Schätzpreises liegen, können nicht bearbeitet werden.
bis zu
100,--
5,--
bis zu
200,--
10,--
bis zu
500,--
20,--
bis zu
1.000,--
50,--
Soweit nicht anders vermerkt, gelten im übrigen die allgemeinen Versteigerungsbestimmungen und – auch im Verhältnis zu ausländischen Kunden – gilt Deutsches Recht.
bis zu
2.000,--
100,--
Die Ergebnisliste erscheint sofort nach der Auktion.
bis zu
5.000,--
200,--
DIE VERSTEIGERER:
bis zu
10.000,--
500,--
DR. ANDREAS KAISER
bis zu
20.000,--
1.000,--
ARNE KIRSCH
bis zu
50.000,--
2.000,--
OLIVER KÖPP
ab
50.000,--
5.000,--
Ausländische Kunden kaufen nach den Devisen-, Zoll- und Steuerbestimmungen ihres Landes. Versandformalitäten werden vom Versteigerer erledigt.
FRITZ RUDOLF KÜNKER
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF AUCTION The auction is conducted on behalf and for the account of the appropiate proprietors of the goods and is subject to the federal Auction Regulation (Versteigerungsordnung, BGB1 I 1976, 1346) published in the Federal Law GazetteVol. I, 1976, 1346 and the relevant provisions for factors in accordance with the German Cicil Code (BGB) and Commercial Code (HGB). Payment of the hammer-price has to be made in cash and in Euro. The submission of an offer implies the express acknowledgement of these Terms and Conditions of Auction; the same applies to the submission of an offer in writing. The hammer-price is exclusive of applicable German VAT according to the prevailing VAT – legislation and represents the basis for calculating the surcharge of 15 percent payable by the puchaser. The total price so calculated (hammerprice plus surcharge) is subject to the VAT (value added tax=Mehrwertsteuer), which is payabel additionally. Purchasers from abroad will be charged a surcharge of 15 per cent net on the hammer-price, provided the export of the coins is undertaken by the auctioneer. Buyers in European Community (EEC) countries (other than Germany) will be charged Value Added Tax at the rates prevailing in Germany. Dealers from EEC countries (other than Germany) will receive goods free of tax upon presentation of their VAT I.D. number, and upon fulfillment of the other conditions set forth in Paragraph 4, Nr. 1 b, and Paragraph 6 a of the GermanTurnover Tax Law Buyers from other countries are not charged Value Added Tax. Delivery will be made against payment in Euro with no bank charges to the auctioneer. Unless mutually agreed otherwise, payment of the auction bill from purchasers present at the auction is due immediately. From purchaser who have submitted a bid in writing, payment is due within 20 days after receipt of the goods. Defaulted payments shall bear an interest charge of 1 % per month in the amount in default. Should payment to the auctioneer not be made immediately or should the acceptance of the awarded item be refused, such item shall not be handed overt to the purchaser. Instead the purchaser shall forfeit all right and title in and to such item from the award and the item may again be put to auction at this buyer’s cost. In this event the buyer shall be liable for any shortfall, while he shall have no right or claim towards any excess proceeds. An item will be knocked down after the highest bid has been called three times. The award shall be a binding commitment and liability on the part of the bidder to take acceptance and delivery of the item or items so awarded. In the event of any dispute with regard to the award the lot will be put up again for bidding. The auctioneer reserves the right to combine or to seperate lots. Lots will not be called out of sequence. Access to the auction will only be permitted to interested persons who are in possession of the catalogue. The minimum rates of increase for the bidding procedure are: for minimum offers
minimum increase rate
up to
100,--
5,--
up to
200,--
10,--
up to
500,--
20,--
up to
1.000,--
50,--
up to
2.000,--
100,--
up to
5.000,--
200,--
up to
10.000,--
500,--
up to
20.000,--
1.000,--
up to
50.000,--
2.000,--
above
50.000,--
5.000,--
Orders submitted in writing will be carried out diligently and without charge of an extra commission. Orders from collectors unknown to the auctioneer can only be accepted and carried out if a deposit or references to the satisfaction on the auctioneer are given. To be bindingly accepted, written bids need to be received at least 24 hours before auction. If necessary, the auctioneer is allowed to increase the bids by 3-5%. Should several bids be obtained in writing bidding the same price or prices for a given lot, the bid first received by the auctioneer shall be given the award. Unlimited bids shall not oblige the auctioneer to consider, accept or carry out such order. Telephone bidding is generally an option for lots of substantial value only. The registration is required at the latest a day before auction. Shipment (by mail or otherwise) of the goods shall be for the sole cost and risk of the purchaser or receipient, resp. The auctioned goods remain the sole and exclusiv property of the vendor until full payment and settlement of any and all dues and claims in connection with the auction. In the event the purchaser is a merchant (in the sense of the German commercial laws) Osnabrück shall be the agreed and exclusive place of jurisdiction. The competence of the District Court (Amtsgericht) of Osnabrück is agreed in respect of summary proceedings for the collection of defaulted payments (Mahnverfahren) as well as in any and all other cases. Should the purchaser not be a merchant Osnabrück shall be the place of jurisdiction with the District Court of Osnabrück’s competence, if only the auctioneer has his ordinary legal domicil in the Federal Republic of Germany or if claims are made by way of summary proceedings of collection (Mahnverfahren) or if the defendant has moved his ordinary legal domicil outside the jurisdiction of the Federal Republik of Germany or if the legal domicil of the defendant is unknown to the auctioneer at the time of filing a suit. To the exclusion of any other legislation German law, as in force at the time, shall be applied for the settlement of any and all legal or judicial matters. The specifications and descriptions in the catalogue have been prepared diligently and in good faith do, however, not constitute the acceptance by the auctioneer of any warranty or liability in respect of defect in material or title. The state of preservation of items is strictly assessed in accordance with the grades accepted by the German coin trade and only represents an individual and personal assessment. Purchasers present at the auction acquire items strictly on the basis of “as is where is” and “as inspected”. In view of the opportunity of prior inspection to ascertain the state and condition of the auction lots, complaints and objections made after the sale will only be considered, if by obvious error or mistake loop or traces or moutings, traces of trimmings or settings, or the plugging of a hole (eyelet) have remained unnoticed. If and when auctioned in lots, the quantities of individual pieces given, only represent an approximate figure. An error in the allocation of indivdual pieces to a certain lot cannot be excluded. Such lots are, therefore, excluded from any complaintes or objections after the lot is knocked down. In the event of disputes or complaints as to the quality of an item the auctioneer may call upon a gernerally sworn expert of the trade, which the auctioneer may choose at his sole discretin, for assessment an the rendering of a decision as to the justification of such dispute or complaint. The costs of such expert shall be borne by the party loosing the dispute according to the expert’s decision. Complaints or objections, if justified, will only be considered if made and received by the auctioneer within 8 days after the auction or after receipt the lots, respectively. The authenticity of the coins is warranted. Warranted up to the total purchase price. The prices set out in the catalogue are estimates only, which may bei exceeded or undercut. Orders for less than 80 per cent of the estimated price cannot accepted. Purchasers from abroad will have to observe all applicable laws and regulations in respect of foreign exchange, customs duties and taxation of their country. The auctioneer will only discharge such formalities, which have to be observed, in the Federal Republic of Germany in connection with the export of the purchased item(s). Unless stipulated otherwise herein, the general rules regulations for auctions applicable in Germany shall govern any transaction in respect of the auction; German Law shall also be applicable in relation to purchasers form abroad. Only the German text has legal forde. The prices realized will be published in the form of a list immediately after the auction. THE AUCTIONEERS:
FRITZ RUDOLF KÜNKER DR. ANDREAS KAISER ARNE KIRSCH OLIVER KÖPP
IMPRESSUM NUMISMATISCHE BEARBEITUNG FOTOS LAYOUT DRUCK
Alexandra Spreu, Dr. Sebastian Steinbach, Jens Ulrich Thormann M. A., Manuela Weiß Lübke & Wiedemann, Stuttgart danner pc - gesteuerte systeme waiblingen media-print, Paderborn Jeglicher Nachdruck, auch auszugsweise, bedarf der Genehmigung des Auktionshauses
ZAHLUNGEN AUS DEM INLAND Deutsche Bank Osnabrück Dresdner Bank Osnabrück Sparkasse Osnabrück Volksbank eG Bad Laer-Borgloh-Hilter-Melle Bankhaus Lampe KG, Bielefeld Postbank Hannover HypoVereinsbank München WestLB Dortmund Paypal
(BLZ 265 700 90) Konto-Nummer 0 177 006 (BLZ 265 800 70) Konto-Nummer 780 520 200 (BLZ 265 501 05) Konto-Nummer 247 320 (BLZ 265 624 90) Konto-Nummer 1 200 222 400 (BLZ 480 201 51) Konto-Nummer 174 076 (BLZ 250 100 30) Konto-Nummer 2900 60-308 (BLZ 700 202 70) Konto-Nummer 24 17 952 (BLZ 440 500 00) Konto-Nummer 1128 842 paypal@kuenker.de, Service charge: 3,5 %
ZAHLUNGEN AUS DEM AUSLAND - FOREIGN PAYMENTS Deutsche Bank Osnabrück Sparkasse Osnabrück Postbank Hannover Credit Suisse-5288 Credit Cards Paypal
IBAN: DE11 2657 0090 0017 7006 00 Swift-Code: DEUTDE3B265 IBAN: DE50 2655 0105 0000 2473 20 Swift-Code: NOLADE22XXX IBAN: DE73 2501 0030 0290 0603 08 Swift-Code: PBNKDEFF IBAN: CH88 0483 5013 5494 4200 1 Swift-Code: CRESCHZZ81Z We do accept VISA and MASTERCARD, Service charge: 4,5 % paypal@kuenker.de, Service charge: 3,5 %
ERHALTUNGS- UND SELTENHEITSGRADE ERHALTUNGSGRADE/ GRADING TERMS DEGRÉS DE CONSERVATION GRADI DI CONSERVAZIONE
SELTENHEITSGRADE
Polierte Platte Proof
Flan bruni Fondo specchio
Stempelglanz Uncirculated
Fleur de coin Fior di conio
Vorzüglich Extremely fine
Superbe Splendido
Sehr schön Very fine
Très beau Bellissimo
Schön Fine
Beau Molto Bello
Gering erhalten Very good
Très bien conservé Bello
R = Selten Von großer Seltenheit
RR = Sehr selten Von größter Seltenheit