United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
A Brief Look at World Cultural Heritage World Heritage Convention
Beolbong Peak (515m) Yeonjubong Peak (467.5m) Site of Dongnimsa Temple Seomun Gate, West Fortress Gate
Yeonjubong Outwork
Gukcheongsa Temple
Sueojangdae Post, West Command Post
Namhansanseong (Historic Site No. 57)
Namhansanseong, with its geographical advantages and over 12.3 km of fortified walls that cannot easily be attacked, is comprised of the main fortress, 2 extended defensive walls and 6 outworks. The fortified walls have 4 main gates, 16 auxiliary gates and 125 guard towers in and outside of the fortress.
Sungryeoljeon Shrine
Cheongryangdang Shaman Shrine
Military Buddhist Temples
Jisudang Pondside Pavilion
Cheongryangdang shaman shrine was constructed for commemoration of General Yi Hoe, who was in charge of the construction of the fortress wall and was put to death unfairly based on false charges. Inside the shrine, there are portraits of General Yi Hoe, his two wives and Buddhist monk Beok Am (1575~1660) who contributed in construction of the walls
In this Sungryeoljeon shrine, there are tablets for King Onjo (18 BC~28 AD), who was the founder of the Baekje Kingdom, and General Yi Seo, who was the overall overseer in charge of the construction of Namhansanseong. It was constructed in 1638. Rituals are conducted every year on the 5th day of the 9th lunar month.
Sueojangdae Post was constructed in the 2nd year of King Injo (1624) for military purposes including command and observation by generals. It is the only extant structure of the 5 command posts that constructed at the same time. It was reconstructed as a 2-story building in 1751 of Joseon dynasty.
(Gyeonggi-do Province Tangible Cultural Property No. 3)
(Gyeonggi-do Province Tangible Cultural Property No.2)
(Gyeonggi-do Province Tangible Cultural Property No.1)
Hyeonjeolsa Shrine
(Gyeonggi-do Province Tangible Cultural Property No. 4)
Hyeonjeolsa shrine was constructed to commemorate the three patriotism scholars who to the end opposed yielding to China(the Qing Dynasty) during the Second Manchu Invasion of Korea in 1636, and it was also a place for education. It was constructed in 1688. Rituals are conducted every year on the 10th day of the 9th lunar month.
Site of Gukcheongsa Temple
Chimgwaejeong Arsenal
(Gyeonggi-do Province Tangible Cultural Property No. 5)
Although the exact time of construction or its use cannot be ascertained, it underwent a reconstruction in 1751. According to records, it is based on the fact that stone mortars used for grinding gunpowder are easily found there, it is believed that it was a place for managing administrative duties of weaponry production.
Mt. Cheongryangsan (497m)
Sungryeoljeon Shrine
Site of North Command Post Main Fotress(Fortress Body)
Bugmun Gate, North Fortress Gate
Site of Outer East Command Post
Bongam Extended Defensive wall
Site of East Command Post Site of Okjeongsa Temple
Sueojangdae Post, West Command Post Janggyeongsa-sinji Outwork
Jwajeon Ancestral Shrine Namhansanseong Emergency Palace
Chimgwaejeong Arsenal
Cheongryangdang Shaman Shrine
Yeonmugwan Pavilion, Pavilion for command and military training
Belfry
Mangwolsa Temple Hanbong Extended Defensive Wall
Site of Mangwolsa Temple
Inhwagwan Guesthouse
Hyeonjeolsa Shrine
Janggyeongsa Temple
Site of Cheonjusa Temple Catholic church Jisudang Pondside Pavilion
Site of Yeongwonsa Temple
Gaewonsa Temple
Hanbong Peak(418m)
Site of Gaewonsa Temple
Yeonmugwan Pavilion, Pavilion for Command and Military training
(Gyeonggi-do Province Cultural Property Material No. 14)
(Gyeonggi-do Province Tangible Cultural Property No. 6)
In the 3rd year of King Injo (1625), this pavilion was constructed along with Namhansanseong for command and military training purposes. Originally, this pavilion had a wide playground where soldiers would be trained or entire military areas and systems would be inspected during the king’s journey to Namhansanseong.
This pavilion was constructed in the 1672. It would be functionally related to Inhwagwan, Guesthouse. It is estimated to have been a place where the aristocratic class would indulge in their refined tastes. It is said that there were three ponds around the pavilion at the time of its construction but only two ponds remain.
At the time of the construction of Namhansanseong, Buddhist monks from all over the country took turns to participate in the construction and, after its completion, they served as the guards of the fortress. To provide lodging for the Buddhist monks, 10 Military Buddhist Temples were constructed within the grounds of Namhansanseong.
Dongmun Gate, East Fortress Gate
Nammun Gate, South Fortress Gate Site of Namdansa Temple Site of Hanheungsa Temple
Site of South Command Post
Mountain Fortress City in Namhansanseong The Mountain Fortress City in Namhansanseong is a military and administrative city formed in 1626 during the time when the fortress was being constructed in order to defend Hanyang, the capital city of the Joseon Dynasty. Although during the Joseon Dynasty, Namhansanseong was a large city with about 1,000 households and 4,000 residents, presently only about 500 residents live there. Its claim of uniqueness in the world is that, since the 17th century to the present day, government officials and local residents have resided within confines of the fortress.
Intangible Heritages in Namhansanseong Namhansanseong is a mountain fortress city where about 4,000 people had lived for about 300 years during the Joseon Dynasty, and there are a number of intangible cultural heritages such as rituals, tales, legends and folk customs. - Shamanistic rituals (Dodang-Gut) in Namhansanseong - Rituals held in Sungryeoljeon Shrine and Hyeonjeolsa Shrine - Folk religions (Yeongwolje, Jangseungje and Sansinje) in and outside Namhansanseong
3rd South Outwork
Map of Namhansanseong
2nd South Outwork
1st South Outwork
Fortress
Military Buddhist temples
Outwork
Site of Military Buddhist temple
Auxiliary gate
Mountain
Cultural Heritage Bien culturel
Namhansanseong Culture & Tourism Initiatives #731, Namhansanseong-ro, Jungbu-myeon, Gwangju-si, Gyeonggi-do, 464-816 Republic of Korea Tel.: +82-31-777-7500 Fax: +82-31-748-2801 Homepage In Korean: nhss.ggcf.kr Homepage In English: www.fortress-namhansanseong.or.kr
Terre sainte catholique
Namhansanseong is a world cultural heritage that has throughout its grounds the two criteria which UNESCO requires: (ii) Namhansanseong is an excellent example embodying the interchange of technological advances in fortress construction and weaponry in East Asia going through international wars. Namhansanseong is a unique fortress city with the purpose of functioning as an emergency capital for the protection of sovereignty and independence of Joseon. (iv) The walls and facilities utilizing the rugged terrain embody the technological developments of fortress architecture that has been accumulated in Korea from the 7th century to the 19th century. The fortress is evidence of struggling to survive and enduring a painful history caused by the geopolitical power structure of East Asia. Centered on these values, Gyeonggi-do Province and Namhansanseong Culture & Tourism Initiatives in their efforts to inscribe Namhansanseong into the list of UNESCO World Heritage, have been pursuing various projects and conducting research and investigations. As a result, during the 38th World Heritage Committee (Doha, Qatar, June 2014), Namhansanseong was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The whole of the territory containing the fortifications and monuments of Namhansanseong is designated as a national historic site, under the terms of the Cultural Heritage Protection Act. The technical and tourism management of the cultural ensemble is the responsibility of NCTI.
– Republic of Korea–
Subway Line 8 Bus (9 or 52) • Walk two minutes from the subway station “Sanseong”(exit 2), take a bus (9 or 52) at “Sanseong & Sinheung Jugong Apt.” and get off at “Namhansanseong Rotary.”
Namhansanseong World Heritage
Public Transportation
Republic of Korea • Gyeongan Interchange at the Central Expressway(Route 43 in Seoul and Hanam) Namhansanseong) East Gate Sanseong Rotary
Gwangjiwon(signboard:
East Gate Cheonho Bridge Gil-dong Sangil-dong Interchange at • S heraton Grande Walkerhill Hotel Hwangsan Three-Way Intersection(Route 43) Eommi-ri(Eungogae) the Central Expressway Gwangjiwon(signboard: Namhansanseong) East Gate Sanseong Rotary • Suwon ments
Singal Bundang Moran South gate Sanseong Rotary
Taepyeong Intersection
South Gate Bockjeong Intersection(signboard: Namhansanseong) • Jamsil tary
City Hall Yakjin-ro
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We lco
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Sinheung Jugong Apart-
South gate
Situated 25km southeast from the center of Seoul, Namhansanseong sits 500m above sea level aligning itself with the ridges of the mountain to maximize its defensive capacity. The fortress encompassing 12.3km in length protects a vast area utilized as an emergency capital city of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (1392- 1910). With the basis of fortress architecture of East Asia, the fortress embodies the broad exchange between the four countries (Joseon of Korea, AzuchiMomoyama Period of Japan, Ming and Qing China) especially in the 16th~18th centuries through the continuous wars. The technical development of weaponry and armaments during this period which saw the use of gun powder in military warfare imported from Europe also greatly influenced the architecture and layout of the fortress. Namhansanseong portrays how the various theories of defense mechanisms in Korea were put to form by combining the everyday living environment with defense objectives, embodies the evidence of how Buddhism played an influential role in protecting the State and the fortress became a symbol of sovereignty in Korea.
Sanseong Ro-
By Car Aerial view from the east
The Outstanding Universal Value of World Heritage Namhansanseong United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
World Heritage Convention
Location of Namhansanseong NAMHANSANSEONG Seoul
GYEONGGI-DO PROVINCE SEOUL
Introduction of World Heritage Namhansanseong
Tour of the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace
the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace (Historic Site No. 480) It was constructed in 1626 for the kings to use as a
⑪
place of refuge that would be used as a stead for the Hanyang palace until the reinforcements arrived from
⑦
the home front during the times of war or rebellion. In actuality, when the Second Manchu -Qing Invasion
Oehaengjeon, King’s Office Quarters
Naehaengjeon, King’s Living Quarters
Jwajeon, Royal Ancestral Shrine
The king’s office quarters are the main building of the lower palace and a space where the king would attend to his duties. Along with the King’s living quar ters, the construction started in the 2nd year of King Injo (1624) and its construction was completed in 1626. During normal times, the special administrator of Gwangju would use it as his office. The current building was reconstructed in 2010.
King’s living quarters are a place where the king would sleep. Its unique characteristic would be that it was surrounded by walls so that it may have a sealed structure and its attached facilities may be set up outside of the walls. The current building was reconstructed in 2002.
The shrine of royal ancestors was constructed to house spritual tablets that were moved from Jongmyo Shrine in capital and enshrine them when a war or serious national crisis occurred. It was constructed in 1711. The fact that only the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace housed the shrine of royal ancestors and the altar for deities of earth and grain illustrates its significance in that this was not an ordinary temporary palace but rather an important place serving as emergency capital.
of Korea broke out in the reign of King Injo (1636),
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Hannamnu Gate
Iljanggak, Local Administration Hall
Jwaseungdang, Local Governor’s Office
It is the front gate of the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace and was constructed in 1798. ‘Hannamnu’ refers to a lookout in a stronghold encampment south of the Hangang River.
This local administration hall is located on the left side of the king’s office quarters and its exact use is not known. It was reconstructed in 2010 along with the king’s office quarters. Its interior is reproduced in such a manner as to show the everyday affairs of the special administrator of Gwangju.
It is a building used as an office by the special administrator of Gwangju. The Chinese word ‘jwa-seung (坐勝)’ means ‘winning while seated,’ implied in which is the meaning of a resolve where winning methods that are certain are used to defeat the enemy.
Pond
Iwijeong Pavilion
Rear Garden
It is located in the yard inside Hannamnu Gate. This rectangular pond is formed as the waters flowing down from the mountain peak are gathered. Old maps of Namhansanseong confirm that there had been a pond there.
This pavilion located at the rear garden was constructed in 1817, for the purpose of shooting arrows. The phrase ‘Records of Iwijeong Pavilion (以威亭記)’ was coined by Shim Sanggyu and written by Kim Jeong-hui (pen name Chusa), who was a very famous calligrapher.
Iwijeong Pavilion is in the rear garden at the backside of Namhansanseong Emergency Palace. When the rear garden was excavated, also unearthed were 8 housing sites dating back to the Baekje Kingdom(18 BC 660 AD) and several dishes used in the same period.
King Injo stayed here and fought for 47 days. After
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that, King Sukjong, King Yeongjo, King Jeongjo, King Cheoljong, King Gojong and others would stayed there en route to royal tombs in Yeoju, Icheon and other places. During the Joseon Dynasty, the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace is the only
⑨
temporary palace that housed the shrines of the
⑤
royal ancestors and the altars of the deities of earth and grain and has served an important role as the emergency capital during times of emergency.
④ Viewing Itinerary (Recommended)
③
① Hannamnu Gate (start, entrance) → ② Bukhaenggak, Northern Hallway for Outer
Building Sites in Unified Silla Kingdom period
Jaedeokdang Hall
Woosil, Altar for Deities of Earth and Grain
These are the places where the roofing tiles collected from around the buildings sites of the Unified Silla Kingdom period. The weights of these oversized roofing tiles from the Unified Silla are approximately 18~20kg, which are 5times heavier than the roofing tiles of the Joseon Dynasty. Following the record, excavation site, It is conjectured to military facility building in Unified Silla period.
Jaedeokdang Hall is a building on a hill behind the king’s living quarters and it was constructed in 1688. This building is estimated to have been a shrine. To its south, there is a large rock on which the word ‘ban-seok(磐 石)’ is embossed. The Chinese word ‘ban-seok(磐石)’ means ‘strong rock for foundation’.
The altar for deities of earth and grain enshrines the gods of soil and grain for the royal family and is located 200m northeast of the South Gate. Currently, its features cannot be found and only its location is known.
②
⑩
Palace-Gate with Three Doorways → ③ Oehaegjeon, King’s Office Quarters → ④ Building Site in Unified Silla → ⑤ Iljanggak, Local Administration Hall → ⑥ Jwaseungdang, Local Governor’s Office → ⑦ Iwijeong Pavilion of Rear Garden → ⑧ Jaedeokdang Hall → ⑨ Naehaengjeon, King’s Living Quarters → ① Hannamnu Gate (finish, exit)
Visitor Information for the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace Business Hours : 10:00~17:00 (Closed on Mondays) Admission : Adults 2,000 won (Ages: 19~64); 1,600 won (For Groups of 30 or More) Children 1,000 won (Ages: 7~18); 800 won (For Groups of 30 or More) Free admission : Seniors(age 64~), Soldiers, Disabled Persons, inhabitants of Sanseong village (please produce the ID card)
→ ⑩ Exhibition of excavated roof tiles of Unified Silla period → ⑪ Jwajeon, Royal Ancestral Shrine
①
Process of enlarging the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace
The Tales of Namhansanseong
남한산성행궁의 증축과정 Chronological Process of the Expansion of the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace : It was built over 200 years or so beginning in 1624.
Cheongryangdang Shaman Shrine and Hawk Rock
Tombstone of Seo Heun-nam
1624
1625
1626
1688
1711
1798
1805
1813
1817
2nd year of King Injo
3rd year of King Injo
4th year of King Injo
14th year of King ▶ 1688년 숙종 14년 Sukjong
37th year of King Sukjong
22nd year of King Jeongjo
5th year of King Sunjo
13th year of King Sunjo
17th year of King Sunjo
▶ 1624년 인조 2년
1625년 인조 3년 ▶ 1626년 인조 Military chief commander Military▶ chief commander Constructed the 4년 Yi Seo repaired수축 주장. Yi Seo 총융사 began 이서, to construct Upper 이귀 남한산성 목사 유림 Sanggwol, 행궁 상궐, 하궐 준공. 총융사 이서, Namhansanseong on its the Namhansanseong 행궁 상궐, 하궐 착공. Palace and the Hagwol, 옛 터에 남한산성 개축. Emergency Palace old site Lower Palace at the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace
Constructed the 재덕당 준공. Jaedeokdang Hall
Constructed the royal ▶ 1711년 숙종 37년 ▶ 1798년 정조22년 Constructed ancestral shrine and the altar 좌전, 우실 준공. Hannamnu 한남루 준공. Gate deities of earth and for state grain
Constructed Wandaejeong Pavilion ▶ 1805년 순조 5년 완대정 준공.
1829
Constructed the local governor’s office, Iwijeong ▶ 1817년 순조 17년 Pavilion, Imyeongjeong 좌승당, 이위정, Pavilion and Okcheonjeong 이명정, 옥천정 준공. Pavilion
Constructed ▶ 1813년 순조 13년 Woohuijeong Pavilion 우희정 준공.
29th year of King Sunjo
When the Second Manchu invasion of Korea broke out(1636), King Injo of
When Namhansanseong was being constructed, General Yi Hoe took charge of the southeast
Joseon Dynasty sought refuge at Namhansanseong. On his way to the fortress,
section and head of the monk army Beokam took charge of the northwest of the fortress. The
almost all of his vassals ran away, leaving only a few. The vassals took turns
construction in the north could be completed within the deadline since geographical features had
Type B
carrying the king on their backs to Namhansanseong and they all
Type B
became tired on a cold winter day. At that moment, a woodcutter appeared and
Constructed the 37년 ▶ 1711년 숙종 Iljanggak local 일장각 준공. administration hall
carried the king on his back safely to Namhansanseong. Sometime after, King
Chronological Process of the Reconstruction of the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace : It has been reconstructed to its original state over 10 years.
been gentle and mountains were rather flat, but the construction in the south could not be since topographical features were steep. Seeing that the construction was not completed, the king was going to punish General Yi Hoe, who said that he had done his best and that a hawk would fly into
Injo called the woodcutter named Seo Heun-nam and asked what he desired.
the sky at his execution, which would demonstrate that he was guiltless. Anyway, it was
He answered that he wanted to wear the king’s full-dress uniform, and the king
really unbelievable that a hawk came and hovered over the dead body
gave it to him as a gift. In times after, during war, Seo Heun-nam spied on the
of General Yi Hoe. So, a reconfirmation was made and found that the
enemy’s movements and made many contributions. When he died, he was
section of construction in question had been properly and strongly
buried with the king’s full-dress, and all passers-by would bow
constructed. Cheongryangdang Shaman Shrine was constructed and
down to his tomb.
sacrificial rites are performed to console General Yi Hoe who was unjustly killed.
2000
2001
2001
2002
2006
2008
2008
2009
2010
Site of the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace
Site of the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace (the Sanggwol, Upper Palace ), viewed from the west
A ridge beam-raising ceremony for the Naehaengjeon, King’s Living quarters
A photo taken in 2002 when the mountain fortress hotel was demolished
The Namhansanseong Emergency Palace with its Sanggwol, Upper Palace reconstructed and the site of the Hagwol, Lower Palace
Investigation on the building site in Unified Silla Kingdom Period
Investigation on the site of the Hagwol, Lower Palace and Hannamnu Gate
A ridge beam-raising ceremony for the Oehaengjeon, King’s Office Quarters
A ceremony for the completion of the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace
Ancient Appearances of Namhansanseong
King Onjo at Sungryeoljeon Shrine As King Injo of Joseon Dynasty was sleeping, an old man appeared to
Type B
him and warned him to be careful as enemies were approaching.
Hyeonjeolsa Shrine was constructed to comfort the souls of the three patriotic scholars: Hong Ik-han,
Immediately, the king gave an order to investigate and found out that
Yun Jip and Oh Dal-je and to praise their fidelity to the nation for their persistent objections
enemies were destroying the fortress walls. Later, it came to be known that the old man was King
to yielding to the enemy during the Second Manchu invasion of Korea. Later, Kim Sang-heon and
Onjo who was the founder of the Baekje Kingdom. In order to render thanks to King Onjo, with whose
Jeong On were enshrined together.
help a national crisis was overcome, King Injo constructed Sungryeoljeon Shrine in commemoration
The three scholars insisted not to give up but fight to the end against the enemies
of the founder.
when Namhansanseong was completely besieged by China (the Qing Dynasty).
Sometime after that, in a dream of King Injo, King Onjo appeared again and requested that one of
Namhansanseong and the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace, 1909
Exterior of the Sanggwol, Upper Palace of the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace, 1909
Hannamnu Gate at the Namhansanseong Emergency Palace, statement of 19C.
In the end, they were taken prisoner to the Qing Dynasty as Joseon finally
the king’s vassals be sent to Sungryeoljeon Shrine, where King Onjo stayed alone. Next
surrendered. Even when they were taken captive, they would not yield and
morning, King Injo awoke to find out that General Yi Seo who was in charge of the construction
they were beheaded. Hyeonjeolsa Shrine was constructed and sacrificial
of Namhansanseong had passed away abruptly and he perceived that King Onjo took away the
rites are held once a year so as to admire the loyalty of these three patriots.
general. This is why King Onjo and General Yi Seo are enshrined together at Sungryeoljeon Shrine, Old map of Namhansanseong, Statement of 17C.
Three Patriotic Scholars Enshrined at Hyeonjeolsa Shrine
where sacrificial rites are held once a year.