ISTANBUL hum ani t y
to
ur bani ty
CHAPTER 2 SITE+BUILDING MORPHOLOGY
3 S I T E S I S TA N B U L
zones of interest
Garipce District of Sariyer Poyrazkoy District of Beykoz
Levent
2000 ft
District of Besiktas
500 m
Yenikapi District of Fatih FIGURE 1
istnabul’s districts of interest:
FIGURE 2
garipce + poyrazkoy:
The north outskirts of Istanbul is inhabited by fisherman villages and a few gated
District Border
communities, currently the
Site Zone
rest are natural foliated zones.
2000 ft
1000 ft
500 m
200 m
FIGURE 3
levent:
FIGURE 4
yenikapi:
Buyukdere Cd splits Levent in half,
Rail Lines
this major roadway discets program
Marmaray Rail Tube Transition
as well, seperating the multi-use
Yenikapi Station
commercial industry from the residential.
3 S I T E S I S TA N B U L
FIGURE 5
movement from districts
immegration density within city movements:
0 - 100 Density > 100 Density 0 - 100 Density within Interest Zones > 100 Density within Interest Zones Maximum Movement within Interest Zones Maximum Movement outside Interest Zones Areas outside Interest Zones Interest Zones
Sariyer
Beykoz
Eminonu
YENIKAPI F A T I H
FIGURE 6
AD 400 byzantine empire:
site morphology
FIGURE 7
AD 1000 byzantine empire:
Zone of Interest
Zone of Interest
Modern Shoreline
Modern Shoreline
Theodosius Port
Theodosius Port
AD 400 Shoreline
AD 1000 Shoreline
Main Roads
Barrier Wall
FIGURE 8
AD 1500 byzantine empire:
FIGURE 9
AD 1800 ottoman empire:
Zone of Interest
Zone of Interest
Modern Shoreline
Modern Shoreline
Food Plantation
Orchard
AD 1500 Shoreline
AD 1800 Shoreline
Barrier Wall
Main Roads
YENIKAPI F A T I H FIGURE 10
urban voids:
comparing conditions FIGURE 11
Zone of Interest Voids Main Arteries
2012 Republic of Turkey:
YENIKAPI F A T I H FIGURE 12
marmaray
tunnel diagrams: 100 cm
60 cm
100 cm
80 cm
860 cm
90 cm
15.30 m
18,00 tons of submerged tube
Total length 76.3 kilometers
1,200,000 passengers a day 1
42 Stations between
Cost 3.3 billion
Gebize- Halkali
2
3
11 segments, each 135 m long
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Aksaray - Havaalani Mevcut Metro
Eminono - Zeytinburnu Mevcut Tramvay Aksaray - Yenikapi Insaa Halindeki Haffif Metro
Taksim - Yenikapi
Marmaray
Insaa Halindeki Metro
Insaa Halindeki Tup Rayli Gecis
Yenikapi - Bakirkoy Uygulama Projesi Devam Eden Metro
Banliyo Hatti
FIGURE 13
yenikapi transit stations: Zone of Interest Marmaray Metro
Tramway
New Transit Hub And Archeo Park
Y Competition E N I K for A Yenikapi PI F A T I H
competition winners
"Once having arrived in Yenikapi, one will able to reach every point of our city by rail and public transportation systems," says Kadir Topbaş, Mayor of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. "The new centralization brought on by an increase of accessibility in Yenikapi has the potential of influencing the seaway, airway and highway dynamics of the metropolis as well as urban development and renewal at a metropolitan scale." President of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality
New Transit Hub And Archeo Park : Competition for Yenikapi
“Once having arrived in Yenikapi, one will able to reach every point of our city by rail and public transportation systems,” says Kadir Topbaş, Mayor of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. “The Endnotes for this page; new centralization brought on by an increase description; of general accessibility in Yenikapi has the potential of Cameron, Charley. "MVRDV ABOUTBLANK Design airway Expansive New Transit and Archeo-Park for influencing the seaway, andHub highway Yenikapı in Istanbul | Inhabitat - Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building." Inhabitat Sustainable Eco Architecture Greenwell Building MVRDV dynamics of Design theInnovation metropolis as as ABOUTBLANK urban Design Expansive New Transit Hub and ArcheoPark for Yenikap in Istanbul Comments. Inhabitat, 8 development and renewal at a metropolitan scale.” May 2012. Web.
FIGURE 14
exterior render:
1st; Walter, Alexander. "Three Entries Share First Prize in Istanbul's Yenikapı Design Competition." President of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Archinect. Mecanoo, 13 Apr. 2012. Web. 2nd; Furuto, Alison. "Yenikapi Transfer Point and Archaeo-Park Area Proposal / Insula Architettura E Ingegneria Atelye 70." ArchDaily. Atelye 70, 18 Apr. 2012. Web.
3rd; "Bustler: Three Entries Share First Prize in Istanbul’s Yenikapı Design Competition." Bustler. Istanbul Municipality, 13 Apr. 2012. Web.
FIGURE 15
yenikapi transit hub and park:
Mecanoo Architects and Architects Cafer Bozkurt Architects Mecanoo Architects and Cafer Bozkurt
“....presented an urban and design vision which integrates Yenikapı with its surroundings in the city and acts as an attraction point
“....presented anfindings, urbansignificant and design visionandwhich integrates Yenikapı where the archaeological for world history cultural heritage, can be showcased. ” with its surroundings in the city and acts as an attraction point where the archaeological findings, significant for world history and cultural heritage, can be showcased.”
Fran “The ded
FIGURE 16
section render:
FIGURE 17
FIGURE 18
exterior render:
yenikapi transit hub and park:
Francesco CelliniFrancesco InsulaCellini andInsula Atelye 70 70 Architects and Atelye Architects Francesco Cellini Insula and Atelye Architects s an attraction point “They70 proposed, for the central area, a close functional and above all cultural integration between the spaces “Theyforproposed, for the asystem.... close and above all cultural tocentral users of thearea, subway ” functional “They proposed, the central dedicated area, a close functional and above all cultural integration between the spaces dedicated to users of the subway system....”
integration between the spaces dedicated to users of the subway system....”
Francesco Cellini Insula and Atelye 70 Architects “They proposed, for the central area, a close functional and above all cultural integration between the spaces dedicated to users of the subway system....”
FIGURE 19
yenikapi transit hub and park:
MVRDV and AboutBlank MVRDV and AboutBlank
MVRDV andaims AboutBlank “....the facility to create a holistic link not solely between east and west, but also between the developed “....the facility create a link holistic link not solely between northern fringe of theaims site, andto its southern coastal park... “....the facility aims to create a holistic not” solely between east and west, but also betw northern fringe of the site, and its southern coastal park...”
east and west, but also between the developed northern fringe of the site, and its southern coastal park...”
MVRDV and AboutBlank “....the facility aims to create a holistic link not solely between east and west, but also between the devel northern fringe of the site, and its southern coastal park...”
YENIKAPI F A T I H
consolidate + restore
Yenikapi Proposal Restore
Disordered Clusters Buildings and Roads Minimize infrastructure and reshape the coastline
Disordered Clusters
History Restoring the void
FIGURE 20:
FIGURE 21:
of program; minimize the infrastructure andmain Roads onlyBuildings keeping the aerteries that will Minimize infrastructure and reshape the coastline consequently reshape the coastline.
that can be removed and programs thatHistory can be consolidated. Restoring Conserve the void the past by excavating and reveiling the ruins.
Buildings and Roads Identify the disorganized clusters Clusters MinimizeDisordered infrastructure and reshape the coastline
Disordered Clusters
History Identify buildings Restoring the void
History shapeRestoring the coastline the void
Green Regrouping Relocate and compact
History Restoring the void
Green Regrouping Relocate and compact
Green Green Regrouping Regrouping Restrore thecompact void throughand regrouping Relocate and Relocate compact
FIGURE 22:
and relocating buildings and inserting green space along the coast and integrate it within the new building sites and transportation hub.
L E V E N T B E S I K TA S
FIGURE 23
1947
1947:
1947
site morphology
FIGURE 24
1990
1990
1990:
FIGURE 25
2013:
2013
2013
L E V E N T B E S I K TA S
FIGURE 26
street layout:
planning study
FIGURE 27
existing building footprints:
FIGURE 28
concrete lots:
FIGURE
green areas:
L E V E N T B E S I K TA S
site analysis
Programmed Land 35% Residential 25% Mix-Use
Levent has changed and developped many layers since the 60’s with the first housing project. Today, there is multiple uses of building along a main arterary, which is the commercial street. The buildings closest to the streets are mostly service and commercial buildings, the second strip is occupied by the residential private or commun houses.
20% Commercial
10% Vacant 10% Service
Exposure To The Main Street 35% Commercial 25% Mix-Use 20% Vacant
FIGURE 29
10% Service
program:
10% Residential
Mix-Use/Residential
Max
Comercial Residential
Exposure
Access To Public Transportation
Vacant
35% Commercial
Industrial/Service Sectors
25% Mix-Use
Municpal
20% Service
Religious
Min
Institutional
Exposure 10% Vacant
10% Residential
25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use 20% Commercial 20% Commercial Programmed Land
Programmed Programmed Land Land
35% Residential 35% Residential 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use Programmed Land
10% Vacant 20% Commercial 20% Commercial 10% Vacant 10% Service 10% Service Programmed Land
10% Vacant 10% Vacant
35% Residential
Density Density
25% Mix-Use 20% Commercial 35% Residential 25% Mix-Use
Density
Density Density
20% Vacant Commercial 10% Density
10% 35% Service Residential 25% Mix-Use
osure To The Main Street10% Service 10% Service 10% Vacant osure To The Main Street 20% Commercial 35% Commercial Exposure To The Main Street 35% Commercial 10% 35% Service Commercial 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use
Density
25% Mix-Use
Exposure Exposure To TheTo Main TheStreet Main Street 20%Vacant Vacant 20% 35% Vacant Commercial 35% Commercial Exposure To The Main 10% Street 20% Vacant 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use
35% Commercial 10% Service 25% Mix-Use
Green Green
Green
20% Vacant 20% Vacant
20% Service Vacant 10% Exposure To The Main Street 10% Service 35% Residential Commercial
10% 10% Service
10% Residential 10% Residential 10% Service 10% Service
Green
Green
Green
25% Mix-Use
10% Service 20% Vacant Access To Public Transportation 10% Residential 35% Commercial
Green
10% Residential 10% Residential
25% Mix-Use
10% ess To Public Transportation 20% Service Service ess To Public Transportation Access To Public Transportation 35% Commercial 35% Residential Commercial 10% Commercial AccessAccess To Public To35% Public Transportation Transportation
35% Commercial 35% Commercial 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use
25% Mix-Use 20% Vacant Service 10%
Access To Public Transportation 20% Service 20% Service 10% 35% Residential Commercial
20% Service 20% Service
25% Mix-Use 10% Vacant 20% Service 10% Residential
10% Vacant 10% Vacant 10% Vacant 10% Vacant 10% Residential 10% Residential 10% Residential 10% Residential
Height
10% Vacant 10% Residential
Height
Height Height
Height
Height
Height
L E V E N T B E S I K TA S FIGURE 30
building analysis
program:
Subway Access Points Study Areas 1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
L E V E N T B E S I K TA S FIGURE 31
construction timeline
timeline:
1965
1980
1990
2000
2010
2012
1780 1950-60’s
1993 Sabanci
2003 2006 Metrocity Kanyon 2000 Is Towers
2011 Sapphire
FIGURE 32 :
Sabanci Towers, 1993 Sapphire Tower, 2011 Tallest building in Istanbul, residence
Levent 1, 1950's One of the first housing projects developped by turkish city planner in the
Kanyon Mall, 2006 Mix-use, residence, shopping mall
Metro City Shoppin mall, 2003 The first shopping mall combining residential towers with a public mall
Is Towers, 2000's The first and the tallest skyscrappers in Istanbul till 200's
L E V E N T B E S I K TA S
reorganize + relieve
FIGURE 33:
FIGURE 34:
Identify the main infrastructures of the dense site; keeping only what is vital for accessing Levent.
Identify the service roads; decide which are necessary and which can be removed and reorganized.
FIGURE 35:
FIGURE 36:
Claim the now vacant service roads for pedestrains; injecting a human scale while mainting the vehicular/ industrial scale.
Relieve the condensed urban fabric by inserting green/foliated zones where vacant concrete lots exist.
G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z
site morphology
5 10 15 20 35 40
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
90 FIGURE 37
1800 1800
1800:
FIGURE 38
1894:
1894 1894
FIGURE 39
2013:
20132013
G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z
site morphology
“We have worked with leading local and global environmental assessment experts. In order to minimize the negative impacts of the construction, we plan the access roads as remote as the forestry land. We will build 65 viaducts and one ecological small bridge to preserve the natural life,” Çeçen said. When the bridge is completed, all trucks and heavy-duty vehicles will be directed to it. The Turkish state has guaranteed that 135.000 vehicles would cross over the planned third bridge each day, according to the tender specifications. “The bridge toll will be $3 per vehicle. And 8 cents will be charged from each vehicle per one kilometer on the motorway. One fourth of the total revenue will come from the bridge tolls,” Çeçen reported.
FIGURE 40
impact map on areas effected by 3rd bridge +highway construction:
government owned land for possible profit private forest areas forest areas agricultural areas limit of watershed protection
FIGURE 41
main aerteries of public transport:
FIGURE 42
areas under protection:
areas of current settlements
land under high speculation demand
city border
remaining protected natural area
current major public transport future major public transport
G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z The construction of Istanbul’s third bridge over the Bosphorus was tendered last year as part of the north Marmara motorway project’s OdayeriPasaköy section. The tender was then awarded to IC Içtas and Astaldi for the construction and operation of the bridge for the next 10 years, two months and 20 days.
.86 miles in length
FIGURE 43
FIGURE
8 lanes wide for vehicular transport 2 rail tracks
190 ft in width
proposed plan for 3rd Bridge:
G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z FIGURE 44
street layout:
FIGURE 45
beaches and empty lots:
planning study
FIGURE 46
FIGURE 47
existing building footprints:
green areas:
G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z FIGURE 48
planning study
program:
Private Residences Lighthouses Villages Vacant
Land Use Use FIGURE 49
land use:
Max Exposure
Min Exposure
Land Land Program Program 60% 60%Forest Forest
Exposure ToTo The Streets Exposure The Streets
50% Forest 50% Forest
Access To The Sea Sea Access To The 50% 50% Forest Forest
15% Villages 15% Villages
20% Villages 20% Villages
25% Villages 25% Villages
15% Private Residences 15% Private Residences
20% Private Residences 20% Private Residences
20% Private Residences 20% Private Residences
10% Vacant 10% Vacant
10% Vacant 10% Vacant
5% Vacant 5% Vacant
ces Density
Green
Access To The Sea
0% Forest
50% Forest
0% Villages
25% Villages
Sea
G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z FIGURE 50
building analysis
program:
Study Areas
1
2
3
3
G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z Understanding that density and remediating the environment as part of a sustainable urban strategy.
conserve + control
1940Way to conserve an urban condition while controlling the landscape by creating a strategy and that is realistic in a way of phasing these conditions into a site that will be adaptable to the changing urbanity
The 3rd Bridge On Nature
After T
FIGURE 50
1st bridge area 1940’s - 20013:
Before The Bridge 1940-50’s
After The Bridge 1970-80’s
FIGURE 50
2nd bridge area 1940’s - 20013:
1st Bridge Area
1st Bridge Area
2nd Bridge Area
G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z Ă–merli reservoir is the major reservoir of Istanbul in terms of water supply potential. However, rapid population increase, unplanned and illegal housing, irrelevant industries and motorways passing through the protection zones of the catchment area, together with insufficient infrastructure, cause the water quality of the reservoir to tend towards the eutrophic stage from the mesotrophic stage parallel to the land use profile. In order to achieve a long-term water supply from the reservoir and to arrive at sanitary solutions, New land use plans should be developed in order to achieve a longterm water supply from the reservoir and to arrive at sanitary solutions. Develop a convenient protection and conservation strategy to keep the reservoir from further deterioration, and control the effects of the new infrastructures.
conserve + control FIGURE 51
yenikapi:
Range Land Borad Leave Forest Coniferous Forest Settlement Agriculture Rare Vegitation Creek Water Bodies
Sazlidere
FIGURE 52 watersheds:
Alibeykoy
Kagithane
Avcilar, located on the European side of Istanbul, 15 mi away from the historical city center, west to the inlet of the Sea of Marmara. Until the second half of the 20th century, Avcilar remained as a small village on the coast boasting generous amounts of open land. But since 80’s as industrial development around the inlet port grew the large highways and bridges engulfed much of the once large open spaces. Today, the government owned construction company Toki is building new housing projects geared towards the wealthier demographic with an estimated completion date of 2014. This development, only a mile away is forcing out the Anatolia immigrants who were originally attracted to the land due to the low estate prices and the “living off the land� opportunities.
ISTANBUL hum ani t y
to
ur bani ty
CHAPTER 3 - THE CITY
“The right to the city is far more than the individual liberty to access urban resources: it is a right to change ourselves by changing the city. It is, moreover, a common rather than an individual right since this transformation inevitably depends upon the exercise of a collective power to reshape the processes of urbanization. The freedom to make and remake our cities and ourselves is, I want to argue, one of the most precious yet most neglected of our human rights.�
Henri Lefebvre Spatial Politics, Everyday Life and the Right to the City.
T H E C ITY S E H I R
population growth
In early years the city was devised to handle the planning of the first metropolitan population of 5 million, as of today Istanbul is set over 15 million inhabitants as projections grow as the city continues to establishes itself as an important global city. 0
“…. a contemporary visitor impressed by the size, density, dynamism, and congestion of the city scape that only six decades ago, Istanbul was a forgotten and stagnant port city with less than one million residents cut off from world trade. The recent history of the city, however, sheds light on the dark side of Istanbul’s obscure and intractable social-spatial formation.”
0
MI
2
FIGURE 1
current population of city
Istanbul
15, 850,000
17.8
7,770
12,700,000
12
New York
8,337,000
2.8
5,900
8,090,000
9
Berlin
3,502,000
4.2
2,580
4,300,000
0
FIGURE 2
city as percentage of central area density national population (people per mi 2)
concentrations of population over time:
1920 - 1940
1980 - 2000
1940 - 1960
2000 - 2010
1960 - 1980
current population percentage growth in the metropolitan 2010-2025 region (people per hour)
2 MI 5 KM
event time line FIGURE 3
unplanned investments; global recession
ww reflections
21.6
resulting high inflations
16.4 9.4
9.5
GDP
4.5
Gross Domestic Product
1st Term
Debts from Ottoman Empire were paid until 1944.
58
M C
19
50 19
48 19
38 19
29 19
23 19
“The economy of Turkey is defined as an emerging market economy by the IMF[34] and is largely developed, making Turkey one of the world’s newly industrialized countries. The country is among the world’s leading producers of agricultural products; textiles; motor vehicles, ships and other transportation equipment; construction materials; consumer electronics and home appliances. In recent years, Turkey had a rapidly growing private sector”
-3.0
54
Turkey’s economy has experienced many crises, spawning from the establishment of the Turkish Republic. The government took loans during the time of the Ottoman Empire which began the threats responsible for the economical growth and development of the country. Many inner wars, army recessions and world wars has strangled and put suffering on the country’s economy. Due to these factors Turkey’s capital has fluctuated heavily and they were forced to acquire more loans from the US and EU.
fund import liberalization
19
T H E C ITY S E H I R
2nd Term
Marshall grant was spent along with the money.
Loans from IMF were spent during this period.
first oil crisis
financial fluctuation
second oil crisis
post concussion
global recession (credit crunch)
7.8 0.3 -1.9
08 20
03 20
20
02
-9.5
01
-6.1
20
94 19
91 19
89 19
86
83 19
80
78 19
74 4th Term
Short term loans were requested from different foundations with government bonds.
-5.5
99
1.7
-1.1 Military Concussion
19
70
69 19
65 3rd Term
Payback period Golden years for the economy due to tourism for the loans. income and money brought by foreign Turkish workers coming back to Turkey.
asian-russian crisis
19
2.9
Military Concussion
19
60
Military Concussion
persian gulf war
financial meltdown
8.1 3.3
19
3.1
7.4
19
3.4
european financial crisis
13.5
10.2 5.4
19
mid crisis
19
95
8
5
unorganized use of foreign credits
5thTerm
An endless loop of loans and unsuccessful pay backs begin. Wages drop down successively and the economy gets worse and worse.
T H E C ITY S E H I R
modes of transport
Istanbul’s public transportation systems are not efficient, the multitude of types do not make commuting faster, they only cause more congestion in the arteries of the urban fabric.
FIGURE 4
location of: airport future lines frequent nodes rare nodes
Istanbul original metropolitan plan was to designed to hold five million people, the mega city now is pushing close to fifteen million inhabitants.
daily use of: bicycle
715
teleferic
9,039
funicular
64,000
trains
144,801
ferry
241,604
subway
300,606
tramway
587,448
metrobus
715,000
taxi
1,100,000
bus
1,324,837
minibus
1,850,000
cars
3,182,534
2 MI 5 KM
I S T A N B U L
infrastructure overload
T H E C ITY S E H I R
global city
In the 1990’s the world was promoting the global city, Neoliberalsim in Turkey promoted a market economy under the guidance and rules of a strong state. The capital accumulated through industry and business creating bubbles and concentrated zones of wealth both located within the land and within the pockets of private/government investors.
“The industry that remained would move outside the city to exploit cheap labor, and the city would be turned into a consumer heaven inhabited by service sector workers.�
FIGURE 5
concentrated areas of program:
industry business tourism
2 MI 5 KM
I S T A N B U L cultural disintegration
T H E C ITY S E H I R
city growth effects
Unique from all other mega cities, Istanbul is sandwiched between two bodies of water, the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, the city developed in bands as the urban center continued over the years to be pushed northward by the introduction of the two bridges and their respective highways, rapidly engulfing the entirety of the natural green zones.
FIGURE 6
location of urban center prior to bridge
2 MI 5 KM
and road systems. 25 MI
“For the remaining third bridge, it is not the bridge that matters but the highway connected to the bridge, for the remaining one third of foliated zone will disappear.�
populated zones:
1920 1990 2015
FIGURE 7
concentration of urban life at end of
2 MI 5 KM
FIGURE 8
expected projection of urban city
the first, Bogazici Kpr., and second, Fatih Sultan
center and concentration after the construction
Mehmet Kpr., bridge construction.
of the third bridge.
2 MI 5 KM
ISTANBUL resource scarcity
ees 0 T H E C ITY 00 S E H I R erosion of green 000 The percentage of the green space in Istanbul been heavily affected by the new project 0000has developments and land investments for housing. bold and deliberate moves to cut down forest 0000The zones and protected areas for the profit of new privileged communities has been a major ees 0000private issue since the 2000’s. Since 1980’s the amount of space and forests within and the outskirts 0 green of the city has diminished rapidly. Today with the and fast construction process foliated 00 growth zones consist of less than 500 trees. 000 0000 0000 ees 0000 0 00 000 0000 0000 0000
1980’s
1990’s
2000’s
2 MI 5 KM
FIGURE 9
number of trees per zone:
0-500
20000-30000
500-2000
30000-60000
2000-5000 5000-10000 10000-20000
S
T H E C ITY S E H I R
settlement clusters
In the 1960’s a new regime of accumulation forbade investments in non-productive sectors such as housing and urban utilities, and instead gave incentives for domestic production. This new regime was naive to how new residents should be housed. and were unable to find formal solutions. These groups of residents created ad-hoc solutions that now constitute the distinctive features of such informal settlements in the urban fabric of Istanbul.
“Within this context, the city managed to cope with these transformations only by means of informal mechanisms. The immigrants, who had to fend for themselves, constructed ad hoc solutions for their shelter needs, i.e., gecekondu (literally ‘built overnight’), occupying mainly the available public lands, empty spaces in the inner city and the peripheries of the industrial areas.”
FIGURE 10
zones of settlements:
formal settlements informal settlements city border public transport
2 MI 5 KM
ISTANBUL
housing shortage
T H E C ITY S E H I R
planned expansion
The new real estate investments planned by the government are proposed on specific zones, expanding the city towards the Black sea from Marmara sea. This expansion will not only increase the density but also spawn more informal settlements around these clusters of development.
“The massive amounts of credits allotted to cooperatives and the extensive building activity that this has instigated has failed to provide any long-lasting solutions to the housing problems of the urban poor, mainly because these credits mostly have been used by the middle and upper middle classes. The government subsidized middle-class housing rather than supplying affordable housing to the poor.�
FIGURE 11
zones of settlements:
zones in process of development formal settlements informal settlements city border public transport
2 MI 5 KM
I S T A N B U L
infrastructure overload
T H E C ITY S E H I R
new infrastructure
Not only the bridge but the proposed canal will be providing an axis that crosses the water basins, by creating this access across istanbul the city will face a surge in international movement.
“Supporters of Istanbuls introduction of the third bridge argue that it is for transit traffic and trucks, and that it will take the load off of the second bridge. However, a 2006 scientific report by the Turkish Highways Authority states that the ratio of transit traffic crossing the two current bridges is 2.85%, not even 3%.�
FIGURE 12
location of:
airport new airport zone future bridge and highway present bridges and highways new planned settlement
2 MI 5 KM
T H E C ITY S E H I R
eviction
Istanbul’s governments decision to build up projects and heavily invest in the city’s real estate directly effect the citizens that live in the informally settled zones. These zones have speculative value due to the new planned infrastructures, the renewal of these areas forces the current inhabitants to move to the periphery of the city limits. Because the current dwellers do not have land rights they cannot afford to claim their homes and are victim to such evictions. The hot spots in the past 5-6 years have been Tarlabasi, Sulukule and Suleymaniye. “In some cases, residents are being relocated to the outskirts of the city, while others are being left to the streets… Different factors are driving these evictions, from property speculation in the regeneration of urban areas, to mega events or megaprojects, such as the airport, Formula 1 racing and the 2010 Capital of Culture.”
FIGURE 13
eviction map:
area of planned eviction AREA OF POTENTIAL EVICTION PLANNED PROCESS STARTED EVICTION ON GOING EVICTION COMPLETED
planned construction started eviction ongoing eviction completed second wave of eviction
2 MI 5 KM
ISTANBUL
housing shortage
T H E C ITY S E H I R
gated communities
Many of Istanbuls neighborhoods are experiencing gentrification. The historical and cultural sense of neighborhoods, mahalle, was lost in the process of removing the citizens. Those with higher income are being seduced into cookie cutter housing developments. Middle and higher middle income groups not reside in the tall towers and dense apartment blocks within the city centers. This change in living styles not only augment the gap between the economical and social stratification between the citizen, but it also create detached autonomous communities. “The introduction of gated communities into the Turkish housing market was based on the creation of the lost social values and the sense of community while giving the opportunity to live with celebrities. The main reason behind this is the pioneering projects that used the slogan of ‘a new life style’ as the marketing strategy… the common characteristics of these communities are arisen walls, restricted gates, 24 hours security and social facilities with an attractive landscape.” location, type, + time of development of gated private communities:
FIGURE 14
vertical gated development: apartment blocks 2004 vertical gated development: apartment blocks 2010 horizontal gated development: villa town 2004 horizontal gated development: villa town 2010
2 MI 5 KM
ISTANBUL
housing shortage
NTS
T H E C ITY S E H I R
government funded
The mass housing projects are developed parallel to the new government funded project zones within the Istanbul. As more projects are planned, more housing units are placed, mostly located around the northern part of the old peninsula, where the canal project is proposed. The housing is provided but there is no clarification for which class it is for. Evidence that the projects are not aimed for the welfare of the citizens but for more investments.
FIGURE 15
mass housing + urban renewal projects by central/local government
< 500 housing units 500 - 1000 housing units 100 - 1500 housing units >1500 housing units
2 MI 5 KM
I S T A N B U L
infrastructure overload
T H E C ITY S E H I R
government funded
TOKI, the Turkish Mass Housing Administration and the municipalities empowered by special laws started transferring the vacated industrial estates and worker neighborhoods to domestic and foreign capital. The inhabitants were pushed out to isolated islands of poverty in the periphery of the city.
NBUL METROPOLITIAN
FIGURE 16
FIGURE 17
toki: : mass housing administration
kiptas: istanbul metropolitan municipalityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mass housing unity
high-income
high-income
social housing
social housing
urban renewal
urban renewal
2 MI 5 KM
ISTANBUL
housing shortage
SAFETY IN YOUR CITY
4
50
26
safe
16
4
unsafe
SAFETY IN YOUR CITY
unsafe
50
safe
26
6% %6 47%
4
unsafe
SAFETY IN YOUR CITY safe 4
16
26
50
4
%6
Migrants came to Istanbul because the factories that they worked at in their communities were forced to shut down due to Istanbuls booming industries. However this move created a large strain on these people, you need shelter before you can access healthcare and educational services, no education means a life in service jobs. A life not able to provide prosperous opportunities.
16
satisfied
SATISFIED
quality of life
percentage of how safe inhabitants feel:
best things about your city:
%47
%16
unsafe
%47
16%
%16
26%
%26 %26
RANGE OF SHOPS
PUBLIC SPACES
TRANSPORTATION
TRAFFIC CONGESTION
COST OF HOUSING
RANGE OF SHOPS
COST OF LIVING
PUBLIC SPACES
JOB OPPURTUNATIES TRANSPORTATION
TRAFFIC CONGESTION
COST OF LIVING
HEALTH SERVICES COST OF HOUSING
UNIVERSITIES
s
es
op
sh
ac
n
JOB OPPURTUNATIES
of
sp
n
tio
SCHOOLS
ic
ge
n ra
tio
ta
es
g
s
BEST THINGS ABOUT YOUR CITY
bl
pu
or
sp
ng
in
us
ho
g
in
tie
ni
rtu
liv
co
of
c ffi
n tra
tra
of
es
ic
s
rv
se
po
op
st co
b
lth
tie si er
s
ol
BEST THINGS ABOUT YOUR CITY
st co
jo
a he
iv
un
istanbul
ho
FIGURE 18
sc
unsatisfied DISSATISFIED DISSATISFIED
HEALTH SERVICES
%5 SCHOOLS
%5
5%
UNIVERSITIES
T H E C ITY S E H I R
safe
percentage of how satisfied 4 inhabitants are with Istanbul: SATISFIED
percentage of how satisfied inhabitants are with Istanbul:
percentage of how safe inhabitants feel:
satisfied 16%
unsafe
safe 35%
5
26
50
16
3
best things about your city: 25%
15%
9%
ge of sh s
es
op
ac
sp
n
g
tio
es
tio
rta
po
ic
bl
n ra
pu
ns ng
in
us
ho
n
s
tie
es
ni
g
in
liv
co
of
c ffi
tra
tra
st co
of
rtu
ic
s
rv
se
po
op
st co
b
jo
th
s
tie si er
al
he
iv
ol
ho
un
sc
unsatisfied
I S T A N B U L FIGURE 19
s達o paulo
cultural disintegration
NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER
ISTANBUL RENT VALUES
Kadikoy, Uskudar,Fatih, Beyoglu, Be
rent values
The historical portion of Istanbul reflects the dynamics in the rent values and life standards with correlation between industrial, historical and newly developed business centers. The highest range of rent values are along the Bosphorus because of historical and aesthetic value. The mid and low range values are mostly around the coastline of the old peninsula, where once were previously considered very valuable but the value was lost due to the gathering of industrial activities.
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Capitol accumulated with the widening income gap which was invested in real estate. The industry that remained would move outside the city to exploit cheap labor and the city turned into a consumer heaven inhabited by service sector workers.â&#x20AC;?
FIGURE 20
price range:
200 - 300 usd 300 - 400 usd 400 - 600 usd 600 - 750 usd 750 - 1500 usd private high schools
2 MI 5 KM
esiktas
Pr
ISTANBUL
housing shortage
NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER
urban fabric
Phases of cultural influence is strikingly different in the three depicted neighborhoods. Pangalti reflects the changes done by left-winged promoters in the 60’s with their strong influences of the army. Acarkent shows the American influence in the 90’s with their cookie cutter suburban american model type housing. Sulukule is one of many examples that still exists in Istanbul, a government ignored and abandoned neighborhood with high historically value situated along the main highways.
FIGURE 21
pangalti 1920’s
FIGURE 22
present
FIGURE 23
acarkent 2000’s
FIGURE 25
sulukule 1910’s
FIGURE 24
present
FIGURE 26
present
ISTANBUL
housing shortage
NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER
aerial
“A regular street grid layout dominates the traditional grain in the Pangaltı district, where a strong sense of neighborhood community pervades, albeit without the former mix of Muslim and non- Muslim populations.” Pangalti
FIGURE 27
“The Anatolian side offered a vast amount of unspoiled land before it was opened to development as a result of new planning regimes and the construction of two bridges over the Bosporus, in 1973 and 1988. Many of the newer typologies of high-end luxury houses and gated communities started spreading on the hills behind the well conserved Bosporus shores.” Acarkent
FIGURE 28
FIGURE 29
FIGURE 31
FIGURE 30
FIGURE 32
ISTANBUL
housing shortage
NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER
FIGURE 33
pangalti
grid
FIGURE 34
acarkent
landscape
FIGURE 35
sulukule
history
figure ground
Pangalti was formed out of the cities planning of a formalized grid system, intersecting and lying between main streets, the housing blocks were established as a result of this uniform plan. Acarkent planning was secondary to the mountainous landscape which dictated the forms of the streets and housing distribution. Sulukule however, boasts a more distinct character, where there is no clear hierarchy, and no individual force organizing the area. It is a pure reflection of an old Istanbul neighbourhood, planted in the roots of the individuals who inhabited and built on the space years ago. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The layout of streets, buildings and spaces form the spatial DNA of urban growth, the patterns through which city life can develop and cities can grow. These spatial arrangements are critical to the liveability of cities, to the quality of life that they can offer their residents, to the density that they can accommodate, and to their flexibility in adapting to change and growth.â&#x20AC;?
Pangalti
Pangalti
access
blocks
Pangalti
layout
repetition
Acarkent streets
Sulukule settlement
ISTANBUL
housing shortage
Sulukule
NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER
8:00 AM
Pangalti
arterial flow
The layout of the streets and their adjacency to major highways dictate the amount of traffic and flow vehicular and pedestrian patterns have on each neighborhood. Sulukule is penetrated by very heavy movement, whereas Acarkent is isolated from the branch of a main artery.
ngestion
FIGURE 36
8:00 AM 8:00 am
8:00 AM 2:00 PM 2:00 pm
levels of congestion
2:00 PM
least
ast most
6:00 pm
2:00 PM
pangalti
8:00 AM
8:00 AM
Acarkent FIGURE 37
8:00 AM 8:00 am
8:00
Sulukule acarkent
Sulukule FIGURE 38
sulukule
8:00 AM
8:00
8:00 am
8:00 AM
8:00 AM
8:00
2:00 PM
2:00 PM
2:00
2:00 pm
2:00 PM 6:00 pm
2:00 PM
2:00 pm
2:00 PM
6:00 pm
2:00 PM
2:00 I S T A N B U L
infrastructure overload
2:00
NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER
FIGURE 39
institutions:
adjacencies
Istanbulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s neighborhoods boast strong ties to their historic foundations, locating themselves within and around clusters of institutions, religious and historical landmarks
religious and historical landmarks:
FIGURE 40
pangalti
acarkent
sulukule
I S T A N B U L cultural disintegration
NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER
FIGURE 41
pangalti
Pangaltiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s green space resides in between the apartment blocks. Only those that are fortunate enough to have enough space behind their houses can enjoy the small crowded zones. No outside access is prohibited.
500 FT 200 M
pangalti
FIGURE 42:
FIGURE 43:
section of allocated green space
ISTANBUL resource scarcity
NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER
FIGURE 44
section of allocated green space
acarkent
Acarkentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s foundation is located in a once previously heavy foliated zones. The trees and landscape have been minimally disturbed. The houses in Acarkent boast a somewhat generous backyard and the trees act as a private barrier between that and the road.
FIGURE 45
acarkent
FIGURE 46 500 FT 200 M
acarkent
ISTANBUL resource scarcity
NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER
FIGURE 47
section of allocated green space
sulukule
Sulukuleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s informal settlements have minimum green space. The houses are so tightly pushed up together that there is no room for such spaces, and the ones that do exist are not adequate enough to serve those that dwell there.
FIGURE 48
FIGURE 49
sulukule
500 FT 200 M
ISTANBUL resource scarcity
SULUKULE F A T I H
2 MI 5 KM
relocation
Sulukule’s peoples extraction from their homes and redistribution towards the extreme limits of the city, removing themselves from resources and necessary commodities that provide them with work and food.
AYVANSARAY
BALAT DERVISALI YAVUZ SULTAN SELIM
KARAGUMRUK
HIRKA-I SERIF
AKSARAY “Today out of 5000 residents, only 75 remain in the neighborhood. Initially around 300 families relocated to a TOKI Social Housing Project in Taşoluk, a district located some 40 kilometers away from the city centre. Others scattered around the city. Following their relocation to Taşoluk, many families experienced second wave of eviction. They were forced to leave the tenements because they could neither adapt to the living conditions there, nor afford to pay the monthly installments, building fees, or other costs. Most of the evictees returned to areas near their old neighborhood.” FIGURE 50
number of families: 110 - 120
10 - 20
30 - 40
< 10
500 FT 200 M
TASOLUK
SULUKULE number of families 100 - 170
<5
5 - 10
I S T A N B U L cultural disintegration
SULUKULE F A T I H FIGURE 51
time line
2006
2007
New starting that houses in the Sulukule Project were brought by people close to the Fatih Municipality were on the newspapers
Sulukule inhabitants and the Chamber of Architects brought the emergency expropriation into the count
Campaigning and advocacy
With the unity of the neighbourhood association, Human Settlement Association, Chamber of Architects and Bilgi University , resistance was established
MP’s from The Freedom and Solidarity Party and The Republican People’s Party visited the area
A group pf academics, Sulukule, inhabitants, activists and NGO’s, decided to organise 40 days 40 nights events to highlight the thread of eviction
Community mobilization and support
After the floating rumour saying “the demolitions will start in 40 days”, a festival was organised in the neighbourhood to demonstrate
Sulukule Development of Romani Culture and Solidarity Association was founded
Sulukule Project was brought into the agenda of Turkish Parliament
Sulukule Platform was eastablished and made a survey in the neighbourhood
April
May June July August September October November December January February March April
Sulukule renewal area was approved by the council of ministers
TOKI, Fatih Municipality and Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality signed a protocol for the urban renewal project
Fatih Municipality was authorized for the emergency expropriation of the 12 blocks in the neighbourhood
The emergency expropriation decision for Sulukule was declared
Following the invitation of NGO’s. The Conservation Board and the municipality visited the area
Human Settlem Association applied to the Conservation Board to investi their proposal fo 85 buildings to registered
Fatih Municipality founded a promunicipality neighbourhood in Sulukule Tasoluk lots were drawn to determine the people entitled to the houses in the Relocation Site Fatih Municipality showed the Sulukule residents the construction of social housing units allocated for them at the 2000 reloction site (41 km away)
1500
Amount of Eviction (Estimated Values) 250
Romani people and Romani Rights defenders, went to the court for the cancellation of the project
May June July August September October November December Jan Sulukule Urban Renewal Project was approved by the Conservation Board
Demolitions and evictions
1000
Inter universit Working Com initiated a pe campaign a the urban re proces
The first multi-stakeholder planning meeting was held in the 2010 Cultural Capital Office
NGO’s made a presentation to the Conservation Board on the deprivations in Sulukule
Dialog with public institutions
The European Union Progress Report for Turkey included parts on Sulukule
Sulukule Urban Renewal Projecy was discussed at the European Parliment
A group of academics and students from DPU, UCL made a participatory plan of the neighbourhood
Events, alternative planing and academic studies
Legal proceedings and public actions
Fallowing the demolitions, in the neighbourhood, “Dont let Sulukule to vanish” petition campaign was organized
Human Rights Association sent a letter to the mayor of Fatih and asked compensation for the Family whose was demolished
The Chamber of Geological Engineers declared that Sulukule has one of the most earthquake resitant grounds in Istanbul
2008
Fatih Municipality demolished a house by “mistake”
The DPU (UCL) made another proposal for Sulukule
ties mmittee etition against enewal ss
Renters who were not considered as the right owners visited the municipality
UNESCO delegate visited Sulukule
Petition campaign to support the STOP Project was initiated. 200 families who were not approved as right owners made a press statement
Sulukule got into the OECD report The co-president of EU-Turkey joint Parliamentary Commission visited Sulukule
The US Helsinki Commision Co-Chair sent a letter for Sulukule
A declaration presented at the Off The Record Workshop, Yildiz Technical University
Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University and London School of Economics organized a workshop on Sulukule
7 Buildings
Sulukule Studio;s project was presented to the civil society and Public Authorities
Gogol Bordello made a song for Sulukule The Romani People’s Day could not be celebrated because of the demolitions
Children halt demolition of the Children Workshop by their resistance
President of TOKI, asked to meet with the Alternative Project Volunteers
STOP presented the alternative project to the Fatih Municipality and NGO’s
Sulukule Children Workshop was continued in the evicted houses
STOP presented an alternative project for Sulukule to the Renewal Board
A delegate of volunteers had a meeting with TOKI directors
STOP Alternative Project was declared with a press meeting in Sulukule
May June July August September October November December January February March April
were Fatih demolished Municipality on the Romani demolished 9 People’s day houses that were designated as first stage Fatih Municipality demolished 7 Fatih of those housesMunicipality marked with demolished 12 houses the X sign
UNESCO delegate demanded authorities take the Alternative Project into consideration
UN-AGFE Mission convinced a multi stakeholder forum
Sulukule Exhibition was showed at the Hafriyat Gallery
KUDEP set the scaffolding for the repair work of Sezer’s house
KUDEP simple repair work process was started
Sulukule Studio prepared their alternative project proposal
Sulukule Studio’s Alternative Project was dicussed by the Sulukule inhabitants
Sulukule Case was presented in the International Architectural Bienale Rotterdam
May June July August September October November December
Municipal police distributed eviction notices by visiting every door in the neighbourhood
New Families are entitled for the houses in Tasoluk
4500 3000
UNESCO included Sulukule in its report
Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights visited Sulukule
A meeting was held with houselholds that were not considered as right owners
Sulukule Children Center is established
minister compared Fatih Municipality Sulukule to a marked the “Monster” houses of renters with a red X sign Sulukule residents released a press statement
UNESCO delegate participated into the STOP project information meeting
The European Union Progress Report for Turkey included parts on Sulukule again
STOP (Autonomous Planners) worked on an alternative project
Hidirellez Festival was organized despite the demolitions and dreadful conditions
The Conservation Board declared that 25 out of 85 proposed buildings were registered
nuary February March April The Prime-
UN Advisory Group on Forced Evictions (AGFE) Mission visited Sulukule
Sulukule was on the headlines of the major newspapers
Three members of European Parliament sent a letter to the prime minister on Sulukule
ment
igate or be
2009
Gogol Bordello visited Sulukule
Fatih Municipality demolished houses in Sulukule
Fatih Fatih Municipality Municipality demolished demolished many buildings houses in Kucuk Cesme on Niyazi Misri Street, Including Street those ones proposed to be recognized as registered buildings
Fatih Municipality continues to Sulukule demolish houses Children Workshop was demolished Fatih Municipality by the demolished municipality houses in Kucuk Cesme Street
4925
75 people are currently living in Sulukule Riot Police joined the demolitions in the neighbourhood
Massive number of houses demolished in Sulukule
I S T A N B U L cultural disintegration
SULUKULE F A T I H
500 FT 200 M
current conditions
The new proposed planning for Sulukule emphasis the historical buildings and the old city gate located on the west. The plan encourages three specific intersection points creating public courtyards, with adjacent public gardens open to the public. The pedestrians and the vehicular roads are separated in order to have boundaries between between the private community and the public spaces.
FIGURE 52
occupied buildings occupied parks historical border historical zone
500 FT 200 M
FIGURE 53
500 FT 200 M
FIGURE 54
site border
site border
old city walls
old city walls
historical border
vehicle streets
public squares
pedestrian streets
green spaces
I S T A N B U L cultural disintegration
SULUKULE F A T I H
500 FT 200 M
renewal plan
The Sulukule neighborhood houses a variety of historical entities such as the Armenian cemetery, multiple churches and old schools, all which are considered of rich cultural value. The new proposal promotes two, three and four level apartments, destroying the found historical fabric and implanting themselves into the neighbourhood.
FIGURE 55
site border old city walls historical border historical buildings
500 FT 200 M
FIGURE 56
two storey proposed buildings three storey proposed buildings four storey proposed buildings
I S T A N B U L cultural disintegration
SULUKULE F A T I H
FIGURE 57
new conditions
Upon analyzing the new proposed housing plan, the apartment blocks force the inhabitants to live in limited sunlight dwellings, poor air circulated areas and restrained social interaction spaces. This is far detached from the normal atmosphere that these people live in.
FIGURE 58
FIGURE 59
FIGURE 60
FIGURE 61
Uniform grid
Livible space 80% 40%
Allowance of light 90% 40%
elevational study
new proposed living conditions
Overlay; Satisfaction 80%
?
0%
I S T A N B U L cultural disintegration
E N D N OT E -
PROPOSAL SECTION
Fig 1 Cover page; “Konfor Kısa Sürdü, Trafik Yine Felç.” Zete RSS. Yasam News Paper, 16 Oct. 2013. Web. Fig 9 proposal Bailey, Linda, and David Vega Barachowitz. NACTO Urban Street Design Guide: Overview. [New York]: National Association of City Transportation Officials, 2012. Print. Gehl, Jan, and Birgitte Svarre. How to Study Public Life. Washington, DC: Island, 2000. Print. Fig 10 beyoglu zoning “BeyoÄlu Belediyesi.” BeyoÄlu Belediyesi. Eurocities, Lucky Eye, 2012. Web. Fig 11 streets and narrow streets; Google maps Fig 12 ,Fig 13, Fig 14 Historical trans of beyoglu “TRT Haber.” İstiklal Caddesi Gloria Sineması 1931. TRT Haber, 9 July 2012. Web. Fig 15 CBD points Kubat, Ayse. “Call for Submissions.” Call for Submissions. UCL, 7 May 2001. Web. + “İETT - İstanbul Elektrik Tramvay Ve Tünel İşletmeleri Genel Müdürlüğü.” İETT İstanbul Elektrik Tramvay Ve Tünel İşletmeleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Istanbul Municipality, n.d. Web Fig 16 Density 1 Aytekin, Deniz. “Shopping & Style.” The City’s Time Portals. Timeout Istanbul, Feb. 2012. Web. Fig 17 Density 2 “Tek Suçu Direnmek Olan çocuklarımızı Serbest Bırakın!” Yeni Dünya İnternet Gazetesi. Internet Haberi, 8 July 2013. Web.”Her Yer Direniş, Her Yer ODTÜ!” Alınteri.net:. N.p., 22 Oct. 2013. Web. Fig 18 Density 3 “Bugün Haberler.” Bugun.com.tr. Bugun Online, 1 June 2013. Web. Fig 19-30 http://www.cur-cuna.com/tr/eglence/galeri/gale0023.html http://www.trthaber.com/foto-galeri/istanbulda-tarihi-yolculuk/1311/sayfa-129.html http://cadimodaci.blogcu.com/gunun-tarihi-olayi-eski-istiklal-caddesi/13035745 http://www.mimdap.org/?p=11871 http://www.hekimedya.org/index.php/yazarlar/dr-mehmet-uhri/2705-oemuer-diye-giydiimiz.html http://www.kanalistanbul.com.tr/istiklali-bastan-kesfetmek/ http://pelindmrl.blogspot.com/2013/11/istanbulda-mutlaka-yapmanz-gereken.html http://www.fotokritik.com/2241825/istiklal-caddesi-8217nde-gece http://www.fotokritik.com/2550480/istiklal-caddesi http://everywheretaksim.net/tr/istiklalde-binlerce-kisi-trans-onuru-icin-yurudu/ http://www.bthaber.com/internet-tarihinin-en-kitlesel-protesto-eylemi-turkiye%E2%80%99ye-nasip-oldu/ http://www.arkitera.com/haber/index/detay/kentsel-donusum-arifesinde-bagdat-caddesine-yolculuk/11069 http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmanl%C4%B1_Han http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksim_Yayala%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma_Projesi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu http://www.arkitera.com/gorus/index/detay/buyuk-beyoglu-projesi/249 http://istanbulresimleri.net/istanbul_resimleri_taksim_details_2308.html http://www.beyoglu.bel.tr/beyoglu/galeri.aspx?ContentId=6497 http://blog.getaway.co.za/food/food-culture/istanbul-food-culture-and-tea/
kirsten crock + hande oney
E N D N OT E -
SITE MORPHOLOGY SECTION
Figure 1 “Yenikapı.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 31 Oct. 2013. Web. Figure 2 “Poyrazköy.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Mar. 2013. Web. Figure 3 “Garipçe, Sarıyer.” - Vikipedi. Wikipedia, 12 Oct. 2013. Web. Figure 4 “Levent.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Aug. 2013. Web. Figure 5 “Mimdap » 17 Ağustos 1999 Kocaeli Depremi’nden Bugüne Sempozyumu.” Mimdap RSS. Mimdap, 16 Nov. 2007. Web. Figure 6 Ercan, Ahmet. “Depremde İstanbul İçin En Riskli Yerler Neresi?”Http://www.internethaberi.com/. Internet Haberi, 16 Nov. 2011. Web Figure 7 Goker, Emrah. “Emrah Göker’in İstifhanesi.” GIS. Istifhanem, 07 June 2012. Web. Figure 8 “MVRDV ABOUTBLANK / Yenikapı Transfer Point and Archaeo-Park Project.” Vimeo. MVRDV + ABOUTBLANK, 2012. Web. Figure 9 “MVRDV ABOUTBLANK / Yenikapı Transfer Point and Archaeo-Park Project.” Vimeo. MVRDV + ABOUTBLANK, 2012. Web. Figure 10 “Yenikapi - Google Maps.” Yenikapi - Google Maps. Google Maps, 2013. Web. Figure 11 Korkut, Sevgi. “Marmaray’ın Test Sürüşleri Ertelendi.” ZAMAN. Zaman Newspaper, 2 Aug. 2013. Web. Figure 12 Guney, Zeynep. “Konu: Marmaray.” Mimarlk Forumu RSS. Mimarlik Forumu, 27 June 2008. Web. Figure 13, 14, 15 Furuto, Alison. “Yenikapı Transfer Point and Archaeo-Park / MVRDV ABOUTBLANK.”ArchDaily. Archdaily, 5 May 2012. Web. Figure 16 “Yedikule-Yenikapı Sahil Şeridi III. Etap Yenileme Alanı (Yalı, Kasap İlyas, Çakırağa, Kürkçübaşı Mahalleleri).” - T.C. Fatih Belediyesi. N.p., 13 Sept. 2006. Web. Figure 17 “Levent.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Aug. 2013. Web. Figure 18 “Levent - Google Maps.” Levent - Google Maps. Google Maps, 2013. Web Figure 19 “Ýstanbul Þehir Rehberi.” Ýstanbul Þehir Rehberi. Google, 2013. Web. Figure 20 Fedorenko, Eugene. “Bird’s Eye View for Istanbul.” Flickr. Yahoo!, 06 Oct. 2008. Web. Figure 21 “İstanbul 4.levent.” Resim Bul. Wowturkey, n.d. Web. 3rd image; Van Santen, Dimer. “波動拳!” Flickr. Yahoo!, 21 Dec. 2009. Web. Figure 22 Carmichael, Keegan. “Nigh Architecture.” : Updated Program Analysis. Nigh Architecture, 20 Mar. 2012. Web. Figure 23 “Levent - Google Maps.” Levent - Google Maps. Google Maps, 2013. Web Figure 24 “Thread: ISTANBUL - Sapphire Tower - Completed - 54F / 261M.” SkyScraperLife RSS. Tabanlioglu, 6 Oct. 2006. Web. Figure 25 2nd Ahmet Aru, Kemal. “1. Levent Mahallesi.” 1. Levent Mahallesi. Arkiv, 23 June 2008. Web. Figure 26 3rd “Kanyon: Mimaride Ve Yaşam Tarzında Yenilikçi Bir Yaklaşım.” -Haberler. Yapi, 16 June 2006. Web. Figure 27 “Levent.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Aug. 2013. Web. Figure 28 “Levent - Google Maps.” Levent - Google Maps. Google Maps, 2013. Web Figure 29 1 sapphire; “Thread: ISTANBUL - Sapphire Tower - Completed - 54F / 261M.” SkyScraperLife RSS. Tabanlioglu, 6 Oct. 2006. Web, Figure 30 “Kanyon: Mimaride Ve Yaşam Tarzında Yenilikçi Bir Yaklaşım.” -Haberler. Yapi, 16 June 2006. Web , Figure 31 Metro city; “Istanbul.” Metrocity Shopping Center. Istanbul Guide, 14 Apr. 2008. Web. Figure 32 Simpkins, Martin. “Venue Evolving Corporate Universities Istanbul.” Amiando. Xing Events, Nov. 2012. Web. Figure 33 Ahmet Aru, Kemal. “1. Levent Mahallesi.” 1. Levent Mahallesi. Arkiv, 23 June 2008. Web. , Figure 34 Zeus. “Iş Kuleleri.” Itü Sözlük. Itu Sozluk Gorseller, 2012. Web. Figure 34 1 “Free Relief Layers for Google Maps.” Free Relief Layers for Google Maps. Google, 1 Mar. 2012. Web 2 , 3 “Garipce - Google Maps.” Garipce - Google Maps. Google Earth Maps, 2013. Web. Figure 36 Yaman, Zeynel. “İşte Yeni İstanbul.” Sabah.com.tr. Sabah, 2 June 2012. Web. Figure 37 “İşte 3. Köprü’nün Değişen Planı!” Ekonomi.haberturk.com. Haberturk, 17 July 2013. Web Figure 38 “İşte 2 Yeni İstanbul’un Haritası - Gündem Haberleri - Güncel Haber - Haber - Spor Haberleri- Sıcak Haber - Yerel Haber.” Rotahaber.com. Istanbul Municipality, 12 May 2011. Web. Figure 39 HASAN AKBAYRAK, EMRE. “Bluesyemre.” Bluesyemre. Blog, 6 Sept. 2013. Web. Figure 40 “Garipce - Google Maps.” Garipce - Google Maps. Google Earth Maps, 2013. Web. Figure 41 “Garipce - Google Maps.” Garipce - Google Maps. Google Earth Maps, 2013. Web. Figure 42 Carmichael, Keegan. “Nigh Architecture.” : Updated Program Analysis. Nigh Architecture, 20 Mar. 2012. Web. Figure 43 “Poyrazköy.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Mar. 2013. Web. Figure 44 “Garipçe, Sarıyer.” - Vikipedi. Wikipedia, 12 Oct. 2013. Web.
Figure 45 Map; “Garipce - Google Maps.” Garipce - Google Maps. Google Earth Maps, 2013. Web. Figure 46 “Garipce - Google Maps.” Garipce - Google Maps. Google Earth Maps, 2013. Web. Figure 47 Nix. “Garipçe Köyü Duvar Kağıtları.” HD Manzara Resimleri RSS. Manzara Resimleri, 28 Oct. 2012. Web. Figure 48 “Poyrazköy.” Plaj –. Poyrazkoy Muhtarligi, 1 July 2011. Web. Figure 49 “Europaconcorsi Beta.” Europaconcorsi. 2pm Architects, Dauphins Architecture, 13 Jan. 2012. Web. Figure 50 YANG, ZIHAO. “Garipçe.” The Battle for Istanbul. Bahceseir University, 2013. Web. Figure 51 “Poyrazköy’den Kareler.” Http://fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr/. Hurriyet, 2013. Web.
kirsten crock + hande oney
E N D N OT E -
CITY RESEARCH SECTION
Cover: Spread 2:
Fournier, Raphael. Neighborhood of Avcilar: Famer and His Cows. 2013. Photograph. Istanbul Urbanization, Istanbul. Emaho Magazine. 22 Apr. 2013. Dundaralp, Bogachan. Toki Dwellers the Survival Manual. 2012. Istanbul Design Biennial 2012. http://bogachandundaralp.wordpress.com/toki/. Hilgefort, Jason. “Urban regeneration: beyond the building” March 16, 2013. http://cairobserver.com/post/45489143839/talk-by-jason-hilgefort-urban-regeneration beyond-the. Fig 1: Burdett, Richard, and Deyan Sudjic. Living in the Endless City: The Urban Age Project by the London School of Economics and Deutsche Bank’s Alfred Herrhausen Society. London: Phaidon, 2011. Print. Fig 2: Güvenç, Murat, and Eda Ünlü-Yücesoy. “Urban Spaces In and Around Istanbul.” LSE Cities. Deutcshe Bank, Nov. 2009. Web. Fig 3: Kavlak, Emrah. “Turkish Economy: Crises 1923-2008 « Emrah Kavlak.” Emrah Kavlak. Emrah Kavlak, Mar. 2013. Web. Fig 4: Richter, Matthias. “AC4MobHCI.” 2012. HCI, 17-18 Sept. 2012. Web. Fig 5: Korkmaz, Tansel. “Istanbul. Living in Voluntary and Involuntary Exclusion.” Issuu. University Of Stuttgart, Vitra, 2009. Web. Fig 6, 7, 8: Azem, Imre. “Ekumenopolis: Ucu Olmayan Sehir” Filmforderung Hamburg Schleswig-Holstein, Kibrit Film, York Street Productions International. March 21, 2013. Fig 9: Kavlak, Emrah. “Envisioning Information for Istanbul « Emrah Kavlak.” Emrah Kavlak. Web, Mar. 2013. Web. Fig 10, 11: Korkmaz, Tansel. “Istanbul. Living in Voluntary and Involuntary Exclusion.” Issuu. University Of Stuttgart, Vitra, 2009. Web Fig 12: “Second Bosporus in Istanbul: Canal Istanbul” CNN Turkey. April 29, 2011. cnnturk.com. Fig 13: Korkmaz, Tansel. “Istanbul. Living in Voluntary and Involuntary Exclusion.” Issuu. University Of Stuttgart, Vitra, 2009. Web Fig 14 , 15, 16, 17: Korkmaz, Tansel. “Reclaim Istanbul.” Reclaim Istanbul. Wordpress, 4 Apr. 2011. Web. Fig 18 , 19: Burdett, Richard, and Deyan Sudjic. Living in the Endless City: The Urban Age Project by the London School of Economics and Deutsche Bank’s Alfred Herrhausen Society. London: Phaidon, 2011. Print. Fig 20: Kavlak, Emrah. “Envisioning Information for Istanbul « Emrah Kavlak.” Emrah Kavlak. Web, Mar. 2013. Web. Fig 21 : “Sisli” http://www.eskiistanbul.net/semtler/2sisli.htm. Fig 22, 42: “Apartments in Kurtulus Pangalti Neighborhood:” Finding an Apartment in Istanbul. September 28, 2012. https://pointwhitedrive.wordpress.com/2012/07/23/finding-an- apartment-in-istanbul/m-2/. Fig 23: “2D Law” TRT Haber. February 8, 2012. http://www.trthaber.com/haber/ekonomi/2b-yasasi-komisyondan-gecti-27697.html. Fig 24: “Beykoz Konaklan” Comuner. 2009. http://www.remax7tepe.com/en/beykoz_konaklari_hakkinda.htm. Fig 25: “Sulukule” Photo. http://www.kuruoglugayrimenkul.com/web/Image/Eski-fatih-resimleri-nostalji/eski-fatih-resimleri-3.jpg. Fig 26: “Sulukule and the Wall” Tonyrfsa, Wikipedia. January 21, 2008. http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Sulukule_and_the_wall.jpg#filehistory. Fig 27, 29, 31: “Istanbul” Google Maps, September 18, 2013, https://maps.google.com/maps?q=istanbul&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x14caa7040068086b:0xe1ccfe98bc01b0d0,Istanbul, +Turkey&gl=us&ei=wZFpUsHLI8HakQfekoCQAg&ved=0CLYBELYDMBM. Fig 28: “Pangalti” Istanbul. April 7, 2003. http://wowturkey.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=1345. Fig 30: “Acarkent” Meg Cam Balkon Sistemleri. 2013. http://www.megacambalkon.com/-4-104-acarkent-cam-balkon.html. Fig 32: Sticker, Simon. “Sulukule” Flow Media; Visual Storytelling. July 2, 2010. http://www.simonsticker.com/2010/07/02/sulukule/ Fig 33 : “Şişli Pangaltı Semt Haritası, İstanbul Şişli Pangaltı Uydu Haritası.” İstanbul , Şişli Pangaltı Yol Haritası, Pangaltı Uydu Görünümü, Şişli Pangaltı Karayolları Haritası. Google, n.d. Fig 34 : “Acarkent Kurye - 0212 210 00 53.” Acarkent Kurye - 0212 210 00 53. Seocou, n.d. Web Fig 35: Guney, Zeynep. “Fatih’te Kültür Başkenti Hazırlığı.” Fatih’te Kültür Başkenti Hazırlığı. N.p., 17 Apr. 2008. Web. Fig 36 , 37, 38: “- - - Trafik Kontrol Merkezi - -.” - - - Trafik Kontrol Merkezi - -. Istanbul Municipality, n.d. Web. Fig 39, 40: Google, pangalti, acarkent, sulukule historical landmarks and institutions Fig 41, 42, 43, 45: “Acarkent” Kurumsal Haberlet. http://www.kurumsalhaberler.com/acarkent/bultenler/markalarin-bulusma-noktasi-acarkent Fig 46, 47, 48: Harte, Julia. “Istanbul Court Annuls Almost-Finished Roma Project” Green Prophet; Sustainable News for the Middle East. June 18, 2012. http://www.greenprophet. com/2012/06/court-annuls-almost-finished-development-project-in-roma-neighborhood-in-istanbul/ Fig 49, 50: Korkmaz, Tansel. “Istanbul. Living in Voluntary and Involuntary Exclusion.” Issuu. University Of Stuttgart, Vitra, 2009. Web Fig 51: Kavlak, Emrah. “Envisioning Information for Istanbul « Emrah Kavlak.” Emrah Kavlak. Web, Mar. 2013. Web. Fig 52, 53, 54, 55, 56: “SULUKULE GÜNLÜĞÜ.” SULUKULE GÜNLÜĞÜ. Sulukule Residents, 2009. Web. Fig 57: “Sulukule” Emlak Kulisi, March 26, 2012. http://emlakkulisi.com/huseyin-avni-mutlu-sulukule-iyi-bir-proje-oldu/127439 Fig 58: Osseiran, Nejla. “My Beloved Sulukule” International Passport. 2012. http://vision.rcinet.ca/video/WO3OR1B7XW4U/My-Beloved-Sulukule-Can%C4%B1m-Sulukule/ Fig 59: “Sulukule passes the Required Dues” Real Estate Corridors. August 29, 2013. http://emlakkulisi.com/sulukulede-istenen-aidat-havuzlu-sitelerin-aidatini-gecti/188771