An eTwinning project by students from Lycée André Maurois, Bischwiller, France 1st EPAL Ierapetra’s, Ierapetra, Greece
Contents
About us Introduction Deadly Diseases 1.Breast Cancer 2.Anorexia Nervosa 3.AIDS 4.Ebola 5.Tetanus 6.Malaria 7. Myocardial Infarction Credits
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About us
Lycée André Maurois is a High School in Bischwiller (located northeast France, nearby Germany). The students working on this project applied for a three year optional subject named “European section”. They all are final year scientific baccalaureate students. 1st Epal Ierapetra’s is a Vocational School in the town of Ierapetra in the south of Crete in Greece. The students working on this project go in the first class and they chose to work with deadly diseases as topic for the lesson called “project”. 2 / 46
Introduction
We collaborated on a common project: Deadly Diseases. Our goal was to find out the symptoms and the treatment of deadly diseases in the world but mainly how we can protect ourselves from them. The students were divided into seven mixed nationalities groups. They suggested different diseases and seven of them were chosen to work on. Each group made a research about one disease. These are the results of their research.
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Deadly Diseases Breast cancer
An eTwinning project by students from Tale Euro Bischwiller’s, France and 1st EPAL Ierapetra’s, Greece 4 / 46
Introduction
Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue.Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, or a red scaly patch of skin. Outcomes for breast cancer vary depending on the cancer type, extent of disease, and person's age. Survival rates in the developed world are high, with between 80% and 90% of those in England and the United States live for at least 5 years. In developing countries survival rates are poorer. Worldwide, breast cancer is the leading type of cancer in women, accounting for 25% of all cases. In 2012 it resulted in 1.68 million cases and 522,000 deaths. It is more common in developed countries and is more than 100 times more common in women than in men.
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Symptoms
Some of the symptoms that characterize breast cancer are: • thickening or hardening of the breast area or armpit • Swollen lymph nodes of the armpit • Discharge from the nipple • retracting skin i.e. pulling of the skin or the nipple inwards • Redness, tenderness or pain in the chest In early stage breast cancer has no symptoms. Later, palpable construct, change of skin color, retraction or discharge may appear . If the woman does not give importance to the above symptoms then signs of advanced disease appear, such as hot and red breast (inflammatory cancer), pain in bones, large swelling. 6 / 46
Treatments Different kind of treatments exist and depend of the tumor's feature: -the radiotherapy: This is a local treatment. Some rays are sent on the breast and distroy cancer cells or stop their development. These rays are not painful but can cause side effects. -the chemotherapy is a treatment with cancer-killing drugs that may be given intravenously (injected into a vein) or by mouth. The drugs travel through the bloodstream to reach cancer cells in most parts of the body. Chemo is given in cycles, with each period of treatment followed by a recovery period. -the hormone therapy: the goal of this treatment is to reduce or avoid the activity or the production of an hormone which can boost the growth of a cancerous tumor (in this case estrogen). In fact, some cancers are hormones responsives, which means that the growth of their cells is activated by an hormone. -the targeted therapies: it's a treatment with medicines which aim is to slow-down or block the cancer cell's growth by starving it, provoke its destruction, lead the immune system against it or by encouraging it to become normal again. -breast-conserving surgery: this type of surgery is sometimes called partial mastectomy. It is also sometimes called lumpectomy or quadrantectomy. In breast-conserving surgery, only the part of the breast containing the cancer is removed. The goal is to remove the cancer as well as some surrounding normal tissue. How much of the breast is removed depends on the size and location of the tumor and other factors. -mastectomy: if there is big tumors or a lot of tumors in the breast, surgeons can do a mastectomy, which means they will remove the breast with the tumors. 7 / 46
Prevention
Risk factors for developing breast cancer include: female sex, obesity, lack of physical exercise, drinking alcohol, hormone replacement therapy during menopause, ionizing radiation, early age at first menstruation, having children late or not at all, and older age. About 5–10% of cases are due to genes inherited from a person's parents. A 2009 review for the US Preventive Services Task Force found evidence of benefit from mammographic screening in those 40 to 70 years of age, and the organization recommends screening every two years in women 50 to 74 years old. The medications tamoxifen or raloxifene may be used in an effort to prevent breast cancer in those who are at high risk of developing it. Surgical removal of both breasts is another useful preventative measure in some high risk women. 8 / 46
Thanks for reading Lise HARTMANN, Manos Hatzakis, Clio Kontaxaki
Source: -http://www.cancer. org/cancer/breastcancer/detailedguide/breast-cancertreating-general-info -http://www.e-cancer.fr/cancerinfo/les-cancers/cancer-dusein/traitements-possibles http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer 9 / 46
Deadly Diseases
Anorexia
Nervosa
An eTwinning project by students from Tale Euro Bischwiller’s , France and 1st EPAL Ierapetra’s, Greece 10 / 46
Introduction Anorexia is considered as a eating disorders (TCA). The disease is manifested by malnutrition, that resulting to a weight loss. This is also called anorexia nervosa. That the reasons why we have to prevented anorexia. Although it isn’t possible to prevent all cases of anorexia, it is helpful to begin treatment when people begin to have the first symptoms. Moreover, teaching and encouraging healthy eating behaviour and a good view of their body also can be helpful. Some Statistics: - It affects about 1.5 % of the women, between 15 and 35 years. This would be in France of around 230,000 people. - Anorexia affected Mostly Women: 94 to 97 % of people who are anorexic are women - Nowadays, there would be in France around: ● 70,000 teenagers are affected by anorexia nervosa (under 25 years) ● 170,000 adults (20-45 years) of both sexes. 11 / 46
Symptoms These are the symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa: 1.Obvious, fast and drastic loss of weight. 2.Thin hairs grow on head and body. 3.Obsession with calories and fat. 4. Are on a diet although they are already thin. 5. Fear of gaining weight. 6. Cutting the food into very small pieces, refusing to eat in front of others, hiding and throwing away food. 7. Use of different dieting pills. 8. Frequent and intense exercise. 12 / 46
Treatments There is no conclusive evidence that any particular treatment for anorexia nervosa works better than others; however, there is enough evidence to suggest that early intervention and treatment are more effective.Treatment for anorexia nervosa tries to address three main areas. â—? Restoring the person to a healthy weight. â—? Treating the psychological disorders related to the illness. â—? Reducing or eliminating behaviours or thoughts that originally led to the disordered eating. Family-based treatment has been shown to be more successful than individual therapy. 13 / 46
prévention Anorexia can be prevented ? Anorexia is considered as a eating disorders (TCA). The disease is manifested by malnutrition, that resulting to a weight loss. This is also called anorexia nervosa. That the reasons why we have to prevented anorexia. Today, we can prevented anorexia. We have to educated our teenagers to adopt a healthy behaviour. There are different way to prevent Anorexia : • You have to eat in regular time, It's important to eat on the Morning, at the afternoon and at night. • You have to avoid snaking between meals. • Avoid much as possible all rich calorie foods, that means rich in fat aliment and sugared aliment. This type of food make a weight increase and then you can take the decision to follow a strict diet. • Also you can be helped of your family, talk about your problems. Your family can prevented Anorexia • Encourage healthy view of yourself and of your teenagers. • Learn to your children to take care of their bodies and their health. • Avoid comment about their weight, and do not encourage them to do a diet, just ell them how they can eat healthier Finally, you can’t prevent all cases of anorexia but it’s helpful to begin treatment when begin the first symptoms. You have to encourage healthy behaviour and teaching better view of your body of yourself and each other. Also, you can do a preventing therapy
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by Bronner Justine Maria Gerakianaki Antonis Metaxakis
Source: http://www.anorexie-et-boulimie.fr/articles-208-epidemiologiedes-tca.htm http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/eatingdisorders/anorexia-nervosa/anorexia-nervosa-hometreatment http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/eatingdisorders/anorexia-nervosa/anorexia-nervosa-prevention http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/eatingdisorders/anorexia-nervosa/mental-health-anorexia-nervosa http://www.helpguide.org/articles/eating-disorders/anorexianervosa.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa 15 / 46
Deadly Diseases
An eTwinning project by students from Tale Euro Bischwiller’s, France and 1st EPAL Ierapetra’s, Greece
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Introduction • AIDS is due to an infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). • HIV can destroy so many of the CD4 lymphocyte that the body can't fight infections and opportunist diseases anymore. When that happens, HIV infection can lead to AIDS, the final stage of HIV infection. And once you have HIV, you have it for life. • The first case of HIV has been discovered in the USA in 1981. Then the virus rapidly propagated in the 1980’s. • Between 1.4 and 1.7 million people died of HIV-related illnesses worldwide in 2013.
• A lot of people are contaminated by the HIV but they don’t know it. In 2011, in Greece they were 11 000 people who lived with HIV. In France, there were 160 000. • The most serious HIV ans AIDS epidemic in the world is in Sub-Saharan Africa. • In the world, the struggle against this disease has a high cost. For instance, in 2013, $19,1 billions were devoted to the fight against AIDS. • Nowadays, no safe and effective cure for HIV currently exists, but scientists are working to find one.
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Symptoms
The stages of HIV infection are acute infection (also known as primary infection), latency and AIDS. Acute infection lasts for several weeks and may include symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, inflammation of the throat, rash, muscle pain, malaise, and mouth and esophageal sores. The latency stage involves few or no symptoms and can last anywhere from two weeks to twenty years or more, depending on the individual. AIDS, the final stage of HIV infection, is defined by low CD4+ T cell counts (fewer than 200 per microliter), various opportunistic infections, cancers and other conditions. 18 / 46
Treatments
The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs in an attempt to control HIV infection. HIV treatment has been proven so successful that in many parts of the world HIV has become a chronic condition in which progression to AIDS has become increasingly rare. Doctors believe that an AIDS-free generation is within reach. An estimated 700,000 lives were saved in 2010 alone due to antiretroviral therapy. Clinicians are now confronted with managing a chronic disease that in the absence of a cure will persist for many decades. The US Department of Health and Human Services and other organizations recommend offering antiretroviral treatment to all patients with HIV. 19 / 46
Prevention Here are the differents ways to prevent an HIV infection and the AIDS: • Use condoms consistently and correctly.
• Reduce the number of people you have sex with. The more partners you have, the more likely you are to have a partner with HIV whose viral load is not suppressed or to have a sex partner with a sexually transmitted disease. • Get tested and treated for other sexually transmitted diseases and encourage your partner to do the same. • Tell your partner if you have HIV. • Use a clean needle. If you use a needle to inject drugs, make sure it's sterile and don't share it, because there are risks to transmit or to catch the HIV. • If you're pregnant, get medical care right away. If you're HIV-positive, you may pass the infection to your baby. But if you receive treatment during pregnancy, you can cut your baby's risk by as much as two-thirds. • Speak about AIDS and its prevention in high-school, to inform teenagers of the risks of an unprotected sexual intercourse 20 / 46
by DUPORGE Sylvie, France Zeta Hatzimakri,Greece Alexandros Papadakis,Greece
Source:
http://www.who.int/gho/hiv/epidemic_status/deaths/en/ http://www.avert.org/european-hiv-aids-statistics.htm http://logo-sign.com/tag/aids-logos/ https://www.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/prevention/reduce-yourrisk/sexual-risk-factors/ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hivaids/basics/prevention/con-20013732 https://www.aids.gov/images/aids-infographics/usingcondoms3.jpg
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Deadly Diseases
An eTwinning project by students from Tale Euro Bischwiller’s, France and 1st EPAL Ierapetra’s, Greece
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Introduction The
Ebola hemorrhagic fever appears in Nzara (Sudan) and Yambuku (Congo) in 1976. It has been named after he the closest river of Yambuka, the river Ebola. The most severe outbreak has appears in Guinea in march 2014, and has been largely spread to Liberia and Sierra Leone, some of the poorest states in the world. It is present to in Senegal, Mali, Nigeria and Congo. It has make over 10 000 dead and more than 25 000 contaminated (5th april 2015). Ebola is directly concerning more than 20 millions of people in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. The outbreak is limited to Africa. However, there were cases in other continents, but it was cases imported from Africa. Today there is only experimental treatments. That is why organisations as the WHO (World Health Organization) are fearing of a pandemia. Ebola’s transmission route is firstly from animals as fruit bats, monkeys, antelopes (natural holders of the virus), then from human to human, by secretions (including blood, saliva, sweat, and potentially sexual secretions) or after a contact with something contaminated. Thus, it is harder to catch the Ebola virus rather than the Influenza virus, because it does not spread by the air. However, Ebola’s is deadlier: about 50% (in average) cases are fatal. The virus looks like a worm. The incubation period takes between 2 and 21 days. Let’s talk about the symptoms. 23 / 46
Symptoms Symptoms usually begin with a sudden influenza-like stage characterized by feeling tired, fever, weakness, decreased appetite, muscular pain, joint pain, headache, and sore throat. The fever is usually higher than 38.3 째C. This is often followed by vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. Next,shortness of breath and chest pain may occur, along with swelling, headaches and confusion. In about half of the cases, the skin may develop a maculopapular rash, a flat red area covered with small bumps, 5 to 7 days after symptoms begin. In some cases, internal and external bleeding may occur. This typically begins five to seven days after the first symptoms. Recovery may begin between 7 and 14 days after first symptoms. Death, if it occurs, follows typically 6 to 16 days from first symptoms and is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss. In general, bleeding often indicates a worse outcome, and blood loss may result in death.
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Treatments
Ebola virus
There is no approved treatment for the disease Ebola. Early supportive care with rehydration and symptomatic treatment improves survival. Rehydration may be oral or intravenous. It may include management of pain, nausea, fever and anxiety. The World Health Organization recommends avoiding the use of aspirin or ibuprofen for pain due to the bleeding risk associated with use of these medications. A number of experimental treatments are being studied.
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Prevention People who care for those infected with Ebola should wear protective clothing including masks, gloves, gowns and goggles. The infected person should be in barrierisolation from other people. All equipment, medical waste, patient waste and surfaces that may have come into contact with body fluids need to be disinfected. Ebolaviruses can be eliminated with heat (heating for 30 to 60 minutes at 60 째C or boiling for 5 minutes). Education of the general public about the risk factors for Ebola infection and of the protective measures individuals may take to prevent infection is recommended by the World Health Organization.These measures include avoiding direct contact with infected people and regular hand washing using soap and water. 26 / 46
by RUBERT Arnaud, France Manos Christakis, Greece Soula Fytopoulou,Greece Rania Pitopoulaki, Greece
Source:
:http://www.livescience.com/48234-how-ebola-got-its-name. html http://www.economist. com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/04/ebola-graphics https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/gv.html http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease
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Deadly Diseases Tetanus
An eTwinning project by students from Tale Euro Bischwiller’s, France and 1st EPAL Ierapetra’s, Greece
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Introduction ● When does it appear ? Historically the first description of the diseases was made by Hippocrates around the 5th century. ● How is it spread ? Tetanus is spread only by an infection of a cut in the skin. ● What are the symptoms ? Important spasms which occurs first in the jaw but in all of the body later ● Does it exist any treatments ? Yes sir ! a vaccine simply…
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Symptoms Tetanus leads important and painful spasms and including the locking of the jaw, that’s why tetanus is commonly called “lockjaw”.
The symptoms appear generally 3 to 21 days after the infections and it takes about months to recover. Only 10% of the infected die
The spasms are so violent that they can cause fracture of the bone
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Spreading Tetanus is only spread by a cut in the skin. The bacteria responsible of the infection is called Clostridium tetani. The bacteria release a toxin that affects the motor nerves, which stimulate the muscles.
Muscle spasms (specifically opisthotonos) in a person with tetanus. Painting by Sir Charles Bell, 1809. 31 / 46
Treatments Someone infected should first clean the wound and removed the dead tissues If someone is infected he has to procure him a vaccine and boosters to ensure immunity. Muscles relaxant can also be efficient to decrease the importance of the spasms. Mortality rates vary from 48% to 73%. In recent years about 11% of reported tetanus cases have been fatal. The highest mortality rates are in unvaccinated people, people over 60 years old and newborns. 32 / 46
Prevention The main prevention is the vaccine which exist since 1924. In children under age of seven the tetanus vaccine is commonly administered with vaccine against diphtheria and pertussis The last prevention would be to take booster if have a significant wound. Most of the infection occurs in the hot country and region where the soil contains a lot of organic matter. Tetanus is often associated with rust, especially rusty nails. 33 / 46
by Clement WALDBUSSER Dimitris Lambrakis Evangelia Koutsouki
Source: MedecineNet.com Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus http://www.medvet.com.au/our-services/on-site-employeevaccinations/tetanus-diphtheria-and-pertussis-whoopingcough 34 / 46
Deadly Diseases
Malaria
An eTwinning project by students from Tale Euro Bischwiller’s, France and 1st EPAL Ierapetra’s, Greece
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Introduction -
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Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganism). Although the parasite responsible for malaria has been in existence for 50,000–100,000 years, the population size of the parasite did not increase until about 10,000 years ago, concurrently with advances in agriculture and the development of human settlements. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions that are present in a broad band around the equator. Malaria is commonly associated with poverty and has a major negative effect on economic development. In Africa it is estimated to result in losses of 12 billion US$ a year due to increased healthcare costs, lost ability to work and effects on tourism. The World Health Organization reports there were 198 million cases of malaria worldwide in 2013. This resulted in an estimated 584,000 to 855,000 deaths, the majority (90%) of which occurred in Africa.
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Symptoms - The signs and symptoms of malaria typically begin 8–25 days following infection; however, symptoms may occur later in those who have taken antimalarial medications as prevention. Initial manifestations of the disease— common to all malaria species—are similar to flu-like symptoms,[and can resemble other conditions such as septicemia, gastroenteritis, and viral diseases. The presentation may include headache, fever, shivering, joint pain, vomiting, hemolytic anemia, jaundice, hemoglobin in the urine, retinal damage, and convulsions. - The classic symptom of malaria is paroxysm—a cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by shivering and then fever and sweating, occurring every two days or every three days. Infection can cause recurrent fever every 36–48 hours or a less pronounced and almost continuous fever.
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Treatments - Malaria is treated with antimalarial medications; the ones used depends on the type and severity of the disease. - Uncomplicated malaria may be treated with oral medications. The most effective treatment for malaria infection is the use of artemisinins in combination with other antimalarials. These additional antimalarials include: amodiaquine, lumefantrine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Another recommended combination is dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine. ACT is about 90% effective when used to treat uncomplicated malaria. In the 2000s , malaria with partial resistance to artemisins emerged in Southeast Asia. - Malaria is usually treated without the need for hospitalization. - Recommended treatment for severe malaria is the intravenous use of antimalarial drugs.
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Prevention
First, you should inform yourself on the risk of malaria in the country where you want to travel.
If you go to a country with a Malaria risk : - Use insect repellent. - Take an antimalarial medication. The type of medication depend of the country visited. - If you have some of the symptoms, which are similar to the one of the flu, ask advice of a Medical Doctor In all case, always ask to a MD if you have a doubt.
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by Hugo Malet Eleftheria Lagoudaki Chronis Tomadakis Ioanna Kouzoulaki
Source: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/malaria-prevention http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria
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Deadly Diseases
Myocardial infarction
An eTwinning project by students from Tale Euro Bischwiller’s, France and 1st EPAL Ierapetra’s,Greece
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Introduction
Myocardial infarction or acute myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle. A heart attack may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, or cardiac arrest.
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Symptoms - acute pain and enduring in the breast which irradiate arms, the spine, the neck and the jaw. - the pain can last only few minutes or several hours. - we can observe many symptoms in addition: - discomfort - vertigo - nausea - vomiting - trouble to breathe - transpiration - high temperature - sensation of anxiety and oppression
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Treatments Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected heart attack. Nitroglycerin or opioids may be used to help with chest pain; however, they do not improve overall outcomes. Supplemental oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath. Treatments which attempt to restore blood flow to the heart are typically recommended and include angioplasty, where the arteries are pushed open, or thrombolysis, where the blockage is removed using medications. Some heart attacks are often managed with heparin which makes the blood thinner , with the additional use angioplasty in those at high risk.In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes, bypass surgery (CABG) may be recommended rather than angioplasty. After a heart attack lifestyle modifications along with long term treatment with aspirin, beta blockers, and statins is typically recommended. 44 / 46
Prevention Many of the risk factors for myocardial infarction are modifiable and thus many cases may be preventable. Smoking appears to be the cause of about 36% and obesity the cause of 20% of coronary artery disease. Lack of exercise has been linked to 7–12% of cases. Less common causes include stress-related causes such as job stress, which accounts for about 3% of cases, and chronic high stress levels. So, stop smoking, get thinner, start exercising and get rid of stress to reduce the risk of a heart attack. 45 / 46
by Stuttgen Fanny, Georgia Barouma, Maria Sekadaki and Valia Antonou Source :http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/understanding-heart-attackbasics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction
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Lycée André Maurois,Bischwiller, France Teacher: Géraldine Joussellin Students: Arnaud Rupert,Clement Waldbusser, Fanny Stuttgen, Hugo Malet, Justine Bronner, Lise Hartmann, Sylvie Duporge 1st EPAL Ierapetra’s, Ierapetra, Greece Teacher: Despina Papadopoulou Students: Alexandros Papadakis, Antonis Metaxakis, Chronis Tomadakis,Dimitris Lambrakis, Eleftheria Lagoudaki, Evangelia Koutsouki, Georgia Barouma, Manos Hatzakis, Clio Kontaxaki, Ioanna Kouzoulaki, Manos Christakis, Maria Gerakianaki, Maria Sekadaki, Ourania Pitopoulaki, Soula Fytopoulou, Valia Antonou, Zeta Hatzimakri
2014-2015