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Germán López Hernández Sebastián Chongo Quelal Miquel Izquierdo Gerard Martínez Kilian Ruiz 4 ESO B
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INDEX: -
Introduction Geography and population History Economy Governments and politics Education Culture Sports National symbols Curiosities Conclusion Bibliography Webgraphy Glossary
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1.
Introduction:
We have chose Italy because it is the place Where We Travel. We found the information in Wikipedia and with the links we have in Moodle. And then explain concepts like Italy gastronomy, culture, history and other aspects. 2.
Geography and population:
Italy is situated in the south of Europe and its capital is Rome. Italy has many mountains, except for Po plain, which spreads from the Alps to the Mediterranean sea. It has many islands, such as, Sicily, Sardinia and Elba. There are two independent states, the Vatican and the Republic of San Marino.
Map of Italy
a) Climate: The climate in the country is very diverse. In the northern and in central regions the climate is humid subtropical, humid continental and oceanic. In Po valley the climate is mostly continental, with cold winter and hot summers. b)Demography: In Italy there are 60,626,442 inhabitants according to 1 January 2011 municipal records. The distribution of the population of Italy is widely uneven. The most densely populated areas are Po valley, Rome and Naples. The while vast regions, such as the Alps and Appennines highlands, island of Sardinia and the plateaus of basilica, are very unpopulated. During the 20th century the population of Italy almost doubled. The internal population migrates to the countries side to the city.
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c) Languages: The main language of Italy is Italian, descendant of Latin. Before the reunification of Italy in 1861 this language existed only as a literary language. Many languages were spoken in the peninsula, most Romance languages that were developed in each of the regions and kingdoms, due to the political fragmentation of the peninsula. Many of these languages have survived, often improperly called dialetti, dialect. After Italian unification, given the large number of languages spoken in the peninsula, it was established that the Italian "right" or "standard" would be based on the Florentine dialect of Tuscany. Education system was established, which reduced the variation of languages over time. In the 1960s economic growth and television allowed the universal Italian. According to the latest statistics, 44% of Italians speak Italian standard, 51% combined with another language, and only 5% speak only one language other than Italian.
Languages
Speakers
Italian
57.000.000
Neapolitan
11.000.000
Sicilian
8.000.000
Lombard
7.000.000
Venetian language
3.300.000
Sardinian
1.348.000
d) Religion: 87,8% of the population of Italy are Catholic. On Sunday 22,4% of the population between 18 and 24 go to church. All Christians along with Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons represent the majority of the religion. Like in many western countries, Catholics are decreasing, but especially among young people. But in Italy, there are many movements, like Catholic Action, the Franciscan Youth AGESCI, Communion and Liberation and the Neocatechumenal Way, trying to eliminate or reverse this process.
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3. History: Italy Origins: The history of Italy begins between 2,0s and, above all, the Etruscans who gradually extended their influence in the north of the country. Origin of Rome: Roman Monarchy: The first form of government in Rome was an elective monarchy limited by a Senate and a gathering of the clans. During this stage, the history of Rome began its expansionist steps along the peninsula and the Mediterranean. With King Tarquinius Superbus, the Roman monarchy ended in 510 a. C.
Roman empire: The birth of the Roman Empire is preceded by Rome's expansion throughout the Mediterranean. In this context, Julius Caesar, returning victorious from Gaul emerged as absolute ruler in Rome, becoming appointed Dictator. However, it was Octavian Augustus who emerged as the first emperor of Rome in the year 27 a. C. Its expansion lasted until the beginning of the second century, when internal strife plunged Rome into chaos. Fall of Rome:
Julius Ceasar
On the death of Theodosius, the empire was divided into the Western and Eastern. Still, the disputes and intrigues of royalty would lead to the final destruction of the Roman Empire fell in 476 Romulus Augustus, the last Roman emperor. The Renaissance: Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance. It arose in the north of the peninsula where states were entrepreneurial and competitive. In Italy it began in the Tuscany, in the cities of Florence and Siena. Then it had an important impact on Rome. However, the ideas and ideals of the Renaissance spread through the rest of Europe. The Italian Renaissance is well known for it’s cultural achievements. This includes literary works with writers like Petrarch, Castiglione and Machiavelli art of Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, and great works of architecture, such
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as the Church of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence and St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Two World Wars: In World War I in 1914, Italy remained neutral, but under pressure from the nationalist its old allies of the Triple Alliance, Austria and Germany, declared the war was ended (1915) A really critical period that facilitated the rise to power of a former socialist, Benito Mussolini, who founded the Fascist Party (1922). Mussolini's foreign policy is directed almost exclusively to the conquest of colonies. Humberto I imprisoned Benito Mussolini, who was assassinated in 1945. After World War II: The postwar years in Italy are characterized by constant political and economic crisis, the mafia, corruption and bribery. The referendum of 1946 marked the end of the monarchy and the beginning of the Republic. A new constitution in 1948 came into force . The current Italy: The Christian Democratic hegemony ended in 1983 with the appointment of Republican Giovanni Spadolini (1981) and the Socialist Bettino Craxi (1983). In the general elections held in May 2001, Silvio Berlusconi, leader of the centerright Forza Italia and media won.He became the new president. 4.
Economy:
The current focus of the Italian economy is the industrial activity, which is the engine of Italian development. Against this, agricultural activities have experimented a decline in occupancy of the active population (7.3%) and in its participation in PIB (3.7%). Agricultural production does not reach the demand of the population, and is scarce in the livestock industry: cattle (Sardinia) and porcine (Emilia-Romagna). Farming is more widespread with cereal crops (wheat, rice-European-leading producer, corn), legumes, industrial plants (sugar beet), vegetables (peppers, eggplant, onions) and flowers.
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Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors in the national economy with 43.7 million tourists per year and a total of 42,700 million dollars generated, that’s why it is the fourth country in the world with more tourism. Rome, the capital, is one of the most visited destinations in the world, with an average of 7 to 10 million tourists a year.
The Colosseum in Rome, which is the 37th most visited site in the world, has four million tourists. Vatican City benefits from religious tourism and cultural places such as the Vatican Museums and St. Peter's Basilica. The World Heritage of Unesco have a great cultural interest. 5. Governments Govern
and politics:
The policy is based on a parliamentary system with representative democracy Republican from the 2 of June of year 1946, when the monarchy was abolished by popular referendum. The executive branch is headed by the Council of Ministers Legislative power is provided by the Parliament and Council of Ministers. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. It is also a multi-party system. In the south of the peninsula and the island of Sicily, the mafia has as much or more power than the state, leading to control newspapers, judges and policemen.Silvio Berlusconi, former Prime Minister, has long been suspected because of corruption, and yet was elected three times to his office Foreign affairs A foundation member of the European Community, now is also for the European Union. Then was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and it is also a member of NATO, the GATT, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Council of Europe . Support troops deployed in peacekeeping missions of the United Nations in Somalia, Mozambique and East Timor, and supported the United Nations and NATO in Bosnia, Kosovo and Albania. In August 2006 sent approximately 2,450 soldiers and Nations Interim Force for Lebanon, on mission.
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Territorial organization The Constitution of the Italian Republic from 1948 organizes the territory into three levels of local government, and they claim Rome is the capital of the Republic. Traditionally it is divided into five major regions: · Northwest: Liguria, Lombardy, Piedmont and Valle d'Aosta. · Northeast: Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige and Veneto. · Central: Molise, Abruzzo, Lazio, Marche, Tuscany and Umbria. · South: Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria and Campania · Insular: Sardinia and Sicily. Valle d'Aosta, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sicily, Sardinia and Trentino-Alto Adige enjoy have geographical of reasons, autonomy and a special status. Because Sicily got a special autonomous status in 1946 due to its geographical, political and ethnic status.
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Education:
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Culture:
a) Architecture: Rome: The History of Rome started 2,800 years ago. It’s a city that grew from a small Italian village in the 9th century BC into the center of a vast civilization that dominated the Mediterranean region for centuries, but was eventually overrun by Germanic tribes, marking the beginning of the Middle Ages, and that eventually became the place of the Roman Catholic Church and the home of a sovereign state within its walls, the Vatican City.
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Vicenza: The town is noted for its splendid churches, palaces, and other buildings, many of which were designed by the architect Andrea Palladio. Parts of a 13thcentury wall that encircled the town are still up. Palladio's first work of major importance was the renovation of the facade and exterior supporting structure of the so-called Basilica, of Vicenza in 1549 .Near Vicenza he designed many residences and public buildings. Turin: Turin offers a circuit of great historical and architectural interest: the Savoy Residences. In addition to the Royal Palace, the official residence of the Savoys until 1865, the circuit includes palaces, residences and castles in the city centre and in the surrounding towns. One of its main symbols is the Mole Antonelliana, which hosts the National Cinema Museum of Italy. Siena: Siena's cathedral, the Duomo, began in the 12th century. It's one of the great examples of Italian romanesque architecture. Its main facade was completed in 1380. Its campanile and baptistry make a fine group. It is unique among Christian cathedrals because its axis runs from north to south. Florence: In artistic, literary, and scientific investigation that occurred in Florence in the 14th-16th centuries was precipitated by Florentines' preoccupation about money, banking and trade and with the display of wealth and leisure. Architecture
Venice: Venice, one of the most remarkable and extraordinary cities in Europe, has always been a first-class cultural centre. The ‘Queen of the Adriatic’ has given birth to such eminent personalities such as Marco Polo and Giacomo Casanova, who are famous around the world.
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b) Folklore: c) Gastronomy: In Italian cuisine there are some dishes, for example, salami, which is a starter dish, but there are more starter dishes. After this you can eat some soup, for example, minestrone, whose ingredients are celery, carrots tomatoes, stock or water, often pasta or rice. There are many types of bread too, for example, buccellato. There are many soup dishes, for example pasta e fagioli, pasta, cannellini beans, olive oil, garlic, onions, spices and tomato paste. Another dish is rice, for example arancini, which contains “ragĂşâ€?, tomato sauce, mozzarella and peas. Another pasta dish is carbonara, which is made of eggs, bacon, black pepper and grated cheese. Vegetable dishes are, for example panzanella, formed by bread and tomatoes. After this, you can eat a meat dish, for example carne pizzaiola, formed by meat cooked with peppers and tomatoes. d) Arts: Italian art has produced great monumental and spectacular works. In addition, Italian art has nearly always been closely allied with the intellectual and/or religious currents of its day while retaining its own remarkable past as a continual source of inspiration. The Medieval Period: Throughout the Middle Ages, Italian art consisted primarily in architectural decorations (frescoes and mosaics). Byzantine art in Italy was a highly formal and refined decoration with a standardized calligraphy and use of color and gold. Until the 13th century, art in Italy was almost entirely regional, affected by European and Eastern influences. After 1250 the art of the various regions developed characteristics in common, so that a certain unity is observable.
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The Beginnings of Italian Renaissance Art Major painters, including Guido of Siena, Cimabue, and Duccio di Buoninsegna. They introduced a new naturalism and a more direct appeal to human emotion. He made use of elements from classical antiquity. Apocalyptic frescoes were created since year 1348. The pessimistic content of this art changed in the early 15th century by an elegant manner known as the International style manifest in the works of Lorenzo Monaco, Gentile da Fabriano, Masolino da Panicale, and to a certain extent Pisanello. The Quattrocento: In the second decade of the 15th century Italy, speciallyFlorence,took the lead in the formation of an art that was to affect Europe for more than 500 years. Donatello, Brunelleschi, and Alberti were among the first to look toward classical antiquity as a model for their work. They, began to devise the optical system of perspective. The High Renaissance: Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael vied with one another in Florence and in Rome to create the perfect art. Raphael idealized Madonnas and portraits and his Vatican frescoes had a tremendous influence over European artists. Whereas are still intact, many of the complete artistic schemes of Michelangelo and Leonardo were on paper. The Baroque Period: In the early 17th century Rome became the center of a renewal of Italian dominance in the arts. In Parma, Correggio decorated church with lively figures floating softly on clouds—a scheme that was to have a profound influence on baroque ceiling paintings. The stormy chiaroscuro paintings of Caravaggio and the robust, illusionistic paintings of the Bolognese Carracci family gave rise to the baroque period in Italian art.
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Modern Italian Art: During the late 18th and 19th centuries Italy continued to serve as a training school for the artists of the world but tended to rest on her laurels. In the mid19th century the group known as the Macchiaioli gave new life to landscape and genre subjects. Early in the 20th century the exponents of futurism developed a dynamic vision of the modern world while Chirico expressed a strange metaphysical quietness and Modigliani joined the school of Paris. In the second half of the 20th century Italian designers, particularly those of Milan, have profoundly influenced international styles with their imaginative and ingenious functional works. e) Literature:
f) Performing Arts: Italy is a country that was music through and through, so there is a wide range of artists with different musical styles of great relevance. It is a musically rich country and is it very easy to mention fifty artists with themes that have been big hits anywhere in the world. In the 60s, 70s and 80s Italian music made history with artists such as Sandro Giacobbe with his "Forbidden Garden", Richi and Poveri, with "Sara perche ti amo" Bobby Solo "a lacrima sul viso "Iva Zanichi" Zingara ", Gianni Bella" If love and not die "... and so many other unforgettable songs. 7.
Sports:
One of the most popular sports in the country is football, called calcio in Italian, which is played since the sixteenth century.There are two teams of 27 players, 22 players and five porters, the aim of the game is to score more points than the rival. The main clubs in the country are the Juventus Football Club, AC Milan and FC Inter Milan. In racing there is the famous Scuderia Ferrari, the most recognized firm in Formula 1. In motorcycling, it’s celebrated the Italian Grand Prix and the most important pilots, such as Giacomo Agostini, Carlo Ubbiali and Valentino Rossi. Talking about cycling, in Italy, there is one of the three big tours worldwide, the Giro d'Italia and they have also highlighted cyclists. At the Olympic Games, it is the third largest gold accumulated and the fourth most appearances, 45. Moreover, the country has organized four editions of the
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Olympic Games in Rome, in Cortina d'Ampezzo in 1944 and 1956 and Turin in 2006
8. National Symbol: National symbols of Italy are symbols that used to represent what is unique about the nation, for example, the flag, the anthem. The National symbols are: -The flag: The flag has three colors, stripes, in size, green, white and red. Its current form has been in use since 19 June 1946 and was formally adopted on 1 January 1948.
- Emblem of Italy: This is an emblem, but not a coat of arms. This emblem was introduced when Italy started the Republic. It is technically an emblem as it wasn’t designed to follow to traditional heraldic rules.
- Stella d’Italia: This symbol is the most ancient identity of the Italian land. Now it has been associated with the Italia Turrita.
-National Anthem: (inno Mameli) This is the anthem of Italy. It is the best known among Italians as “Brothers of Italy”. The words were written in the autumn of 1847 in Genoa by oldstudents and patriot Goffredo Mameli when Italy wanted to become independent.
- National aerobatic team: (Frecce tricolori) This is the aerobatic demonstration team of the Italian Aeronautica Militare, in the north-eastern Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia.
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9. Curiosities: 1. Italy has two of the smallest countries in Europe, San Marino and the Vatican. 2. The thermometer was invented by an Italian: Galileo Galilei. 3. Italy is the fifth most visited country in the world with over 43% of annual tourism. 4. Italian industry is concentrated in Milan, Genoa and Turin. 5. Italian families were reputed to be very numerous and to have many children per couple, but the data shows they have a low birth rates in Europe. 6. Italy needs to import more than 75% of the energy it uses. 7. Pasta is the national dish in Italy. Perhaps we tend to associate pizza to this country, but it is pasta the most important dish there. 8. There are three active volcanoes. These are Vesuvius, Etna and Stromboli. 9. The richest region in Europe is in the area of Venice. 10. The average age of Italian inhabitants is 41 years.
10. Conclusion: As a final conclusion could be said that this draft recerca has helped us understand more about the country of which go to prom trip, as this will go more prepared. The work we have dealt quite well with the whole group. This has to do so quickly and without worries
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Bibliography:
Nothing.
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Webgraphy:
www.wikipedia.com
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13. Glossary: Spread: aixemplar-se Widely uneven: molt desigual. Plateaus: mesetas Entrepreneurial: empresarial. Remained: romàs Siege: cèrcol Appointment: nomenament Mogul: magnat Scarce: escàs Widespread: estès Sized: mida Heraldic: heràldic