CANADA
Anna Griñó Alba Martín Marta Rodríguez Clara Vilanova 4th ESO B Research Project
Index 1. Introduction..............................................................page 3 2. Geography and population.......................................page 3 3. History.........................................................................page 5 4. Economy......................................................................page 7 5. Government and politic..............................................page 7 6. Education.....................................................................page 8 7. Culture..........................................................................page 9 8. Sport............................................................................page 12 9. Symbols......................................................................page 12 10..Curiosities.................................................................page 12 11. Webgraphy ...............................................................page 13 12. Glossary....................................................................page 13
1.Introduction Canada is now the world’s second-largest country. It’s located in North America between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. In the northway we found another ocean, the Arctic. In this project, we’re going to explain what we can see in Canada and how their culture, gastronomy, and another interesting things are. The principal reason was that there are awesome landscapes in Canada, and nobody in this group has travelled there. So we wanted to know more things about Canada. Then, the most important actors or music bands for us were born in Canada. Maybe it doesn’t seem a good argument for you, nevertheless, it helped us to make some parts of this essay like performing arts.
2. Geography and population a. Climate Canada is very large and for this reason there are many different climates. There is a big difference from the north to the south. For example, winters are very hard in inner provinces because there is a continental climate. There, temperatures are very low, they can be lower than -40ºC. In sites like British Columbia, the climate is warm, it has a cooler winter but it’s rainier too. On the east and west coasts the average temperatures aren’t higher than 20ºC. Nevertheless, between the coasts, the highest temperatures can Canadian climate reach 25ºC or 30ºC in summer. b. Demography 33,476,688 people live in Canada according to 2011 census. The density of the country is 3.4 inhab/km². Around 80% of the population live near the USA border. Another similar percentage live in urban zones such as Quebec, Toronto, Ottawa, etc. The biggest ethnic group is the Anglecanadian (21%), followed by the Frenchcanadian (15.8%), the Scotthish (15.2%), the Irish (13.9%), the Germans (10.2%), the Italian (5%) and the Canadian demography Chinese (3.9%).
c. Languages Canada’s two official languages are: French and English. English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. Citizens have the right, where there is enough demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French, and official-language minorities are guaranteed in schools in all provinces and territories. Official bilingualism is defined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. d.Religions 77.1% of people in Canada are Christian, 43.6% of them are Catholic and 9.5% are Protestant. 16.5% are atheos, 2% are Islamic and the 1.1% are Jewish.
Religions in Canada
3. History Pre-colonization Canada has been inhabited for centuries by different groups of aboriginal tribes. Some of these civilizations disappeared before Europeans arrived. We know that thanks to archaeological investigations. Colonization Europeans arrived at the beginning in the late 15th century and the first expeditions were made by the French and the British. Later they settled along the Atlantic coast. Nevertheless, we have reports of contact made before Christopher Columbus has discovered America. The first document that shows the European exploration of Canada is described in the Icelandic Sagas and it tells the attempted Norse colonization of the Americas, but their settlement was short. So the Vikings were the first Europeans to see Canada. After that, a Portuguese sailor visited the north Atlantic sea and, since then there was Portuguese activity in Canada during all the 16th century. The French started to be interested in the New World when Francis I of France sponsored Giovanni da Verrazzano to navigate the region between Florida and
Newfoundland. It was in 1524. At first, the French couldn't stay there in winter because a lot of them died. In 1608, Samuel de Champlain, a geographer, founded what is now Quebec City, which would become the first permanent settlement and the capital of New France. Champlain did other less important voyages and he aided Wendat in their battles against the Iroquois Confederacy, who became enemies of the French. Champlain’s died in 1635, and after that, the Roman Catholic Church and the Jesuit establishment became the most dominant force in New France. The English climbed St. John’s, Newfoundland, in 1583 as the first North American English colony by royal prerogative of Queen Elisabeth I. In 1622, the first settlers left Scotland, but they initially failed and permanent Nova Scotia settlements were not firmly established until 1629, during the end of the Anglo-French War. What wars were there in the colonial era? There were four Wars between the French and the Indian, and two additional wars in Acadia and Nova Scotia between the Thirteen American Colonies and New France from 1689 to 1763. The war between the two colonial powers ended with the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697. Then, there were more wars like Queen Anne’s War (1702 to 1713) where the British Conquest of Acadia occurred and it being officially given to the British by the Treaty of Utrecht, which had been conquered by France in the late 17th century. Canada after the wars At the end of the Seven Years War and the signing of the Treaty of Paris, France given Canada in the colonial era almost all of its territory. The new rulers were the British. During the American Revolution there was an invasion of Canada by the Continental Army in 1775, to take Quebec from British control. The defeat of the British army during the Seige of Yorktown in October 1781, signalled the end of Britain’s struggle to suppress the American Revolution. After 1790 most of the new settlers were American farmers searching for new lands; they were relatively non-political and stayed neutral in the War of 1812 (was the military conflict between the United States and the British Empire and their Indian allies). The signing of the Treaty of Paris 1783 ended the war. Then, there were some rebellions in 1837 against the British colonial government. The rebels took the place in both Upper and Lower Canada. In Lower Canada was the most important rebellion. Both English- and FrenchCanadian rebels, sometimes using bases in the neutral United States, fought several skirmishes against the authorities. British Government, to solve the rebellions, sent Lord Durham, he stayed in Canada only five months before returning to Britain, and brought a report with him where he declared the government guilty of the conflict. After that, Canada territories merged into a single colony, the United Province of Canada.
First World War The Canadian Forces and civilians participated in the First World War. It helped to foster a sense of British-Canadian nationhood. On the other hand, Canadian military made the most achievement during the Somme, Vimy, Passchendaele battles and what later became known as "Canada's Hundred Days". At the end of the war, the War Office (in 1922) reported approximately 67,000 killed and 173,000 wounded during the war. This excludes civilian deaths in war time incidents like the Halifax Explosion. Woman suffrage The National Council of Women of Canada from 1894 to 1918 fought to promote the vote for women. It used arguments based to protect the nation from “racial degeneration� because they wanted Canada as a white settler nation. So, the white woman suffrage became important. The first woman elected to Parliament was Agnes Macphail of Ontario in 1921. Great Depression From 1929 to 1933 there was the Great Depression which supposed a hard hit to Canada: the gross national product dropped 40% (it was worse in the USA), unemployment reached 27% at the end of the Depression in 1933, many businesses closed, as corporate profits of $396 million in 1929 turned into losses of $98 million in 1933, Canadian exports were reduced by 50% from 1929 to 1933, and wholesale prices dropped 30%. The Depression was especially hard in western Canada, where there wasn't any recovery until the beginning of the Second World War in 1939. Second World War On September 10, 1939, Canada declared war to Nazi Germany. Here was when Canada became involved in the Second During the American Revolution there was an invasion of Canada by the Continental Army in 1775, to take Quebec from British control. The defeat of the British army during the Seige of Yorktown in October 1781, signalled the end of Britain’s struggle to suppress the American Revolution. After 1790 most of the new settlers were American farmers searching for new lands; they were relatively non-political and stayed neutral in the War of 1812 (was the military conflict between the United States and the British Empire and their Indian allies). The signing of the Treaty of Paris 1783 ended the war. Canadian advert during de Then, there were some rebellions in 1837 against the 2nd World War British colonial government. The rebels took the place in both Upper and Lower Canada. In Lower Canada was the most important rebellion. Both English- and FrenchCanadian rebels, sometimes using bases in the neutral United States, fought several skirmishes against the authorities. British Government, to solve the rebellions, sent Lord Durham, he stayed in Canada only five months before returning to Britain, and brought a report with him where he
declared the government guilty of the conflict. Post-war Era (1945- 1960) The economic prosperity in Canada started during the Second World War, as we said before, but it continued in the proceeding years with the development of universal health care, old-age pensions, and veterans' pensions.
4. Economy Canada is the world's eleventh-largest economy. It is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and is one of the world's top ten trading nations, with a highly globalized economy. In 2008, Canada's imported goods were worth over $442.9 billion, of which $280.8 billion originated from the United States, $11.7 billion from Japan, and $11.3 billion from the United Kingdom. Since the early 20th century, the growth of Canada's manufacturing, mining, and service sectors have transformed the nation from a largely rural economy to an urbanized, industrial one. Like many other First World nations, the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs about three-quarters of the country's workforce. However, Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of its primary sector, in which logging and petroleum industries are two of the most prominent components. Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy, Atlantic Canada possesses vast offshore deposits of natural gas, and Alberta also hosts large oil and gas resources. Canada is the world's second-largest proven oil reserves, after Saudi Arabia. Canada is additionally one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products; the Canadian Prairies are one of the most important global producers of wheat, canola, and other grains. Canada's economic integration in the United States has increased significantly since World War II. By October 2009, Canada's national unemployment rate had reached 8.6%, with provincial unemployment rates varying from a low of 5.8% in Manitoba to a high of 17% in Newfoundland and Labrador. Between October 2008 and October 2010, the Canadian labour market lost 162,000 full-time jobs and a total of 224,000 permanent jobs. The federal government and many Canadian industries have also started to expand trade with emerging Asian markets, in an attempt to diversify exports. In 2011, Asia was Canada's secondlargest export market, after the United States.
5. Government and Politics Canada has got a parliamentary system within the context of a constitutional monarchy and the head is Elizabeth II. The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of governance is limited. In practice, their use of the executive powers is lead by the Cabinet, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible for elected House of Commons and chosen and headed by the Prime Minister of Canada (at present Stephen Harper),the head of government. Canada has got a federal structure. It means that the law divides the governmental responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces.
5.1 The Parliament The Parliament of Canada is the federal legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa. The Parliament consists of the Canadian monarch, the House of Commons and the Senate. -CANADIAN MONARCH British monarchs are the sovereigns of Canada, too. So nowadays, Elisabeth II is Canada’s monarch and the head of state. This happens because Canada was a previous domain of Great Britain and since its fundation in 1867, the country has preserved the British monarch. Although the Queen is the head of state, that position is totally symbolic because she doesn’t exercise political power in Canada. Queen Elisabeth II -HOUSE OF COMMONS The elected component of the Canadian parliament is the House of Commons, with each member chosen by a majority of eligible voters in each of the country's federal electoral districts, or ridings, by a plurality voting system. To run for one of the 308 seats in the House of Commons, an individual must be at least 18 years old. A legislation has pushed the size of the House of Commons above the required minimum of 282 seats. General elections must be called by the governor general, either on the advice of the prime minister, within four years of the previous election, or if the government loses a confidence vote in the House. These days, the Government House Leader is Peter Van Loan, who is Conservative and the last elections were on 2nd May 2011. Canadian House of Commons -SENATE The Senate of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the House of Commons, and the monarch (represented by the governor general). It is modelled, after the House of Lords and consists of 105 members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the Prime Minister. Seats are assigned on a regional basis, and the major regions (Ontario, Quebec, the Maritime Provinces and the Western provinces) receive 24 seats each other. (The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are assigned on a regional basis, serve until the age 75.)
6. Education Education is within provincial jurisdiction and the curriculum is overseen by the province. Education in Canada is generally divided into primary education, followed by secondary education and post-secondary. Within the provinces under the ministry of education, there are district school boards administering the educational programs. Primary education and secondary education combined are sometimes referred to as K-12. It should be noted that this structure can vary from school to school, and from province to province. Education is compulsory up to the age of 16 in every province
in Canada, except for Ontario and New Brunswick, where the compulsory ages are 18. Students may continue to attend high school until the ages of 19 to 21. Post-secondary education in Canada is also the responsibility of the individual provinces and territories. Compared to other countries, Canada has had the highest tertiary school enrollment as a percentage of their graduating population. About 5.6% of students are in private schools. A far larger portion of private schools are religious based institutions. Private universities in Canada maintained a religious history or foundation. Many Canadians remain polarized on the issue of permitting private universities into the Canadian market. On the one hand, Canada’s top universities find it difficult to compete with the private American powerhouses because of funding, but on the other hand, the fact that the price of private universities tends to exclude those who cannot pay that much for their education could prevent a significant portion of Canada’s population from being able to attend these schools.
7. Culture Canada's culture has historically been influenced by European culture and traditions, especially British and French, and by its own indigenous cultures.
7.1. Architecture The architecture of Canada is closely linked to the techniques and styles developed in the western world. However, design has needed to be adapted to Canada's climate and geography, and at times has also reflected the uniqueness of Canadian culture. When Europeans arrived to Canada the buildings were ready to defend the cities. After that, the architecture developed into other styles: Victorian, Canadian style, the Modern Period, International Styles and Postmodernism. One of the most popular buildings is the CN Tower, in Toronto or the Parliament in Ottawa.
7.2. Folklore
CN Tower, Toronto
Canadian folklore consists in legends, mithology, ghosts and traditionals festivities. St. Louis Light: The phenomenon is a strange light moving up and down along an old rail train. Several stories attempt to explain the lights, including that it is a ghost train, or the ghost of a drunk brakeman who lost his head to a passing train and now wanders up and down the tracks with a lantern attempting to find it. Gaasyendietha: Gaasyendietha, according to Seneca’s mythology, is a dragon that wells in the deep areas of rivers and lakes of Canada, especially Lake Ontario. This dragon could fly on a trail of fire, and it could also spew fire. It is also Gaasyendietha known as the 'meteor dragon', in reference to its supposed origin from a meteorite that had impacted the Earth.
The Canadian festivities are: Canada Day (July 1), Remembrance Day (November 11), Victoria Day (it always falls on Monday before May 25) among others.
7.3 Gastronomy The gastronomy in Canada is a combination of all the cultures most part of the gastronomy came from England. Some of the traditional dishes are: roast beef, roast turkey, beans and toast and wild. Seafood is also a main ingredient, specially salmon. It is very difficult to define a unique typically Canadian dish as it depends on the region. As mentioned before it varies from region to region so we can define in British Columbia the salmon and wild rice.
7.4. Arts Canadian Arts refers to the visual and plastic arts originating from the geographical area of Canada. It was created by aboriginal people and European people who came in a wave of immigration. Periods of Canadian Art: -Aboriginal art: One thing that distinguishes Indigenous art from European traditions is a focus on art that tends to be portable and made for the body rather than for architecture. Indigenous visual art is also often made to be used in conjunction with other arts, for example masks and rattles play an important role in ceremonialism that also involves dance, storytelling and music. -French colonial period (1665-1759): Painters in New France believed in the ideals of High Renaissance art, which featured religions depictions with classical clothings and Aboriginal art settings. Pierre Le Ber is one of the most recognized artists from this period. Believed to be self-taught since he never left New France, Le Ber's painting is widely admired. In particular, his depiction of the saint Marguerite Bourgeoys was hailed as the single most moving image to survive from the French period. -English colonial period (1759-1867): The soldier who fought in Quebec battle sketched and painted the Canadian land and people, picturesque views of the colonies. Furthermore, drawing was also required by soldiers to record the land, because photography had not been invented. The main artists were Thomas Davies and George Heriot who produced Travels through the Canadas. The Rococo style influenced several Lower Canadian artists who aimed for the style's light and carefree painting. Portrait Painting is recognized from this period. -Art under the Dominion of Canada: Romanticism remained the predominant stylistic influence, with a growing appreciation for realism practiced by Homer Watson and Horatio Talker. -Early 20th Century: In this period there were “The group of seven� who painted large, brillianty, coloured scenes of Canadian wilderness. After that, the Eastern Group of Painters was founded. Their common interest was painting and an art for art’s sake, aesthetic not the esposual of a nationalis theory as was the case with the Group of Seven. -Contemporary art: Visual art made in Canada refers to a range of visual, media, performance, and other practices that are critically acclaimed. There has been much
debate over whether a national style, philosophical outlook, or unified and cohesive culture exists or has ever existed within Canada. You can find this type of art in public galleries, art museums, artist-run centres, certain commercial galleries, etc.
7.6. Literature Howard Engel was born April 2, 1931. he is known to canadian readers for hs serie of Benny Cooperman detective novels. Howard Engel is the founder of Crime Writers of Canada. From 1962 to 1978 Marian Engel was married , with a noted Canadian writer of literary fiction who died in 1985. They had two children, twins Charlotte and William, born in 1965. Charlotte currently is with Bravo Canada, and William works for Reels 4 Realty. after a years he had married again and he had another son. In 2000, Engel suffered a stroke this experience made him write Memory Book in which his character Benny Cooperman suffers a blow to the head and is similarly affected. Howard Engel David Waltner-Toews was born in 1948. He is a Canadian epidemiologist, essayist, poet, fiction writer, and a specialist in the epidemiology of food. he is a professor in the Department of Population Medicine at the University of Guelph. He is the founding president of the Network for Ecosystem Sustainability and Health. he had published half a dozen book of poetry. we had win awards of his murder mistery novels.
7.7 Performing Arts Performing arts consists in dance, music and theatre of David Waltner-Toews Canada. DANCE: If someone wants to be a dancer in Canada, he can go to different dance companies like ballet or American Indian Dance Theatre. The most popular Canadian dancers are Jennifer Alexander in ballet, Louise BĂŠdard in contemporary, among others. MUSIC: The music in Canada has been influenced by others cultures like the French, the British or the American ones... The country has developed a music infrastructure that includes church halls, conservatories, academies, performig arts centre and mass medias. Canadian current singers are Neil Young, Leonard Cohen, CĂŠlin Dion, Nelly Furtado... THEATRE: In summer, in the most important cities of Canada, there are some important festivals like The Blyth Festival Theatre (Ontario), The Shakespeare on the Saskatchewan Festival (Saskatchewan) and the Festival Antigonish Summer Theatre (Nova Scotia). All the festivals are based on an important play. Maybe the most famous actors are Jim Carrey, Josh Hutcherson, Cory Monteith etc.
Josh Hutcherson
Cory Monteith
8.
Michael BublĂŠ
Sport There are many contest that Canadians value. The most common ones are ice hockey, lacrosse, Canadian football, basketball, soccer and baseball, with ice hockey and lacrosse being the official winter and summer sports, respectively. Hockey is the most popular sport and the most successful international competition. It is Canada's official national winter sport. Football is Canada's second most popular seen sport. Canada’s official sport is sooker.
9.Symbols - Maple leaf: It is the carachteristic leaf of the maple tree. It’s the most widely recognized national symbol of Canada. The maple leaf is currently used on the Canadian flag,the penny, the coat of arms (or royal arms) and on logos of other Canadian-based companies. It is a generic maple leaf representing the ten species of maple tree native to Canada and at least one of these species grows natively in every province - Great Seal: It is a seal used for official purposes of the state in Canada. While the seal is used in Acts of Parliament that have been granted Royal Assent. The seal is also used for granting commissions to representatives of Her Majesty the Queen (judges, cabinet ministers...). Old seals are destroyed whenever a new monarch takes the throne. - Tartan: All of Canada's provinces and territories, except for Nunavut, have regional tartans, as many other regional divisions in Canada do. Tartans were first brought to Canada by Scottish settlers; the first province to adopt one officially was Nova Scotia in 1963, and the most recent province was Ontario, in 2000. Except for the tartan of Quebec, all the provincial and territorial tartans are officially recognized and registered in the books of the Court of the Lord Lyon, King of Arms of Scotland. The tartan for Canada as a whole is known as the maple leaf tartan and became an official national symbol in 2011.
10. Curiosities - In Canada it is forbidden to drink on the streets and minors are not allowed in from bars. In Toronto all those under 19 years of age are considered minors. - Canada is a country that has more cars per person, with at least one car per two
Canadians. - The temperature change in Canada according to region and season, ranging from 35 º C in summer to - 30 º C in winter. - Smoking is not permitted in public buildings, malls, transit, and in most restaurants, pubs, nightclubs and casinos. But most restaurants have smoking areas. - Women accounted for 45% of the manpower of the country.
11. Webgraphy www.wikipedia.com/canadianart www.wikipedia.com/canadianarchitecture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Canada http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II
12. Glossary Inner: interior. Cooler: referint-se a la temperatura, més fred. Courts: tribunal. Settled: assentament. Aided: assistit. Firmly: firmement. Ceded: cedit. Defeat: derrota. Signaled: senyal. Struggle: esforçar-se. Skirmishes: combat que es realitza en llocs aïllats. Amalgamation:Barreja. Eleventh- largest: l’onzè més gran. Basis: bases. Tuition fees: cost de la matrícula. Worth: valor Among: entre Logging: explotació forestal. Vast: bast o gran Offshore: litoral. Wheat: blat Canola: canola Rate: taxa Sovereign: sobirà, monarca Uniqueness: unicitat Brakeman:guardafrens Hailed: ser aclamat Furthermore: a més a més Sake: en nom de/benefici
Criticism: crítica Scholar: alumne, becari... Contests: competència, protestes... Lacrosse: esport molt popular a Canadà. Seal: segell. Malls: centre comercial o parc. Wounded: ferit. Achieved: aconseguir. Spew: escopir. Forbidden: prohibit. The gross national product: el Producte Interior Brut (PIB) Wholesale: a l’engròs. Espousal: adopció, adhesió Rattles: joguina (cascabell) Internment: reclusió.