UNIVERSITA’ IUAV DI VENEZIA
ATELIER DI SOSTENIBILITA’
Prof. Benno Albrecht - Prof. Giovanni Mucelli - Prof. Massimiliano Scarpa
GAO, MALI Matija Kovač - Jai Mexis
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A SUSTAINABLE GROWTH MODEL FOR THE CITY OF GAO UNIVERSITA’ IUAV DI VENEZIA
ATELIER DI SOSTENIBILITA’
Prof. Benno Albrecht - Prof. Giovanni Mucelli - Prof. Massimiliano Scarpa
GAO, MALI Matija Kovač - Jai Mexis
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A SUSTAINABLE GROWTH MODEL FOR THE CITY OF GAO The western countries have had a history of an insatiable “appetite” for raw materials and a rampant consumption of resources. Their economic approach towards the developing countries has been a highly unhealthy one, characterized by a lack of respect to the developing countries long-term sustainable growth, both in the political and the consequent socioeconomic terms. This is something that became immediately evident in our approach towards the African case study research. We identified it as the backbone of our approach, in which the developing countries ought to denounce the “ghosts” of an economy based on the plunder of their raw materials, short-term planning and a lack of true political vision. The new, envisioned states should be democratic, secular and overcoming the ethnic disputes. Their regional resources will be devoted to supporting a closed circle development, where the profits return to the producers and the overall production circle. Post-colonial Africa is the frontrunner of the highest rates of urbanization, especially the sub-Saharan region, we are involved with, is predicted to present some of the highest rates worldwide. This clearly highlights the desperate need to over-come its lack of a peripheral regional development strategy. By rejecting the neo-colonial resource “hungry” scopes of the newly develo4
ped countries, by embracing its diverse tribal identity and in combination with bold political will, a new symbiosis amongst production and human condition can occur. Africa’s ancient intimacy and familiarity with the land has to come back in the frontline of political decisionmaking. The dynamics of a rooted stabilized community have been of core importance to the preservation of African settlements and cities. This is where the role of contemporary design comes in, as it should produce a conceptual framework, able of predicting new long-term strategies, aiming for a balance between a dynamic control of the future city and enabling a natural mode of its evolution.
Gao
Timbuktu Bourem Kidal
International airport
Ansongo Tillaberi Niamey
Mopti Segou Bamako
Topological analysis of Gao locality 5
African existing situation
Gao, Mali
Points of interest from observation:
Points of interest from observation:
+ West Africa and Sahel countries among the most populated in Africa, migration towards urban centres
+ High population growth rates, imigrants increasing the amount of slums + Dominantly agriculture based economy with a small part of secondary and tertiary sector
+ Dominantly agriculture based economies + Land cultivation as a successful way of fighting desertification
Cities as cells of development Strategy: + Repetition of the strategy in similar spots with water resources to create an archipellago of successful cities as constructive parts of the green belt of Africa. Archipellago of sustainably developing urban areas.
+ Land cultivation using irrigation as a successful way of fighting desertification
Population growth
+ Ensuring a sustainable city growth by reducing the urban sprawl and establishing an accessible public infrastructure. Creating a masterplan.
Infrastructure
Strategy
+ Providing the basic means for the main economic activity that can lead to a development of other activities in urban areas. Building irrigation system.
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Green belt
+ Establishing an efficient agricultural zone embracing the city and protecting the land from desertification. Continious land cultivation.
Existing African situation
Population growth with a limit
Gao, Mali
Strategy
Analysis
Infrastructure
Green belt
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Sahel functioning as an archipelago of cellular urban areas cultivating the land and connecting as a green belt.
10.000.000 - 18.500.000 2.000.000 - 10.000.000 500.000 -2.000.000 50.000 - 500.000
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Strategy:
Development of a dense network of small size cities (population up to 100.000) for a smart sustainable growth in conditions providing a self-generating urban development without a need of much upside-down control. 9
Rainfall count in Mali
River networks of Mali
january
january
february
february
march
march
april
april
may
may
june
june
july
july
august
august
september
september
october
october
november
november
december
december
10
10
20
30
40
50 째C
10
20
Average monthly temperatures (high and low)
Average precipitation
Gao - dry season
Gao - flooding season
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100m m
models of meandring frequency
definition of canal meander according to city morphology
Gao irrigation canal concept development
development of accumulation lakes
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Demonstration of water regime according to seasons September
November
February
April
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HYDROLOGY annual flow rates for Niger in Mali m3s-1 / month source: www.fao.org
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
april
september
march
Climatic characteristics of Niger basin for two Malian cities / source: www.fao.org
Calculation of still water evaporation according to climate in Gao
T aoudenni
Aguelhok
Kidal
Tombouctou
/ source: FAO, Massimiliano Scarpa
Ras el Ma
(Timbuktu)
Goundam
Bourem Gourma Rharous
Gao Ansongo
at 27,7 C average high temperature in dry months, hourly water evaporation is around 20g/m2, meaning 0,5 cm/day of lake water level loss, that means 1,5 m lower lever in 10 dry months. o
Nioro du Sahel
Kayes
Nara Mourdiah
Nampala
Niono
Mopti
Tillaberi
Djenne
Bafoulabe
Koulikoro
Niamey
Segou
Bamako
Bougouni Yanfolila
Ouagadougou Sikasso
Rivers and connections in Mali
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Realisation of the water canal wih dams
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11 km
10.000.000 m3
3 dams
7.000.000 m3
1.97 km2
5m
long irrigation canal around the city
used as water reservoirs in dry season
of water surface when full
of irrigation water reserves after the rain season and
at the end of a dry season.
average water depth when full
3,5 m
of water after drought. 15
Demographic situation and predictions for Gao
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52.201
population in 1998
Resultats Provisoires RGPH 1998 (Région de Gao), République de Mali: Institut National de la Statistique
52.201
+ 4,7 %
annual population growth
86.633
population in 2009
Resultats Provisoires RGPH 2009 (Région de Gao), République de Mali: Institut National de la Statistique
86.633
+ 5 % - 10.000 IDP* 90.000
population in 2013 estimated value
annual population growth estimation *internally displaced population after 2013 military intervention Source: Internal displacement monitoring centre
90.000
115.000
population in 2018 estimated value
25.000
new inhabitants
+5%
annual population growth estimation
166 ha
of land for accomodating them (with a density 150 inhabitants/km2)
55 km2
of agricultural land for feeding them (0,22 ha/person / Source: 2011 GAP Report, Global Harvest)
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Schematic analysis of city’s growth speculation
300 m
400 m
300 m
400 m
250 ha
of land for new inhabitation could accomodate
300 m25.000400 m people - 60.000 in a radius of
400 m
from their cultivated land. 18
19
0
Morphologic analysis of urban tissue
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50
100
200
0
50
100
Low density housing block
Medium density housing block
High density housing block
Public block
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Courtyard house
Gao housing typologies
+ Extention of Interior into courtyard + Privacy + Cross Ventilation + Shading
Single family house
+ Perimeter wall objectifies house + Privacy + In-efficiency in using block dimensions + Moderate street relationship
Row house
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Characteristics of islamic architecture
Organization
private
semi-private
public
indirect entrance
humble exterior
internal focus
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M 1:500 24
Building typology implant proposal
m
5c
263 cm
60 243
cm
Prefabricated corner wall system in dimensions of a container providing a basic sanitary and urbanistic standard. Simple tansport and setting on the ground with conncetion to public sanitary infrastructure. Could be provided as a public good or as a beginning capital for the new settlers.
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rainwater sanitary and reserve storage tank 8 m3 with filtration system
rainwater collection vertical
openings for the structural beams
B sewage / waste water system connected in a network
concrete prefabricated wall
drinking water input from a common pond
A
water split locker
electricity split locker
B
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Corner wall plans
A
M 1:50
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rainwater collection plug
openings for the structural beams 10x20 cm
concrete prefabricated wall
prefabricated poliethylene rainwater sanitary and reserve storage tanks 1,5 m3 with filtration system
electrical split locker
water splitter
sewage / waste water systemconnected in a network
drinking water input from a common pond
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Corner wall plans section A - A
M 1:50
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Corner wall plans section B - B
openings for the structural beams
rainwater collection vertical
verticals for second floor sanitary needs connection
prefabricated poliethylene rainwater sanitary and reserve storage tanks 1,5 m3 with filtration system
concrete prefabricated wall
water split locker
electricity split locker
openings for the secondary roof support
drinking water input from a common pond
sewage / waste water system connected in a network
M 1:50 30
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M 1:5 32
Axonometric speculation of a finished house
M 1:100 33
Housing agglomeration density and typology scenarios low density residential area with agricultural and industrial activity local population “hopespot� blocks with available basic infrastructure and low built surface density, allowing residents to use spare space for agricultural and other production activities in their own neighbourhood. Approx. 40 % of building footprint in form of one-storey housing and business (2.500 m2), 60% of open space for other activities (3.900 m2) 85 inhabitants (30 m2 per capita)
medium density residential area with a possibilty of self-sufficiency Blocks on the way of establishing urban character are not to populated to withdraw a possibility of local selfsufficiency primarily in in means of food production. Approx. 54 % of building footprint in formofoneor twostoreyhousingand business (cca 3.500 m2), 46% of open space for other activities (2.900 m2), 115 inhabitants (30 m2 per capita). 34
high density commercial and residential core The most valuable land for the private sector gathering around the public facilities and developing into a flourisihing residential area with strong trade and services business activity. Approx. 62 % of building footprint in form in multi-storey housing and business (4.000 - 6.000 m2), 38 % of open space for other activities (1.000 m2)135 inhabitants (30 m2per capita).
public implant Publically used areas as a central drive for local development. Providing the basic infrastructure for healthcare, education, trade, free time etc. as a cornerstone for successful and balanced growth of the city. We developed a design for a multiuse public market, utilising our corner wall system and adding a big tent-like roof.
public implant
210 people/ha
180 people/ha
130 people/ha 35
High density housing block
Medium density housing block
Low density housing block
Permutations of housing types based on the utility corner wall
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High density housing block
Medium density housing block
Low density housing block
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38
39
M 1:1000 40
M 1:5000 41
M 1:500 42
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44
45
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