katalog_dermochelys_coriacea by iva ivas

Dermochelys coriacea prirodoslovna didaktiÄ?ka izloĹžba u dva dijela/ A two-part didactic exhibition

Katalog izložbe/ Exhibition catalogue

Dermochelys coriacea

prirodoslovna didaktička izložba u dva dijela/ A two-part didactic exhibition

...glede morske žabe... (Kosić, 1896.) ...with respect to the sea frog... (Kosić, 1896) svibanj-listopad 2012./ May-October 2012 Zaboravljeni slučaj, 1894. Cold Case, 1894 srpanj-listopad 2012./ July-October 2012

Dermochelys coriacea

Sadr탑aj Contents

6 13 32 52 58 66 70

Uvod Introduction Katarina Ivanišin Kardum

...glede morske žabe... (Kosić, 1896.) ...with respect to the sea frog... (Kosić, 1896) Pero Tutman

Morske kornjače Sea Turtles Katarina Ivanišin Kardum

Zaboravljeni slučaj, 1894. Cold Case, 1894 Krešimir Severin / Dean Konjević

Pismo A Letter Biografije Biographies Impresum Impressum

Uvod Introduction

1 Muzejski predmet sedmopruga usminjača Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) /The museum object the leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761)

he preparation of the leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761), is among the most valuable of the natural objects of the Dubrovnik Natural History Museum. According to the writings of Dubrovnik natural historian Baldo Kosić (1828-1918), this ”sea frog”* was caught in 1894 off the island of Sveti Nikola, close to Budva, in Montenegro.

Dermochelys coriacea — 1/2

reparat sedmopruge usminjače Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) među najvrjednijim je prirodninama Prirodoslovnoga muzeja Dubrovnik. Prema zapisima dubrovačkoga prirodoslovca Balda Kosića (1828. - 1918.), ta je “morska žaba”* bila uhvaćena 1894. godine pokraj otočića Sveti Nikola blizu Budve u Crnoj Gori. 7

Uvod/Introduction

Dermochelys coriacea — 1/2

7 Dubrovački prirodoslovac Baldo Kosić. Na poleđini fotografije piše: Baldo Kosić, zaslužni kustos Dubrovačkog muzeja 1882. - 1918. /Dubrovnik natural historian Baldo Kosić. On the back of the photograph is written: Baldo Kosić worthy curator of Dubrovnik Museum 1882-1918

aldo Kosić, amater prirodoslovac, kolekcionar, lovac i preparator, na sjednici Općinskog vijeća 17. travnja 1882. izabran je za upravitelja dubrovačkog Domorodnog muzeja, nakon čega je proučavanje dubrovačke faune doživjelo pravi procvat. Tijekom tridesetšest godina rada u Muzeju afirmirao se kao valjani muzeolog, prirodoslovac, faunist zoolog, a nadasve kao odličan pisac zooloških radova, ostavivši obilje građe za proučavanje dubrovačke faune. Njegovi znanstveni radovi svojedobno su otvorili važne teme u biologiji i prirodoslovlju. Od tada, u razdoblju duljem od stotinu godina, u prirodi na području Dubrovnika, ali i drugdje, dogodile su se važne promjene koje se dijelom očituju kao opadanje brojnosti ili nestanak određenih vrsta. Danas nam Kosićevi radovi pružaju mogućnost praćenja promjena biološke raznolikosti i razvoja prirodoslovne misli kao važni povijesni podaci i bilješke o prijašnjim pojavljivanjima pojedinih vrsta. Pritom su i nositelji slojevite kulturne vrijednosti, primjerice u kontekstu jezika, s obzirom na to da su pisani u dubrovačkome dijalektu po kojemu je oblikovan hrvatski književni jezik. Budući da je u njima korišteno “dijalektalno” znanstveno nazivlje, ukazuju i na to da su dubrovačkim dijalektom napisane ne samo renesansne drame i barokni epovi nego i moderna znanstvena djela. Veliki entuzijast Baldo Kosić predstavnik je vremena kada Dubrovnik zasigurno nije bio intelektualna provincija premda je bio na kraju velikoga carstva. Naprotiv, moglo bi se reći da je bio sofisticirana građanska sredina u kojoj se čeljad poput njega brinula za opće dobro, među ostalim i osnovavši Domorodni, današnji Prirodoslovni muzej. Nadovezujući se na Kosićeve radove, u dva dijela izložbe Dermochelys coriacea: “...glede morske žabe...” i “Zaboravljeni slučaj 1894.”, uspoređene su metode istraživanja iz njegova doba sa suvremenim istraživačkim metodama. ●

Uvod/Introduction

n April 17, 1882, at a session of the town council, the amateur natural historian, collector, hunter and preparator Baldo Kosić was elected manager of the Dubrovnik Patriotic Museum, initiating the great flowering of the study of natural history in Dubrovnik. During his thirty six years of work in the Museum, he made a reputation as a highly valued museologist, natural historian, zoologist/faunologist, and above all an excellent writer of papers on zoology, leaving an abundance of material behind him for the study of Dubrovnik fauna. In their time, his scientific works started off important topics in biology and natural history. Since then, in a period of over a hundred years, in the natural environment in the area of Dubrovnik and elsewhere, important changes have occurred, manifested in part as a decline in the abundance or extinction of certain species. Today, Kosić’s works allow us to follow up the changes in biological diversity and the development of natural history thinking as important historical data and notes concerning the previous appearances of some species. At the same time they

also have complex cultural values, in the context of language, for example, because they were written in the Dubrovnik dialect after which the Croatian standard language was formed. Since “dialectal” scientific terminology was used in them, they indicate that not only Renaissance dramas and Baroque epics were written in Dubrovnik dialect, but modern works of science as well. The great enthusiast Baldo Kosić is a representative of the time when Dubrovnik was by no means an intellectual province, even if it was at the extreme end of a great empire. On the contrary, it might be said that it was a sophisticated civil milieu in which citizens such as him were concerned with the general good, resulting in, for example, the founding of the Patriotic, today the Natural History Museum. Following up Kosić’s papers, in the two parts of the exhibition Dermochelys coriacea, “...with respect to the sea frog…” and “Cold Case 1894”, methods of scientific research from his time are compared with contemporary practice. ●

Dermochelys coriacea — 1/2

* U Dubrovniku i drugdje u južnoj Dalmaciji i kopnene i morske kornjače nazivaju se žabama.

* In Dubrovnik and elsewhere in south Dalmatia, land and sea turtles are called frogs.

...glede morske žabe... *

(Kosić, 1896.)

* ...with respect to the sea frog... (Kosić, 1896)

Dermochelys coriacea —

prvi dio / part 1

...with respect to the sea frog...

...glede morske žabe... (Kosić, 1896.)

Katarina Ivanišin Kardum 7 Baldo Kosić: Sphargis coriacea Gray u Jadranskome moru; La Sphargis coriacea Gray nell´Adriatico, 1895., naslovnica. Glasnik hrvatskog naravoslovnog društva, VIII. knjiga Zagreb, 1896. /Baldo Kosić: Sphargis coriacea Gray in the Adriatic Sea, 1895, front page. Croatian natural-history journal, book VIII. Zagreb, 1896

* U Kosićevo doba znanstveno ime te vrste bilo je Sphargis coriacea Gray, 1829; a danas je Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761). 13

osićev rad “Sphargis coriacea Gray u Jadranskome moru”* iz 1895. i Dodatak tome radu iz 1896. godine otkrivaju nam znatiželju i svestranost znanstvenika istraživača, ali i lijepo opisuju tadašnje društvene i materijalne prilike. Ono doba nisu karakterizirale suvremene metode komunikacije poput interneta i mobilnih uređaja. Ipak, ti su radovi potvrda uspješne komunikacije “tradicionalnim” metodama i dragocjeni dokument o tome kako je šira društvena zajednica pridonosila stvaranju jedne muzejske zbirke. “Koli u Budvi toli u Kotoru mnogi se svijet prevrati, da vidi našu želvu, te u opće staro i mlado, pomorci i ribari, jednoglasno će tvrdjeti, da nikad ne vidješe onake životinje.” Kosić 1895. Citat je navod braće Čalak, lađara i ribara iz Budve, koji su kornjaču uhvatili, a za zbirku Domorodnog muzeja otkupila ju je dubrovačka općina. Potaknut tim krasnim primjerkom “morske žabe” - sedmopruge usminjače, ujedno prve zabilježene jedinke te vrste u Jadranu, Baldo Kosić istražio je i detaljno zabilježio svoja saznanja o putu te životinje do Muzeja od trenutka kad je ulovljena te je pritom iznio i svoje pretpostavke o načinu na koji je stradala. Po tvrdnjama braće ...glede morske žabe...

...with respect to the sea frog... (Kosić, 1896)

Katarina Ivanišin Kardum

osić’s paper “Sphargis coriacea Gray in the Adriatic Sea” * of 1895 and the Annex to the paper of 1896 reveal to us the curiosity and versatility of a scientific researcher, but also nicely describe the social and material conditions of the time. The period was of course not characterised by such contemporary methods of networking as the Web and cell phones. Still, his works are a confirmation of the success in communication obtained by traditional methods and an invaluable document as to how the wider social community contributed to the creation of a museum collection.

* In Kosić’s time, the scientific name of the species was Sphargis coriacea Gray, 1829; while today it is Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761). 14

“Both in Budva and Kotor many people have come round to see our turtle, and actually both old and young, seamen and fishermen, are unanimous in stating that they have never seen such a creature.” Kosić 1895 The quotation is from the Čalak brothers, boatmen and fishermen from Budva, who caught the turtle, which was purchased from them by the Dubrovnik city council for the collection of the Patriotic Museum. Prompted by this wonderful specimen of sea frog, actually, a leatherback sea turtle, which was the very first individual of this species to be recorded in the Adriatic, Baldo Kosić investigated and noted in detail everything he found out about the pathway taken by this animal from the moment it was caught until it ...with respect to the sea frog...

5 Budva: otočić Sv. Nikola/ islet of Sv. Nikola Giuseppe Rieger: Panorama della Costa e delle Isole di Dalmazia nei viaggi dei Piroscafi del Lloyd Austriaco, Litografia di B. Linassi e Co, Trieste, 1853

Čalak, oni su životinju sreli kako pluta slobodna na površini mora te su je namaknuvši joj omču oko vrata potezali do budvanske luke gdje je ostala usidrena od 24. rujna do 1. listopada 1894. godine, nakon čega je parobrodom koji je išao preko Kotora konačno stigla u dubrovačku grušku luku i Domorodni muzej. Uzimajući u obzir golemost uhvaćene životinje, dulje od 2 metra i teške oko 500 kg, te da bi takva u čitavoj svojoj snazi bila uhvaćena jednom omčom nametnutom joj oko vrata, Kosić je bio skloniji povjerovati općem mnijenju u Budvi - da su je braća zapravo našla zarobljenu u jednoj velikoj mreži. Druga mogućnost koju je Kosić pretpostavio jest da je životinja uistinu pronađena kako slobodna pluta na površini mora, ali da je u trenutku susreta s ribarima Čalak bila posve izmorena oslobađanjem iz mreže u koju se prethodno bila zapetljala.

...glede morske žabe...

reached the museum, and at the same time put forward his own hypothesis about how it was killed. According to the statements of the Čalaks, they came across the animal floating freely on the surface of the sea, and having managed to get a noose around its neck, they towed it to the port of Budva, where it remained anchored from September 24 to October 1, 1894, after which it took passage on a steamship and, crossing Kotor Bay, finally arrived in the Gruž port of Dubrovnik and the Patriotic Museum. Thinking over the huge size of the creature caught, which was over 2 metres 16

in length, weighing about 500 kg, and doubting whether such a creature, in full possession of its powers, could have been caught with a single noose placed around its neck, Kosić was more inclined to believe the general opinion of Budva – that the brothers actually found it caught in a large net. Kosić also considered another possibility, that the animal had truly been found floating freely on the surface of the sea, but at the moment of its encounter with the brothers Čalak was completely tired out by the struggle of having liberated itself from a net in which it had previously been entangled. ...with respect to the sea frog...

7 Kotor

Giuseppe Rieger: Panorama della Costa e delle Isole di Dalmazia nei viaggi dei Piroscafi del Lloyd Austriaco, 1853

5 Dubrovnik: Gruška luka/port of Gruž Giuseppe Rieger: Panorama della Costa e delle Isole di Dalmazia nei viaggi dei Piroscafi del Lloyd Austriaco, 1853

Preparirajući tu mušku jedinku sedmopruge usminjače, profesor Kosić pomno bilježi detalje poput ulomljenja tjemenice i nosne kosti, za koje zaključuje da su nastali puno godina prije. Posebno ga zaokuplja detalj na lijevoj strani gornjeg štita usminjače pa o tom detalju godinu dana kasnije piše cijeli Dodatak radu “Sphargis coriacea Gray u Jadranskome moru”: “Rupe su mi se isprva činile, kao da ih je zrno puške velike iliti male, jakog ušća, uradilo; ili da ih je udubao kakav gvozdeni kuk tupastog šiljka, iliti kojemudrago ino oružje slično ovome; svakako očevidno bješe da su rupe urađene malo vremena nazad.” Kosić, 1896.

...glede morske žabe...

Preparing this male individual of a leatherback turtle, Kosić carefully noted details such as the fractured top of the skull and nasal bone, which he concluded to have happened many years earlier. He was particularly occupied by a detail on the left hand side of the upper carapace of the turtle and a year later wrote a whole Annex to the work “Sphargis coriacea Gray in the Adriatic Sea”:

“The holes at first seemed to me as if they had been made by a rifle bullet, large or small, with a large calibre; or that they had been gouged out by an iron hook with a blunt point, or whatever other weapon of a similar nature; for a surety it was possible to see that the holes had been made some little time before.” Kosić, 1896

...with respect to the sea frog...

5 Baldo Kosić: Crtež sedmopruge usminjače perom bočno, oko 1895. /Baldo Kosić: Pen drawing of the leatherback turtle, lateral view, around 1895

Upitana o tom detalju, braća Čalak odgovorila su Kosiću da pretpostavljaju da se životinja sama ozljedila na šiljke sidra kojim je bila usidrena u budvanskoj luci. Nezadovoljan takvim odgovorom, Kosić je odlučio ne začepiti rupe pa ih možemo vidjeti i danas. No, preko grofa dr. Luja Vojnovića, tajnika crnogorskoga kneza, Kosić doznaje da na Cetinju pričaju o zanimljivu događaju koji bi mogao biti povezan sa zagonetnim oštećenjima na kornjačinu oklopu. Događaj se zbio u lipnju 1894. godine, gotovo na istom mjestu gdje je usminjača više od tri mjeseca kasnije uhvaćena, tijekom putovanja Kneževića nasljednika jahtom Sibil:

...glede morske žabe...

“Ta okolnost, taj fakat, bio bi ovo: da Knjažev Yacht “Sibil”, na kome bješe Knežević Nasljednik, dne 10. junja 1894. susrete u vodama otočića S. Andrije kod Budve, golemu, na moru plutajuću, morsku želvu, mimo koju prolazeći Knjazov yacht ne daleko, dade se kneževiću da ispali na nju dva hitca iz revolvera, poslje kojih žaba roni te je nestane.” Kosić 1896.

1 Grof dr./Count Dr. Lujo Vojnović

1 Crnogorski Knežević nasljednik/Crown Prince of Montenegro Danilo Petrović Njegoš 7 Baldo Kosić: Crtež sedmopruge usminjače perom odozgo s mjerilom i ucrtanim detaljem, dvjema rupama na lijevoj strani oklopa, oko 1895. /Baldo Kosić: Pen drawing of the leatherback turtle, top view, with scale, and detail of two holes on the left side of the carapace drawn in, around 1895

Grof Vojnović dalje je čuo i od samog Kneževića o tom dogođaju; poput detalja da je na životinju pucao s udaljenosti od 10 pasa (cca 19 m) malom puškom, revolverom “Smith&Wesson”, ušća 9 mm. Kosić zaključuje da je uistinu riječ o istoj morskoj kornjači – primjerku uhvaćenom od braće Čalak i dostavljenom u dubrovački Domorodni muzej. Rupe na oklopu odgovarale su broju ispaljenih hitaca, što je potvrdila i brojna posada jahte Sibil. Smjer rupa odgovarao je također opisanu položaju kornjače u trenutku kad je napadnuta vatrenim oružjem. Kosića je pak bunila nemala razlika između debljine revolverskog zrna i širine rupa na oklopu, te njihove nevelike dubine s obzirom na jakost oružja i kornjačinu blizinu. Pripisuje to činjenici da su rupe u početku bile veće, ali su tijekom tri mjeseca i 14 dana zacjeljivale od dna prema vrhu, skraćujući dubinu rupa, a promjena njihove širine dogodila se najvjerojatnije uslijed zarastanja posebna tkiva od kojega je sačinjen oklop usminjače. A o činjenici da nije pronašao metke u tijelu navodi sljedeće: “Pošto se paka uslijed, okolo zrna, izagnjitog teksuta rupe rašire primašivši ih u promjeru, naravno je da zrna iz rana izpanu, a tim više i lakše jer se ove nalazu na pobočnoj strani štita...Koliko se paka u oklop želve zrna ukopaše nije moguće saznati, stalno je samo da ga ne provrtiše s jedne strane na drugu, jer, da se to zgodilo, a da rečeš da možda rane iz nutra zarastu, vidjeli bi se znakovi zarasli na unutrnjoj površini štita, ...glede morske žabe...

Asked about this detail, the brothers Čalak replied to Kosić that they assumed the animal had wounded itself on the tines of the anchor to which it had been moored in Budva port. Dissatisfied with the reply, Kosić determined not to plug the holes during his preparation works, and we can see them today. But via Count Dr Lujo Vojnović, secretary of the prince bishop of Montenegro, Kosić found that at Cetinje they were talking of an interesting event that might have been connected with the curious damage to the turtle’s carapace. The event occurred in June 1894, almost in the same place where the leatherback was caught more than three months later, during a voyage of the crown prince in the yacht Sibil: “This circumstance, this fact, was as follows: that the prince’s yacht Sibil, on which the young crown prince was sailing, on June 10, 1894, encountered in the waters off the islet of S. Andrija by Budva a vast marine turtle floating on the sea, with the prince’s yacht passing not far off, the prince was moved to fire two bullets at it from a revolver, after which the frog dived and vanished.” Kosić 1896 22

Count Vojnović further heard from the princeling himself about the event; such as the detail that he had shot at the animal from a distance of about 19 m with a sidearm, a Smith & Wesson 9 mm pistol. Kosić concluded that it was truly to do with the same sea turtle – the specimen caught by the Čalaks and delivered to the Patriotic Museum in Dubrovnik. The holes in the shell corresponded to the number of shots fired, which was confirmed by the numerous crew of the Sibil. The direction of the holes too corresponded to the description of the position of the sea turtle at the moment it was attacked with the firearm. But Kosić was puzzled by the not very small difference between the width of the revolver bullet and the width of the hole on the carapace, and the not very great depths of the holes, considering the power of the weapon and the close range at which it was fired. He hypothesised that the holes were at the beginning larger, and that during those three months and 14 days they had healed over, from bottom to top, shortening the depth of the hole, while the change to the diameter probably occurred thanks to the healing of the special kind of tissue of which the carapace is ...with respect to the sea frog...

3 Jednjak sedmopruge usminjače /The oesophagus of the leatherback turtle

...glede morske žabe...

5â&#x20AC;&#x2030; Dio kostura sedmopruge usminjaÄ?e /Part of the skeleton of the leatherback turtle

formed. And as for the fact that he found no bullet in the body, he says: “Still because around the bullets the carapace had putrefied, the holes expanded, exceeding them in diameter and it is logical that the bullets should have fallen out of the wounds, the more so and easier that these wounds were on the side of the shield. How deep the bullets dug into the carapace is not known, but it is clear that they did not go clean through, for assuming that the wounds had grown over inside, the signs of the scar tissue would have been seen on the inner side of the surface of the shield, and indeed, the bullets would have been found in the animal, and neither the said signs nor bullets were found inside it although because of the presumption that the holes were made by a gun, the inside surface of the shell and the innards of the animal were inspected very well.” Kosić 1896

had received. He concluded that wounds in the upper shield of the carapace, which is an almost lifeless part of the body, could not have seriously harmed a turtle that size, which was confirmed by the full thickness and strength of its muscle tissue found during preparation. He mentioned at the end the general opinion that the ”sea frog” could survive all sorts of wounds, like the damage to the skull of this specimen of leatherback, concerning which he had previously written in the main text ”Sphargis coriacea Gray in the Adriatic Sea”. The Patriotic Museum and the Dubrovnik Natural History Museum following it preserved not only the museum object of the leatherback turtle but also kept the oesophagus and part of its skeleton; and yet, unluckily, during the years in which the museum material was being moved from place to place, all clues as to the whereabouts of these objects were lost. ●

Although he was surprised by the frog’s having been found three months later in the same waters off Budva, he refused to ascribe this to its weakened condition as a result of the firearm wounds it 26

...with respect to the sea frog...

dapače bila bi se i zrna našla u životinji, dočim ni rečeni znakovi ni zrna se ne nađoše u njoj, uzprkos da cijeneći rupe puškom urađene, vrlo se dobro razgledala unutrnja površina štita i utroba životinje.” Kosić 1896. Iako ga iznenađuje činjenica da se “žaba” našla nakon više od tri mjeseca u istim vodama budvanskoga mora, odbija to pripisati njezinoj onemoćalosti uslijed zadobivanja rana iz vatrenoga oružja. Zaključuje da rane u gornjem štitu oklopa koji je gotovo beživotni dio tijela kornjači te veličine ne bi mogle ozbiljno naškoditi, što mu potvrđuje i potpuna debljina i čvrstoća njezina mišićnog tkiva prilikom prepariranja. Spominje za kraj i opće mnijenje da “morske žabe” prežive svakakve rane, poput oštećenja na lubanji tog primjerka usminjače, o kojemu je prethodno pisao u glavnom radu “Sphargis coriacea Gray u Jadranskome moru”. Domorodni muzej, kao i Prirodoslovni muzej Dubrovnik, osim muzejskog predmeta sedmopruge usminjače, čuvao je i jednjak i dio njezina kostura, ali se nažalost tim predmetima tijekom godina izmještanja muzejske građe izgubio trag. ●

...glede morske žabe...

nimacija autorice Ive Ivas “Put morske žabe do Muzeja” opisuje doba kad je sedmopruga usminjača stigla u Domorodni muzej u kronološkom kontekstu još nekih vrijednih predmeta - suvremenika sedmopruge usminjače kojima se i danas možemo diviti u Prirodoslovnom muzeju Dubrovnik. Nastala je tijekom pedagoških radionica na kojima su sudjelovali učenici slikarsko-dizajnerskog smjera Srednje umjetničke škole Luke Sorkočevića, koji su izradili niz crteža svakog od šest kasnije animiranih muzejskih predmeta. Glasove za animaciju - citate iz radova Balda Kosića - posudili su učenici Osnovne škole Marina Držića.

● Iva Ivas: Animacija “Put morske žabe do muzeja” (autor karte Mario Aničić) Isječak, 2012. /Iva Ivas: Animation “The pathway of the sea frog to the Museum” (map by Mario Aničić) Animation still, 2012

he animation of Iva Ivas ”The pathway of the sea frog to the Museum” describes the time when the leatherback turtle arrived in the Patriotic Museum in the chronological context of some other valuable objects that were contemporaries of the leatherback, which can still today be admired in the Dubrovnik Natural History Museum. The animation was created during educational workshops at which painting/ design major pupils of the Luka Sorkočević Secondary Art School took part; they did the series of

drawings of each of the six later animated museum objects. The voices for the animation, quotes from papers by Baldo Kosić, were provided by students of the Marin Držić Elementary School. The floor map of Mario Aničić is meant for the very young visitors – for them to draw by themselves the routes of the exhibits described in the animation. ●

5 Antun Franulović: Crteži sedmopruge usminjače za animaciju “Put morske žabe do muzeja”, 2012.

/Antun Franulović: Drawings of the leatherback turtle for the animation “The pathway of the sea frog to the Museum”, 2012

...with respect to the sea frog...

1 Mario Aničić: Podna karta “Put morske žabe do muzeja”, 2012. /Mario Aničić: Floor map “The pathway of the sea frog to the Museum”, 2012

Podna karta autora Marija Aničića namijenjena je najmlađim posjetiteljima - da sami odrade putove izložaka opisane animacijom. ●

...glede morske žabe...

Sea Turtles

Pero Tutman

Introduction Sea turtles were originally terrestrial reptiles, but about 200 million years ago they moved from the land to the sea. They all derive from the same ancestor, which arrived in the sea during the Cretaceous, some 145.5 to 65.5 million years BP, but to this day, this ancestor of theirs has not been identified. The oldest known ancestor of the sea turtles, Odontochelys semitestacea, which dates to about 220 million years BP, shows that the turtleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s carapace was created in two phases. First the lower phase, the plastron, developed, and after that the ribs grew together and the dorsal side was ossified, creating the upper part of the carapace. In the first 50 to 100 million years, evolution took care of the many changes with which these

animals adapted to the new environment. The legs developed into flippers, the carapace flattened and became hydrodynamic, while the limbs and head were no longer retractable. And yet, some of the features typical of all the reptiles were retained. First of all, they breathe with their lungs, and every now and then have to surface in order to inhale. Secondly, they are cold-blooded animals, and their activity depends directly on the ambient temperature. During their lifetime, in search for food, for mating, or laying eggs, the sea turtles cover vast distances, and so thay developed into excellent swimmers. Some species can dive more than 1300 m deep. On earth today, there are seven living species of sea turtles: the loggerhead sea turtle (CarettaÂ caretta), the leatherback sea turtle ...with respect to the sea frog...

Morske kornjače

Pero Tutman

Uvod Morske su kornjače gmazovi koji potječu s kopna, odakle su prije oko 200 milijuna godina prešle u more. Sve potječu od istoga pretka, koji je dospio u more tijekom razdoblja krede, od 145,5 do 65,5 milijuna godina prije nove ere, no do danas nije poznato koji je taj njihov predak. Najstariji poznati predak morskih kornjača, Odontochelys semitestacea, datiran na oko 220 milijuna godina, pokazao je da je kornjačin oklop nastao u dvije faze; najprije se razvila donja strana oklopa zvana plastron, a poslije su se uvezala rebra i okoštala leđna strana tvoreći gornji dio oklopa ili carapax. U prvih 50 do 100 milijuna godina evolucija se pobrinula za brojne promjene kojima su se te životinje prilagodile novom okolišu. Noge su se razvile u peraje, oklop je postao spljošten i hidrodinamičan, a udovi i glava više se ne mogu uvući u nj. Ipak, zadržale su se neke tipične značajke svih gmazova. Prvo, dišu plućima pa svako toliko moraju na površinu kako bi udahnule, a drugo - hladnokrvne su životinje pa im je aktivnost neposredno ovisna o temperaturi okoliša. Imaju složen životni ciklus i jedne su od najvećih putnika u životinjskom svijetu. Tijekom života, u potrazi za hranom ili radi parenja i polaganja jaja, morske kornjače prelaze goleme udaljenosti pa su se razvile u odlične plivače, a neke vrste mogu zaroniti i više od 1300 m u dubinu. ...glede morske žabe...

(Dermochelys coriacea), the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), the flatback turtle (Chelonia depressa), Kempâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and the olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea). They all belong to two families: Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae. Dermochelys coriacea is the sole member of Dermochelyidae, the other six belonging to the family Chelonididae. The reason for placing Dermochelys coriacea in a special family is that it is anatomically different from other kinds of sea turtles: instead of a hard bone carapace, its body is covered by a soft, skin covered envelope. Biology Since the activity of their organisms depends on the ambient temperature, sea turtles can be found in all warm seas of the temperate, subtropical and tropical zones. See turtles spend the whole of their life in the sea, only the females emerging onto the land to lay their eggs, returning at once to the safety of the sea. Unlike them, the males never leave the sea. All turtles can live without difficulty in the open sea, although most species prefer to live closer to the shore, because it makes 34

mating and finding food easier. Only Lepidochelys olivacea and Dermochelys coriacea spend their lives far from the coast. Depending on the species, sea turtles usually attain a size of from 1 to 2 and at most 3 metres. The smallest turtle, and the rarest and most endangered species, is Lepidochelys kempii. The biggest species is Dermochelys coriacea, which is also the biggest marine reptile, and indeed the fourth biggest reptile in the world, behind three species of crocodile. Coming up to the surface, sea turtles can very quickly exchange air in their lungs, with a quick, explosive exhalation and an equally fast inhalation. Their large lungs are adapted to rapid exchange of air and avoidance of the creation of pockets of gas in the lungs, which might create problems during deep dives. But since they are almost always under the sea and can in certain circumstances switch over to an anaerobic system of respiration (the muscle and other cells can sometimes create energy from nutrient matter without oxygen being required in their biochemical reactions) and thus breathe for a long time when, overwintering, they bury themselves in the ooze. ...with respect to the sea frog...

Na Zemlji danas ima sedam živućih vrsta morskih kornjača; glavata želva (Caretta caretta), sedmopruga usminjača (Dermochelys coriacea), zelena želva (Chelonia mydas), karetna želva (Eretmochelys imbricata), australska zelena želva (Chelonia depressa), kempijeva želva (Lepidochelys kempii) i olivna ili pacifička želva (Lepidochelys olivacea). Sve te vrste pripadaju dvjema porodicama; Cheloniidae i Dermochelyidae. U porodicu Dermochelyidae pripada samo vrsta Dermochelys coriacea, a ostalih šest vrsta pripada porodici Cheloniidae. Razlog za smještanje Dermochelys coriacea u posebnu porodicu jest taj što se anatomski razlikuje od drugih vrsta morskih kornjača; umjesto čvrstog koštanog oklopa, tijelo joj prekriva mekani kožni omotač. Biologija Budući da aktivnost njihova organizma ovisi o temperaturi okoliša, morske kornjače možemo pronaći u svim toplijim morima umjerenog, suptropskog i tropskog pojasa. One cijeli život provode u moru; samo ženke izlaze na kopno radi polaganja jaja i odmah se potom vraćaju u sigurnost mora. Za razliku od njih, mužjaci nikad ne napuštaju more. Sve kornjače mogu bez problema živjeti daleko na otvorenu moru, premda većina vrsta živi bliže obali jer im to olakšava parenje i nalaženje hrane. Samo Lepidochelys olivacea i Dermochelys coriacea provode život daleko od obala. Ovisno o vrsti, morske kornjače obično dosegnu veličinu od 1 do 2, a najveće i do 3 metra. Najmanju predstavlja vrsta Lepidochelys kempii, koja je ujedno najrjeđa i najugroženija vrsta morskih kornjača. Najveća je vrsta Dermochelys coriacea, koja predstavlja i najvećega morskog gmaza te četvrtog najvećeg gmaza na svijetu poslije triju vrsta krokodila. Pri izronu na površinu morske kornjače mogu vrlo brzo izmijeniti zrak u plućima brzim eksplozivnim izdahom i isto tako brzim udahom. Njihova su velika pluća prilagođena za brzu izmjenu zraka i izbjegavanje stvaranja džepova plinova u plućima, što bi im moglo stvarati probleme tijekom dubokih urona. No, budući da su gotovo uvijek pod morem, 35

...glede morske žabe...

In their manner of swimming, sea turtles show a distinctive feature as compared to their freshwater cousins. Freshwater turtles paddle their front legs alternately, sea turtles at the same time. In sea turtles the rear limbs are used mainly for steering. And unlike freshwater turtles and tortoises, marine turtles cannot retract their heads and limbs into their carapaces. Little turtles feed on small organisms such as jellyfish, and then on invertebrates of the seabed like crustaceans, bivalves, urchins, sponges, snails, algae, small fish and so on, whatever they can get hold of. It is not exactly known how long sea turtles can live, but experts hypothesise that it might be some eighty or a hundred years. Reproduction Sea turtles grow slowly and need decades to achieve sexual maturity, which, depending on the species, they attain when they are 15 or 30 years. The life of the male, which spends its whole life in the sea without coming out onto the land, is even today an unknown. Almost all that we know about these animals is based on research into the females as they come out of the sea and lay their eggs. 36

This can take place every two to four years during maturity, and they can lay one to eight clutches a season. After mating, which takes place in the sea, they swim great distances, some species more than 3000 kilometres, in order to find a beach on which to make a nest. To increase our knowledge of these journeys, some of the turtles have been marked with various tags, some even with sensors for satellite tracking. Egg laying always takes place during the night, except in the case of Lepidochelys kempii, which usually lays its eggs during the day. A suitable place for laying might be as much as a hundred metres from the sea. They place their eggs in a hole that they dig out with their rear flippers. The hole or nest is circular in shape, some 40 to 50 cm deep. Digging the hole is a difficult and demanding job for the female. Every now and then, she has to stop to take a rest, gather energy. Then, in the hole she has dug, the female lays her soft-shelled eggs, one after another. The number of eggs laid varies, from 50 to 200 at a time, as the duration of the process also varies, from half an hour to an hour, sometimes several hours, depending on the species. When all the eggs have been laid, she fills the nest in with sand ...with respect to the sea frog...

u određenim okolonostima mogu se prebaciti na anaerobni sustav disanja (mišićne i druge stanice ponekad mogu stvoriti energiju iz hranjivih tvari, a da im u biokemijskim reakcijama nije potreban kisik) i tako disati dulje vrijeme kao za zimovanja kada se zakopaju u mulj. Prema načinu plivanja, morske kornjače pokazuju osobitosti u odnosu na svoje slatkovodne srodnice. Slatkovodne kornjače, naime, prednjim nogama veslaju pojedinačno, a morske kornjače istodobno. Stražnje noge kod morskih kornjača služe pretežno za upravljanje. Morske kornjače ne mogu uvući glavu i udove u oklop kao slatkovodne i kopnene kornjače. Malene se kornjače hrane sitnim organizmima poput meduza, a poslije beskralješnjacima morskog dna poput rakova, školjkaša, ježinaca, spužvi, puževa, algi, manjih riba i sličnog do čega mogu doći. Nije točno poznato koliku starost mogu dostići morske kornjače, ali stručnjaci pretpostavljaju da je riječ o oko osamdeset, možda čak i sto godina. Razmnožavanje Morske kornjače rastu polako i potrebna su desetljeća da bi dosegnule spolnu zrelost, koju, ovisno o vrsti, dosežu tek sa 15 – 30 godina. Život mužjaka, koji čitav život provede u moru ne izlazeći na kopno, i danas je nepoznanica. Gotovo sve što znamo o tim životinjama temelji se na istraživanjima ženki prilikom izlaska na kopno i polaganja jaja. To se može odvijati svake dvije do četiri godine tijekom zrelosti, a mogu polagati jedno do osam gnijezda po sezoni. Nakon parenja koje se odvija u moru prevale velike udaljenosti, neke vrste i više od 3000 kilometara, kako bi pronašle plažu gdje će se gnijezditi. Da bismo bolje upoznali ta putovanja, pojedine su kornjače označene različitim markicama, a neke i senzorima sa satelitskim praćenjem. Polaganje jaja uvijek se događa tijekom noći, osim kod Lepidochelys kempii koja jaja polaže uglavnom danju. Pogodno mjesto za odlaganje jaja katkad je od mora udaljeno i do sto metara. Jaja polažu u rupi koju 37

...glede morske žabe...

and smoothes it over, to make it less obvious to predators. Then, exhausted, she returns to the sea, the eggs staying there unprotected. Incubation lasts from 50 or 60 to 105 and 110 days. The sex of the baby turtle that is hatched out depends on the temperature of the sand, or on its density. When the temperature is higher, incubation is speeded up, and females are hatched. The baby turtles hatch out of the eggs in a single nest in a relatively short time. With the tips of their snouts, they break the egg shell, and at once dig their way through the sand to the surface. An evolutionary adaptation has led to this process taking place at night, predators thus being avoided. But if it should happen that they arrive during the day â&#x20AC;&#x201C; which is nevertheless very rare â&#x20AC;&#x201C; only a small number will survive, perhaps 0.01% of the clutch, for they are easy prey to predators on land, such as the gulls. When they have broken out of the eggs, the little turtles head instinctively towards the sea. On the way they frequently fall victim to the birds, crabs and similar animals. And even when they get into the sea, they are far from safe, for in the shallows lurk predatory fish, and many are killed then too. It is hypothesised that of 1000 young turtles, only 38

one will achieve sexual maturity. It has been recorded that young of Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta hide in the floating seaweed meadows of the Saragassum genus, spending a considerable part of their young pelagic life in them, finding their safety and food. It is not known how turtles orient themselves on the open sea. An interesting question is how Caretta caretta manages after decades to get back to its own rookery, the place where it was hatched. Some specialists hypothesise that the sense of smell and taste are to be credited. When they hatch out, the little turtles bite the sand, as if they wanted to commit to memory the taste and smell. And this is what the adult females also do when laying their eggs. Other experts again think that turtles navigate at sea with the help of the sun and the stars. Sea turtles in the Adriatic Sea turtles are the only reptiles that inhabit the Adriatic. To date, three species have been recorded: the loggerhead, Caretta caretta, the leatherback, Dermochelys coriacea and the large or green turtle, Chelonia mydas. The loggerhead is the most common species, and is considered a resident, while the ...with respect to the sea frog...

iskopaju stražnjim perajama. Rupa (gnijezdo) je kružnog oblika, 40 – 50 cm dubine. Kopanje rupe vrlo je težak i zahtjevan posao za ženku, te ona svako malo zastaje kako bi se odmorila i prikupila energiju. U iskopanu rupu ženka polaže jedno po jedno jaje mekane ljuske. Broj položenih jaja varira od 50 do 200, kao što varira i trajanje tog procesa; od oko 30-60 minuta, pa čak i do više sati, ovisno o vrsti kojoj pripadaju. Nakon polaganja svih jaja kornjača gnijezdo zatrpava pijeskom i poravnava ga kako bi bilo što manje uočljivo predatorima. Potom se iscrpljena vraća u more, a jaja ostaju nečuvana. Inkubacija jaja traje između 50 i 60, pa do 105 i 110 dana. Spol kornjačica koje se izliježu ovisi o temperaturi pijeska, odnosno njegovoj gustoći. Pri višim se temperaturama ubrzava inkubacija i izliježu se ženke. Iz jaja koja se nalaze u jednom gnijezdu kornjačice se izvaljuju u razmjerno kratkom razdoblju. Vrhovima gubica lome ljusku jaja i odmah kroz pijesak kopaju prema površini. Evolucijska je prilagodba u tome što se i taj proces odvija noću kako bi se izbjegli predatori. Ako se dogodi izlijeganje tijekom dana – što je pak vrlo rijetko – preživjet će samo mali broj jedinki (obično 0,01%), jer su laki plijen grabežljivaca na kopnu, poput galebova. Kada se izvale iz jaja, male morske kornjače odmah instinktivno kreću put mora. Na tom su putu često žrtve ptica, rakova i sličnih životinja. Kad dospiju u more, ni tamo nisu sigurne; u plitkim ih vodama vrebaju brojne ribe-grabežljivci, pa brojne i ondje nastradaju. Pretpostavlja se da samo jedna od 1000 mladih kornjačica dosegne spolnu zrelost. Zabilježeno je da se male Chelonia mydas i Caretta caretta skrivaju u plutajućim livadama morske alge roda iz Sargassum gdje provode znatan dio svojega mladog pelagijskog života nalazeći sigurnost i hranu. Nije još poznato kako se na otvorenu moru kornjače orijentiraju. Zanimljivo je pitanje kako Caretta caretta uspije nakon desetljeća pronaći mjesto gdje je sama izašla iz jajeta. Neki stručnjaci pretpostavljaju da je za to zaslužan osjet mirisa i okusa. Kada se izlegnu, male morske kornjače 39

...glede morske žabe...

other two can unfortunately be found only seldom in the Adriatic Sea. The Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) The leatherback turtle lives in warm and moderately warm seas, and is very rare in the Adriatic and in the Mediterranean generally. Usually these animals grow up to two metres, and can weigh as much as 600 kg. The biggest sea turtle ever recorded was a leatherback, and was found on the western coast of Wales. It was close 40

on 3 meters long and weighed 916 kg. Unlike other turtles, the leatherback does not have a hard, compact shell, rather a leathery carapace with a mosaic of small bones. Its body is dark brown with light blotches. It feeds mainly on salps and jellyfish, but also eats other marine organisms and plants. On the eastern, Croatian, side of the Adriatic, there have been 13 records of leatherback turtles. Add to this another 17 records on the Italian side, and there have ...with respect to the sea frog...

75 Sedmopruga usminjača u prirodnom okruženju /The leatherback sea turtle in its natural environment

grizu pijesak kao da bi htjele upamtiti okus i miris. Isto čine i odrasle ženke prije polaganja jaja. Drugi pak stručnjaci pretpostavljaju da se kornjače na otvorenu moru orijentiraju pomoću sunca i zvijezda. Morske kornjače u Jadranu Morske su kornjače jedini gmazovi koji naseljavaju Jadransko more. Dosad su u Jadranskom moru zabilježene tri vrste: glavata želva (Caretta caretta), sedmopruga usminjača (Dermochelys coriacea) i golema ili zelena želva (Chelonia mydas). Glavata želva najčešća je vrsta i smatra se stalnim stanovnikom, a ostale dvije nažalost jako rijetko možemo susresti u Jadranskom moru. Sedmopruga usminjača (Dermochelys coriacea) Sedmopruga usminjača živi u toplim i umjereno toplim morima, a u Jadranu i Sredozemnom moru vrlo je rijetka. Obično naraste do dva metra, a može težiti i do 600 kg.

...glede morske žabe...

been to date 30 sightings, about 70% in the southern Adriatic. The first recorded individual of this species in Adriatic was in fact the turtle from the collection of the Dubrovnik Natural History Museum brought from Budva in 1894. The leatherbacks probably come into the Mediterranean and the Adriatic after food. The southern Adriatic has a potential importance as a summer habitat, just as it is an important habitat for other large sea vertebrates.

Endangerment At the time of the appearance of the first man upon Earth, hundreds of millions turtles were swimming the oceans of the world. In 1503, when Columbus discovered todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cayman Islands, he called the archipelago La Islas Tortugas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; turtle archipelago, for the sea around the island was densely inhabited with turtles. There were so many that the dull thumps as they bumped into each other could be heard for miles. But

...with respect to the sea frog...

7 Raspoređenost opažanja sedmopruge usminjače Dermochelys coriacea u Jadranskome moru (kružići - opažanja s istočne strane Jadrana, trokutići - opažanja sa zapadne strane Jadrana; prema Casale et al. 2003.) /Distribution of recoveries of leatherback turtle in the Adriatic Sea. (circles - records in the eastern Adriatic, triangles - records in the western Adriatic according to Casale et al. 2003)

Najveća dosad zabilježena kornjača bila je upravo sedmopruga usminjača pronađena na zapadnoj obali Walesa. Bila je duga oko 3 metra, a težila je 916 kg. Za razliku od drugih kornjača, usminjača nema tvrdi, kompaktni oklop, nego kožnat, s mozaikom malih kostiju. Tijelo joj je tamnosmeđe boje sa svijetlim mrljama. Hrani se uglavnom salpama i meduzama, ali i drugim morskim životinjama i biljkama. Na istočnoj (hrvatskoj) strani Jadranskog mora dosad je dokumentirano 13 opažanja sedmopruge usminjače. S još 17 opažanja s talijanske strane, na cijelom prostoru Jadrana dosad je zabilježeno 30 primjeraka, od čega oko 70% iz južnog Jadrana. Prva zabilježena jedinka te vrste u Jadranu upravo je kornjača iz zbirke Prirodoslovnog muzeja Dubrovnik donesena iz Budve 1894. godine. Jadransko more posjećuju isključivo velike nedorasle i odrasle jedinke. Razlog njihova dolaska u Mediteran i Jadran najvjerojatnije je ishrana. Područje južnog Jadrana ima potencijalnu važnost kao njihovo ljetno stanište, kao što se čini da je jednako važno stanište i za druge velike morske kralješnjake. Ugroženost U vrijeme pojave prvog čovjeka na Zemlji, u svjetskim oceanima plivale su stotine milijuna morskih kornjača. Kad je Kolumbo 1503. godine otkrio današnje Kajmansko otočje, nazvao ga je “La Islas Tortugas” (španj. Otočje kornjača) jer je more oko otoka bilo bogato naseljeno kornjačama. Bilo ih je toliko mnogo da su se tupi udarci oklopa o oklop mogli čuti miljama daleko. Od toga je trenutka broj morskih kornjača počeo opadati u svim morima, a tijekom samo jednog, posljednjeg stoljeća, ti su morski gmazovi dovedeni do samog ruba nestanka. Uzrok je tome neodgovorno ljudsko ponašanje te tehnološki napredak čovječanstva, što se očituje u razvoju turizma na gnijezdilištima, velikoj smrtnosti pri ulovu u mreže te sve većem onečišćenju mora. Meso kornjača predstavlja delikatesu u razvijenijim zemljama, a u manje razvijenima kornjače i njihova jaja ...glede morske žabe...

from that moment, the number of sea turtles began to decline steeply in all the seas of the world, and during just one century, the last, these marine reptiles were brought to the very edge of extinction. The cause is irresponsible human behaviour and the technological progress of mankind, which is manifested in the development of tourism at the rookeries, the great mortality resulting from the fishery bycatch, and ever greater marine pollution. The flesh of the turtle is a delicacy in developed countries, and in less developed, turtles and their eggs are almost a daily part of the diet. As well as for food, turtles are killed for various kinds of personal ornamentation, straps, shoes, combs and other things. Japan, Mexico and Indonesia were in the past the biggest producers of these items from turtle shell. It is thought that since 1970 Japan alone has killed more than two million sea turtles for various products. In Japan it is believed that turtles are lucky, and so little turtles are much in demand, prepared, varnished and ready for hanging on the wall. Although the number of species has not changed in the last 100 years, the overall abundance has reduced to such an extent 44

that some species are considered to have no chance of avoiding extinction. The formerly quiet beaches have turned into busy tourist centres with a great many hotels and settlements next door to the nesting sites, which disturb the peace and threaten the security of the females. The temperature of the sea is changing, and this is an important factor in the incubation of the eggs. Water sports, particularly those featuring speedboats, wound and kill thousands of adult tortoises that lie off shore waiting to come up on the beach and lay their eggs. Sea turtles are often accidental victims of fishermenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nets, in which they get entangled and then suffocate. Since they breathe with their lungs, turtles have to emerge to inhale the air. Although the gaps between two breaths of air are quite long in normal conditions, when they are entangled under the surface in a net, stress tends to leave them without breath, and they drown. Figures show that in the USA, once, annually trawl nets would kill 55,000 turtles. In research of experts of the zoological department of the Croatian Natural History Museum it has been estimated that in the eastern Adriatic some 2500 specimens are killed ...with respect to the sea frog...

gotovo su svakodnevna hrana. Osim za hranu, kornjače se ubijaju i za razne vrste nakita, remenja, cipela, češljeva i drugih stvari. Japan, Meksiko i Indonezija u prošlosti su bili najveći proizvođači spomenutih predmeta od kornjača. Smatra se da je samo Japan od 1970. godine ubio više od dva milijuna morskih kornjača za razne proizvode. U Japanu se vjeruje da kornjače donose sreću pa su vrlo tražene male kornjače koje se, preparirane i lakirane, vješaju na zid. Iako se broj vrsta nije promijenio u posljednjih 100 godina, njihova se brojnost smanjila u tolikoj mjeri da se za pojedine vrste smatra da im više nema spasa od izumiranja. Nekad mirne pješčane plaže prerasle su u napučene turističke centre s mnoštvom hotela i naselja u neposrednoj blizini gnijezdilišta, koji ometaju mir i sigurnost ženki. Mijenja se temperatura mora kao važan faktor pri inkubaciji jaja. Nadalje, sportovi na vodi, posebice brzi gliseri, ranjavaju i ubijaju tisuće odraslih kornjača koje čekaju u blizini plaža kako bi položile jaja. Morske su kornjače vrlo često slučajne žrtve ribarskih mreža u koje se zapetljaju i potom uguše. S obzirom na to da dišu plućima, kornjače moraju izlaziti na površinu mora da bi udahnule zrak. Iako su razmaci između dvaju udisaja zraka u normalnim uvjetima kod kornjača relativno dugi, kada se pod morem zapletu u mreže, zbog stresa vrlo brzo ostaju bez zraka i utapaju se. Podaci govore da je samo u SAD-u nekad godišnje u pridnenim kočama stradavalo 55 000 kornjača, a u istraživanjima stručnjaka zoološkog odjela Hrvatskog prirodoslovnog muzeja procijenjeno je da u istočnom Jadranu godišnje strada oko 2500 primjeraka. Brojni podaci o ishrani, starosti, odnosu spolova i toksikološkoj slici kornjača dobiveni su nažalost analizom uginule životinje, ali su i na taj način dobiveni vrijedni podaci koji će pomoći u zaštiti tih predivnih stvorenja. Napredak i upotreba novih materijala koji se teško razgrađuju doveli su do sve većeg onečišćenja mora, kojim pluta mnogo plastičnih vrećica koje morske kornjače često zamijene za meduze i pojedu te potom uginu zbog začepljenja 45

...glede morske žabe...

yearly. Numerous data about the food, age, ratio of sexes and the toxicological picture of turtles are obtained from, alas, analysis of dead animals. The valuable data obtained in this way nevertheless do help to protect these wonderful creatures. Progress and the use of new materials that degrade only with difficulty have led to increasing pollution of the seas. The plastic bags that float in them are often mistaken by turtles for jelly fish, and eaten, and then the creature will die because of blockage in the digestive system. Plastic waste has been found in 30% of the tested animals. Realising at last that they are the main cause for the looming extinction of sea turtles, people have launched numerous research projects, and protection programmes have become priorities in numerous national and international laws and conventions. In order to protect the nesting sites and the turtles themselves during mating and egg laying, in the immediate vicinity of such sites research centres have been opened, the aim of which is to study, tag and track sea turtles during mating. Scientists pay particular attention to taking in and healing wounded turtles, to educating the local populations 46

and governments to reduce disturbance of the turtles during mating and emergence onto the land. In order to reduce accidental wounding and mortality in the bycatch, adjustments are being made to fishing tools and techniques. At the end of the eighties the law obliged fishermen in the USA to build TEDs or Turtle Excluder Devices into their nets, a simple mechanism that will enable the discharge of accidentally captured sea turtles. One result is that the population of Kempâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ridleys in the USA has begun to recover and has been saved from extinction. Unfortunately, almost nothing along these lines has been started in the Mediterranean. Apart from the dangers to turtles of being caught in a trawl, the problem is exacerbated in the Adriatic by the destruction of the bottom marine biocoenoses as source of food, and cause for concern is given by 65-90% of turtles being wounded or killed in gillnets, which are the most widespread fishing device in the Adriatic. In 1993, in Croatia, experts from the zoological department of the Croatian Natural History Museum, in collaboration with fellow scientists from Croatian ...with respect to the sea frog...

probavnog sustava. Plastični otpad nađen je u 30% ispitanih životinja. Spoznavši činjenicu da su glavni uzročnici izumiranja morskih kornjača, ljudi su napokon pokrenuli brojna istraživanja, a programi zaštite postali su prioriteti brojnih nacionalnih i međunarodnih zakona i konvencija. S ciljem zaštite gnijezdišta i samih kornjača prilikom parenja i polaganja jaja, u neposrednoj blizini takvih lokacija otvaraju se istraživački centri kojima je cilj proučavanje, markiranje i praćenje morskih kornjača u razdoblju parenja. Nadalje, znanstvenici posebnu pozornost posvećuju prihvatu i liječenju ozlijeđenih kornjača te edukaciji lokalnog stanovništva i vlasti kako bi se smanjilo ometanje kornjača u razdoblju parenja i izlaska na kopno. U cilju smanjivanja slučajnih ranjavanja i usmrćivanja pri slučajnom ulovu provode se prilagodbe ribarskih alata i tehnika. Tako je krajem osamdesetih zakon obvezao ribare u SAD-u na ugradnju TED-a (“Turtle Excluder Device”), jednostavnog mehanizma u mreži koji omogućuje ispuštanje slučajno ulovljenih morskih kornjača. Rezultat je bio taj da se populacija kampijeve želve u SAD-u počela oporavljati i spasila od izumiranja. Nažalost, na tom se planu na Mediteranu nije pokrenulo gotovo ništa. Osim opasnosti od ulova u koči, u Jadranu problem predstavlja i uništenje pridnenih morskih životnih zajednica kao izvora hrane, a zabrinjava činjenica da čak 65-90% kornjača strada u mrežama stajaćicama koje su najrasprostranjeniji ribolovni alat na Jadranu. Problem slučajnog ulova sedmoprugih usminjača na Mediteranu uopće ne treba zanemariti zbog dva posebna razloga: prvi jer se ulove velike nedorasle i odrasle jedinke s najvećim potencijalom za razmnožavanje, te drugi jer još nije točno poznato kojim populacijama te jedinke pripadaju. U Hrvatskoj su 1993. godine stručnjaci zoološkog odjela Hrvatskog prirodoslovnog muzeja u suradnji s kolegama iz hrvatskih instituta za istraživanje mora pokrenuli sistematsko istraživanje morskih kornjača u Jadranu. Hrvatska je 1995. godine morske kornjače zakonom zaštitila 47

...glede morske žabe...

marine exploration institutes, launched systematic investigations into the sea turtles in the Adriatic. In 1994, Croatia gave sea turtles statutory protection and included them among priority strategies for the protection of biological diversity. The education of professional fishermen and of the local population is the mainstay of this active protection. For those who ignore all this, there are fines of 35,000 kuna for deliberate destruction of a loggerhead and 40,000 kuna fines for the death of a green turtle or a leatherback turtle. Because of the highly negative anthropogenic impacts, marine turtles are strictly protected in Croatian regulations and international conventions (such as the Nature Protection Law, the

Regulations on the Protection of Certain Species of Reptiles). Everybody is asked to send all their observations about observations or finds of sea turtles to the Zoological Department, Croatian Natural History Museum, Demetrova 1, Zagreb or to the closest marine research centre or the nearest maritime police station. Live animals should if possible be photographed or videoed, their length measured and then they should be left to swim away, and if they have been captured, they must be freed and let go into the sea. If the animal has been tagged, the number and address of the tag and the time and place of the find recorded, and the animal has to be released without the tag being removed.â&#x20AC;&#x2030;â&#x2014;?

...with respect to the sea frog...

i uključila u prioritete strategije zaštite biološke raznolikosti. Edukacija profesionalnih ribara i lokalnog stanovništva okosnica je aktivne zaštite. Za one koji se na to ogluše predviđene su novčane kazne od 35 000 kuna za namjerno usmrćivanje glavate želve, te 40 000 kuna za zelenu želvu i sedmoprugu usminjaču. Zbog tako jakih negativnih antropogenih učinaka morske su kornjače strogo zaštićene hrvatskim propisima i međunarodnim konvencijama (Zakon o zaštiti prirode NN 30/94, Pravilnik o zaštiti pojedinih vrsta gmazova (Reptilia) NN 47/95). Pozivaju se svi da podatke o opažanjima ili nalazima morskih kornjača dostave na: Zoološki odjel, Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Demetrova 1, Zagreb ili najbližem centru za istraživanje mora i najbližoj postaji pomorske policije. Žive je životinje potrebno po mogućnosti snimiti, odrediti im duljinu i ostaviti ih da otplove, a uhvaćene osloboditi i pustiti u more. Ako je životinja markirana, treba zapisati broj i adresu markice te vrijeme i mjesto nalaza, a životinju pustiti ne skidajući markicu. ●

...glede morske žabe...

Zabo ravljeni slučaj, 1894. Cold Case, 1894 Dermochelys coriacea —

drugi dio / part 2

Cold Case, 1894

Katarina Ivanišin Kardum

ince Baldo Kosić hypothesised that the leatherback turtle from the Museum was hit with bullets from a firearm, in the second part of the exhibition Dermochelys coriacea we set out to investigate what contemporary science could offer if such a turtle, now a statutorily protected species, was wounded with fire arms today. During the workshop in which the pupils of the Dubrovnik High School took part, forensic expert of the County Police Force Dario Hladilo demonstrated taking the traces of shots with GSR stubs and making silicon cast of mechanical damage.

The letter that follows is the answer of experts of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Krešimir Severin, PhD, of the Department of Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Legislation and Dean Konjević, PhD, of the Department for Game Biology, Pathology and Breeding to my query about contemporary methods and the approach that scientists of today would take to the “solution” of this “cold case”. The conclusions were made on the basis of a reading of the papers of Baldo Kosić and from photographs of the museum object the leatherback turtle, particularly of the wounds in the skull area and the two holes on the left hand side of the carapace. ●

Cold Case, 1894

Zaboravljeni slučaj, 1894.

Katarina Ivanišin Kardum

ako je prema pretpostavkama Balda Kosića sedmopruga usminjača iz Muzeja pogođena hicima iz vatrenog oružja, drugim dijelom izložbe Dermochelys coriacea namjeravali smo istražiti što bi suvremena znanost mogla učiniti da je takva kornjača, sada zakonom zaštićena vrsta, danas ozlijeđena vatrenim oružjem. Tijekom radionice u kojoj su sudjelovali učenici Gimnazije Dubrovnik, kriminalistički tehničar PU Dubrovačkoneretvanske Dario Hladilo demonstrirao je izuzimanje tragova pucnjeva pomoću GSR stubova te izuzimanje silikonskog odljevka mehaničkog oštećenja. Pismo koje slijedi odgovor je stručnjaka Veterinarskog fakulteta Svečilišta u Zagrebu dr. Krešimira Severina iz Zavoda za sudsko i upravno veterinarstvo te dr. Deana Konjevića iz Zavoda za biologiju, patologiju i uzgoj divljači, na moj upit o suvremenim metodama i pristupu današnjih znanstvenika “rješavanju” tog zaboravljenog slučaja. Zaključci su doneseni na temelju uvida u znanstvene radove profesora Kosića te na temelju fotografija muzejskog predmeta sedmopruge usminjače, osobito ozljeda s područja lubanje i dviju rupa na lijevoj strani oklopa. ●

Zaboravljeni slučaj, 1894.

● GSR (Gunshot residue) stub /GSR (Gunshot residue) stub

● Silikonski odljev mehaničkog oštećenja lipanj 2012. /The silicon cast of mechanical damage June 2012

A Letter Dear…. First of all, we have to admit that we had a lot of pleasure in reading the exhaustive observations of Baldo Kosić and the conclusions he drew. An extremely interesting topic that, we agree with you, needs to be addressed with the technical capacities and ways of thinking of the current time. When we sum everything up, our thinking is directed towards answers to several questions that inevitably arise in the observations of Baldo Kosić. The first concerns the circumstances that led to the death of the creature. Our opinion, based primarily on the records, is that the given individual died of exhaustion after entanglement in the net and a lengthy struggle to get free. It is not very likely that such a large individual could first be found floating in its death throes on the surface of the sea and then, while fighting for its life, be capable of endangering the lives of the fishermen, the brothers Ćalak, and so we are of the opinion that the creature was liberated from the net. The exhaustion of the individual continued, succeeded by death. Nor should one ignore the fact that this was an individual of a somewhat advanced age, which would have additionally contributed to its decease. The next two questions relate to the injuries in the area of the head and the skin carapace. As for the head injury, we assume it to have been a fracture of the crown of the skull arising from the application of blunt mechanical force. The character of the injury – whether it happened while the creature was still alive or after it died, and what force was used to create it – might be estimated now only after radiological analysis. We can give a hypothesis of only doubtful reliability, that it was an injury that had occurred a good time before and that did not have an effect 58

Cold Case, 1894

Pismo Poštovana, prije svega, moramo Vam priznati da smo uživali čitajući iscrpna zapažanja i donesene zaključke profesora Balda Kosića. Nadasve interesantna tema koju, slažemo se s Vama, treba popratiti razmišljanjima i tehničkim mogućnostima ovoga vremena. Kada sve sumiramo, naše promišljanje ide u cilju odgovora na nekoliko pitanja koja se nameću i u zapažanjima profesora Balda Kosića. Prvo pitanje koje se postavlja jest pod kojim je okolnostima došlo do uginuća jedinke. Naše mišljenje, koje se ponajprije temelji na zapisima, jest da je predmetna jedinka uginula od iscrpljenosti nakon zapletaja u mrežu i dugotrajne borbe da se iz nje oslobodi. Pronaći tako veliku jedinku koja pluta na površini mora u agoniji, a potom se bori za život dovodeći u pitanje živote ribara, braće Čalak, teško je moguće te smo mišljenja da je jedinka oslobođena iz mreže. Dakako, iscrpljivanje jedinke se nastavilo, a potom je slijedilo i uginuće. Ne treba zanemariti ni činjenicu da je bila riječ o jedinci starije životne dobi što je dodatno pridonijelo skončanju života. Sljedeća dva pitanja odnose se na ozljede s područja glave i kožnog oklopa. Što se tiče ozljede s područja glave, pretpostavljamo da je riječ o prijelomu svoda lubanje nastalom kao posljedica djelovanja tupe mehaničke sile. Karakter ozljede - je li nastala za života ili nakon uginuća, kolika je sila upotrijebljena za njezino nastajanje… u ovom bi trenu bilo moguće procijeniti samo nakon radiološke analize. Možemo dati samo pretpostavku upitne vjerodostojnosti, da je bila riječ o ozljedi koja je nastala prije dosta vremena i koja nije utjecala na život jedinke te koja se može povezati s ozljedama kože vidljivim s lijeve dorzalne strana iznad oka (reparacijski proces – zrelo vezivno tkivo 59

Zaboravljeni slučaj, 1894.

on the life of the creature. This injury can be correlated with the injuries to the skin visible on the left dorsal side over the eye (repair process – mature connective tissue, i.e. scar). Then, while leatherback sea turtles are being raised from the sea into a ship, injuries to the nasal part of the head are regularly recorded, which is understandable since the species feeds mainly on jellyfish and the structures of the jaw are very tender and sensitive to the operation of mechanical force. It is possible that an injured part of the nasal region was subsequently removed during preparation. Finally, the two circular wounds on the left hand side of the carapace are the most interesting. These are definitely wounds that did not arise at the time when the specimen was found, being pulled into port, or while it was in port. We think that these were wounds that were created a certain time before the finding of the specimen, for the edges are raised (since water is extracted during the process in which the preparation is processed, i.e. the skin is tanned, it is clear that the edges must have been, in the case of a live or recently defunct species, more emphasised). We wonder somewhat why Baldo Kosić did not find callus formation on the inner side of the carapace, which would have indicated processes of regeneration or repair of the tissue as a result of damage to the deeper layers of the carapace (including osteoderms). According to literature information, the leather carapace, apart from the tough skin that looks like rubber, is composed of numerous osteoderms that are joined mosaic-wise and that have the role strengthening the carapace. The following questions naturally arise: were these superficial injuries, or injuries to all the layers of the carapace? Without radiological analysis, it is hard to assume whether these were projectile wounds or surface injuries created by the operation of “an iron hook with a blunt point”. For much was changed during the preparation process. Probably some of the bones of the carcase were removed, but the carapace does remain and, we hope, was not touched. Radiological analysis (X-ray or computer tomography) would show changes above all to the bones, but to the skin as well, irrespective of the preparation process. From the writing of Baldo Kosić it can be 60

Cold Case, 1894

tj. ožiljak). Nadalje, tijekom izvlačenja sedmoprugih usminjača iz mora na brod redovito su zabilježene ozljede nosnog dijela glave, što je i razumljivo s obzirom na činjenicu da se ta vrsta kornjača hrani pretežito meduzama te da su strukture čeljusti vrlo nježne i osjetljive na djelovanje mehaničke sile. Moguće je da je ozlijeđeni dio nosne regije naknadno uklonjen tijekom prepariranja. Naposljetku, najzanimljivije su dvije kružne ozljede (rane) na lijevoj strani oklopa. Definitivno je riječ o ozljedama koje nisu nastale u trenu pronalaska jedinke, “tegljenja” do luke ili u luci. Smatramo da je riječ o ozljedama nastalim izvjesno vrijeme prije pronalaska jedinke jer su rubovi zadebljani (budući da se postupkom obrade preparatu oduzima voda, odnosno štavi koža, jasno je da su rubovi kod žive/netom uginule jedinke bili naglašeniji). Zbunjuje nas činjenica da profesor Kosić ne nalazi zadebljanja s unutarnje strane oklopa koja bi značila da je riječ o procesima regeneracije/reparacije tkiva kao posljedici oštećenja dubljih slojeva oklopa (uključujući i koščice). Prema podacima iz literature, kožni se oklop osim čvrste kože koja nalikuje na gumu sastoji od brojnih malih koščica koje se međusobno spajaju poput mozaika i koje imaju ulogu postizanja čvrstoće oklopa. Nameće se sljedeće pitanje; je li riječ o o površinskim ozljedama, ili pak ozljedama koje su zahvatile sve slojeve oklopa? Bez radiološke analize teško je pretpostaviti je li riječ o strijelnim ranama ili površinskim ozljedama nastalim djelovanjem “gvozdene kuke tupastog šiljka”. Naime, prepariranjem se puno toga izmijenilo. Vjerojatno je dio kostiju trupa uklonjen, no ostaje oklop koji, nadamo se, nije diran. Radiološkom analizom (rentgenografija/kompjutorska tomografija) vidjele bi se promjene ponajprije na kostima, ali i na koži, bez obzira na postupak prepariranja. Iz pisanog teksta profesora Kosića vidljivo je da ni on nije potpuno siguran u vezi s prethodnim iako pridaje veliku pozornost činjenici da je crnogorski knez ispalio dva hica u usminjaču. Isto tako, teško je reći kako oklop sedmopruge usminjače zarasta s obzirom na moguća oštećenja jer je riječ o oklopu specifične građe; podaci iz literature po tom su pitanju oskudni. Pronašli smo izvještaj iz 1988. godine u kojem se govori o nalazu zaraslih 61

Zaboravljeni slučaj, 1894.

seen that not even he was entirely sure about this, although he paid great attention to the fact that a Montenegrin prince had fired two bullets at a turtle. It is also hard to say how the carapace of a sea turtle forms scars to do with possible damage, for this is a carapace of a very particular structure, and details from the literature concerning it are very sparse. We found a report of 1988 in which there is talk of the finding of healed wounds from bullets fired at the shell in the case of a specimen that died of old age. Today, the most common finds of wounds to the carapace derive from motorboat screws, but it is hard to correlate them with those described. If it had been shot in the manner described, without any vital organs being hit or major bleeding caused, the creature would have survived. On the other hand, no parts of a bullet were found in the preparation, although they should have been found considering the force of the bullet fired (considering the hypothesised distance, the carapace could not have repelled the bullet). If these are bullet entry wounds, assumed to have been created 3 and a half months earlier, it is necessary to carry out ballistic investigation (wound ballistics), or to correlate the effect of a 9 mm bullet fired from a Smith & Wesson onto the shell of a leatherback turtle. Wound ballistics, or targeted ballistics, entails the effect of a projectile to and in biological tissue. This includes the evaluation of the features of the wound just after the impact of the projectile and renewed evaluation after a certain length of time, including consideration of the procedure of scar formation (the regeneration and repair of various kinds of tissue). It would not be appropriate to compare this with processes created on the skin and deep tissues of humans or animals when we are dealing with a carapace of a particular structure. This is a very interesting case, but numerous questions arise that, because of the distance in time, cannot be given reliable or uncontroversial answers. We hope that we have been able to help at least a little. Yours sincerely, KreĹĄimir Severin, Dean KonjeviÄ&#x2021; 62

Cold Case, 1894

rana od zrna (projektila) ispaljenih iz vatrenog oružja na oklopu kod jednog primjerka usminjače koja je uginula od starosti. Danas su najčešći nalazi ozljeda oklopa od elise motora, no to je teško uspoređivati s opisanim. Da je ustrijeljena na opisani način i da pritom nisu ozlijeđeni vitalni organi i uzrokovana jaka krvarenja, jedinka bi preživjela. S druge strane nedostaju dijelovi zrna koji nisu nađeni pri prepariranju, a koji bi se trebali pronaći s obzirom na snagu ispaljenog zrna (s obzirom na pretpostavljenu udaljenost, oklop nikako nije mogao odbiti zrna). Ako i jest riječ o ulaznim strijelnim ranama, za koje se pretpostavlja da su nastale prije 3 mjeseca i 14 dana, potrebno je provesti balističko istraživanje (balistika rane) odnosno povezati djelovanje 9 mm projektila ispaljenoga iz “Smith&Wesson” na oklop usminjače. Pod balistikom rane odnosno ciljnom balistikom podrazumijeva se djelovanje projektila na biološko tkivo i u biološkom tkivu. To uključuje prosuđivanje obilježja rane netom po djelovanju projektila te svako prosuđivanje nakon određenog vremena uključuje razmatranje postupka zarastanja rane (regeneracija/reparacija raznih vrsta tkiva). Bilo bi neozbiljno to uspoređivati s procesima koji bi nastali na koži i dubljim tkivima kod čovjeka ili životinje jer je riječ o specifičnoj građi oklopa. Slučaj je vrlo zanimljiv, no postavljaju se brojna pitanja na koja je, s obzirom na vremenski odmak, teško dati pouzdane i svima prihvatljive odgovore. Vjerujemo da smo barem malo pomogli. Srdačan pozdrav, Krešimir Severin, Dean Konjević

Zaboravljeni slučaj, 1894.

omparing Kosić’s writings with contemporary understandings of the reasons for the deaths of this species, it can be concluded that in the last 120 years not much has changed. Today, too, sea turtles very often become bycatch, being caught in fishermen’s nets. Because of the stress they experience, they can more easily run out of air and 64

drown and it is in fact gillnets that are the most widespread fishing tool used in the Adriatic. Unfortunately, without restoration works, this museum object cannot be moved any great distance, and thus at this moment radiological analysis is impossible. Therefore, the case is still not closed… ● Cold Case, 1894

7 Muzejski predmet sedmopruga usminjača Detalj - ozljeda s područja glave /The museum object the leatherback turtle Detail - wound in the skull area

5 Muzejski predmet sedmopruga usminjača Detalj - dvije rupe na lijevoj strani oklopa /The museum object the leatherback turtle Detail - two holes on the left side of the carapace

spoređujući Kosićeve zapise sa suvremenim spoznajama o razlozima stradanja te vrste može se zaključiti da se u posljednjih 120 godina nije mnogo toga promijenilo. I danas su morske kornjače vrlo često slučajne žrtve ribarskih mreža u koje se zapetljaju te zbog stresa vrlo brzo ostaju bez zraka i utapaju se, a upravo su mreže stajaćice najrasprostranjeniji ribolovni alat na Jadranu. Nažalost, bez restauratorskih radova taj muzejski predmet nije moguće pomicati na veće udaljenosti pa je tako u ovom trenutku radiološka analiza nemoguća. Ipak, priča stoga ostaje otvorena... ●

Zaboravljeni slučaj, 1894.

Biografije Biographies

Katarina Ivanišin Kardum, MA (RCA) (Dubrovnik, 1975.) poslijediplomski studij slikarstva završila je 2000. godine na Royal College of Art u Londonu, gdje je i diplomirala te živjela i djelovala do 2004. godine, kao umjetnica i kao predavačica na diplomskom studiju koledža City and Guilds of London Art School. Umjetnički su joj radovi uvršteni u javne zbirke, uključujući British Government Art Collection, City of London Institute, Paramount British Pictures Productions, ZENECA i GLAXO Pharma Int., St. George’s Hospital London. Od 2009. godine muzejska je pedagoginja u Prirodoslovnom muzeju Dubrovnik. Autorica je i suautorica nekoliko edukativnih programa Prirodoslovnog muzeja Dubrovnik, poput kataloga muzejskih predmeta za dječju dob “Zaštićene vrste” te izložbe “Kolika je bila tuna u našemu Muzeju?”.

Katarina Ivanišin Kardum, MA (RCA) (Dubrovnik, 1975), in 2000 completed her postgraduate course in Painting at the Royal College of Art in London, where she had taken her first degree, and where she lived and worked until 2004, as artist and as lecturer in the undergraduate course of the City and Guilds of London Art School. Her artworks have been placed in such public collections as the British Government Art Collection, the City of London Institute, Paramount British Pictures Productions, ZENECA and GLAXO Pharma Int., St. George’s Hospital London. Since 2009 she has been museum educator in the Dubrovnik Natural History Museum. She has authored or co-authored several educational programmes of the Dubrovnik Natural History Museum, such as the catalogue of museum exhibits for childhood “Protected Species” and the exhibition “How Big was the Tuna in Our Museum?”. Dermochelys coriacea — 1/2

Dr. sc. Dean Konjević, dipl. ECZM (WPH) (Zagreb, 1974.) 1997. godine primio je nagradu dekana za najboljeg studenta pete godine Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, gdje je 2000. godine i diplomirao s temom velikih izumiranja životinja tijekom prošlosti. Od 2001. godine radi kao znanstveni novak na Zavodu za biologiju, patologiju i uzgoj divljači. Doktorirao je 2009. godine, a 2010. godine postao Diplomate pri European College of Zoological Medicine, odsjek Wildlife Population Health. Dosad je objavio 56 znanstvenih radova od kojih je 30 tiskano u CC i SCI časopisima, 38 stručnih radova, 12 objavljenih radova na skupovima i 60 sažetaka, 2 sveučilišna udžbenika i 3 uredničke knjige.

Dean Konjević, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ECZM (WPH) (Zagreb, 1974) won the dean’s prize for the outstanding student of the fifth year of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb in 1997; in 2000 he took his degree with a dissertation on the mass extinctions of animals in the past. From 2001 he worked as a research fellow in the Department for Game Biology, Pathology and Breeding. In 2009 he took his doctorate and became a Diplomate of the European College of Zoological Medicine, Wildlife Population Health Department. He has published 56 scientific papers, 30 of which have been printed in CC and SCI journals, 38 specialised works, 12 works published at conferences, 60 summaries, 2 university textbooks and has edited three books.

Biografije/Biographies

Doc. dr. sc. Krešimir Severin (Zagreb, 1976.) nakon što je diplomirao na Veterinarskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu od 2003. godine radi kao znanstveni novak na Zavodu za biologiju, patologiju i uzgoj divljači. Od 2009. godine prelazi na Zavod za sudsko i upravno veterinarstvo gdje iste godine doktorira. U zvanje docenta izabran je 2011. godine na spomenutom Zavodu, a iste godine postaje i znanstveni savjetnik. Dosad je objavio 22 znanstvena rada u SCI Expanded, 17 u ostalim bazama te 12 stručnih radova. Sudjelovao je na 21 međunarodnom kongresu (43 rada) i 7 domaćih (9 radova) te je trenutačno suradnik na dva znanstvena, jednom međunarodnom i dva stručna projekta.

Assistant Professor Krešimir Severin, DVM, PhD (Zagreb, 1976), after taking his degree at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, worked from 2003 as a research fellow at the Department for Game Biology, Pathology and Breeding. In 2009 he moved to the Department of Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Legislation, and took his doctorate there in the same year. He was elected assistant professor (docent) in 2011 at the same institute, and in the same year became scientific adviser. He has published 22 scientific papers in SCI Expanded, 17 in other databases and 12 specialised works. He has taken part in 21 international conferences with 43 papers and in 7 Croatian conferences (9 papers), and is currently associated with two scientific, one international and two applied projects.

Dermochelys coriacea — 1/2

Doc. dr. sc. Pero Tutman (Dubrovnik, 1967.) studirao je biologiju na Biološkom odsjeku PMF-a u Sarajevu i Zagrebu. Od 1998. godine radi u Laboratoriju za ekologiju i uzgoj morskih organizama u Dubrovniku Instituta za oceanografiju i ribarstvo iz Splita, a 2005. preselio se u Split, gdje radi u Institutu za oceanografiju i ribarstvo u znanstvenom zvanju višega znanstvenog suradnika. Na Prirodoslovno–matematičkom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu 2002. godine stječe magisterij iz prirodnih znanosti, a 2006. godine zvanje doktora prirodnih znanosti iz znanstvenog polja biologije. Dosad je samostalno ili u suautorstvu objavio više od 90 znanstvenih radova i sažetaka s domaćih i međunarodnih znanstvenih skupova.

Assistant Professor Pero Tutman, PhD (Dubrovnik, 1967) studied biology in the biology department of the Science and Mathematics Faculty in Sarajevo and in that of Zagreb. Since 1988 he has worked in the laboratory for the ecology and rearing of marine organisms in the Dubrovnik Institute for Oceanography and Fishery, Split, and in 2005 moved to Split, where he works at the Institute for Oceanography and Fishery in the grade of senior scientific associate. In 2002 he was awarded a master’s in natural sciences at the Science and Mathematics Faculty in Zagreb, and in 2006 a doctorate in natural sciences, biology. To date he has authored or co-authored 90 scientific papers and summaries from Croatian and international scientific conferences.

Biografije/Biographies

Impresum Impressum Nakladnik/Publisher Prirodoslovni muzej Dubrovnik/ Dubrovnik Natural History Museum Za nakladnika/ On behalf of the publisher Frane Čizmić Autori izložbe/ Exhibition devised by Katarina Ivanišin Kardum Pero Tutman Likovni postav/Set-up Katarina Ivanišin Kardum Ivana Dražić Selmani

Suradnici/Associates Deša Jelavić Malenica, Institut Ruđer Bošković/ Ruđer Bošković Institute Ana Kuzman, Prirodoslovni muzej Dubrovnik/ Dubrovnik Natural History Museum Krešimir Severin, Dean Konjević, Veterinarski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu/The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb Ivana Dražić Selmani, Umjetnička škola Luke Sorkočevića/ Luka Sorkočević Secondary Art School Dario Hladilo, PU Dubrovačko-neretvanska/ Dubrovnik-Neretva County Police Force Melanie Bailey, Sveučilište Surrey/University of Surrey Marija Crnčević, Javna ustanova za upravljanje zaštićenim prirodnim vrijednostima na području Dubrovačko-neretvanske županije/Public Institution for the Management of Natural Protected Areas in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County

3D animacija/3D animation Iva Ivas, IVANISIN. KABASHI. ARHITEKTI Crteži za animaciju/ Drawings for the animation Antun Franulović, Klara Knego, Petra Mirošević, Ivana Serdarević, Doris Soko i Josipa Šare (Srednja umjetnička škola Luke Sorkočevića/Luka Sorkočević Secondary Art School) Glasovi za animaciju/ Voices for the animation Iva Katarina Barač, Lina Michl, Sara Mićković, Matija Miljanić, Maris Šteta i Stela Tošović (Osnovna škola Marina Držića/Marin Držić Primary School) Zahvale/With special thanks to Lukrecija Marinović, Sandra Lacković, Krunoslav Ivanišin, Andrea Sebastijan, Darija Čaleta, Božidar Gjukić, Dubravka Đančević, Jadranka Sulić, Damir Tomašek, Vedran Nuić, Igor Brautović, Lorita Ivanišin, Veljko Radulović, Nikša Selmani, Eta Kačić, Zlatko Vlahušić, Ivan Viđen, Olga Muratti, Srednja umjetnička škola Luke Sorkočevića/Luka Sorkočević Secondary Art School, Osnovna škola Marina Držića/Marin Držić Primary School, Gimnazija Dubrovnik/ Dubrovnik High School, PU Dubrovačko-neretvanska/ Dubrovnik-Neretva County Police Force, Centar za forenzična ispitivanja, istraživanja i vještačenja “Ivan Vučetić”/ Forensic Science Center “Ivan Vučetić”, HR Radio Dubrovnik/Croatian Radio Dubrovnik, Art radionica Lazareti/Art workshop Lazareti

Prijevod/Translation Graham McMaster Lektura i korektura/ Copy editing and Proof reading Ivana Zima Grafički dizajn/Design Mario Aničić & Jele Dominis Grafička priprema/Prepress Grafički ured, Zagreb Tisak/Printing Alfa-2 d.o.o., Dubrovnik Naklada/Print order 400 primjeraka/copies Dubrovnik, srpanj 2012./July 2012 ISBN 978-953-56794-1-7

Izvori/Sources • str./pp. 15, 16, 17 Giuseppe Rieger: Panorama della Costa e delle Isole di Dalmazia nei viaggi dei Piroscafi del Lloyd Austriaco, Litografia di B. Linassi e Co, Trieste, 1853 pretisak/reprint: Mithad Kozličić: Panorame Dalmacije Giuseppea Riegera, Hrvatski hidrografski institut, Split, 2003. • str./pp. 6, 7, 54, 55, 56, 57, 64, 65 Božidar Gjukić • str./p. 40 Banco de Imagens-Projeto Tamar (http://tartarugasmarinhas.pt/node/154) • str./p. 41 Brian J Hutchinson @ IUCN.org (http://www.iucn.org)

Cijena/Price 30 kuna CIP – Katalogizacija u publikaciji Znanstvena knjižnica Dubrovnik

Izložba je realizirana uz financijsku potporu Ministarstva kulture RH u okviru programa muzejsko-galerijske djelatnosti za 2012. i Grada Dubrovnika. The exhibition has been produced with financial support from the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia within the framework of museum and gallery activity for 2012 and the city authority of Dubrovnik.

UDK 598.132.6(262.3)(083.824) 061.4:598.132.6(262.3) IVANIŠIN-Kardum, Katarina Dermochelys coriacea : prirodoslovna didaktička izložba u dva dijela = a two-part didactic exhibition : <katalog izložbe = exhibition catalogue : Prirodoslovni muzej Dubrovnik, svibanj - listopad 2012. > / < autori izložbe Katarina Ivanišin Kardum, Pero Tutman ; crteži Antun Franulović … <et al.> ; prijevod Graham McMaster>. – Dubrovnik : Prirodoslovni muzej, 2012. – 72 str. : ilustr. u bojama ; 21 cm Usporedo hrv. tekst i engl. prijevod. ISBN 978-953-56794-1-7 1. Tutman, Pero 520720015

Dermochelys coriacea

prirodoslovna didaktička izložba u dva dijela/ A two-part didactic exhibition