Sep/Oct 2013 - International Aquafeed

I N C O R P O R AT I N G f i s h far m ing t e c h no l og y

The potential of microalgae meals – in compound feeds for aquaculture

Understanding ammonia in aquaculture ponds AquaNor event review EXPERT TOPIC – Salmon

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CONTENTS

An international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry - INCORPORATING fish farming technology

Volume 16 / Issue 5 / September-October 2013 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2013 / All rights reserved Aqua News 3 3 4 5 7 8 9

New prawn feed additive lacks reliance on fishmeal Aquaculture industry may benefit from water mold genome study Feed safety and responsibility assurance International Copper Association launches new aquaculture web library A new aquaculture revolution?

Veggie diets for cobia The aquaculture future is bright in Indiana, USA

Features 10 14 18 22 26

Grinding equipment for aquatic feed pellets The potential of microalgae meals in compound feeds for aquaculture Marine algal polysaccharides: a new option for immune stimulation Understanding ammonia in aquaculture ponds Feeding lined seahorse juveniles with enriched Artemia nauplii

Regular items THE AQUACULTURISTS PHOTOSHOOT EXPERT TOPIC - SALMON INDUSTRY EVENTS High Value Finfish Symposium

Positioning for profit at APA

International Aquafeed publisher to open major fish feed symposium

AquaNor 2013 Event Review 60 CLASSIFIED ADVERTS 62 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW 64 INDUSTRY FACES 5 32 38 45

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.

All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

www.perendale.co.uk

Editor Professor Simon Davies Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk Associate Editors Alice Neal Email: alicen@perendale.co.uk Professor Krishen Rana Email: krishenr@aquafeed.co.uk Dr Yu Yu Email: yuy@perendale.co.uk Editorial Advisory Panel • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Professor Charles Bai (Korea) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore) • Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy) Circulation & Events Manager Tuti Tan Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk Design & Page Layout James Taylor Email: jamest@aquafeed.co.uk International Marketing Team (UK Office) Darren Parris Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk Lee Bastin Email: leeb@aquafeed.co.uk Tom Blacker Email: tomb@perendale.co.uk Richard Sillett Email: richards@perendale.co.uk

CROESO - Welcome

H

ello and a warm welcome from Plymouth. In this issue we have a host of informative articles so I will dive straight in and tell you all about them.

Microalgae has attracted much attention as a potential aquafeed ingredient so we thought we’d take a closer look. One of my own MSc Sustainable Aquaculture Systems students, Nathan Atkinson, weighs up the potential of microalgae meals in compound feeds for aquaculture.

In our interview, Andrew Jackson of IFFO talks about the strategic use of fishmeal in aquafeeds and how IFFO helps ensure responsible fishmeal production.

The expert topic this issue is salmon. This species is a favourite on dinner plates across the world so we look at how salmon is farmed and fed from Iceland to Tasmania and Scotland to New Zealand (and a few other places in between).

While we are talking about seahorses, our photo shoot this issue also looks at this fascinating creature. Marine Conservation Cambodia is doing some very important work using aquaculture to help restock threatened Hippocampus spinosissimus and Hippocampus kuda populations off the southern coast of Cambodia. So turn to page 32 to take a look.

Outside of the office, the summer has been full of events and there are plenty more to look forward to as we approach the autumn. In this issue, we review AquaNor which took place in Trondheim, Norway in August. The review includes some video interviews which smartphone users will be able to access in the palm of their hands. But if you are not technically savvy, don’t worry, there’s plenty of material to keep you occupied. We also spoke to Alistair Lane of the European Aquaculture Society who gave us the lowdown on Aquaculture Europe 2013 and the state of European aquaculture.

Looking ahead, I am eagerly anticipating attending the BioMarine Business Convention in Halifax, Canada. After the success of last year’s convention in London, I can’t wait to find out what’s going on in this diverse collection of industries and sample some famous Canadian lobster!

Elsewhere, International Aquafeed publisher, Roger Gilbert will be heading to China to open the ninth Symposium of the World’s Chinese Scientists on Nutrition and Feeding of Finfish and Shellfish. China produces a large proportion of the world’s aquaculture so the symposium will be good opportunity to see the developments in aquatic nutrition in the country.

But for now, I will leave you to this issue of International Aquafeed. Until next time, enjoy!

Latin American Office Ivàn Marquetti Email: ivanm@perendale.com

IAF at an industry event near you!

It is an exciting time for us here at International Aquafeed. We are putting together our event schedule for next year - but in the mean time there are a few big event announcements that we would like to tell you about.

Pablo Porcel de Peralta Email: pablop@perendale.co.uk India Office Raj Kapoor Email: rajk@perendale.com More information: International Aquafeed 7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267706 Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

Professor Simon Davies

Turning our attention away from food, Dong Zhang and Fei Yin of the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, write about the effects of feeding lined seahorse juveniles with enriched Artemia nauplii.

12 – 16 November 2013 - Symposium of the World’s Chinese Scientists on Nutrition and Feeding of Finfish and Shellfish Roger Gilbert (publisher of IAF) is making the opening address of the conference - See more on page 58

17 – 18 November 2013 - SEAFEX Conference Roger Gilbert is the Communications Director and Event Organiser

4 – 7 February 2014 - 1st Russian Aquaculture Conference and Veterinary Exhibition

Roger Gilbert is the Organiser and Chairman of the event

24 September 2014 - AQUATECH FEEDTECH

at VIV CHINA

Roger Gilbert is the Organiser and Chairman of the event

at Cereals, Mixed Feed

Aqua News

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ustralia's national science agency, CSIRO, has developed a new prawn feed which it claims will help in the quest for sustainable seafood.

After a decade of research, the CSIRO scientists have perfected the Novacq™ prawn feed additive. Farmed prawns fed with Novacq grow on average 30 percent faster, are healthier and can be produced without using fish products in feeds.

Novacq is an entirely natural food source based on marine microbes. CSIRO researchers have discovered how to feed and harvest the marine microbes, and convert them into a product that can then be added to feeds as a bioactive ingredient.

Including Novacq in the diet of farmed prawns has shown for the

first time that fish meal and fish oil can be completely replaced in the prawn diet, potentially freeing the prawn aquaculture industry from reliance on wild fisher y resources.

CSIRO's Dr Nigel Preston has been working with the AU$75 million Australian prawn farming industry for over 25 years, and says this is a game changer for the industry.

"We fed Novacq to black tiger prawns, and it made them even better for consumers, the environment and prawn farmers," said Dr Preston.

"This is a major achievement for the sustainability of Australia's aquaculture industry as prawns fed this diet are not only a top quality product and reach market size faster, they also no longer need to be fed with any products from wild fishery resources."

"This means that Australian prawn aquaculture, already a world leader in sustainability and environmental

Aquaculture industry may benefit from water mould genome study

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sing technology from the Human Genome Project has helped scientists at Oregon State University, USA to more clearly identify the genes used by a type of water mould that attacks fish and causes millions of dollars in losses to the aquaculture industry each year.

Research led by Oregon State University, USA compared the fish and plant pathogens to clearly identify the genes involved. By better understanding how these pathogens invade animals, the aquaculture industry can develop more effective control methods, such as improved vaccines and fungicides, researchers said.

The water mould belongs to a group of more than 500 species of fungus-like microorganisms called ‘oomycetes’ that reproduce both sexually and asexually. Oomycetes, close relatives of seaweeds such as kelp, are serious pathogens of salmon and other fish.This is a particular problem in regions of the world where trout and salmon are raised, including the Pacific Northwest, Scotland and Chile.

BrettTyler, professor and director of the Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing at the Oregon State University College of Agricultural Sciences, led a project that mapped the entire genome of an oomycete species known as Saprolegnia parasitica. This is the first time these methods have been applied to water mould pathogens of fish.

The pathogen causes a disease called saprolegniosis, characterized by visible grey or white patches of mycelium on skin and fins that can also transfer into the muscles and blood vessels of fish.

The potato late blight pathogen that caused the great Irish famine of the 1840s is a relative of S. parasitica. While saprolegniosis can't affect humans, relatives of S. parasitica can.

"Developing new, environmentally sustainable ways to reduce fish disease will cut down on the use of chemicals on fish farms, while also protecting wild fish, such as salmon, found in the rivers of the Pacific Northwest," said Tyler.

management, is now set to become even better, and really solidifies aquaculture as a sustainable source of protein to help meet the ever growing demand for food."

Until now, Australian prawn farmers have needed to feed their prawns with a pellet that includes some fishmeal or fish oil.

"When we are talking about relieving pressure on our ocean stocks of fish, ever y little bit helps. Novacq will mean that the Australian prawn farming industry could potentially no longer be reliant on wild-caught fisher y products," said Dr Preston.

Ridley AgriProducts has a licence to produce and distribute Novacq in Australia and several Southeast Asian countries.

Bob Har vey, general manager aquafeed, Ridley AgriProducts said this means the Australian industry will soon have the opportunity to use the Novacq feed additive to boost domestic prawn farm productivity.

"We've seen this product in action and we know how great it is.

We've conducted multiple laboratory-based trials, and in conjunction with CSIRO and a great customer of ours, Australian Prawn Farms, we have proven the effects of Novacq when commercially grown, added into a commercial prawn feed and fed to black tiger prawns in multiple full-scale commercial sized ponds," said Harvey.

"Adding Novacq into even the best performing prawn diets on the market, we proved a significant incremental growth rate and food conversion rate improvement.

We are really excited to now be able to start the process of commercialising Novacq, so that Australian prawn farmers will soon be able to benefit from it.

Over the next twelve months we will be up scaling production, performing additional tests and further farm-scale trials, and then moving into full-scale commercial production."

Key findings of the research include: • S. parasitica can rapidly adapt to its environment through changes to its genes, allowing it to spread to new fish species or overcome fungicides • S. parasitica contains an enzyme that can actively suppress a fish's initial immune response, leaving it less able to defend against initial stages of infection • Plant pathogens can change the physiology of their hosts by using special enzymes that suppress plant immunity, while animal oomycetes have developed different enzymes, proteins and toxins that enable infection of fish • S. parasitica has more enzymes involved in adaptation than humans, allowing it to recognise and quickly adapt to a wide variety of environments • S. parasitica is vulnerable to an antifungal agent called a chitin synthesis inhibitor, contrar y to previous beliefs that animal-damaging oomycetes did not contain any chitin.

NUMBER CRUNCHING

September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 3

3.1 was the value of EU aquaculture production in 2010 1.26 million tonnes of aquaculture products were produced in the EU in 2010

25% of the seafood market is supplied from EU fisheries 15% of the stocks studied have fishery improvement projects (FIPs) 65% comes from imports 10% comes from EU aquaculture 13.2 million tonnes of fishery and aquaculture products were consumed in the EU in 2010

3,000 - 4,000 more full-time jobs could be created through aquaculture in the EU

Source: http:// europa.eu

New prawn feed additive lacks reliance on fishmeal

Aqua News

Feed safety and responsibility assurance

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h e r a p i d g r ow t h o f the wor ld population combined with the increasing purchase power of a lot of people are powerful triggers for the production of aqua products. At the same time, food safety and sustainable production are essential conditions for aquaculture to take into account.

The GMP+ Feed Cer tification scheme offers the possibility to prove the safety and sustainability of aquafeed.

There are two modules within

the GMP+ Feed Cer tification scheme. One GMP+ module focuses on feed safety assurance (GMP+ FSA) in the whole feed chain. The second GMP+ module was been introduced recently and focuses on responsible production (GMP+ FRA) of animal feed.

Feed Safety Assurance (GMP+ FSA) The Feed Safety Assurance module star ted in 1992 as a Good Manufacturing Practice

code. Nowadays, it is a well-elaborated certification scheme for the whole feed chain, with a number of tools integrated in this scheme .

Fundamental are HACCP and the requirements for quality management systems according to ISO 9001/22000.

In addition, for the different types of feed companies in the feed chain, prerequisite programmes are integrated too.

For assuring a cer tain level of feed safety, product standards (maximum permitted levels of undesirable substances) are also applicable. The chain approach is crucial, what that means in principle is that all suppliers in the chain should be certified in order to control risks at all stages of the chain. All these tools are used for prevention of contamination. Corrective tools are traceability and the early warning system, which can be applied in case of occurrence of an incident in order to avoid fur ther distribution of contaminated feed products.

Feed Responsbility Assurance (GMP+ FRA) In order to offer the involved companies a one stop shop - multiple cer tification possibility, GMP+ Inter national will integr ate responsibility issues in the GMP+ scheme.

AQUACULTURE UPDATES Scottish farmed salmon production has reached its highest output since 2003. In 2012, the country produced 162,223 tonnes, an increase of 2.7 percent on the previous year. The increased production is a ÂŁ537 million boost for the Scottish economy.

FAO has launched its Fisheries and Aquaculture document as an e-book. Compatible with iPad, Kindle, Nook and Sony Reader, the e-books allow readers to highlight interesting passages, bookmark pages, make notes or search the full-text content with one click. The title, along with others focusing on agriculture and food, are available to download online.

Biomin is to open a new premix plant in Vietnam in October 2013.

The 4.7 ha facility will be fitted with a micro dosing system and house a laboratory with several cutting-edge technologies, including a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometr y (LC-MS/MS) system.

4 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

The fir st step was made in March 2013 by introducing a GMP+ standard for the chain of custody for responsible soy according to RTRS. In the same way, we will cooperate with Proter r a regarding responsible soy. At this moment, we are prepar ing a GMP+ standard for the chain of custody for responsible fishmeal and fish oil. We intend to link this standard to existing sustainability standards regarding fishing. We intend to implement this standard in 2014.

Worldwide At this moment, over 12,000 companies in the feed chain, located in over 65 countries worldwide, are GMP+ FSA certified. At the end of 2013 the first companies will become certified against GMP+ FRA.

Multi stakeholders’ participation The GMP+ Feed Certification scheme is managed by GMP+ International. This is an international, independent organization, operating on the principle of well-balanced multi-stakeholders par ticipation. At this moment, 28 trade associations and food companies are supporting GMP+ International.

More Information: Website: www.gmpplus.org

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) has joined forces with the BalticSea2020 foundation to launch its programme in Poland. Over the next three years, the MSC will help build a more sustainable fishing industry in the region, and provide Polish shoppers more opportunities to choose ecolabelled seafood.

Aqua News

International Copper Association launches new aquaculture web library

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new aquaculture web library has been launched by the Inter national Copper Association (ICA) under the direction of Langley Gace, aquaculture applications development manager.

The ICA, which promotes the use of copper worldwide, has partnered with the aquaculture industry to deploy copper-alloy nets in several regions throughout the world. The web library, www.

CuAquaculture.org, provides an educational forum to share information and updates about recent copper-alloy net installations and much more. www.CuAquaculture.org aims to reach aquaculture industr y professionals, including fish

farmer s, supplier s, scientists, researchers, educators, non-government organisations, business consumers and media professionals who are looking for timely and valuable information about the industry.

The library is readily accessible and free to users 24/7. It contains information about the scientific benefits of copper alloy netting for the aquaculture industry as well as a variety of news sources and articles. Photos and videos of recent copper alloy net installations can be accessed by an interactive global map.

“The site also contains profiles, in-depth articles and case studies about environmentally friendly and sustainable fish farming practices,” said Gace.

“On-line visitors will learn about and experience a view of the whole copper-alloy net installation process as well as benefits derived from the use of copper alloys in fish farming practices.” www.CuAquaculture.org provides a home in cyberspace for a wide range of aquaculture educational information, trade shows,

seminar s and global for ums.

“We’re continuing to develop and gather rich content from a variety of s o u r c e s . We also encourage visitors to s u b m i t i n f o rmation for blog updates on the s i t e ’s h o m e p a g e ,” s a i d Gace.

Additional resources on the new site include the histor y of the I C A , b e n e fi t s of copper in aquaculture including a downloadable PDF describing the value of copper alloys in marine aquaculture, a listing and description of fish species commonly cultivated in aquaculture, copper alloy net case studies, research, aquaculture news from a variety of current and global sources, and industry

September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 5

press releases and contact information.

The ICA’s aquaculture on-line resources are already extensive and will continue to grow. “The goal is to make this site as accessible, information rich and diverse as the needs of the visitors using it,” said Gace.

AQUACULTURE

view

by Dominique P Bureau, member of the IAF Editorial Panel

The potential of animal fats as lipid sources in aquafeeds For many years, most aquaculture feeds were formulated with fish oil(s) as the main lipid source. For a long period, these n-3 PUFA-rich lipid sources were competitively priced compared to other lipid sources and availability was rarely an issue. Fish oil production reached its peak at roughly 1 million metric tonnes (mmt) and demand, both from the aquaculture feed market and the pharmaceutical industry, has increased very steadily since then. The increased demand and fluctuations in production volumes have led to a volatile and expensive fish oil market. This has forced manufacturers to greatly limit inclusion of fish oil in their feed formulations and rely on a different, more economical, lipid sources.

There has been much research and exchange about the use of plant (vegetable) oils in feeds for different aquaculture species. Studies have demonstrated plant oils can be used to provide a large proportion of the total lipids of the diet, without affecting performance of the animals, as long as the nutritional requirements, including n-3 PUFA require-

ments, are met. With this information, feed formulators have started using plant oils widely and significant levels of plant oils are now used in a very large proportion of aquaculture feeds produced around the world. These lipids are, nevertheless, expensive commodities. Approximately 12 mmt of terrestrial animal fats are manufactured every year around the world and these lipid sources are generally more economical than plant oils. They have been staples in feed formulations for terrestrial animal feeds for many decades. Their use in aquaculture feeds has been highly limited for various reasons but they deserve more attention today.

I am often struck by some of the misconceptions about the nutritive value of animal fats that are prevalent in the field of aquaculture nutrition today.

I feel that some of the views need to be revised.

There is a relatively solid body of evidence showing that these lipids are safe and cost-effective lipid sources for fish feeds.

Certain animal fats (e.g. poultry fat/oil) have actually found wide use with significant success in commercial salmon and trout feeds in the Americas for about two decades.

A number of early studies suggested that terrestrial animal fats were very poorly digestible to fish, notably cold water fish species, and feeds containing certain amount of animal fat did not support optimal growth performance. Some of these early studies, including a digestibility trial carried out in our fish nutrition research facilities at the University of Guelph, Canada back in the 1980s, have really made a lasting impression on many stakeholders of the industry. Numerous other studies, including several recent ones have shown that animal fats are actually very well digested and utilized by many fish species, including rainbow trout reared in cold water. While it seems clear that the apparent digestibility of lipids can be negatively correlated to the dietary inclusion level of saturated fatty acids (SFA), results from some studies do not always appear to support this conclusion.

So what is the source of discrepancy between studies?

A few years ago, my colleague Katheline Hua and I carried out a comprehensive assessment of the effect of dietary fatty acids composition, lipid level and water temperature on digestibility of lipids in fish using a nutritional modeling approach.

The results from the metaanalysis of data from 16 studies with rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon indicated that variations in apparent digestibility of dietary lipid can be primarily explained by the proportion of SFA in the total fatty acids. A broken line analysis of the data from these studies suggested that SFA can be incorporated in diets at levels below 23 percent of total fatty acids without negatively affecting lipid digestibility. When SFA exceeded 23 percent of the total fatty acids, the apparent digestibility of lipids decreases by 1.5 percent for every 1 percent increase in SFA content of the diet.

The results of a multiple regression analysis of data from the same 16 studies suggested that the apparent digestibility of different types of fatty acids differ significantly and the digestibility of SFA cannot be assumed to be additive when estimating the digestible lipid content of fish feeds.

The analysis suggested that monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and increased water temperature have a positive effect on the digestibility of SFA. On the basis of the results from the multiple repression analysis, we suggested the following model for predicting the digestible lipid content of fish feeds on the basis of the SFA, MUFA and PUFA content of the diet and the water temperature: Digestible lipid content (% of diet) = 0.45 SFA - 0.08 SFA2 + 0.86 MUFA + 0.94 PUFA + 0.03 SFA*MUFA + 0.04 SFA*PUFA + 0.03 temperature*SFA. Comparison of model prediction with data from independent studies suggested that it accurately predicted the digestible lipid content of diets containing a combination of lipid sources with varying dietary lipid content fed to rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon reared at different water temperatures. The model also

6 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

accurately predicted digestible lipid content of diets for several warm and cold water fish species. We concluded that this model could be a very simple practical tool for fish feed formulators wanting to explore the cost-effectiveness of different lipid sources.

Of interest in this model (multiple regression equation) is the ‘positive’ effect of PUFA and MUFA on digestibility of SFA. The ‘synergistic effect’ of PUFA on the digestibility of SFA is a well-described phenomenon in poultry. It was demonstrated many years ago (1962 to be precise) that lipid sources rich in SFA, when used alone in the diet, are poorly digested by poultry.

However, combining equal amounts of a lipid source rich in SFA (e.g. tallow) and a lipid source rich in PUFA (e.g. soya oil) generally results in metabolizable energy (ME) value for the blended fat that is greater than the average of the two lipid sources, hence the term ‘synergistic effect’.

It is clear that animal fats generally cannot be used as the sole or major lipid source in the diet of most fish species. Feed formulators should ensure that diets are formulated to contain a sufficient amount of MUFA and PUFA to facilitate the digestion of SFA and to meet the essential fatty acid requirements of the animal. It is my experience that good quality animal fats can be used in many cases up to about 40 of total lipids in many types of fish feeds.

Agree or disagree? Any feedback? Please don't hesitate to contact me at dbureau@ uoguelph.ca

AQUACULTURE

view Have your say Visit the Aquaculturists and click on the 'Aquaculture view' tab, to see past columns and add your comments to the discussion! http://theaquaculturists. blogspot.com

Aqua News The Nofima Centre for Recirculation in Aquaculture, in Sunndalsøra, Norway Image courtesy of Kjell Merok/Nofima©

A new aquaculture revolution?

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lot needs to happen to threaten the hegemony of the net-based production concept in salmon farming, according to a new report from Nofima.

In the long term, more efficient land-based aquaculture can come close. The scientists also suggest that land-based aquaculture in countries with low production costs may be somewhat of a threat.

On commission from the Ministr y of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, the scientists evaluated whether new operational concepts within aquaculture could threaten Norway’s position as an aquaculture nation.

The following systems have been evaluated: recirculating aquaculture systems both in Norway and in countries with low production costs, offshore sea cages and closed-containment sea-

AQUACULTURE UPDATES Research published in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology claims that fish use chemical cues to find other fish of the same size as themselves. The researchers exposed fish from two freshwater shoaling fish species to chemical cues emitted by fish of varying sizes from the same species.

based systems in both exposed and sheltered locations.

“We see that land-based or closed-containment sea-based systems, often using recirculating technology, are being built in Denmark, Nor th America, Scotland and China. Land-based and closed-containment sea-based systems will involve much higher investment costs, but some of this disadvantage is expected to be offset by lower operating costs.

However, there is a long way to go before closed-containment constructions will be as economical as today’s net-based solutions,” said scientist Audun Iversen.

Production cost The average production cost of the current net-based aquaculture is NOK24 per kilo of salmon produced. The production costs for the other concepts are far more uncer tain. Consequently, the scientists have developed an

The Jamaican fisheries sector is set to benefit from a multi-milliondollar investment in silver tilapia aquaculture. The funding comes from Sunshine Aquaculture Limited, in partnership with Aqua Wilson Farm, a 100-acre fresh water fish sanctuary in Hill Run, St Catherine.

The companies hope that improved efficiencies will mean reduced production costs which can be passed on to the consumer.

analytical model, which enables them to take much of the uncertainty into consideration.

“In the figure above, we see that there are much higher costs in the closed-containment or semi closed-containment concepts.

The costs are at least NOK5-10 higher than today’s net-based concept,” said Iversen.

Major policy changes, such as stricter environmental requirements, may change this picture.

The scientists also envisage that the technological paradigm shifts, that will give considerable changes in the cost level, can have an impact on the probability of the success of the various technologies.

Combination models The scientists believe that we will see examples of combination models, where more of the salmon’s weight (e.g. up to 1 kg) occurs in land or sea-based closed-containment systems.

This has advantages both for the environment of the fish and that of the surrounding area, as well as limiting the investments significantly in relation to having the entire growth phase in land or sea-based closed-containment systems.

“Norway’s natur al advantage will possibly become less important with new production concepts, but other advantages are also important for Norway’s competitive position and are also hard to copy,” said Iversen.

“Norway’s salmon farming industry benefits from proximity to the important European fresh fish market, strong knowledge environments, a leading supplier industry, good infrastructure and good resource management.

This broad competence around salmon farming is also a major competitive advantage. And that’s difficult to copy, if not as difficult as copying the nature.”

Mola fish have been introduced to a beel (swamp) in Bangladesh in a bid to meet growing protein demand. Under the WorldFish project, 92 kg of mola fish fr y was released into the swamp in Bhelakuba Beel in 2012.

September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 7

Scientists at Makerere University Agricultural Institute Kabonyolo (MUARIK), Uganda, have star ted rearing the ear thworms for use in fish feeds. The demand for alternative feed ingredients comes from fish farmers who argue that existing commercial feeds are too expensive.

Aqua News

Veggie diets for cobia

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cientists at the University of Maryland, USA have developed a completely vegetarian diet for marine fish raised in aquaculture.

The findings led by Aaron Watson and Allen Place at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science's Institute for Marine and Environmental Technology, are published in the August issue of the journal Lipids.

"Aquaculture isn't sustainable because it takes more fish to feed fish than are being produced," said Dr Watson.

A new vegetarian diet might change everything Suppor ted by another paper published in the Jour nal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, the team has proven that a completely plant-based food com-

AQUACULTURE UPDATES Restaurant menus could hold the key to tracing Hawaii's wild fish history. Scientists at Duke University, USA are hoping to fill a 45-year gap in official wild fish population records by looking at what was served in restaurants. Almost 400 menus from 154 restaurants were collected from holidaymakers who took the menus as souvenirs.

bination can suppor t fast-growing marine carnivores like cobia and gilthead sea bream in reaching maturity just as well as - and sometimes better than - conventional diets containing fishmeal and fish oil.

"This makes aquaculture completely sustainable," said Dr Place.

"The pressure on natural fisheries in terms of food fish can be relieved. We can now sustain a good protein source without har vesting fish to feed fish."

T h e t e a m ’s r e s e a r c h centered on evaluating fishmeal- free, plant protein-based diets originally developed for rainbow trout by the USDA-Agricultural Research Ser vice and modifying them

Prawn and barramundi farmers in Australia have moved one step closer to merging their industry bodies.Talks in Cairns at the annual joint conference of the Australian Prawn and Barramundi Farmers Associations ended with an agreement to form a national alliance.

to replace the fish oil for cobia and potentially other high-value marine carnivores.

A public private-partnership in Florencia, Columbia is attempting to steer the local economy away from coca and towards silver arowana aquaculture. Amazon International Trade, with suppor t from the Columbian trade promotion office, has star ted a farm which is on course to ship 20,000 fish a year.

The fish is highly prized in China where a single arowana can sell for as much as UD$40.

8 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

Fishmeal was replaced with a food made of corn, wheat, and soy. Fish oil was replaced with soybean or canola oil, supplemental lipids from algae sources, and amino acid supplements, such as taurine.

For the consumer, vegetarian fish have the added benefit of lower PCBs and mercury levels.

"Right now, you are only supposed to eat striped bass once ever y two weeks," said Dr Place. "You can eat aquaculture-raised fish twice a week because levels are so low."

The University of Maine at Machias, USA has received a US$600,000 gr ant from the National Science Foundation to study the potential for new aquaculture mar kets for two shellfish in Maine. The research aims to improve the growth and survival of blue mussels and Arctic surfclams in an effort to create new economic opportunities.

Aqua News

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'no-take marine protected area' by making regular donations. We invite you to do the same. Learn moren about 'the Last Ocean' here: http://www.lastocean.org/ Take-Action/Donate-__I.1791.

You can make a donation here: https://www.fundraiseonline. co.nz/fundraise/makedonation_ direct.aspx?c=249

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The Ross Sea is the subject of our photo shoot on page 32.

The Ross Sea is the most pristine ocean remaining on the planet.

We at International Aquafeed (IAF)would like to keep it that way. By developing the potential that aquaculture has to offer we will ultimately take pressure off oceans, such as the Ross Sea, while meeting the growing demand for fish and seafood in our diets. IAF actively supports the work of 'the Last Ocean' charitable trust and in particularl its creation of a

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T

he business of raising fish may still be relatively small in Indiana, USA but it is a growing part of the state's agricultural economy, a Purdue Extension report concludes.

Estimated sales from Indiana fish farms amounted to more than $15 million in 2012, an increase from $3.5 million in 2006, according to the publication Economic Importance of the Aquaculture Industry in Indiana.

There are about 50 fish producers in Indiana, compared with 18 just seven years ago.

"While aquaculture is not the most well-known industry in Indiana's agriculture sector, it is definitely present and very important to the state's economy," Kwamena K. Quagrainie, aquaculture marketing specialist in Purdue University's Depar tment of Agricultural Economics, said in the report. He conducted the study with graduate student Megan C. Broughton.

"The industry has seen steady growth over the past few years, and it is important to know exactly how much economic activity is associated with aquaculture in Indiana," said Quagrainie.

Indiana's aquaculture industry ranges from small-scale producers raising fish in their backyards to large-scale producers growing fish to sell in national and international markets, the report says.

The industry includes production of fish for human food, ornamental fish for aquariums and recreational

fish that are stocked in private and public ponds and lakes.

Raised for food are such fish and shellfish as yellow perch, hybrid striped bass, tilapia, trout, marine shrimp and freshwater prawns.

Sport fish include catfish, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass and sunfish such as bluegill.

The study measured the significance of the industry in 2012 in several ways, including the total income of $3.7 million earned by 169 people employed in aquaculture, their $101,506 in income taxes and $877,908 in sales taxes the industry generated for Indiana.

The study was funded by Purdue Extension, Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant and the Indiana Soybean Alliance and was conducted in cooperation with the Indiana Aquaculture Association.

The soybean alliance has recognised aquaculture as "the next major new market for soybeans" and has an initiative to help the industry continue its growth in Indiana, according to the report.

It says that 1 percent of the US soybean crop is used in aquaculture as fish feed and that soybean meal is the top protein ingredient in fish feeds worldwide.

Indiana soybean and corn farmers could benefit from a growing aquaculture industry, the report notes.They likely would see increased demand for soybeans and corn as well as higher prices for them.

"Even though the farmers would continue to produce their products if the aquaculture industry were not present, the advantage of having a local marketing opportunity is very important," according to the report.

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The aquaculture future is bright in Indiana, USA

The Aquaculturists

A regular look inside the aquaculture industry What’s behind the doors of the Zeigler Brothers feed mill?

Take a sneak peek behind the doors of the Zeigler Brothers feed mill.The mill in East Berlin has been in operation since the 1970s when the original Zeigler brothers set up a poultry and livestock pet food operation. Famous customers include President Nixon who needed feed for pandas given to him China. Today, the mill specialises in bespoke feeds for aquaculture, zoo and research-labs. http://bit.ly/19L12Eb What happens when a seal pup 'adopts' salmon farm workers?

There’s nothing quite like a cute animal video to cheer you up and this one is no exception. In early August 2013, workers at Mainstream Canada's Raza Island salmon farm rescued a seal pup which had been abandoned by its mother. The pup ‘adopted’ the workers who managed to capture some adorable footage of the seal in action. http://bit.ly/147LqX6 Do rainbow trout like coriander?

Researchers at the University of Saskatchewan and the Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Canada, are studying new methods to improve the fatty acid composition of farmed fish. In a paper published in the Canadian Journal of Animal Science, the researchers documented the effect of dietary coriander and vegetable oil in rainbow trout. http://bit.ly/19EH6mx Can shark-resistant netting help ensure responsible aquaculture?

One of the limitations of warm-water aquaculture is sharks.

These creatures can chomp through traditional nets and cages with ease, making the fish inside a tasty a meal.

To tackle this problem, DSM Dyneema, NET systems Inc and the Cape Eleuthera Institute have joined forces to create sharkresistant nets called Predator-X. Made of Dyneema polyethylene fibres and stainless steel wire, the Predator-X nets have a high breaking point and and cut resistant. http://bit.ly/18kgBj1

www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 9

FEATURE

Grinding equipment for aquatic feed pellets

by Joyce Li, customer service, Amisy Machinery, China

A

quatic animals have various feeding habits and feed intakes.

For example, fish swallow feeds so they need about 40 minutes to intake feeds. However, shrimps nibble feeds so they need three to six hours to intake feeds.

The digestive tract of aquatic animals is relatively short so they have poor digestive ability. For example, fish have no salivary glands in the oropharyngeal cavity which helps seek, intake and swallow feeds. So the functions of tearing and grinding feeds degenerate.

Fish dissolve and digest feeds from the feed surface so aquatic feeds with small particles are convenient for digestion and absorption.

These characteristics mean that aquatic feed pellets should have good stability and water resistance; be easy to digest; and be the fineness specific growth stages.

In order to produce ideal aquatic feed pellets, feed ingredients, processing technology and equipment especially the grinding process, should be carefully considered.

Starch is the most common carbohydrate used in aquatic feed pellets. To ensure the stability of feed pellets in water, the starch content of sinking feed pellets should be up to 10 percent and that of floating feed pellets should be about 20 percent.

Coarse fat is a good source of high quality energy. The crude fat level includes the fat of feed ingredients and that of added fat. The added fat has great influence on the pelletizing effect but too much fat will make the feed pellet loose and influence the stability. For this reason, the content of added fat should not exceed 3 percent.

Fishmeal is widely used in aquatic feed pellets. High quality fishmeal has good water resistance qualities.

Similarly, rapeseed dregs contain high coarse fibre which is conducive to improving the water resistance of aquatic feed pellets.

Among the commonly used feed ingredients cotton pulp, fishmeal and soybean meal, have good water resistance characteristics while the water tolerance of corn, bran and rice bran is poor.

Adding moderate binders can improve water resistance. There are two kinds of binders: natural substances such as sodium lignin sulphonate and align, and chemical substances such as carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium polyacrylate.

So when designing feed formula the raw materials should be highly nutritious and have good water resistance properties.

Why is grinding so important?

The aquatic feed pellet has high requirements in terms of particle size and viscosity so the processing technology is important.

In general, feed ingredients for aquatic feed pellet should be ground to 40 meshes. For special aquatic animals such as shrimps, turtles, eels and other small animals, the raw materials should be super-finely ground so as to pass through a 100 mesh screen. The fine crushing granularity can improve the utilization rate of aquatic feed pellet.

Aquatic animals have simple digestive system and the residence time of feed in the gut is short so pellets containing large particles are

Nutrition sources for feed pellets Raw materials for pellets should consider not only the nutritional values but also the need for good stability in water.

Protein, which ensures the growth and reproduction of aquatic animals, is an essential of aquatic feed pellets. It accounts for 25-50 percent of the feed formula with wheat and wheat by-products as the main sources of protein. If the viscosity of protein is increased when heated, then the pelletizing performance is improved and the stability is good.

Table 1

10 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

FEATURE space between the coarse grains. This means that the contact area between particles is increased and the pelletizing performance is improved.

Choosing the appropriate grinding equipment is crucial

Figure 1 not conducive to easy digestion. The finer the crushing granularity, the larger the surface area which contacts with the digestive enzyme thus the digestibility is increased.

Raw materials come in different shapes and thicknesses. So if they are not ground before processing, the finished pellets can lack a balanced nutritional quality and have poor stability in water. Table 1 shows the relationship between the grinding fineness and stability in water.

Feed pellets have little viscosity when ground to a large particle size. The crushing fineness also has an effect on the following processes such as mixing and steam modulat-

ing and the fineness of pulverization has great influence on stability. When the grain fineness is perfect, the raw materials can be fully mixed and the swelling property of materials converge making for good stability.

Finer particle sizes will have a larger surface area which can be fully modulated, making better-formed pellets. Although finer particle size is conducive to producing feed pellets with good stability, the grain size should not be too fine otherwise the pelleted feeds are fragile. The proportions of coarse grain, medium grain and fine grain should be appropriate so that during the pelleting period the fine grain can fill the

Controlling the grinding fineness has a direct influence on the stability of aquatic feed pellet and the production cost. The importance of cost should not be underestimated; electricity consumption during the grinding process accounts for 50-70 percent of the total power consumption.

Choosing the appropriate grinding equipment is also critical. Different aquatic animals have different requirements in terms of particle size of feed ingredients which requires corresponding grinding equipment. Hammer mills are widely used in the feed industry and in aquatic feeds. The hammer mill consists of hammers, a rotor, the grinding surface and sieve. The hammer is the main working part whose shape, size, quantity and line speed has a great influence on the grinding efficiency and grinding fineness. When the linear velocity of hammer blade is slower, the grinding efficiency and production efficiency are low.

A quicker line speed will improve grinding efficiency. However, too high a speed will make the material speed fast, reduce

Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed

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September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 11

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FEATURE the grinding efficiency, increase the power consumption and increase the energy consumption of products. The optimal line speed should consider factors such as the power consumption, grinding fineness, noise and production efficiency.

The number of hammers has a great effect on the grinding fineness and crushing efficiency. Out simply, more hammers means faster and finer grinding. Fewer hammers results in a coarser product.

Mesh screen and sieves are related to the grinding fineness. Figure 1 shows the relationship between grinding fineness of corn, bean pulp and the mesh screen diameter. The smaller the diameter of mesh screen, the finer the grinding fineness and the lower the output. In turn, when the diameter is big, the grinding fineness is coarse and the output is high. The size of mesh screen diameter is determined by the required size of the final pellet so in the context of meeting the grinding fineness of feed pellets a sieve with big diameter should be adopted so as to improve the crushing efficiency and reduce energy consumption.

Studies show that when the sieve area is increased by 9 percent, the grinding efficiency can be improved by 35 percent and the electricity consumption can be reduced by 13

percent. So choosing the appropriate sieve area can improve the output.

In addition, the thickness of sieve influences the sieving ability of materials. There is a corresponding and restrictive relationship between the sieve thickness and the diameter of mesh screen: sieve thickness is less than or equal to the diameter of mesh screen.

The fineness requirement of ordinary aquatic feed pellet is 40-60 mesh. In order to achieve the ideal crushing fineness and avoid the super-fine grinding of materials, the grinding surface shape should be changed. A water drop grinding surface is widely adopted in producing the aquatic feed pellets. A water drop sieve shape can increase the effective sieve area, destroy the circulation layer of materials so as to change the material motor direction, increase the frequency of hammer grinding the materials and improve crushing efficiency.

Grinding machine options Machine for fine grinding have a higher spindle speed, more hammers numbers and a wider grinding surface than models for coarse grinding.

The Amisy series of AMS-ZW-29C, AMS-ZW-38C and AMS-ZW-50C hammer mills can be used for coarse grinding of feed ingredients.

The main differences of the three models are the grinding room width, hammer blade quantity, power.

The wider the grinding room, the higher the crushing efficiency. More hammers will produce finer products though of course the higher power means the more output.

The Amisy series of AMS-ZW60B and AMS-ZW80B hammer mills are O&J Højtryk A/S mainly used Ørnevej 1, DK-6705 for fine grindEsbjerg Ø ing. The outCVR.: 73 66 86 11 put differenc-

Die and roll re-working machines

www.oj-hojtryk.dk Phone: +45 75 14 22 55 Fax: +45 82 28 91 41 mail: info@oj-hojtryk.dk

es between the two models are related to the power, grinding room width and hammer numbers.

The AMS-ZW-80B model has more hammers, a wider grinding surface and greaterpower than that of the AMS-ZW-60B. This means that the output of AMS-ZW-80B is greater than that of AMS-ZW-60B. Both the series use the water drop design to ensure a larger space for grinding and to improve crushing efficiency.

The crushing fineness differences between the two models mainly lie in the spindle speed, hammer numbers and grinding surface width.

Producing fine feeds As mentioned previously, aquatic animals such as shrimps, eels and turtles require fine feeds. For these animals, grinding fineness must be up to 80 mesh. Ordinary hammer mills cannot reach this fineness so ultra fine feed grinding equipment is necessary.

To achieve the required small particle size, ingredients should be crushed twice. An initial coarsely grinding can be done by a hammer mill with a second grind on an ultra fine mill.

Ultra fine grinding equipment uses the blade type. The grinding chamber and grading room of Amisy’s AMSSWFL42, AMSSWFL75, AMSSWFL102 and AMSSWFL128 models are located in the same machine body so that crushing, grading and separation can be completed simultaneously. The main differences between the three models lie in feeding motor power, sieving motor power, rotor diameter and rotor speed. When the rotor speed is faster the grinding fineness is finer but the grinding efficiency and output are accordingly reduced. Compared with other feed hammer mills, the ultra fine feed crushing mill has a lower output because the rotor speed is faster.

The main index to evaluate the working efficiency of feed grinding equipment is the grinding fineness, output and power consumption. Grinding fineness has great influence on the feed utilization, production properties of aquatic animals, feed pellet quality and production cost.

Considering factors such as the mesh screen, hammer quantity, spindle speed, grinding surface size and choosing the appropriate power based on the composite factors, grinding can produce homogenous pellets, improve output and reduce the electricity consumption and production costs.

12 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013 AD_o&j.indd 1

21/11/2012 15:08

More Information: Email: service@feed-pellet-mill.com Website: www.feed-pellet-mill.com

FEATURE

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September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 13

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FEATURE

The potential of microalgae meals in compound feeds for aquaculture

by Nathan Atkinson, MSc Sustainable Aquaculture Systems student, Fish Nutrition and Aquaculture Health Group, Plymouth University, United Kingdom

I

ntensive production of mainly carnivorous fish has resulted in fish feeds containing high levels of fishmeal and fish oil, with Europe requiring around 1.9 million tonnes a year. Although this use of fishmeal was initially the recycling of waste from fishing through the use of bycatch and trimmings, due to the rapid development of aquaculture this reliance on fishmeal and fish oil is environmentally unsustainable. This has resulted in other sources of fish feed being investigated. This literature review will focus on microalgae; the composition in terms of nutritional quality, the current methods of production and associated costs along with potential future uses such as feed in aquaculture.

Marine microalgae are the dominant primary producers in aquatic systems and account for a similar level of carbon fixation as terrestrial plants (40-50%) but represent only 1 percent of the planetary photosynthetic

totrophs and are characterised by their lack of roots, leaves and presence of chlorophyll a.

They range in size from microscopic individual cells called microalgae to seaweeds that can be greater than 30 m in length (Qin 2012).

Algae overview Marine algae are distributed from the polar regions to tropical seas in nutrient rich and poor environments. Algae are photoau-

Figure 1: Percentages (dry weight basis) of protein, lipid and carbohydrate in microalgae. The range of values is shown by range bars (Brown 1997)

Table 1: Amino acid profile of different algae as compared with conventional protien sources and the WHO/FAO (1973) reference pattern (g per 100 protein) Source Ile

Leu

Val

Lys

Phe

Tyr

Met

6.0

Cys

Try

3.5

Thr

Ala

Arg

Asp

Glu

Gly

His

Pro

Ser

WHO/FAO

4.0

7.0

5.0

5.5

Egg

6.6

8.8

7.2

5.3

5.8

4.2

3.2

2.3

1.7

1.0 5.0

-

6.2

11.0

12.6

4.2

2.4

4.2

6.9

Soybean

5.3

7.7

5.3

6.4

5.0

3.7

1.3

1.9

1.4

4.0

5.0

7.4

1.3

19.0

4.5

2.6

5.3

5.8

Chlorella vulgaris

3.8

8.8

5.5

8.4

5.0

3.4

2.2

1.4

2.1

4.8

7.9

6.4

9.0

11.6

5.8

2.0

4.8

4.1

Dunaliella bardawil

4.2

11.0

5.8

7.0

5.8

3.7

2.3

1.2

0.7

5.4

7.3

7.3

10.4

12.7

5.5

1.8

3.3

4.6

Scenedesmus obliquus

3.6

7.3

6.0

5.6

4.8

3.2

1.5

0.6

0.3

5.1

9.0

7.1

8.4

10.7

7.1

2.1

3.9

4.2

Arthrospira platensis

6.7

9.8

7.1

4.8

5.3

5.3

2.5

0.9

0.3

6.2

9.5

7.3

11.8

10.3

5.7

2.2

4.2

5.1

Aphanizomenon sp.

2.9

5.2

3.2

3.5

2.5

-

0.7

0.2

0.7

3.3

4.7

3.8

4.7

7.8

2.9

0.9

2.9

2.9

14 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

FEATURE

Table 2: Oil contents of some microalgae (Demirbas 2007) Microalgae

Oil content (wt% of dry basis)

Botryococcus braunii

25-75

Chlorella sp.

28-32

Crypthecodinium cohnii Cylindrotheca sp.

Dunaliella primolectra Isochrysis sp.

Monallanthus salina

20 16-37 23 25-33 >20

Nannochloris sp.

20-35

Nannochlorosis sp.

31-68

Neochloris oleoabundans

35-54

Nitzschia sp.

45-47

Phaeodactyhum tricornutum

20-30

Schizochytrium sp.

50-77

Tetraselmis sueica

15-23

biomass (Stephenson 2011). Microalgae are sometimes directly consumed by humans as health supplements due to this high nutritional value and abundance (Dallaire 2007) but this is relatively rare.

As carnivorous fish ingest algae as a food source (Nakagawa 1997) there has been a move to utilise them for fish feed. Currently 30 percent of the world algal production is used for animal feed (Becker 2007) but the use in aquaculture is mainly for larval fish, molluscs and crustaceans (FAO 2009a). As mentioned above, the fishmeal and oil use in aquaculture is unsustainable and algae have the potential to reduce this dependence. This is due to the algae being photosynthetic so they have the ability to turn the sun’s huge amount of energy, 120,000 TW of radiation, into protein, lipids and nutrients. More energy from the sun hits the surface of the earth in one hour than the energy used in one year and this is a huge amount of untapped, sustainable energy can be exploited by algae.

This is a relatively new area of research but has many positive aspects that give it a large amount of potential for future use.

Microalgae The term ‘microalgae’ is often used to refer specifically to eukaryotic organisms, both from freshwater and marine environments but can include prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria (Stephenson 2011). Microalgal production has received some attention recently due to its potential use as a biofuel (Slocomb 2012), use in animal feed, human consumption and recombinant protein technology (Becker, 2007; Potvin and Zhang 2010; Williams and Laurens, 2010). This has resulted in a huge amount of knowledge and research into

microalgae and resulted in reviews being published about specific subjects such as genetic engineering of algae (Qin 2012), potential use as biofuel (Demirbas 2011) and novel methods to measure such important components such as protein (Slocomb 2012).

This interest and knowledge in the area has allowed aquaculture to essentially piggy back the research being performed by the biodiesel industry and even act synergistically with it by consuming the byproducts produced (Ju 2012). Currently microalgae have been used in aquaculture as food additives, fishmeal and oil replacement, colouring of salmonids, inducing biological activities and increasing the nutritional value of zooplankton which are fed to fish larvae and fry (Dallaire 2007).

Although the biodiesel industry has been conducting a large amount of research, this has mainly been focused towards species that have high lipid contents whereas species in aquaculture must be of appropriate size for ingestion and be readily digested. They must also have rapid growth rates, be able to be cultured on a mass scale, be robust enough to cope with fluctuations

September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 15

FEATURE result in an overestimation of the true protein content (Becker 2007).

The non-protein nitrogen can be up to 12 percent in Scenedesmus obliquus, 11.5 percent in Spirulina and 6 percent in Dunaliella. Even Varying nutritional values The nutritional value of any algal species with this overestimation the nutritional value depends on its cell size, digestibility, produc- of the algae is high with the average qualtion of toxic compounds and biochemi- ity being equal, sometimes even superior, to cal composition. This, along with differences conventional plant proteins (Becker 2007) among species and method of production, (Table 1).

The amino acid composition of the explains the variability in the amount of protein, lipids and carbohydrates, which are protein is similar between species and is 12-35 percent, 7.2-23 percent, and 4.6-23 relatively unaffected by the growth phase percent respectively (FAO 2009a) (Figure 1). and light conditions (Brown et al., 1993a, b). Aspartate and glutamate occur in the highest concentrations (7.1-12.9%) whereas cysteine, methionine, tryptophan and histidine occur in the lowest concentrations (0.43.2%) with other amino acids ranging from (3.2-13.5%) Figure 2: Average percentage compositions of the long(Brown 1997). chain PUFAs docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 226n-3), in temperature, light and nutrients and have a good nutrient composition (Brown 2002).

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-) and arachidonic acid (20;4n-6) of microalgae commonly used in aquaculture.

Data compiled from over 40 species from laboratory of CSIRO Marine Research.

Lipids

The lipids in microalgal cells have roles as both energy storage molecules and in the formation of biological membranes and can be as high as 70 percent dry weight in some marine species (Stephenson 2011) (Table 2). Under rapid growth conditions these lipid levels can drop to 14-30 percent dry weight, which is a level more appropriate for aquaculture. These lipids are composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) (Brown Figure 3: Concentrations of different vitamins in 2002) and in high concenmicroalgae in Âľg g-1. Graph adapted from Brown trations; most species have 2002 with data collected from Seguineau et al., percentages of EPA from 7-34 1996 and Brown et al., 1999 percent (Brown 2002) (Figure 2).

These fatty acids are highly sought after This level of fluctuation can be influenced by the culture conditions (Brown et al., 1997) but and as they currently cannot be synthesised rapid growth and high lipid production can be in a laboratory and are usually obtained through fish oil and are a limiting factor in achieved by stressing the culture. vegetable oils such as palm, soybean and rapeseed oil use in aquaculture. The fatty Protein Most of the figures published in the litera- acid composition is associated with light ture on the concentration of algal proteins are intensity, culture media, temperature and based on estimations of crude protein and pH. Appropriate measures and control, along as other constituents of microalgae such as with the suitable selection of a species, is nucleic acids, amines, glucosamides and cell necessary to produce algae with the desired wall materials which contain nitrogen; this can lipid level and composition.

Vitamins Microalgae also contain vitamins which can be beneficial to the health of the consumer but vary greatly between species (Brown 2002).

This variation is greatest for ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), which varies from 1-16mg g dry weight (Brown & Miller, 1992), but other vitamins typically show a 2-4 x difference between species (Brown et al., 1999) (Figure 3).

Despite the variation in vitamin C all the species would provide an adequate supply to cultured animals which are reported to only require 0.03-0.2 mg g-1 of the vitamin in their diet (Durve and Lovell, 1982). However every species of algae had low concentrations of at least one vitamin (De Roeck-Holtzhauer et al., 1991) so a careful selection of a mixed algal diet would be necessary to provide all the vitamins to cultured animals feeding directly on microalgae.

Algae in aquaculture The use of algae as an additive in aquaculture has received a lot of attention due to the positive effect it has on weight gain, increased triglyceride and protein deposition in muscle, improved resistance to disease, decreased nitrogen output into the environment, increased fish digestibility, physiological activity, starvation tolerance and carcass quality (Becker, 2004; Fleurence 2012). Li (2009) showed that the addition of dried microalgae in the diet, albeit at low concentrations 1.0-1.5 percent, resulted in increased weight gain of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) along with improving the feed efficiency ratio and levels of poly-unsaturated fatty acids. Ganuza (2008) showed that algal oil can be an alternative source of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) to fish oil in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) microdiets although it did not allow for the complete substitution of fisheries products due to the low EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) levels in the species of algae used.

These were at relatively low-level inclusions; at greater levels it can have a detrimental effect. At 12.5 percent inclusion algae caused reduced growth performances in rainbow trout and at 25 percent and 50 percent this substitution of fish feed caused nutritional deficiencies that led to decreased growth, feed efficiency and body lipids (Dallaire 2007).

Levels of algal inclusion of 15 percent and 30 percent also reduced feed intake and growth rate in Atlantic cod (Walker 2011).

As Atlantic cod are known to have a robust digestive system it was suggested that this was due to reduced palatability which could be an issue for algal use in aquaculture.

High levels of inclusion does not cause such negative effects in all species raised in aquaculture, 50 percent replacement did not have a negative effect on shrimp (Ju 2012), but is generally experienced among finfish.

16 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

FEATURE portion of photo protective pigments which would improve the light-dependant reactions and selecting for algae with small antennas which is fundamental to achieving high yields in biomass dense cultures (Stephenson 2011).

This research is essential as the production costs of microalgae are still too high to compete with traditional protein sources for aquaculture (Becker 2007).

Benefits and obstacles Algae have a great potential for use in sustainable aquaculture as they are not only a source of protein, lipids and have other nutritional qualities but they are phototrophic so produce these directly from sunlight. Producing 100 tons of algal biomass also fixes roughly 183 tons of carbon dioxide which has obvious implications in this period of climate change.

The production does not always require freshwater, compete for fertile land and are not nutritionally imbalanced with regard to the amino acid content like soybean.

There are still some obstacles such as the powder-like consistency of the dried biomass and applications to feed manufacture, the production costs and pests and pathogens that will effect large scale algal cultivation sustainability (Hannon et al., 2010), which is an area that little is known about.

There still needs to be many feeding trials as the majority of research has focused on

improving the nutritional value of rotifers and not as algae as a potential replacement of fishmeal and fish oil. There is also interest into storing algal pastes which have extended shelf life (2-8 weeks) or the use of defatted microalgae meal from the biodiesel industry.

The use of algae in aquaculture is a promising and young area of research and when compared to agriculture, which has increased crop productivity by 138 percent in a 50 year period, it demonstrates the great potential that algae has.

References available on request

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The production of algae, in particular microalgae, is a rapidly developing industry due to the biofuel research that is currently taking place. The annual world production of all species is estimated to be 10,000 t year-1 (Richmond, 2004) with the main limit to production currently being the cost. Production costs are currently range from US$4-300 per kg dry weight (FAO 2009a) depending on the type of production method employed (Table 3).

There has been a shift away from typical systems such as outdoor ponds and raceways to large-scale photobioreactors which have a much higher surface area to volume ratio and could potentially reduce the production cost (Brown 2002). These photobioreactors could yield 19,000 - 57,000 litres of microalgal oil per acre per year, which is over 200 times the yield from the best performing vegetable oils (Chisti 2007), and reduce the cost of algal oil from $1.81 to $1.40 per litre (Demirbas 2011).

However, for algal oil to be competitive with petrodiesel, it should be less than $0.48 per litre. This is achievable through economies of scale (Demirbas 2011) and would make it a cheap and sustainable oil for the aquaculture industry. There are also other developments such as increasing the specific activity of the enzyme RUBISCO which would increase yields, transgenic studies, increasing the pro-

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FEATURE

Marine algal polysaccharides: a new option for immune stimulation

N

owadays, all animal production is concerned with vaccination.

This is an essential technique for the protection of livestock health which, however, entails significant costs for stock breeders. Maximizing the efficiency and profitability of prophylactic vaccination strategies is therefore a major stake. To achieve this, new avenues are constantly explored. One of these concerns is the use of new molecules extracted from seaweeds to help optimize the stimulation of the natural defences of the body and its response to vaccination strategies.

Innate immunity The body’s response to the aggression of a pathogen is based on two types of immunity.

They are the innate immune response and the adaptive response.

The innate response is the first line of

defence against pathogens. It is activated immediately and acts very quickly. This immune response can be found in all animals. It will be the same whenever the body encounters that pathogen. However, the body does not retain a memory of the infectious agent. The mechanism of action of this type of immunity consists in recognizing the molecular patterns shared by numerous pathogens, which are essentially represented by membrane fractions (glycocalyx).

The various elements that contribute to the innate immune response are the following: • Physical barrier (mucous membrane, skin, mucus, villi etc) • Phagocytic cells, such as the macrophages • Natural killer (NK) cells • Certain cytokines, which deliver signals warning the body of a danger • Complement system • Toll-like receptors (TLR), a family of

membrane receptors only discovered recently. They control the expression of molecules that fight against infectious agents (directly or indirectly, via effector cells, and by recruiting the activation of the adaptive immune system).

The elements associated with the innate immune response can act on the pathogen directly or indirectly, by producing effector cells (cytokines etc). The latter will subsequently trigger the adaptive immunity by activating the T and B cells.

Adaptive immunity Unlike the innate response, the acquired or adaptive response occurs in vertebrates only.

During the first encounter with a given pathogen (primary infection), it acts as the body’s second line of defence. Its activation takes some time - known as latency. However, this response system memorizes the pathogens it encounters and when the body is again exposed to them the latency is much shorter and the immune system reacts to the aggression almost immediately. Adaptive immunity is specific: it recognises the molecular patterns of the already encountered pathogens.

The various elements that contribute to the adaptive immune response are the following: • T cells • B cells • Antibodies • Ig, TCR, CTL, antibody (AB)-producing plasma cells + coupled aid of the innate immunity effectors

Seaweeds: a new source of active elements to stimulate the immune system

NK : Natural Killer PRR : Pattern Recognition Receptor CMH : Complexe Majeur d’histocompatibilité TCP : T Cell Receptor

In recent years more and more publications have brought to the forefront the relevance of seaweeds in numerous biological applications, particularly to immune mechanisms, taking special interest in some of their components, namely the sulfated polysac-

18 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

FEATURE Innate immunity / Acquired immunity: Two complementary and cooperative systems

Primary infection Chronology

Innate immunity

Adaptive or acquired immunity

Quick response: first barrier against pathogens

Second line of defence : latency (about 7 days)

Identical to the primary response

Immune memory => Latency close to zero

Non-specific response

Specific response (Ig and TCR)

Repeated infections Specificity

complex owing to their capacity to establish links at various levels of each elementary unit, allowing thus the development of branching structures in the three dimensions. These are the branched heteropolysaccharides.

Structural variability and biological potentialities

The nucleotides in nucleic acids and the amino acids in proteins can interRecognized molecular patterns Specific to the infectious agent connect in only one way, while the CTL (cytotoxic T cells) and antiComplement, phagocytic monosaccharide units in oligosacchaCellular and molecular effectors body producing plasma cells, cells and certain cytokines rides and polysaccharides can interconwith the help of innate effectors nect at several points to form a wide TCR : T Cell Receptor - Ig : Immuno Globulin - CTL : Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte or Killer T cells variety of linear or branched structures (Sharon and Lis 1993). For instance, charides. These are complex carbohydrates homogenous (homopolysaccharides) or not the number of possible permutations for which do not occur in terrestrial plants. They (heteropolysaccharides). The simple forms four different sugar monomers can attain are supposed to influence the immune system are the homopolysacby a vast number of still poorly understood charides composed of a single type of sugar, pathways.

Amylose (chain of Polysaccharides represent a structurally linked in an essentially alpha-1,4 glucose) diverse class of macromolecules which are linear manner (starch, relatively widespread in nature. There are glycogen, cellulose for simple and complex forms of polysachharides. example). They are Unlike proteins and nucleic acids, polysac- essentially structural charides contain repetitive structural features compounds or mechawhich are chains of monosaccharide residues nisms of energy storage in an easily releasable joined together by glycosidic bonds.

Thus, they form polymer (-type) structures form. Their structure represented in the form of chains that may be may become more Invariable and common to numerous pathogens

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FEATURE

Branched sulfated heteropolysaccharide

contain sulfated xylose replacing uronic acid or glucuronic acid on the O-2 binding/link of the rhamnose-3-sulfate units (Lahaye and Ray 1996) (Lahaye et al. 1997).

Interests This huge variability in the polysaccharide structure provides the flexibility required for exact regulatory mechanisms in different cellcell interactions in higher organisms.

Sulfation in particular seems to be conducive to various biological activities noted in polysaccharides extracted from marine macroalgae.

Marine sulfated polysaccharides: their role and effect on immunity

up to 35,560 unique tetrasaccharides, while four amino acids can form only 24 different permutations (Hodgson 1991).

This explains the fact that, among macromolecules, polysaccharides provide the highest capacity for carrying biological information, as they have the greatest potential for structural variability. In addition, one of the particularities that numerous marine polysaccharides possess is their polyanionic character, which confers them a high chemical reactivity.

Of these anionic polysaccharides, the majority of those which occur macroalgae are sulfated polysaccharides: galactan (agar, carraghenans), ulvans, fucans.

Sulfated polysaccharides, which are widespread in macroalgae, have been shown to possess anti-infectious (Cumashi et al.

2007) (Witvrouw and De Clercq 1997) (antiviral, anti-bacterial, anti-tumoral), antioxidant (Wang et al. 2010) (de Souza et al. 2007) and anti-thrombotic (Mao et al. 2006) activities, as well as immune-modulating (Leiro et al.

2007) activities that might find relevance in stimulating the immune response or in controlling the activity of immune cells in order to mitigate negative effects such as inflammation (Chen et al. 2008) One of the pathways of marine sulfated polysaccharides, which has been emphasized recently, is their role in the activation of TLR. Indeed, more and more studies are demonThe ulvans, for example, the water-soluble strating that marine algal polysaccharides can influpolysaccharides found in green seaweed of ence the innate immune response by binding to the order Ulvales (Ulva and Enteromorpha), recognition receptors called Pattern Recognition have sulfate, rhamnose, xylose and iduronic Receptorsc (PRR), such as the mannose recepand glucuronic acids as their main constitu- tors or TLRs of phagocytic cells, including and ents (Lahaye and Ray 1996) (Percival and especially macrophages (Chen et al. 2008). TLRs are transmembrane proteins which detect invadMcDowell 1967).

Ulvan structure shows great complexity ing pathogens by binding to ancestral molecules and variability as evidenced by the numerous of microbial origin called Pathogen-Associated oligosaccharide repeating structural patterns Molecular Patterns (PAMPs).

The PAMPs contact at TRL level triggers a identified (Lahaye and Robic 2007). The main repeating disaccharide units reported are of cascade of responses resulting in the expresulvanobiouronic acid 3-sulfate type, containing sion of inflammatory response genes. In mameither glucuronic or iduronic acid. In addition, mals, these recently identified receptors have a few repeating patterns can be found that been numbered from 1 to 11 (TLR1-TLR11).

On contact with their respective PAMPs, TLR specifically actiClassification of Marine Sulfated Polysaccharides (MSP) vate a signaling pathway leading to the Structure of the 4 main repeating ulvan activation of NF-kB patterns of Ulva lactuca (Nuclear FactorUlvanobiouronic acid A. [→ 4)-β-Dkappa B) and AP1 GlcA-(1 → 4)-α-L-Rha3S-(1 →] n; (ActivatorProtein Ulvanobiouronic acid B. [→ 4) - α-L1) transcription facIdoA-(1 → 4)-α-L-Rha3S-(1 →] n tors regulating the Ulvanobiose A. [→ 4)-β-D- Xyl -(1 → expression of inflam4)-α-L-Rha3S-(1 →] n; matory cytokines Ulvanobiose B. [→ 4)-β-D- Xyl 2S-(1 → such as TNFα, IL-1 4)-α-L-Rha3S-(1 →] n; or IL-6.

It therefore now

20 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

FEATURE strengthening of the body’s state of defence.

Repeated use allows the development Sulfated of a ‘basic’ polysaccharide immune system and the boosting of the state of defence of the innate system.

The use of polysaccharides upstream appears that TLR play a key role in the or downstream adaptive immune response, but the signals of a prophylactic produced by their activation lead to the programme may activation of numerous other cells and funcbe an asset in tions of the immune system, which makes enhancing the them essential elements of both the innate level of immune immune mechanisms and of adaptive immuprotection of nity. an individual or The activity of some sulfated algal polysacgroup of indicharides as TLR activating agents might be viduals within a the result of a certain structural similarity livestock and in between these marine polysaccharides and contributing to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Bacterial a better control LPSs are indeed a type of structure occurring of the infectious at the surface of their external membrane pressure on and recognized as bacteria-specific recognition the livestock, elements. In particular, bacterial LPS in mampreventing the mals are shown to be specifically recognised appearance of

by TLR4. recurrent infectious pathologies.

Possible applications Targeted intakes in animal health In conclusion, seaweeds appear to contain within the framework sugars in the form of polysaccharides, some of of a vaccination prowhich - sulfated polysaccharides - are complex gramme: • As part of a polyanionic structures which possess various vaccination probiological properties. A vast number of studies gramme, they have already evidenced the effects of some of would enhance these sulfated polysaccharides, particularly the the vaccine fucoidans, the carraghenans and the ulvans, on protection. This certain mechanisms of inflammatory response would definitely and on immunity. provide the posThe identification and selection of these sibility to improve polysaccharides extracted from suitable the intake and macroalgae makes it possible to envisage persistence of the the use of these molecules as agents for vaccine and therethe stimulation of the various mechanisms by to improve associated with the body defence and, in the technical and particular, of the innate immunity mechaeconomic pernisms. formance of vacWithin the framework of the potential cine prophylactic applications in the fields of animal breeding programmes. and animal health two non-exclusive strategies can be proposed: Regular sequential intakes for a general stimulation of the body’s state of defence: More Information: • With a regular intake not connected Website: www.olmix.com with vaccination, they allow the Cytokine/Chemokine production

September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 21

FEATURE

Understanding ammonia in aquaculture ponds

by Patrick Higgins, YSI, a xylem brand, USA

U

nderstanding ammonia and controlling it is critical in aquaculture systems. If allowed to accumulate, ammonia is toxic to fish and can be detrimental to any fish production system. Once ammonia reaches toxic levels, fish are incapable of extracting needed energy from their feed. If the ammonia gets to a high enough quantity, the fish will eventually become slow, lethargic and eventually succumb to these high levels resulting in possible death.

feed is the ultimate source of most ammonia in ponds where fish are fed.

Another main source of ammonia is the diffusion from the ponds sediment itself. Large amounts of organic matter are produced by algae or added to ponds as feed. Fecal solids and dead algae settle to the pond bottom and begin the process of decomposition. This process produces ammonia which diffuses from the sediment bottom into the water column.

Ammonia sinks

Greatest likelihood of ammonia problems

In a properly managed aquaculture pond setting, ammonia seldom accumulates to lethal concentrations. However, ammonia can have negative effects that don’t result in death but cause reduced growth rates, poor feed conversion, and reduced disease resistance.

So, even though the fish don’t die directly from ammonia toxicity, it can affect the system in other ways and ultimately affect the overall crop.

Luckily, there are a couple processes that also result in the loss or transformation of ammonia. The most important process is the loss of ammonia through the uptake by algae and other plants. Plants use the nitrogen as a nutrient for growth. Photosynthesis acts like a sponge for ammonia uptake so overall plant or algae growth in the ponds can help use up ammonia. Of course, excessive plant growth can have an effect on the diurnal cycles of dissolved oxygen (DO) levels causing DO to go very low during nighttime hours.

The other ammonia removal process is the transformation of ammonia through nitrification. Two main types of bacteria, Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacteria, effectively oxidize ammonia in a two-step process. First they convert ammonia to nitrite (NO2-) and then to nitrate (NO3-). Essentially, nitrification is a process of nitrogen compound oxidation (effectively, loss of electrons from the nitrogen atom to the oxygen atoms).

Several factors affect nitrification rates and understanding these and measuring ammonia at various times will provide a much better understanding for clear management decisions.

Ammonia concentration, temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentration all play a major

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established three kinds of criteria (one acute and two chronic) for ammonia (nitrogen), based on the duration of exposure.

The acute criterion is a 1-hour average exposure concentration and is a function of pH. One chronic criterion is the 30-day average concentration and is a function of pH and temperature. The other chronic criterion is the highest 4-day average within the 30-day period and is calculated as 2.5 times the 30-day chronic criterion. The EPA criteria help determine when ammonia might be a problem.

Ammonia levels are heavily affected by changes in pH and temperature. Free ammonia is the toxic part of the Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN). Above pH of 8.0 the toxicity of the TAN rapidly rises. Source downloaded from www.aquaworldaquarium.com Contrary to common assumptions, ammonia concentration tends to be greater during the winter (2.5-4.0 mg/l or higher) than during summer (~0.5 mg/l). The 30-day chronic criterion for ammonia (nitrogen) in winter ranges from about 1.5-3.0 mg/l, depending on pH. Ammonia concentrations may exceed these concentrations during the winter months during a time when fish

Ammonia dynamics A single one-time measurement of ammonia concentration provides only a snapshot in time that the sample is measured. The processes that produce, remove and transform ammonia are complex and can change throughout the year. Sampling at different times and logging that data can provide more detailed, accurate information into the processes that affect your aquaculture system.

The main source of ammonia is simply through fish excretion. The excrement rate is directly related to the feeding rate and the protein level in the feed being used. As the feed’s protein is broken down in the fish’s body, some of the nitrogen is used to form protein (muscle), energy, and excreted through the gills as ammonia. The protein in

role. During summer, ammonia concentration is typically very low and so nitrification rates are also very low along with bacterial populations to handle excess ammonia. During winter, low temperature suppresses microbial activity.

However, during the spring and fall, ammonia concentrations and temperature are at levels that favour higher nitrification rates. Spring and fall have common peaks in nitrite concentrations in many fish ponds.

22 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

FEATURE the main culprits of ammonia build up it seems reasonable to feed only what the fish need. This is not a short term fix but better managed over time to help keep ammonia levels reasonable.

Using instrumentation such as the YSI 5200A or 5400 continuous monitors with built in Feed SmartTM software can easily manage feed delivery rates based on user input.

Increase aeration immune systems are suppressed due to lower temperatures.

Another concern for ammonia problems occurs after a crash in the algae community.

Rapid decomposition of dead algae reduces the DO concentration and pH and increases ammonia and carbon dioxide concentrations.

After an algae crash, ammonia concentrations can increase to 6-8 mg/l and the pH can decline to 7.8-8.0. The 4-day chronic criterion ranges from about 2.0 mg/l at 8.0 pH to about 3.0 mg/l at 7.8 pH. Therefore, ammonia concentration after the crash of an algae bloom may exceed the 4-day chronic criterion.

Daily variation in the concentration of toxic, unionized ammonia depends on changes in pH from photosynthesis and, to a much lesser extent, temperature. In the late summer or early fall, ammonia concentration begins to increase but daily changes in pH remain large. In these situations, fish may be exposed to ammonia concentrations that exceed the acute criterion for a few hours each day. If late afternoon pH is about 9.0, the acute criterion is about 1.5-2.0 mg/l total ammonia-nitrogen. These concentrations during the summer are typically less than 0.5 mg/l, so fish are unlikely to be stressed if the late afternoon pH is less than 9.0.

Ammonia management Even though practical ammonia management actions may be limited in a large pond aquaculture setting there may be some ways to reduce ammonia levels but others may exacerbate the situation - no method is a complete long-term solution in and of itself.

Reduce feeding rates Since excess feed and fish excretion are

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Aeration can be ineffective at reducing overall pond ammonia concentrations due to the relatively small area of the pond being aerated. However, it does increase DO levels causing fish to be less stressed.

Avoid vigorous aeration to prevent stirring bottom sediment which can actually increase ammonia concentrations.

demAnd

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Lime Using lime agents such as hydrated lime or quick lime could actually make a potentially bad situation much worse by causing an abrupt and large increase in pH. Increasing pH will shift ammonia toward the form that is toxic to fish. In addition, the calcium in lime can react with soluble phosphorus, removing it from water and making it unavailable to algae.

Many fish ponds

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FEATURE

have sufficient alkalinity so increasing it above 20 mg/l as CaCO3 will not provide additional benefit. It only shifts the distribution of ammonia from the toxic to the non-toxic form by moderating high pH in the afternoon without addressing the root causes of the high ammonia concentration.

Fertilize with phosphorus Under normal pond conditions, algae blooms are very dense and the rate of algae growth is limited by the availability of light, not nutrients such as phosphorus or nitrogen.

Adding phosphorus does little to reduce ammonia concentrations because algae are already growing as fast as possible under the natural conditions in the pond.

Adding bacterial amendments Common aquatic bacteria are an essential part of the constant cycling of ammonia in pond ecosystems. Typical pond management creates very favourable conditions for bacterial growth. This growth and activity is limited more by the availability of oxygen and by temperature than by the number of bacterial cells. In most amendments, the most abundant bacteria are responsible for the decomposition of organic matter.

Therefore, if bacterial amendments accelerate the decomposition of organic matter, the opposite deleterious effect could occur and ammonia levels could actually increase!

Measuring ammonia Research has indicated that brief daily

exposure to ammonia concentrations far higher than those measured in commercial ponds does not affect fish growth. However, there are circumstances when it is definitely worthwhile to monitor ammonia levels.

Taking ammonia readings with an instrument like the YSI Professional Plus and saving the data and viewing trends with desktop software can provide valuable information in managing your aquaculture operation, stocking rates, issues with overfeeding and more.

In the south of the USA, for instance, ammonia concentrations in most ponds usually start increasing in September and reach a peak around mid-October generally 5-6 weeks after the last period of high feeding rates. About 2-4 weeks later nitrite concentrations will also peak. This is a generalised pattern and doesn’t occur in every pond.

Ammonia or nitrite problems can occur with variable intensity at any time, especially between September and March and measuring will help indicate this pattern.

Ammonia should be measured after the crash of an algae bloom and at least weekly in cooler months of the year to help identify trends and potential problems not only with ammonia but also nitrite.

In summary, ammonia levels are difficult to correct quickly and effectively, especially in large ponds, so measuring and understanding your ponds natural ability to correct for high ammonia and nitrite levels can alleviate high concentrations. After seeing the difficulty in correcting high ammonia levels, measuring for ammonia can give a good indication of high nitrite levels and allow

operators to effectively use salt to help protect fish against nitrite toxicosis. Extra vigilance after an algae crash is also warranted. Ammonia levels will typically fall back to ‘normal’ levels again once the algae becomes re-established.

The primary key to proper ammonia management is to use fish culture practices that minimize the likelihood of such problems. This means stocking fish at a reasonable density, harvesting as often as practical to keep the standing crop from being too large, and using good feeding practices that maximize the proportion of feed consumed by the fish to help eliminate excess.

Measuring for ammonia and recognising trends and levels for your operation is the easiest way to understand good operational decisions for your facility. Correcting ammonia problems can be difficult so maintaining a proactive sampling programme can help prevent large ammonia and nitrite concentrations.

Some ammonia test kits can be time consuming if measuring many ponds or tanks and may only give an indication or an ammonia range. Handheld instruments with pH and ammonia sensors can give a much faster, accurate method for understanding your system’s ammonia issues and leading to faster operational decisions increasing facility efficiencies.

References available on request

24 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

More Information: Email: environmental@ysi.com Website: www.ysi.com/aquaculture

FEATURE

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September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 25

FEATURE

Feeding lined seahorse juveniles with enriched Artemia nauplii

by Dong Zhang PhD and Fei Yin PhD, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China

S

eahorses are a high-value fish species in both medicinal and aquarium trades. In China, seahorses are called ‘animal ginseng’. Since 2004, all 33 recognised seahorse species (Hippocampus) in the world have been listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES 2004) due to overexploitation.

There arises an urgent need for breeding seahorses to meet human demand. To meet this demand, considerable progress in breed-

ing seahorses has been made in the past ten years. To date, more than 10 seahorse species have been reared successfully in captivity.

However, low survival, particularly in the early juvenile stage, is still one of the bottlenecks affecting the economic return in commercial seahorse culture.

Juvenile nutrition is recognised as a major factor that can influence juvenile survival and growth. Furthermore, broodstock nutrition is recognised as a major factor that can influence fish reproduction and subsequent larval quality of many fish species. Hence, optimising both juvenile feeds to enhance growth and survival

of seahorse and to reduce production cost is crucial for successful commercial culture.

Although copepods are the best food for juvenile seahorses, mass culture of copepods is still a challenge. Alternatively, newly hatched Artemia nauplii have been widely used as live food for seahorses. However, newly hatched Artemia nauplii are deficient in DHA and EPA, i.e. they do not provide adequate nutrition to improve the growth and survival of seahorse juveniles. Therefore, Artemia nauplii are usually enriched with n-3 HUFAs prior to feeding seahorse juveniles. However, excess HUFAs fortification may cause adverse effects probably due to oxidative stress.

Characteristics of Artemia nauplii

Figure: 1 26 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

Artemia nauplii have to be enriched with highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) prior to feeding seahorse juveniles. However, information about optimized encrichment for seahorse juveniles is very limited. The enzymatic activity is a good indicator revealing the digestive and absorptive capacity of the animal and is useful in evaluating effect of feed on survival and growth performance.

Dietary HUFAs are able to modify some enzymatic activities, and moderate dietary HUFAs supplementation significantly promotes lipid metabolism and reduces lipid peroxidation products by enhancing antioxidant defence in the juveniles.

However, excess HUFAs may result in adverse effects on the

FEATURE enzymatic activities in the juveniles, which might be related to oxidative stress. In practice, the concentration of 27.0 μl/l HUFAs is recommended for enriching Artemia nauplii for lined seahorse juveniles.

The lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus (Perry), has been reared successfully for years, and is recognised as a good candidate for commercial aquaculture.

There is currently very limited information about how HUFAs affect the survival and growth of the seahorse juveniles, the activities of lipid metabolism related and anti-oxidative stress enzymes.

Since HUFAs are able to affect activities and gene expressions of lipid metabolism-related enzymes, the enzymatic activity is a good indicator revealing the digestive and absorptive capacity of seahorses.

Studying enzymatic activity is useful in evaluating the effect of feed on survival and growth performance.

Figure: 2

Experimental protocols Newly hatched nauplii of Artemia sinica at approximately 200 nauplii/mL were cultured in 15 litre tanks, which were enriched with four concentrations 0.0 μl/l, 13.5 μl/l, 27.0

μl/l, and 54.0 μl/l, of HUFAs (2/3 DHA, 1/3 EPA), respectively for 12 h with aeration at temperature of 28.0±1.0 C. Each tank (50×30×30 cm) was stocked with twenty 20 day-old juveniles. Plastic plants were used as the substrate and holdfasts

for the juveniles. The juveniles were fed the Artemia nauplii enriched with four concentrations of HUFAs. Each diet was fed to three tanks of the biochemical parametres and enzymatic activities (Lipase (LPS), Lipoproteinlipase (LPL), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), alkaline

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FEATURE nificantly higher than that in other three concentrations (Figure 1). LPL activity in the higher concentrations (i.e. 27.0 and 54.0 μl/l HUFAs) were significantly higher than that in the lower concentrations (i.e. 0.0 and 13.5 μl/l HUFAs) (Figure 1). MDH activity decreased with increasing concentration of HUFAs (Figure 1).

The different concentrations of HUFAs significantly affected the contents of lactate Impact of different (LD) and malonaldehyde (MDA) of the HUFAs concentrations The different concentra- seahorse juveniles (Figure 2). The lowest tions of HUFAs significantly LD content of the juveniles occurred in the affected the activities of lipase concentration of 54.0 μl/l HUFAs (Figure. 2).

Figure: 3 (LPS), lipoproteinlipase (LPL) MDA content decreased significantly from phosphatase (AKP), pyruvic acid (PA), lac- and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) of the the concentrations of 0.0 to 27.0 μl/l HUFAs tate (LD)], antioxidant defence enzymes, lined seahorse juveniles, but alkaline phos- (Figure 2). Pyruvic acid (PA) content was not significantly different among the four concensuperoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), phatase (AKP) (Figure 1).

The LPS activity of the juveniles in the trations (Figure 2). glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and oxidative The different concentrations of HUFAs breakdown product, malonaldehyde (MDA)) concentration of 27.0 μl/l HUFAs was sigGRAPASisland:Layout 1 30/8/13 14:29 Page 1 significantly affected activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) of the seahorse juveniles (Figure 3). The SOD activity in the lower concentrations (i.e. 0.0 and 13.5 μl/l HUFAs) was significantly higher than in the higher concentration (i.e. 27.0 and 54.0 μl/l HUFAs) (Fig. 3). CAT activity increased . significantly from the concentra8 – 10 April 2014 Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand tions of 0.0 μl/l HUFAs to 27.0 μl/l (Figure 3). GPX activity increased significantly with increasing concentration of HUFAs (Figure 3). were monitored over 30 days.

The juveniles were fed twice at 0800 h and 1500 h each day at approximately 10 nauplii/mL. Before each feeding, the bottom of the tanks was siphoned to remove feces and uneaten food.

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Conclusions Dietary HUFAs may be used to modify some enzyme activities and biochemical contents, and moderate dietary HUFAs supplementation significantly promotes lipid metabolism and reduces lipid peroxidation products by enhancing antioxidant defence in H. erectus juveniles.

However, excess HUFAs may result in adverse effects on the enzymatic activities in the juveniles, which might be related to oxidative stress.

In practice, the concentration of 27.0 μl/l HUFAs is recommended for enriching Artemia nauplii for H. erectus juveniles, which is consistent with the results of growth and survival.

More Information: Dong Zhang Email: zd_fit@hotmail.com

FEATURE

AQUAFEED

VO L U M E 1 5 I S S U E 4 2 0 1 2

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The use of algae in fish feeds as alternatives to fishmeal

EXPERT TOPIC - Tilapia

Gustor Aqua and Ecobiol Aqua:

– a collection of articles creating a worldwide perspective

– enhancing digestion in a different manner

Noise

Fishmeal & fish oil

– Unlocking the hidden potential of plant proteins using solid state fermentation technology

Options and challenges of alternative protein and energy resources for aquafeed

Enzymes to improve water and soil quality in aquaculture ponds

Enzymes

EXPERT TOPIC

THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED INDUSTRY IAF12.04.indd 1

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I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

An overview of the UK fish vaccination industry

– in European aquafeeds

Spray-dried plasma

Niacin

Bioenergetics

– from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic salmon parrs

– application in aquaculture nutrition

The shrimp feed industry in China

Towards aquafeeds with increased food security

EXPERT TOPIC – Salmon

They are what they eat Enhancing the nutritional value of live feeds with microalgae

Controlling mycotoxins with binders

Nutritional benefits of processed animal proteins

Profitable aquafeed moisture control

Extrusion technology for the production of micro-aquatic feeds and shrimp feeds

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

Transforming aquaculture production using oxygenation systems

Chicken viscera for fish feed formulation

Why check selenomethionine levels in selenium yeast?

– and its role in sustainable aquaculture

– a source of stress for farmed fish

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

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Tough environment produces world’s best Barramundi

– an overview

– one of the key B vitamins for sustaining healthy fish growth and production

Ultraviolet water disinfection for fish farms and hatcheries

– Shrimp

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3 & 4 December 2013 Hamburg - germany

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Photos: Iba Hamburg gmbH/ Johannes arlt

w w w. AlgAeco ng r eSS.com September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 29

PHOTOSHOOT H. spinosissimus on the corral Courtesy of ©Paul Ferber

Marine Conservation Cambodia Since 2007, Marine Conservation Cambodia (MCC) has been intimately involved in the research and conservation of Cambodia’s marine resources. This research has been concentrated around the island of Koh Rong Samloem, off the southern coast of Cambodia, and has been influential in the protection of the local area.

The first brood of H. spinosissimus fry at one day old Courtesy of ©Zachary Calef

MCC has been working closely with the Royal Cambodian Government Fisheries Administration (RCG FiA) for many years to develop and implement effective management and monitoring strategies for the local marine environment, as it is among the most diverse in Cambodia. During the course of this research a crucial seahorse breeding ground was discovered just off the coast, in an area affectionately called The Corral. While this area is now offered some protection from the local government, the habitat has been severely degraded by trawling boats and seahorse targeted collection.

H. spinosissimus on the corral attached to sea grass Courtesy of ©Paul Ferber

Camouflaged seahorses on the corral. Can you see them?

Courtesy of ©Paul Ferber

MCC’s first female H. spinosissimus

Courtesy of ©Karim Iliya

In late 2012, MCC was contacted by members of The Seahorse Trust (TST), an international cooperative of several similar organisations dedicated to the study and conservation of these gentle and fascinating animals. It was determined that in order to restore this habitat to its former state it would be necessary to begin a captive breeding programme with the ultimate goal of reintroduction to the wild.

Due to the slow development to sexual maturity, the extent of habitat degradation, and the overall reduction in population and diversity, it is the opinion of MCC and TST that without outside intervention the seahorse species native to this area will not be able recover. What has followed this decision is the creation of Cambodia’s first seahorse breeding programme.

Breeding seahorses in captivity is no easy feat, as anyone who has tried can attest.The water must be of the highest quality, tank parameters just right, the feeding regime just so, and on and on.That being said, anyone who has succeeded will tell you it was worth the struggle, and in February 2013 MCC’s first brood of captive bred Hippocampus spinosissimus was born, followed soon after by the fist brood of Hippocampus kuda.

Phytoplankton culture, the building block of our feed system Courtesy of ©Karim Iliya

30 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

17 - 19 NOVEMBER 2013 D U BAI WO R L D T R A D E C E N T R E

w w ~ w.sea s a e s f e exm h t r u e.c o v o a s

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the first professional

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17 November

10.15 – 17.30

Space, Usage, Status, Importance & Opportunity

10.15 10.30

Opening Corporate Ocean Responsibility - Paul Holthus, World Ocean Council The World Ocean Council (WOC) brings together the diverse ocean business community to collaborate on stewardship of the seas. This unique coalition is working to improve ocean science in support of safe and sustainable operations, educate the public and stakeholders about the role of responsible companies in addressing environmental concerns, more effectively engage in ocean policy and planning, and develop science-based solutions to cross-cutting environmental challenges that cannot be solved by one company or industry, such as: invasive species, ocean noise, marine mammal impacts, marine debris, the Arctic, and others.

The WOC is engaging a wide range of ocean industries, including: shipping, oil and gas, fisheries, aquaculture, tourism, renewable energy (wind, wave, tidal), ports, dredging, cables and pipelines, carbon capture and storage, as well as the maritime legal, financial and insurance communities, and others.

12.30

Global Partnership for Oceans

– Peter Kristensen, World Bank The Global Partnership for Oceans is a new and powerful approach to restoring ocean health. It mobilizes finance and knowledge to activate proven solutions at an unprecedented scale for the benefit of communities, countries and global well-being.

13.30

14.30 15.30

Status and Trends of Global Fisheries & Aquaculture – Audun Lem, FAO Globefish The FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department provides advice and objective information to Members to help promote responsible aquaculture and fisheries. To fulfil this role, the Department compiles, analyses and disseminates fishery data, structured within data collections.

Government Challenges & Opportunities in MENA Financing and investing in the fisheries sector in the Arab Region – Izzat Feidi, Fisheries Consultant, FAO While the overall resources of the Arab region in general constitute a small part in the international fisheries scene, nevertheless to several countries in the region which their economies are largely dependent on this natural resource as well as in all the countries all other countries fisheries are considered a very important economic activity especially in the traditional, artisanal communities in these countries where it provides employment, food, and a source of income from the various activities associated with the fisheries industry.

With this background, and in order to increase the benefits of a largely low level industry in terms of returns of the industry to the various national economies as well as to the various sectors of the industry including the fishermen communities, there is a significant need for more attention and prospective of development in the region in order to raise the potential of the sector especially where various outlets for major investments may be injected in the sector to increase the benefits that such an important sector in the future of these countries of the region.

It is essential to say that if rationally and scientifically exploited, fisheries could play an important role in meeting increased demand for food in the region and in spearheading the national economies of several Arab states. This paper reviews the areas that offer good potential for development as well as highlighting the various possibilities in which new investments may be injected from private, national, regional and international sources with the general intention of development of fisheries from capture and aquaculture sector in the Arab region and reviews the challenges ahead for sustainable fisheries development.

16.30

17.30

Financing and investing in the aquaculture sector – Stephanie Rakels, Impact Investment Manager at A-Spark Good Ventures A-Spark Good Ventures in association with their partner The WorldFish Center, are momentarily working on the establishment of a new investment fund: Aqua-Spark - Fish for Good. An ethically and socially motivated group of scientists, investors, environmentalists and entrepreneurs have joined forces to address the challenges of improving food security, reducing poverty and addressing environmental concerns through growing sustainable aquaculture businesses. We particularly focus on those businesses that create social and environmental benefits in developing country communities, but also in highly developed parts of the world knowledge where intensive developments in aquaculture can generate viable investment opportunities.

Networking while tasting a new iconic product

18 November

10.30 – 17.30

How to make money from our oceans/water responsibly?

10.30

BioMarine – the Blue Revolution – Pierre Erwes, BioMarine Organisation

11.30

Feed – the way forward - Roger Gilbert, Publisher, International Aquafeed

12.30 13.30

Aquaculture – Arabian Lessons Marketing – Lessons in Fishing & Aquaculture – Professor Jose Fernandez Polanco,

14.30

Certification – Benefits beyond the Demands – Peter Redmond, GAA

15.30

Capability & Capacity Building – Professor Jean-Yves Mevel (UAE University) & Roy Palmer (WAS)

16.30

Importance of Seafood & Health – Dr Ayesha Aldaheri (UAE University - World Health Organisation (WHO) & Roy Palmer (GILLS)

17.30

Networking and Launch of AISP website

18.00

Close of Conference Program subject to change

more opportunities

SEAFEX 2013 introduces new and vibrant features to offer you extra brand visibility and leads generation.

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OYSTER SHUCKING COMPETITION Witness how fast chefs can shuck an oyster at the first Oyster Shucking Competition in the Middle East!

HOSTED BUYERS PROGRAMME

Exhibitors were connected with 56 key influential buyers during one-to-one meetings organised onsite in 2012, with most leading to deals. The 2013 edition of this unique programme will more than double in size.

NEW PRODUCT SHOWCASE All short-listed Awards entries will be displayed in a dedicated exhibition area throughout the duration of the show.

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Meet with a highly targeted audience of importers, retailers, wholesalers, distributors, processing companies, hotels, restaurants and catering companies from the entire MENA region.

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When quality matters, count on Dubai World Trade Centre to deliver.

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Paul Ferber, founder and director of MCC looking at the first female collected about to be put into the tank

A spread of seahorses collected from an illegal fishing boat Courtesy of ©Paul Ferber

Close-up of first brood of H. spinosissimus Courtesy of ©Karim Iliya

Courtesy of ©Zachary Calef

H. spinosissimus on the corral

H. kuda on the corral Courtesy of ©Paul Ferber

Courtesy of ©Paul Ferber

It is important to note that the goal is not to flood the area with as many captive bred specimens as possible, but the opposite. One of the major reasons the local population is having a difficult time in recovery is that the habitat degradation and subsequent drop in numbers is making it increasingly unlikely for sexually mature seahorses to meet and breed. The idea, aided by MCC’s long-term survey data, is to introduce as few as possible to allow natural breeding behavior and let the population recover naturally over time.

The breeding programme will only be as effective as the protection of the area, and through the surveys of the last year MCC has observed discernible improvement to the sites selected for reintroduction as evidenced through the increase in substrate and decreased evidence of trawling.This is a big step in the right direction, and with time it is hoped that this area will once again be returned to its former wonder, with a little help.

Tank room 1

Courtesy of ©Zachary Calef

Unidentified seahorse fry on the corral Courtesy of ©Paul Ferber

More Information: www.marineconservationcambodia.org www.theseahorsetrust.org

Bycatch of trawling boat Courtesy of ©Paul Ferber

(left to right) Nina Wedel, seahorse assistant, Zachary Calef, director of marine research and Paul Ferber, project founder and director Courtesy of ©Karim Iliya

September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 35

EXPERT Tâ—?PIC

EXPERT TOPIC

SALMON Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed.

36 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

EXPERT Tâ—?PIC

12 34

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World view According to statistics from the Global Salmon Initiative (GSI) approximately 60 percent of the world’s salmon is farmed. Figures show that in 2011, wild-caught salmon reached approximately 930,000 tonnes. A drop in the ocean compared to the 1,600,000 tonnes produced by aquaculture.

Salmon belong to a family of fish known as Salmonidae and based on their distribution, are further classified in to two main genera; Atlantic dwellers (Salmo) and Pacific Ocean based species (Oncorhynchus). The distinguishing factor in this classification is that unlike the Salmo genus, species belonging to the Oncorhynchus genus die after spawning.

Due to complex production needs, wide water temperature ranges and biological conditions, farming of Atlantic salmon - the most popular species of Salmonidae - is dominated by just a handful of countries. Currently, the EU, USA and Japan have the largest salmon aquaculture markets.

Atlantic salmon is pisciverous and therefore requires a diet rich in protein and lipids.

Farmed fish are usually fed a combination of fish meal and fish oil and although the waste produced from fish processing can be used in certain components of fishmeal production, the risk of transferring disease means it cannot be used directly in fish feed. There is on-going research into supplementing fish feed with plant or microbe-based products, though currently no supplement has been found for pisciverous species (FAO). www.globalsalmoninitiative.org www.fao.org/fishery/en

1

Iceland

The Icelandic Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture states that salmon farming first began in Iceland at the beginning of the 19th century, with the first attempts to rear salmon fry occurring in 1961.

The first land-based salmon production

6

farm was developed in 1978 and by the late 1980s bigger farms were being constructed.

Between 1984 and 1987, salmon eggs were imported from Norway. At this time, there were large investments in the production of salmon smolts for export.

Later, ocean ranching and cage and landbased farming attracted interest among investors. Ocean ranching involves releasing young reared smolts into rivers and streams. The young smolts use the coastal environment to mature for around a year before returning at which point they are harvested.

The country owes much of its farming capabilities to its climate. With unpolluted seas and an abundance of clear water, aquaculture conditions are regarded as among the best in the world in Iceland.

In 2007, 600 tonnes of Atlantic salmon were exported. By 2009, there were about 45 registered fish farms on the island.

Figures show that of these, about 30 were producing juveniles, mostly for Salmonid on-rearing. According to figures produced

September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 37

EXPERT T●PIC

MOBILE You can now find International Aquafeed content on your mobile phone, including full feature articles (not to mention a whole host of other Perendale content - including The International Milling Directory). Simply visit www.perendale.com on your mobile to launch the our app - it’s all free.

EVENTS

e APP her re

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Our Events register contains all the information that you need about all of the up-coming industry events, and forms an essential part of our app for all industry professionals

by the Directorate of Fisheries, the facilities released around 6 million salmon smolts with an annual return of around 500 metric tonnes.

In Iceland, selective breeding and production of healthy Atlantic salmon eggs are supplied on a year round basis. In recent years, major fishery operations have moved into aquaculture, investing in both research and development and the sustainable farming of salmon. www.fisheries.is/aquaculture/ species/atlantic-salmon

Faroe Islands

2

Despite its small size, the Faroese aquaculture industry produces top quality Atlantic salmon.

With steady ocean temperatures and strong currents, The Faroe Islands is a prime location for premium salmon production.

As a result of this, wild Atlantic salmon from all over northern Europe make their way north of the Faroe Islands to feed.

Fish farming in the Faroe Islands began in the 1970s.

Nowadays, Faroese fish farming today, which takes place in oceanbased fjords, consists primarily of Atlantic salmon and large rainbow trout and has become a significant component of Faroese economic activity over the past two decades (NASCO). http://salmon-from-the-faroeislands.com

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AQUACULTURE

38 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

3

Scotland

Scotland, which alongside Norway pioneered salmon farming in the 1960s, is now second only to Norway in European production.

As smolts are not indigenous to the Shetland Islands, they were originally imported from Norway to establish farms.

Atlantic salmon aquaculture in Scotland has increased from 14 tonnes in 1971 to 154,164 tonnes in 2010 and Scotland is now the largest farmed salmon producing country in the EU. It is estimated that the worldwide retail value of Scottish farmed salmon is over GB£1billion.

The USA is the largest export market for Scottish farmed salmon, closely followed by France. www.scottishsalmon.co.uk

4

Norway

The development of commercial aquaculture in Norway began in 1970. At present, intensive farming of Atlantic salmon in the country is substantial, accounting for more than 80 percent of total Norwegian aquaculture production (FAO).

According to the international environmental organisation, The Bellona Foundation, an average of 20 percent of the oil content in fish feed in Norway comes from vegetable oils. www.fhl.no/english/norwegianseafood-federation-article15-14. html

EXPERT T●PIC

5

Tasmania

Salmon farming commenced in Tasmania in the mid-1980s after a report to the Tasmanian Fisheries Development Authority concluded that a salmon farming industry could be successfully developed on the island state.

As a result, in 1984 fertilised Atlantic salmon eggs were purchased from the Gaden Trout Hatchery, Jindabyne, New South Wales, Australia from stock originally imported in the 1960s from Nova Scotia, Canada. A sea farm was then established at Dover in the south of Tasmania and a hatchery developed at Wayatinah in the central highlands.

The first 53 tonne commercial harvest of Atlantic salmon occurred between 1986 -1987.

Nowadays, the Tasmanian industry now produces almost 40,000 tonnes per annum.

Nearly 93 percent of Tasmanian salmonid production was sold in the domestic market in 2006. (DPIW) www.tsga.com.au

New Zealand

6

New Zealand King Salmon's plans for marine farms in Marlborough Sound, New Zealand, may get the go ahead after the High Court dismissed an appeal against them.

The decision of the Board of Inquiry, reached in February 2011, to approve four new salmon farming sites in the Marlborough Sounds was appealed by two parties and that appeal was heard at the High Court in Blenheim in May. The news has been welcomed by the government, “The impacts of these new marine farms on the important recreation and conservation values of the Marlborough Sounds are small. This is about use of only six hectares of more than 100,000 hectares of water space in the Sounds,” said Conservation Minister Dr Nick Smith.

“We are a Bluegreen Government that wants jobs and development but also wants to ensure we look after our environment and great kiwi lifestyle.

This decision confirms this balanced approach.”

“Primary industries are vital for economic growth in our regions, and aquaculture plays an important role in the Marlborough economy. I welcome the news that extra jobs will be created as a result of these new farms,” said Primary Industries Minister Nathan Guy. “This decision is another step forward for New Zealand King Salmon in its plans to establish four new farms, delivering an additional $60 million a year in export income and providing 200 new jobs.”

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September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 39

7 EXPERT T●PIC

Global salmon farming industry joins forces with new sustainability initiative

by Alice Neal, Associate editor, International Aquafeed magazine

T

he Global Salmon Initiative (GSI) unites 15 global farmed salmon producers committed to greater industry cooperation and transparency, in order to achieve significant and continuous progress in industry sustainability.

Together, these 15 companies represent 70 percent the global salmon industry, mean-

Chris Ninnes, chief executive, ASC, “GSI’s commitment to significantly improving the sustainability of salmon farming mirrors ASC’s aim to transform aquaculture towards environmental sustainability and social responsibility"

ing the initiative could have a real impact on salmon aquaculture.

The major salmon producing countries of Chile, Norway, Scotland, the Faroe Islands and Canada are all represented in the GSI. Ygnve Myhre, CEO, SalMar, Norway and GSI member, said, “While we have been making attempts at sustainability, salmon farming is a young industry and we recognise that more needs to be done and we can do better.

“We know it will take time and will be a continuous process, but through the GSI we have committed to the significant improvement that is needed. This initiative is about significant improvement in sustainability. It is not about satisfaction with the status quo.”

The GSI will achieve its aim through global collaboration and research, pooling of resources and sharing knowledge.

“What is different is that as the GSI, the companies have committed to helping each other towards improved sustainability. It’s about cooperation, not competition,” said Myhre.

Alfonso Marquéz de la Plata, chair of the GSI standards committee and CEO, Empresas AquaChile S.A., Chile, said, “We cannot choose between a healthy environment and healthy food, we need both. This initiative is a practical approach to achieving both. While meeting the standard at a global level will be a significant challenge, this is a major commitment from the salmon farming industry and we hope that through GSI collaboration, we can get there together.”

The initial impetus for the GSI came from a meeting in 2011 which was attended by a number of CEOs. At that meeting, the CEOs heard about significant progress other industries had made in sustainability by working together. That group of CEOs decided to meet again and invite other CEOs and in due course it was agreed to form the GSI. Currently, the GSI is focusing on biosecu-

Ygnve Myhre, CEO, SalMar, Norway and GSI member, “While we have been making attempts at sustainability, salmon farming is a young industry and we recognise that more needs to be done and we can do better"

rity, feed and nutrition and meeting industry standards.

In terms of feed ingredients, the GSI is keen to find sources that do not put further stress on marine resources. The GSI is considering utilizing by-products and is working closely with the FAO to assess availability of these resources.

The GSI has chosen the Aquaculture Stewarship Council (ASC) as its accreditation body and aims to have all its members meet the ASC Salmon Standard by 2020.

Chris Ninnes, chief executive, ASC said, “GSI’s commitment to significantly improving the sustainability of salmon farming mirrors ASC’s aim to transform aquaculture towards environmental sustainability and social responsibility.

“A commitment at this scale presents an unprecedented opportunity to realise a meaningful reduction in the environmental and social impact of the sector. It is a huge statement of leadership intent to tackle these issues.”

The initiative ties in with ASC plans to launch a certified salmon to the market in early 2014.

“I consider it extremely positive that a major proportion of the salmon farming industry is voluntarily seeking to become environmentally responsible and to do this in a transparent way so that all can see the reduction of industry impact.

“Transparency is one of the cornerstones of ASC. The standards require an unprecedented amount of public disclosure of farm-level data from certified farms that are currently not publicly available in most cases. GSI members are aware of these requirements. However, as an industry-led initiative and by working together members are well placed to meet them as they achieve certification.”

The initiative has been warmly welcomed by the aquaculture industry. Mary Ellen Walling, executive director, British Columbia Salmon Farmers’ Association, Canada said, “This initiative recognises that there is no limit to how sustainable you can be. You don’t reach the highest level and stop; there is always room for improvement, always more you can learn. This collaboration will benefit the industry in BC and around the world.”

GSI member companies include Acuinova Chile; Bakkafrost; Blumar; Cermaq; Compañía Pesquera Camanchaca; Empresas AquaChile; Grieg Seafood; Lerøy Seafood Group; Los Fiordos; Marine Harvest; Norway Royal Salmon; SalMar; Multiexport Foods SA; The Scottish Salmon Company; Scottish Sea Farms.

More Information: www.globalsalmoninitiative.org

40 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

EXPERT T●PIC

6th Protein Summit 2013 Platform for Future supply, Health & Technology

THE GLOBALG.A.P. AQUACULTURE STANDARD Food Safety and Sustainability at Every Stage of Production

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NEXT STOP: SEAFOOD BARCELONA 22-24 October 2013, Barcelona, Spain Hall 1, Booth No. 3026 Check out our website for events happening near you! www.tour2013.org

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September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 41

8 EXPERT T●PIC

and outcompete endogenous bacteria and pathogens.

Evaluation of prebiotic and probiotic effects on the intestinal gut microbiota and histology of Atlantic salmon

by Mads Kristiansen, Einar Ringø Norwegian College of Fishery, Faculty of Bioscience, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tomso, NorwayAquamedical Contract Research, Vikan, Norway; Daniel Merrifield, Aquaculture and Fish Nutrition Research Group, School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, UK; Jose Gonzalez Vecino, EWOS Innovation AD, Dirdal, Norway and Reidar Myklebust, Molecular Imaging Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway

T

oday it is generally accepted that the three major routes of infection in fish are through: a) skin, b) gills and c) the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI microbiota, including lactic acid bacteria (LAB), have been suggested to be important in fish health and it has been suggested that the autochthonous gut bacterial community may be responsible for controlling the colonization of potential pathogens by adhesion competition and production of antagonistic compounds. If the GI tract is involved as an infection route, scientists have address whether probiotic bacteria are able to adhere to and colonise mucosal surfaces

Investigating these topics effectively in in vivo models can be difficult as they are time consuming and costly. Furthermore, as the EU has recommend reductions of in vivo experiments and the numbers of animals used in experiments (Revision of the EU directive for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes [Directive 86/609/EEC]; 8th of September 2010), attempts have been made to use alternative ex vivo methods (e.g. the Ussing chamber, everted sack and intestinal sack methods).

The first aim of the present study was to investigate possible effects of a prebiotic feed on epithelial histology and indigenous GI tract microbiota in the proximal intestine (PI) and distal intestine (DI) of Atlantic salmon. Furthermore, the same effects, including morphological changes of epithelial cells after ex vivo exposure of the intestinal tract to Carnobacterium divergens, a probiotic bacterium, are investigated by light microscopy and electron microscopy. The result of Carnobacterium exposure is of high importance to evaluate as translocation and cell damage are negative criteria when evaluating the use of probiotics in endothermic animals as well as in fish.

The second aim of the present study was to evaluate the bacterial community of the PI and DI of salmon fed control or prebiotic diets, before and after ex vivo exposure to probiotic bacteria, in order to investigate if the indigenous GI tract microbiota is modulated by the different treatments.

Finally, we addressed the issue as to whether carnobacteria isolated in the ex vivo studies were able to inhibit in vitro growth of the pathogenic bacteria Yersinia rückeri and Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida.

Fish husbandry

Table 1: Dietary formulation and chemical composition of the experimental diets % Fishmeal

31.25

North Atlantic fish oil

13.50

Vegetable protein concentrates1

25.76

Vegetable oil

14.01

Carbohydrate-based binders2

13.00

Micro premixes3

2.48

Chemical composition (%)

Moisture

6.9

Protein4

44.2

Fat4

29.1

NFE4

1.6

Ash4

8.4

1 Incudes soy protein concentrate, pea

protein concentrate, wheat gluten, sun flower meal.

2 Includes wheat and pea starch 3 Includes vitamin, mineral, amino acid and pigment premixes and 0.2% EWOS prebiosal® added to the prebiotic diet (at the expense of an equal volume of carbohydrate-based binders) 4 dry weight basis

day with duration of 2.5 hour between each feeding for a period of 15 weeks. During the feeding period the water temperature and salinity ranged, with season, from 5.3-12.9 °C and 26.7-30.9 gl-1.

The samplings were carried out at two different points: at the start (week 0) and at the end of the trial (week 15). An overview of the different treatments and groups is listed in Table 2.

Probiotic bacteria

The probiotic bacterium used in this Two hundred and forty vaccinated Atlantic experiment was Carnobacteriumdivergens salmon (Salmo salar L.) were held at the strain Lab01 originally isolated from juvenile EWOS Innovation AS Research Station, Atlantic salmon fed a commercial diet. The Dirdal, Norway. The average weight at the bacteria were stored in glycerol-containing start of the experiment was 350 g. Two hun- cryotubes at -80 °C and inoculated into tryptic dred and forty fish were distributed equally soy broth (Difco, USA) with glucose (10 g l-1) (i.e. 40 fish per tank) into six tanks supplied with 500 litres of seawater and Table 2: Experimental treatments applied to Atlantic salmon two diets were offered (i.e. triplicate intestine fed control and prebiotic diets tanks per diet). The control diet and Treatment Type of Type of Week of prebiotic diet had the same ingredient grouop treatment feed feeding composition (Table 1) and differed only in the inclusion of 0.2 percent EWOS 0 1 Saline Control prebiosal® in the prebiotic diet. EWOS 1 prebiosal®, is described as a multi-com0 Control 2 C. divergens ponent prebiotic specifically designed for 15 3 Saline Control salmonid fish; more detailed information 15 4 C. divergens2 Control about the composition of EWOS prebi15 5 Saline Prebiotic osal® is not available for commercial 15 6 C. divergens2 Prebiotic reasons. Feeding was conducted twice a

42 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

EXPERT Tâ—?PIC Table 3: Cultruable heterotrophic bacterial levels (log CFU g-1 wet weight) and identity (as determinedfrom phenotypic characteristics and 16S rRNA sequence analysus) obtained from different groups after the ex vivo assay

Proximal intestine Group

TVC (log No CFU g-1)

Distal intestine

Bacteria %

TVC (log CFU g-1)

No

Bacteria %

1.73

11

Psychrobacter glancincola - 9.0% Psychrobacter spp - 36.3% Pseudoalteromonas - 36.3% Brevibacterium sp. - 9.0% Moraxella sp. - 9.0%

5.56

7

Carnobacterium divergens - 100%

1

1.72

12

Psychrobacter aquimaris - 16.7% Psychrobacter glancincola - 16.7% Psychrobacter spp - 66.6%

2

6.04

7

Carnobacterium divergens - 100%

2.69

15

Carnobacterium divergens - 33.3% Pseudomonas fluva - 6.6% Shewanella baltica - 6.6% Vibrio splendidus - 13.3% Gammaproteobacteria - 40%

6.68

8

Carnobacterium divergens - 100%

3

2.08

17

Carnobacterium divergens - 70.6% Pseudomonas fluva - 17.6% Pantoea spp - 5.9% Gammaproteobacteria - 5.9%

4

6.26

8

Carnobacterium divergens - 87.5% Pseudomonas spp - 12.5%

47

Carnobacterium divergens - 29.8% Carnobacterium spp - 51% Pseudomonas antartica - 2.1% Pseudomonas korensis - 2.1% Enterbacter hormaechi - 8.5 Gammaproteobacteria - 4.3% Uncultured bacterial clone CK20 - 2.1%

1.71

44

Carnobacterium divergens - 25% Carnobacterium spp - 52.3% Pantoea spp. - 18.2% Enterobacter spp. - 4.5%

25

Psychrobacter marincola - 4% Pseudomonas sp - 8% Carnobacterium divergens - 20% Carnobacterium spp - 68%

6.7

17

Acinetobacter sp. - 5.6% Carnobacterium divergens - 94.2%

5

6

2.34

6.63

*N = number of isolates identified

September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 43

and NaCl (10 g l-1), viz. TSBgs medium.

After approximately 24 hours of preinoculation at room temperature with an agitation of 190 rpm, 1 percent of the preculture was transferred to new TSBgs medium and growth (same growth conditions as above) was measured by optical density for evaluation of the growth cycle (data not shown).

Bacterial viability was confirmed by plating bacterial suspensions on tryptic soy agar (Difco) + glucose (15 g l-1) and NaCl (15 g l-1) (TSAgs) plates.

The results obtained from this study were used to calculate the bacterial concentration in the experimental bacterial solutions.

EXPERT T●PIC

Ex vivo exposure to bacteria Three fish were randomly selected from two of the tanks fed each diet and killed with a blow to the head. The entire intestine, from the last pyloric caeca to the anus, was removed aseptically and intestinal content was gently squeezed out, before the intestine was flushed three times with sterile saline solution (0.9% NaCl), in order to remove the allochthonous gut bacteria. The posterior end was tightly tied with cotton thread before filling (ca. 1.5 ml) with the appropriate assay solution (Table 2), tying the anterior end and suspending the sealed intestinal tube in sterile saline solution. The intestinal sacks were then incubated at 10 ºC for one hour.

After incubation the intestine was cut open, the contents discarded and flushed three times with sterile saline solution.

Post ex vivo bacterial assays Samples for bacteriology from each segment from the first sampling point (groups 1 and 2) were prepared by homogenizing 1 g of

intestinal tissue (PI or DI) in 1 ml sterile saline using a Stomacher (Seaward Laboratory, UK).

Gut samples for bacteriology from the second sampling (groups 3-6) were prepared by gently scraping off mucus with a sterile scalpel.

Thereafter, the segments were weighed. Both the homogenates and mucus were used to create serial ten-fold dilutions which were spread plated (100 µl) on TSAgs plates and incubated at 6 ºC for up to 1 week to determine viable counts of culturable heterotrophic bacteria.

After sub-culturing on TSAgs to achieve pure cultures, phenotypic bacterial identification (Gram stain, colony morphology, oxidase - and catalase tests and glucose fermentation) was carried out on random colonies from all plates containing between 10-300 colonies.

A total of 168 bacterial strains were isolated from the two sampling points.

16S rRNA characterization of isolates The bacterial DNA was isolated following

the protocol from a commercial kit (DNeasy Blood and Tissue, Qiagen, USA). Specific treatment for Gram-positive and Gramnegative isolates was carried out according to the manufacturer’s instructions. TemplateDNA was diluted to a concentration of approximately 20-30 ng µl-1 using Milli-Q water. The PCR mix constituted of 8 µl of template-DNA, 36 µl Milli-Q water, 5 µl 10x buffer F511, 0.25 µl dNTP, 0.25 µl27F forward primer, 0.25 µl 1492R reverse primer and 0.25 µl DNA-polymerase yielding a total volume of 50µl. PCR thermal cycling consisted of initial denaturation of 94 ºC, followed by 35 cycles of 94 ºC for 20 s, 53 ºC for 20 s and 72 ºC for 90 s with a final extension step of 72 ºC for 7 min. To verify PCR products, samples were run on gel electrophoresis. The PCR-products were desalted by mixing 20 µl of PCR-product with 40 µl of 100 percent ethanol and 2 µl of 3M NaOAc (pH 5.3) and vortexed well. Samples were then incubated on ice for 30 min followed by centrifugation for 20 minutes at 14,000 gusing an Eppendorf Microcentrifuge Model 5417R. The supernatant was removed and pellet washed in 100 µl of 80 percent ethanol and centrifuged for another 5 minutes at 14,000 g. The supernatant was removed and the pellet dried at room temperature for 60 minutes. The pellet was then resuspended in 30 µl of Milli-Q water. Purified PCR products were sequenced as described elsewhere.

The resultant nucleotide sequences were submitted to a BLAST search in GenBank (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) to retrieve the closest known alignment identities for the partial 16S rRNA sequences.

Gene sequences that showed higher than 95 percent similarity to a genus or species in GenBank were categorized accordingly.

In vitro growth inhibition of pathogens by LAB isolated form the ex vivo studies Eleven randomly chosen LAB isolated from the intestinal tract after ex vivo exposure and one type strain, Carnobacterium inhibens (CCUG 31728), were tested for antagonistic effects against two different fish pathogens.

The pathogenic bacteria used in the present investigation were Yersinia rückeri (CCUG 14190) and Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida (Ass 4017). C. inhibens (CCUG 31728) was used as a positive control as previous investigations have demonstrated that this strain has an inhibiting effect towards V. anguillarum and A. salmonicida. In vitro growth inhibition of the two fish pathogens by the twelve LAB was tested using a microtitre plate assay described in detail by Ringø and co-authors. This method has been used in two recent studies. The pathogenic bacterial levels at the start of assays were 106 cells ml-1. Positive in vitro growth inhibition was defined when no growth (turbidity < 0.05 at optical density; OD600 nm) of the pathogen

44 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

EXPERT T●PIC was detected. Sterile growth media and the pathogens were used as controls. Growth (at OD600) of the pathogens without addition of sterile supernatant of LAB was approximately 0.6. Measurements were carried out each hour using an automatic plate reader (Bioscreen C, Labsystems, Finland).

Histology

Table 4: Identification of LAB strains and pathogen antagonistic activity of extracellular products used in the in vitropathogen asays

Isolate code

Source group

Intestinal region

Closest known species

Strain

Accession no

Identity (%)

33

Group 2

Proximal

C. divergens

LHICA_53_4

FJ656716.1

98

Y. ruckeri

A. Salmon

40

Group 2

Distal

C. divergens

LHICA_53_4

FJ656716.1

98

+

-

Antagonism

75

Group 3

Proximal

C. divergens

LHICA_53_4

FJ656716.1

99

+

-

84

Group3

Distal

C. divergens

LHICA_53_4

FJ656716.1

100

+

-

14

Group5

Proximal

Carnobacterium sp

H126a

EF204312.1

86

+

-

57

Group5

Proximal

C. divergens

LHICA_53_4

FJ656716.1

99

+

+

17

Group 5

Distal

Carnobacterium sp

H126a

EF204312.1

99

+

-

154

Group 5

Distal

C. divergens

LHICA_53_4

FJ656716.1

92

+

-

Samples for light C. divergens 173 Group 4 Proximal LHICA_53_4 FJ656716.1 99 + microscopy (LM) and C. divergens 127 Group 4 Distal LHICA_53_4 FJ656716.1 99 + transmission electron C. divergens 99 Group 8 Proximal LHICA_53_4 FJ656716.1 99 + microscopy (TEM) were collected by excising *_originally isolated from the digestive tract of Atlantic salmon (salmo salar) [20] approximately 5 mm from the posterior part of the PI and DI. The samples were immedi- divergens (group 4). In both dietary groups, munity which consisted of 4 different bacterial ately fixed in McDowells fixative and stored a similar bacterial level (~log 6.70 CFU g-1) genera. Of these, ten strains were indentified at 4 ºC until processing. TEM and LM sam- was detected in DI exposed to C. divergens. to genus level and one strain was identified ples were processed as described elsewhere However, a higher bacterial level (log 2.69 to species level. The bacteria identified to Morphological observations were made from CFU g-1) was observed in the DI of control genus level belonged to Pseudoalteromonas, multiple micrographs (8) from each intestinal fed fish exposed to saline than that of prebi- Psychrobacter, Moraxella and Brevibacterium, while the last strains showed high similarity region from two fish within each group. otic fed fish (log 1.71 CFU g-1).

The following morphological parameters were Isolation and identification of bacteria after (98 percent) to Psychrobacter glacincola.

Microbiota of fish fed control diet and observed; detached microvilli, enterocytes ex vivo exposure detached from the basal membrane, disinteA total of 168 bacterial strains were intestines exposed to C. divergens (group 2): grated cell junctions, presence of goblet cells, isolated from the two samplings. Among All bacteria isolated from PI and DI of fish presence of absorptive vacuoles and presence these, 40 isolates were isolated from the first exposed to C. divergens at the first sampling of intraepithelial lymphocytes. sampling point and 128 isolates were isolated (group 2) were identified as C. divergens. This from the second sampling point. All isolates observation indicates that C. divergens are able were tested for morphology and biochemical to adhere to the intestinal mucosa in both Results properties (colony morphology, Gram-testing, segments.

Bacterial levels after ex vivo exposure The adherent bacterial levels, as deter- oxidase - and catalase tests and glucose mined by using a stomacher (groups 1 and 2) fermentation).

Week 15 One hundred and eleven isolates were or by the collection of mucus (and subsequent Microbiota of fish fed control diet and weighing of the segments the mucus was further identified by partial sequencing of the intestines exposed to saline (group 3): After 15 removed from) (groups 3-6), did not seem to 16S rRNA gene. Isolates not identified by 16S weeks of feeding on the control diet, the isodiffer which indicates that the different sam- rRNA gene sequencing but showing similar lated strains (17) from the PI exposed to saline pling methods were similarly effective. Table biochemical and physiological properties to were dominated by C. divergens; 70.6 percent 3 presents an overview of the autochthonous those isolates identified by 16S rRNA genes of the isolates were identified as C. divergens, bacterial levels isolated from each segment were defined as ‘-like’. Table 3 provides an 17.6 % were identified as Pseudomonas fulva, and each group exposed to either saline or C. overview of the different bacterial species 5.9 % belonged to Pantoea spp. while 5.9 % of divergens. All values are expressed as log col- isolated in each experimental group. the isolates were identified as members of the ony forming units (CFU) g-1. Autochthonous class Gammaproteobacteria. The bacteria isolated from the DI were identified as C. divergens, bacteria isolated from intestines of fish fed Week 0 the control diet at the experimental start and Microbiota of fish fed control diet and two strains as Vibrio splendidus, one strain as exposed to saline was approximately log 1.7 intestines exposed to saline (group 1): Shewanella baltica, one strain as Pseudomonas CFU g-1 in both PI and DI, while the number Analysis of the adherent microbiota in the fulva and six other strains were identified as of bacteria isolated from intestines of fish PI of fish fed the control diet and exposed Gammaproteobacteria.

Microbiota of fish fed control diet and exposed to C. divergens was log 6.04 CFU g-1 to sterile saline (group 1) revealed that all isolates belonged to the genus Psychrobacter. intestines exposed to C. divergens (group 4). In in PI and log 5.56 CFU g-1 in DI. After 15 weeks of feeding slightly higher Of the 12 strains isolated from the PI of the intestine of fish fed the control diet for 15 values were present in PI of fish fed the this group, two strains showed 96 percent weeks and exposed to C. divergens, the identiprebiotic diet post exposure to saline or C. similarity to Psychrobacter aquimaris, two fied bacterial strains isolated from both PI and divergens compared to fish fed the control strains were identified as Psychrobacter gla- DI were dominated by C. divergens. Only one diet. Indeed, the bacterial level in the prebi- cincola while eight strains were identified as strain, identified as Pseudomonas spp., isolated from the PI of 1 fish did not belong to the otic fed fish intestine exposed to C. divergens Psychrobacter spp.- like.

The DI of fish exposed to saline at the first species C. divergens. (group 6) was 234 percent greater than that Microbiota of fish fed prebiotic diet and of the control fed fish intestine exposed to C. sampling point showed a more diverse comSeptember-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 45

EXPERT T●PIC intestines exposed to saline (group 5): The intestine exposed to saline of fish fed the prebiotic diet for 15 weeks showed higher diversity compared to the other groups exposed to saline (groups 1 and 3). Of the 47 strains isolated from the PI, 14 were identified as C. divergens, one as Pseudomonasantarctica, one as Pseudomonas koreensis, four as Enterobacter hormaechei and one as uncultured bacterial clone CK20. The remaining isolated strains were identified as members of the Carnobacterium and Acinetobacter genera. The dominant bacteria in the PI of this group belonged to carnobacteria (81%) and 30 percent of total isolates were identified as C. divergens.

The bacterial composition of the isolates from the DI of fish fed the prebiotic diet for 15 weeks were relatively low in diversity. Of the total number of strains isolated (44) from the DI exposed to saline 34 were identified

as Carnobacterium, eight strains showed high similarity (%) to Pantoea spp. and two strains belonged to the genus Enterobacter.

Microbiota of fish fed prebiotic diet and intestines exposed to C. divergens (group 6): In group 6, fish fed the prebiotic diets for 15 weeks and exposed to C. divergens, the isolated strains in the PI were dominated by C. divergens and C. divergens-like strains. Of the 22 carnobacteria isolated, five were identified as C. divergens by 16S rRNA sequencing while 17 isolates were identified as C. divergens-like.

Three other isolates were identified as members of the genera Pseudomonas (2 strains) and Psychrobacter (one strain). Of the 17 strains isolated and idesntified from the DI of group 6, C. divergens and C. divergens-like strains dominated with only one isolate, which showed high similarity (99 percent) to Acinetobacter spp., not belonging to this species.

Microscopical analyses

Light microscopy (LM): All LM micrographs, both from PI and DI of the prebiotic groups (5 and 6) showed no morphological differences compared to the control feeding regime (groups 1-4). All intestinal sections examined appeared normal and healthy; no signs of detached enterocytes, necrotic enterocytes, widened lamina propria or necrosis were observed and the number of goblet cells were similar in both treatments (examples are displayed in Figure 1).

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): Similar to the observations using LM, TEM revealed no differences between treatments or exposure groups; all micrographs revealed healthy epithelial brushborder, no deteriation of tight junctions was observed and microvilli appeared uniform. The presences of rodletlike cells (as shown in Figure 2) were present FIAAPisland:Layout 1 30/8/13 14:26 Page 1 in the PI and DI of all groups. The numbers of rodlet cells present in the PI displayed great differences between individual fish but were always observed in the upper half of the epithelium, above the underlying intraepithelial lymphocytes.

In vitro growth inhibition of two fish pathogens by extracellular extracts of LAB isolated from ex vivo studies 8 – 10 April 2014 . Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand Identification by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes of the eleven LAB strains isolated from the ex vivo experiments and subsequently used in the in vitro pathogen antagonism assays are displayed in Table 4. The results show that growth inhibition of Y. rückeri was obtained from extracellular extracts from all strains of carnobacteria isolated from the ex vivo experiment. However, in vitro growth inhibition of A. salmonicida ssp. salmonicida was only obtained from the extracellular extract of C divergens isolate 57.

The extracellular products from the positive control, C. inhibens CCUG 31728, did not inhibit the growth of A. salmonicida ssp. salmonicida.

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46 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

Discussion The ex vivo intestinal sack method has been used in several studies to evaluate possible histological changes in the fish intestine after exposure to high levels of LAB. The result of LAB exposure to the intestine is of high importance as translocation and cell damage have been proposed as important criteria when evaluating

EXPERT T●PIC the use of probiotics in endothermic animals spp. are commonly reported in the GI tract of bacteria have previously been isolated from as well as in fish. Recently, the effect of ex vivo fish, and these bacteria have previously been the intestine of Atlantic salmon. The bacteLAB exposure on the gut microbiota in fish isolated and identified from the GI tract of sal- rial composition of the PI observed in the was documented, but to the authors’ knowl- monids. Carnobacterium spp. have often been prebiotic fed fish exposed to saline (group edge the effect of prebiotic supplementation reported to be components of the gut micro- 5) showed greater bacterial diversity than and ex vivo LAB exposure of the fish intestine biota of salmonids; indeed, C. maltaromaticum, that observed from control fed fish exposed C. mobile, C. divergens and Carnobacterium spp. to saline (groups 1 and 3). The majority of has not been investigated.

The culturable bacterial levels recovered have been identified from Atlantic salmon. the bacteria from the PI of group 5 were on TSAgs plates from groups exposed to The consistency of isolation of these species C. divergens and Carnobacterium spp., which saline were relatively low, ranging from log indicates that these might be common core together accounted for 81% of all the isolated 1.72 to 2.34 CFU g-1. These values are low components of the GI microbiome of Atlantic bacteria. The two other bacterial species that compared to autochthonous levels previously salmon and are likely to be of importance to were isolated from this group were Pantoea spp. and an unidentified member of the reported in Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout the host.

The bacterial composition isolated from class Gammaproteobacteria. The abundance of Oncorhynchus mykiss. This is likely due to the thorough rinsing process, three times prior the DI in the first control group exposed culturable adherent Carnobacterium spp. (77% and three times post probiotic/saline expo- to saline (group 1) were dominated by of isolates identified) was higher in the DI of sure. Culturable adherent bacteria in the PI Pseudoalteromonas spp. and Psychrobacter spp., the prebiotic fed fish (group 5), compared to observed in the prebiotic group exposed to while in the other control group (group 3) control groups (group 1 = 0% and group 3 saline (group 5) was log 2.34 CFU g-1. The Acinetobacter spp. and C. divergens were the = 36%). These results suggest that the prebifact that the value from this group is higher dominant bacteria isolated. All of these listed otic supplementation elevates autochthonous VICTAMisland:Layout 1 30/8/13 14:22 Page 1 than in control groups exposed to saline water (log 1.72 and 2.08 CFU g-1), might be due to a feeding effect of the prebiotic diet.

However, this hypothesis merits further investigations.

Investigations of the qualitative and quantitative bacterial composition of the intestinal microbiota were based on the study of 168 pure cultured bacterial isolates.

These isolates were biochemi8 – 10 April 2014 . Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand cally tested in order to obtain a general classification. From this classification 111 isolates were selected by the lottery method and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis.

The bacterial levels observed in groups exposed to saline varied between segments and feeding regime. By comparing different feeding groups it is clear that the indigenous microbiota of the PI were affected by the diet, while the effect of prebiotic feeding on the microbiota was less clear in the DI. In the intestine exposed to C. divergens the average number of bacteria were higher in the PI when the fish were fed the prebiotic diet compared to fish fed the control diet. Whether these VICTAM Asia 2014 is the largest trade show within South and South East Asia for displaying the latest equipment and technology used in the production of animal feeds, aquafeeds and dry petfoods. findings can be related to a higher C. divergens colonization success New for 2014 Supported by in prebiotic fed fish merits further Now including the first The Thailand Convention ASEAN Feed Summit and Exhibition Bureau investigations.

The bacterial composition Specialist conferences Co-located with The exhibition will be supported FIAAP Asia 2014 and from the PI in control groups, i.e. by its own specialist conferences: GRAPAS Asia 2014 fish fed control diet, and thereafwww.fiaap.com / www.grapas.eu The FIAAP Conference 2014 Petfood Forum Asia 2014 ter exposed to saline were domiContact details Aquafeed Horizons Asia 2014 For visitor, exhibition stand space and nated by members of a few genThe Thai Feed Conference 2014 conference information please visit: era (Psychrobacter, Carnobacterium www.victam.com Biomass Pelleting Asia 2014 and Pseudomonas). Psychrobacter, Carnobacterium and Pseudomonas

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September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 47

EXPERT T●PIC that enterocytes showed no signs of junctional rupture from the basement membrane which is in contrast to observations of the PI of Atlantic salmon after exposure to Vibrio anguillarum and A. salmonicida.

TEM observations confirmed the findings observed in LM regarding a lack of histological changes. TEM revealed no observable differences between the groups in respect to the presence of cell debris in the lumen, the amount of mucus, the number bacteria – like particles in the lumen and between the microvilli, disorganized microvilli and disintegrated tight junctions. The enterocytes within all groups displayed normal cell contacts with unaffected tight junctions and zona adherens.

The fact that C. divergens did not inflict damage to the intercellular unction is great importantance since the loosening of these junctions contributes to a paracellular port of entry for potential pathogens.

Rodlet cells were present in "The histological effect of exposing the large numbers in the PI of all groups, while in the DI the number GI tract of Atlantic salmon to high levels observed were lower. Since groups of the C. divergens was investigated exposed to C. divergens did not display any clear differences in number by light and electron microscopy" of rodlet cells compared to groups exposed to saline, their presence ex vivo studies the same C. divergens strain in those groups may therefore not be related was identified to dominate both the PI and to an immunological function towards the DI after exposure. C. divergens levels were in exposed bacteria. On the other hand, the the range of 104-106 CFU g-1 intestine which role of rodlet cells as immune cells and their indicates that the bacteria are able to populate large number in the PI compared to the DI and potentially colonize the intestinal mucus may be a defense function towards potential and out-compete other adherent bacteria invading bacteria of the PI. Since the PI has after only one hour of exposure. These results been confirmed as being an infection route are in accordance with corresponding studies for pathogenic bacteria by several studies, the in that LAB are able to colonize the intestine role of rodlet cells as immune cells in the PI is possible and warrants further investigation. of Atlantic salmon after one hour exposure.

The antimicrobial effects of LAB have long Despite the plethora of information available on the prebiotic efficacy of elevating pro- been utilized in food preservation by fermentabiotic colonization (i.e. synbiotics) in various tion and several comprehensive reviews have terrestrial species, little information is available been published on the ability of LAB to proin fish. Further studies should focus on this duce proteinaceous antimicrobial substances. In topic as the present study demonstrated that fish studies, the antagonistic effect of LAB has the presence of the dietary prebiotic, prebi- been carried out on Gram-negative fish pathoosal®, elevated the proportion of carnobac- gens such as V anguillarum and A salmonicida. teria from 71 - 81 percent in the DI (as well In the present study strong growth inhibition as elevating total bacterial levels, effectively of Y. rückeri was recorded from extracellular quadrupling the number of carnobacteria) and extracts from late exponential growth phase from 33% to 77% in the PI (although the total from all of the eleven Carnobacteria strains isolated from the ex vivo experiments. However, bacterial population was lower).

The histological effect of exposing the GI the ability of the isolated strains to inhibit tract of Atlantic salmon to high levels of the growth of A. salmonicida ssp. salmonicida was C. divergens was investigated by light and elec- only observed from one strain isolated from tron microscopy. Furthermore, the intestinal the PI. The fact that only one (isolate 57) of the effects of feeding a prebiotic diet to Atlantic 11 strains displayed inhibitory effects towards A. salmonicida ssp. salmonicidais in accordance salmon were evaluated.

Results from LM-investigations in the with the results of Ringø who observed a lack present study showed no apparent his- of antagonism when challenging A. salmonicida topathological changes of the epithelium in ssp. salmonicida to extracellular extracts from the PI or DI, after exposure of C. divergens. C. divergens strain Lab01. These results indicate In particular the micrographs demonstrated that the production of extracellular products Carnobacterium spp. levels, particularly in the DI. To the authors’ knowledge there is very little information regarding the effect of prebiotics on carnobacteria within the GI tract of fish. However, some studies suggest that the carnobacteria populations within the GI tract of salmonids are effected by various dietary factors such as krill meal and oxytetracycline in Atlantic salmon and dietary carbohydrates in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.). However, it was observed that the presence of dietary inulin (a prebiotic-type carbohydrate) tended to lower culturable autochthonous carnobacteria levels (by ca. 90%) in the hindgut of Arctic charr and also elevated the proportion of C. maltaromaticum at the expense of C. divergens. These findings suggest that different prebiotics may influence different carnobacteria strains in different fish species.

In all groups exposed to C. divergens in the

only, might not be sufficient for strains of C. divergens in late exponential growth phase, to inhibit growth of A. salmonicida ssp. salmonicida.

The positive control bacteria, C. inhibens which Jöborn et al. reported to display antagonistic effect against A. salmonicida, showed no sign of antagonism in the present study. This observation therefore indicates that antagonisitic activity of C. inhibens is only effective when cells are actively incubated together or that antagonistic extracellular products are only produced

by C. inhibens in the presence of A. salmonicida.

The ability of C. divergens as useful probiotics with effects against Y. rückeri and A. salmonicida have previously been reported in vivo and in vitro. Kim and Austin observed that dietary provision of C. divergens strain B33, isolated from the intestine of healthy rainbow trout, increased survival of rainbow trout against A. salmonicida and Y. rückeri challenge by 60 percent compared to the control group. Even though strains of C. divergens show antagonistic effects against pathogens, the precise mechanism of action of antimicrobial compounds isolated from fish remains unclear, but suggestions about their ability of penetrating cell walls by forming pores and channels, thus rendering it more fragile and incapable of carrying out normal metabolism has been proposed.

In order to confirm the in vitro probiotic effect of C. divergens against Y. rückeri in Atlantic salmon, further investigations should therefore include in vivo challenges studies.

By further applying electron microscopy, the physical interference mechanisms between C. divergens and Y. rückeri in the GI tract might be observed.

Acknowledgements The authors thank the technical staff at EWOS Innovation AS for feed manufacture, analysis and running the feeding trial and thank Dr. Sigmund Sperstad and Dr. Chun Li, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø for their inestimable help during 16S rRNA gene sequencing and in vitro growth inhibition. We also thank Randi Olsen and Helga Marie By at the EM department at University of Tromsø, and Anne Nyhaug at Molecular Imaging Centre, Institute for Biomedicine, University of Bergen for their inestimable help during light and electron microscopy analysis. This study was partially supported by grants from the Norwegian MABIT-program (project number AF0038).

48 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

This article was originally published on

Keeping our finger on the pulse, requires Perendale Publishers staff to meet with our readers and customers on a regular basis. We attend over 30 international exhibitions and conferences every year (working closely with several), putting us consistently in front of those who matter.

With direct involvement in all of the following events, we don’t just report the debate, we frame it.

17 – 18 SEAFEX Conference - Dubai MENA Seafood Summit in association with SEAFEX 2013 Conference organised by Roy Palmer and Roger Gilbert (who is the communications director of the newly-formed Association of International Seafood Professionals) Opportunities: Stand space at SEAFEX - US$445 /square meter Sponsor of speaker at conference - US$1200

4 – 7 1st Russian Milling Conference - Moscow Cereals, Mixed Feed and Veterinary Exhibition 2014 Roger Gilbert is co-organiser and co-chairman of the event Opportunities: Sponsor of speakers at conference - US$700 (must exhibit)

4 – 7 1st Russian Aquaculture Conference - Moscow Cereals, Mixed Feed and Veterinary Exhibition 2014 Roger Gilbert is co-organiser and chairman of the event Opportunities: Sponsor of speakers at conference - US$700 (must exhibit)

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VICTAM Asia 2014 Roger Gilbert is the organiser and chairman of the conference Opportunities: Sponsor of speaker at conference - US$1000 (must exhibit)

22 CROPTECH-FEEDTECH - Bangalore Held as part of VIV India Summit Roger Gilbert is an organiser and chairman of the event Opportunities: For 6 keynote speakers at conference - free (must exhibit)

23 – 24 2nd Global Milling Conference - Bangalore

20 CROPTECH-FEEDTECH - Utrecht VIV Utrecht exhibition Roger Gilbert is an organiser and chairman of the event Opportunities: For 6 keynote speakers at conference - free (must exhibit)

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INDUSTRY Events 6th – 10th October 2013

6th – 7th November 2013

Tenth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture (ISTA-10) Contact: Professor Gideon Hulata Tel: + 972 376 106 93 Email: vlaqua@volcani.agri.gov.il Web: www.ista10.com

World Ocean Power Summit Contact: Cheryl Williams Tel: +44 2031 410623 Fax: +44 2075 930071 Email: cwilliams@acieu.net Web: http://bit.ly/11vJkBC

Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2013 Contact: Mario Stael Tel: + 32 92 334912 Email: mario@marevent.com Web: www.was.org

6th – 8th November 2013

Latin American & Caribbean Aquaculture – LACQUA 2013 Contact: Mario Stael Tel: + 32 9233 4912 Email: mario@marevent.com Web: www.marevent.com

Aquamar International 2013 Contact: Guillermo Moreno Hernández Tel: +52 55 51 356128 Email: comunicacion

@aquamarinternacional.com Web: www.aquamarinternacional.com

10th – 12th October Shanghai International Fisheries & Seafood EXPO 2013 Contact: Ms Liu Lewis Tel: +86-21-67759097 Email: lewis.liu@gehuaexpo.com Web: www.sifse.com/en

7th – 9th November 2013 Expo Pesca & AcuiPeru Tel: +511 201 7820 Email: thais@amauta.rcp.net.pe Web: http://bit.ly/1dJNRI3

12th – 16th November 2013

15th – 18th October 2013

The Ninth Symposium of World’s Chinese Scientists on Nutrition and Feeding of FinFish and Shellfish Contact: Chun-Xiao Zhang Tel: 0592 618 1420 Fax: 0592 618 1746 Email: swcsnffs2013@163.com Web: www.9wcsnffs.org

High Quality FinFish Aquaculture Symposium Contact: Roy Palmer Tel: +614 195 28733 Email: palmerroy@hotmail.com Web: http://bit.ly/1adoNsb

28th – 29th October 2013 6th Algae World Asia Contact: Ms. Fu Huiyan Tel: +65 6346 9113 Fax: +65 6345 5928 Email: huiyan@cmtsp.com.sg Web: www.cmtevents.com 28th – 31st October 2013 Aqua 2013 Contact: Niza Cely Tel: +593 9 996 04204 Email: ncely@cna-ecuador.com Web: www.

cna-ecuador.com/aquaexpo

Aquaculture Russia Contact: Manaenkov Vladimir Email: v.manaenkov@expokhelb.com

9th – 12th February 2014 Aquaculture America Contact: John Cooksey Tel: +1 7607 515005 Fax: +1 7607 515003 Email: johnc@was.org Web: www.was.org

8th – 10th April 2014 VICTAM Asia 2014 Contact: Patricia Heimgartner Tel: +31 33 246 4404 Email: patriciaheimgartner@victam.com Web: www.victam.com

25th – 30th May 2014 XVI International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding Contact: Dr Brett Glencross Tel: +61 7 3833 5926 Email: brett.glencross@csiro.au Web: www.isfnf2014.org

17th – 18th November 2013 MENA Seafood Summit in association with SEAFEX Contact: Julian Roach / Floyd Barrell / Roy Palmer Tel: +971 43 086462 Fax:+971 43 188607 Email: seafex@dwtc.com Web: http://seafexme.com

3rd – 4th December 2013 7th International Algae Congress Contact: Christie de Vrij Tel: +31 644 622231 Email: christie.devrij@dlg-benelux.com Web: www.algaecongress.com

28th – 30th May 2014 Aquaculture UK Contact: David Mack Tel: +44 1862 892188 Email: info@aquacultureuk.com Web: http://bit.ly/1alVzHT

7th – 11th June 2014 World Aquaculture Adelaide 2014 Contact: Mario Stael Tel: +32 9233 4912 Email: mario@marevent.com Web: www.aquaculture.org.au/

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INDUSTRY Events

10th – 13th December 2013

he High Value Aquaculture Finfish Symposium takes place at Kagoshima University, Japan, October 15-18, 2013.

The symposium will address the present and future status of modern technology on high value cultured fish.

Attention will be given no only to the scientific aspects but also the marketing and business based issues.

Kagoshima is a city with some of the leading views in the country.

The grandeur of the active volcano Mt. Sakurajima attracts visitors from all over the country. From Kinko Bay, a production base of farmed fish, Mt. Sakurajima looks as though it is floating in mid air. www.was.org

World Aquaculture comes to Australia

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or the first time since 1999, Australia is proud to be hosting World Aquaculture June 7-11, 2014.

World Aquaculture Adelaide 2014 will combine the international annual conference and exposition of the World Aquaculture Society and the Australasian Aquaculture event.

Many other associations, industry and government will be in attendance as the aquaculture and associated industries convene at the Adelaide Convention Centre for what will be the largest primary industries conference and trade show to be held in the Asia Pacific region for some years www.was.org

INDUSTRY Events Positioning for profit at APA

P

ositioning for Profit is the theme of the Asian Pacific Aquaculture Conference and Trade Show (APA) scheduled from December 10-13, 2013 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The conference, which is the first Asian Pacific Chapter of World Aquaculture Society (WAS-APC) event in South East Asia since 2009, will emphasize the need for the whole industry to take a more strategic approach to expansion.

WAS-APC believes that simply producing products and getting

Aquarama 2013 ticks all the right boxes

H

ow do you gauge the success of a show?

I s i t d e t e r m i n e d by t h e nu m b e r o f p e o p l e w h o pass through the door s? Or is it based on the amount of business done by the exhibitor s? Whichever cr iter ion is chosen, there can be no doubt that Aquarama and Pet Asia 2013 (co-held at the Sands Expo and Convention Centre, Singapore , on 30 May – 2 June) were a resounding success.

While the number of countr ies represented by the

Biomin hosts biennial Asia Nutrition Forum across six cities

B

iomin’s biennial event, Biomin Asia Nutr ition Forum, will take place across six cities between October 14 -24, 2013.

The forum will cater specifically to the Asian audience and will address the theme of ‘NutriEconomics® - Balancing Global Nutrition & Productivity’, with a focus on people, performance, profit and planet.

locked into selling them as a commodities is not the path for industry expansion into the future.

New approaches are needed in all areas of business from governance through to research, from harvesting through to marketing, and from education right through the value chain to the consumer.

One highlight of the event will be the first appearance in Vietnam of emeritus professor David Hughes from Imperial College London, UK who, besides being the opening keynote plenary, will also conduct a workshop on seafood marketing.

Dr Pham Anh Tuan, Deputy

Director General, MARD will also present at the plenar y and will focus on the terrific progress that has been made in aquaculture by Vietnam and will also talk about the oppor tunities and challenges as the industry continues to build momentum.

Lukas Manomaitis will preside over his last conference as president of WAS-APC, and will hand over the reins to the chairman of the conference and director of AIT in Vietnam, Dr Amrit Bart.

As most people in the industry know, Vietnam is the third largest aquaculture producing country in the world and Ho Chi Minh City is

the centre of the growth, much will be learnt by those attending and engaging in all aspects of the event including the pre and post workshops, farm and industry tours.

The 5th International Oyster Symposium is joining forces with the Conference ensuring that there will be an exciting stream of oyster expertise engaging the great work done in recent years which has seen production in Northern Vietnam climb to over 7,000 mt in just a five-year period.

In addition, the World Aquaculture Society will be holding its mid-year board meeting pr ior to the event. www.was.org

exhibitor s and tr ade visitor s both remained vir tually the same as in 2011 (21 and 72, respectively), no fewer than 55 percent of the exhibitor s and 56 percent of the tr ade visitors still came from outside Singapore. Even more encouraging was the fact that attendance figures for, both trade and public visitors, showed increases of 8.3 percent and 16 percent, respectively. These are uplifting statistics for the organiser s in view of the ongoing economic crisis in Europe and the US. A recur r ing theme among exhibitors was that, as the crisis continues to bite in many countries, obviously affecting people’s decisions on whether or not to travel long distances at consider-

able expense to attend a show, those who do decide to attend have a genuine reason for doing go. Consequently, the percentage of serious buyers (as opposed to casual visitors or lookers) is much higher in times of economic difficulties. And it is this that ticked all the right boxes for the exhibitors this year. It is also this that has resulted in a large number of them already signing up for 2015.

This year, Aquarama and Pet Asia each had their own dedicated space , but co-located within the same halls, something that had a double positive impact. The upsot of this was that Aquarama regained the 100 percent aquatic exclusivity that

its exhibitor s and tr aditional visitors love.

In the words of Jennifer Lee , project manager for the c o - l o c a t e d e ve n t s , “ S t a g i n g Aquar ama and Pet Asia 2013 has proved ver y challenging for the UBM team. We are therefore delighted with the positive response we’ve received from exhibitors and visitors alike, and take great encouragement from this as we begin planning for the 2015 editions.”

Speaking of 2015, the dates for Aquarama and Pet Asia have been confirmed as May 28-31, 2015. The co-located exhibitions will be held, as always, in Singapore, with the venue being announced at a later date. www.aquarama.com.sg

“Sur vival alone is not enough.

We need to progress in order to feed an ever growing world population,” says Erich Erber, founder of Biomin.

“Despite increasing crop yields and more advanced food production techniques, hunger and starvation are problems that still exist today. Where food needs are adequate, the right balance of nutrients is most important, especially for a young child.”

Key industry professionals from the poultry, pig, dairy and aquaculture sectors will gather to discuss issues faced by the food and agriindustry today.

The six cities are Qingdao, Guangzhou, Ho Chi Minh City, Seoul, Tokyo and Hyderabad.

The fundamental aim of intensive livestock production is to conver t plant-derived feed into animal protein in the most efficient, cost-effective and sustainable manner. Genetics, nutr ition, husbandr y practices, the e nv i r o n m e n t a n d c o n s u m e r demands will continue to be t h e f u n d a m e n t a l d r i ve r s o f change.

Addressing the issue of the environment, NutriEconomics® will continue to influence the r o l e o f a n i m a l nu t r i t i o n i n

achieving sustainable yet profitable farming. Besides growing c o m p et i t i on fo r a g r ic u l t u r a l commodities from the food, feed and biofuel sectors (feed secur ity), producer s are also faced with obligations to cap carbon emissions - a move that will have significant bearing on production costs. By tackling the twin objectives of quality nutrition and economic viability, and concur rently addressing environmental concerns, the focus will be on solutions that pave the way ahead for the future of sustainable animal nutrition. http://biomin.net

September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 51

INDUSTRY Events New BioMarine Clusters Association launched

a world of opportunities and synergies.

“By structuring our marine bioresources industry with a transversal approach, we open new walkways for applied research and development of international collaboration, as well as numerous business oppor tunities. The biomarine he biomar ine industr y, sector is a new source of economic under the umbrella of development, one where the value the BioMarine Business chains and the business models are Convention, has set up a new still under development.

“Simultaneously, the oceans are international association called BioMarine International Clusters the only remaining truly unexAssociation (BICA). It launched plored resource, a resource we c a n n o t a f fo r d t o i g n o r e . S i n c e we s t a r t e d t h e fi r s t “The biomarine industry is an emerging BioMarine platform in 2008, I have been economic sector based on biotechnology preparing this next and marine bio-resources” b i g s t e p fo r w a r d to str ucture our industry.” the BICA in Halifax, Canada, on September 9, 2013 as par t of Founding members the 2013 BioMarine Business Bernard Fautrier, CEO of the Convention.

Pr ince Alber t II of Monaco The biomarine industry is wider Foundation and co-founder of the than just aquaculture and the organ- BICA says, “The Prince Albert II of isers of the BioMarine Business Monaco Foundation is committed, Convention, which is held annually in among others, to ocean sustainadifferent locations each year, believe bility and marine conservation. that there is significant synergy “Environmental issues in marine between the various marine-related bioresources spheres are of conindustries such as energy, cosmetics, siderable impor tance: energy, pharmaceuticals, etc to warrant an health, food and environment. It independent association. appears that industry and finance “The biomar ine industr y is are two fundamental compoan emerging economic sector nents of ocean sustainability. If we based on biotechnology and wish to foster the development marine bio-resources,” says Pierre of ocean conser vation we must Erwes, the chairman and co- increase collaboration between founder of the BioMarine Business marine stakeholder s: research Convention. community, industr y and invest“This new transversal industr y ment sectors as well as the civil sector brings a novel approach society.” to economic growth and a large As a leader in marine biorepotential for new business oppor- sources, Norway is in a position to tunities and jobs. attest to the tremendous added “The wor ld of marine bio- value of public-private partnerships resources is a complex one with fast especially when putting research and changing boundaries effecting projects on the market. on the one hand the industries Øystein Lie, chairman of MareLife, involved and on the other hand Norway is also a founding member the various innovation processes. I of BICA says access to finance is have often emphasised throughout always the most difficult part for our BioMarine Conventions how an SME. the disparity of our activities offer “On the other side the investors need to foster their deal flow and

INDUSTRY Events

T

make sure the scouting process is accurate, with minimal risk.

MareLife and BioMarine have joined together to provide a unique scouting platform that guarantees minimal risk investment for VCs and private equity. BICA is a unique global organization that offers both SMEs and the investor a meeting place to exchange, discuss and finalize deals.”

A third player in BICA is the Nor th Carolina Mar ine BioTechnologies Center of Innovation (MBCOI). Deborah Mosca, its CEO and founding member of BICA, says, “MBCOI facilitates collaboration on emerging marine biotechnologies between researchers, industry and funding organisations to commercialise new scientific discoveries.

Centered in Wilmington, North Carolina, MBCOI combines a regional focus with a global perspective. Nor th Carolina is a coastal state with a wealth of natural resources and human capital invested in marine science.

Pre-eminent marine scientific communities have been established at several campuses within the University of North Carolina system, such as Chapel Hill, East Carolina, State, and Wilmington as well as private institutions such as Duke University.”

Their effor ts are suppor ted by multiple state and federal organisations such as NC Sea Grant, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Protection Agency and National Institute of Environmental Health Science.

Along with a proximity to the Research Triangle Park, one of the nation’s largest and most prestigious biotechnology clusters, MBCOI is centrally positioned to facilitate par tnerships between scientists and industr y wherever they are located.

“Our mission in partnering with BICA is to provide a conduit for the global exchange of ideas, perspectives and collaboration on a range of projects and programs. BICA is a valuable resource committed to actively supporting and promoting interdisciplinary biomarine research, development, and

entrepreneurial opportunities. MBCOI is proud to be a founding member of this organisation.”

Finally, Ilaria Nardello, Marine Biotechnology Research Coordinator at the National University of Ireland, Galway, and founding member of BICA, explains how the new association can help the Irish marine biocluster.

“The Marine Biotechnology Research Coordination unit (MBRC) at the National University of Ireland Galway foster s collabor ative research and development initiatives between research centres, industry and development agencies, at the national and international level.

“With the suppor t of national funding agencies and the EU, and in collaboration with various institutes across the Island of Ireland, the aim for the MBRC is to suppor t the development of Ireland’s marine knowledge economy by connecting the actors that, together, can contribute to societal innovation.

“Our focus is on the area of health and well-being, with applications for the biomedical, cosmeceutical and nutr aceutical sectors. We believe that BICA can impor tantly contribute to create awareness of the business opportunities connected with marine biological knowledge and the impor tance of biotechnology in achieving a sustainable exploitation of our resources. BICA can further support our mission to develop a functionally interconnected marine biotech community by exposing and exploring aggregation models and practices.

“BIC A will provide effective mechanisms for Ireland’s marine biotechnology R&D capabilities to connect to the global sphere of sensible entrepreneurs, investors and markets. It is through these connections that innovation occurs to tackle the societal grand-challenges of sustainable food provision, environment protection and increased well-being,” BICA will provide associates with international business contacts and networking tools to enhance global communication and foster innovation through its think-tank approach.

INDUSTRY Events

International Aquafeed publisher to open major fish feed symposium

A

quaculture in China accounts for more than 70 percent of the world’s total production, largely due to the development of nutrition and feed technology in China. However, compared to the rest of China’s aquaculture growth, the use of formulated feed is still not very widespread. Although regarded a major industry player, China is still far from an aquaculture power.

The ninth Symposium of the World’s Chinese Scientists on Nutrition and Feeding of Finfish and Shellfish (SWCSNFFS), which will take place from November 12-16, 2013 in Xiamen, China, is the largest gathering for global Chinese aquaculture nutritionists.

Hailed as one of the leading aquatic animal nutrition and feed events, SWCSNFSS has gained worldwide

interest and is a crucial platform in progressing China’s global aquatic feed and nutrition presence.

In light of this, The SWCSNFFS aims to continually provide a means of communication between academic and industr y circles in order to reinforce the development of aquatic feed technology, promote industry cooperation and continue developing a sustainable aquatic feed industry.

The symposium will cover a range of topics including nutritional requirements, nutrition and metabolisms, aquatic welfare, feed quality control, sustainable farming and feed quality control.

International Aquafeed publisher Roger Gilbert has been invited to participate in the official opening of the event.

Event organiser Dr Ji-Dan Ye, the Secretar y-General of Jimei University, in Xiamen, says Gilbert has been invited as a visiting VIP due to his vision and background that he elaborated during his years as secretary general with the International Feed Industry Federation (IFIF). He says the experiences of IFIF globally may well ser ve as a model and should be shared with the conference delegates.

“It is to share his knowledge with our industry, how through aquaculture we might contribute to feeding a global population of nine billion people by 2050,” said Ji-Dan Ye. Gilber t is also acknowledged for his experience working with a number of international organisations and the industry in China wishes to discuss how greater

involvement might be beneficial.

“The success he bought to IFIF could be used as a model for developing the aquaculture industry in China and for others to follow,” he added.

“As the representative of the aquaculture world’s nutritional magazine, International Aquafeed, we would like to share our knowledge and expertise in terms of nutrition and the aquaculture feeding industry, that includes fisheries, in China with him,” said Ji-Dan Ye. Dr Dominique Bureau, Professor at the University of Guelph, Canada and an editorial board member on International Aquafeed will also be addressing the conference. His topic is: Nutrition and environmentally sustainable farming. www.9wcsnffs.org

biomarine resources The biomarine resources directory brings together suppliers to the industry and allied trades

NEWS The number one news service for the biomarine industry, bringing you news and updates from around the industry globally

In print & online www.biomarine-resources.blogspot.com September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 53

INDUSTRY Events

Above: MSD Animal Health - Left; Tore Hovland, SR Technical Services Manager & Scientist, Fish Health Biologist - Right; Olaf SkjĂŚrvik, Account Manager Aqua

Below: The Pharmaq team

Below: Lisbeth Berg-Hansen, Norwegian Minister for Fisheries with an opening speech at AquaNor

INDUSTRY Events

Below: (L-R) Francisco Gomes, Lorraine Magney, Thad Simons, Mario Gomez from Novus

AquaNor 2013 Event Review

by Tom Blacker, International Aquafeed magazine

We went to Trondheim armed with 1,000 magazines of International Aquafeed May-June and 500 copies of the International Aquafeed Directory. On the first rainy morning or August 13, 2013, Norwegian Minister of Lisbeth Fisheries Berg-Hansen, AquaNor chairperson Liv Fjordholm, and the mayor of Rita Trondheim, Ottervik gave interesting speeches about AquaNor, aquaculture and all the brilliant shades of internationalism that the event brings for the industry and locale.

We then heard from the UN FAO's

Arnie Mathisen who revealed startling truths about population rises, obesity and poverty and the need for today's aquaculture production output to roughly double by 2050 to meet the nutritional needs of the world. Mathisen called on all at AquaNor to take heed to this mission together.

There was also a fun element to the event opening with live music and a fashion catwalk showcasing clothes made from salmon.

Inspired and with our diaries full of names and companies we really had to see, we went off to the halls. Hall A-G contained hundreds of exhibition stands and Hall H ran different seminars. We attended quite a few feed-focused talks from EWOS, Skretting and Aller Aqua which were excellent.

Throughout the week in Trondheim we bumped into familiar faces which of course made the event a sociable one: Joe Kearns from Wenger, David Mack of Aquaculture UK, Shane Hunter from AquaBioTech Group, Elizabeth Sweetman from Alltech, International Aquafeed magazine's editorial advisory panel and many of the Novus staff.

Lastly, we felt very lucky to have been so well cared for by the event organisers. We greatly appreciated and got a lot of value from both the press centre and the press dinner on the penultimate night. We are already looking forward to AquaNor 2015 and encourage all to return for a fantastic exhibition.

Over the next six pages we round up the highlights from the show.

BioMar Above: Joe Kearns from Wenger

Franz Peter Rebafka, Product Manager at GePro

Shane Hunter, Rob van de Ven, Carlos Alberto Espinal, AquaBioTech Group

Below: The Patogen team

Below: Alltech - Jorge E. Arias, Global Aqua Director, Elizabeth Sweetman Alltech and International Aquafeed magazine's Editorial Advisory Panel and Darren Parris, Marketing Manager at Perendale Publishers

Watch our videos from AquaNor 2013 on our Youtube channel

http://bit.ly/18MjOcA September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 55

AQUANOR REVIEW

Thoughts on AquaNor

Aquaculture outlook

Marine research

Chris Mitchell, sales and technical support, Pharmaq UK

Francisco Gomes, executive manager, Novus Aqua, USA.

Vidar Aspehaug, business development manager, Patogen, Norway

Watch the interviews from AquaNor on your smart phone From your smart phone, simply download the Aurasma light app, and then subscribe to our channel at http://auras.ma/s/1shRr (or search for Perendale Publishers within the app) Point your phone at the image below and watch it come to life!

Pharmaq

Pharmaq’s history goes back to the 1980s when the company developed a vaccine for salmon in Norway. Today Pharmaq is established in the UK, Chile, Turkey and Vietnam and plans to bring its technology to Panama.

“The general reason for Pharmaq being here is that it’s a two-yearly opportunity for Pharmaq to showcase itself and to really get the culture of the company over,” said Chris Mitchell, sales and technical support, Pharmaq UK. “The stand has a research focus this year and it’s quite evident from looking at the stand that we're are an R&D company developing solutions for today’s aquaculture problems.”

For a company that specialises in fish vaccines, R&D is a key priority. “Our R&D staff consists of 66 highly qualified persons. All the different kinds of people are required to develop a fish vaccine which takes several years so we are very committed to finding the best solution for the industry,” said Rune Wiulsrød, manager business intelligence and communication, Pharmaq, Norway.

In addition to showcasing Pharmaq’s R&D ethos, AquaNor is also a chance to touch base with customers, as Mitchell explains. “I’ve come over from Pharmaq in the UK so for me it’s a trip away but it’s still a very important opportunity to meet with people who are scattered all over Scotland and Ireland.

It’s a focus for customers and a condensed opportunity to meet with them so it’s a full on week.”

Watch more Pharmaq interviews at www.aquafeed.co.uk/pharmaq

Novus

Patogen

“We want to keep ourselves up-to-date and part of the industry. In an industry that changes as quickly as aquaculture, it is very important that we do that in a routine and in an engaged manner,” said Francisco Gomes, executive manager, Novus Aqua, USA.

One such company was Patogen which was showcasing its analysis kit for resistance towards sea lice.

Novus approach AquaNor 2013 with the same attitude as it does all the major shows: to keep on top of what’s going on in the industry.

“The main objective is always related to understanding where the industry is going. What new developments have arisen and how do our technologies and our engagement with the industry fit with those developments?

“For example, we were listening to a presentation about cage format to avoid sea lice infestation. We also have technologies for sea lice infestation but we never thought about cage shape as one of those methods.”

The company was actively promoting its Previda product, a hemicellulose extract which contains a wide array of oligosaccharides. “We identified that there was a space for a prebiotic technology that could provide a wider array of protection, a wider array of functionality that would work well in the laboratory and on the fish farm,” said Gomes.

Novus tested the product on sea bass and sea bream in Europe over a two-year period and saw a successful decrease in enteritis mortality.

“Previda is perhaps one of our best testimonies of how engaged we are on providing realistic, cost effective and functional solutions,” said Gomes.

Watch more Novus interviews at www.aquafeed.co.uk/novus

AquaNor was not just about international exhibitors: there is a hive of innovation and research in Norway and these was evident from the large numbers of homegrown companies exhibiting at the show.

“We have just launched an analysis towards resistance in sea lice. “We found the genetic markers for resistance towards pyrethroids and organophosphates which are the two most important delousing medications in the aquaculture industry,” said Vidar T Aspehaug, chief business development officer, Patogen, Norway.

“Our goal is to make a tool to optimize the use of these chemicals so that we can avoid using them in any populations where we already have resistance. In the future we can avoid failed treatments with these chemicals because we will be able to say upfront which effect you should expect from the delousing using each of these components.”

Watch more Patogen interviews at www.aquafeed.co.uk/patogen

AQUANOR REVIEW Fish health interview Chris Haacke, global marketing director, MERCK Animal Health: Aquaculture

What did MSD aquaculture aim to get out of attending AquaNor 2013?

AquaNor is the main aquaculture event in the northern hemisphere. It provides us with a fantastic opportunity to spend time with customers and industry colleagues outside of the normal work environment and share our commitment to the industry with some of the key aquaculture leaders from around the world. AquaNor also provides a platform to share some of the latest research in areas such as sea lice management, pancreas disease and cold water vibriosis, as we did in our â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Team Aquaticâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; seminar. This forum enables us to bring the latest scientific research to the vets and health professionals which is a key element for the future sustainable growth of their farms and the industry as a whole!

Arnie Mathisen of the FAO said growth has slowed in the last 10 years, what are you doing to stimulate growth?

MSD Animal Health is fully committed to the science of healthier animals and has two specialist aquaculture research and development centres: one in Bergen for salmon and one in Singapore for tilapia and other warm water species.

These dedicated centres of innovation for aquaculture are supplemented by facilities and specialists in the US and Japan.

Our objective is to provide effective products and solutions, supported by a high level of technical service that is delivered locally by experts that enhances the performance and sustainability of fish farming around the world.

In the past few years, we have developed and launched vaccines against major pathogens affecting farmed fish. For Atlantic salmon farmers in Europe, NORVAX Compact PD has made very significant inroads to controlling pancreas disease.

The National veterinary Institute (NVI) in Norway has shown, from an extensive field study conducted throughout the PD endemic zone (Jensen BB, et al., 2012), that the mean mortality in vaccinated fish that suffer a pancreas disease outbreak is almost same as fish that have not had an outbreak. In addition to this, the study has also shown that these vaccinated fish have an improved growth rate over unvaccinated fish suffering an outbreak and that there were fewer discards at harvest.

This has contributed to great improvements in efficiency in salmon farming.

MSD Animal Health has also launched vaccines for the prevention and control of streptococcus in tilapia, iridovirus in all fish species as well as three vaccine combinations for farmed fish in Japan.

We have also been the supplier of the most efficient form of sea lice control, SLICE. In the face of rising requirements for control we have introduced a major program called the SLICE Sustainability Project whose aim is to enhance performance and reduce risks from sea lice infections.

MSD Animal Health is committed to driving sustainable performance in aquaculture around the world. Good fish health is a foundation stone for profitable and sustainable growth in aquaculture.

What is MSD in aquaculture doing to facilitate growth in Europe?

MSD Animal Health Aquaculture has, for many years, been at the forefront of the drive to help enable the growth of European aquaculture for all species, salmon, trout and marines.

Our approach has been multifaceted.

Firstly, one of the primary concerns of industry groups such as the Federation of European Aquaculture Producers has been the perceived limited availability of veterinary medicines to farmers in Europe. MSD Animal Health has undertaken a broad series of European-wide registrations, through National, Mutual recognition and Decentralised Procedures of the most relevant vaccines and medicines in our portfolio so they are available to fish farmers throughout Europe. Many of these veterinary medicines are now relied upon by farmers throughout European aquaculture, from the sea bass farmers in the Mediterranean, throughout trout farms in mainland Europe to salmon farms in the north of Europe.

Secondly, the company believes that science and technology will play a key role in driving the development of European aquaculture.

To this end, we have been long-time supporters of organisations and events that promote the latest in research and development as well as enabling the transfer of ideas between industry and academia. We actively support the European Aquaculture Society whose stated aim is the sustainable development of European Aquaculture Production through the sharing and dissemination of information and promotion of multi-disciplinary research.

We are also long-time supporters and sponsors of the European Association of Fish Pathologists (EAFP), whose bi-annual meetings provide a forum for the latest fish health research to be presented and discussed. It gives researchers and fish health professionals access to the very latest scientific developments, an opportunity for networking and the generation of new ideas through workshops and discussion.

September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 57

AQUANOR REVIEW HOT TOPIC Sea lice in salmonids, a parasite that is catching on…

by Darren Parris Lepeophtheirus salmonis is a type of sea louse specific to salmonids, it is a natural parasite of saltwater salmon, and is present in all sea areas in the northern hemisphere.

The salmon louse is the most common parasite in farmed salmon and is a persistent problem in the fish farming industry.

The scale of the problem has increased substantially with the growing prevalence of fish farming. The more farmed fish there are in the sea, the more ‘hosts’ there are for the lice to attach themselves to. And that means more louse eggs spreading in the water.

The aquaculture production of salmon in cages worldwide provides millions of hosts for parasites. Consequently, the abundance of sea lice has been drastically elevated, and the spread from aquaculture farms to surrounding eco systems are considered a global problem for the conservation of wild salmonids. Furthermore, sea lice infestation may impose poor welfare to the caged individuals and burden production management, while chemicals used to treat the fish pollute the environment. The economic cost of sea lice to the salmonid farming industry was calculated in 2008 to range of €0.1-0.2 kg-1 fish produced annually (Costello 2009).

Sea lice are the most common parasite in farmed salmon, and the biggest health issue for the industry. For a number of years, oral and bath treatments have been used to combat sea lice. The monitoring of sea lice shows that their numbers are increasing noticeably, and that in some cases they are developing resistance to the favoured treatment.

This makes delousing a big business.

While Norwegian salmon production has increased from hundreds of thousands of tons 20 years ago to over 1.2 million today, there has been a significant drop in chemicals used to treat hosts for parasites. Twenty years ago, 90 percent of salmon farms used chemicals to treat lice, today this is less than 5 percent. This is a significant drop, current alternatives in use are: • Wrasses and lumpfish • Breeding • Health feed • Plankton nets • Lice-skirts However, the lice keep coming and AquaNor played host to some interesting alternatives to delousing. New methods

continue to be developed and the aim is gradually to replace and reduce chemical treatments through the introduction of alternative methods of action.

Currently in development are: • Laser • Snorkel • Electric pulse • Mechanical delousing / thermal • Sea lice trap • Underwater feeding /functional feeds • Closed production • Vaccine research

Shooting sea lice A few of these were discussed at AquaNor and the winner of the innovation award at AquaNor was ‘Stingray’- The Sea Lice Project using a laser to shoot the lice off the backs of the hosts.

After many years innovating Esben Beck of Beck Engineering came up with the idea to use machine vision and lasers to deal with the sea lice problem in salmon breeding. At the beginning of 2010, this idea had a patent pending and Beck Engineering could start planning for building its own project.

In February 2011, Beck engineering developed a method for optical sea lice treatment in laboratory-controlled conditions. This demonstrated that it was possible to track, recognise and shoot lice with a laser. The research showed it was able to kill the lice without affecting the treated fish.

From December 2011 to March 2013 this research was put to test in a realistic environment. During these 15 months the focus was on precision, fish health and safety. Beck Engineering created a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for delousing fish.

Seaweed Mette R Norrelykke of Aller Aqua gave an enlightening talk on ALGIMAX. Norrelykke spoke about how Aller Aqua is supporting a number of research projects where seaweed is the focus. Using seaweed in feed has had the following effects: • Immunostimulation effects • Increased absorption of pigment • Increased appetite • Improved utilisation of nutrients • Better palatability for fish • And most importantly Seaweed has a repelling effect against Salmon Lice.

Aller Aqua, tested ALGIMAX in three separate commercial farms, over a three week period, they recorded significant reductions in lice, up to 78 percent (for example 3.3 lice to start and 0.72 after treatment). Also, all females were dead.

This was fantastic result, however, during the Q&A period after the presentation,

Norrelykke confessed that Aller Aqua is does not yet know why the seaweed has this effect on lice.

Thermal delousing Turning up the heat was Bjorgolfur Havarosson from Ocea, who discussed the principle of thermal delousing. Where fish are pumped in to the system, separated from the cold water then flushed with warm water though a v shaped bend and then pumped back on to the sea. Still in trials, this environmentally friendly prototype is showing great promise.

Skirting the issue Then came the logic, a lateral thinking idea based simply on the living habits of lice.

Kurt Tande, from Calanus gave an exciting presentation on the Plankton Skirt, a green solution against lice infestation.

A simple fine mesh skirt around the main nets at different depths and times during the breeding cycle has shown that there is a significant drop in sea louse and growth rate with the skirt increases to 1.56 percent per day up from 1.39 without a skirt.

These fluidpermeable skirts would be used from between 50 to 75 percent of the entire production cycle depending on the current exposure to lice.

The Plankton Skirt is not a final solution, however but can be used as a tactical tool in the armory against lice and be used in combination with lumpfish, functional feeds, vaccines and lasers.

Summing up the product, Kurt Tande explained that it: • Reduces the number of delousing and risk operations • Reduces multi-resistance in salmon louse • Give fewer hunger days - which gives increased fish production • And most of all it is a green technology • Preventative - shielding the fish from louse in the infective stage of the cycle • Reduces the proliferation of lice to wild fish • Improves fish health and well being • Reduces the use of impregnation of cage nets Furthermore, Kurt explained that in this first year, 12 farms were already using the Calanus product.

There are many other methods in development in the fight against sea lice and it is great to see so much innovation and different approaches to this problem, Here at International Aquafeed, we will keep an eye on new progress and make sure we keep you updated on what is new in the aquaculture industry.

AQUANOR REVIEW Taking place in Trondheim just ahead of AquaNor, Aquaculture Europe 2013 aimed to bring together the European Aquaculture industry. We talk to Alistair Lane from EAS about the challenges facing the industry One of the key topics at Aquaculture Europe 2013 was the how knowledge management can address the lack of growth in the European aquaculture industry.

Getting a clear picture of the state of the industry is not easy because of the large number of countries and species farmed in the continent.

“When we break down Europe in terms of species it’s so diverse. Some of those species have seen growth over the last decade, some have been stagnating and some have been declining,” says Alistair Lane, executive director, European Aquaculture Society.

“It gets a little more complicated when you add in the combined aquaculture production of not just fish but also molluscs and shellfish.

“Over recent years we’ve seen quite extensive mortalities in shellfish. Notably in oysters in France where the production has declined by almost as much as 70 percent and

that was a significant tonnage and also in value for European aquaculture,” says Lane.

Lane attributes the lack of growth to two factors: policy and access. Starting in aquaculture in Europe is difficult. There’s no set time frame for granting licences so applications can take an infinite amount of time and involve numerous different agencies at a cost of up to 100,000 euros.

“For an investor, going through that amount of time, that amount of difficulty and that amount of cost and not actually knowing if you are going to be able to start up a business is not a hugely attractive offer,” says Lane.

Another issue to contend with is access to sites. “Aquaculture is seen as the last person the block when we talk about coastal users. It’s not considered as an equal stakeholder with equal access rights. It has to compete with the development of leisure activities, of maritime transport, other marine development such as renewable energies," says Lane.

However, there are ways to overcome these problems and stimulate growth. The issue of access has improved over the last few

years says Lane. “A lot of countries in Europe are going through a process by which they are looking at spatial planning and identifying areas for aquaculture production. That’s very positive as long as it’s combined with the political will in any one country and also at a European level.”

Another way to improve is through better research transfer. Lane points out that although European research has dramatically helped the aquaculture sector develop, there’s an issue with knowledge management and the transfer of that knowledge.

“We see a high variability in the success of scientists communicating their knowledge to other stakeholders, not just industry but also towards policy and we could also include towards the general public.”

Although Europe is leading the world in terms of its research, that research is often used outside of Europe. For example, by European companies to developing production in other parts of the world. “That’s a normal process,” says Lane.

“It’s a process of openness and open access, that’s also very critical for the communication of knowledge. But if we need to align our research power towards supporting the development of aquaculture with the political constraints to help European aquaculture develop.”

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The aquafeed interview

The aquafeed interview

A

ndrew Jackson, technical director, IFFO, UK started his career working in the world of research on fish nutrition in a number of different species including trout, salmon and tilapia.

He was recruited by Unilever to work in their fish feed company and he later transferred to Marine Harvest, which was their salmon farming company. Jackson then spent nearly twenty years working for Marine Harvest in a range of different roles in both Scotland and Chile before joining IFFO in 2006.

His current role as technical director at IFFO includes responsibility for the technical area including regulatory affairs and IFFO’s Global Standard for Responsible Supply (IFFO RS).

What are IFFO’s aims?

We are a membership organisation, with producer members in many countries. In addition we have associate members who are other stakeholders including, traders, feed producers, farmers, even retailers. Our task is to support our members and their products. This includes market information, regulatory support, arranging conferences and giving advice on best industry practice. The latter issue led to IFFO working with other stakeholders, including environmental NGOs, to come up with its IFFO RS standard in 2009.

What do you consider IFFO’s greatest achievements or successes?

Andrew Jackson, technical director, IFFO, the Marine Ingredients Organisation, UK

Under different names the organisation has been around for over 50 years and has built its reputation in three key areas. Firstly, it has huge amounts of information about global fishmeal and fish oil markets, where it is produced, how it is sold and who are the end users. Secondly, it is recognised as the only organiser of twice yearly conferences which cover all aspects of the marine ingredient industry from raw materials through to finished products. Finally, over the years IFFO has built up a reputation for its technical knowledge in many different areas and this has been added to with the success of its Responsible Supply standard.

What role can marine ingredients play in sustainable aquaculture?

First and foremost it is important that any marine ingredients used are not considered to be coming from unsustainable sources as this undermines the reputation of the resulting farmed products. So it is becoming increasingly important to farmers and feed producers that any marine ingredients used come from demonstrably well-managed fisheries.

How can fishmeal be used strategically in aquafeeds?

With decreasing inclusion levels of fishmeal in many diets, as already mentioned, it is important to make sure that the quality of the remaining fishmeal is as high as possible. Also, while it is often possible to reduce the fishmeal inclusion level in many grower diets, without seriously compromising performance, so long as care is taken to balance the essential amino acids, it is important to maintain the fishmeal level in other diets. Young fish and crustaceans have higher protein requirements than growers and also faster potential growth rates. Additionally, any growth lost in the early stages is very difficult to make up later. It therefore often pays to maintain the fishmeal level in the early diets, whilst making savings in grower diets. The same is true of broodstock diets where health status and the quality of the resulting eggs is too important to risk by cutting corners in diet formulation.

The prospect for increasing the production of fishmeal and fish oil is limited. Do you foresee demand exceeding supply?

Potential demand has exceeded supply for some considerable time but over the last decade world fed aquaculture has doubled its output to well over 30 million tonnes while only using around 3 million tonnes of fishmeal. I see no reason why this trend will not continue. The picture for fish oil is more complicated: I do not see the growth of aquaculture being limited by the availability of fish oil, but with reducing fish oil inclusion levels, the health giving properties of some finished products, such as salmon fillets, will decrease.

Will the reintroduction of PAPs in the EU affect fishmeal and fish oil use?

My understanding is that the non-use of PAPs in Europe has less to do with the regulations and more to do with the concerns of the major retailers about the reaction of consumers to feeding land animal proteins to fish. If that is the case, then at least in the short-term, I do not see any dramatic effect coming from the change in regulations.

Will the lifting of the discard ban in the EU have an impact on fishmeal and fish oil production?

It is too early to tell if the new Common Fisheries Policy’s ban on discards will produce significant volumes for our industry. Clearly the main aim of any policy change will be to reduce the catches of unwanted fish. The details of the new CFP in this area are still to be agreed and we are watching developments with interest, but early indications are that volumes of fish for our industry are unlikely to increase significantly with the proposed changes.

How does the IFFO RS Standard help ensure responsible sourcing and production of fishmeal?

Qware of concerns in these important areas, IFFO set up a Technical Advisory Committee with a range of stakeholder members including marine environmental NGOs. Over a two-year period this group wrote what is the IFFO Global Standard for the Responsible Supply of Fishmeal and Fish Oil (IFFO RS). The standard covers what a factory must be doing to be considered responsible. This includes both the raw material sourcing (whole fish and fishery by-products) and the manufacturing practices of the applicant. To prove that a factory meets the standard the applicant must undergo a rigorous audit by a third party auditor to demonstrate that the standard is met. Last year the management of the standard was itself fully accredited to the ISO 65 standard.

62 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

An extended version of this interview can be found on the Aquaculturists blog.

"With decreasing inclusion levels of fishmeal in many diets, it is important to make sure that the quality of the remaining fishmeal is as high as possible"

September-October 2013 | International AquaFeed | 63

Grieg Seafood Hjaltland at Tartan Day Parade

G

rieg Seafood Hjaltland, supplier of fresh and frozen salmon products, recently took part in the Tartan Day Parade - a celebration of all things Scottish - in New York, USA. Sponsored by Shetland Aquaculture, a group of Shetland Vikings travelled across the Atlantic to promote Scottish culture and heritage, as well as Shetland’s award-winning salmon range.

“We were delighted to have the opportunity to have our very own Vikings wave the flag for Shetland salmon at such a high profile event. America is the largest export market for Scottish salmon so this was an excellent opportunity to support our ongoing initiatives in the country,” said Michael Stark, managing director of Grieg Seafood Hjaltland.

The Vikings paraded through the streets of New York carrying a large banner promoting Shetland Salmon to the 3,000+ spectators and assorted media.

“It has been an absolutely fantastic experience and I hope that we have managed to create a deal of interest in Shetland. As well as in the Tartan Day Parade, we proudly carried the banner everywhere we went, to the top of the Rockefeller Centre, and even to Times Square. I would like to thank Shetland Aquaculture for their sponsorship towards our trip,” said Stevie Grant, leader of the Viking squad. www.shetland-products.com

Aquativ-Diana strengthens its technical support

P

hillippe Sourd has joined Aquativ Diana in the technical department. Sourd qualified as a vet in France, specialising in aquaculture and fish health. He then moved up to the North of Scotland to work for Fjord Seafood. After four years in this role, he joined an independent fish vet in France and helped build up one of the most successful fish vet consultancy services in continental Europe.

Sourd will act as the world referent for fish technical support at Aquativ-Diana, providing scientific communication linked to the health benefits of Aquativ - Diana products. www.aquativ-diana.com

GAA announces to new programme integrity manager

T

he Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) has announced that former Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP) auditor Murali Krishna Bujji has joined the BAP staff as the international certification system’s new programme integrity manager.

With over 18 years experience as an aquaculture professional, Bujji has varied experience in both farm management and technical service for farms and feed operations. He also has eight years of international experience in auditing, including seven years working with aquaculture farms, processing plants, feed mills and shrimp hatcheries under BAP. In his new role, Bujji helps monitor the performance of certification bodies that implement the BAP standards and assists in auditor and industry training and outreach. He also supports the implementation of standards and their regular review.

“I am excited to be a more direct part of BAP,” Bujji said. “BAP is the best thing that has happened to the aquaculture industry.

Apart from being technically superior, the BAP standards have been practical for stakeholders to implement and achieve thirdparty certification. They also encompass the entire seafood chain, which is very unique to BAP.” www.gaalliance.org

Bell Aquaculture president receives Indiana Agrivision Award

T

he Indiana Agrivision Award, which recognises demonstration, vision, innovation and leadership within the Indiana agriculture sector, has been awarded to businessman Norman McGowan.

McGowan is currently president of Bell Aquaculture, a leading producer of farm-raised fish that employs around 50 people.

“Norman McGowan has demonstrated vision in fish production, processing, research, economic development and the use of soybeans as a sustainable feed ingredient that is helping Indiana to be recognised domestically and internationally,” said Jane Ade Stevens, chief executive officer at the Indiana Soybean Alliance.

The award was presented during the lieutenant governor’s celebration of agriculture event, held at The Normandy Barn on the Indiana State fairgrounds. www.bellaquaculture.com 64 | International AquaFeed | September-October 2013

by Marnie Snell

AQUACULTURE

INDUSTRY FACES

Fatten up your bottom line. B端hler high-performance animal and aqua feed production systems are used by leading companies around the world. These producers know they can rely not just on the technology itself, but also on the support that accompanies it. A service combining local presence with global expertise both lowers feed mill operating costs and increases capacity utilization. To find out more, visit www.buhlergroup.com

B端hler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 28 96 fu.buz@buhlergroup.com, www.buhlergroup.com

Innovations for a better world.