May - June 2011 | International Aquafeed by Perendale Publishers Ltd

Vo l u m e 1 4 I s s u e 3 2 0 1 1

Aquaculture: Natural ingredients for sustainable aquaculture

Maturation diets: diets for shrimp – Is there alternative to natural food?

β-glucans:

Preliminary effects of β-glucans on Nile tilapia health and growth performance

Microalgae Microalgae and cyanobacteria

the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

World AquAculture 2011

Aquaculture for a Changing World

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AQUA

FEED

CONTENTS

An international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Aqua News Dr Pedro Encarnação takes up last remaining IAF’s Editorial Panel postion ‘H’ Series™ Cage Mills from Stedman Setting the future for Mediterranean aquaculture – Aquaculture Europe held in Greece for the first time Dumfries farm assistant named ‘Aquaculture Learner of the Year’ Biotronic® Top3 capitalizes on the PerforizerTM effect

3 3 4 6 6

F: Natural ingredients Natural ingredients for sustainable aquaculture

F: Maturation diets Maturation diets for shrimp – Is there alternative to natural food?

F: DDGS The potential of distillers dried grains and solubles (DDGS) for inclusion in aquafeeds

F: β-glucans

Preliminary effects of β-glucans on Nile tilapia health and growth performance

F: Microalgae Microalgae and cyanobacteria

F: Extrusion Aquafeed twin -screw extrusion processing - Versatile and ideal for aquafeed

F: Alternative feeds Beyond limits – the future is now for alternative feeds

F: Sustainability Sustainability: Concerns & demand from the industry

F: Conditioning Conditioning as part of the pelleting process

Feed Management Book review Aquaculture in the Ecosystem Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries Volume 2 Economics of Adapting Fisheries to Climate Change

50 50 51

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Events

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International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2011 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

EDITOR’S DESK

Editor Professor Simon Davies Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk

Associate Editor Professor Krishen Rana Email: krishenr@aquafeed.co.uk

Editorial Manager Nicky Barnes Email: nickyb@aquafeed.co.uk

Editorial Advisory Panel: • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Professor Charles Bai (Korea) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Dr Pedro Encarnação (Portugal)

Subscription & Circulation Tuti Tan Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk

Design & Page Layout James Taylor Email: jamest@aquafeed.co.uk

International Marketing Team Caroline Wearn Email: carolinew@aquafeed.co.uk

t is indeed a pleasure to welcome all our Spanish speaking friends from across the world as this edition heralds our first Spanish translation of International Aquafeed. Aquaculture is a major industry in Latin America from Mexico to Peru and we have been fortunate to have previously featured many examples of pioneering developments from this region in terms of feed formulations and various types of products from companies engaged in fish and shrimp farming operations. These have included articles on the emerging fish species specific to South America and others such as tilapia, now firmly established in these countries. Of course Spain represents too an important sector for European aquaculture with expanding operations to produce sea bass, sea bream, turbot , eel and more recently several companies specialising in algal culture for both hatchery feeds and bio-fuel market. We hope by launching our first Spanish version we will reach out to a larger audience where Spanish is their first language and to encourage further dialogue and foster greater opportunities. Technical personnel, managers, nutritionists, and especially young researchers and students will all appreciate the vast and growing complexities of aquaculture nutrition, feed technology and the associated products being advocated by the commercial and government inspired initiatives in these countries. In this issue we have our usual blend of news, regular features and articles from our contributors and also three current PhD students based at Plymouth. Samad Omar from Kurdistan ‘autonomous’ region of Iraq speaks of the use of DDG, Distillers Dried Grains as an important co-product from the bio-fuel and distillation industry which is part of an active program to validate waste stream by- products from processing operations. Also we have an article from Mark Rawling and Holger Kuhlwein regarding the positive effects of beta- glucan on the growth rates of tilapia under experimental conditions. The role of such functional feed additives continues to attract much interest and a major EU funded project ‘NEMO’ is in progress coordinated by the University of Keele (UK) working to establish the beneficial use of beta- glucans for carp on which we hope to elaborate in a future edition. Dawn Purchase of the Scottish Marine Conservation Society sets the scene by taking us on a ‘Beyond Limits’ review of the contemporary problems of where our next generation of feed ingredients might be found. Greta Clabots of Beneo-Animal Nutrition offers an interesting perspective of their companies’ range of novel ingredients for securing sustainable aquafeeds. We have a comprehensive report from Alltech in their mission to produce both high quality yeast and algae proteins and additives from plants in Serbia, Brazil and USA. In Spain, Algenergy also discuss their plans and technological capacity to produce a range of algae to meet the growing demands for ‘green’ single cell protein and lipid rich feed ingredients. Also, new maturation diets for shrimp are presented by Nutrakol Pty which includes innovative natural ingredients to produce an enticing semi-moist feed claimed to have excellent organo-leptic properties for enhancing the development and fecundity of brood stock shrimp in hatcheries. Krishen Rana continues coverage of the supply and demand for aquafeed with emphasis on climate change and how this might affect availability and cost of raw materials in the future. On that note on a very dry and warm Easter in Plymouth, I wish you all enjoyable reading and a prosperous and rewarding summer.

Sabby Major Email: sabbym@aquafeed.co.uk Lee Bastin Email: leeb@aquafeed.co.uk

More information: International Aquafeed 7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square Cheltenham, GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267706 Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

May-June 2011 2 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

WELCOME TO INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED MAGAZINE

Croeso (welcome in Welsh)

Aqua News

r Pedro Encarnação has an extensive background in aquaculture and nutrition. He has been conducting several research projects focusing on the improvement of feed formula-

tions for aquaculture species and improving animal performance. He has an Honor s Degree in Mar ine Biology and Fisher ies and an MSc in Aquaculture from the Univer sity of A l g a r ve ( Po r t u g a l ) and obtained is PhD in Animal Nutr ition from the University of Guelph (Canada). He was also a Research Associate at the Crustacean Research Group of the Univer sity of Algar ve. He is now based in Asia where he is the head of

Biomin’s aquaculture depar tment. Dr Encarnacao is also the director of the Applied Centre of Aquaculture Nutrition (AC AN), Biomin’s aquaculture research center based in Bangkok. Dr Encarnacao has published various articles in peer reviewed scientific journals as well innumerous technical ar ticles for industry magazines. He also collabor ates as a referee of scientific manuscripts for some of leading scientific journals in aquaculture. Dr Encarnacao has also given an extensive number of oral communications in many international conferences and seminars around the world.

For full details and bio's for all of our Editorial Advisory panel, please visit: http://www. aquafeed.co.uk /editorialpanel For information on the rest of the Aquafeed team please visit the contact us page of the website

www.aquafeed.co.uk

Dr Pedro Encarnação takes up last remaining IAF’s Editorial Panel postion

‘H’ Series™

Cage Mills from Stedman

he Stedman ‘H’ Series™ Multi-Cage Mill is available in two, four or six-row design and in four sizes up to 250 tonnes per hour. The design features also include air cannons, heaters and hydraulic ram. The air cannons are mounted at the intake and discharge to help prevent build-up of wet sticky material, while the heaters are also installed on the grinder housing to retard build-up of wet material. The hydraulic ram eliminated the gear head motor and rack and pinion that were used on other Stedman cage mills, now costing less to maintain. The cage mill is a selective crushing, controlled-impact, multicage mill designed for sizing minerals and agglomerates, whole grains, chemical, ores and many other materials. Process wet and

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sticky materials as well as dry materials into a carefully controlled uniform particle size. Also available in stainless steel construction. Testing facilities available for proof before purchase. More

information:

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AQUA NOR Forum - presentation of the issues, discussion of the solutions

I.Up-scaling land-based systems II. Up-scaling (marine) cage systems III. Up-scaling the ecological approach to production Organised by the European Aquaculture Society, with

www.easonline.org

May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 3

Aqua News

Setting the future for Mediterranean aquaculture – Aquaculture Europe held in Greece for the first time

o be held in Rhodes, Greece, from October 18-21, Aquaculture Europe 2011, the annual conference organized by the European Aquaculture Society (EAS) will address vital questions affecting the development of Mediterranean aquaculture over the next decade. The event will provide reviews of the importance of aquaculture in EU food production: the sustainability of aquaculture feeds and the implementation of selective breeding strategies in aquaculture. An overview of current EU-funded research programmes will highlight their relevance to current and future production practices. As usual, the conference will include an international trade show, a farmers day and a student workshop and provides a platform to showcase European initiatives in aquaculture. Aquaculture Europe 2011 (AE2011 ) will be hosted by the Federation of Greek Maricultures (FGM) and the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR).

Showcasing Greece and Turkey Greece is the land of the 12 Olympian Gods, the cradle of Western civilization, the birthplace of sciences, philosophy, history and drama - and one of the leading aquaculture producers in the Mediterranean region. With total production in the region at more than 250,000 tonnes from the more than one billion fry stocked in Mediterranean waters, Greece and Turkey are the main producing countries followed by Spain and Italy. Greece and Turkey are also the major centres for juvenile production. Three ‘mega hatcheries’ with over 50 million juveniles operate in Greece and Turkey and account for 20 percent of total production in the region. The 28 Greek and the 18 Turkish hatcheries therefore have major production themselves, but also import fry from Italy and France.

Although Greece has a lower per capita consumption of seafood products than Portugal, Spain, France or Italy, the percentage of this consumption represented by sea bass

and sea bream is the highest in the region (10.4%). The reliance on these two key species has led to market challenges in recent years and the opportunity

AE2011 planned parallel sessions open for online abstract submission PS 01:

Sustainable feeds and feeding management -feeding systems and management, alternative nutrient sources, nutrient metabolism, feed technology, nutritional pathology, nutriomics

PS 02:

Reproduction and breeding -broodstock management, gamete quality, reproduction control and selective breeding programs

PS 03:

Hatchery production -larval rearing methods, weaning, fry quality, skeletal deformities, probiotics

PS 04:

Health management -Disease prevention and treatment, vaccines, alternative therapy and prophylaxis, epidemiology, mapping diseases

PS 05:

Welfare management –operational indicators, monitoring, rearing conditions, stress, harvesting, transportation

PS 06:

Novel technologies -biotechnology, nanotechnology, computer modelling, hybrid technologies with other ocean industries

PS 07:

New species for aquaculture production (including ornamentals) -production methods, product quality and markets

PS 08:

Aquaculture engineering and technology -offshore aquaculture, submersible cages, RAS, remote sensing and automation, feeding systems, grading, processing

PS 09:

Tuna farming -capture-based aquaculture, fattening, reproduction, larval rearing and feed development

PS 10:

Zebrafish and other laboratory fish models for aquaculture applications

PS 11:

Aquaculture and the consumer -product quality, awareness, safety, certification, markets and marketing issues, processing and presentation of aquaculture products

PS 12:

Escapees -Environmental effects and methods to trace, mitigate and prevent escapes

PS 13:

Energy efficiency in aquaculture production -renewable energy synergies

PS 14:

Aquaculture governance-policy and socio-economics

PS 15:

Aquaculture planning -establishing aquaculture as an equal user in coastal zone management.

PS 16:

Organic aquaculture -standards, rearing methods, feeds, product quality and marketing

PS 17:

More than fish-use of aquaculture technologies for the production of products other than sea food (carbon capture, algae, bioactive compounds

PS 18:

Diverse freshwater aquaculture systems –including salmonids, cyprinids, cichlids acipenserids

PS 19:

Alternative aquaculture -artificial reefs, restocking, sports and leisure…

PS 20:

Mollusc aquaculture -genetics, diseases, new species, quality & food safety issues 4 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

for Mediterranean aquaculture is to expand consumption (of bass and bream) in the high fish consumption countries and to diversify the products for the ‘more demanding’ markets of northern Europe. With good spatial planning, increased production of other fish (marine and freshwater) and shellfish species and especially in the southern and eastern Mediterranean over the next 10 years may also be expected. Sitting between the two undisputed leaders in Mediterranean aquaculture, Rhodes is ideally situated for Aquaculture Europe 2011.

Plenary presentations The thematic sessions take place each morning of AE2011 and are plenary sessions. International speakers will present these thematic sessions that open the debate and pave the way for the parallel, technical sessions of contributed presentations in both oral and poster format. Three plenary sessions are planned: • Importance of aquaculture for EU food production. A vision for the 2020 status of aquaculture in the Mediterranean and its role in providing high quality safe food for European citizens. The presentation will address the development of production in terms of sites, species and technologies to better balance the current trade deficit • Nutrition and feeding. An over view of recent and required developments in the feeding of species cultivated in Mediterranean waters • Selective breeding. Lessons learned from terrestrial animals and the status of the implementation of selective breeding programmes in (Mediterranean) aquaculture Online abstract submission is now open for AE2010 and authors wishing to present their results in oral or poster format are invited to submit abstracts. Box 1 shows the

Aqua News full list of sessions open for abstract submission. Abstract submission will continue to be available after the deadline of mid-April 2011, although the session moderators will already have started to select the best oral and poster presentations at that time, so you are strongly advised to submit on time.

Other events AE2011, as all Aquaculture Europe events, is a platform for exchange of ideas and communications on the development of aquaculture. The AE2011 International Trade Event will showcase new products and services offered to the aquaculture sector. The EAS Student Group will also be organising another of its very successful student forums and a field trip around the conference. The Research Directorate General of the European Commission will also host another of the EU FORUMS, where latest European research initiatives will be presented Wenger_Ad_2010_210x147mm

and where delegates can discuss with Commission representatives about future research plans. Finally, other European networks, projects and initiatives will present their activities at AE2011.

The conference centre AE2011 will take place at the Rodos Palace Luxury Convention Resort, located just 12km from Rhodes Diagora international airport. Rhodes can be reached directly from many European and international airports, or through Athens, and is only a short boat trip from the main aquaculture production sites in Turkey. The island is well known for the warmth of its welcome, its magnificent natural beauty and climate, its monuments and historical sites as well as for its gastronomy. With its 785 rooms, the Rodos Palace resort provides excellent, exceptionally stylish accommodation with top-class conference and exhibition facilities that will make a very

5/24/10

9:37 AM

positive contribution to the success of AE2011. Our local agent, Frei Travel has also lined up other accommodation for all budgets, as well as tours to local sights and to fish farms on the island.

from the Mediterranean aquaculture sector supporting Aquaculture Europe 2011 and providing much needed input for its success. EAS, FGM and HCMR are extremely grateful to them.

AE2011 Sponsors

EAS Premium Sponsor, Intervet Schering Plough Animal Health, AE2011 Gold Sponsor, Biomar and AE2011 Silver Sponsor Alltech head a number of corporate sponsors

information:

AE2011 Mario Stael Email: Mario.Stael@Scarlet.be Website: www.easonline.org

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Aqua News Dumfries farm assistant named ‘Aquaculture Learner of the Year’

arm assistant Harris Wright from Dumfries has been named ‘Aquaculture Learner of the Year’ at the eighth annual Lantra Land-based and Aquaculture Learner of the Year awards ceremony. This highly prestigious event, held at the Crieff Hydro Hotel, attr acted 140 guests and was attended by the Cabinet Secretar y for Rur al Affair s and the Environment, Richard Lochhead. Aquaculture is the wor ld’s fastest growing food producing sector, accounting for more than half the fish supply for human consumption. To reflect the increasing importance of aquaculture as a key part of the food and drink industry in Scotland, the awards ceremony changed its name to include this industry, and is now known as ‘Lantra’s Land-based and Aquaculture Learner of the Year awards. Harris, who is currently studying for a Higher National Certificate in Fish Farming with Barony College, is employed on a parttime basis with Selcoth Fisheries Ltd. “After leaving school I enrolled on the National Cer tificate course at Barony College to study Fish Farming, which I really

enjoyed. I passed the course with a distinction, and was awarded the medal and shield for the best overall theory in the course. I’m currently completing a Higher National Certificate course which offers a good mix of practical and theoretical knowledge; this is really beneficial to me as I can apply what I’ve been taught to a situation I’m working in. After I complete the HNC course I hope to apply to Stirling University to undertake a degree in aquaculture,” he says. Dr Brendan Gara from Barony College added: “Harris is an enthusiastic and competent practical worker. During his studies Harris volunteered to work on neighbouring fish farms to learn additional skills that were unavailable on campus, working full days on commercial farms to gain extra hands on practical experience.” The ‘Aquaculture Runner-Up of the Year’ award was presented to Robert Wyvill, a Fish Husbandry Technician with Marine Harvest. Robert, who is currently enrolled on the Modern Apprenticeship in Aquaculture with Inverness College, has recently completed a SVQ Level 2 in Aquaculture, and is also working towards an Open University degree in Environmental Science.

Murray Stark from Inverness College said: “Robert has gained considerable practical experience within the salmon farming industr y, but also recognises the impor tance of tr aining and gaining qualifications. He is a great student who always shows willingness and determination.” A total of 25 prizes were presented during the awards ceremony, which was organised by Lantra, the Sector Skills Council for land-based and environmental industries. The awards, which attracted over 60 nominations, are designed to inspire new entrants to take up a career in the land-based and aquaculture sector and make employers aware of the benefits of a welltrained workforce. Cabinet Secretar y for Rural Affairs and the Environment, Richard Lochhead said: “This is the third year I have been honoured to attend the Lantra Awards and, like both previous occasions, I have been impressed by the enthusiasm and skill of the trainees. “Farming and r ural industries face challenging, but interesting times. Scotland’s economy is recovering, our food and drink sector is world-renowned and we

are on the cusp of an energy revolution which is opening up new and exciting opportunities. “Rural Scotland is ver y well placed to take advantage of many of these new opportunities and I am sure that many in the hall tonight have the talent to make a significant contribution.” Willie Fer gusson, National Director said: “The Land-based and Aquaculture Learner of the Year awards attract a very high calibre of candidates who are committed to fur ther developing their skills and knowledge. It is vital for the future of these industries that we continue to encourage new entrants and demonstrate how employers can see the bottom line benefits that highly skilled new entrants can bring to the business. “Recognition of the importance of the awards by industry, their commitment to them, and their generosity in sponsoring this event has grown significantly over the years and we are indebted to the sponsors who make this event the success that it is,” he added. Skills Development Scotland, Marine Har vest and Scottish Natural Heritage were the main sponsors of the event.

Biotronic Top3 capitalizes on the Perforizer effect ®

iomin launches a new natural growth promoter that effectively combats pathogenic bacteria to improve weight gain and feed conversion, thanks to the proven synergistic effects of three ingredients – a blend of organic acids, a phytochemical and the PerforizerTM. Biotronic® Top3, a new natural growth promoter combining carefully selected ingredients with a scientifically proven synergism for improved animal performance. “The VIV Asia in Bangkok

marked the international launch of this unique natural growth promoter which combines organic acids, a phytochemical and the PerforizerTM to create a synergism in their mode of action,” says Dr Renata Urbaityte, technical manager at Biomin. Organic acids are strong antimicrobials working against pathogenic bacteria in feed and the gastrointestinal tract. The synergistic effect of these organic acids and the phytochemical works to inhibit the division of harmful bacteria. The breakthrough was achieved with the Biomin® PerforizerTM -

a unique substance that causes the permeability of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Such action facilitates the entry of organic acids and the phytochemical, leading to an enhanced antimicrobial effect. A special inorganic carrier acts as a Sequential Release Medium to secure a slow release of the active ingredients in the feed and gastro-intestinal tract. Biotronic® Top3 improves animal growth performance through the reduction of common bacterial burden, stimulating productivity. The first trial results in poultry and

6 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

pigs have shown improvements in weight gains and feed conversion rates by eight and four percent, respectively. This highly effective synergistic mode of action helps realise even greater economic benefits from animal production. More

information:

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F: Natural ingredients

Natural ingredients for sustainable aquaculture

ith aquaculture becoming increasingly important for the production of animal proteins on a global scale, it is no wonder that interest has also grown in the optimisation of the nutritional and technological quality of aquafeeds. Here, Greta Clabots, area sales manager at Beneo-Animal Nutrition, explores the ways in which ingredients can be incorporated into aquafeeds to offer further possibilities in this sector. Beneo-Animal Nutrition has created a range of ingredients to meet the global demand for sustainable aquafeed production. Thanks to a carefully selected portfolio of products, Beneo-Animal Nutrition can offer aquafeed producers innovative, eco-

nomical and ecologically viable solutions for high quality aquafeed. There are three key areas which producers in this area should pay particular attention to in order to make the most of their products, these include: • Provision of high quality vegetal protein sources • Improvement of intestinal health • The optimisation of the technical quality parameters of the extrudate

High quality vegetal protein sources

Beneo -Animal Nutrition has two vegetal protein sources in its product range that will enable producers to optimise their products: • RemyPro N70, a concentrated rice protein • BeneoProW, vital wheat gluten With high levels of proTable 1: Effect of fish meal replacement by wheat gluten in various aquaspecies tein in both Growth RemyPro N70 Substitution AA performance vs Author Species and BeneoProW, level (%) suppl reference these ingredients offer producers Davies et al. (1998) R. Trout 57 Lys Comparable a sustainable alternative to the Pfeffer et al. (1994) R. Trout 100 Lys Slightly worse use of fish meal Storebakken et al. A. Salmon 35 Comparable in their aquafeed. (2000) The high Tibbetts et al. (2006) S. Bream 30 Comparable levels of protein concentration Helland et al. (2006) A. Halibut 30 Comparable in both ingrediLys, Arg, ents means they Kissil et al. (2004) S. Bream 100 better Thr contain less car-

8 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

bohydrates, which is especially important for those using condensed aquafeeds. In addition, neither Beneo-Animal Nutrition protein source contains any anti-nutritional factors, making them ideal for use with species that have sensitive digestive systems.

BeneoPro W, vital wheat gluten With a protein content of >80 percent, vital wheat gluten is one of the most concentrated vegetal protein sources available. It is a high-performance alternative to fish meal in formulations and has been shown to be beneficial in the nutrition of a wide range of aquaspecies. Studies involving sea bream (see Table 1) have reported that a 100 percent replacement of fishmeal with wheat gluten delivers significantly improved zootechnical results. The first thing that limits the amino acid content is lysine and, if high quantities of lysine are used, a supplementation of this amino acid is necessary. On the other hand, wheat gluten contains high levels of glutamine, which is crucial for the immune response in fish. Mink digestibility trials, which function as a reference for salmon digestibility, have shown that true protein digestibility of 99 percent is achieved. This makes vital wheat gluten one of the most digestible vegetal protein sources.

RemyPro N70, an alternative protein source Compared to wheat gluten, rice

F: Natural ingredients

Table 2: Amino Acid Profile of rice protein (RP) and wheat gluten (WG), compared to fish meal (FM)

% of protein Wheat gluten

WG/FM (%)

Rice Protein

RP/FM (%)

FishMeal

Ala

2,5

40,3

5,0

81,7

6,2

Arg

3,3

53,2

9,1

147,0

6,2

Amino Acid

Asn/Asp

3,0

32,0

8,4

88,8

9,5

Cys

2,2

217,2

1,4

142,4

1,0

Gln/Glu

36,1

261,0

21,1

152,2

13,8

Gly

3,0

45,5

3,7

56,7

6,6

His

1,8

74,7

1,5

63,8

2,4

Ile

3,4

70,5

5,1

106,1

4,8

Leu

6,6

87,0

8,4

111,4

7,6

Lys

1,6

19,4

5,0

61,3

8,1

Met

1,9

65,3

2,5

83,1

3,0

Phe

5,8

138,1

6,3

152,2

4,2

Pro

11,8

259,8

3,4

74,1

4,6

Ser

5,3

118,0

5,0

111,9

4,5

Thr

2,6

59,2

3,8

88,2

4,3

Try

0,8

71,3

1,3

121,3

1,1

Tyr

3,4

89,2

5,6

148,8

3,8

Val

3,8

67,0

6,4

114,9

5,6

protein is more unknown to aquafeed producers. However, it features a number of characteris-

tics, which make it a valuable ingredient for fish feeds. As illustrated in Table 2, rice has a balanced amino acid profile and, compared to wheat protein, contains higher levels of lysine. Rice protein also contains high levels of arginine, tyrosine and phenylala-

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Active ingredients for healthy fish BENEO-Animal Nutrition capitalizes on BENEO‘s unique expertise in the food world. It offers a broad range of ingredients from a natural source that improve the nutritional and technological value of fish food. It covers speciality products such as vegetable proteins, functional carbohydrates and prebiotics from chicory. www.BENEO-An.com Connecting nutrition and health

May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 9

F: Natural ingredients These studies also show that an inclusion of rice protein concentrate of up to 20 percent is feasible, without any negative influence impacting on the zootechnical performance of the fish or their fillet quality.

Orafti® prebiotics for optimal gut health Aquaculture is steadily growing worldwide and

nutrition can play an important role in optimising performance and disease resistance in fish. Prebiotics have proven to be beneficial for gut health both in human, as well as in animal nutrition. Inulin and oligofructose are fibres, which are resistant to enzymatic digestion and are selectively fermented by lactobacillae and bifidobacterium in the gut. This selective fermentation leads to a shift in bacterial flora, resulting in a reduced growth of pathogens as a consequence. Since lactic acid bacteria is part of the normal flora of healthy fish and may even antagonise fish pathogens (Ringo and

Table 3: Effect of VWG addition to aquafeed on the technological parameters of pellets and extrudates (Kaushik, 2000)

Feed A Feed Mixture

Feed B

Pelleted Extruded

Mass/volume (g/l)

Pelleted

Extruded

633

504

612

580

Durability (mechanical, pfost) (%)

100

Durability (pneumatic, holmen) (%)

Buoyancy (% residues at 30sec)

"Whether aquafeed Sinking rate (cm/sec) 8 6,2 9,7 4 Water Stability (% residues at 10 min and 1hr) 30/89 0/4 17/37 11/92 poducers are looking for Slope of particle breakdown (10-60 min) 0,0114 0,0097 0,0052 0,0167 ingredients that impact Oil absorbing capacity (%) 16 18 16 31 zootechnical performance A: basal diet containing fishmeal, fish oil, gelatinised starch, vitamin and mineral mixtures B: 80% A + 20% wheat gluten or animal health, or have improved technological Gatesoupe, 1998), prebiotics may also have its production capacity a benefit in fish nutrition. depends on optimal zooparameters, BENEO-Animal Despite the fact that traditional fish technical performance. feed contains as little fibre as possible, Nowadays, aquaculNutrition’s range of aquafeeds can Orafti® trials with shrimp, turbot, salmon ture involves strategies do it all" to improve the overall and trout have all shown the positive effect functioning and efficacy of an animal’s digestion, to reduce stress and to prevent diseases. The latter can be achieved through strict environmental management and prophylactic strategies, such as vaccination. However, vaccines do not cover all the major aquaculture diseases. Therefore, other preventive measures must be taken as well. With this in mind,

nine, which are reported to have a positive effect on growth performance and influence pigmentation of aquaspecies. From mink digestibility trials, it can be concluded that apparent protein digestibility has a value of 80 percent; the true protein digestibility of rice protein is 85 percent. These values are in line with other vegetal protein sources and confirm the potential Table 4: Beneo application matrix for using rice protein in aquafeed. Studies on sea bream (Palmegiano et al, 2007) and rainbow trout BeneoPro W (Palmegiano et al., 2006) Orafti® Prebiotics indicate that rice protein RemyPro N70 concentrate is a good Remy starches alternative to fish meal.

Fish meal Replacement ***

of using low dosages of inulin/oligofructose; both the zootechnical performance and the fish’s resistance to infectious diseases are improved. In Figure 1 and Figure 2 the results of a trial with 900 salmon are summarised. In this research, the fish were introduced to a Piscirickettsia salmonis infection. The results show a clear, positive effect of inulin on the overall mortality rate and feed conversion of the fish and confirm that prebiotic inulin Technological Optimising and oligofructose are ingredient gut health natural and sustainable alternatives for in-feed antibiotics. *** *

*** ***

10 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

Optimising the aquafeed pellet When

formulating

Naturally ahead Figure 1

Naturally ahead in phytogenics! Figure 2

Biomin® P.E.P. is made with a unique blend of essential oils and a functional carrier to provide a synergistic formula. It is designed specifically to support digestion and improve feed conversion.

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Process Technology and Complete Plants - for the Aqua Feed Industry

In 2008 ANDRITZ FEED & BIOFUEL delivered a complete solution to Emsland-Aller Aqua in Germany. Having built Europe’s most modern fish feed factory in Golßen, Emsland-Aller Aqua has an optimum playing field. With the aid of the most modern machines available, e. g. the latest in extruder technology, product developments can also be put into practice quickly.

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May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 11

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F: Natural ingredients Kaushik, S (2000). Feed formulation, diet development and feed technology In: In. Recent advances in Mediterranean aquaculture finfish species diversification. Zaragoza: CIHEAM-IAMZ, 2000. p. 43-51 Kissil, G.W. & I. Lupatsch. (2004). Successful replacement of fishmeal by plant proteins in diets for the Gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata l. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh 56(3): 188-199. Ringo E., Gatesoupe F.J., 1998. Lactic acid bacteria in fish: a review. Aquacultural Research 26, 773-789.

diets for aquaspecies, it is not only the nutritional content of the feed, which should be considered. The physical characteristics of the final product are also of major importance; the texture, water stability and buoyancy of the pellets can be modified by not only altering feed processing techniques, but also by the physical nature of the ingredients themselves.

An optimal binder for aquafeed Because of its visco-elastic properties, vital wheat gluten is an interesting technological ingredient for aquafeed diets. It serves as a strong, cohesive matrix and prevents gas expulsion during extrusion. In Table 3, the effect of wheat gluten addition on the technological parameters of aquafeed is illustrated. It can be concluded that vital wheat gluten improves water stability of the extrudate and enables the feed producer to include higher dosages of oil in the feed.

its cereal based equivalents, this results in increased resistance towards the formation of steam pockets. When the extrudate cools down, the rice starch product’s structure is more homogeneous and its surface smoother, improving the pellets the overall performance and durability in water. Not only is the surface of the pellet smoother when rice flour is used in the extrusion process, but the expansion of extrudate products is also modified when rice flour is added. Rice starch has a positive effect on the expansion of an extrudate and, since expansion characteristics are directly linked to the bulk density of the pellet, adding rice flour or starches to fish feed enables the aquafeed producer to adjust the floating capacities of extruded fish feed to suit their specific requirements.

Conclusion Promoting multi-purpose nutrition and sustainable aquaculture production, BENEO ingredients are the obvious choice. So, whether aquafeed producers are looking for ingredients that impact zootechnical performance or animal health, or have improved technological parameters, BENEO-Animal Nutrition’s range of aquafeeds can do it all.

References:

An extrusion enhancer

Davies, S.J., Morris, P.C., Baker, R.T.M., (1997). Partial substitution of fishmeal and full-fat soya bean meal with wheat gluten and influence of lysine supplementation in diets for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquacult Research, 28:317-328.

Following extrusion, rice flour and starch dough expansion is characterised by very high hot set temperatures and viscosity rates. As the viscosity of dough, made from rice derivatives, increases more quickly than

Helland, S.J., Grisdale-Helland, B. (2006) Replacement of fish meal with wheat gluten in diets for Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus): effect on whole-body amino acid concentrations. Aquaculture 1363-1370

12 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

Palmegiano GB, Costanzo MT, Daprà F, Gai F, Galletta MG, Maricchiolo G, et al. (2007) Rice protein concentrate meal as potential dietary ingredient in practical diets for blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo). Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition. 2007 Jun; 91(5-6):235-9. Pfeffer, E., Henrichfreise, B., 1994. Evaluation of potential sources of protein in diets for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 45, 371–377. T. Storebakken, K. D. Shearer, G. Baeverfjord, B. G. Nielsen, T. Åsgård, T. Scott and A. De Lapor te (2000) Digestibility of macronutrients, energy and amino acids, absorption of elements and absence of intestinal enteritis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, fed diets with wheat gluten. Aquaculture, Volume 184, Issues 1-2, 3 April 2000, Pages 115-132 Tibbetts, S.M., Milley, J.E. & Lall, S.P. (2006) Apparent protein and energy digestibility of common and alternative feed ingredients by Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (Linnaeus, 1758). Aquaculture, 261, 1314–1327

About BeneoAnimal Nutrition Beneo-Animal Nutrition offers a broad range of natural ingredients with nutritional benefits. The product range comprises vegetable proteins, functional fibres and carbohydrates as well as chicory-based prebiotics. BENEOAnimal Nutrition translates Beneo’s unique expertise in human food to the world of pet food, animal feed and aquafeed. BENEO is a division of the Südzucker Group, employs almost 900 people and has production units in Belgium, Chile, Germany and Italy. More

information:

Website: www. beneo-an.com

Find full online back issues of international Aquafeed magazine in our archive

www.aquafeed.co.uk/archive.php

F: Maturation diets

Maturation diets for shrimp – Is there alternative to natural food?

n recent years, shrimp culture has become one of the most important aquaculture industries in the world. Current production levels reach over three million tonnes per year, corresponding to a market volume of over US$10 billion (FAO 2008).

However, even with this expansion in the production there are some unknowns. One of the problems with shrimp (and other crustacean) culture is broodstock diets and nutrition. Currently, most, if not all, hatcheries around the world are using fresh or frozen, unprocessed marine organisms as food items. These include squid, various mollusks (mussels, oysters or clams), marine polychates, crustaceans such as shrimp (Peixoto et al., 2004; Preston et al., 2004, Coman et al., 2006) and Artemia biomass (Anh et al., 2008, Gandy et al., 2007). These feeds are usually topped up with nutritional additives such as vitamins, minerals and fatty acids (Hoa et al., 2009). Maturation diets based on combination of fresh and frozen marine organisms usually results in high reproductive performances for both domesticated and wild caught broodstock shrimp. However, this practice is far from ideal, exposing the cultured animals to several major issues Biosecurity: Fresh and frozen food organisms can, potentially, become transferring vector for different pathogens and diseases. This is more so when crustaceans are been used (Coman et al., 2006). Although, recognized for their contribution to the maturation process through supplementing maturation hormones and other nutrients, the importation of crustaceans such as Artemia was banned in several countries in an attempt to reduce the risk of disease

transfer. Similarly, in many countries the use of shrimp heads or shrimp meal in maturation diets was banned. It is not known if none-crustacean organisms can transmit shrimp viruses such as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and yellow head virus (YHV) or others but due to their origin, post harvest methods and storage, they are all prone to become a vector for other pathogens. Nutritional profile: Due to the fact that fresh/frozen food organisms are been caught in the wild, their nutritional profile varied. Season, location, life cycle, pre and post harvesting methods can and will affect their nutritional profile. This inconsistency in the quality and nutritional profile makes it hard to standardize protocols even within the same company. Different countries and even regions within a country will have different access to fresh/frozen food organisms and will used them differently resulting in high fluctuation in FCR’s and performances between farmers, regions and countries culturing the same species. Water quality: In many cases high water flow is needed following feeding of fresh / frozen food organisms. In many cases daily (or even few times during the day) siphoning is essential to keep good water quality and tank hygiene. This is obviously labor-intensive task that might also affect the brood animals. Domestication: It is commonly accepted that wild broodstock shrimp needs fresh / frozen food organisms. For example, Conan et al., 2006 raised the hypotheseis wether the removal of crustacean component from the maturations diet for domesticated P. monodon broodstock has contributed to the broodstock low performances. Considering the cost of broodstock (especially ‘SPF’), these are serious risks and in many cases resulting in high mortality and/or reduced productivity, leading to significant financial loss.

14 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

Until now, shrimp broodstock fed maturation-formulated diet, pelleted or extruded did not match the performances of animals fed on fresh/frozen food (Wouters et al., 2002. Braga et al., 2010). Formulated diets tend to break down due to the unique feeding behavior of the animals, resulting in polluted water and very high FCR. Moreover, palatability and ingestion rates are usually low. Even using the same food organisms as dry meals in formulated diets didn’t result in similar performances as when fresh/frozen organisms were given. Recently, new maturation diet (NutraFeed®) for crustacean that can completely replace the use of fresh/frozen feed was developed. The diet is semi-moist (around 30-35% moist) and manufactured as short pellets at any length and diameter needed. The diet is stable in the water for 24 hours and will not break down when the shrimp is holding and chewing it. NutraFeed® diets are based solely on dry meals without any fresh or frozen products. They are certified as pathogen free (all ingredients pass Gamma radiation) with a shelf life of six months (refrigerated) or 12 months (frozen). To boost the hormonal cycle, herbal extracts (NutraGreen® products) are incorporated into the diets. These are 100% natural additives aimed at improving broodstock performances including; enhancing egg and larvae quality, sperm mortality, vitellogenesis, as well as immune system and digestive system support. Initially these natural herbal additives were developed as natural hormonal replacements for woman during IVF treatments and during menopause period.

Large experiment To compare the performances of the maturation diet against traditional fresh/ frozen food organism, a large experiment was conducted independently by one of

F: Maturation diets Table 1: Comparison between traditional (control) fresh/frozen food and formulated semi-moist diet

Treatment

Days

%Mort/day

Control

124

0.09

NutraFeed

124

Difference

Avg. SR/day Total spawns Egg/Female 3.34%

Nauplii/ Female

% Hatch

Total Nauplii

92,860,000

602

179,364

154,364

0.05

4.74

849

186,266

160,188

136,000,000

44.4%

29.5%

29.1%

3.7%

46.5%

performance of reciprocally crossed wild-caught the biggest shrimp producers in the world. References and tank reared Penaeus monodon broodstock. The results (see Table 1) showed signifiAnh, N. T. N., Hoa, N. V., Van Stappen, G., and Aquaculture 252, 372–384. cant performance improvements when the Sorgeloos, P. 2008. Effect of different supplemental broodstock fed on NutraFeed® semi-moist Gandy, R. L., Samocha, T. M., Masser, M. P., Fox, J. M., feeds on proximate composition and Artemia diet. Ali, S. A. M., Gatlin III, D. M., and Speed, M. 2007. biomass production in salt ponds. Aquaculture, The effect of unilateral eyestalk ablation and diet Moreover, using the semi-moist diet also 286, 217-225. on the reproductive performance of wild-caught proved to be cost effective compared to Braga, A. L., Nakayama, C. L., Martins, J. G., Colares, Farfantepenaeus aztecus (Ives, 1891) using a traditional diets. 200 white shrimp L. vannaE. P., and Wasielesky, W. Jr. 2010. Spermatophore closed recirculating maturation system. Aquac. Res. mei were fed control diet (squid, polychates quality of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis 38, 580–587. and nutritional booster) or NutraFeed® SM (Decapoda, Dendrobranchiata) broodstock fed with diet. The broodstock were kept in identical Hoa, N. D., Wouters, R., Wille, R., Thanh, different maturation diets. Aquaculture, 307, 44-48. V., Dong, T. K., Hao, N. V., and Sorgeloos, P. tanks and under the same environmental Coman, G. J., Arnold, S. J., Callaghan, T. R., and 2009. A fresh-food maturation diet with an conditions. Growth, mortalities, spawning Preston, N. P. 2006. Effect of two maturation diet adequate HUFA composition for broodstock events, fecundity, hatching rates and number combinations on reproductive performance of nutrition studies in black tiger shrimp Penaeus of nauplii were determined over 124 days. domesticated Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture, monodon (Fabricius, 1798). Aquaculture, 297, The diet was also used with domesti263, 75-83. 116-121. cated P. monodon broodstock in Australia Coman, G.J., Arnold, S.J., Peixoto, S., Coman, F.E., Peixoto, S., Coman, G.J., Arnold, S.J., Crocos, P.J., with remarkable results. This is a significant Crocos, P.J., Preston, N.P., 2006. Reproductive Preston, N.P., 2005. Histological examination of final achievement since it is known that P. monoocyte maturation odon are particularly and atresia in wild and picky with their diet Authors & Company domesticated Penaeus and feeding them monodon broodstock. Dr Sagiv Kolkovski is the Principal scientist, marine aquaculture, at the Department solely on formuAquac. Res. 36, of Fisheries, western Australia. He is also the R&D director at Nutrakol Pty Ltd. Judith lated diet used to 666–673. Kolkovski, ND is a nutritionist and herbalist and the general manager of Nutrakol Pty be challenging, not Ltd. Nutrakol Pty Ltd is specialized in developing and manufacturing nutritional and natural Preston, N.P., Crocos, to mention, achievhealth solutions for aquaculture. P.J., Keys, S.J, Coman, ing similar or better G.J., Koenig, R., 2004. performances. Comparative growth Currently the Company products of selected and nondiet is been used Nutrakol specialized in nutritional and health solutions for aquaculture. ‘Tailor-made’ selected Kuruma in several commerdiets and additives for broodstock and enrichments for larvae. These products can be shrimp Penaeus cial hatcheries in manufacture to specific requirements or species. Crustacean broodstock semi-moist diets (Marsupenaeus) Thailand, India and for complete replacement of fresh/frozen food. NutraGreen natural health solutions solely japonicus in commercial farm Malaysia and the based on herbal extracts and specifically design to support gonadal development, immune ponds. Aquaculture company is up-scalsystem and digestive system. 231, 73–82. ing the production.

NutraFeed®

Crustacean semi-moist maturation diet

Semi-moist maturation diet for Shrimp Completely replace the need for fresh/frozen feed with even better results

Avoid potential pathogens and diseases Ideal for SPF (speciﬁc pathogen free) broodstock

Better performance

One of the problems with shrimp (and other crustacean) culture is broodstock diets and nutrition. Currently, most hatcheries around the world are using fresh or frozen squid, worms (polychaetes), fish and other marine organisms, topped up with nutritional p additives. This practice is far from ideal, exposing the cultured animals to pote potential pathogens and diseases, n nutritional i inconsistency and is dependent on wild fisheries. Considering t cost of the b broodstock (es (especially ‘SPF these are ‘SPF’), serious risks and ca in many cases result in an high mortality and/or reduced productivity, leading to significant financial loss.

Nutrafeed - Improved bio-security, better performances, great palatability and no contamination of the water

NutraFeed® diets were tested with several crustaceans including; white shrimp L. vannamei, tiger prawn P. monodon (wild and domesticated), bugs (T. orientalis) and tropical lobster (Panulirus ornatus). The diet can be designed and manufactured to any crustaceans. NutraFeed® diets are based solely on dry meals without any fresh or frozen products. They are pathogen free (all ingredients pass Gamma radiation) with a shelf life of six months (refrigerated) or n). 12 months (frozen). Herbal extracts (NutraGreen® products) are o incorporated into the diets. These 100% natural additives aimed at improving broodstock performances including; nd enhancing egg and per perm larvae quality, sperm enesis, sis motility, vitellogenesis, ne system st m and as well as immune digestive system support.

cu Me ltr et e, Na us a ta t W lB o ra rld zil ,B oo t

Nutra-Kol Pty Ltd Western Australia, Australia Tel: +61 8 9403 2287 Fax: +61 8 9403 2287 Email: info@nutrakol.com

Until now, broodstock fed maturation formulated dry diet, pelleted or extruded did not match the performances of animals fed on fresh/frozen food. The dry diets tend to break down due to the unique feeding behaviour of the animals, resulting in polluted water and very high FCR. Moreover, palatability and ingestion rates are usually low.

N t K

NO MORE! Recently, NutrKol developed maturation diet (NutraFeed® diet range) for crustacea that can completely replace the use of fresh/frozen feed. The diet is semi-moist and manufactured as short pellets at any length and diameter needed. The diet is stable in the water for 24 hours and will not break down when the shrimp or lobster is holding and chewing it.

Currently, three different maturation diets are manufactured according to species: NutraFeed® SM for shrimps and prawns, NutraFeed® LM for lobsters and bugs and, NutraFeed® CM for crabs.

‘Tailor--made’ Nutrition and natural health solutions for aquaculture

NutroKol_2_190x58mm.indd 1

07/04/2011 11:22

May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 15

Th of

col

F: DDGS

The potential of distillers dried grains and solubles (DDGS) for inclusion in aquafeeds by Samad S Omar, Aquaculture Nutrition and Health Research Group, School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, The University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK

n a global scale, aquaculture output has been increasing at a rate of around eight percent per annum and now supplies about 65 million tons whereas fisheries landings have remained constant at about 90 million tons of fish for the last decade (FAO 2010). Indeed, more than half of the fish products produced for human consumption come from commercial aquaculture. However, the sustained growth of the industry has resulted in an increased need for specialised compound feedstuffs, at approximately 30 million tonnes per year in 2009 and is expected to more than double by 2020 (Tacon 2010). In the preparation of dry fish diets for intensive aquaculture, the principle aim is to provide a balanced diet that meets the full nutritional requirements. Traditionally, fishmeal has been used as a main source of protein in aquafeeds due to its high protein content, excellent amino acid profile, as well as high nutrient digestibility (Gatlin et al., 2007). However, being too dependent on any one ingredient presents considerable risk associated with supply, price and quality fluctuations (Naylor et al., 2000; Glencross et al., 2007); indeed, aquafeeds can account for over 50 percent of production costs in some aquaculture practices. In order to reduce dietary costs and increase the profitability, using less expensive protein sources to replace fishmeal, the most expensive dietary component, is a high priority. The traditional dependence of aquafeeds on fishmeal and fish oil also raises questions as to the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Alternative proteins derived from plant sources often provide reasonably good growth; soybean meals/protein concentrates, canola meals/protein concentrates, lupin meals/protein concentrates and a range of

other plant proteins Table 1: Mean chemical composition of the DDGS from previous have all shown varyinvestigations ing degrees of sucCromwell et Spieh et Stein et Pedersen et cess when included al. (1993) al. (2002) al. (2006) al. (2007) in aquafeed (Gatlin et al. 2007). Single cell DM (%) 90.5 89 88.9 87.6 protein sources, aniCP (%) 26.9 30.2 27.4 29.2 mal by-products and Fat (%) 9.7 10.7 ND 10.5 by-products of the Fibre (%) ND 8.6 6.8 7.8 brewing and bioethanol industries have Ash (%) 4.8 6.1 ND 3.86 also been explored. ADF (%) 14.4 16.1 10.9 10.15 Distillers dried NDF (%) 35.1 41.45 40.13 24.2 grains with solubles -1 DE MJ kg ND 15.7 20.13 19.6 (DDGS), one of the main co-products * ND = not determined obtaining from the fermentation of cereTable 2: Amino acid composition of DDGS from previous al grains for the production investigations of ethanol, is an interesting Cromwell Fastinger Stein Pedersen potential ingredient for incluet al. & Mahan et al. et al. sion in animal feeds. (1993) (2006) (2006) (2007)

Distillers dried grains Distillerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a valuable feed ingredient which is a by-product of the dry-grind or wet mill ethanol production resulting from the yeast fermentation of cereal grains. Corn (maize) is often the cereal of choice for ethanol plants because of its highly fermentable starch content. Each bushel of corn (~25.4kg) is converted into approximately 7.7kg of DDGS, 8.2kg of ethanol and 8.2kg of CO2 (Jacques et al., 2003). The continual expansion of the fuel ethanol industry will provide a steady and growing DDGS output and continually improving processing technologies provides interesting, economical,

Essential AA Arg

1.06

1.00

1.10

1.28

His

0.72

0.65

0.77

0.76

Ile

1.00

0.98

1.02

1.09

Leu

3.33

3.07

3.11

3.54

0.64

0.79

0.81

0.62

0.69

Lys

0.70

Met

0.51

Phe

1.45

1.34

1.3

1.40

048

Thr

1.03

0.95

0.99

0.95

Trp

0.19

0.25

0.17

0.19

Val

1.35

1.3

1.41

1.44

Non-essential AA Ala

1.88

1.76

2.14

Asp

1.66

1.94

2.02

Cys

0.53

0.48

0.70

0.39

Glu

3.98

3.52

5.38

Gly

0.94

0.98

1.16

Pro

1.95

2.34

Ser

1.05

1.08

1.34

Tyr

0.97

1.18

16 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

F: DDGS opportunities for low level inclusion in animal feeds. The typical crude protein content averages about 30 percent and fibre content ranges from ca. 7-11 percent (see Table 1). On the other hand, DDGS contains a good level of energy and is a rich source of vitamins and minerals. The physical appearance, chemical composition and nutrient digestibility can vary considerably depending on sources, processing and different drying procedures. For example, Cromwell et al. (1993) investigated the characteristics and composition of 9 DDGS sources (seven from brewery production and two from ethanol plants) and found that crude protein ranged from 23.4 to 28.7 percent, fat ranged from 2.9 to 12.8 percent, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) ranged from 8.8 to 36.9 percent, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) ranged from 28.8 to 40.3 percent, acid detergent fibre (ADF) ranged from 10.3 to 18.1 percent and ash ranged from 3.4 to 7.3 percent. The amino acid profiles also varied greatly with source, particularly lysine concentrations, which ranged from 0.43 to 0.89 percent. Similar findings have been reported more recently (Spiehs et al. 2002; Pedersen et al. 2007; see Table 2). The colour of the DDGS sources ranged from being light to dark and odour varied from normal to burnt/smokey (Cromwell et al. 1993). Hunterlab scoring (based on lightness/darkness and yellowness) provided a good correlation with lysine content and subsequent nutritional quality with regards to weight gain of chicks fed dietary DGGS.

The use of DDGS in animal nutrition Conventionally, DDGS have been widely used for ruminants (beef and dairy cattle) and increasingly for non-ruminant terrestrial animals (mainly and swine and poultry) because of the moderate protein content and high fibre content. A number of studies have focused on growth and carcass parameters but also the effect on milk yield of dairy cattle has investigated. For example, Powers et al. (1995) stated that a satisfactory replacement in

dietary cow can be provided by DDGS for soybean meal and corn concentrates. They indicated that the cows fed higher quality DDGS sources produced marginally more milk yield than cows fed soybean meal supplement. More recently, Kleinschmit et al. (2006) conducted a study to determine the effect of feeding diets with 20 percent DDGS inclusion from three different sources compared with DDGS-free control diets (CON); dairy cows fed diets containing DDGS produced higher amount of milk, approximately 3.4kg d-1 more than cows fed diets containing no DDGS (CON). Also they found that the feed efficiency higher in cows fed DDGS compared with CON. Klopfenstein et al. (2008) concluded that the various levels of WDGS and DDGS fed to feedlot cattle produced higher ADG and weight gain:feed intake ratios than cattle fed corn-based diets without DGS. Also they observed that the feeding value of DGS is greater than dry rolled-corn and highmoisture corn; however, the feeding value of DGS tends to be lower when fed in finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn than based on dry-rolled corn or high-moisture. The use of DDGS in poultry diets has historically been at a 5-10 percent inclusion level. In past decades, DDGS has been used in poultry diets primarily as a source of alternate protein, which can promote growth, egg production and potentially improve palatability (Couch et al. 1957; Day et al. 1972; Alenier and Combs 1981). Currently suggested maximum dietary inclusion rates for DDGS are 10-15 percent for chicken

May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 17

but higher levels of DDGS can be used successfully with appropriate diet formulation adjustments for energy and amino acids (Waldroup et al.1981; Noll et al. 2004). Recommended maximum dietary levels of DDGS in swine diets are 20-50 percent depend on the goal of rearing and proving that diets are formulated on a digestible amino acid and available phosphorus basis.

The use of DDGS in fish nutrition The using of DDGS for aquaculture feeds is now of major significance as an alternative protein due to its relatively low price and availability and nutrient profile. An increasing body of literature is becoming available on the efficacy of utilising DGGS in aquafeeds (see Table 4). Coyle et al. (1996) demonstrated that the DDGS can be consumed directly by juvenile prawn (>2g), and that the DDGS can have a simultaneous benefit as a food supply and a pond fertilizer. Webster et al. (1993) showed that diets containing 0, 10, 20 or 30 percent DDGS, partially replacing corn or soybean meal, fed to cage reared juvenile catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) did not alter individual fish weights, survival, feed conversion, carcass composition, carcass waste (head, skin, viscera) or organoleptic properties of the fillets. They also suggested that more than 30 percent DDGS can be added to the diets with no negative impact on growth performance, carcass composition or flavour qualities of the fillets. Furthermore, Wu et al. (1996) showed

F: DDGS Table 3: Mineral analysis of DDGS from previous investigations ods used to process that the levels of DDGS into suitable DDGS at 30 percent Minerals Concentration References protein concentrates of the diet fed to has been indicated to tilapia provided good Ca (%) 0.25 - 0.40 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008) potentially affect feed growth performance P (%) 0.79 - 0.90 Spieh et al. (2002); Stein et al. (2006); Robinson et al. (2008) quality, in terms of and feed utilization. nutrient composition, In agreement, K (%) 0.97 - 1.12 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008) amino acid profile, Coyle et al. (2004) Mg (%) 0.32 - 0.37 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008) digestibility and genindicated that diets S (%) 0.48 - 0.64 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008) eral protein quality containing 30 percent Na (%) 0.18 -0.26 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008) (Urzŭa 2010; Chiesa & DDGS in combination Gnansounou 2011). with meatbone meal Zn (ppm) 91.4 -254 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008) Another processand soybean meal Mn (ppm) 17 - 32.4 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008) ing factor that needs provided good growth Cu (ppm) 4.9 – 9.7 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008) to be considered is in hybrid tilapia Fe (ppm) 85.0 – 169.3 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008) the form in which (Oreochromis niloticuse Mo (ppm) 0.7 Robinson et al. (2008) DDGS based feeds x O. aureus). are presented and as However, a diet Se (ppm) 0.28 Robinson et al. (2008) well as feed ingrediwithout animal proCo (ppm) < 0.1 Robinson et al. (2008) ent and extrusion tein did not support conditions such as acceptable growth in ingredient moisture content and screw the same species. The same result was of Nile tilapia compared to the reference speed; these parameters have been shown found by Robinson and Menghe (2008) in diet (0% DDGS) (Schaeffer et al. 2010). to be important factors which determine channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). However, fish fed the 20 percent DDG diet and impact upon extrudate characteristics Thiessen et al. (2003) showed that thin did not show reduced feed conversion ratio (e.g. moisture content, durability, brightness distillers solubles at 3.3 percent or 3.9 perand protein efficiency ratio whereas higher and redness) when using feed formulations cent (dry matter basis) in diets containing inclusion levels did. containing DDGS 15 percent canola (Chevanan et al. meal or 30.5 perTable 4: Summary of DDGS studies in aquatic animals 2009). cent of air-classiSpecies DDGS inclusion level References Further work fied pea protein is required to could increase optimize processshort term dietary Channel catfish 0, 10, 20, 30 & 40% Webster et al. (1993) ing conditions and palatability for Prawn <0.2% Coyle et al. (1996) technologies in rainbow trout Nile tilapia 30% Wu et al. (1996) order to produce (Oncrohynchus Rainbow trout 1.9, 3.3, 3.9 & 6.6% Thiessen et al. (2003) more consistent mykiss). rainbow trout 15, 50 & 75% Cheng et al. (2004) feed products. However, the feed intake did Nile tilapia 30% Coyle et al. (2004) not increase when Conclusions Common carp 0, 15 & 30% Kukačka & Mareš (2008) using 1.9 percent Initial feeding Sunshine bass 30% Thompson et al. (2008) or 6.6 percent thin studies have been Channel catfish 27, 29, 30 & 100% Robinson & Menghe (2008) distillers solubles. conducted on tilaCheng et al. pia, rainbow trout Nile tilapia 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25 & 27.5% Schaeffer et al. (2010) (2004) observed and on catfish Channel catfish 10, 20 & 30% Li et al. (2010) that 50 percent have shown that up to 50 percent fish can be grown of dietary fishmeal could be replaced by a In channel catfish, diets containing 10 on diets containing DDGS as a contributing mixture of soybean meal and DDGS withpercent distillers solubles (DS) or 30 percent protein source. In fact, there are indications out affecting weight gain or feed conversion. DDGS has been shown to improve feed from some studies that DDGS may improve Inclusion levels beyond this led to reduced consumption and weight gain compared to palatability. Studies incorporating higher DS performance which could not be rectified the control diet (Li et al. 2010). However, feed inclusion levels are needed to determine with supplementation of dietary methionine conversion ratio was lower. DDGS in diets for the efficacy of using DS alone and other hydroxy analogue (2.75g kg-1). sunshine bass (Morone chrysops X M. saxatalis) studies are required to investigate and idenKukačka & Mareš (2008) showed that at 30 percent inclusion, have displayed lower tify any specific appetite enhancing factors. DDGS dietary inclusion of up to 30 percent protein efficiency ratio compared to other FM As a moderately rich source of protein can be used in carp diets without affecting protein sources, poultry by-products and SBM and a good source of micronutrients DDGS growth performance and feed utilisation (Thompson et al. 2008). can be considered to be feasible ingredient parameters. Contrary to these findings 17.5 for inclusion in fish diets within limited - 27.5 percent DDGS dietary inclusion sigFactors affecting feed quality levels. nificantly reduced the growth performance References available on request It must be noted that refining meth-

18 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

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May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 19

F: β-glucans

Preliminary effects of

β-glucans on Nile tilapia health and growth performance

by M D Rawling and H Kühlwein, Aquaculture Nutrition and Health Research Group, School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, UK

006 marked a turning point in European aquaculture, when the European Union ratified a ban on the non-medical use of antibiotics in the regulation on feed additives for use in animal nutrition (EC № 1831/2003).

This put a statutory stop to the use of all antibiotics and ionophore anticoccidials as growth promoters in intensive aquaculture practice and alternatives have received much attention (Bricknell and Dalmo, 2005; Merrifield et al., 2010; Dimitroglou et al., 2011). Such measures may help to facilitate consumer perceptions of biosecurity and eco-friendly fish farming. In this context much attention has been focused towards the development of immunomodulatory compounds such as β-glucans.

Sources and chemical structure

β-glucans are widely distributed in nature and can be found in the cell walls of yeasts, cereal grains, algae, bacteria, fungi and mushrooms. β-glucans belong to the group of polysaccharides consisting of repeating β-(1,3)-linked D-glucose monomers that can be linear or branched with randomly distributed single

β-(1,6)-linked D-glucopyranosyl side chains, in which case it provides a comb-like structure (Bohn and BeMiller, 1995). The most abundant source of natural β-glucans with highly immunomodulating properties are yeasts, where research effort has focused in particular on β-(1,3) (1,6)-D-glucans, extracted from the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The β-glucan layer in the middle of the three-layered yeast cell wall gives strength and rigidity to the cell wall, forming a microfibrillar network. There are other β-(1,3)-glucans from different sources available (Table 1). One of the first studies conducted in 1969 by Chihara et al., showed an inhibiting effect of the fungal β-glucan lentinan on tumour growth in transplanted mice tumours after systemic infection. Lentinan and schizophyllan are nowadays used clinically in cancer therapy in Japan (Kaneko et al., 1989).

Immunomodulatory mechanisms of action of β-(1,3)(1,6)-D-glucans

Pathogens exhibit evolutionary conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are recognised by host immune cells via contact with specific receptors such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (Medzhitov and Janeway, 2000; Didierlaurent et al., 2005). It is recognised that PRRs for β-glucans are present in all vertebrates as well as invertebrates (Raa, 2000) and in addition are important for the recognition of fungal pathogens. As a result it has been well documented that β-glucans have positive effects on the immune cells of both fish and shrimp. Indeed it has been reported that β-glucans increase the activity of phagocytic cells (for example, macrophages) and the production of signal molecules such as cytokines, which results in the generation of new immune cells (Raa, 2000).

Table 1: Overview of other available beta (1,3)-D-glucan sources (adapted from Soltanian et al, 2009)

β-glucan

Origin Lentinus edodus (Shiitake)

Lentinan

Branching frequency

Reference

2/5

Wenner et al., 2008

Sclerotium glucanicum & sclerotiorum Scleroglucan, SSG 1/3, highly branched Rice et al., 2005 Fungi

Schizophyllum commune Schizophyllan Grifola frondosa (Maitake) Grifolan Poria cocos Wolf Pachyman

Seaweed Algae

Laminaria digitata Laminarin Laminaria hyperborea Laminaran Euglena gracilis Paramylon

1/3

Kubala et al., 2003

1/3

Tada et al., 2009

1.0-1.3

Wang et al., 2004

1/10

Osmond et al., 2001

0.05

Nagaoka et al., 2000

Skjermo et al., 2006

Chaetoceros mülleri Chrysolaminaran

0.005-0.009

Bäumer et al., 2001

Bacteria

Alcaligenes faecalis Curdlan

unbranched

Kataoka et al., 2002

Lichen

Umbilicaris pustulata Pustulan

unbranched

Yiannikouris et al., 2004

20 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

F: β-glucans Experimental design

Figure 2: Total circulatory leukocyte levels of fish after 70 days of feeding on experimental diets

Figure 1: Growth performance of Nile tilapia after 10 weeks of feeding on experimental diets. Data expressed as means ± Standard deviations

However, there is little data regarding the immune response and growth performance of tilapia when fed to apparent satiation on diets containing β-glucans (Whittington et al., 2005). Consequently, the aim of the current investigation was to assess dietary inclusion of a commercial β-glucan on the growth Table 2: Formulation of experimental diets. Each ingredient performance, feed utilisacomponent is expressed as g kg1 per diet tion, and innate immune Diets response of Nile tilapia Ingredients A B (Oreochromis niloticus).

The use of glucans in practical diets for fish such as turbot (Scophthalmus maximus, Debaulney et al., 1996), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Peddie et al., 2002), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, Salinas et al., 2004), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Bagni et al., 2005) is well documented.

Herring meal LT921

300.00

Corn starch2

365.01

Lysamine pea protein3

164.74

Glutalys (maize)3

100.00

Fish oil4

30.00

Soybean oil

17.75

PNP Vitamin premix5

20.00

Barox plus liquid (antioxidant)

0.500

β-glucan6

0.500

1.00

Proximate analysis (% dry matter basis)

18th Annual Practical Short Course on

Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition, & Feed Management September 25-30, 2011 o 30+ lectures over a wide variety of aquaculture industry topics o one-on-one interaction with qualified industry experts Dry Extruder

Dry matter (%)

93.7

94.2

Crude Protein (%)

37.8

39.3

Crude lipid (%)

8.6

Ash (%)

6.9

6.8

20.4

19.5

Gross energy (MJ kg -1)

Dietary codes: A = control diet, B = β-glucan diet. 1 Fish meal: United fish products, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. 2 Corn starch: Sigma Aldrich Ltd, UK.

o at the internationally recognized Food Protein R&D Center on the campus of Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas o discussion and live equipment demonstrations following lectures on four major types of extruders o various shaping dies (sinking, floating, high fat), coating (surface vs vacuum), nutrition, feed formulation, and MUCH MORE! Twin Screw Extruder

3 Lysamine pea protein: Roquette Frêres, France. 4 Epanoil: Sevenseas Ltd, UK.

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5 Vitamin premix: each 1kg of premix contains: 12.1% calcium, Ash 78.7%, Vit A 1.000 µg/kg, Vit D3 0.100 µg/‌kg, Vit E (as alpha tocopherol acetate) 7000.0 mg/kg, Copper (as cupric sulphate) 250.000 mg/kg, Magnesium 1.56%, Phosphorus 0.52% 6β-glucan: a blend of

The experiment was undertaken at the Aquaculture and Fish Nutrition Research Aquarium, University of Plymouth, UK. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (6.8 ± 0.2g) were randomly distributed into 12 x 150-l1 fibreglass tanks containing well-aerated recirculated freshwater. Fish were fed to apparent satiation 3 times a day for 70 days. Fish were batch weighed on a weekly basis following a 24 hr starvation period and reared at 28 ± 1ºC with a 12:12 hr light:dark photoperiod. Two isonitrogenous (ca. 38% crude protein) and isolipidic (ca. 12% crude lipid) diets were formulated (Table 2). The basal diet served as a control diet (diet A). Experimental diet B consisted of the basal diet supplemented with β- glucan at 310 mg kg1 diet. The glucan source was a blend of β-(1,3) and (1,6) chained glucan. Each diet was produced by mechanically stirring the ingredients into a homogenous mixture using a Hobart food mixer. Warm water was added to reach a

β-(1,3) and (1,6) chained glucan.

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Full Fat Soy Demonstration

May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 21

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F: β-glucans consistency suitable for cold extrusion to form 1 mm pellets.

twice per day, as opposed to three times per day in the present study. Efthimiou (1996) reported no improvements of dentex (Dentex dentex) growth performance Results and discussion when diets were supplemented with 0.5% β-(1,3) (1,6)-D-glucans every second week Growth, feed utilisation for two months. and carcass analysis However, similar to the present study This study endeavoured to determine dietary β-glucans have been reported to the growth performance and health effects improve fish growth performance, where of including β-glucan in diets for Nile Cook et al. (2003) fed a commercial tilapia. Growth performance and feed β-glucan preparation to snapper (Pagrus utilisation of tilapia after 10 weeks feedauratus) at a dose of 0.1% of diet weight ing on experimental diets is presented for 84 days. in Table 3 and Figure 1. A high growth In a similar investigation Misra et al. performance was observed in both groups; (2006) fed a β-glucan extracted from barley fish biomass increased by over 900% with to rohu (Labeo rohita) fingerlings at a dose feed conversion ratio (FCR) ≤ 1.0 and ranging from 0-500 mg β–glucan kg of diet specific growth rate (SGR) > 3.5. SGR for 56 days. improved significantly from 3.5 ± 0.06% In the present study after 70 days of in the control fed fish (group A) to 4.1 ± feeding on the experimental diets feed 0.15% in the β-glucan fed fish (group B; intake of fish fed β-glucan (36.6g kg-1 BW-1 P = 0.005). Mean final weight gain of the β-glucan fed fish (72.1g fish-1, P = 0.004) day-1) was considerably higher (35.5 – 38.6g was significantly greater than control fish kg-1 BW-1 day-1) than control fed fish (28.3g (50.9 g fish-1). kg-1 BW-1 day-1); however, this was not significant due to high variance. This trend is at Table 3: Growth performance of Nile tilapia after 10 weeks least suggestive toward of feeding on experimental diets. Values expressed as means and pooled standard error. Dietary codes: A = control diet, B = increased absolute mean β-glucan diet feed intake of fish fed on β-glucan to satiation Diets three times a day; furParameters A B ther research is required to evaluate appetite -1 response and optimise Initial body weight (g fish ) 6.9 6.7 β-glucan concentration. 57.8a 78.8b Final Body weight (g fish-1) Despite increased growth Weight gain (g fish-1) 50.9a 72.1b compared to control fed Food consumption (g kg-1 BW-1 day-1) 28.3 36.6 fish, the supplementation 1.99a Condition factor (k) 1.82a of β-glucan had no effect on feed utilisation and Net protein utilisation (NPU) 49.0 50.4 carcass analysis Protein efficiency ratio (PER) 2.59 2.59 Specific growth rate (SGR)

3.5a

4.1b

Feed conversion ratio (FCR)

1.0

0.9

abSignificant differences between groups are indicated by

superscript letters

Contrary to the findings of the present study, an investigation by Whittington et al., (2005) reported that a yeast β-glucan at dietary levels of 50, 100 & 200 mg β–glucan kg did not significantly affect weight gain of tilapia after 84 days of feeding. The current study used a commercial product at 310 mg β-glucan kg-1. The differences of growth performance may be explained by the higher β-glucan level in the current study or the fact that Whittington et al., (2005) fed to apparent satiation only

Haematology and immunology

Biochemical and haematological analysis can often provide vital information for health and management assessment of cultured fish. In the present study haematocrit, haemoglobin and erthyrocyte levels were not affected by the inclusion of β-glucans (data not shown). Serum lysozyme activity also remained unaffected. Research has demonstrated that β-glucans can enhance the non-specific immune response of fish (Dalmo and Bogwald, 2008). Indeed, yeast glucans have been reported to enhance lysozyme activity in Atlantic salmon (Engstad et al., 1992), rainbow trout

22 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

(Thompson et al., 1995) and Asian catfish (Clarias batrachus; Kumari and Sahoo, 2006a). Contrary to these investigations, the result of the present study showed that after 70 days of feeding fish on diets containing β-glucan had no observable effect on serum lysozyme activity (567.1U. ml-1, P > 0.05) when compared to control fed fish (693.8U. ml-1). Despite not being significantly different the activity was considerably less than the control, which may be explained by the high dietary glucan supplementation; previously, Whittington et al., (2005) found that tilapia serum lysozyme activity significantly decreased (P < 0.05) when fed dietary β-glucan at 200 mg kg-1. Similarly Anderson (1992) and Couso et al. (2003) found negative effects towards fish immune responses and disease resistance when fed dietary β-glucan at 10 g kg-1 for periods of up to 40 days. Compared to control fed fish (1.61 x 104 µl-1) total leukocyte levels were significantly elevated in fish fed β-glucan diets (3.53 x 104 µl-1, P < 0.001) (Figure 2). This result is consistent with data reported for various fish species including: Atlantic salmon (Robertsen et al., 1994), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus; Duncan and Klesius, 1996), common carp (Cyprinus carpio; Selvaraj et al., 2005) and rohu (Misra et al., 2006). The data from the present study suggests that the inclusion β-glucan at the dietary levels used had no detrimental effects towards the measured fish health parameters.

Conclusion The present study demonstrated that β-glucan fed to Nile tilapia at 310mg β-glucan kg-1 for 10 weeks had a positive effect on growth with no apparent detrimental effects towards carcass composition or health status. Although there was no significant difference in the feed intake it was apparent that feed intake of fish fed β-glucan was considerably improved. Feed utilisation was not significantly affected further indicating that improved growth may have been due to improved appetite of fish fed diets containing β-glucan.

References Anderson, D.P.: Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 1992. 2: pp. 281-307. Bagni, M. et al. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2005. 18: pp. 311-325. Bäumer, D. et al. Journal of Phycology, 2001. 37: pp. 38-46.

F: β-glucans Experimental Therapeutics, 314: pp. 1079-1086.

Bricknell, I. and Dalmo, R.A.: Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2005. 19: pp. 457-472.

22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition, 2003.

Chihara, G. et al. Nature, 1969. 222: pp. 687-688.

Kaneko, Y. et al. International Journal of Immunotherapy, 1989. 5: pp. 203-213.

Robertsen, B. et al., in: Stolen J. and Fletcher T.C., Editors, Modulators of Fish Immune Responses, SOS, Fair Haven, 1994. pp. 83-99.

Kataoka, K. et al. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2002. 277: pp. 36825-36831.

Salinas, I. et al. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2004. 17: pp. 159-170.

Kubala, L. et al. Carbohydrate Research, 2003. 338: pp. 2835-2840.

Selvaraj, V. et al. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2005. 19: pp. 293-306.

Kumari, J. and Sahoo, P.K.: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 2006.70: pp. 63-70.

Skjermo, J. et al. Aquaculture, 2006. 261: pp. 10881101.

Cook, M.T. et al. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2003. 14: pp. 333-345. Couso, N. et al. Aquaculture, 2003. 219: pp. 99-109. Dalmo, R.A. and Bogwald, J.: Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2008. 25: pp. 384-396. deBaulny, M.O. et al.: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 1996. 26: pp. 139-147. Didierlaurent, A. et al.: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2005. 62: pp. 1285-1287. Dimitroglou, A. et al.: Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 2011. 30: pp. 1-16. Duncan, P.L. and Klesius, P.H.: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 1996. 8: pp. 241-248. Efthimiou, S.: Journal of Applied IchthyologyZeitschrift für Angewandte Ichthyologie, 1996. 12: pp. 1-7. Engstad, R.E. et al. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 1992. 2: pp. 287-297. The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union: Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of

Medzhitov, R. and Janeway, C. Jr.: Immunological Reviews, 2000. 173: pp. 89-97. Merrifield, D.L. et al. Aquaculture, 2010. 302: pp. 1-18. Misra, C.K. et al. Aquaculture, 2006. 255: pp. 82-94.

Soltanian, S. et al. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 2009. 35: pp. 109-138. Tada, R. et al. Carbohydrate Research, 2009. 344: pp. 400- 404.

Nagaoka, H. et al. Hepatogastroenterolgy, 1999. 46: pp. 2662-2668.

Thompson, K.D. et al. Diseases in Asian aquaculture, 1995. 11: pp. 433–439. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines.

Osmond, R.I. et al. European Journal of Biochemistry, 2001. 268: pp. 4190-4199.

Wang, Y. et al. Carbohydrate Research, 2004. 339: pp. 2567-2574.

Peddie, S. et al. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 2002. 86: pp. 101-113.

Wenner, C. A. et al. Planta Medica, 2008. 74: pp. 909-910.

Raa, J.: In: Avances en Nutricion Acuicola V. Merida, Yucatan, Mexico: Memorias del V Simposium Internacionale Nutricion Acuicola. 2000.

Whittington, R. et al. Aquaculture, 2005. 248: pp. 217-225.

Rice, P.J. et al. The Journal of Pharmacology and

May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 23

Yiannikouris, A. et al. Journal of Food Protection, 2004. 67: pp. 2741-2746.

F: Microalgae

Microalgae and cyanobacteria We owe them our lives ... and they will change our way of life by Juan Pablo JimĂŠnez MartĂn, Agricultural Engineer, Sales Manager, AlgaEnergy SA, Spain

icroalgae and cyanobacteria provide us a high percentage of the oxygen we need to breathe.They are also in the aquatic environment, being the first step in the food chain. We therefore owe our lives to them ... and they will change our way of life. Indeed, in the near future, they are going to be able to generate clean energy and second-generation biofuels, as well as other products of benefit to mankind. This will also contribute to a sustainable development and to improve the environment on our planet. Energy is an essential component of economic and social development in our times, and economic activity would be considerably limited without the thermal, mechanical and electrical energy generated by burning fuel. Studies conducted by the International Energy Agency show that world evolution of the demand for primary energy is set to increase at a rate of 1.8 percent per year, going from the 10,000Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) produced in 2000 to the 17,000Mtoe estimated for 2030. The significant increase in atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and

their contribution to climate change is also a reality that is endangering the future of the earth and mankind. Is sustainable development still possible in view of all this?

Microalgae & biofuels

water and it does not compete with human food because it does not require the use of agricultural land. Microalgae cultivation consumes harmful CO2 gas as an essential nutrient (the main agent of the anthropogenic GHGs that result from burning the fossil fuels used for energy production in various industries

Microalgae are microorganisms that contain chlorophyll and other pigments and are able to perform oxygenic photosynthesis, releasing oxygen Table 1: Comparison of some sources of biodiesel into the atmosphere through water (Chisti 2007; Biotechnol. Adv. 25, 294) photolysis and synthesising organic Land Percent of material from oxidised forms of Oil yield area existing US Crop the primordial bioelements such as (L/ha) needed cropping carbon dioxide or CO2, all at the (Mha)a areaa expense of an inexhaustible energy source: sunlight. Over 30,000 speCorn 172 1,540 846 cies of microalgae exist on our Soybean 446 594 326 planet, with a multitude of shapes, Canola 1,190 223 122 sizes and colours. Together with the higher plants, as we have mentioned, Jatropha 1,892 140 77 they are the basic support of life Coconut 2,689 99 54 on earth and oxygenation of the Oil Palm 5,950 45 24 atmosphere. Microalgaeb 136,900 2 1.1 The making of liquid biofuels for vehicles (biodiesel and bioethanol), Microalgaec 58,700 4.5 2.5 from certain microalgae and cyanoa For meeting 50% of all transport fuel needs in the bacteria is a very promising alternaUnited States. tive as the production represents b 70% oil (by wt) in biomass. a sustainable and scalable process, c 30% oil (by wt) in biomass. it uses sea water, brine or waste 24 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

F: Microalgae Table 2: Cyanobacteria as a potential source of fermentable carbohydrates (Vargas et al. 1998, J. Phycol. 34, 812)

Carbohydrates (% of dry weight)

Strain

Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047

28.0 ± 2.0

Anabaena variabilis

22.3 ± 2.5

Anabaenopsis sp.

16.3 ± 1.5

Nodularia sp. (Chucula)

16.9 ± 2.6

Nostoc commune

37.6 ± 2.5

required to achieve this ambitious goal, but also the combination of this process with a realistic Strategic and Business Plan.

R&D and a realistic Business Plan

AlgaEnergy is developing a responsible scientific agenda Nostoc paludosum 26.6 ± 1.9 aimed at achieving the commerNostoc sp. (Albufera) 26.8 ± 4.0 cially viable production of biofuels derived from microalgae. The Nostoc sp. (Caquena) 23.3 ± 1.7 R&D programmes provided for Nostoc sp. (Chile) 23.3 ± 2.0 that purpose include the selection Nostoc sp. (Chucula) 15.7 ± 1.8 and genetic engineering work on Nostoc sp. (Llaita) 20.2 ± 1.5 various types of microalgae, which carry substantial quantities of lipids Nostoc sp. (Loa) 32.1 ± 1.2 or carbohydrates (some of which are patented), the development of and for transport), and the flue gases from new photobioreactors more efficient and conventional energy generation facilities with lower costs, and the establishment of can therefore be used as a source of a suitable and scalable production process. CO2 for large-scale microalgae cultivation At present, biofuels produced from installations. microalgae are not financially competitive The production of liquid biofuels for with the firstvehicles (biodiesel and bioethanol), is a very generation biopromising alternative fuels obtained A series of factors must be taken into from convenaccount when selecting microalgae as a tional agricultursource of biofuel precursors, such as: high al crops, and bioproductivity, temperature tolerance, tolermass production ance to pH, high performance in fermentaand processing ble carbohydrates for ethanol production must therefore or in fatty acids transformable to biodiesel, be substantially for example. improved so that We also need to establish the most the price of the suitable type of cultivation system to be product can be used (open, closed or mixed), and the most reduced by an favourable operating conditions (batch, order of magnisemi-continuous, continuous, number of tude at least. phases, etc.). AlgaEnergy Tables 2 and 3 below show some examis currently ples of cyanobacteria as potential sources engaged in the of fermentable carbohydrates for ethanol construction of production and the lipid content of some its first plant, a microalgae for biodiesel production. Te c h n o l o g i c a l The expectations raised by microalgae Platform for as a source of second-generation bioExperimentation fuels have led to the creation of a large with Microalgae number of companies, some of which have ( P T E M ) , made significant investment. Our company located at the AlgaEnergy is convinced that in the near International future microalgae will be able to provide Airport of us with these forms of clean energy so Madrid-Barajas. necessary for the sustainable economic This is intended development of our societies. Not only is to be a model constant research and development the platform of its basis for a continuous innovation process

May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 25

Figure 1: AlgaEnergy’s CO2BIOCAP mobile laboratory

kind, which will incorporate four types of photobioreactors (PBR): columns, tubular reactors, semi-open and in a second stage, raceways. The plant will be entirely automated and controlled by specially designed software, which manages all the cultivation parameters. Its goal is to research and develop new PBR processes and technologies in this field. For this reason, the plant will have the flexibility and capacity to grow simultaneously different species of microalgae in different growing conditions, using indoor and outdoor PBR. The cultivation area will be initially of about 1,000 m2 and the culture volume up to 72,000 l. AlgaEnergy’s plant will be visited during the 3rd Algae World Europe congress that

F: Microalgae programmes have enabled the company to begin working in the aquaculture and cosmetics sectors. AlgaEnergy has paid special attention to the aquaculture sector, and it now markets biomass from different microalgae with outstanding properties and performance, under its brand name The research being conducted by AlgaEnergy is linked to major microalgae research centres at outstanding universities in this field – Seville, Almeria, and Santiago de Compostela – and other organisations of international projection and renown, including the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO). At the moment, the production takes place at the Las Palmerillas Experimental Figure 2: Tubular photobioreactors at the Estación Station, which is equipped with large-sized Experimental “Las Palmerillas”, where AlgaEnergy is closed vertical and horizontal tubular currently producing its microalgae. photobioreactors that work in continuous mode, enabling AlgaEnergy to ensure an excellent quality and hygienisation in the production process for its two key strains of high added value products related to will take place in Madrid on May 16-17, Nannochloropsis gaditana PREMIUM and food for human consumption, animal feed, 2011. The company is also corporate sponIsochrysis galbana, which have demonstrated pigments, dermocosmetics, nutraceuticals, sor of such an important international outstanding properties as food for rotifers biomedicine and even wastewater treatevent it the algae field. and for the green waters technique. ment. Considerable development of these Another market we expect to enter in applications and their corresponding bioinProducts derived the near future is in the weaning and finishdustries is to be expected until the producfrom microalgae ing feed for aquaculture. We consider that tion of biofuels from microalgae is made Apart from biofuel production, these animal feed needs to be provided with extra profitable. The chart below shows some of photosynthetic microorganisms provide quality, and this can be achieved through the the products derived from microalgae, their a whole host of business opportunities use of microalgae. However, the current low destination markets and their prices. for the totally natural products derived price of fattening feed makes it difficult for from them. Microalgae are therefore an microalgae to be incorporated to it. important and exclusive natural source of Microalgae in the In any case, taking into account both the many compounds and essential products aquaculture sector price variations of vegetable proteins and the for meeting the needs of numerous markets AlgaEnergy has identified the market quality that would be provided by the cells today. requirements and set up major R&D proof these organisms, with their high omega-3 Microalgae in fact have a huge biogrammes with the corresponding budget. acid content, we believe that microalgae technological potential for the generation The results being obtained from these could be included in microparticuTable 3: comercially produced microalgae: amounts, locations, applications and market value late, weaning or finishing feed, as a (2004) (Brennan and Owende 2010) partial substitute for the flour and Microalga Annual Production Producer Country Application/Product Price fish oil used at present.

Arthrospira (Spirulina)

3000t d.w.

36€/kg

China, India, U.S.A., Myanmar, Japan

Human nutrition Animal nutrition Cosmetics Phycobiliproteins

11€/mg 36€/kg 50€/L 215-2150€/ kg

Chlorella

2000t d.w.

Taiwan, Germany, Japan

Human nutrition Cosmetics Aquaculture

Dunaliella salina

1200t d.w.

Australia, Israel, U.S.A., Japan

Human nutrition Cosmetics Beta carotene

Aphanizomenon flos-aque

500t d.w.

U.S.A.

Human nutrition

Haematococcus pluvialis

300t d.w.

U.S.A., India, Israel

Aquaculture Astaxanthin

50€/L 7150€/kg

Crypthecodinium cohnil

240t DHA oil

U.S.A.

DHA oil

43€/g

10t DHA oil

U.S.A.

DHA oil

43€/g

Shizochytrium

26 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

Conclusion In the distant past, oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria and microalgae created the conditions that enabled a huge energy revolution to occur in the living world, allowing the development of aerobic respiration and the emergence of new forms of life based on it, which finally led to the appearance of human beings on our planet. Cyanobacteria and microalgae may now be called upon to play a leading role in a new

F: Microalgae Table 4: Oil content of some microalgae (Chisti, 2007; Biotechnol. Adv. 25, 294)

Oil content (% of dry weight)

Strain

Botryococcus braunii

25-75

Chlorella sp.

28-32

Crypthecodinium cohnii Cylindrotheca sp. Dunaliella primolecta

20 16-37 23

Isochrysis sp.

25-33

Monallanthus salina

> 20

Nannochloris sp.

20-35

Nannochloropsis sp.

31-68

Neochloris oleoabundans

35-54

Nitzschia sp.

45-47

Phaeodactylum tricornutum

20-30

Schizochytrium sp.

50-77

Tetraselmis suecica

15-23

revolution, this time led by mankind, with the objective of remedying the triple crisis affecting humanity: food, energy

Figure 3: AlgaEnerg's CO2BIOCAP mobile laboratory

and environment. If this is not done, this threefold crisis will worsen and give rise to unpredictable consequences over time, therefore we therefore need to acquire a more in-depth knowledge of microalgae today and give greater use to their enormous potential, as this is of huge significance and will bring sustainability and wellbeing to the different regions of

the world. AlgaEnergy therefore trust that its findings, technologies and microalgaederived products will contribute to this progress and to preserving the environment and nature and life on our planet. Microalgae, these living beings, can be paid a tribute in one phrase: â&#x20AC;&#x153;we owe them our lives... and they will change our way of lifeâ&#x20AC;?.

MCC 2 LS

MCC 1

May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 27

F: Extrusion

Aquafeed twin -screw extrusion processing

Versatile and ideal for aquafeed By Mr Daniel Durand, Senior Extrusion Expert at Clextral

he aquafeed manufacturing industry is widely recognised as one of the fastest expanding food industries in the world. Fishmeal is the main protein source in aquafeed, but supply is limited, which means that alternative sources must be used. From a processing point of view, extrusion is the most efficient way of turning plant protein into fish feed. Twin-screw extruders offer a definite advantage in this. The goal for production of aquatic feed is to manufacture a nutritionally complete product that achieves the desired product characteristics. While all aspects of the process are important, a number of the unit operations of the manufacturing process are critical to achieve this goal. These operations are organized along the process as follows:

Selecting raw materials The first step of the aquafeed process line is feed mix preparationâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;selecting a

combination of ingredients with the proper levels of essential nutriments required for the animal species. The formulation is also based on cost, availability and chemical composition of the raw materials. Ingredient selection has a direct impact on final product characteristics. According to their functions, these ingredients can be divided in three groups: - Nutriments: to meet the requirements of fish - Functional product: binders, expansion, hardness - Palatants and attractants

Pre- grinding / grinding It is essential to decrease the particle size to a powder state before mixing the ingredients. Post grinding achieves the best final performance. In addition, particle size is dependent on the final size of the pellets. For die openings up to 3mm, the largest particle size should not be larger than 1/3 of the die opening. Smaller particles improve pellet durability, water stability and decrease pellet friability. 30 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

Mixing Mixing accuracy depends on the properties of the components, which should be similar in density and particle size. Additives or micro ingredients are added at this step. The required mixing time depends on the type of mixer technology used, as well as dry ingredient mixing time before liquids are added.

Extrusion cooking This step of the aquafeed processing line can be divided into three stages: preconditioning, thermo-mechanical cooking and die texturization-shaping

Preconditioning The primary objective of preconditioning in an extrusion cooking process is to initiate the hydration and the cooking of the feed mix. The dry feed mix and the liquid parts (slurry, oil â&#x20AC;Ś) are separately introduced into the preconditioner where they are continuously mixed, heated and moisturised by the injection of water and steam. The intense mixing created by the rotat-

F: Extrusion Mr Daniel Durand

and consequently ensures efficient control mainly by screw speed and screw of the expansion of the melt at the die. configuration, which can be varied In comparison with single-screw extrudextensively to modulate this energy er, twin-screw is more responsive. By vary- thermal energy input determined by ing the cooking parameters it is possible to direct steam heating and indirect barmaintain more precise limits on product rel heating characteristics such as density to achieve Twin-screw extruders are able to process floating, low sinking and sinking pellets. a large range of raw materials consistently Expansion can be further enhanced by with high levels of flexibility and pumping efficiency. The intermeshing screws allow handling of viscous, oily, sticky or very wet materials and provide a very intense mixing, where m a c ro m i x i n g and micromixing result in a very homogeneous melt with excellent lipid binding. In a corotating twinscrew extruder, throughput and screw speed are not interdependent; for a given formulated feed mix, the multiple operating www.extruder.nl points combine with a high conAlmex b.v., Verlengde Ooyerhoekseweg 29, 7207 BJ Zutphen trol efficiency The Netherlands, tel. +31 (0)575 572666, fax +31 (0)575 572727 of the barrel E-mail info@almex.nl, www.almex.nl temperature

MADE IN HOLLAND

ing double shafts adjusting paddles assembly maintains the feed particles at the optimum moisture between 20â&#x20AC;&#x201C;23 percent and temperature around 90Â°C during two to three minutes average retention time. Preconditioning helps to maintain starch and nutriment quality and allows increased extrusion capacity, while reducing extruder screw wear and mechanical energy requirements.

Twin-screw Extruder / Thermomechanical cooking The preconditioned feed mix is submitted to the controlled thermo-mechanical cooking which is the main stage in extruding aquafeeds. Thermo-mechanical cooking of the feed mix in an extruder requires two energy inputs: - mechanical energy input defined

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May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 31

F: Extrusion

injection of steam into the extruder barrel, which increases thermal energy inputs. Where higher product densities are required for certain feeds, the extruder barrel can be configured to include a vent stuffer to reduce product temperature through evaporative cooling.Vacuum regulation can be connected to the vented stuffer barrel to increase the product density even further with higher degrees of evaporative cooling.

Texturisation-shaping of aquafeed pellets

aquafeed processing line as it determines the physical quality of the final product. Micro-aquatic feeds often used as starters are products smaller than 2.0mm. Specific die design allows direct extrusion of micro-aquatic feeds down to 0.5mm. Products are pasteurised and very nicely shaped.Water stability is excellent and floating products are possible. Raw material must be carefully ground and sifted to achieve proper particle size before extrusion. Macro-aquatic feeds with sizes up to 30mm emphasize the physical quality of the pellet and the related process history. A combination of twin-screw mixing and cooking, special Rotante drying technology and dedicated die design will produce pellets with sufficient resistance to avoid breakage and dust, yet porous enough to deliver all the nutrients to the digestive system of the fish.

moisture level is to make the product shelf stable. Most aquatic products are best processed at moisture levels between 20-28 percent. Moisture levels as low as 20 percent can be required for some light density aquafeed pellets. Some moisture is lost during flash evaporation as the cooked product exits the die. Then, the products are conveyed to the dryer to reduce the moisture content from 18–24 percent down to 8–10 percent, this corresponds to a water activity (aW) around 0.5–0.4, in order to obtain satisfactory water stability. Several factors control the water removal from the aquafeed pellets: - Air related factors: depending on the air flow characteristics around the pellets, temperature and humidity of the drying air - Pellet related factors: depending on the initial moisture content and temperature, porosity and size of the pellet

The end of the last barrel of the extrusion chamber is capped with a final die, which serves two major functions. First, the die restricts product flow thereby causing the extruder to develop the required pressure and shear; and second, the die shapes the extrudate. A face cutter is used in conjunction with the die, which consists of cutting knives revolving in a plane parallel to the face of Pellet drying the die. The relative speed of the knives and The primary purpose of reducing pellet the linear speed of the extrudate result in the desired Table 1: Indication of final pellets bulk density /floating or sinking properties: product length. Feed characteristics Fast sinking Slow sinking Neutral floatability Die design –cutter assembly is one of the most Bulk density gr/l >640 540 - 600 480 - 540 important sub-units of the Species Final pellet total fat %

Salmon >35

Texture bulk density Slow sinking

Trout

Cod

Carp

Tilapia

Cat fish

Floating <450 Shrimp

15 - 35

15 - 25

5 - 15

5 - 10

Slow sinking

Floating

Fast sinking

32 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

F: Extrusion The drying parameters must be applied to remove the moisture while maintaining pellet quality. (that is, limiting fine generation, maintaining palability and pigment ingredients, minimum energy losses and moisture variance) Floating and sinking product characteristics can be influenced by the drying conditions. Elevated temperatures can lower residual moisture and improve floatability. Sinking aquatic feeds are preferably dried at moderate temperatures until the storage stability of the pellets is obtained. In aquafeed processing lines, extruded pellets are generally dried on one of the following dryer designs: - Horizontal belt dryer - Vertical counter flow dryer - Fluidized bed dryer And recently, rotary dryer technology: the Rotante type rotary dryer was previously designed to process other cereal based products. Through gentle stirring of the product to eliminate buildup, the “Rotante” design achieves excellent heat exchange close to that obtained in a fluidized bed. Other advantages include a perfectly controlled residence time with virtually no dispersion, of type FIFO (First In, First Out) and precise product moisture homogeneity at dryer output. To master the drying barema, temperature & moisture are precisely regulated, which helps to prevent product cracks. Clextral’s Research and Test Centre in France is equipped with a ‘Rotante’ and tests have proven this dryer to be particularly efficient for fish feed, ensuring complete homogeneity of drying with lower energy consumption.

Fat coating Fat addition is commonly done after dryer, while the dried extrudates are still warm. For that, the oil is sprayed directly on pellets. During this stage, fats, pigments, attractants and even powdered ingredients can be added. This processing stage can be implemented two ways: • under atmospheric pressure: the added oil, temperature around 40°C, is diffused from the surface of the product to the centre and is stored in cavities in the pellets’ structure. • under vacuum pressure: this consists of a closed system with a mixing shaft or screw and spray system in the top. The product temperature

must be lowered to approximately 50°C otherwise, the water in the pellets will start boiling because of the vacuum applied (0.2 bar absolute pressure). The vacuum coating process allows the oil to be drawn into the pellets by capillary forces ensuring perfect control of the pellet oil absorption and the addition of more oil into the product while ensuring a dry surface and limiting the oil discharge in the natural environment. With this technology it is possible to achieve more than 40 percent total product fat content.

Cooling pellets On completion of the fat coating process, the pellets are cooled and sieved before the final conditioning. Cooling is required to remove excess heat to prevent condensation from occurring in the storage bins or the final packages. At this stage, the aquafeed pellets’ temperature should be cooled down to a temperature range close to the storage or transportation temperature.

Conclusion Clextral systems can easily produce high energy feed, allowing a delicate balance of proteins, oils and carbohydrates, processed for total digestibility with no waste. It’s the right formula for high quality products that “turn feed into flesh.” Output range from 25 to 30,000kg/h. Thanks to twin-screw extrusion, high quality aquafeed pellets are achieved: • denaturing of proteins • gelatinization of starch May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 33

• • • • • • •

reduction of anti-nutriments flavouring improvement protein/lipid complexes increase digestibility texturization, shaping expansion, density hygienic, salmonella-free pellets

Challenges ahead The major challenge is to expand sustainable aquaculture to achieve enhanced food security and economic development for the global population as a whole. In the context of substitution of fish meal with plant-derived feedstuffs, extrusion technol-

ogy has a role to play in reducing the level of anti-nutriments. (Kaushik 2006) Twin-screw extrusion technology has contributed and will carry on the tremendous improvements, both in terms of nutritional value and in terms of physical quality characteristics of the aquafeeds. With the continued economic development of aquaculture, each venture, and species will be subject to important research efforts so as to obtain, under acceptable economic conditions, efficient feeds delivered at the right time, which are non-polluting and which care for the health of the fish as well as the consumers.

information:

Clextral 1 Rue du Colonel Riez Firminy, F-42700 France Website: www.clextral.com

F: Alternative feeds

Beyond limits – the future is now for alternative feeds by Dawn Purchase, Aquaculture Officer, Marine Conservation Society, Scotland

he yield from the Peruvian anchovy fishery is down and a recent report from Norway highlighted the fact we are facing a fish oil shortage within the next two-to-three years. We know that fish oil availability could become the limiting factor to the expansion of the aquaculture industry for carnivorous fish such as salmon. So where do we go from here when it comes to feeding the farmed fish of the future?

by a burgeoning human population; the regulation and use of land-animal protein by-products in aquafeeds and the advances made in both feed formulations and innovative alternative feed ingredients.

Aquaculture’s role in food security One prevalent topic, made throughout the various workshop presentations was the issue of aquaculture and its role in food security. There are various predictions for future population growth figures, however, all indicate that population numbers will increase. United Nations figures predict by 2050 the planet will have to sustain 9.2 billion people. It has been suggested that if that number of people were to follow the World Health Organisations recommended advice to eat 450 grams of marine food a week we would need 231 million tonnes of marine products annually. According to the latest (2010) report from the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), in 2008 aquaculture and fisheries supplied us with 142 million tonnes of fish, therefore production would have to increase 61 percent to supply this predicted future demand. The FAO also report that the world’s oceans are fished to capacity. With only three percent of fish stocks underexploited there is little scope to expand the wild

"With a growing human population, an increasing demand for aquacultured fish and a decreasing wild fish ingredient source, how are we to deliver the health benefits of an Omega 3-rich diet?" This was the subject of a recent workshop organised by the Marine Conservation Society (MCS), a UK-based environmental NGO working to promote sustainable seafood through its Aquaculture and Fisheries Programme, and focused on working with industry to identify and promote sustainable feed solutions in aquaculture. The workshop also explored other related issues such as the increasing pressure being placed on global fish supply

34 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

capture fisheries sector for either human consumption or for feed production. Specifically: “The increasing trend in the percentage of overexploited, depleted or recovering stocks and the decreasing trend in underexploited and moderately exploited stocks gives cause for concern,” FAO reports. Ensuring the sustainable and responsible management of wild capture fisheries is essential, and much progress has been made in this area, in particular the International Fishmeal and Fish Oil Organisation’s Global Standard for Responsible Supply (IFFO RS). However, it is widely accepted that if the supply of seafood is going to match future demand we will have to look to aquaculture to fulfil that need, but, with the most popular farmed fish also relying on the same exhausted wild fish supply for the marine proteins and oils required for their feed, we have a problem.

Research advantages On a positive note, there have been huge research advances in alternative feed ingredients to partially replace marine proteins and oils in the diets of farmed fish, and many countries are already incorporating these ingredients. However, in this respect the UK are clearly lagging behind. Why does the UK aquaculture industry have the highest inclusion rate of marine proteins and oils in the world? “Because our consumers prefer it”, we are told. Consumers want a “natural” diet for their fish, which means a fish only diet, not one fed on alternative proteins or oils.

F: Alternative feeds With better public information and awareness, partially substituted diets may soon be referred to as ‘responsible’ rather than ‘unnatural’. MCS believe that these substitute diets are just that; responsible, and the most likely future scenario. Wild capture fisheries are a finite supply and one which has already been reached. We have a responsibility to efficiently use what are financially, nutritionally and ecologically valuable marine resources in a strategic way. By strategic we mean using them at specific stages in a farmed fish lifecycle where high levels of marine proteins and oils are either essential for growth and health, or desirable to ensure the levels of Omega 3 are optimised prior to harvest. During grow out, when a fish can utilise a partially substituted diet then this should be used. With a growing human population, an increasing demand for aquacultured fish and a decreasing wild fish ingredient source, how else are we to deliver the health benefits of an Omega 3-rich diet to both an increasing number of farmed fish and an increasing population of seafood consumers?

FOR FISHMEAL REPLACEMENT

FRANCE / 00 33 2 97 40 42 09

So, let’s explore this idea of naturalness and consumer perceptions a little more. An average UK consumer, let’s call her Mrs Smith, wants to buy farmed salmon. It has to be tasty, affordable, healthy and produced responsibly. Mrs Smith is an average consumer who knows a little about the environmental impacts of food production and cares about the provenance of her food. She shops at a retailer that she believes is doing the right thing when sourcing products for its customers. Mrs Smith has little or no knowledge of the feed that goes into her farmed salmon but knows, via the media, that eating oily fish is good for her and her family and the packaging around her salmon filet says that all of her Omega 3 requirements for the week are in this one portion. She doesn’t question if that is “natural” or not. She doesn’t think about why that portion of salmon is high in Omega 3, or why it is higher in Omega 3 that a cheaper salmon portion any more than she questions or knows why the pigs raised for her pork chops were fed fishmeal for part of their life. So the question in this scenario is, where does naturalness play its part? Will Mrs Smith accept a price rise to maintain a “natural” marine-only diet if fish oil supplies become scarce? Does a “natural” diet really mean feeding a North Atlantic farmed fish a diet compromising mainly of small pelagic fish from the South Pacific and does she understand the global implications of this practice? MCS feel it is time to educate the consumer about the choices available to them, and the implications of current practices. Not in a sensationalist or alarmist way, but in a way that explains the global issues involved in providing seafood to consumers. If a “natural” marine-only diet is a top priority for consumers then they will have to expect price rises to reflect the rising costs of the feed, which is being driven by increased demand and limited availability of current marine ingredients. If, on the other hand, price is a primary concern for consumers then information should be made available regarding the range of ingredients in use, and their alternatives for those who want it. Of course many retailers already allow the use of a substituted diet in aquacultured fish, but there is still progress to be made across the retail sector and MCS believe that both retail and other standards need to evolve to allow and encourage a great level of substitution.

Functional Hydrolysates for Aqua Feed

www.aquativ-diana.com

May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 35

F: Sustainability

Concerns & demand from the industry

Alltech drive in its yeast and microalgae production facilities for aquafeed

ustainable development as defined in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Today, sustainability is an emotive and much used term and its interpretation, by consumers and the industry, may differ according to their various viewpoints and perceptions. A panel at the International Seafood Summit in Vancouver, British Columbia in February 2011 concluded that “the realities facing producers, retailers, certification agencies and civil society developing sustainable seafood plans are diverse and constantly in flux”. Currently, there is no universally agreed definition of sustainability as it relates to aquaculture although various traceability and certification initiatives, standards and guidelines exist and are becoming increasingly prevalent.

benefit. Sustainable management should not only involve governments and industry but should concern all areas of seafood production and consumers. Consumers of seafood, particularly in richer economies, want to be able to make informed choices about the origin and production methods of products they buy, know that they are safe and that they are getting a healthy diet option. Global aquaculture production, at 55.1 million tonnes in 2008, is continuing to grow and constitutes some 46 percent of world food fish production (FAO, 2010). Aquaculture has an important role to play in helping to alleviate hunger and poverty in a growing world population and it has been predicted that an additional 35 million tonnes of aquaculture products will be required to meet the demand of 8.3 billion people by 2030.

Sustainable and economic viability In order for the aquaculture industry to be sustainable it has to be economically viable in the long term with a minimal environmental impact and a significant social

Winchester, Kentucky USA

36 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

The establishment and maintenance of responsible fisheries practises and the management of those ecosystems means that two important components of fish feeds (fishmeal and fish oil) are a limited and finite resource. It is largely these two products that are responsible for delivering much of the well-known human benefits associated with the consumption of seafood products. The International Fishmeal and Fish Oil Organisation reported that in 2009 63 percent of the available fishmeal produced was used by aquaculture while it is estimated that in 2010 80 percent of fish oil was used by aquaculture. Fishmeal and oil can no longer be considered commodities but strategic ingredients to be used at lower levels and retained as a specialty feed ingredient for use within higher value starter, finisher and broodstock feeds. The challenge for the industry today and in the future will therefore be the development of sustainable aquafeeds that not only meet the requirements of the species being cultured but also maintain the quality of product expected by consumers from seafood products. In order to improve the sustainability of such resources the aquafeed industry has been meeting the challenge and reducing the quantities of fishmeal and oil in marine aquafeeds. Fishmeal inclusion as a percentage of salmon feed dropped from approximately 40 percent in 2000 to 22.5

Sao Pedro, Brazil

Sustainability:

F: Feature percent in 2010 and fish oil from 22 percent to 12.5 percent respectively (Aquaculture Protein Centre). Formulation trends are moving towards lower fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds while specialised finishing feeds are being designed to restore flesh quality parameters, such as omega 3 fats, and fillet quality that are considered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health.

Sustainable alternative proteins and lipid sources Unmodified plant protein sources, such as soymeal, legume seeds, oil seed cakes, leaf meals, leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals are widely available and used as alternative protein sources. However, they may contain high levels of starch and carbohydrates, be low in some essential amino acids, energy and some minerals. Further, anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) may be present and these are a major concern to the aquaculture industry. Research into the effects of ANFs is ongoing and while heat treatment by extrusion destroys some of the heat labile ANF’s, many components still pose problems, such as the saponins, non-starch polysaccharides, antigenic proteins, estrogens and some phenolic compounds. New processes such as enzymatic pre-treatments are being developed for use to reduce heat stable ANFs therefore improving plant based feed formulations. The increased demand for grain resources has resulted in considerable price increases for these commodities on the world market. Single celled organisms, such as yeast and algae, have been incorporated into aquafeed and have shown their potential as alternate forms of protein and oil, produced in a sustainable manner, to add to the list of alternative feed components. Yeast-based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as a dietary replacement for fishmeal, due to their high crude protein levels with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids. They also contain B complex vitamins, pigments, complex carbohydrates and are a source of dietary nucleotides that have been shown to promote growth and enhance nonspecific immune function. They are also low in phosphorous that can lead to less water and environmental pollution than fish meal and other plant based protein sources. More recently, the use of algal meals and oil have been reported as being suitable for many fish and shrimp species offering the further potential and opportunity to be

used as alternatives to fish meal and fish oil (Harel et al., 2002; Ganuza et al., 2002; Nonwachai et al., 2010; Salze et al., 2010). Microalgae are rich sources of protein, carbohydrates Algae fermentation facilities and lipids. The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources of single celled proteins: yeast and sources and the carbohydrate components algae. are highly digestible. Microalgae composiAlltech products are created in 31 tion can vary greatly and is dependent production facilities strategically located on the species cultured and the growth throughout the world. Of particular conditions.The lipid content can range from interest to sustainable aquaculture is the 2 percent to as high as 84 percent. The proyeast production facility in Sao Pedro tein content can range from 5-70 percent Brazil, the world’s largest yeast factory and starch from 5-50 percent. However, it is producing 50,000 tonnes of a specific the lipid content that is especially interestyeast strain. ing because of the functionality of this comIn addition, the Alltech Fermin site, in ponent, particularly so in some species rich Serbia, is a food grade facility producing in omega 3 fatty acids. Today, commercial 10,000 tonnes of natural yeast-based solumicroalgae production is used to produce tions annually. The proprietary processing algal biomass for direct use as feed addiand extraction technologies of both cell tives in the food and feed industry or for wall material and yeast extract are critical the extraction of high-valued components such as vitamins (C & Good D2), n-fatty acids, Agricultural pigments and Practice antioxidants (B New Delhi I Mexico City I Cape Town I Sao Paulo I Cairo I Warsaw I Atlanta I Bangkok carotene, astaxanthin, lutein).

Natural, nutritional solutions A l l t e c h provides natural, nutritional solutions to the animal production industry and today is leading the challenge in driving improvements in the production of sustainable ingredients for the aquafeed industry. Alltech specialises in fermentation technologies that are used to produce sustainable

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May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 37

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F: Sustainability

Fermin, Serbia

in providing functionality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibility. Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics. Last year Alltech Inc. acquired a stateof-the-art algae fermentation facility in Winchester, Kentucky, USA as part of their commitment to their algal fermentation technology platform. They see this area as being one of the world’s more renewable food and energy sources, playing a major role in both human and animal health and nutrition. The laboratory and industrial fermentation facilities, with their automated control and monitoring systems, are allowing quick product and process development. One of the main focuses of the facility will be the development of products derived from algae particularly for inclusion in their AquateTM range of aquaculture feeds. Through the careful formulation and blending of yeast and algal components Alltech has produced the Aquate range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry. This range of products is a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing feed efficiency, bio-mass production and boosting natural defence mechanisms, promoting healthier and more robust animal populations. Aquaculture species have a requirement for a well balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids, like other animals, from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial. Aquate has a crude protein content of approximately 40 percent and is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with an amino acid profile that closely matches fish requirement. Aquate also contains nucleotides, functional nutrients that are present in the yeast extract component. Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biological processes and this includes: storage of energy, components of several coenzymes

which are involved in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, mediation in cellular processes, control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions. The Aquate family provides functionality in aquafeeds as they have been designed to meet the specific requirements of a particular species or aquaculture sector. Aquate SPMP contains specific yeast cell wall components that have been used to help control sea lice infestations in salmonid culture. Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner have resulted in improvements in gut morphology and gut function, improved immuno-competence and disease resistance.

Health benefits of seafood Fish is lower in saturated fat, total fat and calories than comparable portions of meat or poultry. In addition, many of the health benefits of eating fish are due primarily to the presence of the omega-3 fatty acids and in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Consumers are becoming aware of the importance of these fatty acids in their diet and the benefits to their physical and mental well-being. The fatty acid profile in salmon flesh has been shown to reflect the fatty acid profile of the diet that fish have been fed therefore the inclusion of fish oil in finishing diets of aquaculture products is crucial to maintaining the health benefits of the product produced. As omega-3 fatty acids derived from algae have been shown to successfully substitute for fish oil in several fish species and as aquaculture production increases their use in aquafeeds will become increasingly important.

References Aquaculture Protein Centre. Data from Novel feed ingredients: sources and potential in aquafeeds. Presentation made by Margareth Øverland, Professor University of Life Sciences, Director Aquaculture Protein Center at NASFF meeting March 1-3, 2011, Norway, Oslo. http://prod.dfox.com/public/ images/0000438021/000/047/0000472500.ppt FAO 2010 State of world’s fisheries and aquaculture 2010.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Ganuza E, Benítez-Santana T, Atalah E, VegaOrellana O, Ganga R and MS Izquierdo. (2008).

38 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium sp. as potential substitutes to fisheries-derived oils from seabream (Sparus aurata) microdiets.Aquaculture, 277, 109-116. Harel M, Koven W, Lein I, Bar Y, Behrens P, Stubblefield J, Zohar Y and AR Place. (2002). Advanced DHA, EPA and ArA enrichment materials for marine aquaculture using single cell heterotrophs. Aquaculture, 213, 347-362. International Seafood summit in Vancouver Feb 2011 http://www.seafoodsource.com/ newsarticledetail.aspx?id=9103) Nonwachai T, Purivirojkul W, Limsuwan C, Chuchird C, Velasco M and AK Dhar. (2010). Growth, nonspecific immune characteristics, and survival upon challenge with Vibrio harveyi in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) raised on diets containing algal meal. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 29, 298-304. Salze G, McLean E, Battle PR, Schwarz MH and SR Craig. (2010). Use of soy protein concentrate and novel ingredients in the total elimination of fish meal and fish oil in diets for juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture, 298, 294-299.

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F: Conditioning

Conditioning as part of the pelleting process by Harold Schroijen, Van Aarsen International, The Netherlands

hile conditioning is a process that has kept the attention of the modern feed milling industry for some time now, the pelleting process of press meal is a subject that is no longer considered to be very important. It needs to be understood that feed milling is about the balance between the different processes being used. As one process is linked to another, it is difficult to discuss only one process without having to take another into consideration. I plan a discussion of two processes, which interact frequently with one another and also with all the other processes used in the feed milling industry.

Conditioning Conditioning is a process in the feed milling industry, which takes place from intake to out-loading. However, in many cases when referring to conditioning, it is the treatment of press meal prior to the pelleting process that is meant. Conditioning of press meal is a process with the variables time, humidity, tempera-

ture and pressure. Pressure is only used in unconventional processes where expander or extruder techniques are being used. In the conventional conditioning process, only time, humidity and temperature are applicable. Whereas in the past the aim of conditioning was to optimise the pelleting process, nowadays it is much more the intention to optimise the nutritional and physical quality of the feed. When using the variables in the conventional conditioning process, it should first need to be understood that temperature and humidity are related as steam is generally used to increase the temperature of the press meal. Furthermore, there is also a maximum level of humidity of the press meal in order to avoid blockages of the pellet press. In general it can be said that the maximum percentage of steam that can be added to the press meal is approximately maximum five percent and for each percentage of dry steam added, the temperature of the press meal will increase by approximately 15 deg C. Of course, the steam quality is influential and the above mentioned values are only applicable when a good quality steam is

40 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

being used. Besides steam quality, the influence of the humidity of raw materials as well as the feed composition are of great importance. Steam quality and steam quantity control are subjects enough alone to warrant further discussion, however, in many practical cases, steam quality and steam control are subjects that are not usually given the attention they need in order to optimise the conditioning process. As temperature and humidity are strongly related, the actual variable available in a conventional conditioning process is time. It should, however, be kept in mind that the conditioning process is an optimisation and not a maximsation. Where single conditioners were a common choice for quite a number of years, now double and even triple conditioners are being used prior to the pelleting process. Conditioning times lasted, in most cases, less than a minute and more importantly these types of conditioners did not guarantee the â&#x20AC;&#x153;first-in, first-outâ&#x20AC;? principle. For many years, the only conventional conditioning process that could guarantee a given time and that extended a maximum retention time of one minute, while also

F: Conditioning

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guaranteeing “first-in, first-out”, were ripeners; a kind of cooking vessel which has been in the feed milling industry for over 20 years and in many varieties. The main concern when using the ripeners in the feed milling industry is contamination but when much longer conditioning times (that is >4 minutes) are required, the ripeners are still a valid option. As already stated the conditioning process is about optimisation and therefore the time factor is mainly determined by the

conditioning temperature and the formulation. The temperature level can be varied according to the retention time in order to avoid destructive effects on the nutrients in the feed (that is protein de-naturation). Whereas the formulation has an influence on the retention time meaning that the optimum availability of nutrients in the feed can be reached as well as optimising the physical quality of the pellets. Recently other aspects have had to be taken into account due to consumer concerns, for instance Salmonella. Also this needs to be considered and treated in the conditioning process.

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F: Conditioning

Therefore, the new generation of conventional conditioners (without using pressure) are focussing on the variables time, temperature and humidity where time is maximised to four minutes at temperatures of approximately 85 deg C and capacities of up to 20tph. These types of conditioners should guarantee a “first-in, first-out” while also guaranteeing retention time. The principle is rather simple as generally the feed is brought up to the required temperature by means of steam and subsequently transferred into a large screw conveyor in which the speed of the mash is determined by a frequency controller. The screw conveyor is steam or electrically heated and insulated. So, by means of the filling degree and the frequency (at a certain pitch of the screw), retention time can be guaranteed. For those involved with feed milling practises, it is well known that there are a few concerns. Firstly, the height of installation for this new generation of conditioners is not often available. For this reason, Van Aarsen International BV in The Netherlands is able to position the conditioner beside the Long Time Conditioner (LTC). The second concern is the control of the pelleting process because the long retention time leads to a delayed reaction of the pellet press on changed variables. This complicates the matter even further due to the fact that the pellet mill cannot be fed directly from the retention time screw. Some suppliers therefore use small intermediate bins between the retention time screw and the pellet press with a feeding screw for the pellet press below the bin, leading possibly to contamination as well as loss of temperature. Once again more height is required and control becomes even more critical to maintain due to the use of buffer bins. In order to avoid this, Van Aarsen has integrated a feeding device in the Long

Time Conditioner, facilitating the control and the required height is easily a few less meters. All these features have been integrated into one conventional conditioner, which is called the “Conditioner LTC”. For a standard control a PLC is integrated into the pelleting line control system and for a more sophisticated control a PressM@ nager, the Van Aarsen pelleting line automation based on remote I/O with intelligence (meaning the system is capable of achieving even higher goals than a well-trained pellet mill operator).

Pelleting After conditioning of the press meal either the mash is cooled when heattreated mash is required (for instance breeders) or, in most cases, the pelleting process starts. The pelleting process also has an effect on the nutritional as well as the physical quality of the feed. Experience has shown that it is not only the capacity of the pellet mill but the formulation, die specifications as well as the required pellet quality are also aspects that should be taken into account. Where a Van Aarsen C900 is producing 45tph in South America, the same machine is capable of reaching a capacity of 18tph in a Dutch environment.The big difference can be explained by formulation, die specifications and the required pellet quality. Also a proper conditioning process influences the output of the pellet mill. However, the figures above are based on the same conditioning process. Of course, the pellet mill has a number of variables that can be used to optimise the process. These variables vary from speed of the die to hydraulic roller adjustment and should only be used when the influence of these options are thoroughly understood by the operating personnel. This practical know- how could also be delivered by an intelligent pelleting line automation system such as PressM@nager. This system is capable of combining the different variables in order to optimise the process. However, before continuing the pelleting process, a small note needs to be made about the dies being used. As dies of reputable suppliers are generally all of the same material, which is completely hardened, difference is generally found in the open area surface - OAS (that is, the number of holes), which, of

42 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

course, is related to the capacity of the pellet mill. Therefore, when comparing dies, the aspects that need to be considered are the types of material to be used, the hardness and whether surface hardening or complete hardening will be used, the number of holes or the open area surface (OAS) and the wall thickness of the die including possible counter-drill. When discussing capacity, using the same formulation and the required pellet quality, the die surface of the pellet mill (with the same OAS) and the die thickness are the major factors influencing capacity. These together with the drive installed, determine the KW per cm2, which is a factor to be considered when researching the operational costs. Practical trials carried out under 100 percent identical circumstances, have indicated that differences in operational costs among different types of pellet mills can vary up to EUR50,000 per year which are, of course, significant figures, but realistic nevertheless. Van Aarsen pellet mills are well know for their design criteria, a huge die surface and low die speed so that an acceptable capacity is reached while still maintaining focus on pellet quality (which is also influenced by the retention time of the press meal in the die). This, of course, combined with an intermediate drive allowing the possibility to change die speed relatively easily (changing a small pulley) without installing frequency controllers for the generally larger drives used on pellet mills. Furthermore, large roller diameters create a small angle between the die and the roller, which compacts the feed smoothly before forced it into the die. Of course, variables differ when using the pellet mill for traditional, untraditional or aqua feed but the principles remain the same. As circumstances differ constantly, only general guidelines can be provided except for when detailed information is available and a custom-made solution given by those in the feed milling industry with both feed on the ground. The global go-getters of Van Aarsen are always ready and willing to assist in optimising a processes, resulting in higher returns and more ease in operation.

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Feed Management

Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on aquafeeds and aquaculture production: The impact of climate change on the supply of aquafeed ingredients by Krishen J Rana, Sunil Siriwardena and Mohammad R Hasan

The third article in a series, taken from a new aquaculture book

he uncertainly concerning the availability of traditional fishmeal and fish oil and rising prices have required major industrial aquafeed manufactures to identify and evaluate alternate protein and oil sources. Considerable progress has been made in recent years on substitution of fish protein and oil with proteins and oils of plant origin.

Supply will be also influenced by climate change indirectly through its impacts on economic growth, income distribution and agricultural demand (Schmidhuber and Tubiello, 2007). During the past few years, unpredictable weather resulted in a critical shortfall of major grain and oilseed ingredients used for on–farm aquafeeds as well as for complete commercial diets. Unfavourable weather reduced crop yield and production in some countries in 2006. The crop yields in the Russian Grain crop yields, as with other arable Federation and Ukraine were markedly crops, when negatively affected by variable lower due to drought. Australia encounand adverse weather conditions, increase tered two years (2006 and 2007) of severe uncertainty about grain supplies and prices. drought and South Africa also experienced drought. Consequently, the reduced Climate change, which is being world production and supply of driven by global warming caused grains and oilseeds contributed to a further decline in the global mainly by carbon emissions from stock–to–use ratio for aggregate grains and oilseeds, and also to industrialised countries, will rising prices. In September 2006, continue to influence temperature maize prices began a significant rise to a new high. and precipitation patterns around Adverse weather patterns the world. continued into 2007 negatively affecting yields and global grain supplies on most continents and in a great number of key countries Therefore, the reliability of grain supsupplying global markets with aquafeed plies for aquafeeds in the future will be ingredients such as rapeseed, soybean influenced by short–term weather patterns and grains. and long–term predicted global warming Northern Europe encountered a dry directly through its impact on crop yields, spring and floods during harvesting time, crop pests and diseases and soil fertility while southeast Europe suffered a drought. and condition. 44 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

The droughts of 2006 in Ukraine and the Russian Federation continued into 2007. Turkey also experienced drought in 2007, which reduced yields in rain-fed production areas. In the Americas, a late heavy freeze over several consecutive days destroyed large tracts of hard red winter wheat and in the United States of America reduced yields over large areas, while in Canada, a hot and dry summer growing season resulted in lower yields for wheat, barley and rapeseed. In South America, a late freeze followed by a drought in Argentina reduced corn and barley yields (see Box 2). Droughts in northwest Africa and Australia in 2007 also affected major growing areas. The accumulative result of bad weather in 2007 resulted in the second consecutive drop in global average yields for grains and oilseeds, causing a further decline in the global stocks–to–use ratio and creating uncertainty among importers about the future availability of supplies. This placed an upward pressure on prices of plant proteins and oils used as aquafeed ingredients.

La Niña weather In 2009, a La Niña weather event affected crop production in the Southern Hemisphere, bringing rains to the main arable areas of Australia, serious drought to Argentine wheat production areas, reducing production by 48 percent, and sufficient rain for cereal crops in South Africa. This weather event, which was characterised by low surface-water temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific, was

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Feed Management "It is now widely acknowledged that global weather patterns are unstable and that the frequencies of adverse climatic conditions are likely to increase" expected to continue well into March and April 2009. The predictably of rainfall can also affect supplies of grains. In Australia, in 2009, intermittent rain during the growing season and heavy rains during harvesting time reduced crop yields and available supplies of wheat. It is now widely acknowledged that global weather patterns are unstable and that the frequencies of adverse climatic conditions are likely to increase. Climate change, which is being driven by global warming caused mainly by carbon emissions from industrialised countries, will continue to influence temperature and precipitation patterns around the world. This, in turn, will place severe upward pressure on water supplies in water-stressed regions of the world and may result in shifts in geo– physical growing areas for the major protein crops and oil-plant crops yields of which are used in aquafeed production. The effects of changing weather patterns are complex and several models have been

developed to predict the degree of impact of such climate change on agricultural output. All models use varying assumptions (for a comprehensive review see Cline, 2007). The key assumption is that carbon concentrations in the atmosphere will increase as a result of greenhouse gas emissions from the current (2007) 365ppm to above a threshold of around 585ppm, reaching 735ppm by 2080. This would foster increased production through increased photosynthetic activity, a phenomenon referred to as carbon fertilisation and hence increased yields (Cline, 2007). This positive effect, however, is reduced and reversed when the atmospheric temperature rises above 12–14 deg C. By combining information on carbon fertilisation with information on changes in average annual temperatures and precipitations, Cline (2007) predicted the potential impact of these changes on national agricultural output.

In Australia, in 2009, intermittent rain during the growing season and heavy rains during harvesting time reduced crop yields and available supplies of wheat.

At the regional level, assuming carbon fertilisation occurs at the predicted rate, agricultural output in industrialised nations will rise by a predicted 7.7 percent, whereas that of developing countries will decline by nine percent. Similarly, in sub–Saharan Africa (SSA), Asia and Latin America, the output is predicted to fall by 17, 7 and 13 percent respectively. Thus, SSA and Latin America are the two developing regions most vulnerable to global warming. Countries such as Brazil and Argentina in Latin America, the United States of America and Canada, the Russian Federation, China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia are major producers and global suppliers of key protein and oils used in aquafeeds. These predicted changes, which show intra–regional variation, show production gains for high latitude countries and production losses for lower latitude countries, mainly developing nations. To mitigate against such probable losses, countries can limit their losses due to climate change by switching to agricultural imports rather than growing the products imported (Cline, 2007). Coming in the next issue of The International Aquafeed magazine (May/June issue) will be an excerpt of chapter two from Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on aquafeeds and aquaculture production. The full publication can be found at: http://www.fao.org/ docrep/012/i1143e/i1143e00.htm

More information: Krishen J. Rana & Sunil Siriwardena Institute of Aquaculture University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom Mohammad R. Hasan Aquaculture Management and Conservation Service, Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Website: www.fao.org

46 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

The Aquaculturist A regular look inside the aquaculture industry

Hi my name is Martin Little. I am the Aquaculturists, with a background in Marine Zoology and eight years working in the field as a consultant fisheries observer in the North Atlantic, I am now part of International Aquafeed magazine, and as well as my column in the pages of the magazine I will be running an accompanying blog that can be found at http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/

i, welcome to the aquaculturists, during March we covered a wide selection of news items from around the world. On March 4, Dr Tony Smith a CSIRO scientist was awarded a top award by the Marine Stewardship Council the Order of Australia, for services to marine science and development of the ecosystem based fisheries. On March 10 we covered a story about Global Gap launching a new cycle of aquaculture certification.This new version reflects a compact and more comprehensive standard for users. On March 11, we blogged a story about Plant protein in feed, that shows plant proteins are an alternative protein source to fish meal in feed for farmed fish. These news stories and more from March can be found in our monthly round up e-magazine and by going to theaquaculturist's blog at http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com.

Also on Twitter: http://twitter.com/Aquaculturists

http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/

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Book review

Aquaculture in the Ecosystem

quaculture is an ancient practice that has been carried out for more than 2000 years. But it is only now in the 20th and 21st century that we see the environmental damage that aquaculture can cause. With the deterioration of the catch fishing industry, we now rely heavily on aquaculture to sustain our appetite for fish and other sea foods. In 2008 Marianne Holmer along with Kenny Black, Carlos M. Duarte, Nuria Marbà and Ioannis Karakassis edited aquaculture in the ecosystem, a series of papers complied and presented in this book. The chapters of this book are based on two decades of intensive research into aquaculture with contributions from scientist worldwide who have studied the effects on the ecosystem and environment. The aim of this book is to give the reader an overview of the issues and problems that exist with industrial aquaculture, such as current trends in environmental, economic and social aspects of this growing industry. Chapter one looks at fish farm waste in the ecosystem covering subjects like humans and pollution, the ecosystem in Loch Creran, aquacultural pressures and potential impacts on ecosystems. DPSIR and EQS, ecohydrodynamics and sensitivity to pressures, ecosystem health, sustainability and the ecosystem approach to aquaculture. Chapter two deals with monitoring of environmental impacts of

marine aquaculture looking at regulations and monitoring the research support for monitoring of the environmental impacts. Chapter two also uses monitoring the environmental impacts of aquaculture in Malta, with conclusions and recommendations. In the later chapters subjects area covered include: • Aquaculture and Coastal Space Management • Detrimental Genetic Effects of Interactions Between Reared Strains and Wild Populations of Marine and Anadromous Fish and Invertebrate Species • Non-Native Aquaculture Species Releases: Implications for Aquatic Ecosystems • Safe and Nutritious Aquaculture Produce: Benefits and Risks of Alternative Sustainable Aquafeeds • NGO Approaches to Minimizing the Impacts of Aquaculture: A Review • Aquaculture in the Coastal Zone: Pressures, Interactions and Externalities • Future Trends in Aquaculture: Productivity Growth and Increased Production • Status and Future Perspectives of Marine Aquaculture It’s not often that you pick up a book, that makes you think and actually challenges every idea that you thought you knew about aquaculture well this one will. It’s a well written and presented book that highlights the key issues and problems that modern-day industrial aquaculture suffers from. In my opinion, this book would be a valuable resource for academics and students as well as anyone who has an interest in aquaculture or is interested in the environmental effects caused by fish farming.

ISBN: 13-978-1-4020-6809-6

Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries Volume 2

he Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries: Volume 2 (2002) is the second volume in the series edited by Paul J.B. Hart and John D. Reynolds. Paul J.B. Har t is Professor in the Department of Biology, University of Leicester, UK. He has co authored textbook Fisheries Ecology (1982) and he has co-edited The Impact of Species Changes in African Lakes (1995) and Reinventing Fisheries Management (1998). He is co-editor of the review journal, Fish and Fisheries (Blackwell Science) and he is a past President of the Fisheries Society of the British Isles John D. Reynolds is Professor of Evolutionary Ecology at the University of East Anglia, UK. He has co-authored a textbook, Marine Fisheries Ecology (2001), has co-edited Conservation of Exploited Species (2001) and is co-editor of the journal, Animal Conservation. He was awarded the FSBI Medal of the Fisheries Society of the British Isles in 2000. In this second volume, we begin with a chapter that considers the human dimension of fisheries management.

Part One: Chapter two deals with fish capture devices in industrial and artisanal fisheries and their influence on the management. Chapter three looks at marketing and markets, determination of values and creating values along with communicating values, delivering and future values. Chapters four and five charts the history of fisheries and their science and management along the nature of fishing and overfishing, plus post-second world war. It also covers the gathering of data and resource monitoring and fisheries management. Part two provides fundamental methods of stock assessment, including surplus production models, virtual population analyses, methods for forecasting, length-based assessments, individual based models and economics. Part three covers fisheries in a wider context looking at marine protected areas, fish and fisheries, exploitation and other threats to fishing conservation. It also looks at ecosystem effects of fishing and recreational fishing. This second volume of the handbook is a well written and presented follow-up to the first. It is an excellent starting point for any undergraduate and graduate student who is interested in the history of fishing and the methods employed in fisheries. As well as the economics of fisheries its a good handbook to have as a reference. I feel this is a worth while investment and will be an invaluable reference tool for students, researchers and anyone working in the fields of fish biology and fisheries.

ISBN: 0‐632‐06482‐X 50 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

Book review

Economics of Adapting Fisheries to Climate Change

n 2010 the OECD Committee for Fisheries (COFI) chaired an international workshop entitled ‘The Economics of Adapting Fisheries to Climate Change’ in Korea this workshop was to address the challenges and to provide an insight for future decisions on both catch fisheries and aquaculture.

This publication is the result of that workshop and its agenda, to build a comprehensive picture of the economics of fisheries and aquaculture adaptation to climate change. The information gained from this workshop will help those that make the policies in the future. Chapter one looks at fisheries management and governance challenges in climate change. How and where does global warming potentially impact on fisheries? With an overview of the global warming relevant to fisheries, the social, economic and environmental consequences of the impact of climate change on the fisheries sector. How can policy makers respond? Chapter two deals with economic and policy issues related to the impact of climate change on fisheries as well as the physical changes and biological effects in the marine environment. The economic effects of climate change and governance effects of

climate change. The Policy responses to climate change and finally conclusions: Insights on climate change and capture fisheries. Chapter three covers from an ecosystem approach to assess climate change impacts on fisheries with an introduction. The IFRAME model as an EAF approach: Elements and structure. Also demonstration of the IFRAME approach on the Korean large purse seine fishery and implications for fisheries management under a changing climate. In later chapter the subjects covered are dealing with uncertainty, implications for fisheries adaptation. Fisheries management and governance challenges in a changing climate. Is the current fisheries management toolbox sufficient to address climate change? The economics of climate adaptation and marine capture fisheries. The final two chapters look at Korea’s effective approach to adapting climate change in the fisheries sector and the Chinese Taipei: The impact of climate change on coastal fisheries. Understanding the economics of fisheries and aquaculture and how the climate will affect both is of key importance for the future of world food stability. This publication is the result of many top level experts in their fields ranging from policy makers to fisheries managers, biologist and economists. A well-presented and comprehensive publication. That in my opinion will guide future policy makers and scientists alike as well as those who are making policies today. I believe this would be of use to students of economics and fisheries as well as aquaculture and to academics in general.

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May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 51

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52 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

Events EVENTS 2011 3rd - 5th May

26th - 29th May

Victam International, Cologne, Germany Contact: Patricia Heimgartner, Box 197, 3860 Ad Nijkerk, The Netherlands Tel: + 31 33 2464404 Fax: + 31 33 2464706 Email: Expo@victam.com Web: www.victam.com

4th May 11

GLOBALG.A.P News Conference, European Seafood Exposition, Room 1122, Brussels, Belgium Contact: Claudia Meifert, GLOBALG.A.P Spichernstr.55 50672 Cologne Germany Tel: +49 221 57993 25 Fax: +49 221 57993 89 Email: meifert@globalgap.org Web: www.globalgap.org

12th May 11 GLOBALG.A.P Tour2011 – Cape Town, Stellenbosch, Spier Hotel Cape Town, South Africa Contact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany Tel: +49 221 57993693 Fax: +49 221 5799389 Email: kretschmer@globalgap.org Web: www.tour2011.org

•* 3rd Algae World Europe, Madrid Spain Contact: Lee Lin Tan, 80 Marine Parade Road, # 13-02 Parkway Parade 449269 Singapore Tel: +65 63469146 Fax: +65 63455928 Email: leelin@cmtsp.com.sg Web: www.cmtevents.com

22nd - 25th May 11

See our magazine at this show

• = More information available

•*

World Aquaculture 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011, Natal, Brazil Contact: Mr Mario Stael, Marevent Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium Tel: +32 9 2334912 Fax: +32 9 2334912 Email: mario.stael@scarlet.be Web: www.marevent.com

7th - 7th June 11 GLOBALG.A.P TOUR2011–Sao Paulo Contact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany Tel: +49 221 57993693 Fax: +49 221 5799389 Email: kretschmer@globalgap.org Web: www.tour2011.org

5th Food Proteins Course 2011, New Orleans, USA Contact: Marjolijn Cohen, Jan van Eijcklaan 2, 3723 BC Bilthoven The Netherlands Tel: +31 30 2252060 Fax: info@bridge2food.com Web: www.bridge2food.com

12th - 12th July 11

12th - 12th July 11 UK food security and innovation in the food chain, Central London, United Kingdom Contact: Simon Regan, 4 Bracknell Beeches, Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG12 7BW, UK Tel: +44 1344 864796 Fax: +44 1344 420121 Email: info@ westminsterforumprojects.co.uk Web: www.westminsterforumprojects.co.uk/forums/event. php?eid=222

17th - 18th August 11

GLOBALG.A.P TOUR2011 – Cairo (Egypt), InterContinental Semiramis, Egypt Contact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany Tel: +49 221 57993693 Fax: +49 221 5799389 Email: kretschmer@globalgap.org Web: www.tour2011.org

Aqua Nor Forum 2011, Trondheim, Norway Contact: Alistair Lane, European Aquaculture Society, Slijkensesteenweg, 4, 8400 Oostende, Belgium Tel: +32 59 323859 Fax: +32 59 321005 Email: a.lane@aquaculture.cc Web: www.easonline.org

8th - 9th September 11

Indo Fisheries 2011 Expo & Forum, Grand City Expo Surabaya, Indonesia Contact: Devi Ardiatne, Jl. Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No. 10, Kompleks Billy & Moon, Pondok Kelapa, Jakarta 13450, Indonesia Tel: +62 21 8644756 Fax: +62 21 8650963 Email: devi@napindo.com Web: www.indolivestock.com

15th - 17th June 11

The Alltech 27th International Animal Health and Nutrition Symposium, Lexington, Kentucky, USA Contact: Roel Coenders, Alltech, 3031 Catnip Hill Pike, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA Tel: +1 859 8873244 Fax: +1 859 8873256 Email: rcoenders@alltech.com Web: www.alltech.com/

Events Key:

6th - 10th June

15th - 17th June

16th - 17th May 11

Aquarama 2011, Singapore Contact: Doris Woo / Linda Tan, No.3 Pickering Street, 02-48, China Square Central, Singapore 048660 Tel: +65 65920889 Fax: +65 64389060 Email: aquarama-sg@ubm.com Web: www.aquarama.com.sg

BioMarine Business Convention, Nantes – France Contact: Pierre Erwes, La Grave du Tour, 40430 Callen, France Tel: +33 678 078 284 Email: contact@biomarine.org Web: http://convention.biomarine.org

14th - 14th September 11 * UK fishing and the future of the Common Fisheries Policy, Central London, United Kingdom Contact: Simon Regan, 4 Bracknell Beeches, Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG12 7BW, UK Tel: +44 1344 864796 Fax: +44 1344 420121 Email: info@ westminsterforumprojects.co.uk Web: www.westminsterforumprojects.co.uk/forums/event. php?eid=284

Is there an event that our readers need to know about! Events listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and online. To add your event to our listing, contact Tuti Tan - Tutit@aquafeed.co.uk

54 | International AquaFeed | May-June 2011

Aquaculture for a Changing World World Aquaculture 2003 in Salvador de Bahia was one of the most highly attended WAS meetings ever held. On June 7 – 10, 2011, the WAS, in conjunction with Fenacam, will once again hold a World Aquaculture meeting in Brazil; this time in the northeast city of Natal with its beautiful beaches, and diversified aquaculture sectors. For this meeting, attendance is expected in excess of 3,000 participants, representing over 50 countries. The 4-day program will host in excess of 60 sessions complementing general categories such as: Aquaculture and Human Health, Crustacean Culture, Finfish Culture, Mollusc Culture, Aquaculture for a Changing World, Production Systems, and Feedstuffs-Feeds-and Feed Additives; finishing up with assorted Special Topics including genetics, education, engineering, economics, and much more. An exciting and highly represented trade show and exhibition will also be held in conjunction with this meeting, with over 95% of booths, representing over 200 companies from more than 30 different countries, already sold. For more information on the conference and trade show please see www.was.org or contact Mario.stael@scarlet. be. Complementing this tremendous aquaculture event is an array of exciting farm tours which are planned both before and after the conference, with specific dates and details available at www.fenacam.com.br.

EVENTS 15th - 15th September 11 *

GLOBALG.A.P TOUR2011 – Warsaw (Poland), Le Royal Méridien Bristol, Poland Contact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany Tel: +49 221 57993693 Fax: +49 221 5799389 Email: kretschmer@globalgap.org Web: www.tour2011.org

25th - 30th September 11 *

Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition and Feed Management Short Course, Texas A&M University College Station, Texas, USA Contact: Dr. Mian N Riaz, Food Protein R&D Center, 2476 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2476, USA Tel: +1 979 845 2774 Fax: +1 979 845 2744 Email: mnriaz@tamu.edu Web: http://foodprotein.tamu.edu/ extrusion/

28th - 29th September 11 * Protein Technology innovation 2011 Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Contact: Marjolijn Cohen, Jan van

Eijcklaan 2, 3723 BC Bilthoven, The Netherlands Tel: +31 30 2252060 Email: info@bridge2food.com Web: www.bridge2food.com

18th - 21st October

Aquaculture Europe 2011, Rhodos, Greece Contact: EAS, Slijkensesteenweg 4, B8400 Ostend, Belgium Tel: +32 59 323859 Fax: +32 59 321005 Email: eas@aquaculture.cc Web: www.easonline.org

18th - 18th October 11

GLOBALG.A.P TOUR2011 – Atlanta, The Westin Peachtree Plaza, Atlanta, USA Contact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany Tel: +49 221 57993693 Fax: +49 221 5799389 Email: kretschmer@globalgap.org Web: www.tour2011.org

26th - 28th October 11

Fisheries and Aquaculture Development Innovation and Technology, Expoforum, Hermosillo,

Sonora, México Contact: Zoila López, Lluvia 225 Bis Col. Jardines del Pedregal, C.P., 01900, México, D. F. Tel: +52 55 51356128 Ext. 113 Fax: +52 55 51356128 Email: zoila@aquamarinternacional. com Web: www.aquamarinternacional. com

GLOBALG.A.P - Aquaculture Standard New Developments Aquaculture Standard New Developments, Version 4: Scope extended for aquaculture species belonging to finfish, crustaceans and molluscs - new species implementation and certification. Aquafeed supply: Advances in the full chain supply recognition. Post harvest handling: Tool provided to cover the food chain demands. Joint training and auditing outcome: WWF International Standards for Responsible Tilapia Aquaculture.

10th - 12th November 11 * Expo Pesca & AcuiPeru, Jockey Convention Center, Peru Contact: JKUMAR ( J K), 674/6 U.E, Karnal, India Tel: +91 9812 390009 Fax: +91 1844 030999 Email: jkumar@thaiscorp.in Web: www.thaiscorp.com

23rd - 23rd November 11 *

GLOBALG.A.P TOUR2011 – Bangkok Contact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany Tel: +49 221 57993693 Fax: +49 221 5799389 Email: kretschmer@globalgap.org Web: www.tour2011.org

Insights ahead of the 3rd Algae World Europe Augusto Rodríguez-Villa, president of AlgaEnergy, the Corporate Sponsor and Host-of-site visit for the 3rd Algae World Europe, shares insights on the algae industry and recounts the company’s experiences from a new algae biotechnology start-up to what it has achieved to date.

n an exclusive 3rd Algae World Europe inter view, Augusto Rodríguez-Villa, president of AlgaEnergy says, “AlgaEnergy was first attracted to venture into the algae industry due to the revolutionary manner of the business: being able to work on the development and fine tuning of CO2 reduction technology, while at the same time producing food and clean and sustainable energy, ensuring environmental stewardship. “This is in line with one of AlgaEnergy’s functions, which is to improve processes and make profitable products derived from microalgae that will contribute to improving the welfare of society worldwide.”

The company, which was founded in 2007 by several entrepreneurs and due to contribute a paper as speaker, on innovations in photobioreactor, is supporting the 3rd Algae World Europe conference as official Corporate Sponsor and Host-of-site visit. “Previous editions of Algae Wo r l d E u r o p e h ave confirmed the high scientific level of the event and its professional organization. The event brings together impor tant personalities and major players in this field of biotechnology. We are convinced that interaction between researchers and commercial companies, sharing experiences and establishing partnerships will result in speeding up

the process of obtaining return on our investments,” Said Mr Rodríguez-Villa. AlgaEnergy will be joined by many more international algae authorities at the 3rd Algae World Europe in Madrid on May 16-17, 2011. Recognised as the leading annual platform to gain latest updates on the technical and commercial developments of algae, the event will over 1.5 days highlight the potential of microalgae, macroalgae and cyanobacteria, as well as answer vital questions on algae production and outlook. Following the plenary sessions on the afternoon of day two, the conference will continue with an optional tour of AlgaEnergy’s

May-June 2011 | International AquaFeed | 55

PTEM (Technological Platform for Experimentation with Microalgae) plant. Incorporating four types of photobioreactors (columns, tubular reactors, semi-open and raceways) and with an initial cultivation area of 1,000 m2 and culture volume of up to 72,000 l, the PTEM is currently under construction at the International Airport of Madrid-Barajas site and will be operational by the beginning of May. This technical site visit is separately bookable and open only to registered delegates. More

information:

Ms Lee Lin Tel: +65 6346 9146 Email: leelin@cmtsp.com.sg Website: www.cmtevents.com

In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories & topics within each specific issue. If you would like information on how your company can get involved, please contact our Marketing Team. Tel +44 1242 267706

WEB LINKS AlgaEnergy = www.algaenergy.es Almex b.v. = www.almex.nl Andritz Feed & Biofuel = www.andritz.com BENEO-Animal Nutrition = www.BENEO-An.com Biomin Holding GmbH = www.biomin.net Biomin Holding GmbH = www.biomin.net Buhler AG = www.buhlergroup.com Chemoforma Ltd = www.chemoforma.com Clextral = www.clextral.com CPM Europe B V = www.cpmeurope.nl Dinnissen BV = www.dinnissen.nl Dishman Netherlands B.V = www.dishman-netherlands.com Extru-Tech = www.extru-techinc.com Geelen Counterflow = www.geelencounterflow.com GePro = www.ge-pro.de Hamlet Protein A/S = www.hamletprotein.com Jaeckering Muehlen- und Naehrmittelwerke = www.jaeckering.de Lallemand Animal Nutrition = www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com Marevent = www.marevent.com Marine Conservation Society = Muyang Group = www.muyang.com NutraKol Pty Ltd = www.nutrakol.com Nutri-Ad International nv = www.nutriad.net Ottevanger Milling Engineers B.V. = www.ottevanger.com Palm View Trade = www.palmviewtrade.com Shanghai ZhengChang International Machinery and Engineering Co., Ltd = www.zhengchang.com SPF (activite Aquativ) = www.aquativ-diana.com Stedman = www.stedman-machine.com Tapco Inc = www.tapcoinc.com The Nor-Fishing Foundation = www.nor-fishing.no Van Aarsen International BV = www.aarsen.com Wenger Manufacturing Inc. = www.wenger.com Wynveen International B.V. = www.wynveen.com Zhengchang Group (ZCME) = www.zhengchang.com

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