have been carried out inside China by North Korean military personnel—border guards—and have focused on those persons helping North Koreans to defect. For example, in January 2011, photographs at the border show that border guards are QRZ DUPHG ZLWK ORQJ UDQJH VQLSHU ULĂ HV 38 The 2000 abduction of Pastor Kim Dong-shik was executed by North Korean State Security Department personnel in China. His detention and death appear to have occurred at a PLOLWDU\ installation—People’s Army Camp 91, a garrison in Sangwon on the outskirts of Pyongyang.39 The capture of two female American journalists at the border in 2009, again under the authority of the State Security 'HSDUWPHQW IXUWKHU FRQĂ€UPV WKDW WKH UHJLPH KDV DGRSWHG D PRUH GLYHUVLĂ€HG approach to abductions and hostage-taking, using North Korea’s internal security apparatus in place of its foreign intelligence apparatus. The 2009 reorganization militarized North Korea’s foreign espionage structure, and it was followed by a number of aggressive actions—capturing the American journalists, the March 2010 sinking of the South Korean Navy corvette Cheonan, assassination attempts against the former KWP Secretary defector Hwang Jang-yop, and unprovoked artillery attacks on Yeongpyeong Island in November 2010.40 This portends a new style of provocative threats to North Korea’s neighbors, including China, that may prove even more effective and threatening to international security than North Korea’s espionage activities of past decades. “N.Korean Border Guards Kill 5 Defectors.â€? Chosun Ilbo (English). January 11, 2011. Kim, Yong Hun. “Pastor Kim Dong Shik Abducted, Now Dead for Refusing to Deny Jesus.â€? Daily NK. May 8, 2007. 40 For an excellent analysis of the implications of this restructuring, see Joseph S. Bermudez Jr., “A New Emphasis on Operations Against South Korea,â€? 38 North, U.S.-Korea Institute at SAIS, Johns Hopkins University, June 11, 2010. Online at: www.38north.org/?p=920. 38 39
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