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Published by Henley Media Group Ltd in association with the Commonwealth Secretariat
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5GANDA .OVEMBER
#ONTENTS
&OREWORD 9OWERI +AGUTA -USEVENI 0RESIDENT OF THE 2EPUBLIC OF 5GANDA
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5GANDA .OVEMBER
COMMITMENT TO DEVELOPMENT - taking partnership seriously DENMARK
PROVIDES STABLE AND
HIGH-QUALITY
DEVELOPMENT
ASSISTANCE
www.um.dk/en
In 2007, Denmark’s development assistance was up for examination by OECD DAC as part of its regular peer review cycle. The Netherlands and Greece were leading the inquiry into the objectives and results of the Danish aid programme on behalf of the DAC members, and the examination resulted in a very positive assessment of Danish development efforts. A key issue in the discussion was the appropriate balance between risktaking and accountability. The Netherlands and Greece argued that Denmark should allow more space for experimentation and innovation in its aid programmes. In response, the Danish government explained that Denmark is ready to take risks, when it is necessary and conducive to development results. However, Danish development assistance builds on a firm commitment to spending aid money effectively and to building longterm partnerships with strong mutual accountability. Denmark is an honest, predictable and consistent partner in development. Denmark has a long tradition of actively involving domestic stakeholders in debates about development assistance and in implementation. This has created a basis for public support of a high level of development assistance and a robust framework for partnerships. But it also leads to demands for accountability and high fiduciary standards. Danish programmes promise to deliver results, and this is what both the Danish public and development partners have come to expect. DANISH AID IS VALUE-BASED Since its establishment in the 1960’s, Danish development assistance has built on a broad political consensus, based on values that are also at the heart of the Danish welfare state: The rich have an obligation to support the poor, and rich countries have an obligation to support developing countries in their struggle against
poverty. Conservative, liberal and social-democratic parties have subscribed to this basic rationale for development assistance, and it has been embedded in the Danish legislation on development assistance since 1971.
There are currently 16 programme countries, of which 10 are in Africa, 4 are in Asia and 2 in Latin America. The Danish Government has indicated that it will gradually adjust its bilateral assistance, so that 2/3 will eventually go to Sub-Saharan Africa.
Denmark has been an active participant in the construction of an international system that promotes these values. In its dialogue with partners in the EU, in the UN and elsewhere, this has been a consistent Danish aim through the years. The administration of development assistance is a fully integrated part of the Danish Foreign Service, and this has helped Denmark to play an active role. Far from being an appendix to Danish foreign policy, development is at the heart of Danish foreign policymaking.
Denmark is at the forefront in pursuing the principles of the Paris Declaration on aid effectiveness. While emphasising local ownership as the starting point, Denmark is actively engaged in aligning its assistance closer to partners’ strategies, systems and procedures. To the largest extent possible this is done in consonance with other donors through harmonised processes and programmes.
Globalisation has introduced a set of new issues and made the development challenge more complex for both aid donors and recipients. Commercial ties, security, communicable diseases, climate change and migration are all issues that are connected with development, and where aid donors have a growing self-interest in providing aid. This is also part of the Danish debate, and will increasingly be reflected in Danish aid programmes and in the political dialogue with partner governments. This will be done in an honest and open manner, and with a firm view to identifying common objectives and opportunities for making joint progress. STRONG POVERTY ORIENTATION AND MORE EFFECTIVE AID
In order to be an effective donor, Danida has maintained a focus on a relatively small number of partner countries that receive the main part of Danish bilateral assistance. These countries are selected in a transparent process based on objective criteria, including the severity of poverty and the commitment of governments to work for poverty eradication. The most recent programme country, Mali, which is one of the world’s poorest countries, was selected in 2006 after a competitive process with an initial list of 25 candidates.
As a result, within each programme country, Denmark will work for an improved division of labour with the partner government and other donors. In a number of countries, the improved division of labour is agreed in a joint assistance strategy covering most donors. Fewer, but much larger interventions is the objective. Depending on the quality of partners’ systems and procedures, much of the financing will be provided in the form of sector budget support. Joint strategies, increased and harmonised use of partners’ systems and procedures will reduce transaction costs for recipient governments and donors alike, reduce overlap and improve strategic orientation. Recipient countries will need to produce fewer reports and receive fewer donor delegations – thereby having more time left to serve their own populations. Typically, Denmark is active in the social sectors of health and education, as well as in rural development, water and sanitation, private sector development and governance. Women and gender equality, the environment and human rights are important crosscutting themes. AN
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR
BROAD PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
Denmark has a unique institutional framework for involving Danish stakeholder groups and the public in discussions about priorities for
Danish support for flower project in Naivasha, Kenya. Flowers are grown in large greenhouses without the use of pesticides. Instead, specially raised beetles are spread out between the flowers, and they attack harmful insects.
Young mother breastfeeding her baby at a local health center supported by Denmark.
development programmes. This system has created a basis for strong and continuous political support of development aid, and is a key factor in explaining the high level and quality of Danish aid.
areas, and form the basis for negotiations in Parliament and public debate. All new country and sector strategies are likewise submitted for open public debate.
Parliament discusses development issues on a regular basis, and Government faces tough scrutiny in Parliament committees when it presents specific development initiatives. Members of the Parliament Foreign Affairs and Finance Committees frequently visit partner countries to meet with their governments and parliamentarians and to inspect Danish programmes. Before proposals are submitted to Parliament, every new programme or policy initiative is being discussed in the Danida Board, where representatives of business groups, trade unions, NGOs, and independent experts have an opportunity to criticise and suggest improvements.
SHORT-TERM FLEXIBILITY
Policy documents on Danish development assistance are issued every year in conjunction with the Government Budget. They outline new priorities and main spending
LONG-TERM
COMMITMENTS
AND
The basic objectives of Denmark’s development assistance and its country programmes have a long-term perspective. Development does not take place from one year to the next. Sector programmes run over periods of several years and build on existing Danish engagement and the activities of other donors. Danish priorities are in line with the Millennium Development Goals, and Denmark is fully committed to these and to continue support for development beyond 2015. Equal rights of women and the participation of women in the development process is a longstanding Danish priority, and the Danish Government plans to use a growing amount on activities targeted at women up to app. 75 million USD from 2010. The fight against
Denmark has made a commitment to provide at least 0.8% of its GNI as development assistance, making it one of the most generous donors in the world. In 2008, the Government plans to spend 2.6 billion USD on development assistance, up 3.5% from 2007. This increase will go exclusively towards bilateral programmes in Africa.
HIV/AIDS is another top priority, and Denmark plans to spend app. 150 million USD for this purpose in 2008. The management of Danish programmes is decentralised and most decisions on a daily basis are taken by Denmark’s embassies in programme cooperation countries. While keeping in mind long-term objectives and commitments, this enables a pragmatic and flexible approach to aid management and a close cooperation and continuous dialogue with local partners. New ideas and opportunities can quickly be assessed, and adjustment to changing local conditions is made more easily, when local people are responsible. On a global level, Denmark adjusts its development assistance to meet new common challenges, including climate change, migration and instability and conflict. Climate change is a particular priority for the Danish Government, which will host the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in 2009. The principal aim of this conference will be to agree on a successor to the Kyoto Protocol, which will expire in 2012
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Asiatisk Plads 2 DK-1448 Copenhagen Denmark Phone: +45 33 92 00 00 Email: um@um.dk
&OREWORD
9OWERI +AGUTA -USEVENI 0RESIDENT OF THE 2EPUBLIC OF 5GANDA
7ELCOME #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT #(/'- ARE MEETING AT THEIR BIENNIAL SUMMIT FOR THE lRST TIME IN %AST !FRICA IN +AMPALA FROM .OVEMBER n ) SHALL WELCOME THEM AS REPRESENTATIVES OF BILLION PEOPLE n NEARLY A THIRD OF THE WORLD S POPULATION n THUS UNDERLINING 5GANDA S CONTINUED COMMITMENT TO THE VALUES OF THE MEMBER !SSOCIATION
4HE THEME FOR THIS YEAR S SUMMIT IS @4RANSFORMING #OMMONWEALTH 3OCIETIES TO ACHIEVE 0OLITICAL %CONOMIC AND (UMAN $EVELOPMENT 4HIS THEME IS APT BECAUSE DESPITE ALL THE ADVANCES IN MODERN THINKING INDUSTRIALIZATION SCIENCE AND COMMERCE PLUS HAVING PUT A MAN ON THE MOON AND BEING ABLE TO MAP THE HUMAN GENOME VAST DIFFERENCES REMAIN BETWEEN THE SOCIETIES AND COUNTRIES THAT MAKE UP THIS WORLD
DESPITE ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION SEVEN YEARS OF THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS 0ROJECT WHICH WAS DRAWN UP TO ELIMINATE POVERTY AND A WORLD TRADING SYSTEM THAT WAS MEANT TO ENSURE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES COULD TRADE THEIR WAY OUT OF POVERTY n IS SURELY A THREAT TO WORLD PEACE
7HY @DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFORMATION "ECAUSE DEVELOPMENT IS NOT POSSIBLE WITHOUT SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
3OME COUNTRIES HAVE GONE THROUGH ECONOMIC POLITICAL AND SOCIAL METAMORPHOSIS IN THE LAST YEARS SADLY MANY OTHERS HAVE NOT !MONG OUR #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES THE 5+ !USTRALIA #ANADA AND .EW :EALAND FOR EXAMPLE ARE NOW RICH AND DEVELOPED /THERS 7HAT WE WANT IS FOR ALL PARTS OF THE LIKE 3INGAPORE )NDIA AND -ALAYSIA ARE SLOWLY #OMMONWEALTH TO EVENTUALLY METAMORPHOSE TRANSFORMING INTO DEVELOPED COUNTRIES INTO MATURE STABLE AND WELL OFF SOCIETIES )N 5GANDA FOR INSTANCE PEASANTS WE DO NOT WANT A #OMMONWEALTH OF HALF PEASANTS HALF 7HAT WE WANT IS FOR ALL PARTS OF MIDDLE CLASS 7E WANT A #OMMONWEALTH OF A THE #OMMONWEALTH TO EVENTUALLY MIDDLE CLASS AND A SKILLED WORKING CLASS 4HAT IS WHEN THE SHARED VALUES WILL BE REALLY SHARED METAMORPHOSE INTO MATURE STABLE SHARED IN PRACTICE NOT JUST BY ASPIRATION
AND WELL OFF SOCIETIES
/F COURSE SOME OTHER COUNTRIES ARE EITHER STRUGGLING IN OR OUT OF POVERTY %DUCATION AND LITERACY LEVELS HEALTH STATISTICS AND LIVING STANDARDS VARY WIDELY MANY MILLIONS CONTINUE TO LIVE IN HUNGER AND FEAR
#(/'- IN +AMPALA OFFERS A WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITY FOR THE #OMMONWEALTH TO LEAD THE DEBATE ON THE ISSUE OF DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION 7HY @DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFORMATION "ECAUSE DEVELOPMENT IS NOT POSSIBLE WITHOUT SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
4HESE DIFFERENCES ARE OFTEN THE SOURCE OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CONmICTS RESULTING IN MILLIONS OF REFUGEES AND LEGAL AND ILLEGAL MIGRATION OF PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD 4HE CONTINUED POVERTY OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE n
#OMMUNITIES AND SOCIETIES IN THE #OMMONWEALTH MUST TRANSFORM THEMSELVES FROM PRE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES IN !FRICA ESPECIALLY THEY MUST MAKE THE TRANSITION FROM PEASANT SOCIETIES
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
&OREWORD
5GANDA IS ALREADY IN THE PROCESS OF MAKING THE SAID TRANSITION AND THAT IS WHY WE HAVE INTRODUCED UNIVERSAL EDUCATION WHICH IS ONE OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF TRANSFORMING SOCIETY 4HROUGH 5NIVERSAL 0RIMARY %DUCATION 3ECONDARY THEN 4ERTIARY %DUCATION MILLIONS OF YOUNG PEOPLE WILL NEVER BE THE SAME 4HEY WILL BECOME LEADERS AND PATHlNDERS FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS
4HROUGH OUR COLLECTIVE EFFORT n THE EFFORT OF RICH AND POOR COUNTRIES SMALL ISLAND STATES HUGELY POPULATED STATES AND THOSE STILL STRUGGLING TO BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR n WE HOPE TO BE AN EXAMPLE TO THE REST OF THE WORLD OF HOW DIFFERENT PEOPLES CAN SIT DOWN TOGETHER AND DISCUSS HOW TO OVERCOME ADVERSITY (OW OUR SOMETIMES GREAT DIFFERENCES CAN BE OVERCOME BY REASON AND UNDERSTANDING n HENCE BECOMING THE #OMMONWEALTH S FORMIDABLE STRENGTH
%DUCATION TRADE AND INDUSTRIALISATION ARE SOME OF THE BEST INSTRUMENTS FOR TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES
7E ARE ALL PROUD OF THE VALUES THAT MAKE THE #OMMONWEALTH A VIBRANT ORGANISATION AN ORGANISATION TO WHICH MANY COUNTRIES WISH TO BELONG ONE IN WHICH WE ARE PROUD MEMBERS MEMBERS WHOSE PRIDE IS PREDICTED ON THE /NE COUNTRY CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE TO STRONG VALUES THAT ARE THE BEDROCK OF OUR SHARED ITS PEOPLE BUT IN THIS ERA OF A GLOBALIZED COMMITMENT TO THE COMMON HUMANITY ECONOMY HOW MUCH BETTER WOULD IT BE FOR MANY COUNTRIES OR BETTER STILL THE WHOLE WORLD 7E ARE ALL PROUD OF THE VALUES TO JOIN IN THIS ENDEAVOR !S WE PUT OUT EFFORTS INTO SUPPORTING EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS WE SHOULD SUPPORT FREE AND BETTER TRADE BETWEEN COUNTRIES 4RADE IS ANOTHER INSTRUMENT TO STIMULATE SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION )F YOU BUY WHAT IS PRODUCED IT ENRICHES THE PRODUCER AND ENABLES THEM TO BUY FROM OTHERS OR INVEST !ND SLOWLY WE ALL BECOME RICHER AND MORE EDUCATED 7E CREATE AND lLL BETTER JOBS WE DEVELOP INFRASTRUCTURE INDUSTRIALIZE ETC %DUCATION TRADE AND INDUSTRIALISATION ARE SOME OF THE BEST INSTRUMENTS FOR TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES 7HILE DRAWING ON OUR DIVERSITY AND UNITY AS A GROUP #OMMONWEALTH MEMBERS HAVE ENOUGH EXPERIENCE TO HELP DElNE A WAY FORWARD "Y THE END OF OUR MEETING IN +AMPALA FELLOW (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT AND ) HOPE TO MAP A CLEARER ROUTE TOWARDS BUILDING BETTER STRONGER AND MORE MODERN SOCIETIES
THAT MAKE THE #OMMONWEALTH A VIBRANT ORGANISATION
) HAVE ATTENDED A NUMBER OF #(/'-S THE lRST ONE BEING IN !S ALWAYS ) LOOK FORWARD TO MEETING WITH FELLOW HEADS OF 'OVERNMENT AGAIN INCLUDING THOSE WHO HAVE ATTENDED PAST #(/-'S AND THOSE WHO WILL BE ATTENDING FOR THE lRST TIME ) LOOK FORWARD TO WELCOMING (ER -AJESTY 1UEEN %LIZABETH WHO IS ALSO (EAD OF THE #OMMONWEALTH 4O ALL OUR VISITORS IN .OVEMBER ) SAY @KARIBU @WELCOME IN 3WAHILI OR @TUBASANYUKIDDE THE SAME IN THE ,UGANDA LANGUAGE TO +AMPALA
9OWERI +AGUTA -USEVENI 0RESIDENT OF THE 2EPUBLIC OF 5GANDA
5GANDA .OVEMBER
4RANSFORMING 3OCIETIES
2T (ON $ON -C+INNON #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL
4RANSFORMING SOCIETIES TO ACHIEVE POLITICAL ECONOMIC AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT %CONOMIC GROWTH WILL ALWAYS BE THE MOST OBVIOUS STIMULUS n AND RESULT n OF @TRANSFORMATION
@-ILLION DOLLAR QUESTIONS ARE PRICED FOR A REASON !LMOST NO ONE GETS THEM RIGHT BUT IF THEY DO THE PRIZE IS WELL WORTH HAVING )F THE QUESTION IS HOW TO TRANSFORM SOCIETIES TO ACHIEVE DEVELOPMENT WE CAN SAFELY CLAIM THAT NOT ONE SOCIETY HAS YET FOUND THE ONE ALL ENCOMPASSING SOLUTION !LL ARE PERMANENTLY EVOLVING AND ALL EVEN THE MOST PEACEFUL AND PROSPEROUS EXPERIENCE THE EBB AND mOW OF ADVANCE AND REVERSAL 4HERE ARE MANY COMPLEX THEORIES AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS ABOUT THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETIES AND THESE MAY OR MAY NOT PROVIDE SOME OR ALL OF THE ANSWERS -Y THEORY IS SIMPLY THIS TRANSFORMED SOCIETIES ARE SOCIETIES IN WHICH ALL THE PEOPLE UNDERSTAND AND SUPPORT WHAT IS HAPPENING AND WHY AND IN WHICH EVERYONE PLAYS A PART AND EVERYONE BENElTS n INDIVIDUALLY AND COLLECTIVELY 4HAT IS MY VISION AND ) BELIEVE IT IS THE VISION OF OUR MODERN #OMMONWEALTH 4HE VISION OF COURSE CAN BE FAR FROM REALITY AND WE HAVE TO DECIDE WHAT WE WISH TO CHANGE 7HICHEVER OF THE INDICES WE LOOK AT n WHETHER PER CAPITA NATIONAL INCOME THE ENROLMENT RATE IN PRIMARY SCHOOL THE LITERACY RATE FOR YOUNG ADULTS LIFE EXPECTANCY INFANT MORTALITY LEVELS OF ()6 !)$3 INFECTION LEVELS OF TELEPHONE AND INTERNET CONNECTION CLEAN WATER OR ANY OTHER n ONLY OF OUR #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES SIT IN THE TOP QUARTILE OF THE 5. S (UMAN $EVELOPMENT )NDEX WHILE SIT IN THE BOTTOM QUARTILE WITH THE BALANCE NEARER THE LATTER THAN THE FORMER 0RESIDENT 9OWERI -USEVENI OF 5GANDA OUR #(/'- HOST HAS CHALLENGED US TO DETERMINE THE INGREDIENTS OF TRANSFORMED SOCIETIES AND TO SHARE THEM ACROSS THE #OMMONWEALTH (E HAS NEVER DENIED THAT HE IS PROMPTED BY DISMAY AT WHAT HE CALLS THESE @GLARINGLY WIDE GAPS AND A SITUATION WHICH IS BOTH @UNTENABLE AND UNACCEPTABLE n YET CHANGEABLE 4HE WORD @TRANSFORMATION IMPLIES DEEP POSSIBLY RAPID CHANGE n FOR THE BETTER 7E CERTAINLY KNOW TRANSFORMATION WHEN WE SEE IT ) SAW IT IN )NDIA LAST YEAR WITH LOCAL FARMERS IN -AHARASHTRA 3TATE RECEIVING ACCURATE WEATHER FORECASTS AND LOCAL CROP PRICE INFORMATION DIRECT TO THEIR MOBILE PHONES
&OR FARMERS THIS MEANS @TRANSFORMATION FOR AN )NDIAN AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY OF MILLION PEOPLE BEYOND IT OFFERS TRULY TRANSFORMATIVE POTENTIAL -OBILE TELEPHONY IS JUST ONE IMPORTANT TOOL OF TRANSFORMATION AND IT BEARS OUT MY ARGUMENT THAT TRANSFORMATION IS SOMETHING UNDERSTOOD SUPPORTED BY AND BENElTING ALL INDIVIDUALLY AND COLLECTIVELY
%CONOMICS TRANSFORMATION ALONE /NE OF THE FALLACIES OF TRANSFORMATION IS THAT IT IS SOLELY AN ECONOMIC PROCESS n USING ECONOMIC MEANS FOR ECONOMIC ENDS 9ES THE ECONOMIC ENDS ARE THE SUREST WAY OF MEASURING TRANSFORMATION BUT THE MEANS TO REACH THAT GOAL CANNOT ONLY BE BASED ON ECONOMIC ACTIONS 4HE CONSEQUENCES OF MORE RECENT ECONOMIC THEORIES ARE ONLY NOW BEGINNING TO CRYSTALISE 4HE S FOR INSTANCE TENDED TO SEE DEVELOPMENT AS THE REALLOCATION OF RESOURCES AND THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL 4HE S PRIZED THE GROWTH OF MANUFACTURING 4HE @ S SAW THE DEBATE ABOUT ABOLISHING GOVERNMENT SUPPORT TURN INTO REALITY ALONG WITH TIDAL WAVES OF PRIVATISATION OF 3TATE ASSETS 4HE EARLY @ S CREATED DEMANDS FOR BALANCED BUDGETS AND LOOKED BEYOND NATIONS TO MACRO ECONOMIC IMBALANCES IN THE GLOBAL ORDER $EVELOPMENT HOWEVER STILL REQUIRED TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WHICH HAD NOT YET BEEN DELIVERED BY POLICY CHANGES WHICH FAILED TO PRODUCE THE RESULTS EXPECTED 4HE RAPID
5GANDA .OVEMBER
4RANSFORMING 3OCIETIES
! TRUE DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE AND CULTURE IS AT THE HEART OF @TRANSFORMATION
TO STRENGTHEN OR DIVERSIFY GOODS AND SERVICES AND TO RECONlGURE THE LAWS AND PRACTICES n LIKE QUICK AND EFlCIENT CUSTOMS SERVICES n THAT ALLOW NEW TRADE TO BE REALLY BENElCIAL 4HE LIST OF INGREDIENTS FOR TRANSFORMATION BY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT GOES FURTHER "OTH THEORISTS AND PRACTITIONERS RIGHTLY PRIZE THE POTENTIAL USES OF SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 4HEY PRIZE THE CAPACITY TO PROCESS AND DEVELOP RAW MATERIALS RATHER THAN JUST SELL THEM 4HEY LOOK FOR INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE 4HEY COUNSEL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AS A CONCERN TO BE BROUGHT INTO EVERY SPHERE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY -ANY PRIZE THE PROCESS OF LAND REFORM TO TURN SUBSISTENCE FARMING INTO INCOME GENERATING FARMING AND TO GIVE MORE PEOPLE ACCESS TO THE FRUITS OF THE LAND "EYOND AGRICULTURE THEY LOOK TO INDUSTRY AND SERVICES 4HEY TREASURE THE SMALL BUSINESSES WHICH n COMPRISING PER CENT OF MOST COUNTRIES BUSINESS ACTIVITY n ARE THE DYNAMOS OF ALL ECONOMIES DEVELOPED OR DEVELOPING 4HEY LOOK FOR INVESTMENT COMING FROM OUTSIDE BUT ABOVE ALL THEY LOOK FOR INVESTMENT FROM WITHIN AS THE SUREST SIGN OF LOCAL PEOPLE S CONlDENCE IN THEIR OWN FUTURE CHANGE OF 3OVIET STYLE CONTROL TO LIMITED 'OVERNMENT INTERVENTION OFTEN PRODUCED MORE PROBLEMS THAN THERE HAD BEEN BEFORE 'OVERNMENTS BLINDLY GOVERNING IN THE HOPE OF BETTER RESULTS DESPAIRED WHEN THEY WERE CONFRONTED BY GREATER POVERTY AND INEQUALITIES 4HERE WERE ENDEAVOURS TO lND A THIRD WAY LEANING TO THE RIGHT ECONOMICALLY AND TO THE LEFT SOCIALLY AND INCLUDING SOME GOVERNMENT SUPPORT TO PARTICULAR EXPORTS SOME GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF lNANCIAL MARKETS SOME GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT IN RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY -ANAGEMENT BY ABDICATION BECAME MANAGEMENT WITH A LIGHTER TOUCH 4HE FUSION OF LAISSER FAIRE AND INTERVENTION IS CLEARLY THE MODEL NOW EMBRACED BY MOST ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THEORISTS 4HESE PEOPLE ALSO AGREE ON FURTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 0ERHAPS THE GREATEST OF THESE n MORE EVEN THAN MACRO ECONOMIC STABILITY n IS A DEVELOPING COUNTRY S CAPACITY TO TRADE 9ET ON ITS OWN A LEVEL PLAYING lELD IN REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE n ACHIEVABLE BY ABANDONING GOVERNMENTS SUBSIDIES FOR THEIR OWN GOODS AND THEIR TARIFFS AND QUOTAS RAISED AGAINST OTHERS n WILL NOT SUFlCE 4HE %5 S %VERYTHING "UT !RMS )NITIATIVE AND THE 53 S !FRICAN 'ROWTH AND /PPORTUNITIES !CT FOR INSTANCE ARE HUGE ADVANCES BUT THEY DO NOT IN THEMSELVES PROMISE !FRICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT "ECAUSE IF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE NOT IN A POSITION TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE CONCESSIONS THAT MAKE FOR FREE TRADE THEN THOSE CONCESSIONS ARE MEANINGLESS !ND WHEN THERE ARE CLAUSES IN THE SMALL PRINT ON IMPORTANT ISSUES LIKE RULES OF ORIGIN AND PHYTO SANITARY STANDARDS THEY ARE FURTHER UNDERMINED (ENCE THE PRIMACY OF DEVELOPING COUNTRY EFFORTS SUPPORTED BY RICHER COUNTRIES @AID FOR TRADE PROGRAMMES
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
-ANY THEORISTS ALSO PRIZE THE POSSIBILITIES OF DEVELOPED COUNTRY lNANCIAL AID AND ASSISTANCE THOUGH ONLY IN THE /%#$ 0ARIS $ECLARATION OF HAS A UNIVERSAL COMMITMENT BEEN MADE TO MAKE THIS ASSISTANCE PREDICTABLE AND UNCONDITIONAL AS IT SHOULD BE !ID CANNOT BE IMPOSED IT CAN ONLY WORK IF ITS ACTIONS ARE TRULY OWNED AND PLANNED FOR BY THOSE WHO ARE TO RECEIVE IT )NTERNATIONAL AID CAN ONLY ACHIEVE IF ITS AIMS COINCIDE WITH NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS
$EVELOPMENT AND $EMOCRACY 9ET IT IS MY BELIEF THAT THESE ECONOMIC THEORIES AND PRACTICES ALONE WILL BRING ABOUT NEITHER TRUE TRANSFORMATION NOR TRUE DEVELOPMENT )F TRANSFORMATION REALLY IS SOMETHING THAT MUST BE EMBRACED BY ALL AND BE FOR ALL THEN IT MUST TRANSCEND ECONOMICS AND TAKE ON A POLITICAL AND SOCIAL HUE FOR IT IS SOCIETIES THEMSELVES THAT ARE BEING TRANSFORMED )N SHORT TRANSFORMATION MUST BE DEMOCRATIC BECAUSE THE MODERN #OMMONWEALTH BELIEVES THAT ITS TWO PILLARS OF $EMOCRACY AND $EVELOPMENT ARE ORGANICALLY LINKED AND MUTUALLY REINFORCING )N THE #OMMONWEALTH AS ANYWHERE THERE WILL ALWAYS BE ANOMALIES THAT BUCK THE TREND (OWEVER SUBJECTIVE AND RELATIVE THE WORDS @DEMOCRATIC AND @DEVELOPED PERHAPS THERE WILL ALWAYS BE UNDEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES THAT ARE DEVELOPED AND THERE WILL ALWAYS BE UNDEVELOPED SOCIETIES THAT ARE DEMOCRATIC /UR #OMMONWEALTH BELIEF IS SIMPLY AND COLLOQUIALLY THAT YOU CAN T HAVE TRUE AND MEANINGFUL DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT DEMOCRACY #YNICS MAY ACCUSE US OF USING MERE WORDS BUT WHEN ONE #OMMONWEALTH 0RIME -INISTER ONCE TOLD ME THAT HE WOULDN T QUITE BELIEVE WHAT ) SAID ABOUT DEMOCRACY UNTIL HIS PEOPLE COULD EAT IT ) TOLD HIM THAT THEY CAN &OR THE GREATEST DIVIDEND OF DEMOCRACY IS DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT MEANS AMONG OTHER THINGS FOOD ON THE TABLE
4RANSFORMING 3OCIETIES
@4RANSFORMATION AND EDUCATION IS FOR ALL n MALE AND FEMALE YOUNG AND OLD OF EVERY COMMUNITY
4HIS LONG HELD VIEW WAS SET IN STONE BY A #OMMONWEALTH REPORT 0OVERTY $EMOCRACY AND $EVELOPMENT BY A #OMMONWEALTH %XPERT 'ROUP CHAIRED BY THE NOW )NDIAN 0RIME -INISTER $R -ANMOHAN 3INGH 4HE REPORT TOOK FULL ACCOUNT OF THE ECONOMIC SUCCESSES OF UNDEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES AND INDEED IT CHARTED A DECLINE OF FAITH IN DEMOCRACY AND ITS SUPPOSED DIVIDENDS )T DREW HEAVILY FROM THE 5. (UMAN $EVELOPMENT 2EPORT OF IN ACKNOWLEDGING THE DIFlCULTIES IN STATISTICAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND PROSPERITY !ND YET IT CAME DOWN lRMLY ON THE SIDE OF THE VALUE OF POLITICAL FREEDOMS n BOTH IN THEIR OWN RIGHT AND AS A MEANS TO ECONOMIC GROWTH )T ALSO SAW THE DEMOCRATIC BENElTS OF POVERTY REDUCTION SIMPLY IN EXPANDING INDIVIDUALS CHOICE AND POTENTIAL AS TO HOW THEY WANT TO LIVE 4HERE MAY BE A QUALITATIVE NATURE TO PEOPLE S JUDGMENT ON DEMOCRACY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH DEVELOPMENT BUT THE EVIDENCE IS INCONTROVERTIBLE 4HE %CONOMIST )NTELLIGENCE 5NIT S DEMOCRACY INDEX OF *ANUARY SURVEYED COUNTRIES BASED ON A REVIEW OF ELECTORAL PROCESSES THE FUNCTIONING OF GOVERNMENT THE LEVEL OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND CULTURE AND THE EXTENT OF CIVIL LIBERTIES )T CLAIMED TO BE @FULL DEMOCRACIES OF WHICH SIX ARE FROM THE #OMMONWEALTH TO BE @mAWED DEMOCRACIES #OMMONWEALTH TO BE @HYBRID REGIMES #OMMONWEALTH AND TO BE @AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES lVE #OMMONWEALTH &ROM A SEA OF SUBJECTIVITY COMES A SIMPLE OBJECTIVE FACT THAT WHEN OUR EYES ARE CAST TO THE BOTTOM OF THESE OR OTHER SIMILAR LISTINGS WE SEE THE LEAST DEMOCRATIC AND POOREST OF THE WORLD S STATES
$EMOCRACY AT THE ROOT OF TRANSFORMATION 7HAT IS THIS MUCH USED TERM @DEMOCRACY WHICH WE SEE AT THE ROOT OF TRANSFORMED SOCIETIES !T HEART IT IS THE CAPACITY FOR CITIZENS TO HAVE A SAY IN WHO GOVERNS THEM AND HOW THEY ARE GOVERNED 4HAT IMPLIES CREDIBLE FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS AND THE INDEPENDENT ELECTORAL BODIES TO ENSURE THEM )T IMPLIES THAT A VOTE MUST BE WORTH HAVING IN GUARANTEEING GOVERNMENT THAT IS FAIR EFlCIENT AND ESPECIALLY IN lNANCIAL AFFAIRS TRANSPARENT $EMOCRACY RISES AND FALLS BY THE QUALITY OF ITS INSTITUTIONS n ABOVE ALL OF THE THREE INDEPENDENT PILLARS OF THE PARLIAMENT THE JUDICIARY AND THE EXECUTIVE AS WELL AS THE OTHER OVERSIGHT BODIES THAT HAVE EMERGED IN MODERN TIMES SUCH AS NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSIONS AND THE OFlCES OF OMBUDSMEN !ND YET IT GOES FURTHER AND DEEPER $EMOCRACY IS KNOWN BEST AND EXPERIENCED MOST COMPLETELY WHERE IT IS INGRAINED AS A DEEP ROOTED CULTURE WHICH BRINGS WITH IT A FREE YET RESPONSIBLE MEDIA A LIVELY CIVIL SOCIETY AND A SOCIETY THAT VALUES AND INCLUDES ITS WOMEN AND GIRLS AS MUCH AS ITS MEN AND BOYS ITS CHILDREN AND YOUTH AS MUCH AS ITS ADULTS ITS HUMAN RIGHTS AND ITS DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS LINGUISTIC OR ETHNIC COMMUNITIES !LL THESE WE BELIEVE ARE THE REAL INGREDIENTS OF A TRANSFORMED SOCIETY AND ANSWER TO THE CALL OF TRANSFORMATION THAT IS UNDERSTOOD BY AND SUPPORTED BY ALL AND FOR ALL
4HESE INGREDIENTS HAVE BEEN CLEARLY SET OUT IN OUR #OMMONWEALTH 0RINCIPLES OF AND 4HEY ARE WHAT WE PROMISED TO DEFEND WITH THE CREATION IN OF THE #OMMONWEALTH -INISTERIAL !CTION 'ROUP SET UP TO DEAL WITH PERSISTENT VIOLATIONS OF OUR 0RINCIPLES 4HEY ARE ENSHRINED TOO IN INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL STANDARDS AND AGREEMENTS WHICH ALSO PROVIDE BENCHMARKS &OR EXAMPLE THE 5. )NTERNATIONAL #OVENANTS ON #IVIL 0OLITICAL 3OCIAL AND %CONOMIC 2IGHTS OF AND THE #ONVENTION ON THE %LIMINATION OF !LL &ORMS OF $ISCRIMINATION !GAINST 7OMEN 7HAT IS MORE THE INGREDIENTS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SET DOWN EARLIER ONLY TAKE ON REAL SHAPE WHEN THEY ARE MADE DEMOCRATIC (ENCE THE NEED TO PROMOTE ALL BUSINESS ACTIVITY n AS MUCH FOR SMALL BUSINESSES AND WOMEN AND YOUTH ENTREPRENEURS AS FOR BIG BUSINESS (ENCE TOO THE NEED FOR RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS n ACCOUNTABLE SOCIALLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY AS WELL AS FINANCIALLY 3IMILARLY DEMOCRACY IS AT PLAY IN THE RULES THAT GOVERN AND PROTECT BUSINESS CONDUCT n IN LEGISLATION AND WAYS OF ENFORCING IT FOR INSTANCE AND SAFE BANKING 4HE CLEAREST INDICATION OF A SOCIETY S COMMITMENT TO ITSELF IS THAT ITS CITIZENS INVEST THEIR HARD EARNED CASH IN THE COUNTRY ITSELF AND DON T TAKE THEIR MONEY BEYOND ITS BORDERS TO KEEP IT @SAFE 4HEY SHOULD BE ABLE TO ESTABLISH THEMSELVES IN BUSINESS IN DAYS NOT MONTHS 4HEY SHOULD HAVE THE CONFIDENCE TO LIVE WORK SAVE AND INVEST IN THEIR OWN COUNTRIES 4HE ENTIRE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS CAN ONLY TAKE ROOT IF IT IS THE PRODUCT OF FULL NATIONAL CONSULTATION n DEEP AND WIDE n TO AGREE A COMMON LONG TERM VISION 4HIS IS DEMOCRACY AT WORK IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 7E HAVE SEEN IT MOST CLEARLY IN #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES WHOSE ONLY REAL RESOURCE IS THEIR PEOPLE 0EOPLE S INVOLVEMENT IS AT THE CORE OF TRANSFORMATION THEY HAVE TO BELIEVE IN THEIR LEADERS AND THEIR COUNTRY AND SHARE IN ITS ASPIRATIONS AND GOALS 4HIS SELF BELIEF AND SELF MOTIVATION HAVE BEEN AT THE CORE OF THE MOST PROFOUNDLY TRANSFORMED SOCIETIES WHICH HAVE DRIVEN THEMSELVES RELENTLESSLY TOWARDS THEIR GOALS 4O HAVE ASPIRATIONS IS ONE THING TO ENACT THEM ANOTHER 4HERE IS A DEMOCRACY IN THE SHEER DYNAMISM AND ENERGY OF COMMITTED PEOPLES
5GANDA .OVEMBER
4RANSFORMING 3OCIETIES
4RUE LEADERSHIP IS SERVICE AS WELL AS VISION IT ENGAGES AND ENLISTS PEOPLE IN TRUST AND CONlDENCE
)N THE SAME WAY THE 5. S -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS n PERHAPS THE MOST UNIVERSALLY AGREED ASPIRATIONS FOR TRANSFORMATION n ARE AS MUCH ABOUT DEMOCRACY AS THEY ARE ABOUT DEVELOPMENT &IGHTING POVERTY ENSURING PRIMARY EDUCATION AND GENDER EQUALITY IN SCHOOLS REDUCING CHILD AND MATERNAL MORTALITY TURNING BACK DISEASES LIKE ()6 !)$3 AND MALARIA STEWARDING THE ENVIRONMENT ALL ARE ABOUT PEOPLES POTENTIAL AND PARTICULARLY POOR PEOPLES POTENTIAL
,EADERSHIP SERVICE VISION !T #(/'- THE 5GANDAN 'OVERNMENT HAS THROWN DOWN THE GAUNTLET TO #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES JUST HOW COLLECTIVELY CAN WE #OMMONWEALTH SOCIETIES HELP EACH OTHER TO TRANSFORM INDIVIDUALLY 4O THE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT GATHERED IN +AMPALA IN .OVEMBER ) SAY THAT @4RANSFORMING SOCIETIES IS A FUNDAMENTALLY DEMOCRATIC PROCESS !T ITS HEART LIE ALL PEOPLE S GREATEST NEEDS AND THEIR ASPIRATIONS TO RISE TO WHERE THEY SEE OTHERS 4RUE LEADERSHIP IS SERVICE AS WELL AS VISION IT IS THE LEADERSHIP WHICH ENGAGES AND ENLISTS PEOPLE IN TRUST AND CONlDENCE )T SEEKS TO GIVE TO ALL PEOPLE THE MAXIMUM EDUCATIONAL AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES 4RANSFORMED SOCIETIES ARE SOCIETIES THAT BRING BENElTS FOR ALL
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
4HE 2T (ON $ON -C+INNON BECAME #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL IN !PRIL AFTER A YEAR CAREER IN .EW :EALAND POLITICS (E WAS .EW :EALAND S LONGEST SERVING -INISTER OF &OREIGN !FFAIRS AND 4RADE AND HAS HELD A NUMBER OF SENIOR POSTS WITHIN THE GOVERNMENT INCLUDING $EPUTY 0RIME -INISTER -INISTER OF &OREIGN !FFAIRS AND 4RADE AND ,EADER OF THE (OUSE OF 2EPRESENTATIVES (E BECAME A MEMBER OF THE 0RIVY #OUNCIL IN (E SERVED AS THE $EPUTY #HAIRPERSON OF THE #OMMONWEALTH -INISTERIAL !CTION 'ROUP ON THE (ARARE $ECLARATION #-!' AND CHAIRED THE #OMMONWEALTH 3MALL 3TATES -EETING AT THE !UCKLAND #(/'- IN (E WAS APPOINTED TO THE lVE MEMBER #OMMONWEALTH -INISTERIAL -ISSION ON 3MALL 3TATES IN 4HE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT ESTABLISHED IN IS THE MAIN INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGENCY OF THE #OMMONWEALTH FACILITATING CONSULTATION AND CO OPERATION AMONG MEMBER GOVERNMENTS AND COUNTRIES )T IS HEADED BY THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL 4HE #OMMONWEALTH IS ACTIVE IN A NUMBER OF AREAS INCLUDING DEVELOPMENT DEMOCRACY DEBT MANAGEMENT AND TRADE )T IS COMMITTED TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS AND PURSUES THESE THROUGH PROGRAMMES IMPLEMENTED BY ITS $IVISIONS #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT -ARLBOROUGH (OUSE 0ALL -ALL ,ONDON 37 9 (8 5+ 4EL &AX %MAIL INFO COMMONWEALTH INT 7EBSITE WWW THECOMMONWEALTH ORG
KINGDOM ZEPHYR AFRICA MANAGEMENT Kingdom Zephyr Africa Management is one of the most successful private equity fund managers in Africa. Through its two sponsors, Kingdom Holding and Zephyr Management LP, Kingdom Zephyr has been active in Africa since the 1990’s. Kingdom Holding, the private investment vehicle of HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, member of the Saudi Royal family and renowned international investor, is estimated to have assets exceeding US $25 billion. Zephyr Management is a New York based private equity firm and has been active in emerging markets since 1994, having been involved in the formation and management of twelve private investment funds with over US $850 million of committed capital. With the support and endorsement of the Commonwealth Secretariat, in late 2004 Kingdom Zephyr raised two panAfrican private equity funds: Pan-Commonwealth African Partners Limited and Pan-African Investment Partners Limited, with total capital commitments of US $122.5 million. The funds have been invested in parallel and have been seeking returns from investments in high-growth, regionally expanding companies with proven management and established revenue streams in Africa. In sub-Saharan Africa, excluding South Africa, there are few formal financial institutions that cater to the lower-paid formal workforce. Consumer micro-lending has proven to be one of the viable channels for delivering much needed credit to this demographic. Consumer micro-lending provides access to credit lines to individuals who need relatively small amounts of credit at a time and who generally do not have access to bank credit because banks generally find it difficult to service this sector profitably, given their high cost structures, complex credit administration processes, and perceived risks. In 2004 Kingdom Zephyr’s funds led a US $19 million investment in Micro Provident Botswana Limited, trading as “Letshego”. Letshego is a Botswana based consumer microfinance provider that makes loans mainly to government employees. Collections are effected by means of payroll deduction, where the employers deliver the employees’ salaries net of the relevant loan installments due. Although the loans are not backed by physical collateral and are, therefore, unsecured lending, they are effectively secured by highly predictable future streams of cash flow. Letshego was the first consumer micro-lending company to be formed in Botswana, and the only listed one on the Botswana Stock Exchange. A well governed, well capitalized company, Letshego had at the time of Kingdom Zephyr’s investment a market capitalization of US $55 million. Today, Letshego is the dominant consumer micro-lender in Botswana, is valued at over US $300 million, and with the help of Kingdom Zephyr has expanded its operations to Tanzania, Zambia, Uganda and Swaziland. Letshego’s future looks bright, with aspirations to consolidate its position in its new markets and further enhance its African footprint.
J. Kofi Bucknor Managing Partner Kingdom Zephyr Africa Management
Accra 81 Osu Badu Street West Airport Accra, Ghana West Africa Tel: + 233 21 769 725 Fax: +233 21 769 727
London 25 Hill Street 4th Floor London W1J 5LW United Kingdom Tel: + 44 207 907 2430 Fax: +44 207 907 2434
Johannesburg 1st Floor Unihold House 22 Hurlingham Road Illovo Boulevard Illovo, 2196 South Africa Tel: +27 11 268 6911 Fax: +27 11 268 6917
New York 320 Park Avenue 28th Floor New York NY 10022 United States of America Tel: +1 212 508 9400 Fax: +1 212 508 9494
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
5GANDA .OVEMBER
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
2ANSFORD 3MITH #OMMONWEALTH $EPUTY 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL
(OW GOVERNANCE IS CRUCIAL TO POVERTY REDUCTION PEACE AND STABILITY 4HE #OMMONWEALTH VIEWS GOVERNANCE AS THE EXERCISE OF ECONOMIC POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY TO MANAGE A COUNTRY S AFFAIRS AT ALL LEVELS /N THIS BASIS IT WOULD COMPRISE AS THE 5NITED .ATIONS $EVELOPMENT 0ROGRAMME HAS POSITED THE MECHANISMS PROCESSES AND INSTITUTIONS THROUGH WHICH CITIZENS AND GROUPS ARTICULATE THEIR INTERESTS EXERCISE THEIR LEGAL RIGHTS MEET THEIR OBLIGATIONS AND MEDIATE THEIR DIFFERENCES )NSTITUTIONS OF GOVERNANCE EXERT A FUNDAMENTAL INmUENCE OVER A NATION S STABILITY PROSPERITY AND THE WELL BEING OF ITS CITIZENS )N THIS ARTICLE THE AUTHOR EXPLAINS THE #OMMONWEALTH S LONG HELD VIEW THAT THERE ARE CRITICAL LINKS BETWEEN GOOD GOVERNANCE AND POSITIVE DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES !S THE FORMER 5. 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL +Ol !NNAN HAS SAID hGOOD GOVERNANCE IS THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN ERADICATING POVERTY AND PROMOTING DEVELOPMENT v )T IS NOW ACKNOWLEDGED THAT THERE ARE CRITICAL LINKAGES BETWEEN GOOD GOVERNANCE AND POSITIVE DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES SUCH AS REDUCED POVERTY AND PEACE AND STABILITY 4HE #OMMONWEALTH HAS ITSELF LONG VOICED THIS VIEW !S EARLY AS #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT IN THE 3INGAPORE $ECLARATION AGREED ON #OMMONWEALTH PRINCIPLES WHICH EMPHASISED THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF GOVERNANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND SUBSEQUENTLY IN THE LANDMARK (ARARE $ECLARATION AS WELL AS IN THE !SO 2OCK $ECLARATION THEY REAFlRMED THEIR COMMITMENT TO DEMOCRACY GOOD GOVERNANCE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RIGHTS AND GENDER EQUALITY )T WILL ALSO BE RECALLED THAT (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT IN AT THE #OOLUM 3UMMIT RECOGNISED THE LINKS BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE ON THE ONE HAND AND POVERTY DEVELOPMENT AND CONmICT ON THE OTHER AND ESTABLISHED A HIGH LEVEL %XPERT 'ROUP ON $EMOCRACY AND $EVELOPMENT WHICH PRODUCED A SEMINAL AND INSIGHTFUL REPORT -AKING DEMOCRACY WORK FOR PRO POOR DEVELOPMENT
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
7HAT IS GOOD GOVERNANCE !N IMPORTANT PERSPECTIVE ON GOVERNANCE IS THAT IT ENCOMPASSES BOTH PROCESSES AND INSTITUTIONS AND NOT ONLY THE STATE AS A KEY ACTOR BUT THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CIVIL SOCIETY AS WELL !LL THE LATTER THREE PLAY CENTRAL ROLES IN PROVIDING THE CONDITIONS AND STRUCTURES NECESSARY FOR IMPROVED GOVERNANCE !MONG THE KEY ROLES OF THE STATE IS THAT OF CREATING A STABLE POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT CONDUCIVE TO SUSTAINED DEVELOPMENT 4HE PRIVATE SECTOR CONTRIBUTES THROUGH WEALTH AND EMPLOYMENT CREATION WHILE CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANISATIONS FACILITATE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL INTERACTION INCLUDING THROUGH MOBILISING GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS TO PARTICIPATE IN ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
!MONG THE KEY ROLES OF THE STATE IS THAT OF CREATING A STABLE POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT CONDUCIVE TO SUSTAINED DEVELOPMENT 4HIS PERSPECTIVE POINTS BROADLY TO DESIRED OUTCOMES n BUT IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASISE THAT GOOD GOVERNANCE IS AS MUCH ABOUT PROCESS AS IT IS ABOUT OUTCOMES THE TWO ARE INEXTRICABLY LINKED )N THIS CONTEXT WHILE THERE ARE NUANCED DIFFERENCES GOOD GOVERNANCE HAS BEEN IDENTIlED GENERALLY WITH CERTAIN ATTRIBUTES WHICH RELATE TO BOTH PROCESS AND OUTCOME
'OVERNANCE AND POVERTY REDUCTION $OES GOOD GOVERNANCE CONTRIBUTE TO POVERTY ALLEVIATION 4HE #OMMISSION ON !FRICA ASSERTED TWO YEARS AGO THAT GOOD GOVERNANCE AND CAPACITY BUILDING ARE AT THE CORE OF ALL OF !FRICA S PROBLEMS 4HIS IS AN ASSESSMENT THAT NEED NOT BE CONlNED IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD TO !FRICA 0ROBLEMS OF POVERTY AND GOVERNANCE ARE INTERTWINED )T IS CLEARLY THE CASE THAT WHEN POWER IS ABUSED OR EXERCISED IN AN IMPROPER MANNER AND IF INSTITUTIONS
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
ARE INEFlCIENT THOSE WITHOUT ACCESS n THE POOR n ARE MOST LIKELY TO SUFFER )NEFFECTIVE OR WEAK GOVERNANCE COMPROMISES THE DELIVERY OF SERVICES AND BENElTS TO THOSE WHO NEED THEM MOST THE INmUENCE OF ORGANISED AND WELL HEELED INTEREST GROUPS BIASES POLICIES PROGRAMMES AND SPENDING AWAY FROM THE POOR .OT SURPRISINGLY ANALYSTS HAVE POINTED TO THE VICIOUS CIRCLE IN WHICH THE POOR ARE CAUGHT UP "Y DElNITION LACKING SIGNIlCANT ASSETS THE LACK OF PROPERTY RIGHTS POOR SECURITY AND INADEQUATE LEGAL SERVICES THAT OFTEN ATTEND WEAK GOVERNANCE FURTHER DISADVANTAGE THE POOR AND INHIBIT THEM FROM SECURING THEIR HOMES AND OTHER ASSETS AND FROM OPERATING BUSINESSES 4HUS POOR GOVERNANCE BOTH GENERATES AND REINFORCES POVERTY AND SUBVERTS EFFORTS TO REDUCE IT THE COROLLARY OF COURSE IS THAT SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES REQUIRE GOOD GOVERNANCE
! PILLAR OF THE EMERGING POLICY FRAMEWORK IS THE 0ARIS $ECLARATION ON !ID %FFECTIVENESS WHICH INTRODUCES PRINCIPLES ESSENTIAL TO GENUINE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN DONORS AND RECIPIENTS )T IS BOTH INTUITIVELY PLAUSIBLE AND DEMONSTRATED EMPIRICALLY THAT THE PROVISION OF EXTERNAL RESOURCES IS AFFECTED BY THE QUALITY OF GOVERNANCE ALTHOUGH IT WILL BE READILY RECOGNISED THAT IN A COMPLEX WORLD THE REASONS FOR RESOURCE mOWS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CAN VARY 2EGRESSION ANALYSES MORE THAN A DECADE OLD INDICATE THAT CORRUPTION IS NEGATIVELY LINKED TO LEVELS OF INVESTMENT AS WELL AS TO ECONOMIC GROWTH THE LATTER BEING RETARDED BY FACTORS SUCH AS EXCESSIVE RENT SEEKING LOSS OF TAX REVENUE UNPRODUCTIVE AND WASTEFUL EXPENDITURE AND POOR QUALITY INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES 4HE #OMMONWEALTH S OWN ENGAGEMENT IN ANTI CORRUPTION PROGRAMMES IN ITS MEMBER STATES IS PREDICATED ON THE PREMISE THAT CORRUPTION IS DELETERIOUS TO DEVELOPMENT HURTS THE POOR DISPROPORTIONATELY BY DIVERTING FUNDS INTENDED FOR DEVELOPMENT UNDERMINES THE ABILITY OF GOVERNMENTS TO PROVIDE BASIC SERVICES AND HELPS TO PERPETUATE INEQUALITY AND INJUSTICE 4HE 3ECRETARIAT S PROGRAMMES AIM ULTIMATELY TO ENSURE THAT GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS SERVE CITIZENS EFlCIENTLY AND IN A COST EFFECTIVE MANNER )N REGARD TO AID mOWS ARGUABLY NO ASPECT OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT OF MORE CONCERTED ATTENTION IN RECENT YEARS THAN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOVERNANCE AND AID EFFECTIVENESS -ANY COUNTRIES IN !FRICA WILL HAVE TO DOUBLE THEIR PER CAPITA INCOME OVER THE NEXT DECADE IF THEY ARE TO MEET THE GOAL OF HALVING POVERTY BY 4HE ATTAINMENT OF THIS AND OTHER -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS -$'S DEMAND A SIGNIlCANT SCALING UP OF AID n EVEN BEYOND THE LEVELS COMMITTED TO AT THE 'LENEAGLES 3UMMIT n AS
WELL AS INCREASED PRIVATE INVESTMENT BOTH DOMESTIC AND EXTERNAL AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLICY REFORMS THAT ARE AT THE HEART OF IMPROVED GOVERNANCE 4HE 5NITED 3TATES -ILLENNIUM #HALLENGE !CCOUNT THE 5NITED +INGDOM S 'OVERNANCE AND 4RANSPARENCY &UND THE %5 !5 3TRATEGY FOR !FRICA AND THE !FRICAN 5NION .%0!$ 0EER 2EVIEW -ECHANISM ARE SOME OF THE INITIATIVES WHICH REmECT THIS NEW AND CONCERTED FOCUS ON GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT ! PILLAR OF THE EMERGING POLICY FRAMEWORK AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL IS OF COURSE THE 0ARIS $ECLARATION ON !ID %FFECTIVENESS n TO BE REVIEWED IN n WHICH INTRODUCES PRINCIPLES ESSENTIAL TO GENUINE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN DONORS AND RECIPIENTS COUNTRY OWNERSHIP MUTUAL ACCOUNTABILITY AND HARMONISATION AND ALIGNMENT OF AID EFFORTS AMONG THEM 4HE CHANGING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DONOR AND RECIPIENT AS REmECTED IN THE 0ARIS PRINCIPLES IS AS OF NOW A WORK IN PROGRESS BUT ONE THAT AUGURS WELL FOR BOTH GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT !ND GIVEN THE UNDENIABLE LINKAGE BETWEEN THE TWO IN THE MEDIUM TO LONG TERM THIS MUST NECESSARILY AUGUR WELL ALSO FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION 4HE TASK BEFORE THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY AND NO LESS THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THEMSELVES IS A VERY CHALLENGING ONE !CCORDING TO THE 7ORLD "ANK S 7ORLDWIDE 'OVERNANCE )NDICATORS 7') 0ROJECT WHICH TRACKS GOVERNANCE INDICATORS FOR COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES FOR SIX DIMENSIONS OF GOVERNANCE OF COUNTRIES IN !FRICA ARE BOTH POORER THAN THE GLOBAL AVERAGE AND SCORE LOWER THAN THE GLOBAL AVERAGE ON THE BASIS OF THE PROJECT S GOVERNANCE INDICATORS 4HOSE INDICATORS ARE VOICE AND ACCOUNTABILITY POLITICAL STABILITY AND ABSENCE OF VIOLENCE GOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESS REGULATORY QUALITY RULE OF LAW AND CONTROL OF CORRUPTION 7HETHER THERE WILL BE BROAD BASED SUCCESS IN ACHIEVING THE -$'S OR NOT n AND THIS IS THE LEADING DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGE OF OUR TIMES n WILL BE DECIDED IN !FRICA &OR THIS REASON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT IS OF IMMENSE RELEVANCE PARTICULARLY TO THAT CONTINENT
7HAT IS THE #OMMONWEALTH DOING 4HE CONSIDERABLE VARIATION IN THE KIND AND QUALITY OF THE GOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENTS ACROSS COUNTRIES MEANS THAT THERE IS NO ONE SIZE lTS ALL APPROACH TO THE PROCESSES AND INSTITUTIONS THAT WILL BE PLAUSIBLE AND BENElCIAL TO COUNTRIES UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES !T THE #OMMONWEALTH WE CONSIDER A STRONG AND VIBRANT DEMOCRACY TO BE CRUCIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND WE HOLD DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT TO BE MUTUALLY REINFORCING &OR THE #OMMONWEALTH THEREFORE GOOD GOVERNANCE IS TO BE IDENTIlED WITH DEMOCRATIC FORMS WITH THE RULE OF LAW AND WITH INSTITUTIONS ANCHORED IN PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY /N THIS BASIS ALSO INTEGRAL TO GOOD GOVERNANCE ARE PROCESSES RELATIONSHIPS AND INSTITUTIONS WHICH MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR CITIZENS AND GROUPS hTO ARTICULATE THEIR INTERESTS EXERCISE THEIR RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS AND MEDIATE THEIR DIFFERENCESv 4HE #OMMONWEALTH %XPERT 'ROUP ON $EMOCRACY AND $EVELOPMENT REFERRED TO EARLIER EMPHASISED THAT THE SCOPE OF DEMOCRACY MUST
5GANDA .OVEMBER
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
BE WIDENED BEYOND ELECTIONS SO THAT DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS AND PROCESSES FACILITATE PROTECT AND REINFORCE THE FULL RANGE OF HUMAN RIGHTS n WHICH INCLUDE POLITICAL AND CIVIL RIGHTS SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS GENDER RIGHTS AND GROUP RIGHTS
IN LEGISLATIVE DRAFTING TRAINING OF THE JUDICIARY AND COURT MANAGEMENT UNDERTAKEN IN !FRICA THE 0ACIl C AND IN THE #ARIBBEAN IN PARTICULAR 3UCH INITIATIVES ARE DESIGNED TO ENSURE THAT CITIZENS RIGHTS ARE ENSHRINED IN LEGISLATION AND CAN BE FULLY PROTECTED
4HE #OMMONWEALTH IS THUS COMMITTED TO AND ACTIVELY PROMOTES hDEMOCRATIC PROCESSES AND INSTITUTIONS WHICH REm ECT NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES THE RULE OF LAW THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY AND JUST AND HONEST GOVERNMENT v (ARARE $ECLARATION
4HE 'OOD /Fl CES ROLE n POLITICAL INTERVENTION OF THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL AT THE HIGHEST POLITICAL LEVEL n HAS HELPED RESOLVE OR PREVENT CONm ICTS IN A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES
!MONG #OMMONWEALTH PROGRAMMES AIMED AT PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE ARE 'OOD /Fl CES FOR 0EACE $EMOCRACY AND #ONSENSUS "UILDING 2ULE OF ,AW (UMAN 2IGHTS 0UBLIC 3ECTOR $EVELOPMENT AND #APACITY "UILDING AND )NSTITUTIONAL $EVELOPMENT
%LECTION OBSERVATION IS ONE OF THE MANY WAYS IN WHICH THE #OMMONWEALTH ENCOURAGES ADHERENCE TO DEMOCRATIC PROCESS
)T SHOULD BE EMPHASISED THAT WHILE FALLING OUTSIDE STRICT DEl NITIONS OF DEVELOPMENT MODALITIES CONm ICT RESOLUTION AND CONSENSUS BUILDING MECHANISMS ARE ESSENTIAL TO PEACE AND STABILITY TO GOOD GOVERNANCE AND TO DEVELOPMENT !S WITH THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOVERNANCE AND POVERTY GOVERNANCE PEACE AND STABILITY ARE INTERRELATED ISSUES CONSTITUTING A VIRTUOUS CIRCLE IN WHICH EACH ELEMENT REINFORCES THE OTHERS 0EACE AND STABILITY ARE DEPENDENT ON GOOD GOVERNANCE POOR GOVERNANCE BREEDS DISILLUSIONMENT GRIEVANCES AND CONm ICT 4HE #OMMONWEALTH HAS LONG PROVIDED ADVICE AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ON GOVERNANCE AND RELATED MATTERS TO ITS DEVELOPING MEMBER STATES THROUGH PROGRAMMES AND ACTIVITIES SUCH AS THOSE CITED EARLIER %LECTION OBSERVATION FOR EXAMPLE IS ONE OF THE MANY WAYS IN WHICH THE #OMMONWEALTH ENCOURAGES ADHERENCE TO DEMOCRATIC PROCESS 4HE #OMMONWEALTH HAS OBSERVED MORE THAN FORTY l VE ELECTIONS IN MORE THAN THIRTY COUNTRIES AND HAS ASSISTED GOVERNMENTS IN IMPLEMENTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF OBSERVER GROUPS IN REGARD TO ELECTIONS AND THE ELECTORAL PROCESS 4HIS YEAR ALONE THE #OMMONWEALTH HAS OBSERVED ELECTIONS IN #AMEROON ,ESOTHO .IGERIA 0APUA .EW 'UINEA AND 3IERRA ,EONE WITH OTHERS TO FOLLOW /VER THE YEARS THE #OMMONWEALTH HAS BEEN ACTIVE ALSO IN ASSISTING MEMBER STATES IN STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONS THAT UPHOLD DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES SUCH AS THE JUDICIARY THE PARLIAMENT THE CIVIL SERVICE ELECTION MANAGEMENT BODIES OFl CES OF THE OMBUDSMAN REGULATORY BODIES AS WELL AS STRENGTHENING THE OTHER SOCIAL PARTNERS THE PRIVATE SECTOR n INCLUDING THROUGH THE PROMOTION OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS n AND CIVIL SOCIETY !NOTHER PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF THIS IS INITIATIVES
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
7HILE IT IS RECOGNISED THAT THERE IS MUCH MORE WORK TO BE DONE WE CONSIDER THAT ON BALANCE THESE EFFORTS AT STRENGTHENING GOVERNANCE ARE YIELDING SIGNIl CANT IMPROVEMENTS ALTHOUGH ACROSS COUNTRIES THE PROGRESS IS UNEVEN &URTHERMORE IN SOME NOTEWORTHY CASES THIS IS BEGINNING TO PAY DIVIDENDS IN THE AREA OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT /F THE #OMMONWEALTH MEMBERS IN !FRICA ACHIEVED GROWTH RATES IN OF l VE PER CENT OR MORE .INE OF THESE COUNTRIES WERE IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA 7HILE ONE MUST NOTE THAT THESE GROWTH RATES LAG ON THE WHOLE THE AVERAGE PERFORMANCE OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND THE SPECIl C CIRCUMSTANCE OF A COMMODITY BOOM MUST BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IT IS EVIDENT THAT THE QUALITY OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE HAS BEEN IMPROVING IN SOME COUNTRIES AND THAT GROWTH RATES HAVE TRENDED UPWARDS n THOUGH NOT YET BY ENOUGH TO ENSURE THAT THE -$'S ARE MET OR TO REDUCE THE ABSOLUTE NUMBER OF THOSE LIVING IN POVERTY ! MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGE REMAINS BUT HOW THIS CHALLENGE CAN BE MET IS INCREASINGLY CLEAR
!NOTHER DIMENSION OF GOVERNANCE THE PRIVATE SECTOR )T IS NECESSARY TO HIGHLIGHT THE KEY ROLE THAT SUCCESSFUL PARTNERSHIP WITH THE PRIVATE SECTOR CAN PLAY IN TAKING BOTH THE GOOD GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT AGENDAS FORWARD 4HE PRIVATE SECTOR IS QUITE APPROPRIATELY A KEY DRIVER OF SUSTAINABLE GROWTH IN MANY #OMMONWEALTH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ESPECIALLY THROUGH THE ACTIVITIES OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED ENTERPRISES 3-%S 4HE DEVELOPMENT OF 3-%S IS ALSO A KEY PREREQUISITE FOR THE
4WO IMPORTANT POINTS SHOULD BE MADE ABOUT GOOD GOVERNANCE 4HE l RST IS THAT AN ENVIRONMENT CONDUCIVE TO CONm ICT MANAGEMENT REQUIRES RESPONSIVE GOVERNANCE MACHINERY AND PROCESSES 4HIS POINTS ONCE AGAIN TO THE CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE OF INCLUSION AND ACCOUNTABILITY WHICH AS MENTIONED ABOVE ARE KEY ELEMENTS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 4HE SECOND IS THAT GOOD GOVERNANCE IS NOT A LUXURY ITEM THAT CAN AWAIT INROADS INTO POVERTY OR THE ATTAINMENT OF PARTICULAR MILESTONES ALONG THE ROAD TO DEVELOPMENT /N THE CONTRARY IT IS PRECISELY IN A CONTEXT OF PERVASIVE SCARCITY AND A CONSPICUOUS MISMATCH BETWEEN NEEDS AND AVAILABILITY THAT THE PRINCIPLES WHICH UNDERLIE GOOD GOVERNANCE SUCH AS TRANSPARENCY ACCOUNTABILITY AND EQUITY ARE MOST RELEVANT
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
EMERGENCE OF A MIDDLE STRATUM WHICH IS IMPORTANT FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION DOMESTIC MARKET EXPANSION AND THUS TO LONG TERM SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STABILITY 4HERE IS CLEAR CONVERGENCE OF INTEREST BETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS IN PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE GIVEN THE EVIDENT NEXUS BETWEEN GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT AND THE DELETERIOUS IMPACT ON DEVELOPMENT OF WASTE INEFlCIENCY CORRUPTION AND GENERAL INEFFECTIVENESS )T MUST BE SAID HOWEVER THAT WHILE GOVERNMENTS INTERESTED IN PROMOTING DEVELOPMENT ARE DUTY BOUND TO PROVIDE A CONDUCIVE AND FACILITATORY LEGAL AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT FOR BUSINESSES AND ENTREPRENEURS DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN THE PRIVATE SECTOR EVEN IF ONLY INCIPIENT MUST BE EXPECTED TO ADHERE TO ACCEPTABLE STANDARDS OF PROBITY AND TO ITSELF EXERCISE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
4HE PRIVATE SECTOR IS QUITE APPROPRIATELY A KEY DRIVER OF SUSTAINABLE GROWTH IN MANY #OMMONWEALTH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
4HE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT CONSISTENT WITH THE VIEW THAT THE IMPERATIVE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE EXTENDS BEYOND THE PUBLIC SECTOR HAS THROUGH ADVISORY SERVICES AND TRAINING SOUGHT TO STRENGTHEN BEST PRACTICES WITHIN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ENTITIES INCLUDING 3-%S AND COOPERATIVES 'IVEN THE COMPOSITION OF THE #OMMONWEALTH OF PARTICULAR RELEVANCE IN THIS REGARD IS THE FACT THAT HIGH STANDARDS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE BY A FEW ROLE MODEL ENTERPRISES IN SMALL STATES CAN HAVE RAPID DEMONSTRATION EFFECT IN THESE MARKETS BOOSTING CONlDENCE FOR LOCAL AND FOREIGN INVESTORS ALIKE .EEDLESS TO SAY n AND REGRETTABLY n THE REVERSE IS ALSO TRUE 4HE #OMMONWEALTH CONTRIBUTES TO PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE n AND BY EXTENSION TO POVERTY REDUCTION AND THE PROMOTION OF PEACE AND STABILITY n THROUGH VARIOUS CHANNELS &IRSTLY THROUGH POLICY ADVICE AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE DELIVERED PRIMARILY UNDER ITS PUBLIC SECTOR DEVELOPMENT AND CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAMMES THE #OMMONWEALTH HAS ASSISTED ITS MEMBER COUNTRIES BY ENHANCING THEIR CAPACITY TO DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT SOUND ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL POLICIES BUILD AND MAINTAIN EFFECTIVE PUBLIC SECTOR INSTITUTIONS INCLUDING LEGAL AND REGULATORY MACHINERY AND IMPROVE ACCOUNTABILITY 3ECONDLY THROUGH ITS GOOD OFlCES RULE OF LAW AND DEMOCRACY PROGRAMMES THE #OMMONWEALTH HAS ASSISTED MEMBER STATES IN STRENGTHENING DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS AND CULTURE ESPECIALLY THROUGH MEDIATION AND CONmICT RESOLUTION ASSISTANCE TO ELECTION MANAGEMENT BODIES AND THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF CIVIL POLITICAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS
4HE PRIMACY OF GOOD GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION AND FOR PEACE AND STABILITY IS UNASSAILABLE 0UTTING IN PLACE AND CONSOLIDATING THE INSTITUTIONS STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES THAT MAKE FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE DEMANDS CONSTANT AND CONCERTED COMMITMENT FROM GOVERNMENTS AND INDEED FROM ALL SOCIAL PARTNERS 4HE ASSISTANCE OF DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS IS PARTICULARLY CRUCIAL 4HE #OMMONWEALTH WILL CONTINUE TO PROVIDE AND INCREASE ITS ASSISTANCE IN THIS AREA TO MEMBER STATES AND IN PARTICULAR TO THE LEAST DEVELOPED AMONG THEM "Y SO DOING IT WILL FULlL ITS COMMITMENT TO DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT 4HE #OMMONWEALTH %XPERT 'ROUP ON $EMOCRACY AND $EVELOPMENT WAS PRESCIENT WHEN IT STATED h'IVEN THE CONmICTS AND TENSIONS IN THE WORLD TODAY AND THE SERIOUSNESS OF MANY OF THE DIVIDES BETWEEN COUNTRIES RELIGIONS AND ETHNIC GROUPS REDUCING POVERTY AND IMPROVING GOVERNANCE ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN EVER 4HEY ARE DIRECTLY NEEDED FOR PEACE AND STABILITY AND ARE ESSENTIAL STEPS FOR THE WORLD TO MOVE TOWARDS GREATER INTERNATIONAL EQUALITY AND JUSTICE v
-R 2ANSFORD 3MITH WAS APPOINTED $EPUTY 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL OF THE #OMMONWEALTH IN !UGUST ! CAREER DIPLOMAT OF NEARLY YEARS STANDING IN THE *AMAICAN 0UBLIC AND &OREIGN 3ERVICE -R 3MITH PREVIOUSLY SERVED AS 0ERMANENT 3ECRETARY TO THE -INISTRY OF #OMMERCE AND 4ECHNOLOGY AND ALSO 0ERMANENT 3ECRETARY TO THE -INISTRY OF )NDUSTRY AND )NVESTMENT -R 3MITH WAS FORMERLY THE 0ERMANENT 2EPRESENTATIVE OF *AMAICA TO THE /FlCE OF THE 5NITED .ATIONS AND ITS SPECIALISED AGENCIES IN 'ENEVA 2OME AND 6IENNA -R 3MITH WAS ALSO !MBASSADOR OF *AMAICA TO THE 7ORLD 4RADE /RGANISATION 74/ AND SERVED AS NON RESIDENT !MBASSADOR TO A NUMBER OF %UROPEAN COUNTRIES 4HE #OMMONWEALTH IS AN ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT STATES CONSULTING AND COOPERATING IN THE COMMON INTERESTS OF THEIR PEOPLES AND IN THE PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING AND WORLD PEACE 4HE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT ESTABLISHED IN IS ITS MAIN INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGENCY FACILITATING CONSULTATION AND CO OPERATION AMONG MEMBER GOVERNMENTS AND COUNTRIES #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT -ARLBOROUGH (OUSE 0ALL -ALL ,ONDON 37 9 (8 5+ 4EL &AX %MAIL INFO COMMONWEALTH INT 7EBSITE WWW THECOMMONWEALTH ORG
5GANDA .OVEMBER
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
3PECIAL &EATURE BY $!4!
$!4! n ADVOCATES FOR !FRICAN DEVELOPMENT $!4! IS THE !FRICA ADVOCACY GROUP CO FOUNDED IN BY THE 5 SINGER "ONO AND ACTIVISTS FROM THE $ROP THE $EBT CAMPAIGN (ERE !FRICA /UTREACH -ANAGER %DITH *IBUNOH AND %XECUTIVE $IRECTOR *AMIE $RUMMOND OUTLINE $!4! S SUCCESSFUL ADVOCACY RECORD AND SUGGEST NEW AVENUES FOR COOPERATION WITH !FRICAN POLICY MAKERS AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN THE lGHT AGAINST POVERTY $!4! STANDS FOR $EBT !)$3 4RADE !FRICA )T ALSO STANDS FOR $EMOCRACY !CCOUNTABILITY AND 4RANSPARENCY 7E FORMULATED THE NAME TO DEMONSTRATE A SERIOUS EVIDENCE BASED APPROACH TO THE COMPLEX RANGE OF ISSUES THAT HAVE HINDERED !FRICA S GROWTH AND ITS ABILITY TO lGHT POVERTY AND TO REmECT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WHAT DONORS AND !FRICAN GOVERNMENTS NEED TO DO TO BRING ABOUT CHANGE )T IS NO NEWS TO READERS OF THIS PUBLICATION THAT SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA IS DISPROPORTIONATELY BURDENED BY !)$3 AND POVERTY )N AN ERA OF GLOBALISATION ITS SHARE OF WORLD TRADE HAS SHRUNK AND DEBTS STILL CRIPPLE NATIONAL BUDGETS %VEN THOUGH COUNTRIES HAVE SUSTAINED ECONOMIC GROWTH OF OVER PER CENT FOR A DECADE AND THE REGION AS A WHOLE IS GROWING AT OVER PER CENT IT IS NOT ON TRACK TO MEET THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS .O MATTER HOW DYNAMIC AND CREATIVE !FRICAN BUSINESSES ARE THEY CANNOT ENGAGE FULLY IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY WITHOUT FAIRER TRADE RULES HEALTHY EDUCATED WORKERS RELIABLE INFRASTRUCTURE AND EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE /F COURSE THE DELIVERY OF ALMOST ALL OF THESE IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF !FRICAN GOVERNMENTS (OWEVER $!4! RECOGNISES THAT THE POLICIES AND CAPITAL mOWS OF RICH INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES HAVE CONSIDERABLE INmUENCE OVER ALL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT 3O $!4! WAS SET UP TO DRAW ATTENTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT NEEDS OF THE CONTINENT AND PARTICULARLY TO DEMAND BETTER DEVELOPMENT AND TRADE POLICIES OF THE ' AND %5 /VER THE PAST lVE YEARS $!4! HAS ACTIVELY ADVOCATED FOR ° "ILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL DEBT CANCELLATION ° 2OBUSTLY FUNDED MECHANISMS TO lGHT ()6 !)$3 4" AND MALARIA LIKE THE 53 0RESIDENT S %MERGENCY 0LAN FOR !)$3 2ELIEF 0%0&!2 AND THE 'LOBAL &UND TO &IGHT !)$3 4" AND -ALARIA ° )NNOVATIVE EFFORTS TO INVEST IN COUNTRY LED DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES SUCH AS THE 53 -ILLENNIUM #HALLENGE !CCOUNT ° )MPROVED TRADE POLICY THAT GIVES ENHANCED ACCESS TO DONOR MARKETS THROUGH !'/! AND %"! ° 4HE %DUCATION &AST 4RACK )NITIATIVE
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
3AVINGS AND LOAN GROUP 4ANZANIA n HELPING SMALL BUSINESSES
)N ORDER TO ACHIEVE RESULTS WE HAVE ENGAGED DIRECTLY WITH LEADERS URGING THE INTRODUCTION OF POLICIES IN FAVOUR OF !FRICAN DEVELOPMENT 7E COLLABORATE ON CAMPAIGNS WITH OTHER CIVIL SOCIETY STAKEHOLDERS AND LEVERAGE OUR HIGH PROlLE PARTNERS TO DRAW MASS AUDIENCE ATTENTION TO AREAS OF CONCERN 7E DEMONSTRATE THAT DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE REACHES INTENDED RECIPIENTS AND ACHIEVES RESULTS 4HROUGH OUR NEW OFlCE IN !BUJA .IGERIA WE ARE KEEN TO FOSTER RELATIONSHIPS WITH !FRICAN STAKEHOLDERS 7E HAVE ALREADY SEEN THAT PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN DONORS AND !FRICA CAN YIELD GREAT RESULTS 4HOUGH THEY ARE NOT BROADCAST AS WIDELY AS THEY SHOULD BE MANY OF THE #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES IN !FRICA HAVE POSITIVE STORIES TO TELL ABOUT THE EFFECTIVE USE OF AID AND DEBT CANCELLATION 4HESE RESOURCES HAVE HELPED TO BOOST PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLMENTS BY MILLION SINCE AND TO PUT MILLION PEOPLE ONTO LIFE SAVING !)$3 TREATMENT 4HESE POSITIVE AND EFFECTIVE ILLUSTRATIONS OF ASSISTANCE INFORM $!4! S APPROACH /F COURSE SPENDING MONEY FOR THE SAKE OF IT IS IN NOBODY S INTEREST AND $!4! IS THE lRST TO ACKNOWLEDGE THAT DEVELOPMENT REQUIRES A COMPLEX SET OF FACTORS TO SUCCEED INCLUDING STABLE AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT 4HAT IS WHY AS MENTIONED $!4! ALSO STANDS FOR $EMOCRACY !CCOUNTABILITY AND 4RANSPARENCY ON THE PART OF BOTH DONORS AND RECIPIENTS $!4! IS AT THE FOREFRONT OF EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE IMPACT EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE AS WELL AS SUPPORTING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE %XTRACTIVE )NDUSTRIES 4RANSPARENCY )NITIATIVE AND ASSET RECOVERY UNDER THE 5. #ONVENTION !GAINST #ORRUPTION 4HE 7ORLD "ANK RECENTLY REPORTED THAT A NUMBER OF !FRICAN COUNTRIES ARE MAKING RAPID PROGRESS ON GOVERNANCE BUT A LACK OF TRANSPARENCY AND CORRUPTION STILL IMPOSE AN INTOLERABLE BURDEN ON THE POOREST PEOPLE IN MANY !FRICAN SOCIETIES PERPETUATING HUGE INEQUALITIES WHILE FRUSTRATING BUSINESSES AND LIMITING GROWTH
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
$!4! WORKS TOWARDS THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS AND SPECIlCALLY FOCUSES ON THE OBJECTIVES OUTLINED IN /UR #OMMON )NTEREST THE 2EPORT OF THE #OMMISSION FOR !FRICA 5SING THE REPORT AS A ROAD MAP $!4! WORKED WITH OTHER PARTNERS TO SECURE A COMMITMENT FROM THE ' DONORS AT THE 3UMMIT IN 'LENEAGLES ON DEBT CANCELLATION SUBSTANTIAL AID INCREASES AND FAIRER TRADE RULES FOR !FRICA -AKING SURE THAT THE PROMISES ARE KEPT IS $!4! S RAISON D ÐTRE AND SINCE WE HAVE PRODUCED A DETAILED ANNUAL ACCOUNT OF THE ' S PROGRESS CALLED 4HE $!4! 2EPORT WWW THEDATAREPORT ORG )T HAS QUICKLY BECOME THE MOST INmUENTIAL AND RESPECTED ANALYSIS OF ITS KIND n BUT ALSO SHOWS THAT THE ' ARE A VERY LONG WAY FROM DELIVERING THE PROMISED LEVELS OF AID AND FAIRER TRADE RULES 4HE $!4! 2EPORT MONITORS NOT JUST /FlCIAL $EVELOPMENT !SSISTANCE /$! mOWS TO !FRICA AGAINST PROMISES MADE BUT ALSO THE ' EFFORTS ON /$! QUALITY TRADE DEBT GOVERNANCE EDUCATION ()6 !)$3 MALARIA WATER AND PEACE AND SECURITY $!4! S CALCULATIONS WHICH EXCLUDE DEBT RELIEF TO MORE ACCURATELY REmECT UNDERLYING TRENDS SHOW THAT BETWEEN DONORS NEEDED TO INCREASE AID BY 53 BILLION TO BE ON TRACK TO KEEP THEIR PROMISES BUT IN FACT ONLY DELIVERED AN INCREASE OF BILLION 7HAT IS EVEN MORE WORRISOME IS THAT WHILE THEY COULD GET BACK ON TRACK IN WITH BILLION IN INCREASED ASSISTANCE CURRENT BUDGETS INDICATE THAT ONLY BETWEEN BILLION WILL BE PROVIDED n ABOUT A THIRD OF WHAT IS REQUIRED 4HESE lNDINGS HAVE PROMPTED REDOUBLED EFFORTS AT $!4! )N THE TWO YEARS SINCE $!4! HAS INCREASED ITS LOBBYING EFFORTS ESTABLISHING NEW OFlCES IN "ERLIN AND !BUJA TO LEAD OUTREACH TO %UROPE S BIGGEST ECONOMY AND ALSO TO !FRICAN GOVERNMENTS AND CIVIL SOCIETY 4OGETHER WE HAVE IDENTIlED FOUR KEY AREAS WHERE WE BELIEVE COOPERATION WOULD BE MOST EFFECTIVE AND WHERE THE NEED FOR INVESTMENT IS MOST URGENT 4HEY ARE ° %NCOURAGING INVESTMENT INTO !FRICA BOOSTING MICROlNANCE FUNDING @AID FOR TRADE AND HELPING !FRICA TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE ° 3TRENGTHENING THE GOVERNANCE OF /$! lGHTING CORRUPTION AND PROMOTING TRANSPARENCY ° &UNDING THE lGHT AGAINST !)$3 PARTICULARLY THROUGH THE 'LOBAL &UND WHILE ALSO STRENGTHENING HEALTH SYSTEMS IN !FRICA ° 2EMOVING BARRIERS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION AND FULLY FUNDING THE %DUCATION &AST 4RACK )NITIATIVE $ETAILED VERSIONS OF THESE PROPOSALS WERE PRESENTED EARLIER THIS YEAR TO THE ' &INANCE -INISTERS AND TO THE SHERPAS n THE OFlCIALS IN CHARGE OF MANAGING ' NEGOTIATIONS -EETINGS WITH 'ERMAN MINISTERS AND OFlCIALS FOLLOWED INCLUDING A VERY POSITIVE MEETING BETWEEN "ONO AND THE 'ERMAN #HANCELLOR !NGELA -ERKEL )T IS A COMBINATION OF SOUND POLICY UNDERSTANDING HIGH LEVEL CONTACTS AND MEDIA APPEAL THAT ARE THE KEY TO $!4! S EFFECTIVENESS "ONO AND "OB 'ELDOF S HIGH PROlLES GIVE $!4! LEVERAGE WITH DONORS AND BOTH ARE ALSO VERY WELL VERSED ON POLICY ISSUES /UR 0OLICY !DVISORY "OARD OF PROMINENT !FRICANS PRIVATE SECTOR AND DEVELOPMENT EXPERTS INCLUDES $R .GOZI /KONJO
3CHOOL CHILDREN IN .AGURA (ILL 5GANDA
)WEALA + 9 !MOAKO *OHN 'ITHONGO !RCHBISHOP .JONGONKULU .DUNGANE 9OUSSOU . $OUR 0AUL #OLLIER 3TEVE 2ADELET 'AYLE 3MITH !MRE 9OUNESS (ADEEL )BRAHIM $AVID ,ANE 2ICHARD +IPHART .ED *ANOTTA AND 4REVOR .IELSEN 4HE ' WILL CONTINUE TO BE A MAJOR FOCUS OF $!4! ACTIVITY IN THE COMING YEARS $!4! IS ALSO LOOKING TO ENGAGE DONORS BEYOND THE ' IN %UROPE AND !SIA TO ENSURE THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF !FRICA FEATURES PROMINENTLY ON THEIR AGENDAS 4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING IN 5GANDA IS A FURTHER OPPORTUNITY FOR COORDINATION AND PROGRESS ON DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES -ANY OF !FRICA S #OMMONWEALTH STATES ARE RISING ECONOMIC STARS DRIVING THE CONTINENT S GROWTH AND MAKING GREAT STRIDES IN PRIMARY EDUCATION AND HEALTHCARE (OWEVER ALL STILL FACE SIGNIlCANT CHALLENGES AND IT IS HERE THAT $!4! WOULD LIKE TO ENCOURAGE COOPERATION TO ENSURE THE ' AND OTHER DONORS KEEP UP THEIR AID QUANTITY AND QUALITY COMMITMENTS AND THAT FUNDS ARE USED MOST EFFECTIVELY 4HIS IS LIKELY TO WORK BEST WHERE PRIORITIES ARE SHARED n SUCH AS THE 7ORLD "ANK S %DUCATION &AST 4RACK )NITIATIVE THE 'LOBAL &UND TO &IGHT !)$3 4" AND -ALARIA AND )$! REPLENISHMENT $!4! WOULD LIKE TO ENCOURAGE COOPERATION WITH !FRICAN GOVERNMENTS AND CIVIL SOCIETY TO ENSURE THE ' AND OTHER DONORS KEEP UP THEIR AID QUANTITY AND QUALITY COMMITMENTS AND THAT FUNDS ARE USED MOST EFFECTIVELY 4HIS IS LIKELY TO WORK BEST WHERE PRIORITIES ARE SHARED SUCH AS THE 7ORLD "ANK S %DUCATION &AST 4RACK )NITIATIVE THE 'LOBAL &UND TO &IGHT !)$3 4" AND -ALARIA AND )$! REPLENISHMENT $!4! WOULD WELCOME COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR BETTER COORDINATION MECHANISMS AND OUR OFlCE IN !BUJA WOULD BE PLEASED TO ASSIST THIS PROCESS #ONTACT DETAILS CAN BE FOUND AT THE END OF THIS ARTICLE !T $!4! WE SHARE THE DESIRE OF !FRICANS FOR THE CONTINENT TO BE SEEN AS A PLACE OF DYNAMISM AND OPPORTUNITY AND TO PROMOTE ITS POTENTIAL FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH AND STABILITY !T THE SAME TIME $!4! BELIEVES THAT FAIRER TRADE RULES GOOD GOVERNANCE AND SMART AID CAN HELP !FRICANS MOVE MORE QUICKLY TOWARDS PROSPERITY AND LEAVE EXTREME POVERTY WELL BEHIND 7E LOOK FORWARD TO WORKING WITH YOU ON THIS SHARED VISION %MAIL EJIBUNOH DATA ORG
7EBSITE WWW DATA ORG
5GANDA .OVEMBER
Human Sciences
www.hsrc.ac.za
Research Council of South Africa Social science that makes a difference The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa's statutory research agency, conducts research that generates critical and independent knowledge relative to all aspects of human and social development. Poverty alleviation and public policy development and implementation are central to all its research activities. Its research extends beyond South African borders through projects and collaborations in other African countries. As a national public entity, the HSRC adheres to best-practice requirements in relation to its corporate governance as well as financial and performance reporting. Its work is overseen by a governing body, the HSRC Council (Board). The HSRC reports annually to the parliament of South Africa. The HSRC is committed to making a difference in the quality of life of ordinary people and is often commissioned to under-take large-scale research on behalf of government departments at national, regional and local levels. The organisation also serves the research needs of parastatal organisations, the private sector and local and international development agencies to track service delivery, evaluate performance and measure the efficacy of interventions. The HSRC's collaborative approach to research provides a platform for interaction with research experts in our country, elsewhere in Africa, and internationally. The organisation proactively disseminates its research findings in peer-reviewed and other publications, and through seminars, invited lectures, and media briefings.
employment, quality education, HIV and AIDS, and service delivery. The work of the Unit is centred upon the various crossroads between these policy issues and heuristic parameters drawn from the National Research and Development (R&D) Strategy.
Functioning as a knowledge hub, the HSRC contributes to bridging the gap that so often exists between research, policy and action.
The three national priority areas, currently housed at the HSRC, are the National Quality Education Initiative, the Employment, Growth and Development Initiative and the Youth Initiative.
The research undertaken by the HSRC has been configured into five interdisciplinary research programmes, namely: Child, Youth, Family and Social Development Democracy and Governance Education, Science and Skills Development Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS and Health Urban, Rural and Economic Development Five 'cross-cutting' research units and two special initiatives have been established to interactively contribute to, as well as draw from, the five research programmes in order to integrate and enhance the work of the HSRC as a whole. The units are: Capacity Development Gender and Development Knowledge Systems Policy Analysis Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance (SAHARA) The Policy Analysis Unit has a dual mandate. The first is to serve as a think-tank and provide a platform for the public discourse of critical social issues. The second is to pursue time-limited, multiyear analyses into specific priority areas, namely poverty reduction,
Over the last few years, the HSRC has undertaken rich and varied array of research investigations, averaging 250 projects at any given time like these selected two: The 2005 South African National Household Survey of HIV Prevalence, Incidence, Behaviour and Communication which generated data from a representative sample of the total South African population. The Trends in international Mathematics and Science Study (TIMMS 2003) involved more than 50 countries including South Africa. To succeed in its mandate to conduct social science that makes a difference, the HSRC jealously guards its reputation as an independent, professional and unbiased research council. For more information contact: Ms Mbali Mkhize Director of Communications mmkhize@hsrc.ac.za www.hsrc.ac.za
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
&LORENCE -UGASHA #OMMONWEALTH $EPUTY 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL
0ROMOTING WOMEN PEACE AND SECURITY A COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE #OMMONWEALTH 0EACE AND DEMOCRACY ARE CORE #OMMONWEALTH GOALS #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT NOT ONLY EMPHASISE THEIR COMMITMENT TO INTERNATIONAL PEACE IN VARIOUS DECLARATIONS BUT ALSO ENDORSE AND UPHOLD GENDER EQUALITY AS ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES OF #OMMONWEALTH PEOPLES )N THIS ARTICLE THE AUTHOR OUTLINES THE MOST IMPORTANT WORK THE 3ECRETARIAT IS UNDERTAKING TO SUPPORT AND PROMOTE THE EFFORTS OF THE (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT IN THESE VITAL AREAS )N THE 0LAN OF !CTION FOR 'ENDER %QUALITY THE #OMMONWEALTH -INISTERS 2ESPONSIBLE FOR 7OMEN AND 'ENDER !FFAIRS NOTED hTHE DIFFERENTIAL IMPACTS OF CONmICTS ON WOMEN MEN AND CHILDREN AND THE CHALLENGES THEY CREATE HAVE PROFOUND DEMOCRATIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL IMPLICATIONS FOR ALL HUMANITY v )N ADDRESSING THE IMPACT OF CONmICTS AND ITS DIRECT LINK TO DEMOCRACY AND PEACE (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT ACKNOWLEDGE THEIR RESPONSIBILITY TO PROMOTE PEACE 4HIS COMMITMENT WAS A RE AFlRMATION OF THE -ILLENNIUM /UTCOME $OCUMENT AGREED BY (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT IN .EW 9ORK IN WHICH ESTABLISHED A COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY ON THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO ADDRESS THE IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS OF VIOLENT ARMED AND OTHER FORMS OF CONmICT ON SOCIETIES
)N ADDRESSING THE IMPACT OF CONmICTS AND ITS DIRECT LINK TO DEMOCRACY AND PEACE (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT ACKNOWLEDGE THEIR RESPONSIBILITY TO PROMOTE PEACE &URTHERMORE THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL S @'OOD /FlCES ROLE ATTEMPTS TO PREVENT DISPUTES BEFORE THEY DETERIORATE INTO VIOLENT CONmICTS THROUGH QUIET AND TRACK TWO DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS WHICH OFTEN INVOLVES THE APPOINTMENT OF SPECIAL ENVOYS SOME OF WHOM HAVE BEEN WOMEN 4HIS PREVENTIVE MECHANISM IS CLOSELY
SUPPORTED BY THE WORK OF THE 'ENDER 3ECTION THROUGH MAINSTREAMING A GENDER PERSPECTIVE INTO POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES WITH MEMBER COUNTRIES FOR INSTANCE IN PROMOTING THE PROVISIONS OF 5NITED .ATIONS 2ESOLUTION ON @7OMEN 0EACE AND 3ECURITY 5.3#2 AND OTHER FRAMEWORKS AND INSTRUMENTS RELATING TO EQUAL PARTICIPATION AND REPRESENTATION IN THESE PROCESSES 4RADITIONALLY THE #OMMONWEALTH n UNLIKE THE 5NITED .ATIONS n DOES NOT HAVE TROOPS HOWEVER WE SUPPORT OUR MEMBER COUNTRIES IN MAKING SIGNIlCANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO REQUESTS FOR TROOPS )NDEED AS OF $ECEMBER SEVEN OUT OF THE LARGEST 4ROOP AND 0OLICE #ONTRIBUTING #OUNTRIES 4##S 0##S ARE #OMMONWEALTH MEMBER COUNTRIES 4HESE INCLUDE "ANGLADESH 0AKISTAN )NDIA 'HANA .IGERIA +ENYA AND 3OUTH !FRICA 3IMILARLY WE TOOK PRIDE WHEN )NDIA IN DEPLOYED THE @lRST EVER ALL FEMALE POLICE CONTINGENT FOR THE MISSION IN ,IBERIA
7E STAND IN A UNIQUE POSITION TO INmUENCE THE AGENDA ON WOMEN PEACE AND SECURITY ESPECIALLY THROUGH DIRECT NETWORK WITH WOMEN S CONSTITUENCIES IN THE #OMMONWEALTH AND ELSEWHERE )T IS ALSO PERTINENT TO MENTION THAT AS THE LARGEST INTERGOVERNMENTAL AND ONLY ORGANISATION WITH DIRECT MANDATE AND ACCESS TO MINISTERS RESPONSIBLE FOR WOMEN AND GENDER AFFAIRS WE STAND IN A UNIQUE POSITION TO INmUENCE THE AGENDA ON WOMEN PEACE AND SECURITY ESPECIALLY THROUGH DIRECT NETWORK WITH WOMEN S CONSTITUENCIES IN THE #OMMONWEALTH AND ELSEWHERE )N LEVERAGING THIS UNIQUE POSITION WE ACKNOWLEDGE THE COMMITMENT AND EFFORTS OF OTHER PARTNERS AND THE @COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROMOTE PEACE AND ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 4HUS THE #OMMONWEALTH WORKS TO IMPLEMENT FRAMEWORKS
5GANDA .OVEMBER
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
AND MECHANISMS AGREED BY THE MEMBER COUNTRIES WITHIN THE #OMMONWEALTH AND AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL /NE SUCH AGREED COMMITMENT IS THE 5.3#2 WHICH AMONGST OTHER ISSUES CALLS FOR INCREASED PARTICIPATION AND REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN PEACE NEGOTIATIONS PEACEKEEPING DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES AND POST CONmICT RECONSTRUCTION INCLUDING ISSUES OF GENDER JUSTICE AND AN END TO IMPUNITY
7HAT WE DO 'IVEN OUR COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT ADOPTS A TWO PRONGED APPROACH WITH lVE COMPONENTS IN ADDRESSING ISSUES OF PEACEBUILDING AND CONmICT MANAGEMENT 4HE APPROACH RELATES TO ß 4HE SHORT TERM n PROBLEM SOLVING AND ß 4HE LONG TERM n STRUCTURAL WITH A FOCUS ON PREVENTION AND REBUILDING 7ITHIN THESE BROAD CATEGORIES THROUGH PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION AND IN PARTNERSHIP WITH OUR MEMBER COUNTRIES WE ENGAGE IN THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES
'OOD OFlCES 4HE #OMMONWEALTH S SHORT TERM MEASURES FOCUS ON DIALOGUE AND PROBLEM SOLVING COMPLEMENTED BY A LONG TERM APPROACH THAT ADDRESSES THE ROOT CAUSES OF CONmICT WITHIN ITS MEMBER STATES 4HE SHORT TERM MEASURES ARE IMPLEMENTED THROUGH THE 'OOD /FlCES OF THE 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL AND SEEK TO RESOLVE IMMEDIATE OR ONGOING DISPUTES OR CRISES BEFORE THEY DETERIORATE INTO VIOLENT CONmICT /VER THE LONG TERM THE #OMMONWEALTH SEEKS TO HELP BUILD A POSITIVE ENVIRONMENT THAT CAN ENABLE DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT TO mOURISH
/VER THE LONG TERM THE #OMMONWEALTH SEEKS TO HELP BUILD A POSITIVE ENVIRONMENT THAT CAN ENABLE DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT TO mOURISH 7HILE BEING PROACTIVE IN ENGAGING WHERE ACTION IS NECESSARY THE #OMMONWEALTH ATTEMPTS TO WORK IN CO OPERATION WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF THE MEMBER COUNTRY CONCERNED )T ALSO ENGAGES WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS SUCH AS POLITICAL PARTIES CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS 4HE 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL MONITORS POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ACROSS THE #OMMONWEALTH 4HIS IS DONE EITHER DIRECTLY OR THROUGH SPECIAL ENVOYS TO PROMOTE HUMAN RIGHTS AND INCLUSIVENESS 0ROMOTING RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS GENDER EQUALITY YOUTH DEVELOPMENT AND CIVIL SOCIETY PARTICIPATION IS INTEGRAL TO THE 'OOD /FlCES ROLE AND %NVOYS AND THE 3ECRETARIAT WORKS CLOSELY WITH MEMBERS OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE 'ENDER SECTION TO MAINSTREAM GENDER INTO ALL THEIR ACTIVITIES INCLUDING THE PROMOTION OF 5.3#2
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
0ROMOTION OF LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS AND COMMITMENTS 3PECIlCALLY ON 5.3#2 THE 'ENDER 3ECTION IN COLLABORATION WITH MEMBER COUNTRIES AND PARTNERS ORGANISED A SUCCESSFUL MEETING AT 7ILTON 0ARK TO REVIEW THE CHALLENGES AND GAPS TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS LANDMARK RESOLUTION 4HE REPORT OF THAT MEETING PROVIDED USEFUL INSIGHTS WHICH HAS INFORMED OUR FUTURE INTERVENTIONS SOME OF WHICH WILL BE INCLUDED IN MY RECOMMENDATIONS BELOW !DDITIONALLY OUR -INISTERS WITH SUPPORT FROM THE 3ECRETARIAT DEVELOPED TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR A @7ORKING 'ROUP ON @'ENDER 0EACE AND 3ECURITY TO CONDUCT INITIAL ASSESSMENT IN POST CONmICT SITUATIONS AND COMPLEMENT NATIONAL LEVEL EFFORTS THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF @NATIONAL ACTION PLANS MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF PEACE INITIATIVES IN THESE SITUATIONS !T THEIR LAST MEETING IN +AMPALA 5GANDA THE -INISTERS 2ESPONSIBLE FOR 7OMEN AND 'ENDER !FFAIRS AGREED TO THE CREATION OF THE 7ORKING 'ROUP %FFORTS ARE UNDER WAY TO INTEGRATE THE PROVISION OF SUCH ASSISTANCE IN PRE DEPLOYMENT TRAINING OF TROOPS AND POLICE IN SOME OF OUR MEMBER COUNTRIES IN THE 0ACIlC 7E ARE CLOSELY MONITORING THIS DEVELOPMENT AS A POTENTIAL @GOOD PRACTICE FROM OUR MEMBER COUNTRY &URTHERMORE THE #OMMONWEALTH HAS CONTINUED TO ENGAGE THE 3ECURITY #OUNCIL AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE OPEN DEBATE ON @5.3#2 IN AND RESPECTIVELY REITERATING AMONG OTHER ISSUES THE NEED FOR EDUCATION AND CHANGE IN MINDSETS TO AVOID CONmICTS AS WELL EQUAL PARTICIPATION AND REPRESENTATION IN PEACE PROCESSES
7E REMAIN COMMITTED THAT EQUAL PARTICIPATION AND REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN MEN AND YOUNG PEOPLE IS AN ESSENTIAL PANACEA TO ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE PEACE GLOBALLY .ATION AND INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING 4HROUGH MUTUAL ASSISTANCE THE #OMMONWEALTH WORKS TO IMPROVE DEMOCRATIC ARRANGEMENTS THROUGH THE OBSERVATION OF ELECTIONS AND THE PROVISION OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND TRAINING 7E ALSO SEEK TO SUPPORT THE PROMOTION OF BEST PRACTICE THROUGH THE ORGANISATION OF WORKSHOPS SEMINARS AND CONFERENCES AND THE PRODUCTION AND CIRCULATION OF PUBLICATIONS TO STRENGTHEN DEMOCRATIC VALUES AND CULTURE 4HIS IS AN ONGOING ACTIVITY AND IN THE lRST THREE QUARTERS OF WE HAVE DEPLOYED #OMMONWEALTH /BSERVER 'ROUPS IN .IGERIA 0APUA .EW 'UINEA AND 3IERRA ,EONE /BSERVER GROUPS COMPRISE ELECTORAL EXPERTS POLITICIANS CIVIL SOCIETY REPRESENTATIVES INCLUDING WOMEN AND YOUTH TO ENSURE BALANCED AND INFORMED ASSESSMENT OF THE CONDUCT OF ELECTIONS AND THE ELECTORAL AND DEMOCRATIC CONTEXT IN WHICH THEY ARE CONDUCTED 4HE GROUPS RECOMMEND WAYS TO IMPROVE ELECTORAL AND DEMOCRATIC CONDITIONS SO AS TO ENSURE IMPROVEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC AND JUST POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT THAT MUST UNDERPIN A PEACEFUL SOCIETY
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
%DUCATION -INISTERS PROMOTING EDUCATION FOR ALL PARTICULARLY IN CRISIS POST CONm ICT AND DIFl CULT CIRCUMSTANCES
#HALLENGES 4HERE ARE A FEW CHALLENGES THAT STILL CONFRONT OUR MEMBER COUNTRIES AND THE 3ECRETARIAT IN OUR EFFORTS TO MAINSTREAM THE GENDER AND PEACE PRIORITIES 7ITH GREAT OPTIMISM AND A SENSE OF PRIDE IN THE WORK OF OUR 4##S 0##S ) SHOULD MENTION THAT THE STORY IS NOT ALL GLOOM 4HERE ARE SEVERAL REPORTS OF EXCELLENT PERFORMANCE BY CONTINGENTS IN MANY PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS (OWEVER DESPITE EFFORTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS MORE WORK REMAINS TO BE DONE )N ORDER TO IMPROVE IN OUR EFFORTS AND INTERVENTIONS SEVERAL CHALLENGES MUST BE ADDRESSED 3OME OF THESE INCLUDE ß 0ERSISTENT LACK OF ACCESS TO WOMEN S PARTICIPATION AND REPRESENTATION IN ALL PROCESSES ß 5NWILLINGNESS TO EXERCISE THE NECESSARY POLITICAL WILL BY STATE AND NON STATE ACTORS TO IMPLEMENT AGREED COMMITMENTS AND FRAMEWORKS ß ,ACK OF RESOURCES BOTH HUMAN AND l NANCIAL n FOR EXAMPLE NEED TO ENHANCE WOMEN S CAPACITIES AND SKILLS TO ENGAGE IN THESE PROCESSES ß ,ACK OF DISAGGREGATED DATA TO INFORM INTERVENTIONS n FOR EXAMPLE CASES OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE GOING UNREPORTED AND
"UILDING SYNERGIES AND STRENGTHENING PARTNERSHIPS )N TANDEM WITH THE INTEGRATED APPROACH WE CONTINUE TO IMPROVE PARTNERSHIP EFFORTS TO ENSURE HOLISTIC MULTI SECTORAL AND TARGETED STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE EFl CIENCY )N CARRYING OUT THESE EFFORTS WE HAVE RECORDED SOME ACHIEVEMENTS ALTHOUGH PROGRESS REMAINS SLOW AND MINIMAL (OWEVER WE REMAIN COMMITTED THAT EQUAL PARTICIPATION AND REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN MEN AND YOUNG PEOPLE IS AN ESSENTIAL PANACEA TO ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE PEACE GLOBALLY
7ORKING IN PARTNERSHIP !S A FOLLOW UP TO THE 0OLICY $IALOGUE AND IN THE SPIRIT OF @/NE 5. AS RECOMMENDED BY THE (IGH ,EVEL 0ANEL ON 3YSTEM 7IDE #OHERENCE THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT IN COLLABORATION WITH THE 5NITED .ATIONS ORGANISED THE l RST EVER @0OLICY AND )MPLEMENTATION $IALOGUE WITH 7OMEN S #ONSTITUENCIES 4##S AND 0##S IN &EBRUARY 4SHWANE 3OUTH !FRICA TO REVIEW AND RECOMMEND WAYS TO IMPROVE PEACEKEEPING WITHIN MEMBER COUNTRIES AND ENSURE EFFECTIVE GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN POST CONm ICT SITUATIONS
ß /VERBURDEN OF WORK INCLUDING UNPAID WORK WHICH IS FURTHER EXACERBATED IN POST CONm ICT SITUATIONS AND DENIES WOMEN THE OPPORTUNITY AND TIME TO PARTICIPATE
5NDERSTANDING AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION IS IMPERATIVE AS WE GRAPPLE WITH DIFl CULT CHALLENGES THAT CONTINUE TO CONFRONT PEACEKEEPING INTERVENTIONS
$EVELOPMENT OF TOOLS AND RESOURCES INCLUDING DOCUMENTING GOOD PRACTICES !S PART OF OUR EFFORTS TO INSTITUTIONALISE MECHANISMS AND INTERVENTION STRATEGIES INCLUDING @GOOD PRACTICE WE RECENTLY PUBLISHED 'ENDER -AINSTREAMING IN #ONm ICT 4RANSFORMATION "UILDING 3USTAINABLE 0EACE AN ADVOCACY CAPACITY BUILDING AND POLICY TOOL WITH REVIEWS ON COMMITMENTS THEIR IMPACT GAPS AND PROGRESS HIGHLIGHTING NATIONAL LEVEL PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION AND EXAMPLES OF GOOD PRACTICE WHICH MAY BE REPLICABLE 2ECENT FEEDBACK HAS SHOWN THIS RESOURCE TO BE USEFUL AND THERE HAVE BEEN REQUESTS FROM A GROUP OF NON #OMMONWEALTH PRACTITIONERS IN !SIA REQUESTING TRANSLATION IN THEIR LOCAL LANGUAGE TO FACILITATE USAGE AND INFORMATION SHARING AMONG LOCAL PRACTITIONERS &URTHERMORE BECAUSE WE RECOGNISE THE CRITICAL IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION AS A POWERFUL TOOL TO CHANGE MINDSETS AS WELL AS THE FACT THAT PREVENTING CONm ICTS IS MUCH MORE EFFECTIVE THAN POST CONm ICT RECONSTRUCTION WE CONTINUE TO PUSH FOR PEACE EDUCATION CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION IN CONm ICT AND DIFl CULT CIRCUMSTANCES )N THIS REGARD TWO IMPORTANT INITIATIVES HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT BY THE #OMMONWEALTH 4HESE ARE ß $EVELOPMENT OF CITIZENSHIP FRAMEWORK FOR 3OUTH !FRICA AND SIMILARLY FOR 3IERRA ,EONE AND ß 4HE -OMBASA $ECLARATION BY #OMMONWEALTH !FRICAN
3UCH UNDERSTANDING AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION IS IMPERATIVE PARTICULARLY AS WE GRAPPLE WITH DIFl CULT ISSUES SUCH AS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS INCLUDING SEXUAL ABUSE WITH IMPUNITY LACK OF ACCESS FOR WOMEN S CONTRIBUTION TO PEACEBUILDING INCLUDING THEIR MANDATE TO PROTECT AND SECURE THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN MEN AND CHILDREN AND OTHER CHALLENGES THAT CONTINUE TO CONFRONT PEACEKEEPING INTERVENTIONS )T IS ALSO A FOLLOW UP TO THE 0OLICY $IALOGUE ORGANISED BY THE $EPARTMENT OF 0EACEKEEPING /PERATIONS IN -ARCH FOR 4##S 0##S )N RESPONSE TO THE CALL FOR @INTEGRATED RESPONSES IT IS A TESTAMENT TO OUR COMMITMENT TO BUILDING SYNERGIES STRENGTHENING PARTNERSHIPS ESSENTIAL FOR THE PROMOTION OF GENDER EQUALITY AND LASTING PEACE FOR ALL OUR PEOPLES !GAINST THIS BACKGROUND AND IN THE SPIRIT OF @COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY ) WOULD LIKE TO MAKE THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONS WHICH ARE BY NO MEANS EXHAUSTIVE
2ECOMMENDATIONS /VERALL OUR INTERVENTIONS NEED TO BE BETTER COORDINATED AND ESSENTIAL DISAGGREGATED DATA DEVELOPED TO
5GANDA .OVEMBER
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
ENSURE EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF 2ESOLUTION AND PROMOTE WOMEN S INVOLVEMENT IN PEACE AND CONmICT PROCESSES 2ESOURCE MOBILISATION /NE OF THE OUTCOMES OF THE MEETING ORGANISED AT 7ILTON 0ARK AS MENTIONED ABOVE IS THE CONTINUING LACK OF RESOURCES FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION AT ALL LEVELS )N ADDITION MANY WOMEN SHOULD BE APPOINTED TO PARTICIPATE AND BE REPRESENTED PARTICULARLY AT PEACE NEGOTIATION TABLES 4RUST FUND )N THE LIGHT OF THE LACK OF RESOURCES MEMBER STATES ARE URGED TO CONSIDER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A TRUST FUND TO COVER INTERVENTIONS PROMPTLY 4HIS IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY TO BETTER MAINSTREAMING AS THE /FlCE OF THE 3PECIAL !DVISER ON 'ENDER )SSUES AND !DVANCEMENT OF 7OMEN AND THE DEPARTMENT OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FACES THE CHALLENGE OF INADEQUATE RESOURCES TO EFFECT PROGRAMMES AND DEPLOY STAFF
-EMBER STATES SHOULD PUT INTO PLACE PRACTICAL MONITORING AND EVALUATION TOOLS INCLUDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDICATORS TO MEASURE PROGRESS -ONITORING AND EVALUATION 4O PROMOTE EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF 2ESOLUTION MEMBER STATES SHOULD PUT INTO PLACE PRACTICAL MONITORING AND EVALUATION TOOLS INCLUDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDICATORS TO MEASURE PROGRESS 4HIS CAN EASILY BE ACHIEVED PARTICULARLY WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL ACTION PLANS REQUESTED BY THE 3ECURITY #OUNCIL THROUGH THE 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL S REPORT IN ) ENCOURAGE MEMBER COUNTRIES TO DEVELOP ACTION PLANS TO PROMOTE 5.3#2
#ONCLUSION 4HE #OMMONWEALTH IS WELL PLACED TO CONTINUE STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACIES THROUGH ASSISTANCE IN ELECTIONS DRAFTING OF CONSTITUTIONS CAPACITY BUILDING INITIATIVES AND BROKERING STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS )N THE AREA OF MONITORING IT IS HOPED THAT THE 7ORKING 'ROUP ON 'ENDER 0EACE AND 3ECURITY WILL SERVE AS A MONITORING MECHANISM TO PROMOTE EFFECTIVE GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN PEACE AND CONmICT PROCESSES &OR US AT THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT GENDER EQUALITY IS THE FUNDAMENTAL PREMISE ON WHICH ANY ATTEMPT AT SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY AND PEACE CAN BE ACHIEVED AND 2ESOLUTION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT MECHANISMS TO ENSURE THIS )T NOT ONLY CALLS FOR EQUAL PARTICIPATION AND REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN AT ALL LEVELS OF PEACE AND CONmICT MANAGEMENT PROCESSES BUT INCLUDES DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES SUCH AS NATION BUILDING WHERE WE AT THE #OMMONWEALTH HAVE A COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE 4HROUGH THESE FRAMEWORKS WE HAVE THE RESPONSIBILITY TO ENSURE EQUAL AND BALANCED PARTICIPATION OF ALL CITIZENS 4HIS COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY CLEARLY OUTLINED
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
IN THE -ILLENNIUM /UTCOME DOCUMENT AS WELL AS THE DEMAND FOR LASTING PEACE AND EQUAL PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IS NON NEGOTIABLE 4O SECURE A FAIR EQUAL AND PEACEFUL #OMMONWEALTH AND BEYOND WE MUST DISCHARGE THIS RESPONSIBILITY
-RS &LORENCE -UGASHA ASSUMED HER DUTIES AS $EPUTY 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL OF THE #OMMONWEALTH ON ST -AY AND THUS BECAME THE SECOND WOMAN TO SERVE IN THAT CAPACITY IN THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT 3HE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR POLITICAL LEGAL CONSTITUTIONAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES AND YOUTH AFFAIRS )N ADDITION HER BRIEF ALSO COVERS lNANCE HUMAN RESOURCES AND OTHER ASPECTS OF #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT ADMINISTRATION 3HE HAS HAD A DISTINGUISHED CAREER SINCE IN THE 5GANDAN 0UBLIC 3ERVICE BEING APPOINTED IN .OVEMBER TO THE MOST SENIOR PUBLIC SERVICE POSITION IN THE 5GANDA 'OVERNMENT (EAD OF 0UBLIC 3ERVICE AND 3ECRETARY TO #ABINET IN THE /FlCE OF THE 0RESIDENT -RS -UGASHA HAS REPRESENTED 5GANDA AT A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL MEETINGS INCLUDING THE 5NITED .ATIONS &OURTH 7ORLD #ONFERENCE ON 7OMEN IN "EIJING AND THE #OMMONWEALTH SUMMITS IN %DINBURGH IN $URBAN IN AND #OOLUM IN 3HE HAS ALSO BEEN ASSOCIATED CLOSELY WITH THE #OMMONWEALTH !SSOCIATION FOR 0UBLIC !DMINISTRATION AND -ANAGEMENT AS A MEMBER OF THE "OARD OF $IRECTORS AND THE !FRICAN !SSOCIATION FOR 0UBLIC !DMINISTRATION AND -ANAGEMENT !!0!- AS AN %XECUTIVE -EMBER 4HE #OMMONWEALTH IS AN ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT STATES CONSULTING AND COOPERATING IN THE COMMON INTERESTS OF THEIR PEOPLES AND IN THE PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING AND WORLD PEACE 4HE #OMMONWEALTH S BILLION CITIZENS ABOUT PER CENT OF THE WORLD S POPULATION ARE DRAWN FROM THE BROADEST RANGE OF FAITHS RACES CULTURES AND TRADITIONS !MONG OTHER THINGS IT STRESSES THE NEED TO FOSTER INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY DEMOCRACY LIBERTY OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND EQUAL RIGHTS FOR ALL THE IMPORTANCE OF ERADICATING POVERTY IGNORANCE AND DISEASE AND IT OPPOSES ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION 4HE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT ESTABLISHED IN IS THE MAIN INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGENCY OF THE #OMMONWEALTH FACILITATING CONSULTATION AND COOPERATION AMONG MEMBER GOVERNMENTS AND COUNTRIES #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT -ARLBOROUGH (OUSE 0ALL -ALL ,ONDON 37 9 (8 5+ 4EL &AX %MAIL INFO COMMONWEALTH INT 7EBSITE WWW THECOMMONWEALTH ORG
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
3IR *OHN +APUTIN 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL OF THE !#0 'ROUP OF 3TATES
4HE CURRENT STATE OF THE $OHA TRADE TALKS FROM THE ' PERSPECTIVE 4HE GROUPS OF ,EAST $EVELOPED #OUNTRIES ,$#S THE !FRICAN 5NION !5 AND THE !FRICA #ARIBBEAN AND 0ACIlC 3TATES !#0 COALESCE TO FORM THE ' 4HE !#0 IS THE LARGEST CONSTITUENCY WITHIN THE ' AND THE BULK OF THE #OMMONWEALTH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE MEMBERS OF THE ' TOO 4HESE COUNTRIES ARE CHARACTERISED AND MADE VULNERABLE BY THEIR LOW LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY AND SMALL SIZE )N SOME CASES THEY ARE ISLAND STATES OR LANDLOCKED AND SOME ARE IN CONmICT AND POST CONmICT SITUATIONS 4HEIR PARTICIPATION IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY IS HAMPERED BY THESE CONSTRAINING TRAITS (OWEVER THEY REPRESENT THE LARGEST PROPORTION IN THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE 74/ 4HE RECOGNITION OF THE STATUS OF THE COUNTRIES IN THE 'ROUP OF ' AND THE CRUCIAL STAGE OF THE 74/ NEGOTIATIONS IN THE $OHA 7ORK 0ROGRAMME $70 MAKES IT NECESSARY TO REMIND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY AND IN PARTICULAR THE MAJOR PLAYERS IN THE 74/ PROCESS OF THE IMPERATIVE TO RETAIN @DEVELOPMENT AS THE CENTRAL TENET OF NOT ONLY THE NEGOTIATIONS BUT THE OUTCOME AS WELL )N THE PREAMBLE TEXT OF THE !GREEMENT ESTABLISHING THE 74/ MEMBERS RECOGNISED THAT THEIR RELATIONS IN THE lELD OF TRADE AND ECONOMIC ENDEAVOUR SHOULD BE CONDUCTED WITH A VIEW TO RAISING STANDARDS OF LIVING ENSURING FULL EMPLOYMENT AND A LARGE AND STEADILY GROWING VOLUME OF REAL INCOME AND EFFECTIVE DEMAND %XPANDING PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN GOODS AND SERVICES WHILE ALLOWING FOR THE OPTIMAL USE OF THE WORLD S RESOURCES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MEMBERS SEEK BOTH TO PROTECT AND PRESERVE THE ENVIRONMENT AND TO ENHANCE THE MEANS FOR DOING SO IN A MANNER CONSISTENT WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE NEEDS AND CONCERNS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 4HEY FURTHER RECOGNISED THAT THERE IS NEED FOR POSITIVE EFFORTS DESIGNED TO ENSURE THAT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND ESPECIALLY THE LEAST DEVELOPED AMONG THEM SECURE A SHARE IN THE GROWTH IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMENSURATE WITH THE NEEDS OF THEIR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
4AKING DEVELOPMENT CONCERNS INTO ACCOUNT )NDEED THE $OHA -INISTERIAL $ECLARATION RECOGNISES THE NEED FOR ALL PEOPLES TO BENElT FROM THE INCREASED OPPORTUNITIES AND WELFARE GAINS THAT THE MULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEM GENERATES )T IS BECAUSE THE BULK OF 74/ MEMBERS ARE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THAT THE 74/ -INISTERIAL #ONFERENCE IN PLACED THEIR NEEDS AND INTERESTS AT THE HEART OF THE NEGOTIATIONS -ORE RECENTLY THE !#0 #OUNCIL OF -INISTERS AT ITS -AY SESSION IN "RUSSELS ADOPTED A 2ESOLUTION ON THE 74/ $OHA .EGOTIATIONS WHICH AMONG OTHER THINGS REITERATED THAT THE DEVELOPMENT FACET MUST BE INCLUDED IN ALL ASPECTS OF THE RESULTS OF THE $OHA 2OUND
4HERE IS NEED FOR POSITIVE EFFORTS DESIGNED TO ENSURE THAT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND ESPECIALLY THE LEAST DEVELOPED AMONG THEM SECURE A SHARE IN THE GROWTH IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 4HE -INISTERS AVERRED THAT THE CONTENT OF THE AGREEMENTS IS WHAT MATTERS IN THAT THE END RESULT SHOULD BE INCREASED TRADE AND POSITIVE TRADE BALANCE UPGRADING IN PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY CAPACITY AS WELL AS IMPROVED EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES OF THE PEOPLES OF THE !#0 STATES 4HESE SHOULD BE AMONG THE DEVELOPMENT YARDSTICKS BY WHICH MODALITIES AND TEXTS BEING NEGOTIATED HAVE TO BE ASSESSED )NDEED IT IS TRUE THAT THE ' IS CONCERNED BY THE INORDINATE DELAY IN CONCLUDING THE NEGOTIATIONS (OWEVER THE GROUP HAS REITERATED THAT CONTENT CANNOT BE SACRIlCED FOR TIMELINES )T IS MORE IMPORTANT TO GET THE AGREEMENTS RIGHT THAN TO MEET DEADLINES 4HEREFORE AGREEMENT ON MODALITIES FOR AGRICULTURE AND NON AGRICULTURE MARKET ACCESS .!-! WILL BE PREDICATED ON DEVELOPMENT CONCERNS BEING FULLY TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
)T IS THEREFORE DISHEARTENING THAT SOME OF THE MOST CRITICAL ISSUES FOR THE ' COUNTRIES HAVE PALED IN IMPORTANCE AND GAINED LOW PRIORITY DURING THE NEGOTIATION PROCESS &OR INSTANCE THE 3PECIAL AND $IFFERENTIAL 3 $ 4REATMENT AS WELL AS )MPLEMENTATION )SSUES AND #ONCERNS WHICH ARE RELATED TO THE PRESENT 74/ DISCIPLINES SHOULD HAVE BEEN IN THE FRONTLINE OF THE NEGOTIATION PROCESS WELL AHEAD OF OTHER ISSUES &OCUS INSTEAD IS PLACED ON MARKET ACCESS ISSUES IN .!-! AND AGRICULTURE WHILE ISSUES OF GREATER CONCERN TO MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SUCH AS COMMODITIES PREFERENCE EROSION COTTON TARIFF ESCALATION 'REEN "OX SUBSIDIES NET FOOD IMPORTING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAVE BEEN GIVEN LESS ATTENTION
"ALANCE BETWEEN OBLIGATIONS AND BENEl TS 4HE ' HAS REPEATEDLY ENUNCIATED A KEY PRINCIPLE THAT SHOULD BE OBSERVED IN THE NEGOTIATIONS PROCESS NAMELY THAT THE LEVEL OF OBLIGATIONS MUST BE COMMENSURATE WITH THE BENEl TS TO BE ACCRUED FROM THE l NAL RESULTS 4HE ' CANNOT BE EXPECTED TO UNDERTAKE OBLIGATIONS THAT RESULT IN COSTS OR LOSSES UNMITIGATED BY BENEl TS )NDEED THE 2OUND MUST NOT RESULT IN DE INDUSTRIALISATION OR IN IMPORT SURGES IN AGRICULTURE TO THE EXTENT OF ADVERSELY AFFECTING FOOD SECURITY FARMERS LIVELIHOODS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT 4HIS WOULD RUN COUNTER TO THE DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES OF THE 2OUND &URTHERMORE IT IS CONVENTIONAL KNOWLEDGE THAT MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE UNABLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF OPPORTUNITIES ARISING FROM INCREASED MARKET ACCESS DUE TO OTHER NON TARIFF BARRIERS AND LIMITED SUPPLY CAPACITY .UMEROUS STUDIES HAVE CONCLUDED THAT MOST DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WILL GAIN LITTLE OR NOTHING AND INDEED MANY WILL BE LOSERS IF EXISTING PROPOSALS PUT FORWARD BY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ARE ADOPTED %VEN IF ASSISTANCE IS PROVIDED TO BUILD THEIR SUPPLY CAPACITY IT WOULD TAKE A LONG TIME BEFORE THE POSITIVE EFFECTS ARE FELT 4HE ' SHOULD THEREFORE NOT BE ASKED TO UNDERTAKE OBLIGATIONS THAT RESULT IN COSTS AND LOSSES UNMITIGATED BY BENEl TS
$EVELOPMENT FACET MUST BE INCLUDED IN ALL ASPECTS OF THE RESULTS OF THE $OHA 2OUND )T CANNOT BE OVEREMPHASISED THAT FOR THE $OHA 2OUND TO BE SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE CONCERNS AND ISSUES THAT MATTER TO A MAJORITY OF WEAK DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE DEALT WITH IN A SATISFACTORY MANNER AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT INTERESTS SERIOUSLY ADDRESSED
&ULL BUT NOT PARTIAL MODALITIES 4HE @SINGLE UNDERTAKING PRINCIPLE IN TAKING COMMITMENTS OF THE OUTCOME OF THE NEGOTIATIONS MAKES IT IMPERATIVE THAT ALL ISSUES THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO MEMBERS MUST BE CONSIDERED IN A BALANCED AND EQUITABLE MANNER 4HE MODALITIES AND SOLUTIONS FOR ALL ISSUES THEREFORE HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED AND SETTLED SIMULTANEOUSLY 4HE ' DEEMS IT UNFAIR TO CATEGORISE SOME @CORE ISSUES FOR EARLY TREATMENT AND RELEGATE @OTHER ISSUES TO BE SETTLED LATER &OR WHAT MAY BE A @CORE ISSUE FOR ONE 74/ MEMBER MAY WELL BE AN @OTHER ISSUE FOR ANOTHER MEMBER &URTHERMORE THERE ARE FEARS THAT THE @OTHER ISSUES RUN THE RISK OF BEING LEFT ASIDE ALTOGETHER AFTER THE SO CALLED @CORE ISSUES ARE SETTLED )T IS RECALLED FOR INSTANCE THAT 3 $ AND )MPLEMENTATION ISSUES WERE ONCE CONSIDERED PRIORITY ISSUES BUT AFTER THE #ANCUN -INISTERIAL THEY WERE NOT INCLUDED IN THE SO CALLED FOUR KEY ISSUES TO RESOLVE 4HEREFORE THEY HAVE FALLEN ASIDE DESPITE STATEMENTS THAT THEY ARE EQUALLY IMPORTANT ,IKEWISE THE ' WOULD NOT ACCEPT THAT PARTIAL MODALITIES BE l NALISED WHERE ONLY SOME ISSUES ARE INCLUDED WHILE EXCLUDING OTHERS !NY SETTLEMENT OF MODALITIES HAS TO INCORPORATE THE WHOLE RANGE OF ISSUES OF IMPORTANCE TO THE MEMBERSHIP 4O ECHO THE SENTIMENTS OF THE !#0 -INISTERS ISSUES THAT SHOULD BE TAKEN ON BOARD TO CONSTITUTE FULL MODALITIES INCLUDE 3 $ 4REATMENT )MPLEMENTATION )SSUES AND #ONCERNS DUTY FREE AND QUOTA FREE MARKET ACCESS FOR ,$#S SIMPLIl ED AND TRANSPARENT 2ULES OF /RIGIN SPECIAL CONCERNS OF 3MALL AND 6ULNERABLE %CONOMIES 36%S COMMODITIES TARIFF ESCALATION LONG STANDING PREFERENCES COTTON AND m EXIBILITIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN AGRICULTURE INCLUDING SPECIAL PRODUCTS AND
SPECIAL SAFEGUARD MECHANISM !LSO INCLUDED SHOULD BE SPECIAL TREATMENT FOR COUNTRIES WITH CEILING BINDINGS IN AGRICULTURE SPECIAL TREATMENT FOR ,$#S AND NET FOOD IMPORTING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES RELATING TO ELIMINATION OF EXPORT CREDITS OPERATIONALISATION OF THE @LESS THAN FULL RECIPROCITY PRINCIPLE ADEQUATE m EXIBILITIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN .!-! AND SPECIAL TREATMENT FOR COUNTRIES WITH LESS THAN PER CENT BOUND TARIFFS IN .!-! THE SO CALLED 0ARAGRAPH COUNTRIES 4HE ' REMAINS ENGAGED TO ENSURE THAT THESE ISSUES ARE GIVEN DUE CONSIDERATION
.UMEROUS STUDIES HAVE CONCLUDED THAT MOST DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WILL GAIN LITTLE OR NOTHING AND INDEED MANY WILL BE LOSERS IF EXISTING PROPOSALS PUT FORWARD BY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ARE ADOPTED 4HE PRINCIPLE OF LESS THAN FULL RECIPROCITY )T IS CRITICAL THAT THE NEGOTIATIONS AND THE OUTCOME ADHERE TO THE PRINCIPLE OF LESS THAN FULL RECIPROCITY WHICH IS ESTABLISHED IN THE $OHA $ECLARATION !T THE MINIMUM IT MEANS THAT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE TO UNDERTAKE FEWER OBLIGATIONS THAN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES FOR EXAMPLE AS MEASURED BY PERCENTAGE REDUCTION IN TARIFFS
5GANDA .OVEMBER
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
(OWEVER THIS PRINCIPLE HAS A MUCH DEEPER AND BROADER MEANING AS ELABORATED BY SEVERAL CLAUSES IN THE '!44 !GREEMENT 4HE PRINCIPLE GIVES THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO MAKE DECISIONS ON THEIR COMMITMENTS WHICH THEY CONSIDER CONSISTENT WITH THEIR lNANCIAL AND TRADE NEEDS AND ALSO THEIR LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT 4HEREFORE THE ' CANNOT BE EXPECTED TO MAKE COMMITMENTS INCONSISTENT WITH THEIR NEEDS PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES AND PROBLEMS
4RANSPARENT AND PARTICIPATORY PROCESS 7ITH REGARD TO THE NEGOTIATION PROCESS THE !#0 #OUNCIL OF -INISTERS HAVE REITERATED THE NEED FOR A @TRANSPARENT INCLUSIVE AND WITH A BOTTOM UP APPROACH 4HEY UNDERLINED THAT @MEMBERS SHOULD BE ACCORDED ADEQUATE TIME TO EXAMINE IN DETAIL THE PROPOSALS SUBMITTED BY OTHER 74/ MEMBERS AND #HAIRS OF THE NEGOTIATING BODIES WITH A VIEW TO CONSULTING THEIR RESPECTIVE AUTHORITIES AND TAKING INFORMED DECISION ON THESE PROPOSALS )N THIS CONTEXT IT IS NECESSARY TO REITERATE THE CENTRALITY OF THE PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPARENCY FULL PARTICIPATION OF ALL MEMBERS AND THE MULTILATERAL PROCESS 4HE VIEWS CONCERNS AND INTERESTS OF THE MAJORITY OF MEMBERS SHOULD BE FULLY TAKEN ON BOARD IN THE NEGOTIATIONS IN ORDER TO PROVIDE A FAIR AND ACCEPTABLE OUTCOME 4HE LEGITIMACY AND CREDIBILITY OF THE 74/ RESTS ON WHETHER THE PRINCIPLE OF AFFORDING ALL TRADING PARTNERS THE OPPORTUNITY TO PARTAKE IN MAKING THE RULES IS ADHERED TO )T CREATED A CREDIBILITY GAP TO HAVE SELECTED COUNTRIES LEAD THE PROCESS 7E HAVE WITNESSED AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH INVOLVING THE 'ROUP OF MAJOR PLAYERS "RAZIL %UROPEAN #OMMISSION )NDIA 5NITED 3TATES LATER EXPANDED TO 'ROUP OF ' PLUS !USTRALIA AND *APAN WHICH COMPLETELY FAILED TO DELIVER &OLLOWING THE RE IGNITION OF THE NEGOTIATIONS BY THE #HAIRS OF !GRICULTURE AND .!-! THE ' HAS COALESCED AGAIN AND INITIALLY ADDED TO ITS RANKS TWO MEMBERS !RGENTINA AND #ANADA )N ORDER TO APPEAR TO MAKE IT REPRESENTATIVE FOUR ADDITIONAL MEMBERS HAVE BEEN ADDED TO THE LIST n $OMINICAN 2EPUBLIC 36%S )NDONESIA ' *AMAICA !#0 AND 3OUTH !FRICA !LTHOUGH EXPECTED TO BE REPRESENTING CERTAIN INTEREST GROUPS WITHIN THE 74/ THESE MEMBERS DO NOT HAVE A MANDATE AND ARE PARTICIPATING IN THE PLURILATERAL PROCESS IN THEIR NATIONAL CAPACITIES 3UCH APPROACHES TEND TO CREATE SUSPICION AND AS STATED BEFORE THEY CALL INTO QUESTION THE LEGITIMACY AND CREDIBILITY OF THE SYSTEM )T GOES WITHOUT SAYING THAT THE MULTILATERAL PROCESS WITH FULL PARTICIPATION OF ALL MEMBERS IN DISCUSSIONS AND IN PREPARING THE DRAFTS AND lNAL TEXTS MUST BE CENTRAL 4HE MULTILATERAL SYSTEM CANNOT BE USED TO RUBBER STAMP AND LEGITIMISE THE DECISIONS MADE BY A FEW MEMBERS
2EACTION ON THE DRAFT MODALITIES TEXTS #ONCERNING !GRICULTURE GENERALLY THE !#0 'ROUP HAS NOTED THE NEW INPUTS IN THE DRAFT MODALITIES IN THIS SECTOR BUT WAS DISAPPOINTED BY THE LACK OF SPECIlCITY WITHIN PILLARS AND ACROSS PILLARS 7HILE REITERATING THE CALL FOR DOMESTIC SUPPORT AND EXPORT
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
COMPETITION TO BE TREATED MORE AMBITIOUSLY OF KEY CONCERN IS THE MARKET ACCESS PILLAR 3UBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENT IN MARKET ACCESS SHOULD BE ACHIEVED THROUGH TARIFF SIMPLIlCATION AND THE ELIMINATION OF TARIFF ESCALATION WHICH IMPEDE OR DENY MARKET ACCESS OPPORTUNITIES TO PRODUCTS OF EXPORT INTEREST TO !#0 STATES &URTHERMORE THE !#0 STATES WOULD EXPECT GREATER ATTENTION TO BE DIRECTED TOWARDS MARKET ACCESS ASPECTS THAT IMPACT ON DEVELOPMENT IN PARTICULAR IN RESPECT OF LONG STANDING PREFERENCES TARIFF ESCALATION COMMODITIES SPECIAL PRODUCTS AND THE SPECIAL SAFEGUARD MECHANISM 4HE ' PROPOSAL IS THAT TARIFF REDUCTION FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SHOULD ON AVERAGE NOT EXCEED PER CENT APPLIED ON A TIERED FORMULA APPROACH
4HE MULTILATERAL PROCESS WITH FULL PARTICIPATION OF ALL MEMBERS IN DISCUSSIONS AND IN PREPARING THE DRAFTS AND lNAL TEXTS MUST BE CENTRAL
4HE PROPOSAL IS TO TREAT THE !#0 STATES AS SMALL AND VULNERABLE ECONOMIES 36%S AND COUNTRIES WITH CEILING BINDINGS SPECIFYING THE NEED FOR THE INCLUSION OF OTHER !#0 MEMBERS IN THIS SPECIlC PROPOSAL 4HE TREATMENT OF SPECIAL PRODUCTS 30S SHOULD GUARANTEE ADEQUATE mEXIBILITY INCLUDING EXEMPTIONS FROM TARIFF REDUCTIONS FOR REALISING THE OBJECTIVES OF ACHIEVING FOOD SECURITY LIVELIHOOD SECURITY AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT NEEDS OF !#0 3TATES 30S SHOULD ALSO BE EXEMPTED FROM 4ARIFF 2ATE 1UOTAS 421S AND HAVE AUTOMATIC ACCESS TO THE 3PECIAL 3AFEGUARD -ECHANISM 33- )N ADDITION THE 33- MUST EFFECTIVELY ADDRESS TWO TRIGGERS NAMELY IMPORT SURGES AND PRICE DEPRESSIONS IN THE ' COUNTRIES !LL AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS SHOULD QUALIFY FOR THE MECHANISM AND THERE CERTAINLY SHOULD BE NO LINKAGE BETWEEN ACCESS TO THE 33- AND THE COMMITMENTS ON TARIFF REDUCTIONS ON PARTICULAR PRODUCTS /N LONG STANDING PREFERENCES THE ' HAS CATEGORICALLY STATED THAT IT WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO JOIN THE CONSENSUS ON A MODALITIES TEXT THAT DOES NOT ADDRESS IN A MEANINGFUL AND EFFECTIVE MANNER ITS CONCERNS REGARDING PREFERENCE EROSION 2EGRETTABLY ITS EXPECTATIONS HAVE NOT BEEN MET BY THE LATEST DRAFT MODALITIES TEXT SINCE NO CONCRETE PROPOSAL HAS BEEN MADE 4HE ' HAS ALSO MAINTAINED THAT TRADE RELATED SOLUTIONS ALONGSIDE NON TRADE RELATED ONES SUCH AS SUPPORT THROUGH AID FOR TRADE AT THE MULTILATERAL LEVEL ARE THE ONLY ACCEPTABLE SOLUTIONS /N COTTON THE ' STRESSES THE NEED TO SET UP A MECHANISM TO DEAL WITH THE LOSS OF REVENUE THAT COTTON PRODUCING !#0 COUNTRIES ARE FACING AS A RESULT OF DECLINING COTTON PRICES 7ITH REGARD TO COMMODITIES REAL PROGRESS IS NECESSARY IN ADDRESSING THE CRISIS OF INSTABILITY AND LONG TERM DECLINE
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
IN COMMODITY PRICES SO AS TO ATTAIN STABLE EQUITABLE AND REMUNERATIVE PRICES FOR THESE PRODUCTS #ONCERNING DOMESTIC SUPPORT THE ' !#0 'ROUP IS CALLING FOR EFFECTIVE REDUCTION IN THE LEVEL OF OVERALL TRADE DISTORTING SUPPORT IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES SIGNIlCANTLY BELOW CURRENT LEVELS
4HE ' STRESSES THE NEED TO SET UP A MECHANISM TO DEAL WITH THE LOSS OF REVENUE THAT COTTON PRODUCING !#0 COUNTRIES ARE FACING AS A RESULT OF DECLINING COTTON PRICES .!-! 4HE ' IS DISCONTENTED WITH FAILURE TO TAKE ON BOARD PROPOSALS THAT ADDRESS ITS CONCERNS IN LINE WITH THE DEVELOPMENT MANDATE OF THE $OHA 2OUND 4HE AGGRESSIVE -&. LIBERALISATION AND AMBITIOUS TARIFF CUTS IN .!-! WOULD RESULT IN SEVERE SECTORAL ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF REVENUE LOSSES AND SIGNIlCANT DIMINUTION OF POLICY SPACE NECESSARY FOR PROMOTING DOMESTIC INDUSTRIES 4HE PRINCIPLE OF @LESS THAN FULL RECIPROCITY IN REDUCTION COMMITMENTS SHOULD BE OBSERVED TO ENSURE TARIFF REDUCTIONS BY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE NOT DISPROPORTIONATE TO THOSE OF THE DEVELOPED ECONOMIES 4HE ' HAS BEEN CALLING FOR A MINIMUM YEAR IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD PROPOSED FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WITH A LONGER PERIOD FOR THOSE COUNTRIES FACING SPECIlC DIFlCULT CIRCUMSTANCES &URTHERMORE THE 0ARAGRAPH COUNTRIES SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO BIND UP TO PER CENT OF THEIR TARIFF LINES
)MPROVING RULES OF ORIGIN FOR THIS CATEGORY OF COUNTRIES IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE MULTILATERAL EFFORT OF THE .!-! MODALITIES 4HE ' IS CONCERNED ABOUT THE NON RECIPROCAL PREFERENCE EROSION ARISING FROM MOST FAVOURED NATION -&. LIBERALISATION WHICH ADVERSELY AFFECTS THEIR EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS 7HAT IS NEEDED IS A TRADE BASED SOLUTION COMBINED WITH OTHER ACCOMPANYING MEASURES SUCH AS COMPENSATORY AND ADJUSTMENT MECHANISMS
IN LIGHT OF THE DIFlCULT ECONOMIC REFORM PROCESS UNDER WAY IN MANY !#0 STATES 4HIS IS A SENSITIVE ISSUE FOR !#0 COUNTRIES AND REQUIRES A REASONABLE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD AND A BACK LOADING OF THE TARIFF DISMANTLEMENT 7ITH REGARD TO ,$#S THE !#0 'ROUP SAID THAT IMPROVING RULES OF ORIGIN FOR THIS CATEGORY OF COUNTRIES IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE MULTILATERAL EFFORT OF THE .!-! MODALITIES 4HE ,$# GROUP RECENTLY PUT FORWARD A PROPOSAL THAT COULD SERVE AS A CONCRETE BASIS FOR ADDRESSING THIS ISSUE THAT HAS NOT YET BEEN DISCUSSED SATISFACTORILY
!N UNCERTAIN FUTURE 4HIS PAPER HAS ATTEMPTED TO BRIEmY HIGHLIGHT THE ' S CURRENT POSITION IN RELATION TO THE INHERENT ISSUES UNDER $OHA TRADE TALKS 7HAT BECOMES OF THE GROUP S POSITION AFTER THIS IS DIFlCULT TO PROJECT 7HAT CAN BE SAID OTHERWISE IS THAT MANY ' COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE 74/ ARE IN UNCHARTED WATERS /NLY TIME WILL REVEAL THE lNAL OUTCOMES
3IR *OHN +APUTIN COMES FROM 0APUA .EW 'UINEA (E SERVED FOR YEARS IN THE COUNTRY S .ATIONAL 0ARLIAMENT AND AT DIFFERENT TIMES WAS THE -INISTER OF &OREIGN !FFAIRS &INANCE AND .ATIONAL 0LANNING AND $EVELOPMENT (E SERVED AS THE CO 0RESIDENT OF THE !#0 %5 0ARLIAMENTARY !SSEMBLY IN 3IR *OHN RECEIVED HIS EDUCATION IN 0.' !USTRALIA AND THE 5NITED 3TATES 4HE !#0 'ROUP OF 3TATES COMPRISES COUNTRIES FROM THE !FRICAN #ARIBBEAN AND 0ACIlC REGIONS 4HE MEMBER COUNTRIES EXCEPT #UBA ARE BOUND TO THE %5 THROUGH THE #OTONOU 0ARTNERSHIP !GREEMENT SIGNED IN 4HE !#0 'ROUP CELEBRATED ITS TH ANNIVERSARY ON *UNE AFTER IT WAS INAUGURATED IN 'EORGETOWN 'UYANA IN 4HE 'EORGETOWN !GREEMENT INSTITUTED AMONG OTHER THINGS TRADING ARRANGEMENTS WITH THE %5 AND A SECRETARIAT 4HE !#0 'ROUP AND %5 HAVE ENLARGED IN MEMBERSHIP SINCE THE S AND THE VARIOUS MULTILATERAL AGREEMENTS ADOPTED SINCE HAVE MIRRORED THEIR NEEDS AND WISHES AT DIFFERENT EPOCHS .ONETHELESS THE UNDERLYING GOAL OF ENHANCING STRATEGIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK REMAINS PARAMOUNT AMONG THE MEMBER COUNTRIES 3ECRETARIAT OF THE !#0 'ROUP OF 3TATES !VENUE 'EORGES (ENRI " "RUSSELS "ELGIUM 4EL &AX
5GANDA .OVEMBER
Joburg UDZ Investment surpasses the R2.Billion Mark Once again the investors in the Johannesburg UDZ have given their clear vote of confidence in the future of the “heart of the City of Gold” Johannesburg investors share the Johannesburg City Council’s vision of making Joburg a World Class City by 2030. They are highly enthusiastic about taking advantage of the opportunities presented by the UDZ tax incentive and the up-coming events leading to the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup. Revitalizing the Inner City is a key City priority hence the mobilization of the Inner City stakeholders around the agenda for the regeneration of this important economic hub. The revitalization of the distressed areas such as the Inner City of Johannesburg is of high priority to the entire Johannesburg City Council and me, thus the UDZ legislation has been very helpful in that regard. It has also assisted us to pursue the City of Johannesburg’s Vision of attaining the World Class African City status by 2030. So far, as a result of successful and intense promotion of the incentive, we have recorded about R2.5 billion worth of investment directly linked to the UDZ tax incentive. The private investors have welcomed the incentive and have demonstrated confidence in the Inner City by investing these billions of rand towards resuscitating the economy in this strategically important region of the City. A high number of refurbished buildings is located in the core Inner City, Braamfontein and Newtown. Braamfontein refurbishments are predominantly conversions from commercial use to residential primarily due to the township’s proximity to the Wits University and other tertiary institutions. The core Inner City, Braamfontein and in Newtown there is some large developments of commercial buildings such as the Turbine Square and Turbine Hall, the Mills, the Standard Bank Parkade, BHP Billiton nexpansion, South Point Management Services, the Brickfield Developments, etc. It is desirable to encourage further investment in commercial property and tourism facilities as well as the industrial sector, in order to meaningfully derive economic regeneration. Efforts are therefore afoot to pursue the large corporations to get on board. Abundant opportunities still exist in the traditionally marginal nodes where the UDZ pick up has been rather slow, they include Hillbrow, Berea, Yeoville, Bertrams, Doornfontein, Fordsburg, Belleview, etc. They are characterized by pockets of small residential properties and have been red-lined by the financial sector. Marketing drive depicting their positive attributes are in the pipeline. Investment by BEE and women investors has had a slow take up therefore the City is intensifying its efforts to attract investment from this important constituency. Currently the BEE investment on the City’s records amounts to about 10% of the cumulative total investment. The City has decided to measure the BEE contribution not only in absolute direct investment but also in respect of their participation in the value chain. The features of the incentive are as follows: · Construction, expansion or improvement of, or addition to an entire building; · Construction, extension or improvement of, or addition to at least a floor area of 1,000 sq metres; · The purchase of property or part thereof from developers under conditions that; i. 55% of purchase price is deemed to be the eligible cost in respect of newly constructed building or part thereof, ii. 30% of purchase price in respect of refurbished property or part thereof. · The buildings eligible for the incentive should have come into use by March 31 2009 The tax-deductible amounts or amortizations are computed follows: · In respect of a newly constructed building or a part thereof, the deduction amounts to 20% of investment in the 1st year, and 5% in each for the subsequent 16 years;
· For a refurbished building or a part thereof, the deduction is a 5-year straightline depreciation or 20% of the investment in each of the 5-year period upon completion of the development. The UDZ scheme creates an opportunity for entrepreneurs to share in the economic success by taking advantage of investment opportunities – thus delivering on our drive for a balanced and shared growth initiative. The city effectively increases investors profits with this more than generous tax incentive. The UDZ incentive gives us all an opportunity to create jobs, fight poverty and increase the prosperity of all. Since its introduction the UDZ incentive has been a great success: Well over 150 investments are now in the pipeline for R2.5 billion worth of investment. To date, over 100 projects have been completed at a total value of about R1. billion. · There are ongoing big opportunities for investors to take advantage of this scheme, given the sheer size of the Inner City and its many property segments. Everyone has room to share in this good news. · The economic boom shows no sign of abating, this is good news for investors, there is still room for more development . · The City economy continues to outperform the national growth rate, and the Inner City itself is the biggest employment centre in the country. Also Bear in mind that already, the Inner City offers over 200 000 jobs (more than most of the city’s other nodes combined!) and that the UDZ incentive can only accelerate these positive forces. The UDZ incentive allows for a number of socio-economic benefits, such as allowing private sector investors to reap huge economic spin-offs from public policy decisions… · Such as ensuring that inner city decline is reversed… · Such as promoting job creation in construction and the services sectors within the broader value chain of the property sector… · Such as diversifying the economy of the inner city … · Such as combining the skills of individual investors with the resources of institutional investors… · Such as kick-starting the process of increasing the inner city’s share of the residential property market while catering for a diverse clientele, and lastly… · Providing BEE investors a once-in-life-time opportunity to get a slice of Africa’s greatest city To stake your claim, contact: Lebo Ramoreboli Acting Program Manager Spatial Economic Development City of Johannesburg Tel. 011 358 3437 E-mail: lebor@joburg.org.za Or consult: www.joburg.org.za/udz
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
%DWIN ,AURENT (EAD OF )NTERNATIONAL 4RADE AND 2EGIONAL #O OPERATION #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT
4RADE FOR DEVELOPMENT A ROLE FOR THE #OMMONWEALTH )N TODAY S WORLD IT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT INTERNATIONAL TRADE CAN MAKE AN INDISPENSABLE CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMIC GROWTH WHICH PARTICULARLY WHEN EQUITABLE IS A MOST IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTOR TO REDUCING POVERTY AND ACHIEVING THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS -$'S 4O THIS END THE #OMMONWEALTH IS COMMITTED TO PROMOTING A DEVELOPMENT FRIENDLY GLOBAL TRADING SYSTEM THAT CREATES GREATER TRADING OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND ENSURES THAT THEY HAVE THE NECESSARY NATIONAL POLICIES DOMESTIC CAPACITY AND ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE TO ENABLE THEM TO BENElT FROM THESE OPPORTUNITIES 7ITH KEY PRINCIPLES INCLUDING THE FOSTERING OF PEACE AND SECURITY EQUAL RIGHTS AND THE ALLEVIATION OF POVERTY AND ITS MEMBERSHIP DOMINATED BY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IT IS NO WONDER THAT TRADE IS HIGH ON THE #OMMONWEALTH AGENDA 4HE LAST MEETING OF THE (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT HELD IN -ALTA IN CALLED ON THE 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL TO EXPLORE INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO STRENGTHEN INTRA #OMMONWEALTH DIALOGUE NETWORKING AND COLLABORATION ON TRADE AND ECONOMIC ISSUES 4HE 3ECRETARIAT HAS BEEN EXAMINING AND PURSUING POLICY OPTIONS THAT SEEK TO STRENGTHEN #OMMONWEALTH TRADE BY BUILDING ON EXISTING #OMMONWEALTH STRENGTHS AND LEVERAGING #OMMONWEALTH RESOURCES TO MEET THE TRADE CHALLENGES 4HE #OMMONWEALTH SUPPORTS PRO POOR POLICIES FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN MEMBER COUNTRIES AND THE 3ECRETARIAT PURSUES THIS OBJECTIVE IN TRADE VIA ITS PROGRAMMES TO ENHANCE THE ABILITY OF DEVELOPING MEMBER COUNTRIES PARTICULARLY ,$#S AND SMALL VULNERABLE STATES TO FUNCTION SATISFACTORILY IN FORMULATING AND IMPLEMENTING APPROPRIATE POLICIES AND EFFECTIVELY NEGOTIATING AT REGIONAL AND MULTI LATERAL LEVELS TO SECURE THEIR INTERESTS #OMMONWEALTH SUPPORT IN BUILDING CAPACITY FOR TRADE POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IS WIDELY APPRECIATED 4HE EIGHT ROUNDS OF MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS UNDER THE 'ENERAL !GREEMENT ON 4ARIFFS AND 4RADE '!44 PRIOR TO THE CURRENT 74/ $OHA ROUND THAT WAS LAUNCHED IN FOCUSED PRIMARILY THOUGH NOT EXCLUSIVELY ON REDUCING TARIFFS AND OTHER BARRIERS TO TRADE !S PROTECTION HAS FALLEN GLOBAL ATTENTION HAS
SHIFTED TO FOCUS ON TRADE CONSTRAINTS THAT LIE BEHIND THE BORDER !T THE SAME TIME THE RECENT EMERGENCE OF NEW HUGE MARKETS FOR AND SUPPLIERS OF GOODS AND SERVICES SUCH AS #HINA )NDIA AND "RAZIL IS DRAMATICALLY TRANSFORMING GLOBAL TRADE PATTERNS 4HIS DYNAMISM WILL BE ACCENTUATED BY THE CONTINUED INCREASE IN THE MOBILITY OF FACTORS OF PRODUCTION LABOUR AND ESPECIALLY CAPITAL FOR INVESTMENT 4HIS NEW TRADING ENVIRONMENT WILL OFFER OPPORTUNITIES BUT ALSO PRESENT CHALLENGES THAT REQUIRE INCREASED COOPERATION AMONG NATIONS AND IN PARTICULAR INCREASED SUPPORT FOR THOSE THAT ARE LEAST ABLE TO COPE 4HE TURN OF THE CENTURY SEEMED TO HERALD A NEW SENSE OF SHARED RESPONSIBILITY FOR GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND AN INCREASED WILLINGNESS TO ACT COLLECTIVELY TO SOLVE THEM 4HE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE -$'S THE LAUNCH OF THE $OHA 2OUND AND THE -ONTERREY #ONSENSUS WERE ALL CONCRETE EXPRESSIONS OF THIS COMMITMENT 4HE POLITICAL CLIMATE FOR THE MULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEM TO SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT SHOULD BE FAVOURABLE
#OMMONWEALTH STRENGTHS )N PURSUING ITS MANDATE THE #OMMONWEALTH HAS SEVERAL STRENGTHS n THOUGH IT MUST REMAIN AWARE OF ITS LIMITATIONS 4HE #OMMONWEALTH IS BOUND BY COMMON VALUES AND SIMILAR VIEWS ON MUCH OF THE UNDERLYING AIMS OF THE GLOBAL AGENDA n ALTHOUGH ITS MEMBERS POSITIONS ARE SUFlCIENTLY DIVERSE TO LIMIT THE SCOPE FOR CONVERGENCE ON SPECIlC NEGOTIATING ISSUES "UT ITS INDEPENDENT CHARACTER MAKES IT A UNIQUE FORUM FOR NON CONFRONTATIONAL DIALOGUE AND COMMUNICATION CHAMPIONING CONCERNS OF PRINCIPLE AND BUILDING CONSENSUS AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL 4HE @#OMMONWEALTH CULTURE OF AMICABLE PARTNERSHIP IS A DISTINCT ADVANTAGE )TS MEETINGS ARE CONDUCTED IN AN ATMOSPHERE OF COOPERATION AND WITH A SHARED SENSE OF COMMUNITY REmECTING COMMON TRADITIONS AND SHARED VALUES THAT PERMIT DEEPER EXPLORATION OF ISSUES !NOTHER ADVANTAGE IS THE #OMMONWEALTH S COMMENDABLE REPUTATION )T IS WIDELY RECOGNISED AS BEING IMPARTIAL AND NON IDEOLOGICAL )TS RESEARCH IS VIEWED AS INDEPENDENT AND OF HIGH QUALITY AND IT IS SEEN AS HAVING mEXIBILITY THAT IS LACKING IN SOME OF THE LARGER INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS 4HE #OMMONWEALTH ALSO HAS THE ADVANTAGE OF ITS COMMENDABLE TRACK
5GANDA .OVEMBER
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
RECORD OF 3OUTHn3OUTH COLLABORATION THAT PROVIDES AN EXCELLENT BASIS FOR EXPANDING AND BUILDING TRADING LINKS &INALLY THE #OMMONWEALTH CONTINUES TO ENJOY HIGH LEVEL ENGAGEMENT WITH ITS MEMBERS MOST IMPORTANTLY AT THE LEVEL OF HEADS OF GOVERNMENT
7HAT INITIATIVES IN TRADE CAN BE TAKEN BY THE #OMMONWEALTH
4HIS UNIQUE MIX OF CHARACTERISTICS AND STRENGTHS PERMITS THE #OMMONWEALTH TO SERVE AS A CATALYST FOR GENUINE ENGAGEMENT UNDERSTANDING AND PROGRESS AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
)NDIVIDUAL MEMBERS HAVE A WEALTH OF EXPERIENCE IN DEALING WITH TRADE POLICY CHALLENGES -ANY #OMMONWEALTH NATIONS ARE WORLD LEADERS IN SOME AREAS OF TRADE POLICY AND LESSONS FROM THEIR EXPERIENCE SHOULD BE SHARED AMONG OTHER MEMBERS &OR EXAMPLE
3UPPORTIVE ROLE IN TRADE NEGOTIATIONS
° 3INGAPORE A WORLD LEADER IN TRADE FACILITATION
)N RECENT YEARS THE #OMMONWEALTH HAS PROVIDED SUPPORT TO ITS MEMBERS IN MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS IN PARTICULAR THE $OHA AND %CONOMIC 0ARTNERSHIP !GREEMENT %0! NEGOTIATIONS "UT EVEN BEFORE THESE COME TO AN END PRIORITY WILL HAVE TO BE GIVEN TO IMPLEMENTING THE AGREEMENTS AND SUPPORTING THE EFFORTS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRY MEMBERS TO ACTUALLY BENElT FROM TRADING OPPORTUNITIES AS THE WORLD CONTINUES TO CHANGE NEW ECONOMIC GIANTS EMERGE AND REGIONAL AND BILATERAL TRADING ARRANGEMENTS PROLIFERATE 4HE #OMMONWEALTH CAN ASSIST ITS MEMBERS TO BENElCIALLY ADAPT TO THE CHANGING GLOBAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT BEYOND $OHA 4HE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT IS DISMAYED BY THE SLOW PACE OF THE $OHA NEGOTIATIONS 4HIS COULD IN PART BE DUE TO THE FACT THAT THEIR POLITICAL FOCUS HAS LARGELY CENTRED ON AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL TARIFFS WITH LITTLE ACTUAL PROGRESS ON OTHER IMPORTANT AREAS OF NEGOTIATIONS PARTICULARLY THOSE OF INTEREST TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ALTHOUGH SOME COMMENTATORS BELIEVE SOME PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE ON IMPORTANT ISSUES SUCH AS THE ,$# PACKAGE !WAY FROM THE MULTILATERAL LEVEL GIVEN THAT THE !FRICAN #ARIBBEAN AND 0ACIlC STATES !#0 CONSTITUTE A LARGE PROPORTION OF #OMMONWEALTH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES A KEY AREA OF FOCUS OF THE 3ECRETARIAT S INTERNATIONAL TRADE PROGRAMME HAS BEEN THE PROVISION OF SUPPORT TO ENHANCE THE !#0 REGIONS CAPACITIES TO SUCCESSFULLY NEGOTIATE %0!S WITH THE %5 THAT WILL CONTRIBUTE TO THEIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ALLEVIATION OF POVERTY
4HE TRADING SYSTEM BEYOND $OHA 4HE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM IS IN TRANSITION 7HATEVER THE OUTCOME OF THE CURRENT ROUND OF 74/ NEGOTIATIONS THE $OHA 2OUND AND WHENEVER IT CONCLUDES NATIONAL CONCERNS ARE SET TO SHIFT FROM MULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS TOWARDS NEW PRIORITIES 4HE PRINCIPAL FOCUS WILL NO LONGER BE SUPPORT FOR CAPACITY TO NEGOTIATE BUT RATHER BUILDING CAPACITY FOR TRADE (ENCE THE #OMMONWEALTH S TRADE ACTIVITIES MUST ANTICIPATE FUTURE TRADE POLICY ISSUES AND DEVELOP FORWARD LOOKING PLANS TO SUPPORT ITS MEMBERS 4HE #OMMONWEALTH IS ALSO CONVINCED THAT GREATER ECONOMIC COORDINATION AND COOPERATION AMONG MEMBERS IS ESSENTIAL AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS )N SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES IT NEEDS TO CRAFT A NEW ROLE FOR ITSELF IN CONNECTION WITH THESE IMPORTANT ISSUES OF THE FUTURE SO AS TO PROVIDE MAXIMUM SUPPORT TO ITS MEMBERS IN THEIR MANAGEMENT OF THESE GLOBAL CHALLENGES
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
%NGAGING MEMBERS TO EXCHANGE BEST PRACTICES IN TRADE POLICY
° -AURITIUS SUCCESSFULLY TRANSITIONING AWAY FROM A PREFERENCE DEPENDENT ECONOMY AND ESTABLISHING ITSELF AS A FREE TRADE ZONE ° !USTRALIA ACHIEVING PRODUCTION
WORLD
CLASS
AGRICULTURAL
° "OTSWANA CAPITALISING ON ITS NATURAL RESOURCES ° "AHAMAS ABLE TO INCREASE ITS INCOME PER CAPITA TO THE THIRD HIGHEST IN THE !MERICAS 3UCH VALUABLE EXPERTISE OF #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES NEEDS TO BE HARNESSED VIA BETTER EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION
%XPANDING INTRA #OMMONWEALTH TRADE AND DEEPENING LINKAGES 7ITH ONE QUARTER OF THE WORLD S GOVERNMENTS ONE THIRD OF THE WORLD S POPULATION AND ONE lFTH OF GLOBAL TRADE THE #OMMONWEALTH MEMBERS AS A GROUP CAN BE A MAJOR PLAYER IN GLOBAL TRADE )NTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN TRADE IS INCREASINGLY PREVALENT AND NOTWITHSTANDING THE SOMEWHAT UNCLEAR GAINS FROM TRADING BLOCS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR MULTILATERAL FREE TRADE 2EGIONAL 4RADING !GREEMENTS 24!S HAVE BECOME A PROMINENT FEATURE OF THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM 4HAT IS WITNESSED BY THE FACT THAT AS MANY AS TRADING BLOCS HAVE BEEN NOTIlED TO THE 74/ DURING !LMOST ALL #OMMONWEALTH NATIONS ARE MEMBERS OF AT LEAST ONE 24! AND MANY OF THEM HAVE SIGNED UP TO SEVERAL SUCH ARRANGEMENTS 4HE #OMMONWEALTH ITSELF HAS A COMMENDABLE TRACK RECORD OF .ORTHn3OUTH AND OF 3OUTHn3OUTH COLLABORATION THAT PROVIDES A SOUND BASIS FOR COOPERATION TARGETED SPECIlCALLY AT EXPANDING AND BUILDING INTER COUNTRY AND INTER REGIONAL TRADING LINKS 4HE CLEAR DESIRE AND SPIRIT OF COOPERATION AMONG MEMBERS ARE REmECTED IN NUMEROUS #OMMONWEALTH SPONSORED INITIATIVES IN BOTH REGIONAL AND MULTILATERAL FORUMS 4HE STRENGTHS ALLUDED TO ABOVE PLACE THE ORGANISATION IN A PRIVILEGED POSITION TO PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR FURTHERING THE ATTAINMENT OF THEIR GOALS OF EXPANDED TRADE AND THE IMPROVED WELFARE OF THEIR POPULATIONS THROUGH THE JOINT ACTION OF ITS MEMBERS &IRSTLY THE 3ECRETARIAT SHOULD UNDERTAKE AN IN DEPTH ANALYSIS OF INTRA #OMMONWEALTH TRADE STRUCTURES mOWS AND TRENDS EXAMINE THE CONSTRAINTS ON GROWTH AND ASSESS THE SCOPE AND THE PROSPECTS FOR INCREASED TRADE AMONG MEMBERS )T SHOULD PROVIDE CLEAR OBJECTIVE AND INFORMED GUIDANCE FOR POLICYMAKERS AS THEY SEEK TO ENHANCE DOMESTIC WELFARE AND THAT OF THE #OMMONWEALTH AS A WHOLE THROUGH EXPANDING INTRA #OMMONWEALTH TRADE AND DEEPENING LINKAGES AMONG COUNTRIES AND REGIONAL GROUPINGS
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
3ECONDLY THE 3ECRETARIAT SHOULD STUDY AND ADVISE ON CONCRETE POLICY AND OTHER MEASURES AIMED AT ADDRESSING THE INABILITY OF SEVERAL MEMBER STATES TO PRODUCE AND SUPPLY INTERNATIONALLY COMPETITIVE GOODS AND SERVICES HELP THEM REDUCE THEIR COMMODITY DEPENDENCE AND IDENTIFY MEANS BY WHICH THEY COULD OBTAIN GREATER BENElTS FROM INTERNATIONAL TRADE n INCLUDING BY MOVING UP THE @VALUE CHAIN
4HE 3ECRETARIAT AS A @THOUGHT LEADER ON FORWARD LOOKING ISSUES 4HE #OMMONWEALTH HAS ALREADY ESTABLISHED A REPUTATION FOR HIGH QUALITY RESEARCH 5NLIKE MANY OTHER ORGANISATIONS THAT RELY EXCLUSIVELY ON IN HOUSE EXPERTISE THE #OMMONWEALTH COMBINES ITS OWN RESEARCH WITH THAT OF LEADING EXPERTS AND HAS CONSEQUENTLY COME TO BE RECOGNISED AS A @RESPECTED MESSENGER 4HE 3ECRETARIAT NEEDS TO ENSURE THAT ITS RESEARCH CONTINUES TO BE TIMELY AND FORWARD LOOKING 4HE CHALLENGE FOR #OMMONWEALTH RESEARCH IS TO IDENTIFY ISSUES ON THE HORIZON OF TRADE POLICY AND PROVIDE BETTER DISSEMINATION AMONG MEMBERS AND THEIR REPRESENTATIVES OF THE lNDINGS OF PRACTICAL ANALYTICAL RESEARCH BEFORE POSITIONS HAVE BECOME ENTRENCHED OR NEGOTIATIONS HAVE MOVED ON
4HE 3ECRETARIAT NEEDS TO PROMOTE THE TRANSLATION OF POLITICAL WILL INTO MOVEMENT AMONG NEGOTIATORS 4HE 6ALETTA 3TATEMENT AGREED AT THE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS MEETING IN -ALTA IN WAS A DETAILED VISIONARY AND WIDE RANGING DOCUMENT THAT DEMONSTRATED THE POLITICAL WILL AND POLITICAL CONVERGENCE OF #OMMONWEALTH MEMBERS WHICH INCLUDED A LARGE AND DIVERSE SUB POPULATION OF 74/ MEMBERS 9ET SUCH STATEMENTS THOUGH DEMONSTRATING POLITICAL WILL AT THE LEVEL OF (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT ARE NOT AUTOMATICALLY REmECTED IN THE NEGOTIATIONS 4HE CHALLENGE FOR THE #OMMONWEALTH IS TO CONTINUE TO GENERATE POLITICAL CONVERGENCE THAT TRANSLATES TO MOVEMENT AMONG ACTORS IN THE TRADE POLICY ARENA n PARTICULARLY TRADE MINISTERS AND TRADE NEGOTIATORS &OR THIS CONCRETE MECHANISMS ARE REQUIRED THAT WILL INVOLVE AND ENGAGE BROADER AUDIENCES INCLUDING .'/S THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND #OMMONWEALTH CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS
4HE 3ECRETARIAT SHOULD PROMOTE CONSENSUS AND ENGAGEMENT AT ALL LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT AND CIVIL SOCIETY 4HE #OMMONWEALTH ALREADY HAS CONSIDERABLE ENGAGEMENT WITH THE PRIVATE SECTOR THROUGH ITS #OMMONWEALTH "USINESS #OUNCIL WHICH CONDUCTS A WIDE RANGE OF SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMMES AT THE INTERFACE OF PUBLIC POLICY AND PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATIVE )T IS ALSO USEFUL TO EXPLORE NEW WAYS OF INCREASING THE mOW OF MARKET OPPORTUNITY INFORMATION BETWEEN lRMS 4HE EXPANSION OF ELECTRONIC INFORMATION HAS MASSIVELY INCREASED THE VOLUME OF BUSINESS INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON THE WEB VIA NEWSWIRES AND OTHER SERVICES 4HE #OMMONWEALTH AND OTHERS COULD PACKAGE THIS INFORMATION AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO lRMS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS TRADE PROMOTION AUTHORITIES AND INVESTMENT PROMOTION AUTHORITIES ! DATABASE OF @INVESTOR LEADS COULD ALSO
BE COMPILED THAT WOULD CONTAIN INFORMATION ABOUT lRMS THAT HAVE DECIDED TO INVEST ABROAD BUT HAVE NOT YET CHOSEN WHERE TO DO SO 0OTENTIALLY THE MOST SIGNIlCANT CHANGE TO THE INSTITUTIONAL LANDSCAPE OF THE TRADING SYSTEM SINCE THE 5RUGUAY 2OUND AND THE CREATION OF THE 74/ HAS BEEN THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS .'/S 4HERE CAN BE NO DOUBTING THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ROLE OF .'/S AND CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS ON THE CONDUCT AND OVERSIGHT OF TRADE POLICY .'/S LIKE THE MEDIA HAVE BECOME POWERFUL AFFECT AND INmUENCE THE NEGOTIATIONS BY MUSTERING PUBLIC SUPPORT BEHIND THEIR CAMPAIGNS AND LOBBYING GOVERNMENTS
#ONCLUSION 4HE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEM IS UNDERGOING A PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION THAT WILL CONTINUE AS THE ST CENTURY UNFOLDS $EVELOPMENTS IN THE RECENT DECADES HAVE MADE IT CLEAR THAT THE BEST OPTION FOR THE WORLD IS AN INCLUSIVE AND FAIR RULES BASED MULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEM THAT CAN SUPPORT UNIVERSAL ECONOMIC GROWTH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 'IVEN ITS CHARACTERISTICS AND STRENGTHS THE #OMMONWEALTH CAN MAKE A CATALYTIC BUT UNIQUE CONTRIBUTION TO THE ATTAINMENT OF THESE GOALS #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES CAN THROUGH THEIR JOINT ACTION PROMOTE CHANGE THAT CONFORMS TO THEIR SHARED VISION FOR A SYSTEM THAT IS FAIR EFFECTIVE AND ADVANCES THE DEVELOPMENT INTERESTS OF ALL "UT IF IT IS TO ACHIEVE ITS POTENTIAL THE #OMMONWEALTH MUST NOT SEEK TO REPLICATE OTHER INSTITUTIONS BUT INSTEAD FOCUS IN AN INNOVATIVE MANNER ON THOSE INTERVENTIONS AND AREAS IN WHICH IT HAS A COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
%DWIN ,AURENT /"% IS (EAD OF THE )NTERNATIONAL 4RADE AND 2EGIONAL #O OPERATION 3ECTION AT THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT (IS CAREER STARTED IN 3AINT ,UCIA BECOMING 0RINCIPAL !SSISTANT 3ECRETARY n -INISTRY OF &INANCE THEN 0ERMANENT 3ECRETARY OF THE -INISTRY OF 4RADE )NDUSTRY AND 4OURISM ,ATER HE HELD VARIOUS DIPLOMATIC POSTS INCLUDING !MBASSADOR TO THE 74/ %5 &RANCE 'ERMANY AND TO "ELGIUM BEFORE MOVING TO THE 3ECRETARIAT %DUCATED AT THE 5NIVERSITIES OF THE 7EST )NDIES -ANCHESTER AND THE *OHNS (OPKINS 5NIVERSITY 3CHOOL OF !DVANCED )NTERNATIONAL 3TUDIES -R ,AURENT HAS PUBLISHED ON A VARIETY OF TRADE POLICY ISSUES 4HE #OMMONWEALTH IS AN ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT STATES CONSULTING AND COOPERATING IN THE COMMON INTERESTS OF THEIR PEOPLES AND IN THE PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING AND WORLD PEACE 4HE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT ESTABLISHED IN IS ITS MAIN INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGENCY FACILITATING CONSULTATION AND CO OPERATION AMONG MEMBER GOVERNMENTS AND COUNTRIES #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT -ARLBOROUGH (OUSE 0ALL -ALL ,ONDON 37 9 (8 5+ 4EL \ &AX %MAIL INFO COMMONWEALTH INT 7EBSITE WWW THECOMMONWEALTH ORG
5GANDA .OVEMBER
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
!BDULLAHI 9 3HEHU $IRECTOR 'ENERAL ')!"!
2ECOVERING THE PROCEEDS OF CORRUPTION THE CHALLENGES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES #ORRUPTION IS ONE OF THE MAJOR CRIMES THAT GENERATE ILLICIT PROCEEDS 3OCIETIES AFFECTED BY THIS PROBLEM ARE ALSO FACED WITH THE TASK OF RECOVERING THE PROCEEDS OF CORRUPTION 4HIS PAPER EXAMINES THE BENEl TS OF ASSET RECOVERY AND THE CHALLENGES THAT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES MIGHT FACE IN THIS DIRECTION !SSET RECOVERY IS A BILATERAL AND LEGAL ISSUE BUT EMERGING PRACTICE PROVIDES A ROADMAP .EVERTHELESS STATES SEEKING TO RECOVER THEIR ASSETS MUST RE ESTABLISH RULE OF LAW TO PREVENT SUBSEQUENT THEFT BY POLITICAL LEADERS #ORRUPTION IS ROOTED IN HISTORY BUT ITS CONTEMPORARY MANIFESTATION MEANS DIFFERENT THINGS TO DIFFERENT SOCIETIES )N MOST DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CORRUPTION CONSTITUTES A MAJOR PROBLEM AND THIS REm ECTS A REAL ISSUE FOR ALL SOCIETIES BECAUSE OF ITS CROSSOVER IMPACT )T IS ESTIMATED THAT ABOUT 53 BILLION IS TAKEN OUT OF !FRICA ANNUALLY AMOUNTING TO A TOTAL OF 53 BILLION BEING HELD BY !FRICAN LEADERS OUTSIDE !FRICA
)NDEED NO SOCIETY IS IMMUNE TO THIS PROBLEM AND THE SEARCH FOR ITS REMEDY SHOULD ALSO REm ECT A GLOBAL CONCERN #ORRUPTION BENEl TS A FEW AND HARMS THE MAJORITY $ESPITE THIS CORRUPTION IS NOT UNIQUE OR PECULIAR TO ANY ONE SOCIETY )NDEED NO SOCIETY IS IMMUNE TO THIS PROBLEM AND THE SEARCH FOR ITS REMEDY SHOULD ALSO REm ECT A GLOBAL CONCERN 4HE COMPLEX NATURE OF CORRUPTION ESPECIALLY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GLOBAL APPROACHES TO THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF MONEY LAUNDERING MAKES THE RECOVERY OF THE PROCEEDS OF CORRUPTION A HUGE IF NOT DAUNTING TASK )N TRYING TO REMEDY THE BAD SITUATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THE RECOVERY AND RETURN OF STOLEN ASSETS IS NOT ONLY ATTRACTIVE BUT IMPERATIVE 4HIS PAPER EXAMINES THE BENEl TS OF RECOVERING THE PROCEEDS AS WELL AS THE CHALLENGES THEREOF AND CONCLUDES THAT A PRACTICAL
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
7HY ASSET RECOVERY 4HE DRAMATIC CASES OF CORRUPTION AND THE CIVIL SOCIETY PRESSURE ON GOVERNMENTS TO BRING CORRUPT OFl CIALS TO JUSTICE HAVE LED TO MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SEEKING TO RECOVER THEIR STOLEN ASSETS 4HE PHILOSOPHY BEHIND THIS IS THAT ASSET RECOVERY IS AN ECONOMIC INTERVENTION STRATEGY TO REMEDY GOVERNANCE PROBLEMS AS IT WOULD PROVIDE POLITICAL LEADERS WITH MORE RESOURCES FOR SOCIAL REFORMS AS WELL AS THE POSSIBILITY OF REMOVING NEGATIVE ROLE MODELS AND BRINGING CORRUPT OFl CIALS TO JUSTICE 3UCCESSFUL PROSECUTION AND CONl SCATION HAVE A DETERRENT EFFECT ON THE ACTIVITIES OF CRIMINALS 5NDER A CIVIL FORFEITURE APPROACH RECOVERY OPENS UP NEW ROUTES TO FOLLOWING AND CONl SCATING ASSETS THAT ARE BEYOND THE REACH OF THE CRIMINAL LAW AT THE SAME TIME AS PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS !N EMERGING BEST PRACTICE WHERE ASSETS ARE RETURNED TO STATE OWNERS WITH A LIBERTY FOR THE @WRONGFUL OWNERS TO APPEAL REPRESENTS AN APPROACH WITH POSITIVE RESULTS ESPECIALLY WHERE THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STATE IS TO RECOVER STOLEN ASSETS AND NOT NECESSARILY TO PUNISH THOSE WHO STOLE THE ASSETS
SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF TREASURY LOOTING LIES WITHIN THE STATES IN ORDER WORDS THE COMMITMENT OF THE POLITICAL LEADERSHIP TO RE ESTABLISH RULE OF LAW AND BUILD CAPACITY ON AN INCREMENTAL BASIS TO RESPOND TO THE CHALLENGES
4HE CHALLENGES (OWEVER ATTRACTIVE AND COMPELLING THE BENEl TS OF ASSET RECOVERY ARE THERE ARE NUMEROUS CHALLENGES FOR COUNTRIES SEEKING THE RECOVERY AND RETURN OF THEIR ASSETS -OST CASES OF CORRUPTION DO NOT CONSTITUTE A CONTINUING PROCESS OF RECYCLING THE PROCEEDS AS IN OTHER ORGANISED CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES !SSET RECOVERY IS A BILATERAL ISSUE SO THE CHALLENGES FOR RECOVERY THEREFORE
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
VARY ON A CASE BY CASE BASIS AND TO A LARGE EXTENT ON THE LEGAL ARRANGEMENTS AND POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE STATES INVOLVED 4HE lRST CHALLENGE IS WHAT LEGAL APPROACH TO ADOPT n CRIMINAL OR CIVIL RECOVERY ,EGISLATION WHICH PROVIDES FOR THE TRACING FREEZING SEIZING AND FORFEITURE OF FUNDS OR OTHER ASSETS THAT ARE DERIVED FROM THE PROCEEDS OF CORRUPTION IS A POWERFUL WEAPON BECAUSE THESE TARGET THE ESSENTIAL MOTIVATION OF CORRUPTION n ECONOMIC GAIN ,EGISLATIVE FRAMEWORKS OFTEN COMBINE ELEMENTS OF CRIMINAL LAW CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AND CIVIL OR ADMINISTRATIVE LAW WHICH CREATE OPTIONS mEXIBLE ENOUGH TO DEAL WITH A RANGE OF CORRUPTION SCENARIOS )F THERE IS SUFlCIENT EVIDENCE TO PROVE THAT CORRUPTION HAS OCCURRED AND THAT PARTICULAR ASSETS ARE DERIVED FROM IT FOR EXAMPLE IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO TARGET THE PROCEEDS EVEN WHERE IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO PROSECUTE OFFENDERS
-UTUAL ,EGAL !SSISTANCE 3OME NATIONAL FRAMEWORKS ALLOW FOR PROCEEDS TO BE TARGETED EITHER BY VICTIMS OR BY THE STATE IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS WHICH MAY CARRY A LOWER BURDEN OF PROOF THAN THOSE REQUIRED TO APPLY CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS AND PUNISHMENTS 4HUS -UTUAL ,EGAL !SSISTANCE -,! IS ONE OF THE MECHANISMS TO ASSIST DEVELOPING NATIONS IN THEIR RECOVERY EFFORTS
)N SHORT -,! HAS A MUCH STRENGTHENED CAPACITY THAN USUALLY RECOGNISED BECAUSE MOST INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS n SUCH AS THE 5. #ONVENTIONS n PROVIDE THAT STATES SHOULD PROVIDE THE WIDEST FORM OF -,! IN CRIMINAL MATTERS (OWEVER -,! HAS ITS OWN WEAKNESSES ! RECOGNISED PROCEDURE FOR THE RETURN OF CONlSCATED FUNDS TO THE @VICTIMISED STATE REMAINS TO BE ESTABLISHED &URTHERMORE THERE ARE MANY QUESTIONS SURROUNDING THE PROCEDURE FOR THE USE OF EVIDENCE OBTAINED BY THE REQUESTING STATE )N MOST CASES THE COSTS OF GATHERING THE EVIDENCE AND THE DIFlCULTY OF PROVING A CRIMINAL OFFENCE MEAN THAT IT IS NOT COST EFFECTIVE TO PURSUE A CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND PROCEEDINGS EVEN THOUGH THERE IS A STRONG SUSPICION OF CRIMINALITY )N THE -ARCOS CASE AS AN EXAMPLE IT TOOK THE 0HILIPPINE AUTHORITIES YEARS TO OBTAIN A COURT RULING REGARDING THE ILLICIT ORIGIN OF THE 53 MILLION IT CLAIMED IN AN -,! REQUEST TO 3WITZERLAND !LTHOUGH PROVIDING MORE AND MORE RESOURCES INCLUDING TRAINING AND FOSTERING MEANINGFUL INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AS WELL AS REVERSING BURDEN OF PROOF COULD BE HELPFUL THE NEED TO ESTABLISH A NEXUS BETWEEN ASSETS AND A SPECIlC OFFENCE WILL RESULT IN A VAST MAJORITY OF PROCEEDS OF CORRUPTION REMAINING BEYOND THE REACH OF THE LAW
2EQUESTS FOR -,! ARE AIMED AT FACILITATING COOPERATION AND EXPEDITIOUS ACTION ACROSS JURISDICTIONS IN INVESTIGATION OBTAINING OF EVIDENCE 4HE REQUEST MUST SPECIFY CLEARLY THE TYPE OF ASSISTANCE REQUIRED 4HERE IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REQUEST FOR EVIDENCE FOR PROSECUTION AND A FORMAL REQUEST FOR POLICE ASSISTANCE IN AN INVESTIGATION 4HESE COULD NOT BE FULLY ADDRESSED IN THIS PAPER FOR LACK OF SPACE
)T MAY BE POSSIBLE TO TARGET THE PROCEEDS EVEN WHERE IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO PROSECUTE OFFENDERS 4O BE ACTED UPON A -,! REQUEST MUST EMANATE FROM THE COURT EXERCISING CRIMINAL JURISDICTION IN SUCH MATTERS OR THE APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENT 4HE REQUEST MUST ALSO CONTAIN A SHORT STATEMENT OF THE OFFENCE THAT HAS BEEN COMMITTED OR UNDER WHICH THE ACCUSED IS BEING TRIED OR ON WHICH INVESTIGATION IS BEING CARRIED OUT AMONG OTHER THINGS 4HE ADVANTAGE OF -,! IS THAT IT IS RELATIVELY COST EFFECTIVE AS THE REQUESTED COUNTRY BEARS THE COST OF EXECUTION IN ITS JURISDICTION &URTHERMORE IT HAS THE POTENTIAL OF OVERCOMING THE DIFlCULTIES OBSTACLES RELATED TO BANK SECRECY )N OTHER WORDS IT REPRESENTS AN OBLIGATION THAT HAS TO BE IMPLEMENTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH DOMESTIC LAW -,! HAS THE PROMISE OF BEING EFFECTIVE IN SECURING ADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE NECESSARY IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS &URTHER -,! HAS THE ADDITIONAL ADVANTAGE IN THAT THERE IS NO COST FOR EMPLOYING ATTORNEYS TO PURSUE THE KIND OF ASSISTANCE REQUESTED
3OME COUNTRIES HAVE ENACTED LEGISLATION ALLOWING FOR CONlSCATION OF ASSETS IN THE POSSESSION OF A PUBLIC OFlCIAL WHICH CANNOT BE ACCOUNTED FOR AS HAVING COME FROM LEGITIMATE SOURCES #IVIL RECOVERY )N VIEW OF THESE CHALLENGES A POSSIBLE OPTION IS THE CIVIL RECOVERY 3OME COUNTRIES HAVE ENACTED LEGISLATION ALLOWING FOR CONlSCATION OF ASSETS IN THE POSSESSION OF A PUBLIC OFlCIAL WHICH CANNOT BE ACCOUNTED FOR AS HAVING COME FROM LEGITIMATE SOURCES OF PRE EXISTING WEALTH OR PRESENT LEGITIMATE INCOME ! LESS DRASTIC BUT SIMILAR POLICY IS TO IMPOSE AN ONUS TO ESTABLISH LAWFUL ORIGIN OR TO CREATE A REASONABLE DOUBT AS TO ILLICIT ORIGIN AN APPROACH TAKEN BY THE 5NITED .ATIONS #ONVENTION AGAINST 4RANSNATIONAL /RGANIZED #RIME AND MORE SPECIlCALLY THE #ORRUPTION #ONVENTION 7HERE ADEQUATE SAFEGUARDS ARE IN PLACE HOWEVER A REVERSAL OF ONUS OR PARTIAL REVERSAL OF ONUS REPRESENTS AN EFFECTIVE MEASURE #IVIL FORFEITURE IS INCREASINGLY GAINING GROUND IN THE RECOVERY OF THE PROCEEDS OF ILLICIT ENRICHMENT &OR EXAMPLE .EW 3OUTH 7ALES IN !USTRALIA HAS INTRODUCED A NEW CIVIL FORFEITURE REGIME WHICH IS DIRECTED AT PERSONS RATHER THAN ASSETS )N THIS CASE THE FORFEITURE TRIGGER IS PROOF TO THE CIVIL STANDARD THAT A PERSON WITHIN THE PAST SIX YEARS COMMITTED A SERIOUS OFFENCE I E AN OFFENCE THAT IS PUNISHABLE BY lVE YEARS IMPRISONMENT
5GANDA .OVEMBER
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
OR MORE "ASED ON SUCH lNDINGS THE ENTIRE PERSON S PROPERTY BECOMES LIABLE FOR FORFEITURE UNLESS THAT PERSON PROVES TO THE CIVIL STANDARD THAT SUCH PROPERTY WAS LAWFULLY ACQUIRED )N SUCH PROCEEDINGS THERE IS NO NEED TO PROVE THAT THE PROPERTY REPRESENTS THE PROCEEDS OF CRIMINAL CONDUCT 3OUTH !FRICA S 0REVENTION OF /RGANIZED #RIME !CT AND .IGERIA S #ORRUPT 0RACTICES AND /THER 2ELATED /FFENCES !CT BOTH ALLOW FOR THE CIVIL AND CRIMINAL RECOVERY OF ASSETS DERIVED FROM UNLAWFUL ACTIVITY INCLUDING CORRUPT PRACTICES 4HIS APPROACH COULD BE HELPFUL BECAUSE FREEZING ORDERS MAY BE EASIER TO OBTAIN IN CIVIL COURTS 3ECONDLY CIVIL PROCEEDINGS COULD RESULT IN MONETARY JUDGMENTS AGAINST THE ACCUSED 4HIS MAY HOWEVER BE A PROBLEM WHERE THE JUDGMENT RESULTS IN A CLAIM AGAINST THE STATE 4HIRDLY THERE IS RELATIVELY LOWER LEVEL OF PROOF WHICH MAKES IT CONVENIENT AND PERHAPS EASIER FOR THE PROSECUTION TO OBTAIN COOPERATION &OURTHLY AND MOST IMPORTANTLY WITH REGARD TO PROCEEDS OF ILLICIT ENRICHMENT CIVIL PROCEEDINGS HAVE A WIDER ARRAY OF POTENTIAL DEFENDANTS TO TARGET INCLUDING THE CORRUPT OFlCIAL AND THE INTERMEDIARY THROUGH WHICH THE PROCEEDS WERE LAUNDERED 4HE RATIONALE FOR CIVIL FORFEITURE INCLUDES BOTH REPARATIVE AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES NAMELY I TAKING AWAY FROM INDIVIDUALS WHAT DOES NOT BELONG TO THEM II OPENING UP NEW ROUTES TO FOLLOWING AND TRACKING ASSETS THAT ARE BEYOND THE REACH OF CRIMINAL LAW III UNDER THE CIVIL FORFEITURE APPROACH HUMAN RIGHTS CAN BE PROTECTED BY RETAINING THE ONUS OF PROOF ON THE STATE THE PROVISION OF CIVIL LEGAL AID AND POSSIBLE COMPENSATION (OWEVER THIS APPROACH MUST BE CAREFULLY APPLIED SO THAT IT DOES NOT PERVERT THE OBJECTIVES OF PROSECUTION AND CONVICTION WHERE THERE ARE CHANCES OF SECURING CONVICTION
$EVELOPMENT AGENCIES ARE MORE CONCERNED ABOUT REPUTATIONAL RISK RATHER THAN MAKING THE MAXIMUM IMPACT IN THEIR INTERVENTIONS )NTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS INCLUDING THE 5NITED .ATIONS AND !FRICA 5NION #ONVENTIONS AGAINST #ORRUPTION PRESENT OPTIONS FOR BOTH CRIMINAL AND CIVIL RECOVERY OF ASSETS 4HE PROVISIONS OF THE 5. #ONVENTION DEALING WITH ASSET RECOVERY BEGIN WITH THE STATEMENT THAT THE RETURN OF ASSETS IS A @FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF THE #ONVENTION 4HE SUBSTANTIVE PROVISIONS THEN SET OUT A SERIES OF MECHANISMS INCLUDING BOTH CIVIL AND CRIMINAL RECOVERY PROCEDURES WHEREBY ASSETS CAN BE TRACED FROZEN SEIZED FORFEITED AND RETURNED 4HUS IT IS POSSIBLE TO IMAGINE THAT FUNDS EMBEZZLED FROM THE STATE ARE RETURNED TO IT IF IT ESTABLISHES OWNERSHIP OR DAMAGES RECOGNISED BY THE REQUESTED STATE PARTY AS A BASIS FOR RETURN 4HE #ONVENTION ALSO PROVIDES MECHANISMS FOR DIRECT RECOVERY IN CIVIL OR OTHER PROCEEDINGS !RT 4HE CHALLENGE HOWEVER IS THAT BEFORE A CIVIL ACTION CAN
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
BE BROUGHT THERE MUST BE A CAUSE OF ACTION AND IN PRACTICE THIS IS NOT ALWAYS FEASIBLE 2ECENTLY THE 7ORLD "ANK IN COLLABORATION WITH THE 5./$# LAUNCHED AN !SSET 2ECOVERY )NITIATIVE AIMED AT SUPPORTING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO RECOVER THEIR STOLEN ASSETS 4HE MAIN THRUST OF THIS INITIATIVE LIES WITH THE STATES SEEKING TO RECOVER THEIR ASSETS BECAUSE THE INITIATIVE IS PREDICATED ON TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE WHILE THE REAL SOLUTION IS LARGELY IN THE STATES THEMSELVES -ORE THAN lFTY YEARS SINCE THE lRST #OMMONWEALTH INDEPENDENT STATE IN !FRICA STARTED RECEIVING TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE LITTLE IS ON THE GROUND AS A PROOF OF TURN AROUND OF THE COUNTRY THROUGH DEVELOPMENT AID ! FURTHER CHALLENGE IS WHY DID IT TAKE MULTILATERAL AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATIONS SUCH AS THE 7ORLD "ANK AND THE 5./$# SO LONG TO LAUNCH THIS INITIATIVE
4HE MOST EFFECTIVE STRATEGY FOR ASSET RECOVERY IS TO PREVENT THE THEFT OF THE ASSETS IN THE lRST INSTANCE 4HE 5. #ONVENTION AGAINST #ORRUPTION IS A PRODUCT OF CONSENSUS ORIGINATED FROM PRESSURE FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO HAVE SUCH AN INSTRUMENT (OW MANY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES HAVE BEEN PRESSURISED BY THESE INSTITUTIONS TO RATIFY THE #ONVENTION )N SHORT DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES ARE MORE CONCERNED ABOUT REPUTATIONAL RISK RATHER THAN MAKING THE MAXIMUM IMPACT IN THEIR INTERVENTIONS IN SUPPORT OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND THE ISSUE OF ASSET RECOVERY IS NO EXCEPTION )T SHOULD BE NOTED ALSO THAT THE FACT THAT A GOVERNMENT IS PURSUING THE RECOVERY OF THE PROCEEDS OF CORRUPTION FROM ITS PREDECESSOR DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN THAT THE CURRENT GOVERNMENT ITSELF MIGHT NOT BE CORRUPT /N THE OTHER HAND A CORRUPT GOVERNMENT MAY INTRODUCE ANTI CORRUPTION REFORMS EITHER FOR THE SAKE OF GARNERING SUPPORT OR TO COVER UP ITS OWN WRONGDOINGS &OR EXAMPLE THE LATE 'ENERAL 3ANI !BACHA OF .IGERIA HAS BEEN PORTRAYED AS ONE OF THE CORRUPT LEADERS IN !FRICA )RONICALLY IT WAS THE SAME !BACHA 'OVERNMENT THAT INTRODUCED MANY OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AGAINST CORRUPTION
4HE WAY FORWARD )N VIEW OF THE ABOVE CHALLENGES COUNTRIES SEEKING TO RECOVER THEIR STOLEN ASSETS MUST lRST OF ALL RE ESTABLISH A STRONG RULE OF LAW REGIME IN THEIR COUNTRIES )NDEED THE MOST EFFECTIVE STRATEGY FOR ASSET RECOVERY IS TO PREVENT THE THEFT OF THE ASSETS IN THE lRST INSTANCE 4HIS MIGHT TAKE QUITE SOME TIME CONSIDERING THE MYRIAD OF PROBLEMS IN SUCH COUNTRIES INCLUDING THE LACK OF RESOURCES )T WOULD BE ADVISABLE TO DEVELOP A .ATIONAL !SSET 2ECOVERY 3TRATEGY WHICH SHOULD CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING MAIN ELEMENTS ° )DENTIFY PRIORITIES AND SET TARGETS ON WHICH ASSETS TO BE PURSUED ° !LLOCATE AND CLARIFY RESPONSIBILITIES AND ENCOURAGE
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
PROACTIVE BEHAVIOUR BY THE VARIOUS AUTHORITIES INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS ° %NSURE THAT SYSTEMIC INCENTIVES FOSTER COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOURS AND JOINED UP DELIVERY TO ENHANCE ASSET IDENTIlCATION TRACKING AND RECOVERY ° )MPROVE COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION SHARING BETWEEN THE VARIOUS INSTITUTIONS ° 0ROMOTE COOPERATION WITH THE lNANCIAL SERVICES INDUSTRY BOTH WITHIN AND OUTSIDE A COUNTRY ° 0ROMOTE BEST PRACTICE AND THE SHARING OF EXPERIENCE ° -AXIMISE EFFECTIVE USE OF RESOURCES OUTSIDE THE PUBLIC SECTOR AND
)N PARALLEL TO THE RECOVERY EFFORT IT IS ESSENTIAL TO STRENGTHEN NATIONAL MECHANISMS DESIGNED TO PREVENT THE DIVERSION OF FUNDS THROUGH CORRUPT PRACTICES 4HIS WOULD NOT ONLY HELP TO PROTECT THE COUNTRY AND ITS PEOPLE FROM BEING VICTIMISED BY FUTURE GENERATIONS OF CORRUPT LEADERS OR HIGH LEVEL PUBLIC OFlCIALS BUT ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO THE CREDIBILITY OF THE RECOVERY EFFORT AND THEREBY GIVE ADDITIONAL LEGITIMACY TO THE REQUEST FOR INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE 3UCH MEASURES SHOULD INCLUDE ° 4HE STRENGTHENING OF ANTI CORRUPTION BODIES ° $EVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPREHENSIVE NATIONAL INTEGRITY STRATEGY AND ° %FFECTIVE MONITORING AND EVALUATION
° $ElNE CLEAR INDICATORS WITH SPECIlC BASELINES FOR MEASURING PROGRESS &URTHERMORE THERE IS THE NEED FOR TRANSPARENCY 4RANSPARENCY IN GOVERNMENT IS WIDELY VIEWED AS A NECESSARY CONDITION FOR EFFECTIVE CORRUPTION CONTROL AND MORE GENERALLY FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE ,ACK OF TRANSPARENCY IS LIKELY TO RESULT IN PUBLIC IGNORANCE WHEN IN FACT BROAD ENTHUSIASM AND PARTICIPATION ARE NEEDED
4RANSPARENCY IN GOVERNMENT IS WIDELY VIEWED AS A NECESSARY CONDITION FOR EFFECTIVE CORRUPTION CONTROL AND MORE GENERALLY FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE 4HE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION WILL GENERALLY BE A LONG TERM EFFORT AND IN MOST COUNTRIES IS LIKELY TO SPAN SUCCESSIVE POLITICAL ADMINISTRATIONS 4HAT MAKES IT CRITICAL FOR ANTI CORRUPTION EFFORTS TO REMAIN POLITICALLY NEUTRAL BOTH IN THE WAY THEY ARE ADMINISTERED AND IN THEIR GOALS 7HILE STRATEGIES SHOULD SET OUT CLEAR GOALS AND THE MEANS OF ACHIEVING THEM THE STRATEGIES AND THOSE CHARGED WITH THEIR IMPLEMENTATION SHOULD BE FLEXIBLE ENOUGH TO PERMIT ADAPTATIONS TO BE MADE BASED ON INFORMATION FROM THE PERIODIC PROGRESS ASSESSMENTS 4O ENCOURAGE AND FACILITATE VOLUNTARY RETURN OF STOLEN ASSETS STATES MAY CONSIDER THE @AMNESTY SOFT OPTION WHERE THE CORRUPT OFFICIAL AGREES TO RETURN A CERTAIN PERCENTAGE ON THE ASSURANCE OF NON PROSECUTION
$R !BDULLAHI 9 3HEHU IS $IRECTOR 'ENERAL OF 'ROUPE )NTER 'OUVERNEMENTAL D !CTION #ONTRE LE "LANCHIMENT D !RGENT EN !FRIQUE DE L OUEST )NTER 'OVERNMENTAL !CTION 'ROUP !GAINST -ONEY ,AUNDERING IN 7EST !FRICA ')!"! (E HOLDS A DOCTORATE DEGREE IN CRIMINOLOGY FROM THE 5NIVERSITY OF (ONG +ONG (E HAS A VAST LAW ENFORCEMENT EXPERIENCE HAVING COORDINATED LAW ENFORCEMENT EFFORTS AGAINST DRUGS ECONOMIC AND lNANCIAL CRIMES IN THE /FlCE OF THE (EAD OF 3TATE OF .IGERIA SINCE (E WAS 0ROGRAMME %XPERT !NTI #ORRUPTION AND -ONEY ,AUNDERING IN THE 5./$# IN 6IENNA $IRECTOR OF THE %CONOMIC AND &INANCIAL #RIMES #OMMISSION %&## 4RAINING AND 2ESEARCH )NSTITUTE IN !BUJA .IGERIA $R 3HEHU HAS WRITTEN AND PUBLISHED EXTENSIVELY ON CORRUPTION AND MONEY LAUNDERING INCLUDING HIS BOOK %CONOMIC AND &INANCIAL #RIMES IN .IGERIA 0OLICY )SSUES AND /PTIONS ')!"! WAS FORMED IN BY THE %CONOMIC #OMMUNITY OF 7EST !FRICAN 3TATES %#/7!3 WITH STATUTES ADOPTED IN 4HE OBJECTIVES ARE TO
° 0ROTECT THE NATIONAL ECONOMIES AND THE lNANCIAL AND BANKING SYSTEMS OF SIGNATORY STATES AGAINST THE PROCEEDS OF CRIME AND COMBAT THE lNANCING OF TERRORISM
° )MPROVE MEASURES AND INTENSIFY EFFORTS TO COMBAT THE PROCEEDS FROM CRIME
° 3TRENGTHEN COOPERATION AMONG MEMBERS ')!"! "0 $AKAR 0ONTY 4 $AKAR 3ENEGAL 4EL &AX %MAIL SECRETARIAT GIABA WESTAFRICA ORG 7EBSITE WWW GIABA WESTAFRICA ORG
5GANDA .OVEMBER
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
#HRIS -ORRIS 'ENERAL 3ECRETARY )0)%#!
6OLUNTARY SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY /IL AND GAS COMPANIES FACE INCREASING PRESSURE WORLDWIDE RELATED TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 3TAKEHOLDERS ARE INCREASINGLY DEMANDING CLEAR AND CONSISTENT DISCLOSURE FROM THE INDUSTRY ON HOW ITS MOST SIGNIlCANT RISKS AND ISSUES ARE BEING MANAGED 6OLUNTARY REPORTING HAS EMERGED AS ONE IMPORTANT TOOL IN THE WAY COMPANIES RESPOND TO THIS DEMAND )T HAS BEEN ARGUED THAT REPORTING CAN ENHANCE BUSINESS VALUE BY BUILDING INVESTOR CONlDENCE AND DEMONSTRATING RISK MANAGEMENT AND CAN IMPROVE INTERNAL COMPANY OPERATIONS BY INCREASING UNDERSTANDING OF THESE ISSUES AND AIDING DECISION MAKING &ROM AN EXTERNAL PERSPECTIVE REPORTING HELPS STRENGTHEN RELATIONSHIPS WITH STAKEHOLDERS AND PROVIDES A USEFUL ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISM FOR DISCLOSING COMMITMENTS AND COMMUNICATING PERFORMANCE 4HE GROWING INTEREST IN SUSTAINABILITY OR NON lNANCIAL INDICATOR REPORTING WHICH DERIVES BOTH FROM THIS PERCEPTION OF POTENTIAL BENElTS AS WELL AS THE NEED TO RESPOND TO STAKEHOLDER CONCERNS IS REmECTED IN THE EMERGENCE OF THE 'LOBAL 2EPORTING )NITIATIVE '2) 4HE '2) PROVIDES AN INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK THAT IS DESIGNED TO GIVE GENERIC GUIDANCE ON VOLUNTARY REPORTING APPLICABLE ACROSS DIFFERENT SECTORS 4HERE WAS A TIME WHEN PUBLIC REPORTING IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY MERELY MEANT INFORMING SHAREHOLDERS AND RELEVANT lNANCIAL REGULATORS ABOUT THE BALANCE SHEET 4HAT TIME IS LONG OVER !S THE WORLD AND ITS EXPECTATIONS HAVE MOVED ON SO HAS THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 4HAT IS WHY THE )NTERNATIONAL 0ETROLEUM )NDUSTRY %NVIRONMENTAL #ONSERVATION !SSOCIATION )0)%#! AND THE !MERICAN 0ETROLEUM )NSTITUTE !0) JOINED FORCES TO PRODUCE AN INDUSTRY GUIDE ON VOLUNTARY SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING 4HE GUIDANCE WAS LATER ENDORSED BY THE )NTERNATIONAL !SSOCIATION OF /IL 'AS 0RODUCERS /'0 4HIS EXTENSIVE PAGE DOCUMENT IS BASED IN PART ON INDUSTRY EXPERIENCE IN SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING THAT GOES BACK SEVERAL DECADES (AVING IDENTIlED AND MASTERED THE DISCIPLINES NEEDED TO REPORT ON THESE ISSUES IT WAS A NATURAL STEP TO EXTEND REPORTING STILL FURTHER TO INCLUDE SOCIAL TOPICS AND BROADER ECONOMIC ISSUES n COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE
@TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE 4HERE ARE SEVERAL SOUND REASONS FOR THIS ° #OMPANIES CAN ENHANCE THEIR VALUE BY BUILDING INVESTOR CONlDENCE AND DEMONSTRATING THAT THEY ARE MANAGING RISKS AND POSITIONING THEMSELVES TO ADDRESS EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES ° #OMPANIES ALSO IMPROVE THEIR INTERNAL OPERATIONS BY MAKING EMPLOYEES BETTER AWARE OF COMPANY PERFORMANCE AND USING THAT INFORMATION TO RAISE STANDARDS THROUGHOUT THE ORGANISATION ° $EMONSTRATING A COMMITMENT TO ENVIRONMENTALLY AND SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE PERFORMANCE STRENGTHENS RELATIONSHIPS WITH LOCAL COMMUNITIES ° 2EPORTING CAN ALSO SERVE AS AN IMPORTANT ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISM BY ESTABLISHING COMMITMENTS AND CREATING TRANSPARENCY ON THE CHALLENGES AND PROGRESS BEING MADE
4HERE WAS A TIME WHEN PUBLIC REPORTING IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY MERELY MEANT INFORMING SHAREHOLDERS AND RELEVANT lNANCIAL REGULATORS ABOUT THE BALANCE SHEET 4HAT TIME IS LONG OVER 4HE ISSUES THAT CORPORATE REPORTS COVER ARE COMPLEX INTERCONNECTED AND VARIED 4HEY REmECT MANY BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDUSTRY SUCH AS ITS GEOGRAPHIC AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY ITS ORGANISATIONAL COMPLEXITY AND THE BREADTH OF OIL COMPANY ACTIVITIES 4HESE ACTIVITIES NOT ONLY FALL WITHIN THE TYPICAL AREAS OF UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM AND CHEMICAL OPERATIONS BUT ALSO EXTEND INTO SECONDARY BUSINESSES NOT TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDUSTRY n SUCH AS COAL MINING POWER GENERATION NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS SPECIALITY CHEMICALS AND METALS PRODUCTION 'IVEN THIS DIVERSITY IT IS HARDLY SURPRISING THAT THE STYLE AND CONTENT OF REPORTING HAS BEEN SIMILARLY VARIED 4HE DIFFERENCES IN INDIVIDUAL COMPANY REPORTING ARE A SIGN OF THE INDUSTRY S DIVERSITY AND THUS OF ITS STRENGTH
5GANDA .OVEMBER
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
4HE )0)%#! !0) GUIDANCE DOCUMENT
(OWEVER THEY ALSO GIVE RISE TO CHALLENGES SUCH AS THE DIFlCULTY OF DRAWING COMPARISONS BETWEEN COMPANIES AND ASSESSING THE SECTOR S OVERALL PERFORMANCE ON KEY SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES ! MAJOR PART OF THIS IS THE PROBLEM OF DElNING AND USING APPROPRIATE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 4HE INDUSTRY n AS INDIVIDUAL COMPANIES AND TRADE ASSOCIATIONS n HAS THEREFORE WORKED TOGETHER IN AN EFFORT TO BRING CLARITY AND CONSENSUS ON THE NEED FOR CONSISTENT SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING 4HE /IL AND 'AS )NDUSTRY 'UIDANCE ON 6OLUNTARY 3USTAINABILITY 2EPORTING PROVIDES A GLOBALLY ENDORSED FRAMEWORK
4HE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY VOLUNTARY REPORTING GUIDANCE 4HE PREPARATION PROCESS TOOK TWO YEARS AND INVOLVED SIGNIlCANT CHALLENGES n NOT LEAST OF WHICH WAS GAINING CONSENSUS FROM THE COMPANIES PARTICIPATING IN THE PROJECT )NVOLVING SUCH A BROAD CROSS SECTION OF THE INDUSTRY WAS CRUCIAL TO THE OBJECTIVE WHICH WAS TO ENCOURAGE AS MANY COMPANIES AS POSSIBLE TO PUBLICISE THEIR SUSTAINABILITY EFFORTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS !LL PARTICIPANTS IN DRAFTING THE GUIDANCE DOCUMENT AGREED THAT TO BE EFFECTIVE SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY SHOULD ADDRESS THE DIVERSITY OF OPERATIONS AND UNIQUE ACTIVITIES OF THE SECTOR 4HEY ALSO AGREED ON THE FOLLOWING SET OF KEY PRINCIPLES ° 2ELEVANCE REPORTED INFORMATION SHOULD BE MEANINGFUL AND VALUABLE TO THE USER ° 4RANSPARENCY INFORMATION SHOULD BE CLEAR UNDERSTANDABLE FACTUAL AND COHERENT AND SHOULD ENABLE INDEPENDENT REVIEW 4HE PROCESSES PROCEDURES ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF REPORT PREPARATION SHOULD BE DISCLOSED ° #ONSISTENCY DISCLOSED INFORMATION SHOULD BE CAPABLE OF MEANINGFUL COMPARISON OVER TIME BOTH WITHIN AND BETWEEN COMPANIES ° #OMPLETENESS INFORMATION SHOULD BE COMPLETE WITH RESPECT TO THE OPERATIONAL BOUNDARIES OF THE REPORTING ORGANISATION ° !CCURACY INFORMATION SHOULD BE SUFlCIENTLY ACCURATE n THAT IS ENABLING USERS TO ASSESS ITS USEFULNESS RELIABILITY AND LIMITATIONS SO THAT THEY CAN UNDERSTAND ITS RELEVANCE WITH A REASONABLE LEVEL OF CONlDENCE
%QUALLY IMPORTANT ARE TIMELINESS AND THE METHODS USED FOR DISSEMINATING THE INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN A SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 4HESE AGREED PRINCIPLES IN TURN PROVIDED A FOUNDATION FOR DEVELOPING GENERAL REPORTING PRACTICES 4HEREFORE THE NEW )0)%#! !0) GUIDANCE DOCUMENT INCLUDES ADVICE ON DETERMINING THE SCOPE OF A REPORT AND ON SETTING OUT THE NATURE OF THE INFORMATION THAT IT MIGHT CONTAIN IN TERMS OF QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DATA
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
%QUALLY IMPORTANT ARE TIMELINESS AND THE METHODS USED FOR DISSEMINATING THE INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN A SUSTAINABILITY REPORT !S THIS DOCUMENT NOTES MANY COMPANIES ALSO ESTABLISH BASELINES TO MAINTAIN DATA CONSISTENCY AND CAN HELP TO PROVIDE A USEFUL CONTEXT FOR INDIVIDUAL COMPANY PERFORMANCE 3OME ORGANISATIONS MAY ALSO WANT TO DESCRIBE THEIR OPERATIONS IN TERMS OF SPECIlC IMPACT n ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL ECONOMIC OR A COMBINATION OF ANY TWO OR THREE )N THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES THE GUIDANCE DOCUMENT RECOMMENDS A BROADER DISCUSSION THAT ENCOMPASSES AN EXAMINATION OF EVERY ASPECT OF IMPACT n BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE 4YPICALLY AN OIL AND GAS COMPANY S SUSTAINABILITY REPORT CONSISTS OF AN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A COMPANY PROlLE AND SECTIONS ON REPORTING BOUNDARIES COMPANY POLICIES MAJOR PROGRAMME INITIATIVES AND PERFORMANCE INDICATORS /THER POSSIBLE ADDITIONS TO THE CONTENT COULD INCLUDE INFORMATION ON THE INTEGRATION OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS INTO OPERATIONS OPERATIONAL SECURITY lNES AND PENALTIES MAJOR MEDIA EVENTS AND OF COURSE VERIlCATION OF THE REPORT ITSELF 4HE )0)%#! !0) GUIDANCE DOCUMENT LOOKS AT CORE INDICATORS AND ADDITIONAL INDICATORS 4HE REPORT DIVIDES THESE INTO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ECONOMIC CATEGORIES 4HE CORE INDICATORS PROVIDED ARE TYPICALLY RELEVANT TO MOST OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY COMPANIES AS THEY REmECT THE FUNDAMENTAL ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN BY MOST COMPANIES IN THE SECTOR AND THEY RELATE TO ISSUES OF BOTH NATIONAL AND GLOBAL SIGNIlCANCE #ORE INDICATORS ARE SUFlCIENTLY MATURE IN THEIR USE AND REPRODUCIBILITY 4HE ADDITIONAL INDICATORS ARE TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH A SUBSET OF THE INDUSTRY (OWEVER THEY MAY BE OF
'OOD 'OVERNANCE 0EACE AND 0ROSPERITY
EQUAL OR GREATER IMPORTANCE FOR INDIVIDUAL COMPANIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR LOCATION ACTIVITIES OR RELATIONSHIPS WITH PARTICULAR STAKEHOLDERS 4HEY OFTEN REmECT LOCAL REGULATIONS OR LEGISLATION AND ARE GENERALLY RELATED TO ISSUES OF LOCAL OR REGIONAL SIGNIlCANCE 4HESE INDICATORS OFTEN REmECT LEADING OR EMERGING PRACTICE IN SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING AND ARE LIKELY TO BE LESS MATURE IN THEIR USE THAN CORE INDICATORS
4YPICALLY AN OIL AND GAS COMPANY S SUSTAINABILITY REPORT CONSISTS OF AN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A COMPANY PROlLE AND SECTIONS ON REPORTING BOUNDARIES COMPANY POLICIES MAJOR PROGRAMME INITIATIVES AND PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
BASELINE POSITION IN RELATION TO SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING THROUGH TO DEVELOPING THE GUIDANCE WHICH WILL HELP IMPROVE CONSISTENCY AND CREDIBILITY 9ET THE GUIDELINES ARE JUST A BEGINNING 4HEY ARE NOT STATIC NOR SET IN STONE 4HEY WILL EVOLVE AND DEVELOP IN THE LIGHT OF EXPERIENCE &OR THE INDUSTRY AS A WHOLE THEY PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK 4HE CHALLENGE AHEAD IS FOR INDIVIDUAL COMPANIES TO PUT THAT FRAMEWORK TO GOOD USE "Y PROMOTING BETTER REPORTING THE GUIDELINES WILL ALSO HELP STIMULATE BETTER QUALITY ENGAGEMENT WITH STAKEHOLDERS PROMOTING DIALOGUE AND PROVIDING A FOCUS FOR FEEDBACK ON HOW THE INDUSTRY CAN IMPROVE ITS PERFORMANCE 4HIS WILL ENABLE MORE INFORMED JUDGEMENTS TO BE MADE NOT ONLY ABOUT THE PERFORMANCE OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANISATIONS BUT ALSO ABOUT THE SUSTAINABILITY PERFORMANCE OF THE INDUSTRY AS A WHOLE
4HE INDUSTRY WORKING TOGETHER HAS PROGRESSED IN A RELATIVELY SHORT TIME FROM ASSESSING ITS BASELINE POSITION IN RELATION TO SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING THROUGH TO DEVELOPING THE GUIDANCE WHICH WILL HELP IMPROVE CONSISTENCY AND CREDIBILITY
&OR EVERY ONE OF THE INDICATORS A SIMPLE AND CONCISE DElNITION OF THE INDICATOR IS PROVIDED ITS SCOPE DESCRIBED AND ITS PURPOSE SUMMARISED &OR ALL QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS A REPORTING UNIT IS PROVIDED 7HERE ESTIMATION AND CALCULATION METHODS ARE REQUIRED GUIDANCE IS PROVIDED ON APPROPRIATE METHODS 7HERE NECESSARY OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ARE NOTED SUCH AS DIFFERENCES IN COMPANY ACTIVITIES OR PROGRAMMES THAT MIGHT HAVE A BEARING ON DElNING THE SCOPE OF AN INDICATOR !S OUTLINED IN THE GUIDANCE DOCUMENT FOR EACH INDICATOR THE AIM IS TO ° %STABLISH DATA AND THEN CONSISTENCY AND QUALITY ° !CCELERATE DATA COLLECTION ° #REATE OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BENCHMARKING ° $EMONSTRATE CONSISTENCY AND TRANSPARENCY IN PERFORMANCE REPORTING ° %NCOURAGE AND FACILITATE STAKEHOLDER FEEDBACK ENGAGEMENT AND DIALOGUE ° 5SE SUSTAINABILITY DATA TO IMPROVE BUSINESS PROCESSES STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS "Y RECOMMENDING A CONCISE SUITE OF PERFORMANCE INDICATORS THAT DRAW ON CURRENT PRACTICE BUT SIMPLIFY AND GROUP THEM BY THEME AND PRIORITY THE GUIDELINES PAVE THE WAY FOR INDUSTRY AND EXTERNAL OBSERVERS TO EXAMINE PERFORMANCE USING COMPARABLE DATA AND INFORMATION 4HIS WILL ENABLE CONSISTENT ASSESSMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL COMPANY S PERFORMANCE YEAR ON YEAR AS WELL AS REVIEWS OF CROSS COMPANY PERFORMANCE
4HE FUTURE 4HE GUIDELINES ARE A SIGNIlCANT DEMONSTRATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF SECTOR CONSISTENCY AND TRANSPARENCY IN ITS SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING 4HEIR VERY PREPARATION WAS A MAJOR EFFORT OF CROSS INDUSTRY COLLABORATION AND CONSENSUS BUILDING 4HE INDUSTRY WORKING TOGETHER HAS PROGRESSED IN A RELATIVELY SHORT TIME FROM ASSESSING ITS
#HRIS -ORRIS IS 'ENERAL 3ECRETARY OF )0)%#! "EFORE JOINING THE ASSOCIATION IN HE SPENT YEARS WITH 4EXACO WHERE HE ENJOYED MANAGERIAL AND LEADERSHIP ROLES IN THE INTERNATIONAL UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM AND GLOBAL BUSINESS SECTORS -R -ORRIS BEGAN HIS CAREER IN THE 2OYAL .AVY AND TRAINED AT THE $ARTMOUTH 2OYAL .AVAL #OLLEGE (E HOLDS A "! (ONS IN PSYCHOLOGY 4HE )NTERNATIONAL 0ETROLEUM )NDUSTRY %NVIRONMENTAL #ONSERVATION !SSOCIATION )0)%#! IS A MEMBERSHIP LED ORGANISATION COMPRISING INTERNATIONAL AS WELL AS NATIONAL OIL AND GAS COMPANIES FROM AROUND THE GLOBE )0)%#! WAS FOUNDED IN FOLLOWING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 5NITED .ATIONS %NVIRONMENT 0ROGRAMME 5.%0 )0)%#! IS THE SINGLE GLOBAL ASSOCIATION REPRESENTING BOTH THE UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY ON KEY GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES )0)%#! IS NOT A LOBBYING ORGANISATION BUT PROVIDES A FORUM FOR ENCOURAGING CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT OF INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE )0)%#! TH &LOOR "LACKFRIARS 2OAD ,ONDON 3% ., 5+ 4EL &AX %MAIL INFO IPIECA ORG 7EBSITE WWW IPIECA ORG
5GANDA .OVEMBER
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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0ROFESSOR !LPHA /UMAR +ONARÏ #HAIRPERSON OF THE #OMMISSION OF THE !FRICAN 5NION
'OVERNMENTS WORKING TOGETHER THE IMPORTANCE OF CROSS BORDER COLLABORATION FOR EFFECTIVE HEALTH #ROSS BORDER COLLABORATION REFERS TO COUNTRIES WORKING TOGETHER ON A BILATERAL OR MULTILATERAL BASIS AND INCLUDES BROAD AREAS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN HEALTH SYSTEMS AND OTHER SECTORS 7HILE IT IS RECOGNISED THAT !FRICAN COUNTRIES HAVE UNIQUE HEALTHCARE PRIORITIES THEY ALSO SHARE MANY SIMILAR DISEASE BURDENS AND HEALTH SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS #ENTRAL REGIONAL COORDINATION IS CRITICAL IN LIGHT OF EMERGING HEALTH PROBLEMS THE POTENTIAL FOR RAPID IMPORTATION AND SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND THE PLETHORA OF GOVERNMENTAL AND NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS LIKELY TO MOUNT A RESPONSE TO ILL HEALTH 4HE !FRICAN 5NION IS IDEALLY PLACED AS EXISTING STRUCTURES WITHIN THE ORGANISATION MAY BE USED TO SUPPORT THE SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES $ATA ON THE BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INTERNATIONALLY AGREED UPON TARGETS SUCH AS THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS -$'S FURTHER STRENGTHEN THE CASE FOR THESE PRIORITIES #ROSS BORDER MAY ALSO REFER TO CONTIGUOUS SPREAD OF DISEASE ACROSS BORDERS BETWEEN NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES OR THEIR EXPOSURE TO A COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCE OF DISEASE 3TRATEGIES RELEVANT TO THIS ASPECT INCLUDE THE CONTROL OF DIARRHOEAL DISEASE THROUGH SANITATION AND WATER SECURITY MALARIA CONTROL INITIATIVES IMMUNISATION CAMPAIGNS AND HEALTH PROMOTION EFFORTS )N !PRIL THE !FRICAN 5NION ADOPTED THE !FRICA (EALTH 3TRATEGY WHICH WILL ACT AS AN OVERARCHING FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH MEMBER STATES AND 2EGIONAL %CONOMIC #OMMUNITIES 2%#S CAN ADDRESS HEALTH CHALLENGES FACING THE CONTINENT /NE OF THE PRINCIPLES UNDERPINNING THIS STRATEGY IS THAT @DISEASES KNOW NO BORDERS
#OLLABORATIVE EFFORTS n PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
TREATED AND TO ENSURE THAT THE lNANCIAL BURDEN OF PAYING FOR HEALTH IS FAIRLY DISTRIBUTED ACROSS HOUSEHOLDS %FFORTS DIRECTED AT INCREASING CAPACITY WITHIN NATIONAL HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS ARE COORDINATED AND SUPPORTED BY VARIOUS ORGANISATIONS OFTEN SITUATED WITHIN THE RESPECTIVE REGIONS !N EXAMPLE OF SUCH AN ORGANISATION IS THE %ASTERN #ENTRAL AND 3OUTHERN !FRICAN (EALTH #OMMUNITY %#3! WHICH FOSTERS COLLABORATION IN HEALTH IN %ASTERN #ENTRAL AND 3OUTHERN !FRICA AND COMPRISES TEN MEMBER STATES -UCH OF ITS WORK IS FOCUSED ON STRENGTHENING TECHNICAL CAPACITY WITHIN HEALTH SYSTEMS WHICH COULD BE CONSIDERED COMPLEMENTARY TO OTHER ORGANISATIONS SUCH AS THE 3OUTH !FRICAN $EVELOPMENT #OMMUNITY WHICH IS GEARED MORE AT POLICY LEVEL 4HE ACTIVITIES OF %#3! INCLUDE BRINGING MEMBERS TOGETHER TO IMPLEMENT ACTIVITIES TO STRENGTHEN HEALTH SYSTEMS PROMOTING ADVOCACY FOR APPROPRIATE HEALTH POLICY AND PROGRAMMES AND ENGAGING AND TRAINING EXPERTS IN SPECIlC lELDS PERTINENT TO HEALTH SYSTEMS
4HE 7EST !FRICAN (EALTH /RGANIZATION 7!(/ PLAYS A COORDINATING ROLE IN FORMULATING THE STRATEGY FOR THE LOCAL PRODUCTION OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS 3URVEILLANCE SUPPORT AND INFORMATION SHARING IS NECESSARY FOR BOTH PLANNING AND MONITORING OF HEALTH STATUS AND PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION )N *ANUARY THE !FRICAN 5NION LAUNCHED THE @!FRICAN )NTEGRATION 2EVIEW AN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR THE DISCUSSION OF A WIDE RANGE OF INTEGRATION ISSUES IN !FRICA FOCUSING ON A VARIETY OF DEVELOPMENT RELATED THEMES
3TRENGTHENING HEALTH SYSTEMS
4HE DISEASE BURDEN
!LTHOUGH THE DElNING GOAL OF A HEALTH SYSTEM IS TO IMPROVE AND OR RESTORE POPULATION HEALTH ANOTHER INTRINSIC GOAL IS RESPONSIVENESS n THAT IS THE HEALTH SYSTEM MUST BE RESPONSIVE TO THE NEEDS OF THE POPULATION IT IS INTENDED TO SERVE 4HIS IS DETERMINED BY THE WAY AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH PEOPLE ARE
!FRICAN COUNTRIES ARE DEALING WITH A TRIPLE BURDEN OF DISEASE NAMELY COMMUNICABLE DISEASES NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF INJURY AND VIOLENCE 4HE SIXTH -$' PERTAINS TO ()6 !)$3 TUBERCULOSIS AND MALARIA CONTROL WITH TARGETS OF REDUCTION IN TRANSMISSION SET FOR
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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)N 7EST !FRICA THE #ORRIDOR 0ROJECT TARGETS HIGH RISK GROUPS SUCH AS TRUCK DRIVERS AND COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS THROUGH ADVOCACY PREVENTION CARE AND TREATMENT FOR ()6 !)$3 3IMILAR INITIATIVES HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED FOCUSING ON MILITARY PEACE KEEPING FORCES 4HE 7EST !FRICAN (EALTH /RGANIZATION 7!(/ PLAYS A COORDINATING ROLE IN FORMULATING THE STRATEGY FOR THE LOCAL PRODUCTION OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS 4HERE ARE CONCERTED REGIONAL PROGRAMMES PROVIDING VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND TESTING SERVICES FOR YOUTH -ALARIA RELATED INITIATIVES IN 7EST !FRICA INCLUDE TRAINING FOR PROGRAMME MANAGERS IN THE SUB REGION ADVOCACY FOR LONG LASTING INSECTICIDE TREATED NETS AND FOR REMOVAL OF TAXES AND TARIFFS FROM DRUGS AND OTHER CONSUMABLES USED IN MALARIA CONTROL )N %ASTERN #ENTRAL AND 3OUTHERN !FRICA REVIEWS OF PRE SERVICE CURRICULA FOR ()6 TRAINING WERE CONDUCTED IN A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES INCLUDING 3WAZILAND :AMBIA AND 5GANDA 4HESE REVIEWS FOCUSED ON NURSING AND MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AND EVALUATED THE CURRICULUM AND TRAINING TOOLS 3TUDIES ARE ALSO BEING CONDUCTED ON THE IMPACT OF ()6 !)$3 ON THE HEALTH WORKFORCE IN INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES AND THE RESULTS DISCUSSED AT A REGIONAL FORUM %PIDEMIC CONTROL IS A PRIORITY AREA IN RESPONSE TO BOTH FAMILIAR PATHOGENS AND EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES SUCH AS AVIAN INm UENZA 4HE 7EST !FRICAN SUB REGION HAS DEVELOPED A STRATEGY FOR THE CONTROL OF EPIDEMICS 4HIS STRATEGY INCLUDES THE SHARING OF INFORMATION DURING EPIDEMICS AND THERE HAS BEEN INTER MINISTERIAL DIALOGUE REGARDING POLIO OUTBREAKS AND CONCERNING A COMMON STRATEGY FOR DEALING WITH AVIAN INm UENZA 0LANS ARE UNDER WAY TO STRENGTHEN TWO REFERENCE LABORATORIES IN 'HANA AND .IGER 4HE 7!(/ AIMS TO BE A CATALYST FOR COUNTRY LED ACTIVITIES FOR CONTROL OF EPIDEMICS 3IMILARLY 3OUTHERN !FRICAN $EVELOPMENT #OMMUNITY 3!$# COUNTRIES MET IN -ARCH IN A COMBINED EFFORT TO ASSESS READINESS OF AGRICULTURAL AND HEALTH DEPARTMENTS IN THE EVENT OF
THE INTRODUCTION OF HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INm UENZA 3TRENGTHENING OF SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS IS AN ONGOING PROCESS COMPLICATED BY DIVERSE HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES BETWEEN MEMBER COUNTRIES $ISEASES SUCH AS ONCHOCERCIASIS AND DRACUNCULIASIS ARE SIGNIl CANT CONTRIBUTORS TO MORBIDITY AND DISABILITY WITHIN THE 7EST !FRICAN SUB REGION AND PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS IS A FOCUS AREA 4O THAT END INITIATIVES WITHIN THE REGION INCLUDE THE TRAINING OF OPHTHALMIC EQUIPMENT TECHNICIANS FOR ANGLOPHONE 7EST !FRICA IN .IGERIA AND TRAINING IN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF COMMON OPHTHALMIC DRUGS -ASS TREATMENT WITH )VERMECTIN IN MANY COUNTRIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ONCHOCERCIASIS CAN BE CONTROLLED )N THIS REGARD THE !FRICAN 5NION SUPPORTS THE WORK OF THE !FRICAN 0ROGRAMME FOR /NCHOCERCIASIS #ONTROL !0/#
4HE 20& COULD BECOME A SYSTEM FOR POOLED PROCUREMENT AND A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS AND FEASIBILITY STUDY HAS BEEN CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THIS POSSIBILITY #HILD SURVIVAL IS ADDRESSED BY SHARING OF BEST PRACTICES IN COMMUNITY INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES )-#) AND COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT OF COMMON CHILDHOOD DISEASES 4HE 7!(/ HAS COORDINATED A ROADMAP FOR THE REDUCTION OF MATERNAL AND PERINATAL MORTALITY ! SUB REGIONAL STRATEGY OF @COORDINATED INFORMED BUYING #)" FOR REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH COMMODITIES CONTRIBUTES TO ECONOMIES OF SCALE AND EXERTING GREATER CONTROL OF COSTS AT PROCUREMENT POLICY LEVEL /N TWO OCCASIONS REGIONAL IMMUNISATION CAMPAIGNS HAVE BEEN SYNCHRONISED IN NEIGHBOURING 7EST !FRICAN COUNTRIES ALTHOUGH IN EACH EVENT ONLY THREE COUNTRIES WERE INVOLVED
!CCESS TO ESSENTIAL MEDICINES
#OLLABORATION ON NUTRITION .UTRITION RELATED ISSUES DEALT WITH IN A CROSS BORDER MANNER INCLUDE COMMON POLICIES ON SALT IODISATION VITAMIN ! SUPPLEMENTATION FOOD FORTIl CATION WITH 6ITAMIN ! AND IRON AND NUTRITION AND ()6 !)$3 4HE %CONOMIC #OMMUNITY OF 7EST !FRICAN 3TATES COORDINATES NUTRITION POLICIES THROUGH A NUTRITION FORUM )N 3OUTHERN !FRICA %#3! HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN STRENGTHENING CAPACITY IN ,ESOTHO AND 3WAZILAND COLLECTIVELY AND INDIVIDUALLY THROUGH COMPILATION OF GUIDELINES AND TOOLS ON ()6 !)$3 AND NUTRITION THEY HAVE ALSO BEEN INSTRUMENTAL IN PROMOTING FOOD FORTIl CATION TO REDUCE MICRONUTRIENT DEl CIENCIES IN THE REGION AND HAVE ESTABLISHED TECHNICAL GROUPS ON ASPECTS SUCH AS QUALITY CONTROL 4OWARDS THE END OF THE !5 CONVENED A &OOD 3ECURITY 3UMMIT IN !BUJA AND ALSO ORGANISED AN %XPERTS -EETING ON THE !FRICAN 2EGIONAL .UTRITIONAL 3TRATEGY IN #ONGO "RAZZAVILLE
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
!DVANCING LOCAL DRUG MANUFACTURING CAPACITY IN !FRICA IS CONSIDERED A PRIORITY AND THE !FRICAN 5NION CONFERENCE OF -INISTERS OF (EALTH HAS ADOPTED A PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING PLAN FOR !FRICA SUPPORTED BY THE RESPECTIVE MEMBER COUNTRIES !T PRESENT THE LOCAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY WITHIN !FRICA IS LIMITED AND ONLY RECONSTITUTION AND PACKAGING OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF DRUGS TAKES PLACE )N %ASTERN #ENTRAL AND 3OUTHERN !FRICA COUNTRIES HAVE ESTABLISHED A REGIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL FORUM 20& COMPRISING EXPERTS DEALING WITH PHARMACEUTICAL DRUG SUPPLIES 2EPRESENTATIVES ON THIS FORUM INCLUDE CHIEF PHARMACISTS LOGISTIC PLANNERS AND PROCUREMENT OFl CIALS 4HE PURPOSE OF THE FORUM IS TO IMPROVE MANAGEMENT OF PHARMACEUTICALS ACCESS TO MEDICINES 3!$# HAS A SIMILAR FORUM AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLICY GUIDELINES ON GENERIC FORMULARIES 4HE 20& COULD BECOME A SYSTEM FOR POOLED PROCUREMENT AND A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS AND FEASIBILITY STUDY HAS BEEN CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THIS POSSIBILITY %#3! MAINTAINS A MEDICINES WEBSITE WHICH SUMMARISES PHARMACEUTICAL PRICES IN MEMBER STATES AND PROVIDES RELEVANT TECHNICAL INFORMATION ON MEDICINES
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
,IMITED lNANCING FOR HEALTH )MPROVED ECONOMIC AND lNANCIAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IS REQUIRED TO MAXIMISE UTILISATION OF RESOURCES &OR THIS TO OCCUR SUCCESSFULLY THERE NEEDS TO BE A GOOD RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL HEALTH DEPARTMENTS AND TREASURIES 2EGIONAL AND SUB REGIONAL COUNTRY GROUPINGS MAY CONSOLIDATE EFFORTS TO PROMOTE SOUND ECONOMIC POLICIES TRADE INITIATIVES AND OPTIMISE POOLED PURCHASING %#3! HAS TRAINED COUNTRY BASED EXPERTS ON THE USE OF .ATIONAL (EALTH !CCOUNTS AS A MEANS TO TRACK PROGRESSION TO EQUITABLE lNANCING IN HEALTH 4HIS TRAINING IS DONE IN COLLABORATION WITH THE 0ARTNERS FOR (EALTH 2EFORM AND THE 7ORLD (EALTH /RGANIZATION IN THE FORM OF ANNUAL EDUCATIONAL COURSES 0ROFESSIONALS FROM -AURITIUS WHO COMPLETED SUCH COURSES ARE NOW CONDUCTING TRAINING WITHIN THEIR OWN COUNTRY 4ECHNICAL SUPPORT ORGANISATIONS ALSO PROVIDE ASSISTANCE IN ANALYSING NATIONAL HEALTH ACCOUNTS IN SOME OF THE COUNTRIES AS YET UNABLE TO DO SO INDEPENDENTLY %#3! MEMBER COUNTRIES HAVE BEEN ASSISTED IN IMPROVING HOSPITAL EFlCIENCY 4EACHING HOSPITALS IN ,USAKA :AMBIA AND IN +ENYA -ULAGO HOSPITAL IN 5GANDA AND THE +ILIMANJARO #OMMUNITY -EDICAL #ENTRE HOSPITAL IN 4ANZANIA HAVE SUBSEQUENTLY ESTABLISHED COST CENTRES WITHIN HOSPITALS TO TRACK EXPENDITURES
(UMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 3KILLED HEALTH WORKERS ARE INTEGRAL TO EFFECTIVE HEALTHCARE SERVICE DELIVERY 2EGIONAL INITIATIVES PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN STRENGTHENING THE CAPACITY OF HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2EGIONAL SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH CAN BEST UTILISE AVAILABLE EXPERTISE AND RESOURCES TO MEET THE PUBLIC HEALTH TRAINING NEEDS OF A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES ON THE CONTINENT 2ECIPROCAL RECOGNITION OF DEGREES FOR PHYSICIANS SURGEONS AND NURSES HAS BEEN IMPLEMENTED IN ANGLOPHONE 7EST !FRICA 4RAINING OF MIDDLE LEVEL CADRE HEALTH WORKERS IN EYE CARE HAS COMMENCED IN THE 'AMBIA 3EVERAL INITIATIVES ARE IN PLACE ENCOURAGING EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AND EXPERTISE ACROSS LINGUISTIC BARRIERS INCLUDING TEACHER EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES AND A YOUNG PROFESSIONAL INTERNSHIPS PROGRAMME )N 3OUTHERN AND #ENTRAL !FRICA %#3! HAS ESTABLISHED TWO COLLEGES ONE FOR NURSES AND MIDWIVES %CSACON n %AST #ENTRAL 3OUTHERN !FRICAN #OLLEGE OF .URSING AND ONE FOR SURGEONS #OSECSA TO PROMOTE STANDARDS OF CARE IN THE REGION 4HESE COLLEGES CONDUCT SHORT AND LONG TERM COURSES FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS FROM ALL %#3! COUNTRIES AND OFFER FELLOWSHIPS IN SURGERY
%QUITY AND SUSTAINABILITY -ANY COUNTRIES WITHIN !FRICA ARE STILL LARGELY DEPENDENT ON DONOR FUNDING AND WHILE MUCH OF THIS FUNDING IS NECESSARY AND APPRECIATED IT SHOULD NOT BECOME A SUBSTITUTE FOR A GOVERNMENTS lSCAL RESPONSIBILITIES !T ITS MOST BASIC EQUITY IMPLIES SOME NOTION OF FAIRNESS &AIRNESS IS FUNDAMENTAL ESPECIALLY WHEN APPLIED TO HEALTH WHICH IS A BASIC HUMAN RIGHT ,ACK OF EQUITY IN HEALTH SYSTEMS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR HUGE DISPARITIES IN HEALTH STATUS WITHIN AND ACROSS COUNTRIES -ARGINALISED COMMUNITIES CONTINUE TO BEAR THE BRUNT OF INEQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH 0OPULATIONS LIVING CLOSE TO BORDER REGIONS MAY
BE UNDERSERVED WHERE COUNTRIES ARE RELUCTANT TO INVEST IN HEALTHCARE INFRASTRUCTURE IF THERE IS A HIGH LIKELIHOOD THAT IT MAY BE USED BY PERIPHERAL POPULATIONS OF NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES
%MERGING CHALLENGES 2ECENT CONCERN OVER THE RAPID EMERGENCE OF DRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS HAS ONCE AGAIN HIGHLIGHTED THE IMPORTANCE OF REGIONAL COOPERATION AT ALL LEVELS 4HE IMMINENT THREAT OF PANDEMIC INmUENZA WARRANTS SIMILAR VIGILANCE AND INFORMATION SHARING TO ENABLE RAPID OUTBREAK RESPONSE 4HE )NTERNATIONAL (EALTH 2EGULATIONS OF FOR IMPLEMENTATION IN REQUIRE SIGNATORY STATES TO COMPLY WITH SPECIlC REPORTING PROCEDURES .ATURAL DISASTERS CONTINUE TO PLAGUE !FRICAN COUNTRIES WITH THE CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE OF GRAVE CONCERN TO HEALTH AND ECOLOGY ON THE CONTINENT 4HE RECENT mOODING AND CYCLONE ACTIVITY IN -OZAMBIQUE REQUIRED REGIONAL ASSISTANCE IN ADDITION TO FOREIGN AID 2EGIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLANS MUST BE DEVISED TO DEAL WITH SIMILAR EVENTS IN FUTURE )NCREASINGLY COMPLEX HEALTH PROBLEMS SUCH AS DRUG RESISTANCE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY RELATED DISEASE CAN BE ADDRESSED BY PARTNERSHIPS WITH ACTIVE RESEARCH AND SCIENTIlC PROGRAMMES SUCH AS MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCILS AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASE INSTITUTES -ONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE LONG TERM EFFECTIVENESS AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COLLABORATIVE VENTURES IS NECESSARY TO ADDRESS CURRENT GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE -ANY PROGRAMMES ARE NEW AND WILL NEED TO BE TIME TESTED TO INTERPRET THEIR TRUE IMPACT 3UCCESSFUL CROSS BORDER COLLABORATION BETWEEN COUNTRIES IS DEPENDENT ON APPROPRIATE SHARING OF STRATEGIES AND RESOURCES AND HARMONISATION OF HEALTH RELATED POLICIES AND LEGISLATION WITHIN COUNTRIES REGIONS AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LEGISLATION 4O ALL THESE INITIATIVES THE !FRICAN 5NION BRINGS IN A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE AND SHOULD ALWAYS BE CONSIDERED A PARTNER )T HAS A SPECIAL ROLE TO PLAY THROUGH THE CONSOLIDATION OF DEMOCRACY PROMOTION OF GOOD GOVERNANCE AND CONmICT MANAGEMENT
0ROFESSOR !LPHA /UMAR +ONARÏ IS A 0OLITICIAN AND (ISTORIAN BORN ON &EBRUARY AT +AYES IN -ALI (E IS A 0ROFESSOR OF (ISTORY AND !RCHEOLOGY 0ROF +ONARÏ RECEIVED A $OCTOR OF ,ETTER DEGREE SPECIALISING IN !RCHEOLOGY FROM THE 5NIVERSITÏ DE 6ARSOVIE 0OLOGNE IN &ROM TO 0ROF +ONARÏ WAS THE 0RESIDENT OF THE 2EPUBLIC OF -ALI (E IS CURRENTLY THE #HAIRPERSON OF THE !FRICAN 5NION #OMMISSION !FRICAN 5NION 0/ "OX !DDIS !BABA %THIOPIA 4EL &AX 7EBSITE WWW AFRICA UNION ORG
5GANDA .OVEMBER
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
0ROFESSOR "ARBARA -C0AKE $IRECTOR )NSTITUTE FOR )NTERNATIONAL (EALTH AND $EVELOPMENT
(EALTHCARE HUMAN RESOURCES IN CRISIS 7HAT #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES CAN CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS A SOLUTION 4HERE HAS NEVER BEEN AN EVEN DISTRIBUTION OF SKILLED HEALTH WORKERS BETWEEN RICH AND POOR COUNTRIES 4HE ROLE OF HEALTHCARE MIGRATION FROM LOW INCOME TO HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES HAS RECENTLY CAUSED WIDESPREAD CONCERN ESPECIALLY IN THE #OMMONWEALTH WHICH REPRESENTS BOTH SIDES OF THE COMPLEX EQUATION )N THIS ARTICLE THE AUTHOR EXAMINES THE CURRENT SITUATION AND THE ACTIONS THAT CAN BE TAKEN BY GOVERNMENTS IN HIGH INCOME AS WELL AS LOW INCOME COUNTRIES )N SOME LOW INCOME COUNTRIES THE NUMBERS OF PHYSICIANS AND NURSES SERVING THE POPULATION ARE THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN DECLINING SUGGESTING THAT INEQUITIES ARE WORSENING 7HILE DATA ARE LACKING TO CONl RM TRENDS THE SITUATION IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED A CRISIS IN SOME VERY LOW INCOME COUNTRIES SUCH AS 'HANA WHERE PER CENT OF DOCTOR POSTS AND PER CENT OF NURSE POSTS ARE VACANT AND -ALAWI WHERE PER CENT OF DOCTOR POSTS AND PER CENT OF NURSE POSTS ARE VACANT )T IS WORTH NOTING THAT MOST BUT NOT ALL LOW INCOME COUNTRIES FACE A CRITICAL SHORTAGE OF SKILLED HEALTH STAFF #OUNTRIES SUCH AS .AMIBIA 3UDAN AND MOST OF THE COUNTRIES OF 3OUTH !MERICA ARE JUDGED NOT IN THIS SITUATION 4ABLE SHOWS THE NUMBERS OF PHYSICIANS AND NURSES PER POPULATION IN A SELECTION OF #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES IN OR AROUND -IGRATION IS NOT THE ONLY CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM 4HE ()6 !)$3 EPIDEMIC KILLS AND DEBILITATES AT A SIGNIl CANT RATE COMPARED WITH THE RATE THAT THE LOWEST INCOME COUNTRIES TRAIN HEALTH WORKERS )N -ALAWI LOST NURSES AS A RESULT OF !)$3 7HILE THIS MAY SOUND QUITE SMALL IT WAS PER CENT OF THE TOTAL TRAINED THAT YEAR )N :AMBIAN NURSES DIED PER CENT OF THE NUMBER TRAINED IN GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS 4HESE DEATHS FAIL TO CAPTURE THE LOSSES DUE TO INCAPACITY CARING FOR OTHERS AND LOW PRODUCTIVITY ,OW INCOME COUNTRIES HAVE ALSO REDUCED INVESTMENT IN EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND TEACHING STAFF !ND EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF MIGRATING INTERNATIONALLY SOME
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
4ABLE 0HYSICIAN AND NURSE DENSITIES IN SELECTED #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES OR MOST RECENT YEAR AVAILABLE #OUNTRY
0HYSICIANS .URSES PER PER POPULATION POPULATION
'HANA
+ENYA
-ALAWI
.IGERIAª
3OUTH !FRICA
'UYANA
*AMAICAª
4RINIDAD AND 4OBAGO
"ANGLADESH
)NDIA
>
3RI ,ANKA
0APUA .EW 'UINEA
3OLOMON )SLANDS
p
!USTRALIA
5+s
UNLESS s p ª > 3OURCE 7(/3)3 CORE HEALTH INDICATORS AT WWW WHO INT WHOSIS CORE ACCESSED TH *ANUARY
HEALTH WORKERS ARE LEAVING THE HEALTH SECTOR FOR OTHER EMPLOYMENT IN THEIR OWN COUNTRIES
4HE ROLE OF MIGRATION 2ATES OF EMIGRATION FROM LOW INCOME COUNTRIES SEEM TO BE INCREASING 4HERE HAVE BEEN RISING INTAKES OF FOREIGN MEDICAL AND NURSING GRADUATES TO THE 5+ WHERE ONE THIRD OF DOCTORS WERE TRAINED OVERSEAS IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA AND WHERE THE PROPORTION
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
4ABLE 0USH AND PULL FACTORS IN INTERNATIONAL MARKET FOR SKILLED HEALTH WORKERS 0USH FACTORS
0ULL FACTORS
,OW PAY LATE AND NON PAYMENT
(IGHER PAY /PPORTUNITIES FOR REMITTANCES
,OW JOB AVAILABILITY
6ACANCIES
0OOR WORKING CONDITIONS INADEQUATE RESOURCES
"ETTER WORKING CONDITIONS
HIGH WORKLOAD POOR HUMAN RESOURCES PLANNING ,ACK OF RESOURCES TO WORK EFFECTIVELY
"ETTER RESOURCED HEALTH SYSTEMS
,IMITED CAREER OPPORTUNITIES #AREER OPPORTUNITIES ,IMITED EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR WORKER AND CHILDREN
0ROVISION OF POST BASIC EDUCATION 'OOD GENERAL EDUCATION SYSTEM
(IGH PREVALENCE OF ()6 !)$3
,OW PREVALENCE OF ()6 !)$3
5NSTABLE DANGEROUS WORK ENVIRONMENT
0OLITICAL STABILITY
5NSTABLE GENERAL POLITICAL ,OW CRIME RATES ENVIRONMENT RISKS OF POLITICAL AND CRIMINAL VIOLENCE %CONOMIC INSTABILITY
%CONOMIC STABILITY
!DAPTED FROM * "UCHAN #HAPTER IN (UMAN 2ESOURCES FOR (EALTH IN %UROPE 7(/ AND 2 ,ABONTÏ ET AL IN (UMAN 2ESOURCES FOR (EALTH
OF NURSES ADDED TO THE 5+ REGISTER AND TRAINED OVERSEAS EXCEEDED PER CENT FOR THE l RST TIME IN AND TO THE 53! AND #ANADA WHERE PER CENT OF DOCTORS TRAINED IN 'HANA AND PER CENT OF DOCTORS TRAINED IN +ENYA NOW WORK 4HE 5+ HAS BEEN AN IMPORTANT DESTINATION FOR MIGRATING SKILLED HEALTH STAFF BUT SINCE ITS RECRUITMENT RATES HAVE DECLINED DUE TO l NANCIAL CRISIS AND THE SITUATION IS CHANGING /NE FACTOR IMPLICATED SEEMS TO BE GLOBALISATION OR THE INCREASINGLY EASY LINKAGES BETWEEN PEOPLE AND ECONOMIES 2ESEARCHERS HAVE POINTED OUT THAT HIGHLY QUALIl ED !FRICANS EMIGRATED BETWEEN AND AN AVERAGE OF PEOPLE PER YEAR 4HIS ANNUAL RATE HAD RISEN TO BY AND TO DURING THE S )N SOME COUNTRIES THE EXPORT OF HEALTH WORKERS HAS BEEN A DELIBERATE STRATEGY TO EARN FOREIGN REMITTANCES )NDIA #UBA %GYPT AND THE 0HILIPPINES DELIBERATELY EXPORT HEALTH WORKERS AND SOME PEOPLE TRAIN IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS WITH THE INTENTION OF ACQUIRING AN INTERNATIONALLY MARKETABLE SKILL /THERS HAVE POINTED TO A SET OF SPECIl C HEALTH SECTOR @PUSH AND @PULL FACTORS THAT HAVE DRIVEN UNPLANNED MIGRATION 4WO PUBLISHED SIMILAR TABLES HAVE BEEN ADAPTED IN 4ABLE
7HAT CAN LOW INCOME COUNTRY GOVERNMENTS DO 4HESE IDENTIl ED PUSH AND PULL FACTORS ARE ALMOST ENTIRELY FEATURES OR DIRECT CONSEQUENCES OF THE MACROECONOMIC AND GEOPOLITICAL CIRCUMSTANCES THAT SEPARATE LOW FROM HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES )F THESE ARE THE ONLY POINTS OF LEVERAGE OVER THE SITUATION THERE IS LITTLE PROSPECT OF ACTION TO SOLVE THIS PARTICULAR ONE OF THE MANY PROBLEMS THESE FACTORS ARE IMPLICATED IN (OWEVER IT IS ALSO CLEAR THAT FROM A LOW INCOME COUNTRY HEALTH SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE THERE ARE MORE TRACTABLE SETS OF FACTORS IMPLICATED IN THE MIGRATION CRISIS IN THE FORM OF THE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES THAT GOVERN HEALTH WORKERS IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES &OR EXAMPLE RESEARCHERS FOUND THAT IN +ENYA AND "ENIN A SIGNIl CANT SOURCE OF DEMOTIVATION AND FRUSTRATION FOR HEALTH WORKERS WAS INADEQUATE OR INAPPROPRIATELY APPLIED HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TOOLS /THERS ON THE BASIS OF RESEARCH IN 3OUTH !FRICA WERE ABLE TO LINK THE PROBLEM OF POOR MANAGEMENT TO HEALTH WORKERS WORK LOCATION CHOICES (EALTH WORKERS CONSIDERED THAT BETTER MANAGEMENT IN THEIR WORKING LOCATION WAS MORE IMPORTANT THAN A PER CENT INCREASE IN PAY BUT LESS THAN A DOUBLING OF PAY 4HIS SUGGESTS THAT IF -INISTERS OF (EALTH IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES CAN IMPROVE THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITHIN THE HEALTH SECTOR IN WAYS THAT ENABLE HEALTH WORKERS TO PURSUE THEIR VOCATION AND SATISFY THEIR PROFESSIONAL CONSCIENCE HIGHER RATES OF RETENTION CAN BE EXPECTED 4HE KINDS OF MEASURES THAT MIGHT BE TAKEN HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED BY 3TILWELL AND COLLEAGUES IN THE 7(/ REPORT TO THE 7ORLD (EALTH !SSEMBLY IN 4HE -IGRATION OF (EALTH 7ORKERS AN /VERVIEW 7HILE ACTION IN HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES WILL STILL BE IMPORTANT THIS IS PERHAPS THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT AREA FOR ATTENTION WITHIN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES THEMSELVES
7HAT CAN HIGH INCOME COUNTRY GOVERNMENTS DO )T HAS BEEN ARGUED THAT THE CRITICAL FACTOR DRIVING HEALTH WORKER MIGRATION HAS BEEN HEALTH SECTOR POLICIES IN HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES &AR FROM BEING AT THE MERCY OF MARKET FORCES SUCH AS SALARY DIFFERENTIALS BETWEEN COUNTRIES AND THE GROWING DEMANDS OF AGEING POPULATIONS IT IS POINTED OUT THAT POLICY MEASURES LARGELY UNRELATED TO THESE TRENDS HAVE CREATED STAFF SHORTAGES IN FOUR /%#$ COUNTRIES THAT HAVE CONSEQUENTLY INCREASED THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEY HAVE CALLED ON TRAINED HEALTH STAFF FROM ELSEWHERE )N THE 5+ THE POLICY MEASURE WAS A DECISION TO SIGNIl CANTLY INCREASE SPENDING ON THE .ATIONAL (EALTH 3ERVICE AFTER A ,ABOUR GOVERNMENT TOOK POWER IN )N &RANCE RESTRICTIVE QUOTAS FOR NURSING AND MEDICAL TRAINING OPERATED UNTIL THE LATE S THREATENING TO RESULT IN A DECLINE IN HEALTH WORKER DENSITY !FTER THIS POINT NEW POLICIES INCREASED THE QUOTAS AND RELAXED RESTRICTIONS ON FOREIGN EDUCATED DOCTORS )N 'ERMANY AT UNIl CATION THERE WAS l RST A CONSENSUS THAT THERE WAS AN OVERSUPPLY OF DOCTORS RESULTING IN REDUCTIONS IN NUMBERS IN TRAINING 3HORTAGES OF DOCTORS EMERGED IN SOME REGIONS AND THE NUMBER OF FOREIGN DOCTORS WORKING IN 'ERMANY INCREASED BY PER CENT BETWEEN AND
5GANDA .OVEMBER
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
)N THE 53! ATTITUDES TO MANAGED CARE ARRANGEMENTS THAT SEEK TO CONTAIN THE COSTS OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM HAVE WAXED AND WANED IN GOVERNMENT AND NURSING SHORTAGES HAVE PERIODICALLY BEEN EXPERIENCED EACH TIME COST CONTAINMENT HAS BEEN RELAXED /NE VIEW IS THAT THE CURRENT NURSING SHORTAGE IS MORE SEVERE AND WILL HAVE LONGER TERM REPERCUSSIONS THAN PREVIOUS ONES (OWEVER RATHER THAN EXAMINE THE FORCES THAT HAVE CREATED SHORTAGES OF HEALTH STAFF AND COULD PRESUMABLY ELIMINATE THEM WITHIN LOCAL LABOUR MARKETS EMPHASIS HAS INSTEAD BEEN PUT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ETHICAL RECRUITMENT POLICIES IN IDENTIFYING MEASURES THAT HIGH INCOME GOVERNMENTS CAN TAKE TO AMELIORATE THE MIGRATION CRISIS 4HE lRST INTERNATIONAL CODE TO BE ADOPTED WAS THE #OMMONWEALTH #ODE OF 0RACTICE FOR THE )NTERNATIONAL 2ECRUITMENT OF (EALTH 7ORKERS BUT THIS CODE HAS NOT BEEN SIGNED BY !USTRALIA #ANADA AND THE 5+ REPUTEDLY BECAUSE IT RECOMMENDS COMPENSATION FOR THE LOSS OF INVESTMENT IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES !T NATIONAL LEVEL THE 5+ DEVELOPED THE lRST CODE OF PRACTICE AND REVISED IT IN IN AN ATTEMPT TO CLOSE SOME LOOPHOLES THAT HAD BECOME APPARENT FOR EXAMPLE SEEKING TO EXTEND ITS REACH TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND TEMPORARY LOCUM STAFF 4HE CODE RESTRICTS THE SPECIlC TARGETING FOR RECRUITMENT OF A LIST OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES INCLUDING SOME !FRICAN AND !SIAN #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES BUT DOES NOT PRECLUDE ACCEPTANCE OF INDIVIDUAL APPLICATIONS FROM THOSE COUNTRIES 4HE CODES AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN SET UP WITH SIMILAR INTENT ARE WIDELY VIEWED AS HAVING BEEN LARGELY INEFFECTIVE &OR EXAMPLE IN MORE THAN A QUARTER OF NEWLY REGISTERED NURSES OR APPROXIMATELY HALF OF NEWLY REGISTERED FOREIGN NURSES IN THE 5+ ORIGINATED FROM PROSCRIBED COUNTRIES AND THESE NUMBERS CONTINUED TO INCREASE IN SEVERAL PROSCRIBED COUNTRIES AFTER THE CODE SHOULD HAVE TAKEN EFFECT 3OME HAVE EVEN SUGGESTED THAT ETHICAL RECRUITMENT CODES COULD HAVE THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECT OF APPEARING TO ADDRESS A PROBLEM AND DEmECTING ATTENTION FROM MORE EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES (IGH INCOME COUNTRIES BENElT FROM A SIGNIlCANT SUBSIDY FROM LOW INCOME COUNTRIES WHEN A HEALTH PROFESSIONAL MOVES FROM THE LATTER TO THE FORMER /NE SOURCE ESTIMATED IN THAT !FRICA LOST 53 FOR EACH MIGRATING PROFESSIONAL 4HE COST OF OBTAINING AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF HEALTH STAFF FROM WITHIN A HIGH INCOME POPULATION INCLUDES NOT ONLY THE TRAINING COSTS BUT THE COSTS OF MAINTAINING PAY AND CONDITIONS AT A LEVEL ATTRACTIVE TO THE HOME WORKFORCE $EPENDING ON THE DOMESTIC ELASTICITY OF LABOUR SUPPLY THIS COST MIGHT BE CONSIDERABLE PERHAPS EVEN CONSIDERED PROHIBITIVE BY THOSE COUNTRIES )F BENElCIARY COUNTRIES SUCH AS !USTRALIA #ANADA AND THE 5+ ARE UNWILLING TO CONSIDER RELATIVELY MODEST COMPENSATION FOR THE TRAINING COST OF THE HEALTH STAFF RECRUITED IT IS UNLIKELY THAT THEY WILL BE WILLING TO UNDERWRITE THE CONSIDERABLY GREATER EXPENSE OF ACHIEVING INCREASES IN HEALTH STAFF FROM THEIR OWN POPULATIONS 4HE POLICY CONSTRAINTS IN HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES GO STILL FURTHER !S POINTED OUT BY A RECENT CORRESPONDENT TO THE ,ANCET HEALTH PROFESSIONAL MIGRATION IS ONE COMPONENT
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
OF GLOBALISED MIGRATION TRENDS AND IT MAY NOT BE TENABLE TO ACHIEVE CONTROL OVER A SINGLE PROFESSIONAL GROUP
4HE NEXT STEPS ,OW INCOME COUNTRY GOVERNMENTS COULD IMPROVE THEIR SITUATION BY FOCUSING ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENTS AT ALL LEVELS OF THEIR HEALTH SYSTEMS (IGH INCOME COUNTRY GOVERNMENTS COULD OFFER COMPENSATION TO THE COUNTRIES WHOSE SKILLED PROFESSIONALS THEY ARE RECRUITING #OMPENSATION FOR THE COST OF TRAINING WOULD PROBABLY BE A LOWER COST OPTION THAN SEEKING TO RESOLVE IMBALANCES IN LOCAL LABOUR MARKETS )T COULD HELP RESOLVE THE OVERALL PROBLEM BY ALLOWING GREATER INVESTMENT IN TRAINING IN SOURCE COUNTRIES n YET IT SEEMS THAT EVEN THIS IS A STEP GOVERNMENTS ARE RELUCTANT TO TAKE 4HE MOST POLICY OPTIMISM CURRENTLY SURROUNDS IDEAS OF @SKILL RECIRCULATION OR @MANAGED MIGRATION )N BILATERAL AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE 5+ AND %GYPT FOR EXAMPLE A PROGRAMME TO IMPROVE CARE OF THE ELDERLY PATHOLOGY AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES IN %GYPT IS SUPPORTED BY A FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMME FOR %GYPTIANS TO COME TO THE 5+ FOR ADDITIONAL EXPERIENCE 3UCH PROGRAMMES MAY INCREASE THE RATE OF RETENTION AND RETURN OF PROFESSIONALS IN THEIR ORIGINAL COUNTRIES BY TACKLING A NUMBER OF THE PUSH FACTORS OF 4ABLE POTENTIALLY CAREER AND EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES AND WORKING CONDITIONS 3EVERAL BILATERAL AGREEMENTS ARE NOW IN PLACE BUT IT IS TOO EARLY TO JUDGE THEIR EFFECTIVENESS IN TACKLING THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MIGRATION 4HE #ARIBBEAN NURSING ASSOCIATION AND THE 0AN !MERICAN (EALTH /RGANIZATION HAVE AGREED TO SEEK TO REGULATE THE mOW OF NURSES FROM THE #ARIBBEAN TO THE 5NITED 3TATES AND #ANADA AND TO IMPROVE WORKING CONDITIONS IN THE #ARIBBEAN TO STEM THE mOW 3OME EXPERTS ARGUE FOR A FOCUS ON RETURN ALONGSIDE THAT ON RETENTION IN EXPORTING COUNTRIES )N SOME CASES COUNTRIES EFFECTIVELY DISCOURAGE RETURN BY DEMOTING RETURNING HEALTH PROFESSIONALS AND FAILING TO RECOGNISE EXPERIENCE GAINED OVERSEAS 4HESE ARE PRACTICES THAT MIGHT BE TACKLED RELATIVELY EASILY
0ROFESSOR "ARBARA -C0AKE 0H$ IS A HEALTH ECONOMIST WITH YEARS EXPERIENCE IN HEALTH POLICY AND HEALTH SYSTEMS RESEARCH 3HE IS CURRENTLY $IRECTOR )NSTITUTE FOR )NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT AND 0ROGRAMME $IRECTOR OF THE (EALTH 3YSTEMS $EVELOPMENT +NOWLEDGE 0ROGRAMME OF THE 5+ $EPARTMENT FOR )NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT 3HE HAS RECENTLY MOVED TO THE )NSTITUTE FOR )NTERNATIONAL (EALTH AND $EVELOPMENT 1UEEN -ARGARET 5NIVERSITY %DINBURGH FROM THE ,ONDON 3CHOOL OF (YGIENE AND 4ROPICAL -EDICINE 4HE )NSTITUTE FOR )NTERNATIONAL (EALTH AND $EVELOPMENT FORMERLY #ENTRE FOR )NTERNATIONAL (EALTH 3TUDIES WAS FOUNDED IN AS A MULTI DISCIPLINARY CENTRE FOR EDUCATION RESEARCH AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE SUPPORTING INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DEVELOPMENT IN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES 4HE )NSTITUTE FOR )NTERNATIONAL (EALTH AND $EVELOPMENT 1UEEN -ARGARET 5NIVERSITY %DINBURGH %( 43 3COTLAND 5+ 4EL &AX %MAIL BMCPAKE QMUC AC UK 7EBSITE WWW QMCED AC UK CIHS
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
$R )AN #LARKE &OUNDER AND #HIEF %XECUTIVE /FlCER )NTERNATIONAL -EDICAL 'ROUP 5GANDA
0UBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN HEALTH IN !FRICA )N ORDER TO ACHIEVE THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS -$'S BOTH THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HEALTHCARE SECTORS WILL HAVE TO WORK TOGETHER 0RIVATE HEALTH PROVIDERS IN !FRICA ALREADY PLAY A SIGNIlCANT ROLE IN MEETING HEALTH NEEDS BUT THE PERCEPTION IS THAT IT IS ONLY GOVERNMENT THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DELIVERY OF HEALTH SERVICES AND HITTING TARGETS SUCH AS THE -$'S 4HE RESULT IS THAT THERE IS OFTEN NO MEANINGFUL PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTORS 4HERE IS A NEED FOR A FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN ATTITUDE SO THAT ALL PLAYERS CAN POOL THEIR RESOURCES IN ORDER TO MEET THE COMMON TARGET OF IMPROVING HEALTH INDICATORS 4HE AUTHOR ILLUSTRATES THESE POINTS WITH EXAMPLES OF RECENT EXPERIENCE IN 5GANDA 4HE PROVISION OF BASIC HEALTHCARE SERVICES IS SEEN AS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF GOVERNMENT ALONG WITH THE PROVISION OF OTHER BASIC SERVICES INCLUDING EDUCATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH AS ROADS WATER AND ELECTRICITY (OWEVER GOVERNMENTS ARE NOT THE ONLY PLAYERS IN THE HEALTH SECTOR AND A SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT OF HEALTH SERVICE PROVISION COMES THROUGH THE PRIVATE SECTOR BOTH @PRIVATE NOT FOR PROFIT 0.&0 AND @PRIVATE FOR PROFIT 0&0 0OLICYMAKERS OFTEN ASSUME THAT THE GOVERNMENT IS THE ONLY BODY RESPONSIBLE FOR MEETING HEALTH SECTOR GOALS WITH THE RESULT THAT HEALTH PROFESSIONALS WITHIN THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR TAKE IT PERSONALLY IF THEY ARE NOT ABLE TO MEET ALL THE TARGETS AND PROVIDE THE IDEAL SERVICE (OWEVER WE LIVE IN A REAL WORLD WHERE EVEN IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES THERE IS HARDLY A LIMIT ON THE RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR HEALTHCARE (ENCE IN RESOURCE POOR COUNTRIES THE POLICIES SHOULD BE GEARED TO THE UTILISATION OF ALL SECTORS BRINGING THE MAXIMUM RESOURCES TO THE TABLE WHETHER PUBLIC OR PRIVATE 7HILE THERE IS MUCH LIP SERVICE PAID TO PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN HEALTH THERE IS STILL AN INGRAINED ATTITUDE THAT IF GOVERNMENT DOES NOT DO EVERYTHING IT IS SOME SORT OF A FAILURE SO PRIVATE COLLABORATIONS PARTICULARLY WITH THE @FOR PROlT SECTOR ARE SEEN AS A LAST RESORT 4HIS ATTITUDE IS REINFORCED BY THE DEMANDS OF THE PUBLIC WHO ALSO TEND TO HOLD GOVERNMENT SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR PROVIDING HEALTH SERVICES
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
4RADITIONAL ROLE OF GOVERNMENT HEALTHCARE 'OVERNMENT IS TRADITIONALLY TASKED WITH THE PROVISION OF CERTAIN ESSENTIAL HEALTH SERVICES )N THE CASE OF !FRICAN COUNTRIES THESE INCLUDE HEALTH EDUCATION IMMUNISATIONS MALARIA PREVENTION AND TREATMENT FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES AND MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES %VEN IN THE SUPPLY OF IMPORTANT BASIC PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES MORE WILL BE ACHIEVED IF GOVERNMENT WORKS IN PARTNERSHIP WITH .'/S AND PRIVATE PROVIDERS (OWEVER IN CERTAIN GOVERNMENT CIRCLES THERE IS A TENDENCY TO VIEW OTHER PLAYERS AS OUTSIDERS 3EVERAL YEARS AGO THE 5GANDAN GOVERNMENT DID RECOGNISE THE ROLE PLAYED BY NON GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS n PARTICULARLY THE MISSION HOSPITALS n AND INCORPORATED SUPPORT FOR THEM WITHIN THE HEALTH SECTOR BUDGET 4HESE INSTITUTIONS HAVE BEEN MEETING A SIGNIlCANT PROPORTION OF THE HEALTHCARE NEEDS OF 5GANDANS AND IN RECOGNITION OF THIS THE GOVERNMENT PROVIDED lNANCIAL SUPPORT FOR THEIR BUDGETS 5NFORTUNATELY OVER THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS THE PERCENTAGE BUDGETED HAS ACTUALLY BEEN DECREASING
0OLICYMAKERS OFTEN ASSUME THAT THE GOVERNMENT IS THE ONLY BODY RESPONSIBLE FOR MEETING HEALTH SECTOR GOALS WITH THE RESULT THAT HEALTH PROFESSIONALS WITHIN THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR TAKE IT PERSONALLY IF THEY ARE NOT ABLE TO MEET ALL THE TARGETS AND PROVIDE THE IDEAL SERVICE 3UCCESSFUL PARTNERSHIPS n BUT FURTHER TO GO 3OME STEPS HAVE ALSO BEEN TAKEN BY THE 5GANDAN GOVERNMENT TO INCLUDE ALL ACTORS IN THE PROVISION OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS TO THE COMMUNITY 4HESE ARE SUPPLIED TO ANY SERVICE PROVIDER WHO HAS BEEN AUDITED AND TRAINED WITHIN THE PROGRAMME WHETHER PUBLIC OR PRIVATE 4HIS HAS LED TO SOME INNOVATIVE SCHEMES WITH COLLABORATIONS BETWEEN PRIVATE COMPANIES LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND GOVERNMENT &OR EXAMPLE A LOCAL
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
HEALTH MANAGEMENT ORGANISATION (-/ IN 5GANDA )!! (EALTHCARE RUNNING A FACTORY CLINIC FOR A PRIVATE COMPANY +ASESSE #OBALT ,TD HAS PARTNERED WITH THE COMPANY ITSELF TO REACH OUT TO THE LOCAL COMMUNITY IN VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND TESTING AND ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS TREATMENT 4HE DRUGS ARE PROVIDED FREE THROUGH THE GOVERNMENT PROGRAMME THE COMPANY S CLINIC IS USED AS A BASE FOR OUTREACH AND THE PROFESSIONAL HEALTH WORKERS ARE PROVIDED BY THE (-/
2EGULATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY 3YSTEMS WHICH ENSURE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGIES AND TARGETS SUCH AS KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND ACCOUNTABILITY ARE STILL A CHALLENGE FOR GOVERNMENT HEALTH SERVICES 4HIS IS OFTEN DUE TO UNWIELDY LINES OF REPORTING AND ACCOUNTABILITY ALLOWING POOR PRACTICE TO BE ACCEPTED AS NORMAL 4HUS A DOCTOR OR HEALTH WORKER MAY NOT BE AT THEIR POST BUT ARE NEVER CALLED TO ACCOUNT (OWEVER WHEN THE PATIENTS ARE PAYING FOR THE SERVICE n NO MATTER HOW LITTLE n THEY BECOME MORE ASSERTIVE AND DEMANDING OF THEIR RIGHTS 4HIS MEANS THAT PATIENT AND PROVIDER CHARTERS ARE THEN MORE REALISTIC AND RELEVANT
4HE AVAILABILITY OF FREE DRUGS FROM THE GOVERNMENT ACTED AS THE KEY INCENTIVE FOR THE PRIVATE COMPANIES TO MAKE THEIR CONTRIBUTION /N THE OTHER HAND ARTEMISININ BASED COMBINATION THERAPIES !#4S ARE NOW BEING PROVIDED FREE FOR THE TREATMENT OF MALARIA IN GOVERNMENT HOSPITALS BUT NOT TO PRIVATE CLINICS SINCE THERE IS A SUSPICION THAT THESE DRUGS WILL BE SOLD FOR A PROl T (OWEVER MANY PRIVATE CLINICS ARE BETTER PLACED TO ENSURE THAT SUCH TREATMENT REACHES THE GRASS ROOTS WITHIN THE COMMUNITY
/F COURSE IF THE PRIVATE SECTOR IS ONLY DRIVEN BY THE PROl T MOTIVE AT THE EXPENSE OF ETHICAL TREATMENT THIS RAISES ANOTHER SET OF PROBLEMS 4HIS MEANS THAT THE PRIVATE SECTOR MUST ALSO BE ADEQUATELY AUDITED AND POLICED
'OVERNMENT GENERALLY HAS DIFl CULTY IN CARRYING OUT PROGRAMMES WHICH REQUIRE MANY SUB SECTORS AND SKILLS TO COME TOGETHER SEAMLESSLY 4HERE ARE ALSO AREAS IN WHICH THE PRIVATE SECTOR IS BETTER EQUIPPED TO MEET A PARTICULAR NICHE 'OVERNMENT GENERALLY HAS DIFl CULTY IN CARRYING OUT PROGRAMMES WHICH REQUIRE MANY SUB SECTORS AND SKILLS TO COME TOGETHER SEAMLESSLY &OR EXAMPLE MANY !FRICAN HEALTH MINISTRIES l ND IT DIFl CULT TO MAINTAIN SOPHISTICATED MEDICAL EQUIPMENT 3MALL THINGS SUCH THE LACK OF AN %#' ELECTRODE LACK OF AN OXYGEN SENSOR OR A PARTICULAR TYPE OF CATHETER BEING OUT OF STOCK CAN RESULT IN A WHOLE PROGRAMME COMING TO A STANDSTILL 4HE PRIVATE SECTOR IS GENERALLY BETTER MOTIVATED TO PAY ATTENTION TO THESE DETAILS ENSURING THAT EVERYTHING HAS BEEN DOUBLE CHECKED AND IS IN PERFECT WORKING ORDER 4HEREFORE SOPHISTICATED EQUIPMENT MAY BE BETTER MAINTAINED BY THE PRIVATE SECTOR BUT THE PRIVATE SECTOR MAY STRUGGLE TO RAISE THE CAPITAL TO PAY FOR SUCH EQUIPMENT SINCE THE ABILITY TO PAY BY THE CLIENT IS LIMITED RESULTING IN A POOR RETURN ON INVESTMENT ! CASE CAN BE MADE FOR SUBSIDIES TO HELP THE PRIVATE SECTOR PURCHASE EXPENSIVE EQUIPMENT WHICH WOULD THEN BE ACCESSIBLE TO GOVERNMENT PATIENTS AT AN AGREED AFFORDABLE FEE 4HIS WOULD IN EFFECT ALLOW THE PRIVATE SECTOR TO MAINTAIN THE EQUIPMENT AND BOTH THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR TO BENEl T FROM IT
#OMMON ASPIRATIONS !S FAR AS THE PROVISION OF HEALTH SERVICES ARE CONCERNED EVERYONE SHOULD BE WORKING TOWARDS THE SAME OUTCOMES n WHETHER PUBLIC OR PRIVATE )N THE CASE OF THE -$'S AMONG OTHER THINGS WE ARE ALL WORKING TOWARDS THE DECREASE IN THE RATES OF INFANT MORTALITY AND MATERNAL MORTALITY (OWEVER IN ORDER TO HAVE ANY HOPE OF ACHIEVING THE TARGETS SET A MUCH GREATER
4HE GOVERNMENT IS NOT ONLY A PROVIDER OF MEDICAL SERVICES BUT THEY IS ALSO THE REGULATOR OF STANDARDS FOR ALL HEALTH PROVIDERS n PRIVATE OR PUBLIC 4HERE IS IN EFFECT A CONm ICT OF INTEREST IN THAT THE GOVERNMENT IS BOTH THE PROVIDER AND THE AUDITOR OF ITS OWN SERVICES AND THE AUDITOR OF SERVICES THAT IT MAY PERCEIVE AS COMPETITION 4HIS IS HARDLY A LEVEL PLAYING l ELD PARTICULARLY IF THE GOVERNMENT HAS A REPUTATION FOR BEING UNACCOUNTABLE WITHIN ITS OWN SECTOR 4HIS WILL NOT PROMOTE CONl DENCE IN THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND WILL NOT MAKE FOR A GOOD WORKING ENVIRONMENT SHOULD GOVERNMENT THEN PROPOSE ANY COLLABORATIVE VENTURE WITH THE PRIVATE SECTOR 4HIS IS THE CASE IN 5GANDA TODAY WHERE THERE IS A PROPOSAL FOR A NATIONAL SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME IN WHICH BOTH PRIVATE CLINICS AND THE GOVERNMENT FACILITIES WILL ACT AS SERVICE PROVIDERS (OWEVER THE SUSPICION IS THAT GOVERNMENT CANNOT BE TRUSTED TO REGULATE IN AN IMPARTIAL MANNER
COLLABORATIVE EFFORT WILL BE REQUIRED AND A FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE OF MINDSET BY THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC 4HOSE WORKING IN THE GOVERNMENT WILL HAVE TO STOP THINKING OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR AS COMPETITORS TO BE MARGINALISED 4HOSE WORKING IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN THE 0.&0 MUST LOOK FOR OPPORTUNITIES TO COLLABORATE WITH GOVERNMENT HOSPITALS 4HOSE WORKING IN THE 0&0 MUST SEE THEMSELVES AS SETTING THE HIGHEST STANDARDS NOT SIMPLY PROl TEERING
)N ORDER TO HAVE ANY HOPE OF ACHIEVING THE TARGETS SET A MUCH GREATER COLLABORATIVE EFFORT WILL BE REQUIRED AND A FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE OF MINDSET BY THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC
5GANDA .OVEMBER
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
4HE lRST OPEN HEART SURGERY IN 5GANDA BEING CARRIED OUT AT )NTERNATIONAL (OSPITAL +AMPALA
!ND THE GENERAL PUBLIC MUST LOOK TO ALL PLAYERS TO MEET THEIR HEALTH NEEDS AND NOT BLAME ONLY THE GOVERNMENT FOR LACK OF SERVICES 4HEY MUST ALSO LEARN TO DEMAND HIGH STANDARDS FROM ALL PROVIDERS n GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE n AND HAVE A CLEAR MEANS OF REDRESS IN ALL SECTORS 4HE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS MAY APPEAR TO HAVE DIFFERENT GOALS PARTICULARLY THE PRIVATE FOR PROlT SECTOR (OWEVER THE VERY FACT THAT THE PRIVATE SECTOR HAS TO BE ACCOUNTABLE TO THE BOTTOM LINE CAN BE A FORCE WHICH PROMOTES BEST PRACTICE !LTHOUGH THERE ARE THE SHORT TERM PROlTEERS IN ANY BUSINESS HIGH QUALITY SERVICE PROVISION WILL IN THE LONG RUN PROVE TO BE SUSTAINABLE &OR THIS REASON THE PRIVATE SECTOR CAN BE A DRIVING FORCE IN BENCHMARKING AND IMPROVING STANDARDS
!LTHOUGH THERE ARE THE SHORT TERM PROlTEERS IN ANY BUSINESS HIGH QUALITY SERVICE PROVISION WILL IN THE LONG RUN PROVE TO BE SUSTAINABLE &UTURE HOPES 4HERE ARE CERTAIN STRAWS IN THE WIND )N 5GANDA ONE OF +AMPALA S LEADING PRIVATE HOSPITALS )NTERNATIONAL (OSPITAL RECENTLY LAUNCHED A CHARITY OR @PUBLIC WARD USING ITS OWN PROlTS AND SPONSORSHIP FROM SOME LOCAL COMPANIES 4HEIR RATIONALE WAS THAT THIS WOULD NOT ONLY HELP THE INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS WHO WOULD HAVE THE BENElT OF A HIGH LEVEL OF CARE BUT THAT IT WOULD INCREASE THE NUMBER OF COMPLEX PROCEDURES BEING CARRIED OUT AT THE HOSPITAL AND THUS IMPROVE THE STAFF S EXPOSURE AND EXPERTISE "OTH )NTERNATIONAL (OSPITAL AND -ULAGO THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL THEN
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
CARRIED OUT THE lRST OPEN HEART SURGERY IN 5GANDA )NTERNATIONAL (OSPITAL SENT SOME OF THEIR NURSES TO GAIN EXPERIENCE AT -ULAGO S (EART )NSTITUTE WHILE SOME OF -ULAGO S DOCTORS PARTICIPATED IN )NTERNATIONAL S OPEN HEART SURGERY TO GAIN EXPERIENCE 4HERE WAS A DEGREE OF COMPETITION BUT IT MOVED THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIAC SURGERY FORWARD AND RESULTED IN SEVENTEEN PATIENTS HAVING HEART DEFECTS REPAIRED IN THE SPACE OF A FEW MONTHS )F SUCH PROGRAMMES WERE EVEN MORE COLLABORATIVE THE BENElTS WOULD BE THAT MUCH GREATER
$R )AN #LARKE HAS WORKED IN 5GANDA FOR THE PAST TWENTY YEARS lRST IN THE NON GOVERNMENT SECTOR SETTING UP +IWOKO (OSPITAL IN ,UWEERO AFTER THE BUSH WAR (E THEN MOVED TO +AMPALA AND FOUNDED )NTERNATIONAL (OSPITAL +AMPALA (E IS THE AUTHOR OF A NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS AND A REGULAR COLUMNIST IN 5GANDA S NATIONAL NEWSPAPER 4HE 3UNDAY 6ISION )NTERNATIONAL -EDICAL 'ROUP S VISION IS TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE TO HEALTHCARE IN 5GANDA 4HE GROUP INCLUDES )NTERNATIONAL (OSPITAL AND )!! (EALTHCARE WHICH HAS CLINICS THROUGHOUT 5GANDA AND IN *UBA 3OUTH 3UDAN )-' IS IN THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING A 5NIVERSITY OF (EALTH 3CIENCES AS A MEANS OF INCREASING MEDICAL CAPACITY IN 5GANDA )NTERNATIONAL -EDICAL 'ROUP 0/ "OX +AMPALA 5GANDA 4EL &AX %MAIL IHK IMG CO UG 7EBSITE WWW IMG CO UG
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)NTERNATIONAL ()6 !)$3 !LLIANCE
! WORLD OF OPPORTUNITY UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO ()6 PREVENTION TREATMENT CARE AND SUPPORT 4WENTY YEARS ON ()6 CONTINUES TO BE AMONG THE MOST DESTRUCTIVE PANDEMICS IN HISTORY /F EIGHT KEY AREAS COVERED BY THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS SIX n REDUCED POVERTY AND CHILD MORTALITY INCREASED ACCESS TO EDUCATION GENDER EQUALITY IMPROVED MATERNAL HEALTH AND EFFORTS TO COMBAT MAJOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES n ARE BEING UNDERMINED BY HIGH RATES OF ()6 ()6 IS REVERSING RECENT HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT GAINS !T THE END OF THERE WERE AN ESTIMATED MILLION PEOPLE LIVING WITH ()6 MILLION NEW ()6 INFECTIONS AND MILLION PREVENTABLE DEATHS DUE TO !)$3 /F THOSE INFECTED WITH ()6 PER CENT ARE LIVING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CONSEQUENTLY THESE COUNTRIES ARE BEARING A DISPROPORTIONATELY HIGH BURDEN OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY 7ITH NEW INFECTIONS A DAY RATES OF ()6 INFECTION CONTINUE TO RISE AND MILLIONS OF PEOPLE DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO ESSENTIAL HEALTH SERVICES AND COMMODITIES 4HE #OMMONWEALTH REPRESENTS PER CENT OF THE WORLD S POPULATION AND IS HOME TO PER CENT OF THE GLOBAL ()6 BURDEN /F THE MILLION #OMMONWEALTH CITIZENS LIVING WITH ()6 MILLION ARE IN URGENT NEED OF LIFE SUSTAINING ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT !24 (OWEVER IN SPITE OF RECENT ADVANCES IN SCALING UP !24 LESS THAN PER CENT ARE ACTUALLY ACCESSING !24
4HE ()6 RESPONSE )N 4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT DECLARED ()6 A GLOBAL EMERGENCY 4HE PAST FEW YEARS HAVE BROUGHT GREATER ATTENTION TO AND INVESTMENT IN THE GLOBAL RESPONSE TO ()6 LEADING TO SEVERAL IMPORTANT INITIATIVES INCLUDING 4HE 5NITED .ATIONS 'ENERAL !SSEMBLY 3PECIAL 3ESSION ON ()6 !)$3 5.'!33 4HE 'LOBAL &UND TO &IGHT !)$3 4UBERCULOSIS AND -ALARIA '&!4- THE BY INITIATIVE THE 7ORLD "ANK -ULTI COUNTRY !)$3 0ROGRAMME -!0 AND THE 5NITED 3TATES 0RESIDENT S %MERGENCY 0LAN FOR !)$3 2ELIEF 0%0&!2 4HE INCREASING ENGAGEMENT OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS CIVIL SOCIETY n ESPECIALLY PEOPLE WITH ()6 n AND COMMUNITIES HAS PLAYED A CRITICAL ROLE IN SCALING UP THE ()6 RESPONSE &OR MANY YEARS COMMUNITIES
-OZAMBIQUE n ELDERLY GRANDMOTHER WITH ORPHANED GRANDCHILDREN 'IDEON -ENDEL FOR THE )NTERNATIONAL ()6 !)$3 !LLIANCE
HAVE BEEN ON THE FRONTLINES OF THE ()6 PANDEMIC DELIVERING ESSENTIAL PREVENTION CARE AND SUPPORT SERVICES 4HERE IS NOW A GROWING UNDERSTANDING OF THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF COMMUNITIES INCLUDING PEOPLE WITH ()6 AND THEIR EFFECTIVE ENGAGEMENT IN ALL LEVELS OF RESPONSE +EY STAKEHOLDERS NOW SEE COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AS AN INTERVENTION THAT IS CRITICAL TO SUCCESSFUL ()6 RESPONSES -AJOR DONORS SUCH AS 0%0&!2 THE 5NITED +INGDOM S $EPARTMENT FOR )NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT $F)$ AND '&!4- HAVE COMMITTED TO SUPPORTING EXPANDED COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND STRENGTHENING COMMUNITY SYSTEMS AS A KEY INGREDIENT FOR SCALING UP THE RESPONSE TO ()6 ()6 PREVENTION RESPONSES ALONE HAVE NOT PREVENTED THE CONTINUED INCREASE IN THE EPIDEMIC WORLDWIDE !LTHOUGH PREVENTION EFFORTS HAVE OFTEN BEEN LATE IN STARTING UNDER RESOURCED AND POORLY SUPPORTED IT IS INCREASINGLY BEING RECOGNISED THAT IN ORDER TO REVERSE THE ()6 EPIDEMIC A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH COMPRISING ()6 PREVENTION TREATMENT CARE AND SUPPORT IS REQUIRED 4HERE HAS BEEN A SEA CHANGE IN THE RESPONSE TO ()6 SINCE THE 5.'!33 $ECLARATION OF #OMMITMENT ON ()6 !)$3 4HE MOST PROFOUND EXAMPLE OF THIS CHANGE IS THE RECENT EXPANSION IN !24 #IVIL SOCIETY AND COMMUNITY ADVOCACY SPECIAL PRICING BY PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES INCREASED GENERIC COMPETITION AND LOCAL PRODUCTION AND NEGOTIATIONS FACILITATED BY PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS HAVE SLASHED THE PRICES OF lRST LINE ANTIRETROVIRAL
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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MEDICINES !26S AND INCREASED THEIR AVAILABILITY 4HE BY )NITIATIVE LAUNCHED BY 7(/ AND 5.!)$3 IN BUILT ON THESE DEVELOPMENTS TO CATALYSE AND MOBILISE SUPPORT FOR NATIONAL ()6 PROGRAMMES TO EXPAND ACCESS TO !24 3INCE THE END OF THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE RECEIVING !24 IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAS MORE THAN TRIPLED AND ACCESS TO !24 IN THE WORLD S HARDEST HIT REGION SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA HAS INCREASED BY MORE THAN PER CENT #OUNTRIES SUCH AS "OTSWANA 5GANDA AND :AMBIA HAVE SHOWN REMARKABLE SUCCESS IN PROVING THAT !24 CAN INDEED BE SCALED UP IN RESOURCE CONSTRAINED SETTINGS $ESPITE INITIAL CONCERNS THAT ()6 TREATMENT COULD DIVERT BOTH RESOURCES AND ATTENTION AWAY FROM PREVENTION IT IS NOW CLEAR THAT TREATMENT SCALE UP ACTUALLY INCREASES OPPORTUNITIES FOR EFFECTIVE PREVENTION %VIDENCE IS EMERGING THAT THE AVAILABILITY OF !24 LEADS TO AN UPSURGE IN DEMAND FOR VOLUNTARY ()6 TESTING AND COUNSELLING SERVICES n A KEY ()6 PREVENTION INTERVENTION !S MORE PEOPLE BECOME AWARE OF THEIR ()6 STATUS AND ACCESS TREATMENT AND CARE NEW OPPORTUNITIES ARE ALSO ARISING TO PROVIDE PREVENTION SERVICES INCLUDING FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH ()6 4HUS FAR !24 SCALE UP HAS SHOWN THAT KEY BARRIERS TO EXPANDING SERVICES INCLUDE ° )NSUFlCIENT TRAINING OF HEALTHCARE WORKERS ° 7EAK SUPPLY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ° 3TIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION ° 5SER FEES ° ,ACK OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AND SUPPORT AND ° 4HE COST OF !24 %XPERIENCE HAS SHOWN THAT EXPANDING ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE !24 WILL REQUIRE CHALLENGING AND CHANGING INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAWS TO ALLOW FOR GREATER COMPETITION FROM GENERIC DRUGS $EVELOPING COUNTRIES WILL NEED TO BUILD LOCAL MANUFACTURING CAPACITY AND TO EXERCISE THE mEXIBILITIES PRESENT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW TO BUY CHEAPER MEDICINES TO PROTECT PUBLIC HEALTH THE ISSUE OF PROHIBITIVELY COSTLY SECOND LINE !26S IS A PARTICULARLY PRESSING ONE #OVERAGE OF ()6 PREVENTION SERVICES REMAINS LOW 4HE SAME CAN BE SAID FOR CARE AND TREATMENT SERVICES 0REVENTION PROGRAMMES ARE FAILING TO REACH THOSE AT GREATEST RISK )T IS ESTIMATED THAT ()6 PREVENTION PROGRAMMES REACH FEWER THAN ONE IN lVE OF THOSE WHO NEED THEM AND THAT ONLY PER CENT OF PEOPLE WITH ()6 IN NEED OF !24 IN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES HAVE ACCESS 3URVEYS IN EIGHTEEN COUNTRIES INDICATE THAT LESS THAN PER CENT OF YOUNG PEOPLE HAVE COMPREHENSIVE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ()6 )N ALL BUT THREE COUNTRIES YOUNG WOMEN HAD SIGNIlCANTLY LOWER KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ()6 THAN YOUNG MEN 4WO THIRDS OF YOUNG WOMEN IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA LACKED COMPREHENSIVE KNOWLEDGE OF ()6 TRANSMISSION 3IMILAR TRENDS HAVE BEEN NOTED IN )NDIA #HINA AND OTHER COUNTRIES -OST OF THE ESTIMATED MILLION PEOPLE LIVING WITH ()6 ARE UNAWARE OF THEIR INFECTION )N ONLY PER CENT OF ADULTS IN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES OBTAINED ()6 TESTING
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
AND COUNSELLING AND WORLDWIDE ONLY PER CENT OF PEOPLE WHO WANT TO GET TESTED ARE CURRENTLY ABLE TO DO SO #URRENT DEBATES ABOUT ROUTINE TESTING UNDERLINE THE URGENT NEED FOR SCALING UP VOLUNTARY ()6 TESTING AND COUNSELLING AS A CRITICAL ENTRY POINT FOR ()6 PREVENTION TREATMENT AND CARE
"EHAVIOUR CHANGE AND PREVENTION 3TUDIES ON ()6 PREVENTION REVEAL GAPS IN THE COVERAGE OF BEHAVIOUR CHANGE PROGRAMMES TARGETING YOUNG PEOPLE AND GROUPS AT HIGH RISK OF ()6 INFECTION AS WELL AS INSUFlCIENT ACCESS TO CONDOMS AND OTHER PROVEN ()6 PREVENTION TECHNOLOGIES 5NITED .ATIONS &AMILY 0LANNING !SSOCIATION 5.&0! ESTIMATES THAT THE GLOBAL PUBLIC SECTOR SUPPLY OF CONDOMS IS LESS THAN PER CENT OF WHAT IS NEEDED TO ENSURE ADEQUATE CONDOM COVERAGE AN ANNUAL GAP OF BILLION CONDOMS &EMALE CONDOMS ARE ALSO NOT AVAILABLE OR ACCESSIBLE ON THE REQUIRED SCALE 0ROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PREVENTION TECHNOLOGIES HAS BEEN VARIED MORE INVESTMENT IS NEEDED FOR MICROBICIDE AND VACCINE DEVELOPMENT (OWEVER THE RESULTS OF MALE CIRCUMCISION TRIALS OFFER THE POSSIBILITY OF A NEW EFFECTIVE PREVENTION TOOL )T IS ESTABLISHED THAT A COMBINATION OF PROVEN PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS CAN REDUCE NEW ()6 INFECTIONS AND HELP STOP THE EPIDEMIC 0ROVEN PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS INCLUDE BEHAVIOUR CHANGE PROGRAMMES INCLUDING EFFORTS TO ENCOURAGE INDIVIDUALS AT RISK TO DELAY INITIATION OF SEXUAL ACTIVITY REDUCE THE NUMBER OF SEXUAL PARTNERS AND USE CONDOMS DURING SEXUAL INTERCOURSE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE CONTROL VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND TESTING HARM REDUCTION PROGRAMMES FOR INJECTING DRUG USERS PREVENTION OF MOTHER TO CHILD ()6 TRANSMISSION BLOOD SAFETY INFECTION CONTROL IN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS AND PROGRAMMES FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH ()6 7E ALSO KNOW THAT PREVENTION MUST GO BEYOND BEHAVIOURAL INTERVENTIONS AND ADDRESS THE BROADER ISSUES THAT DETERMINE VULNERABILITY )N SPITE OF THIS A NARROW INTERPRETATION OF ()6 PREVENTION HAS BECOME A MAJOR BARRIER TO SCALING UP EFFECTIVE EVIDENCE INFORMED PREVENTION EFFORTS 4HE COMPONENTS OF THE @!"# !BSTINENCE "EING FAITHFUL #ONDOM USE APPROACH ARE AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE ()6 PREVENTION ARMOURY !BSTINENCE FOR YOUNGER ADOLESCENTS FAITHFULNESS IN MARRIAGE AND CONDOM PROMOTION ARE CRUCIAL PARTS OF ()6 PREVENTION 3TUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT CONSISTENT CONDOM USE IS EFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING TRANSMISSION OF ()6 (OWEVER THE DISTORTION OF THE !"# MODEL TO FOCUS ONLY ON ABSTINENCE ORIENTED PROGRAMMES n AND MISINFORMATION ABOUT CONDOMS n IS UNDERMINING THE GLOBAL RESPONSE &EW COUNTRIES DELIVER ()6 PREVENTION IN MATERNITY SERVICES ON A BROAD SCALE !T THE END OF ONLY PER CENT OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES HAD ACCESS TO SERVICES TO PREVENT MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION OF ()6 0-4#4 4HIS REPRESENTS A VERY SLIGHT INCREASE FROM PER CENT COVERAGE REPORTED IN n DESPITE THE FACT THAT IN THESE COUNTRIES PER CENT OF WOMEN HAVE ACCESS TO ANTENATAL SERVICES
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&IGURE 0ROJECTED NEW ADULT INFECTIONS AND TOTAL ADULT DEATHS IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA IN MILLIONS BY THE YEAR IMPACT OF THREE SCENARIOS COMPARED WITH BASELINE 3OURCE 3ALOMON * ! ET AL h)NTEGRATING ()6 0REVENTION AND 4REATMENT FROM 3LOGAN TO )MPACTv 0,O3 -EDICINE *ANUARY
0REVENTION PROGRAMMES FOCUSING ON SEX WORKERS INJECTING DRUG USERS GAY MEN AND OTHER MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN AND PRISONERS ARE PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT 7HILE FUNDING FOR ()6 ACTIVITIES HAS INCREASED IN RECENT YEARS MANY COUNTRIES ARE FAILING TO DIRECT lNANCIAL RESOURCES TOWARD PROGRAMMES THAT ADDRESS THE ()6 PREVENTION NEEDS OF THE POPULATIONS AT HIGHEST RISK OPTING INSTEAD TO PRIORITISE GENERAL POPULATION PREVENTION EFFORTS THAT ARE LESS COST EFFECTIVE AND LESS LIKELY TO HAVE AN IMPACT ON THE EPIDEMIC ! GLOBAL ()6 SERVICES GAP EXISTS WHICH SEES PER CENT OF INJECTING DRUG USERS PER CENT OF MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN AND PER CENT OF SEX WORKERS WITHOUT ACCESS TO BASIC ()6 SERVICES $F)$ IN PARTICULAR HAS SHOWN REMARKABLE LEADERSHIP IN CHAMPIONING EVIDENCE BASED AND RIGHTS BASED SERVICES FOR THESE KEY POPULATIONS )T IS ALARMING TO NOTE THAT ()6 PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH ()6 ALTHOUGH EPIDEMIOLOGICALLY CRITICAL ARE NOT BEING IMPLEMENTED AT SUBSTANTIAL SCALE
3PECIAL RISKS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS
(UMAN RIGHTS ABUSES FUEL THE SPREAD OF ()6 AND ()6 FUELS HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES ()6 RELATED STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION HAVE BEEN AND CONTINUE TO BE THE MOST CHALLENGING OBSTACLES TO THE DELIVERY AND UPTAKE OF ()6 PREVENTION TREATMENT CARE AND SUPPORT 7ITHOUT CONCRETELY ADDRESSING STIGMA DISCRIMINATION AND GENDER BASED VIOLENCE SCALING UP COMPREHENSIVE ()6 TREATMENT CARE AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES WILL NOT BECOME A REALITY &EAR VIOLENCE STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION HAVE SEVERELY HAMPERED EFFORTS TO FULLY ENGAGE PEOPLE WITH ()6 IN THE RESPONSE EVEN THOUGH THEIR PARTICIPATION IS CRITICAL FOR THE SUCCESS OF ()6 PREVENTION TREATMENT AND CARE EFFORTS 3TIGMA INCLUDING THE CRIMINALISATION OF RISKY BEHAVIOURS AND A WIDESPREAD LACK OF LEGAL PROTECTIONS CONTINUES TO ACT AS AN OBSTACLE FOR SCALING UP INTERVENTIONS WITH POPULATIONS WHO ARE TYPICALLY MARGINALISED SUCH AS SEX WORKERS GAY MEN AND OTHER MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN INJECTING DRUG USERS AND PRISONERS
)N MANY SETTINGS MARRIAGE AND lDELITY ARE NOT ENOUGH TO PROTECT WOMEN AGAINST ()6 INFECTION )N )NDIA A SIGNIlCANT PROPORTION OF NEW ()6 INFECTIONS ARE OCCURRING IN WOMEN WHO ARE MARRIED AND WHO HAVE BEEN INFECTED BY HUSBANDS WHO EITHER CURRENTLY OR IN THE PAST EXCHANGED MONEY FOR SEX ()6 PREVENTION PROGRAMMES THAT FOCUS ON ABSTINENCE lDELITY IN MARRIAGE AND CONDOM USE HAVE GREAT LIMITATIONS IN THIS CONTEXT -UCH GREATER EFFORTS ARE REQUIRED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE FACTORS THAT CAN INmUENCE BEHAVIOUR CHANGE AND CONDOM USE WITHIN MARRIAGE )F ()6 PREVENTION CARE AND TREATMENT ACTIVITIES ARE TO HAVE AN IMPACT THEY MUST BE EVIDENCE BASED AND OCCUR ALONGSIDE OTHER EFFORTS SUCH AS LEGAL REFORM INCLUDING PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE PROMOTION OF WOMEN S RIGHTS ADDRESSING AND REDUCING IN PARTICULAR VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS
7OMEN AND GIRLS ARE OFTEN IN RELATIONSHIPS BUILT ON UNEQUAL POWER RELATIONS AND AS A RESULT ARE UNABLE TO NEGOTIATE SEXUAL ACTIVITY OR CONDOM USE INCREASING THEIR VULNERABILITY TO ()6 &EAR OF ABUSE ALSO DISCOURAGES WOMEN FROM TESTING FOR ()6 AND GETTING TREATMENT SINCE DISCLOSING THEIR STATUS TO THEIR PARTNERS OR THE LARGER COMMUNITY USUALLY EXPOSES THEM TO EVEN MORE DISCRIMINATION AND VIOLENCE 7OMEN WHOSE PARTNERS FALL SICK AND DIE PARTICULARLY OF !)$3 FREQUENTLY SUFFER DISCRIMINATION ABANDONMENT AND VIOLENCE )N ADDITION TO BEING AT HIGH RISK OF CONTRACTING ()6 WOMEN AND YOUNG GIRLS ARE BEARING A DISPROPORTIONATELY HIGH BURDEN OF CARING FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH ()6 THE SICK AND ORPHANED CHILDREN FEMALE SEX WORKERS AND THE SEXUAL PARTNERS OF DRUG USERS ARE INCREASINGLY INFECTED AND AFFECTED
4HERE IS NOW A GROWING UNDERSTANDING THAT UNDER RESOURCED HEALTH SYSTEMS DELIVERING FRAGMENTED
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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#OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES MUST FULLY UTILISE THEIR SHARED VISION KNOWLEDGE RESOURCES AND EXPERIENCE TO ENSURE THAT UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO COMPREHENSIVE ()6 SERVICES IS ACHIEVED ACROSS THE #OMMONWEALTH BY )N LINE WITH COMMITMENTS MADE AT THE (IGH ,EVEL -EETING ON !)$3 IN *UNE #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES SHOULD
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HEALTH SERVICES ARE A MAJOR BOTTLENECK IMPEDING THE SCALE UP OF ()6 PREVENTION TREATMENT CARE AND SUPPORT !CCORDING TO 7(/ KEY COMPONENTS OF HEALTH SYSTEM STRENGTHENING THAT WILL NEED TO BE ADDRESSED INCLUDE POLICY lNANCING TRAINING AND SUPPORT FOR HEALTHCARE WORKERS STRENGTHENING SUPPLY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS INFORMATION SYSTEMS MONITORING AND EVALUATION INNOVATIONS IN SERVICE DELIVERY INCLUDING INTEGRATION OF SERVICES @TASK SHIFTING AND PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS (EALTH SYSTEMS WEAKENED THROUGH YEARS OF UNDER INVESTMENT HEALTH WORKER MIGRATION AND GROWING DISEASE BURDENS ARE STRUGGLING TO MEET THE INCREASED DEMAND FOR HEALTHCARE RESULTING FROM ()6 )N MANY PLACES ()6 IS UNDERMINING HEALTH SYSTEMS 5RGENT ATTENTION MUST BE PAID TO STRENGTHENING HUMAN RESOURCE CAPACITY SERVICE DELIVERY HEALTH SYSTEM COMMUNITY SYSTEM INTERFACE SUPPLY MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING AND REPORTING SYSTEMS
#OMMITMENT TO UNIVERSAL ACCESS )N *ULY ()6 FEATURED PROMINENTLY ON THE AGENDA OF THE ' 3UMMIT IN 'LENEAGLES WITH THE LEADERS OF THE ' COMMITTING TO hxDEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT A PACKAGE OF ()6 PREVENTION TREATMENT AND CARE WITH THE AIM OF AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO TREATMENT FOR ALL THOSE WHO NEED IT BY ,IMITED HEALTH SYSTEMS CAPACITY IS A MAJOR CONSTRAINT TO ACHIEVING THIS AND WE WILL WORK WITH OUR PARTNERS IN !FRICA TO ADDRESS THIS INCLUDING SUPPORTING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RELIABLE AND ACCOUNTABLE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AND REPORTING SYSTEMS x 7E WILL WORK TO MEET THE lNANCING NEEDS FOR ()6 !)$3 INCLUDING THROUGH THE REPLENISHMENT THIS YEAR OF THE 'LOBAL &UND TO lGHT !)$3 4" AND -ALARIA xv )N 3EPTEMBER ALL 5NITED .ATIONS MEMBER STATES ENDORSED THE UNIVERSAL ACCESS GOAL AT THE (IGH ,EVEL 0LENARY -EETING OF THE TH 3ESSION OF THE 5NITED .ATIONS 'ENERAL !SSEMBLY IN /CTOBER (EALTH -INISTERS OF THE !FRICAN 5NION FOLLOWED SUIT 4HESE EVENTS ALONG WITH COMMITMENTS MADE AT THE !FRICAN 5NION 3UMMIT IN !BUJA !PRIL AND THE 5.'!33 AND (IGH ,EVEL -EETING ON !)$3 IN .EW 9ORK -AY MARK A HISTORIC OPPORTUNITY TO FURTHER INTENSIFY EFFORTS AND INCREASE THE MOMENTUM TOWARDS ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO ()6 PREVENTION TREATMENT AND CARE
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
° %NSURE THAT NATIONAL ()6 PLANS INCLUDE AMBITIOUS TARGETS FOR ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO ()6 PREVENTION TREATMENT CARE AND SUPPORT 4HESE TARGETS MUST BE EPIDEMIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT 4ARGETS MUST ALSO FOCUS ()6 PROGRAMMES TO DELIVER EVIDENCE BASED INTERVENTIONS AND TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THOSE MOST VULNERABLE TO AND THOSE AFFECTED BY ()6 ° ,EVERAGE EXPANDED GLOBAL RESOURCES TO SECURE MUCH NEEDED INCREASES IN DOMESTIC SPENDING ON ()6 AND HEALTH #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES WITH HIGH AND MEDIUM ()6 BURDEN SHOULD PROVIDE TIMELINES FOR INCREASED INVESTMENT IN HEALTH TO THE LEVEL OF AT LEAST PER CENT OF '$0 ° )NVEST IN SCALING UP COMPREHENSIVE ()6 SERVICES WHICH INCLUDE SPECIlC INVESTMENT IN IMPROVING ACCESS TO ESSENTIAL MEDICINES AND COMMODITIES INCLUDING ENSURING THAT !24 AND OTHER ESSENTIAL ()6 SERVICES ARE PROVIDED FREE OF COST AND CONCRETE INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE STIGMA DISCRIMINATION VIOLENCE AND GENDER INEQUALITY ° $EVELOP AND RESOURCE NATIONAL ()6 PLANS WHICH STRENGTHEN COMMUNITY LEVEL PROVISION OF ()6 PREVENTION TREATMENT CARE 4HIS SHOULD INCLUDE ENSURING THAT CIVIL SOCIETY HAS SUFlCIENT ACCESS TO THE NECESSARY TECHNICAL AND lNANCIAL SUPPORT MORE INDIVIDUAL AND INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT FOR THE MEANINGFUL INVOLVEMENT OF PEOPLE WITH ()6 DEVELOPING AND SUPPORTING NEW CADRES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS AND DESIGNING SIMPLIlED STANDARDISED APPROACHES TO DELIVERING ESSENTIAL HEALTH AND ()6 SERVICES
$R !LVARO "ERMEJO IS %XECUTIVE $IRECTOR )NTERNATIONAL ()6 !)$3 !LLIANCE 3USIE -C,EAN IS 3ENIOR 0OLICY !DVISOR )NTERNATIONAL ()6 !)$3 !LLIANCE $R -ANDEEP $HALIWAL IS !SSOCIATE #ONSULTANT )NTERNATIONAL ()6 !)$3 !LLIANCE AND #HAIR 0!2! #OMMONWEALTH !CTION 'ROUP ON ()6 4HE )NTERNATIONAL ()6 !)$3 !LLIANCE IS A PARTNERSHIP OF ORGANISATIONS WORKING TOGETHER TO STRENGTHEN COMMUNITY RESPONSES TO !)$3 %STABLISHED IN THE !LLIANCE WORKS IN OVER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN !FRICA !SIA ,ATIN !MERICA THE #ARIBBEAN AND %ASTERN %UROPE 4HE !LLIANCE HAS A LONG AND PROUD HISTORY OF WORKING WITH COMMUNITIES AND GROUPS KEY TO THE DYNAMICS OF ()6 TRANSMISSION )NTERNATIONAL ()6 !)$3 !LLIANCE 1UEENSBERRY (OUSE 1UEENS 2OAD "RIGHTON ". 8& 5+ 4EL %MAIL MAIL AIDSALLIANCE ORG
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0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
0ROFESSOR #HRISTOPHER #OLCLOUGH #ENTRE FOR #OMMONWEALTH %DUCATION #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY
'ENDER EQUALITY IN EDUCATION INCREASING THE MOMENTUM FOR CHANGE THROUGHOUT THE #OMMONWEALTH !LL NATIONS ARE COMMITTED VIA THEIR ESPOUSAL OF THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS TO ELIMINATE GENDER DISPARITIES IN EDUCATION OVER THE NEXT FEW YEARS 4HIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE MAJOR CAUSES OF EXISTING INEQUALITIES IN EDUCATION BASED UPON AN ASSESSMENT OF RECENT RESEARCH RESULTS AND SETS OUT LESSONS FOR POLICY CHANGE !LTHOUGH THE CAUSES OF INEQUALITY ARE COMPLEX POLICY REFORMS TO IMPROVE WOMEN S RIGHTS IN THE HOUSEHOLD AND THE MARKET PLACE TO REDUCE THE DIRECT COSTS OF SCHOOLING TO HOUSEHOLDS AND TO IMPROVE SCHOOL QUALITY IN GENDER AWARE WAYS CAN DO MUCH TO ENCOURAGE AND SUSTAIN INCREASED ENROLMENTS AMONG BOTH GIRLS AND BOYS !LTHOUGH THE TARGET OF ACHIEVING GENDER PARITY AT PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LEVELS HAS BEEN MISSED THAT FOR CAN BE REACHED IF CAREFULLY FOCUSED REFORMS ARE EMPLOYED !T THE TURN OF THE CENTURY BOTH THE -ILLENNIUM $ECLARATION AND THE $AKAR &RAMEWORK FOR !CTION COMMITTED THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD TO ELIMINATING GENDER DISPARITIES IN EDUCATION OVER THE SHORT TERM TO AND TO ACHIEVING GENDER EQUALITY IN EDUCATION BY THE YEAR 4HESE COMMITMENTS REmECTED BOTH A NEAR UNIVERSAL CONCERN TO PROMOTE THE EQUAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND MEN IN ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE n AS HAD BEEN AFlRMED IN THE HUMAN RIGHTS LEGISLATION ENACTED BY MOST COUNTRIES OVER THE PREVIOUS HALF CENTURY n AND CLEAR EVIDENCE THAT PATTERNS OF DISCRIMINATION AND INEQUALITY REQUIRED SPECIlC AND PURPOSIVE POLICY ACTION IF THEY WERE TO BE OVERTURNED !T THAT TIME THE EDUCATIONAL GAP WAS SUBSTANTIAL 3OME PER CENT OF THE OUT OF SCHOOL POPULATION AT PRIMARY LEVEL WERE GIRLS AND ALMOST TWO THIRDS OF THE MILLION PEOPLE ESTIMATED TO BE NON LITERATE WERE WOMEN !S EDUCATION SYSTEMS EXPANDED SO TOO THE ENROLMENT OF GIRLS HAD INCREASED WITH THE PROPORTION OF GIRLS TO BOYS ENROLLED CLIMBING FROM PER CENT TO PER CENT OVER THE S &URTHER PROGRESS WAS MADE OVER THE FOLLOWING lVE YEARS BUT NOT SUFlCIENTLY SO TO ACHIEVE THE GOAL OF PARITY OF ENROLMENTS BY )N THAT YEAR
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
SOME COUNTRIES FAILED TO ACHIEVE PARITY AT PRIMARY LEVEL WHILST SOME COUNTRIES HAD NOT ACHIEVED IT AT SECONDARY OR HIGHER LEVELS
,OOKING TOWARDS )T IS NOW CLEAR THAT THE GOAL SET FOR WAS OVERLY AMBITIOUS )N ORDER TO ACHIEVE GENDER PARITY AT PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LEVELS OVER A lVE YEAR PERIOD IT WOULD HAVE BEEN NECESSARY FOR LARGE NUMBERS OF OUT OF SCHOOL GIRLS TO ENROL IN OR REJOIN CLASSES AT LEVELS WELL BEYOND PRIMARY GRADE 3UCH @MID CAREER ENROLMENT WOULD HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY REQUIRED IF SECONDARY ENROLMENT PARITY WERE TO HAVE BEEN ACHIEVED WITHIN THE lVE YEAR PERIOD n AT LEAST IN THOSE MANY SCHOOL SYSTEMS IN WHICH MALE PUPILS SIGNIlCANTLY OUTNUMBERED GIRLS AT ALL GRADE LEVELS 4HIS KIND OF ENROLMENT BEHAVIOUR WOULD HAVE BEEN UNSUSTAINABLE OVER THE MEDIUM TERM AND IN MOST COUNTRIES IT WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN FEASIBLE IN THE lRST PLACE
!S EDUCATION SYSTEMS EXPANDED SO TOO THE ENROLMENT OF GIRLS HAD INCREASED WITH THE PROPORTION OF GIRLS TO BOYS ENROLLED CLIMBING FROM PER CENT TO PER CENT OVER THE S )T WAS THEREFORE SOMEWHAT PREDICTABLE THAT THE GENDER GOALS IN EDUCATION WOULD NOT BE ACHIEVED WITHIN THE INITIAL lVE YEAR CHOSEN TIME FRAME /N THE OTHER HAND THE EXPERIENCE OF A NUMBER OF NATIONS HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT GIVEN THE RIGHT POLICIES AND CIRCUMSTANCES COUNTRIES COULD MAKE RAPID PROGRESS TOWARDS GENDER PARITY 4HE TARGET OF ACHIEVING ENROLMENT PARITY THROUGHOUT EDUCATION BY THUS LOOKS MUCH MORE TRACTABLE n ALTHOUGH THE DEEPER GOALS OF ACHIEVING EQUALITY IN EDUCATION AND IN SOCIETY MORE BROADLY REMAIN EXTREMELY CHALLENGING FOR MOST COUNTRIES
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
4HE PRIORITIES FOR POLICY CHANGE CAN BEST BE INFORMED BY AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE CAUSES OF EXISTING INEQUALITIES )N #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES THESE ARE DEPENDENT ON THEIR OWN CONTEXT HISTORY AND SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (OWEVER THERE ARE IMPORTANT CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH ARE COMMON TO MANY COUNTRIES AND SOME DISCUSSION OF THEIR NATURE AND EXTENT CAN HELP TO INFORM STRATEGIES FOR TACKLING THEM
APPEARS TYPICALLY TO AMOUNT TO AROUND ONE THIRD OF TOTAL ANNUAL UNIT COSTS AT PRIMARY LEVEL 4HIS CAN REPRESENT A SIGNIlCANT PROPORTION OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME ESPECIALLY FOR THE POOREST HOUSEHOLDS AND LEADS TO UNDER ENROLMENT OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN PARTICULARLY GIRLS
#REATING AN ENVIRONMENT WHERE EQUALITY BETWEEN WOMEN AND MEN IS A GUIDING PRINCIPLE IS ESSENTIAL TO IMPROVING GIRLS EDUCATIONAL CHANCES AND OUTCOMES
4HE SOCIAL CONTEXT %DUCATIONAL DISCRIMINATION IS BOTH A CAUSE AND A CONSEQUENCE OF MUCH WIDER DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GIRLS AND WOMEN IN SOCIETY 4HE MOST MARKED GENDER INEQUALITIES ARE FOUND IN COUNTRIES AND REGIONS WHERE WOMEN S ROLES ARE CONSTRAINED BY PATRILINEAL PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND DESCENT BY EARLY MARRIAGE BY FAMILY RESOURCES BEING CONTROLLED BY THE SENIOR MALE HOUSEHOLD MEMBER AND SOMETIMES BY TRADITIONAL RESTRICTIONS PREVENTING WOMEN PARTICIPATING IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE 3UCH TRADITIONS ARE OFTEN STRONGER IN THE POOREST COUNTRIES WHICH ARE ALSO FARTHEST FROM ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SCHOOLING )T IS STRIKING THAT IN COUNTRIES WHERE ENROLMENTS ARE LOW BOYS TEND TO BE GIVEN PREFERENCE IN ACCESS TO SCHOOLING &IGURE #REATING AN ENVIRONMENT WHERE EQUALITY BETWEEN WOMEN AND MEN IS A GUIDING PRINCIPLE IS ESSENTIAL TO IMPROVING GIRLS EDUCATIONAL CHANCES AND OUTCOMES 4HE AGENDA INVOLVES REFORMING FAMILY LAW GIVING WOMEN PROPERTY AND INHERITANCE RIGHTS AND DESIGNING EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES LEGISLATION 4HE AGENDA MAY BE CONTROVERSIAL BUT IT PROVIDES A DECISIVE COUNTERWEIGHT TO ENTRENCHED SOCIAL NORMS THAT ALSO AFFECT WHETHER OR NOT CHILDREN GO TO SCHOOL
2EDUCING THE COSTS OF SCHOOL ATTENDANCE $ESPITE THE ALMOST UNIVERSAL RATIlCATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES WHICH COMMIT NATIONS TO THE PROVISION OF @FREE AND COMPULSORY EDUCATION AT PRIMARY LEVEL SCHOOL FEES ARE STILL CHARGED IN ALMOST COUNTRIES n INCLUDING IN MANY OF THOSE THAT ARE FARTHEST FROM ACHIEVING THE ENROLMENT AND GENDER PARITY GOALS 4HE AVERAGE PARENTAL CONTRIBUTION DIFFERS BETWEEN COUNTRIES BUT IT
4HUS ABOLISHING SCHOOL FEES AT THE PRIMARY LEVEL CAN HAVE A MAJOR POSITIVE IMPACT ON ENROLMENTS AS THE RECENT EXPERIENCES OF -ALAWI 5GANDA +ENYA AND OTHER #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED "ILATERAL AID AGENCIES CAN HELP TO SUPPORT SUCH INITIATIVES n BY COMPENSATING GOVERNMENTS OR SCHOOLS FOR THE LOSS OF FEE REVENUES AND BY PROVIDING RESOURCES TO SUPPORT THE QUALITY OF SCHOOLING DURING ITS SUBSEQUENT EXPANSION n IN WAYS WHICH CAN HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN ENSURING THE SUCCESS OF SCHOOL FEE REFORMS
2EMOVING THE NEED FOR CHILD LABOUR 4HE PROVISION OF PAID AND UNPAID CHILD LABOUR IS A LEADING CAUSE OF UNDER ENROLMENT AND DROP OUT PARTICULARLY AMONG GIRLS 2ECENT ESTIMATES SUGGEST THAT MORE THAN MILLION CHILDREN AGED YEARS ARE IN SOME FORM OF PAID WORK IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ABOUT HALF OF WHOM ARE GIRLS )N ADDITION THERE ARE MANY MORE CHILDREN n MAINLY GIRLS n WHO SPEND CONSIDERABLE TIME EACH WEEK IN UNPAID DOMESTIC WORK IN WAYS THAT AFFECT THEIR ACCESS TO OR PROGRESS IN SCHOOLING 0ARENTS ARE THE MAIN EMPLOYERS OF THESE CHILDREN n WHETHER IN THE HOUSEHOLD OR IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMY ,EGISLATION CAN HELP TO TACKLE THIS PROBLEM BUT IN MANY CASES INCENTIVES ARE NEEDED TO PERSUADE HOUSEHOLDS TO FORGO THE INCOME BENElTS THEY DERIVE FROM THEIR SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN &IGURE 'ENDER INEQUALITY AND ENROLMENTS AT PRIMARY LEVEL IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
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&IGURE 3UB 3AHARAN !FRICA THE PROPORTION OF FEMALE TEACHERS AT PRIMARY LEVEL AND THE GENDER BALANCE OF lRST GRADE INTAKES A VALUE OF INDICATES GENDER PARITY IN ENROLMENTS
)N ,ATIN !MERICA INCOME SUPPORT SCHEMES THAT PROVIDE CASH TO POOR FAMILIES CONDITIONAL ON SCHOOL ATTENDANCE BY THEIR CHILDREN HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFUL IN REDUCING THE INCIDENCE OF CHILD LABOUR &OOD INCENTIVES PROVIDED AS MEALS AT SCHOOL OR AS DRY FOOD RATIONS CAN HELP TO BOOST ENROLMENTS 3CHOLARSHIPS AND BURSARIES CAN ALSO STRONGLY INmUENCE WHETHER GIRLS STAY IN SCHOOL TO THE HIGHER PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LEVELS 4HE &OOD FOR %DUCATION 0ROGRAMME IN "ANGLADESH HAS HAD A MARKED IMPACT UPON GIRLS ENROLMENTS 3CHOLARSHIPS AT SECONDARY LEVEL HAVE ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE MAJOR EFFECTS UPON SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AMONG GIRLS IN "ANGLADESH :AMBIA :IMBABWE AND ELSEWHERE IN !FRICA
2EFORMING CLASSROOM PRACTICE $ESIGNING A GENDER SENSITIVE CURRICULUM AND TRAINING TEACHERS TO BE @GENDER AWARE IS NOT A SIMPLE PROCESS 4HE FACT THAT GIRLS ARE STILL UNDERREPRESENTED IN SCIENCE SUBJECTS IN INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES AT SECONDARY AND TERTIARY LEVELS POINTS TO ENDURING BIASES )N THE DEVELOPING WORLD ALTHOUGH PROGRESS HAS OFTEN BEEN MADE IN REMOVING FROM SCHOOL TEXTS THE PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN IN STEREOTYPICAL ACTIVITIES IN MANY COUNTRIES REGULAR GENDER AUDITING OF CURRICULAR MATERIALS IS NEEDED IF THE BARRIERS ARE TO BE BROKEN DOWN
2ECENT ESTIMATES SUGGEST THAT MORE THAN MILLION CHILDREN AGED YEARS ARE IN SOME FORM OF PAID WORK IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ABOUT HALF OF WHOM ARE GIRLS )RRESPECTIVE OF CURRICULUM DESIGN THE WAY IN WHICH IT IS INTERPRETED BY TEACHERS HAS A CRUCIAL INmUENCE ON STUDENTS 4EACHERS CAN PROVIDE ROLE MODELS AND A SENSE OF DIRECTION AND ENCOURAGEMENT TO BOTH BOYS AND GIRLS (OWEVER THEY CANNOT BE EXPECTED TO SEPARATE THEMSELVES EASILY FROM THE POWERFUL CULTURAL AND SOCIAL NORMS WITH WHICH THEY THEMSELVES HAVE GROWN UP )N STRONGLY PATRIARCHAL ENVIRONMENTS TEACHERS FACE POWERFUL OBSTACLES IN CHOOSING THEIR
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
OWN CAREERS AND ACTIVITIES AND IN SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES GENDER SENSITISATION COURSES ARE SELDOM A STANDARD PART OF TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMMES .OTWITHSTANDING THESE DIFlCULTIES HIRING MORE FEMALE TEACHERS AND TRAINING THEM WELL ARE TOP PRIORITIES FOR COUNTRIES WHERE GENDER DISPARITIES REMAIN HIGH )N SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA WOMEN HOLD ONLY ONE THIRD OR LESS OF TEACHING POSTS AND IN SOME COUNTRIES THEIR NUMBERS ARE EXTREMELY SMALL 4HERE ARE STRONG CORRELATIONS BETWEEN GIRLS ENROLMENTS AT PRIMARY LEVEL AND THE PRESENCE OF FEMALE TEACHERS &IGURE AND WHERE THE FEMALE MALE TEACHER RATIO IS LOW DELIBERATE POLICY MEASURES TO INCREASE IT SHOULD BE A LEADING COMPONENT OF ANY GENDER STRATEGY 4HERE ARE INITIATIVES TO LEAD THE WAY IN A NUMBER OF SUB 3AHARAN !FRICAN COUNTRIES THE &ORUM FOR !FRICAN 7OMEN %DUCATIONALISTS &!7% HAS ESTABLISHED @CENTRES OF EXCELLENCE TO BUILD THE CAPACITY OF TEACHERS THROUGH COURSES ON GENDER SENSITISATION AND AWARENESS THE TEACHING OF SCIENCE MATHS AND TECHNOLOGY AND TRAINING IN GENDER RESPONSIVE METHODOLOGIES
,ITERACY PROGRAMMES TIED TO INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES AND TO HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS HAVE SHOWN THEIR POTENTIAL TO EMPOWER WOMEN 0ROMOTING SAFETY AND WOMEN S EMPOWERMENT 3CHOOLS ARE OFTEN NOT SAFE PLACES FOR LEARNING VIOLENCE AGAINST GIRLS BY OTHER PUPILS AND EVEN BY TEACHERS HELPS TO PERPETUATE THE GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION ! NUMBER OF STUDIES FROM !FRICA SUGGEST THAT MUCH GENDER VIOLENCE IN SCHOOLS GOES UNREPORTED BECAUSE STUDENTS FEAR VICTIMISATION PUNISHMENT OR RIDICULE 0LACING SCHOOLS CLOSER TO HOMES IS ALSO IMPORTANT IN MANY COUNTRIES n WHERE THE DISTANCE TO SCHOOL IS LARGE THE SAFETY OF CHILDREN DURING THE JOURNEY TO SCHOOL IS PARTICULARLY INmUENTIAL IN AFFECTING PARENTAL DECISIONS TO SEND THEIR GIRLS TO SCHOOL
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'IRLS HAVE A MUCH HIGHER CHANCE OF ATTENDING SCHOOL IF THEIR MOTHERS ARE EDUCATED n EVEN IF SUCH EDUCATION WAS ACQUIRED AT A MATURE AGE ,ITERACY PROGRAMMES TIED TO INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES AND TO HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS HAVE SHOWN THEIR POTENTIAL TO EMPOWER WOMEN ,INKING SUCH PROGRAMMES TO EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE AND EDUCATION GENERATES STRONG BENElTS OFTEN AT LOW COST !N EFFECTIVE RECOGNITION OF THE LINKS BETWEEN DIFFERENT GENERATIONS OF LEARNERS PAVES THE WAY TOWARDS GREATER EQUALITY IN EDUCATION AND BEYOND
! COMMITTED SHIFT TOWARDS THE CREATION OF GENDER EQUALITY IN EDUCATION WOULD STIMULATE A RANGE OF PERSONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BENElTS THAT WELL EXCEED THEIR COSTS -OBILISING THE COMMITMENT 4HERE IS NO SINGLE CAUSE OF INEQUALITY IN EDUCATION AND MANY REFORMS ARE AT HAND WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF ADDRESSING IT 4HE STATE HAS A CRITICAL ROLE TO PLAY IN CREATING AN ENVIRONMENT THAT PROMOTES GREATER EQUALITY THROUGH LEGISLATIVE AND POLICY REFORM 4HERE IS A NEED TO TARGET RESOURCES FOR FEMALE EDUCATION AND TO INTRODUCE DELIBERATE MEASURES TO REDUCE INEQUITIES 4HE MAIN REQUIREMENTS ARE TO MOBILISE THE NECESSARY POLITICAL COMMITMENT EXPERTISE AND RESOURCES SO AS TO RESPOND TO THE URGENCY OF THE TASK !RGUMENTS THAT EQUALITY CANNOT BE AFFORDED OR THAT IT WOULD GENERATE PRESSURES THAT WOULD CONmICT WITH OTHER MORE PRESSING DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES ARE LARGELY MISGUIDED /N THE CONTRARY A COMMITTED SHIFT TOWARDS THE CREATION OF GENDER EQUALITY IN EDUCATION WOULD STIMULATE A RANGE OF PERSONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BENElTS THAT WELL EXCEED THEIR COSTS )T WOULD PROVIDE THE CORNERSTONE TO ALLOW WOMEN AND MEN TO ENJOY THE RIGHTS AND
FREEDOMS SPELT OUT IN THE 5. #HARTER ON (UMAN 2IGHTS MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY AGO AND WHICH THE WORLD HAS RECOMMITTED ITSELF TO ACHIEVE OVER THE YEARS TO
#HRISTOPHER #OLCLOUGH IS 0ROFESSOR OF THE %CONOMICS OF %DUCATION AT #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY AND $IRECTOR OF THE #ENTRE FOR #OMMONWEALTH %DUCATION AT THE 5NIVERSITY "EFORE COMING TO #AMBRIDGE HE WAS THE FOUNDING $IRECTOR AT 5.%3#/ OF THE 'LOBAL -ONITORING 2EPORT ON %DUCATION FOR !LL AND A 0ROFESSORIAL &ELLOW OF THE )NSTITUTE FOR $EVELOPMENT 3TUDIES 3USSEX (E IS CURRENTLY LEADING A CONSORTIUM OF SEVEN RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS FROM lVE COUNTRIES IN A 2ESEARCH #ONSORTIUM ON %DUCATIONAL /UTCOMES AND 0OVERTY 2%#/50 ! DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIST HE HAS PUBLISHED EXTENSIVELY ON PROBLEMS OF HUMAN RESOURCES EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 4HE #ENTRE FOR #OMMONWEALTH %DUCATION IS A JOINT COLLABORATIVE INITIATIVE BETWEEN THE #OMMONWEALTH )NSTITUTE AND THE 5NIVERSITY OF #AMBRIDGE ESTABLISHED IN TO UNDERTAKE RESEARCH TEACHING POLICY ANALYSIS AND ADVISORY WORK ON EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS IN #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES 4HE 2ESEARCH #ONSORTIUM ON %DUCATIONAL /UTCOMES AND 0OVERTY 2%#/50 COMPRISES SEVEN PARTNERS FROM THE 5+ 'HANA +ENYA )NDIA AND 0AKISTAN LED BY THE 5NIVERSITY OF #AMBRIDGE )T IS ONE OF THREE MAJOR RESEARCH PROGRAMMES ON EDUCATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FUNDED BY THE 5+ $EPARTMENT FOR )NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT $F)$ OVER THE PERIOD 4HE #ONSORTIUM SEEKS TO IMPROVE EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES FOR THE POOR IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THROUGH RESEARCH CAPACITY BUILDING COMMUNICATION AND DISSEMINATION #ENTRE FOR #OMMONWEALTH %DUCATION #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY &ACULTY OF %DUCATION (ILLS 2OAD #AMBRIDGE #" 01 4EL %MAIL RECOUP HERMES CAM AC UK 7EBSITE WWW EDUC CAM AC UK 2%#/50
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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+OÕCHIRO -ATSUURA $IRECTOR 'ENERAL OF 5.%3#/
3TRONG FOUNDATIONS A MUST TO REACH %DUCATION FOR !LL !TTENTIVE LEARNER THE *AMAICAN 2OVING #AREGIVERS 0ROGRAMME HELPS CHILDREN AND FAMILIES IN DISADVANTAGED AREAS
,EARNING BEGINS AT BIRTH AS OVER COUNTRIES AFlRMED IN *OMTIEN 4HAILAND IN AT THE 7ORLD #ONFERENCE ON %DUCATION FOR !LL 4EN YEARS LATER IN $AKAR 3ENEGAL THE CRUCIAL RELEVANCE OF THE CHILD S EARLY YEARS BECAME THE SUBJECT OF THE lRST %DUCATION FOR !LL %&! GOAL 4HIS GOAL ADDRESSES ACCESS QUALITY AND EQUITY BY EXPLICITLY CALLING FOR hEXPANDING AND IMPROVING EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE AND EDUCATION ESPECIALLY FOR THE MOST VULNERABLE AND DISADVANTAGED CHILDRENv 4HE REASONS ARE COMPELLING TOO MANY YOUNG CHILDREN TODAY ARE AT RISK ! CHILD BORN IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD HAS A ONE IN FOUR CHANCE OF LIVING IN EXTREME POVERTY !BOUT MILLION CHILDREN DIE EACH YEAR BEFORE THE AGE OF lVE MOST FROM PREVENTABLE DISEASES #HRONIC HUNGER DEPRIVATION OF CARE AND POOR TREATMENT DIRECTLY AFFECT A CHILD S ABILITY TO LEARN WITH REPERCUSSIONS OFTEN FELT INTO THE ADULT YEARS )F COUNTRIES ARE SERIOUS ABOUT MAKING PRIMARY EDUCATION UNIVERSAL BY PUBLIC POLICY MUST PAY HEED TO WHAT HAPPENS BEFORE A CHILD WALKS THROUGH THE DOOR OF THE PRIMARY CLASSROOM FOR THE lRST TIME 4HE SIX %&! GOALS ADOPTED IN CANNOT BE ADDRESSED IN ISOLATION 'OOD QUALITY EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE AND EDUCATION HAS IMMEDIATE BENElTS IN ADDITION TO FAVOURABLE REPERCUSSIONS ON ALL THE OTHER GOALS #HILDREN WHO PARTICIPATE IN EARLY CHILDHOOD PROGRAMMES PARTICULARLY WHEN THEY COME FROM DISADVANTAGED BACKGROUNDS ARE MORE LIKELY TO MAKE THE TRANSITION TO PRIMARY SCHOOL AND TO COMPLETE THE PRIMARY CYCLE %&! 'OAL UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION /LDER SISTERS OR OTHER FEMALE KIN ARE RELIEVED OF CARE RESPONSIBILITIES A COMMON BARRIER TO GIRLS ENROLMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOL %&! 'OAL GENDER PARITY 0ROGRAMMES CAN WORK CLOSELY WITH ADULTS TO IMPROVE THEIR PARENTING AND OTHER SKILLS AND TO INTEGRATE THESE INTO LITERACY PROGRAMMES %&! 'OALS AND LIFE SKILLS AND LITERACY &INALLY EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE AND EDUCATION %##% IS LINKED TO FUTURE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE OVERALL EFlCIENCY OF EDUCATION SYSTEMS %&! 'OAL QUALITY !T A BROADER LEVEL %##% PROGRAMMES HAVE AN UNCONTESTED IMPACT ON REDUCING POVERTY THE OVERARCHING AIM OF THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS $ESPITE THESE MULTIPLE BENElTS %##% PROGRAMMES ARE NOT A PRIORITY ACROSS MOST OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD
#REDIT 5.%3#/ ' -ASTERS
#HILDREN UP TO AGE lVE ACCOUNT FOR PER CENT OF THE WORLD POPULATION n SOME MILLION n AND THEIR NUMBER IS EXPECTED TO REACH MILLION BY DRIVEN BY GROWTH IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA AND THE !RAB 3TATES 4HE EDITION OF 5.%3#/ S %&! 'LOBAL -ONITORING 2EPORT @3TRONG &OUNDATIONS %ARLY CHILDHOOD CARE AND EDUCATION WWW EFAREPORT UNESCO ORG DRAWS A DETAILED PICTURE OF THE STATE OF %##% AND MAKES A SUBSTANTIVE CASE FOR POLICY TO FOCUS MORE SYSTEMATICALLY ON THE lRST EIGHT YEARS OF A CHILD S LIFE
7HERE DO WE STAND 4HE REPORT lNDS THAT THE YOUNGEST CHILDREN ARE THE MOST NEGLECTED ALMOST HALF THE WORLD S COUNTRIES OFFER NO FORMAL PROGRAMMES FOR CHILDREN UNDER AGE THREE A TIME OF REMARKABLE POTENTIAL AND EXTREME VULNERABILITY -INISTRIES OF EDUCATION TEND TO VIEW EDUCATION AT THIS AGE AS THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF PARENTS PRIVATE ASSOCIATIONS OR NON GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES 9ET WHETHER IN FORMAL OR NON FORMAL SETTINGS INTERVENTIONS TARGETED AT THE YOUNGEST AGE GROUP CAN SIGNIlCANTLY COMPENSATE FOR DISADVANTAGE )NDIA S )NTEGRATED #HILD $EVELOPMENT 3ERVICES )#$3 FOR EXAMPLE PROVIDES A PACKAGE OF SERVICES TO SOME MILLION VULNERABLE CHILDREN UNDER AGE SIX IN CITY SLUMS TRIBAL AREAS AND REMOTE REGIONS 4HE PICTURE IS DIFFERENT FOR CHILDREN ABOVE THE AGE OF THREE /VER THE PAST YEARS THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN ENROLLED IN PRE PRIMARY EDUCATION HAS INCREASED THREEFOLD !MONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ABOUT ONE CHILD IN THREE IS ENROLLED IN A PRE PRIMARY INSTITUTION COMPARED WITH ONE IN IN )N THE #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES FOR WHICH
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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!T (AGARA %LEMENTARY 3CHOOL IN 0ORT -ORESBY 0APUA .EW 'UINEA A COUNTRY WITH OVER DIFFERENT LANGUAGES CHILDREN lRST START TO READ AND WRITE IN -OTU THEIR LOCAL LANGUAGE AS PART OF A NATIONWIDE MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION POLICY ,EARNING IN THE MOTHER TONGUE FACILITATES SUBSEQUENT ACHIEVEMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOL
AS THE MAIN INSTRUCTION MEDIUM AND THE INTEGRATION OF EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT AS A COMPULSORY SUBJECT IN TEACHER TRAINING *AMAICA WHICH HAS ACHIEVED NEAR UNIVERSAL PRE SCHOOL COVERAGE IS NOW FOCUSING ON IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF PROGRAMMES REACHING THE MOST DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN AND LAUNCHING A NATIONAL PARENTING POLICY
#REDIT 5.%3#/ 2 2OE
DATA ARE AVAILABLE MILLION CHILDREN WERE ENROLLED IN PRE PRIMARY EDUCATION IN (UGE REGIONAL VARIATIONS PREVAIL 7HILE IN ,ATIN !MERICA AND THE #ARIBBEAN THREE QUARTERS OF COUNTRIES HAVE GROSS ENROLMENT RATIOS '%2S ABOVE PER CENT HALF THE COUNTRIES IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA HAVE RATIOS LOWER THAN PER CENT )N 3OUTH AND 7EST !SIA MOST COUNTRIES NOW ENROL BETWEEN ONE THIRD AND ONE HALF OF THEIR CHILDREN IN PRE PRIMARY EDUCATION )N THE #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES OF SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA -AURITIUS AND THE 3EYCHELLES HAVE '%2S CLOSE TO SO DO -ALAYSIA IN !SIA AND 'UYANA AND 3T +ITTS AND .EVIS IN THE #ARIBBEAN !T THE OTHER END OF THE SCALE SIX COUNTRIES #AMEROON 'AMBIA .IGERIA 5GANDA "ANGLADESH AND &IJI )SLANDS HAVE A '%2 OF LESS THAN PER CENT
,ONG TERM BENElTS FROM STARTING EARLY -OVING %##% UP ON POLICY AGENDAS IS NOT ONLY URGENT FOR THE WELL BEING OF CHILDREN BUT ALSO TO IMPROVE EDUCATIONAL PROSPECTS ACROSS THE BOARD %VEN IN THE CONTEXT OF TIGHT BUDGETS AND COMPETING PRIORITIES THERE IS A VERY STRONG CASE FOR INCREASING INVESTMENT IN %##% PROGRAMMES 3UCH PROGRAMMES YIELD IMPRESSIVE EDUCATIONAL AND ECONOMIC RETURNS ESPECIALLY FOR CHILDREN FROM POOR FAMILIES ,ANDMARK STUDIES IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES STAND AS PROOF WHILE GROWING EVIDENCE FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ALSO POINTS TO HIGH COST BENElT RATIOS )N SHORT EDUCATION POLICY REQUIRES A LONG TERM VISION IT IS MORE COST EFFECTIVE TO INSTITUTE PREVENTIVE MEASURES AND SUPPORT FOR CHILDREN EARLY ON THAN TO COMPENSATE FOR DISADVANTAGE AS THEY GROW OLDER 4HE TREND HOWEVER IS FOR COUNTRIES AND THE DONOR COMMUNITY TO RALLY BEHIND THE GOAL OF UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION LARGELY NEGLECTING EARLY CHILDHOOD AND ADULT LITERACY PROGRAMMES )N THIS CONTEXT HOW CAN WE GENERATE STRONGER AWARENESS AND COMMITMENT TO %##%
4OP LEVEL COMMITMENTS 0OLITICAL ENDORSEMENT AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL IS THE lRST STEP TOWARDS CREATING A FAVOURABLE POLICY ENVIRONMENT %##% MUST BE RECOGNISED AS ESSENTIAL TO CHILDREN S PRESENT WELFARE AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 'HANA IS EXPANDING BASIC EDUCATION TO INCLUDE TWO YEARS OF KINDERGARTEN PARTLY IN RESPONSE TO THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN LIVING IN DEPRIVATION 4HE COUNTRY S EARLY CHILDHOOD POLICY HAS LED TO THE OPENING OF KINDERGARTENS THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF LOCAL LANGUAGE
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
0OLICY AT THIS LEVEL IS PARTICULARLY CHALLENGING BECAUSE AN INTEGRATED APPROACH RHYMES WITH COORDINATION n NOT ONLY BETWEEN MINISTRIES RESPONSIBLE FOR EDUCATION HEALTH SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND WOMEN BUT ALSO AMONG PRIVATE ACTORS NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS AND COMMUNITIES THEMSELVES 3EVERAL !FRICAN #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES INCLUDING -AURITIUS 'HANA AND .AMIBIA HAVE RATIlED NATIONAL %##% POLICIES THAT ADOPT AN INTEGRATED APPROACH BY ADDRESSING ISSUES RELATED TO HEALTH NUTRITION WATER SANITATION AND CHILD PROTECTION !N INCREASING NUMBER OF COUNTRIES ARE CONSOLIDATING RESPONSIBILITY FOR ALL FORMS OF %##% UNDER ONE MINISTRY TO INCREASE POLICY COHERENCE %XPERIENCES IN SEVERAL SUGGEST THAT A PROPERLY RESOURCED INTER MINISTERIAL BODY CAN HELP PROMOTE COORDINATION 0ARTNERSHIPS WITH INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS OR AID AGENCIES CAN PROVIDE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR NATIONAL PLANNING AND GENERATE SEED MONEY FOR PROJECTS &INALLY INTEGRATING EARLY CHILDHOOD INTO POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPERS n AS IN 'HANA 5GANDA AND :AMBIA n IS A STRATEGIC WAY TO LEVERAGE RESOURCES FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD %##% IS NOT A LUXURY IT IS A RIGHT AND THE FOUNDATION OF SUBSEQUENT LEARNING 3UCH RECOGNITION IMPLIES lNANCING CHOICES 9ET COMMITMENT TO EXPANDING EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE AND EDUCATION IS MORE THE EXCEPTION THAN THE RULE 3PENDING ON PRE PRIMARY IS LESS THAN PER CENT OF PUBLIC SPENDING ON EDUCATION AS A WHOLE 4HE BURDEN OFTEN FALLS ON PARENTS 4HIS UNTENABLE SITUATION AUTOMATICALLY EXCLUDES CHILDREN FROM THE POOREST FAMILIES )N CONTEXTS WHERE THE PRIVATE SECTOR PLAYS A PROMINENT ROLE n AS IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA THE !RAB 3TATES THE #ARIBBEAN AND %AST !SIA n PUBLIC POLICY MUST ENSURE THAT REGULATIONS EXIST THAT APPLY TO ALL SETTINGS 4HE %&! EARLY CHILDHOOD GOAL PLACES SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON REACHING THE MOST DISADVANTAGED AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN $EVELOPING A UNIVERSAL POLICY APPLICABLE TO ALL CHILDREN THAT CLARIlES ISSUES RELATED TO GOVERNANCE CURRICULUM LEARNING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE OFFERS AN OVERALL NATIONAL FRAMEWORK "UT IN THE CONTEXT OF MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THIS POLICY MAY BE BEST IMPLEMENTED THROUGH A PHASE IN APPROACH WHEREBY RESOURCES ARE TARGETED TOWARDS THE MOST DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN EITHER GEOGRAPHICALLY OR BY INCOME GROUP
4HE EQUITY YARDSTICK 4HIS FOCUS ON ACCESS QUALITY AND EQUITY MUST GUIDE ALL OUR INITIATIVES IN FAVOUR OF %&! %DUCATION SYSTEMS CAN BE JUDGED BY THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEY GIVE ALL CHILDREN ACCESS TO LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES AND ENABLE SUCCESS IN EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT 4HERE HAS BEEN SIGNIlCANT PROGRESS IN ACCESS SINCE ENROLMENTS IN 3OUTH AND 7EST !SIA GREW BY PER CENT AND IN SUB 3AHARAN
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
)N A VILLAGE OF WESTERN "ANGLADESH A WOMAN WHO NEVER WENT TO SCHOOL FOLLOWS CLASSES COMBINING LITERACY HEALTH AND LIFE SKILLS
!FRICA BY PER CENT 4HE NUMBER OF CHILDREN ENROLLED IN PRIMARY EDUCATION IN #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES INCREASED FROM MILLION TO MILLION BETWEEN AND WITH NEARLY PER CENT OF THE TOTAL ACCOUNTED FOR BY lVE COUNTRIES )NDIA .IGERIA 5NITED 2EPUBLIC OF 4ANZANIA -OZAMBIQUE AND +ENYA 4HE FASTEST PROGRESS IS BEING MADE IN COUNTRIES FURTHEST FROM UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION 4HIS PROVIDES A MEASURE OF HOW MUCH CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED WHEN COUNTRIES AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY JOIN FORCES FOR CONCERTED ACTIONS "UT WE ARE ALSO FACED WITH CONSIDERABLE CHALLENGES
/VERARCHING CHALLENGES &IRST THERE ARE STILL MILLION CHILDREN OUT OF SCHOOL n OF WHICH MILLION ARE IN THE #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES WITH DATA 3IX #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES ARE HOME TO MORE THAN ONE MILLION OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN 'HANA )NDIA +ENYA -OZAMBIQUE .IGERIA AND 0AKISTAN *UST OVER PER CENT ARE GIRLS !GAIN THERE ARE HIGHLY ENCOURAGING INDICATIONS OF CHANGE NOTABLY IN )NDIA WHERE THE NUMBER OF OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN DROPPED SHARPLY BETWEEN AND )N A MAJORITY OF COUNTRIES THOSE MOST LIKELY TO NEVER ATTEND SCHOOL OR TO DROP OUT EARLY LIVE IN RURAL AREAS AND COME FROM THE POOREST HOUSEHOLDS !BOLISHING SCHOOL FEES IS AN ESSENTIAL MEASURE TO ALLOW ALL CHILDREN TO ATTEND SCHOOL A STEP TAKEN BY SEVERAL #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES INCLUDING THE 5NITED 2EPUBLIC OF 4ANZANIA AND +ENYA 3ECOND THE TARGET DATE FOR ACHIEVING GENDER PARITY IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION HAS BEEN MISSED !LTHOUGH TWO THIRDS OF COUNTRIES HAVE ACHIEVED GENDER PARITY IN PRIMARY EDUCATION DISPARITIES AT THE EXPENSE OF GIRLS REMAIN SIGNIlCANT AT THIS LEVEL IN MANY COUNTRIES OFTEN THOSE WITH THE LOWEST ENROLMENT RATIOS /UT OF THE #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES WITH DATA HAVE NOT ACHIEVED GENDER PARITY IN PRIMARY EDUCATION &AILING TO ACHIEVE GENDER PARITY IN EDUCATION IS A MAJOR OBSTACLE TO DEVELOPMENT MAKING GIRLS MORE VULNERABLE TO POVERTY HUNGER AND EXPLOITATION 4HIRD TOO MANY CHILDREN WHO START SCHOOL FAIL TO REACH THE LAST GRADE OF PRIMARY n FEWER THAN TWO THIRDS IN HALF THE COUNTRIES OF SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA (OUSEHOLD POVERTY THE NEED FOR DOMESTIC CHILD LABOUR AND THE LOSS OF PARENTS FROM ()6 !)$3 REPRESENT ONE FACET OF THE PROBLEM 4HE OTHER IS THE POOR QUALITY OF TEACHING AND LEARNING OVERCROWDED CLASSES LACK OF LEARNING MATERIALS INSUFlCIENT INSTRUCTIONAL TIME AND INADEQUATELY TRAINED TEACHERS 3UB 3AHARAN !FRICA ALONE NEEDS TO RECRUIT AT LEAST MILLION TEACHERS TO ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION BY &OURTH MILLION ADULTS n ONE IN lVE n LACK BASIC LITERACY SKILLS A FORMIDABLE BARRIER TO MAKING INFORMED CHOICES AND IMPROVING LIVELIHOODS /VER PER CENT OF THESE ADULTS LIVE IN THE #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES CONCENTRATED IN )NDIA "ANGLADESH AND 0AKISTAN !DULT LITERACY RATES REMAIN BELOW PER CENT IN 3OUTH AND 7EST !SIA SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA THE !RAB 3TATES AND THE #ARIBBEAN /N CURRENT TRENDS THIS lGURE WILL ONLY DECREASE BY MILLION BY
#REDIT 5.%3#/ " / -ALLEY
&INALLY AID TO BASIC EDUCATION MUST SUPPORT COUNTRY EFFORTS AND BE PREDICTABLE AND LONG TERM "ILATERAL AID FOR EDUCATION INCREASED FROM 53 BILLION IN TO 53 BILLION IN OF WHICH 53 BILLION GOES TO BASIC EDUCATION ! NEGLIGIBLE AMOUNT GOES TO EARLY CHILDHOOD )T IS ESTIMATED THAT 53 BILLION IS REQUIRED TO DELIVER UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION EXPAND ADULT LITERACY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD PROGRAMMES 5.%3#/ IN ITS ROLE AS THE GLOBAL COORDINATOR OF %DUCATION FOR !LL AIMS TO PROVIDE SUPPORT TO NATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND TO STRENGTHEN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO REACH THE %&! GOALS 4HREE SPECIlC INITIATIVES ARE IN PLACE THE 4EACHER 4RAINING )NITIATIVE IN 3UB 3AHARAN !FRICA %$5#!)$3 TO GLOBALLY SCALE UP EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES ON ()6 AND !)$3 AND THE ,ITERACY )NITIATIVE FOR %MPOWERMENT PART OF THE 5NITED .ATIONS ,ITERACY $ECADE %DUCATION IS A HUMAN RIGHT AND PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN POVERTY REDUCTION #OUNTRIES AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY HAVE THE RESPONSIBILITY TO EXTEND THIS RIGHT TO ALL CHILDREN YOUTH AND ADULTS STARTING IN THE EARLIEST YEARS OF LIFE 0EACE HUMAN SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DEPEND TO A LARGE EXTENT ON GIVING PEOPLE THE CAPABILITIES TO SHAPE THEIR FUTURE A RESPONSIBILITY THAT BEGINS IN THE VERY lRST YEARS OF LIFE +OÕCHIRO -ATSUURA HAS BEEN $IRECTOR 'ENERAL OF 5.%3#/ SINCE .OVEMBER (AVING SERVED AN INITIAL SIX YEAR TERM HE WAS RE ELECTED IN /CTOBER FOR A SECOND FOUR YEAR TERM 0RIOR TO JOINING 5.%3#/ AS #HAIRPERSON OF THE 7ORLD (ERITAGE #OMMITTEE IN -R -ATSUURA HELD VARIOUS POSITIONS WITH THE *APANESE -INISTRY OF &OREIGN !FFAIRS CULMINATING AS *APANESE !MBASSADOR TO &RANCE CONCURRENTLY TO !NDORRA AND $JIBOUTI (E STUDIED AT THE 5NIVERSITY OF 4OKYO &ACULTY OF ,AW AND THEN (AVERFORD #OLLEGE &ACULTY OF %CONOMICS 53! 4HE 5NITED .ATIONS %DUCATIONAL 3CIENTIlC AND #ULTURAL /RGANIZATION 5.%3#/ PROMOTES INTERNATIONAL CO OPERATION AMONG ITS MEMBER STATES AND SIX ASSOCIATE MEMBERS IN THE lELDS OF EDUCATION SCIENCE CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION 5.%3#/ IS WORKING TO CREATE THE CONDITIONS FOR GENUINE DIALOGUE AND PEACE BASED UPON RESPECT FOR SHARED VALUES AND THE DIGNITY OF EACH CIVILISATION AND CULTURE 4ODAY 5.%3#/ S PRINCIPAL PRIORITY IS %DUCATION FOR !LL WHICH IS SEEN AS THE FOUNDATION FOR SUSTAINABLE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND THE BUILDING OF KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES PLACE DE &ONTENOY 0ARIS 30 &RANCE RUE -IOLLIS 0ARIS #EDEX &RANCE 4EL &AX %MAIL BPI UNESCO ORG 7EBSITE WWW UNESCO ORG
5GANDA .OVEMBER
The Technology Association of South Africa
The Technology Association of South Africa is a non profit organizaion which has a vision to promote the development of teachers and learners who are technologically literate, skillful, informed, knowledgeable, discerning, innovative and creative. Our mission is to empower teachers to develop learners to become skilled problem solvers. We have branches in every province and Botswana and attempt to reach as many teaches as possible by having conferences and weekend workshops to provide training and lesson plans. The Technology Association of South Africa was started by Andre Goosen from Western Province Prep to get technology teachers together to share ideas, to learn and to grow. It has been in existence since 1995, and now has branches in most regions of the country. Our next chairperson was Karen Walstra, and the present Chairperson is Sue Murray. Once a year an annual conference is held, where many hands-on, practical technology lessons are offered to all delegates. An extensive conference book is given, containing all the lesson ideas. International and Natioanl speakers are invited to present their views and ideas on technology. Some of the international guests over the years
have been Prof Clare Benson from Birmingham University, Dawn Coburn from Dunedin College of Education, New Zealand, Dr Gill Hope from Canterbury Christ Church University College, Kent, England. Dr Welby Ings from Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand. The conference moves from province to province every second year. Two Technology Olympiads have been organised for primary school children aged: 10 – 12 years, the day is divided into two. The first half the learners present the product they have developed, the second part, learners are divided into groups and given a problem to solve with limited resources. Every month a newsletter is mailed to all members called: Snippets. South Africa is a very diverse country where there are areas with excellent facilities and rural areas with little or no facitities. The committed committee try to establish the needs in the different areas and then provide training. Each region organises its own workshops, and / or Regional Conference. We have members throughout South Africa and even in Botswana. In Limpopo there is a small rural school called Mannyetha Primary. We first
visited the school to provide training three years ago. The school had six classrooms and two hundred and eighty pupils. The teachers from surrounding schools and the community attended the workshops. The headmaster had a vision and has since used the community to build more classrooms and a technology centre. The pupils wish to have an orchestra, so they made wire instruments and they ‘played’ them at the end of year function. We regularly provide training in the area. Gauteng has recently had a conference which focused on Systems and Controls. The delegates were able to attend four different workshops on levers, wheels and axles, electricity and electronics. The delegates received notes on all the workshops so that they could build up a resource pack and could adapt the lessons to suit the age and grade. Afternoon sessions are also held at schools where workshops are conducted for teachers in those surrounding areas. The schools request the workshops and invite other teachers to the workshop. A TA website was developed which contains forthcoming events and lesson ideas, the web-address is: www.tech.org.za.
for forthcoming events and lesson ideas, www.tech.org.za
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
$ZINGAI -UTUMBUKA #HAIR THE !SSOCIATION FOR THE $EVELOPMENT OF %DUCATION IN !FRICA !$%!
!BOLISHING SCHOOL FEES AND MAINTAINING QUALITY ARE THE TWO COMPATIBLE 2ECENT YEARS HAVE SEEN AN ENCOURAGING DECLINE IN THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN OUT OF SCHOOL BOTH WORLDWIDE AND IN !FRICA )N MILLION CHILDREN WERE NOT ENROLLED IN SCHOOL OF WHICH MILLION WERE !FRICAN AS COMPARED TO MILLION IN OF WHICH MILLION WERE !FRICAN 4HE MOST REMARKABLE PROGRESS HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN THOSE COUNTRIES THAT HAVE TAKEN BOLD MEASURES TO REDUCE OR COMPLETELY ABOLISH SCHOOL FEES AND OTHER DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (OWEVER COUNTRY EXPERIENCES IN SCHOOL FEE ABOLITION RAISE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE IMPACT ON EDUCATION QUALITY )N THIS ARTICLE THE AUTHOR OUTLINES THE MAIN CHALLENGES AS WELL AS INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES BEING DEVELOPED BY COUNTRIES TO ENSURE THAT ACCESS TO EDUCATION FOR ALL IS ADDRESSED WITHOUT COMPROMISING QUALITY 3CHOOL FEES ARE A SIGNIlCANT BARRIER IN THE EXPANSION OF SCHOOLING 4HERE IS PLENTY OF EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT THEY ARE A MAJOR OBSTACLE PREVENTING CHILDREN FROM THE POOREST FAMILIES FROM ACCESSING AND COMPLETING QUALITY BASIC EDUCATION #OUNTRIES THAT HAVE TAKEN THE BOLD STEP TO ELIMINATE SCHOOL FEES HAVE WITNESSED DRAMATIC AND RAPID INCREASES IN ENROLMENT RATES )N SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA FOR EXAMPLE PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT GREW FROM MILLION TO MILLION PER CENT IN 5GANDA IN FROM MILLION TO MILLION PER CENT IN +ENYA IN AND FROM MILLION TO MILLION PER CENT IN 4ANZANIA IN ,ESS IMPRESSIVE ALBEIT REMARKABLE INCREASES IN ENROLMENT HAVE ALSO BEEN OBSERVED IN ,ESOTHO PER CENT IN IN -OZAMBIQUE PER CENT IN AND IN 'HANA PER CENT IN
THE INITIATIVE IS TO MOBILISE SUPPORT WITHIN A CONTEXT IN WHICH NO CHILD IS EXCLUDED FROM ACCESS TO EDUCATION BECAUSE OF lNANCIAL REASONS 4HE INITIATIVE AIMS TO MAKE DRAMATIC IMPROVEMENTS IN ACCESS TO GOOD QUALITY BASIC EDUCATION BY SUPPORTING POLICIES AIMED AT ADDRESSING THE COST BARRIERS TO EDUCATION FACED BY HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES 3CHOOL FEES CONSIST OF A BROAD RANGE OF COSTS n IN ADDITION TO TUITION FEES n AND MAY INCLUDE THE COSTS OF TEXTBOOKS STATIONERY UNIFORMS 04! CONTRIBUTIONS COSTS RELATED TO SPORTS AND OTHER SCHOOL ACTIVITIES TRANSPORT COSTS CONTRIBUTIONS TO TEACHERS SALARIES ESPECIALLY IN SOME COMMUNITY SCHOOLS LOCATED IN RURAL AREAS OPPORTUNITY COSTS AND OTHER BURDENS ON POOR FAMILIES 3&!) HAS THREE OBJECTIVES ° 4O ESTABLISH A KNOWLEDGE BASE AND NETWORK FOR THE ABOLITION OF SCHOOL FEES ° 4O USE THIS KNOWLEDGE BASE TO ASSIST GUIDE AND SUPPORT COUNTRIES IN PLANNING AND ENGAGING IN SOUND AND SUSTAINABLE SCHOOL FEE ABOLITION PROCESSES ° 4O FACILITATE PROMOTE AND ADVANCE THE GLOBAL DIALOGUE ON lNANCIAL OBSTACLES TO ACCESS TO EDUCATION ! lRST MEETING WAS ORGANISED BY 5.)#%& AND THE 7ORLD "ANK IN .AIROBI IN !PRIL FOCUSING ON LESSONS LEARNED FROM SCHOOL FEE ABOLITION IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA )N !$%! 5.)#%& AND THE 7ORLD "ANK ORGANISED A MEETING IN "AMAKO *UNE WHICH TACKLED THE MAIN CHALLENGES FACING COUNTRIES THAT HAVE ENGAGED IN THE SCHOOL FEE ABOLITION PROCESSES SEE "OX OVERLEAF 4HE MAIN CHALLENGES ARE TWO MAINTAINING QUALITY WHILE AT THE SAME TIME ADMITTING MORE CHILDREN TO SCHOOL AND ENSURING THE LONG TERM lNANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF SCHOOL FEE ABOLITION INITIATIVES 4HIS ARTICLE FOCUSES MAINLY ON THE lRST CHALLENGE
.O CHILD SHOULD BE PREVENTED FROM GOING 1UALITY IS ESSENTIAL TO AVOID REVERSING TO SCHOOL BECAUSE OF lNANCIAL REASONS HARD EARNED GAINS !CKNOWLEDGING THAT SCHOOL FEES ARE A MAJOR BARRIER TO ACCESS AND THAT SCHOOL FEE ABOLITION MAY BE THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT POLICY MEASURE TO TRIGGER A DRASTIC INCREASE IN SCHOOL ENROLMENTS PROMPTED 5.)#%& AND THE 7ORLD "ANK TO LAUNCH THE 3CHOOL &EES !BOLITION )NITIATIVE 3&!) IN SUBSEQUENTLY JOINED BY !$%! AND OTHER DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS 4HE MAIN GOAL OF
"ECAUSE THE ABOLITION OF SCHOOL FEES ENTAILS A DRAMATIC AND SUDDEN SURGES IN ENROLMENT IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT STEPS TO IMPROVE ACCESS ARE NOT TAKEN AT THE EXPENSE OF QUALITY /VERCROWDED CLASSES AND MEAGRE RESOURCES THAT ARE NO LONGER AVAILABLE BECAUSE FEES ARE ABOLISHED CAN REVERSE HARD EARNED GAINS AND DEMOTIVATE
5GANDA .OVEMBER
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
TEACHERS PARENTS AND STUDENTS 7HILE THE CHALLENGE IS GREAT EXPERIENCE FROM SEVERAL COUNTRIES SHOWS THAT ACCESS AND QUALITY ARE NOT INCOMPATIBLE AND CAN BE ADDRESSED SIMULTANEOUSLY 4WO STRATEGIC AREAS AFFECTING QUALITY SHOULD BE LOOKED INTO AND PLANNED CAREFULLY ° -EETING THE DEMAND FOR TEACHERS CLASSROOMS AND SCHOOL MATERIALS AND ° %MPOWERING PARENTS AND SCHOOLS THROUGH CAPITATION GRANTS
-EETING THE DEMAND FOR TEACHERS CLASS ROOMS AND TEXTBOOKS IS THE l RST CHALLENGE 7HEN FEES ARE REMOVED THE GREATEST CHALLENGE IS TO PROVIDE THE NEEDED SUPPLY OF TEACHERS TO COPE WITH THE SURGE AND THEN TO GIVE THEM ADEQUATE SUPPORT AND IN SERVICE TRAINING 4HIS CAN BE AN OPPORTUNITY FOR ASSESSING HOW THE EXISTING TEACHING FORCE IS BEING USED AND HOW IT MAY BE DRAWN ON MORE EFFECTIVELY
BEFORE EVALUATING THE NEED FOR NEW TEACHERS ! NUMBER OF COUNTRIES HAVE ACCOMMODATED THE ENROLMENT SURGE BY INCREASING THE PUPIL TEACHER RATIO OR CLASS SIZE BUT SUCH A STRATEGY IS OFTEN DETRIMENTAL TO STUDENT LEARNING /THER OPTIONS INCLUDE THE RECRUITMENT OF UNEMPLOYED UPPER SECONDARY GRADUATES CONTRACT TEACHERS RETIRED TEACHERS AND VOLUNTEERS (OWEVER PLANNERS WILL NEED TO CONSIDER THAT THE RECRUITMENT OF THESE TYPES OF TEACHERS WILL REQUIRE INTENSIVE IN SERVICE TRAINING AND SUPPORT TO ENSURE THAT QUALITY IS MAINTAINED /THER TEACHER RELATED STRATEGIES TO DEAL WITH THE SURGE INCLUDE BETTER MANAGEMENT OF SCHOOL HOURS AND OF THE SCHOOL YEAR INTRODUCTION OF MULTIPLE SHIFTS IN SERVICE TRAINING ON MULTI GRADE TEACHING INNOVATIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING PRACTICES AND PROVIDING ACCOMMODATION FOR TEACHERS ESPECIALLY IN REMOTE RURAL AREAS !S THE TEACHING FORCE INCREASES MANAGING DEPLOYMENT ALSO BECOMES A MAJOR CHALLENGE WHICH INCLUDES THAT OF PROVIDING TEACHERS IN REMOTE RURAL AREAS 0OLICIES THAT LINK NEW TEACHER POSITIONS DIRECTLY TO SCHOOLS ARE
4HE "AMAKO 3TATEMENT 4HE )NTERNATIONAL #ONFERENCE ON 3CHOOL &EE !BOLITION 0LANNING FOR 1UALITY AND FOR &INANCIAL 3USTAINABILITY WAS CONVENED BY !$%! AND ORGANISED WITH 5.)#%& AND THE 7ORLD "ANK IN COLLABORATION WITH THE -INISTRY OF %DUCATION OF -ALI AND WAS HELD IN "AMAKO -ALI *UNE )T WAS ATTENDED BY DELEGATIONS INCLUDING -INISTERS OF %DUCATION AND &INANCE FROM COUNTRIES "ANGLADESH "ENIN "URKINA &ASO "URUNDI $EMOCRATIC 2EPUBLIC OF #ONGO %THIOPIA 'HANA 'UINEA (AITI +ENYA ,ESOTHO ,IBERIA -ALAWI -ALI -OZAMBIQUE 0APUA .EW 'UINEA 3ENEGAL 3IERRA ,EONE 3RI ,ANKA 4ANZANIA 4OGO 9EMEN AND :AMBIA 4HE "AMAKO 3TATEMENT IS QUOTED HERE h7E THE -INISTERS OF %DUCATION AND &INANCE FROM THE FOLLOWING COUNTRIES "ANGLADESH "ENIN $EMOCRATIC 2EPUBLIC OF #ONGO +ENYA ,ESOTHO -ALI -OZAMBIQUE ,IBERIA 3ENEGAL 3IERRA ,EONE 3RI ,ANKA 4OGO AND :AMBIA IN ATTENDANCE WITH THE REPRESENTATIVES OF COUNTRIES AT THE )NTERNATIONAL #ONFERENCE ON SCHOOL FEE ABOLITION IN "AMAKO REAFl RM OUR COMMITMENT TO ACHIEVE THE %&! GOAL OF UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION BY &URTHER WE RECOGNISE THAT MANY COUNTRIES ARE NOT CURRENTLY ON TRACK 7ITHOUT UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO 'RADE WITHIN THE NEXT TWO YEARS THIS GOAL WILL NOT BE ACHIEVED 7E AGREE THAT l NANCIAL BARRIERS FACED BY POOR FAMILIES ARE THE BIGGEST OBSTACLE TO EVERY CHILD RECEIVING A QUALITY BASIC EDUCATION n PARTICULARLY GIRLS ORPHANS AND OTHER VULNERABLE CHILDREN h7E AFl RM OUR COMMITMENT THAT NO CHILD SHOULD BE PREVENTED FROM ATTENDING SCHOOL IN OUR COUNTRIES BECAUSE OF INABILITY TO PAY 7E AGREE TO WORK TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR ALL CHILDREN TO GO TO SCHOOL REGARDLESS OF THEIR FAMILY S ABILITY TO PAY 7E RECOGNISE THE IMPORTANCE OF THOROUGH PLANNING AND SOUND POLICIES TO SUCCESSFULLY IMPLEMENT THE ABOLITION OF PRIMARY SCHOOL FEES /UR GOVERNMENTS SHARE THE STRONG POLITICAL WILL NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE THIS PURPOSE h7E RECOGNISE THAT OUR COUNTRIES WHILE SHARING THE SAME COMMITMENT ARE AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF ACHIEVING THIS GOAL 3OME COUNTRIES HAVE SUCCEEDED IN ABOLISHING PRIMARY SCHOOL FEES AND ARE NOW WORKING TOWARD EXPANDING FREE
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
EDUCATION TO THE SECONDARY LEVEL /THER COUNTRIES ARE STILL IN THE EARLY STAGES OF MOVING FORWARD WITH ABOLISHING PRIMARY SCHOOL FEES %ACH COUNTRY FACES DIFFERING REALITIES DIFFERING CHALLENGES AND EACH WILL l ND ITS OWN PATH !LL MUST AND WILL MOVE FORWARD TO MAKE %DUCATION FOR !LL A REALITY !PPRECIATING THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN DEVELOPMENT WE PLEDGE TO WORK TOGETHER TO MOBILISE THE SUPPORT OF OUR CITIZENS WHOSE CHILDREN S FUTURES DEPEND ON THE OPPORTUNITIES THAT FREE SCHOOLING WILL PROVIDE h7E REAFl RM OUR COMMITMENT TO INCREASE OUR OWN NATIONAL RESOURCES AND THE EFFECTIVENESS WITH WHICH WE USE THEM IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE %DUCATION FOR !LL (OWEVER THESE EFFORTS WILL NOT OF THEMSELVES MOBILISE SUFl CIENT RESOURCES FOR ALL COUNTRIES 7E ALSO REQUEST GREATER SUPPORT FROM THE DONOR PARTNERS IN ORDER TO MAKE QUALITY UNIVERSAL EDUCATION A REALITY h!WARE OF THE NECESSITY TO ACHIEVE THIS GOAL WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ACCELERATED MACROECONOMIC GROWTH AND STABLE MACROECONOMIC FRAMEWORKS WE URGE THE )-& TO INCLUDE GREATER m EXIBILITY AND SUPPORT WITH RESPECT TO SIGNIl CANTLY INCREASED NATIONAL EXPENDITURES FOR EDUCATION INCLUDING THE HIRING OF THE ADDITIONAL TEACHERS NEEDED TO ACHIEVE %DUCATION FOR !LL h7E REMIND THE ' COUNTRIES THAT IN THEY COMMITTED TO ENSURING THAT hALL CHILDREN HAVE ACCESS TO COMPLETE FREE AND COMPULSORY PRIMARY EDUCATION OF GOOD QUALITYv 7E URGE THEM TO RESPECT THIS COMMITMENT AND INVITE ALL DONORS WHO HAVE COMMITTED TO THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS TO PROVIDE l NANCING THAT IS PREDICTABLE THAT IS AVAILABLE OVER THE LONG TERM AND THAT IS CONSISTENT WITH OUR NATIONAL EDUCATION PLANS h7E COMMIT OURSELVES TO ESTABLISH EFFECTIVE MONITORING MECHANISMS TO ENSURE THE COMMITMENT TO THESE GOALS ACHIEVES RESULTS 4OGETHER WE WILL MAKE %DUCATION FOR !LL A REALITY BY ENSURING THAT NO CHILD IS DENIED A QUALITY EDUCATION BY LACK OF ABILITY TO PAY v
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
A WAY OF ADDRESSING THIS CHALLENGE AND ENSURING AT THE SAME TIME THAT LOCAL COMMUNITIES HAVE A GREATER SAY IN TEACHER RECRUITMENT AND ARE MORE INVOLVED IN TEACHING ISSUES #OMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AFFECTS QUALITY AS IT IS A KEY TO SUPPORTING TEACHERS AND REDUCING ABSENTEEISM &INALLY A FACTOR THAT NEEDS TO BE BORNE IN MIND WHEN ASSESSING THE TEACHING FORCE IS THE IMPACT OF ()6 !)$S ON TEACHER ABSENTEEISM AND DEPLETION #LASSROOM CONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION IS A MAJOR QUALITY CHALLENGE BECAUSE CONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION TAKE TIME AND ARE COSTLY 3INCE FEW COUNTRIES WHICH HAVE ABOLISHED FEES HAVE MEDIUM TO LONG TERM CONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION PLANS SCHOOL BUILDINGS AND FURNITURE ARE CONTINUALLY DETERIORATING 4EMPORARY STRATEGIES FOR PROVIDING ENOUGH CLASSROOMS INCLUDE GREATER OCCUPATION OF EXISTING CLASSROOMS AND MAKING USE OF UNOCCUPIED LOCATIONS AND FACILITIES )N THE MEDIUM AND LONG TERM COMMUNITY DRIVEN AND LOCALLY ADAPTED CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE ARE COST EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVES WHICH ARE PROVIDING CHILD FRIENDLY AND QUALITATIVE SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTS 4EXTBOOKS AND OTHER TEACHING AND LEARNING MATERIALS ARE SOME OF THE MOST COST EFFECTIVE INPUTS FOR IMPROVING LEARNING )T IS THEREFORE IMPORTANT TO ENSURE AN INCREASED TIMELY AND ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF TEXTBOOKS AND MATERIALS AS AN IMMEDIATE MEASURE TO ADDRESS THE QUALITY CONCERNS OF SCHOOL FEE ABOLITION 4HIS CAN REPRESENT AN OPPORTUNITY FOR IMPROVING TEXTBOOK POLICIES AND STRENGTHENING THE PROCUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM )N SOME CASES IMPROVING PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AND SHIFTING TEXTBOOK PRODUCTION TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR HAS PROVED SUCCESSFUL
%MPOWERMENT AND INFORMATION IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN ARE POWERFUL TOOLS 3CHOOL FEE ABOLITION PROCESSES ARE ALSO TRIGGERING REFORMS FOR MORE EFFECTIVE DECENTRALISED EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND lNANCE SYSTEMS 4HE TRANSFERRING OF FEES BETWEEN THE CENTRAL AND LOCAL LEVEL AND THE UTILISATION OF FEES ARE BEING SCRUTINISED IN MANY COUNTRIES AND STRATEGIES ARE BEING DEVELOPED TO ENSURE A PROPER mOW OF RESOURCES TO THE SCHOOLS )N A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES BLOCK OR CAPITATION GRANTS HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED TO REPLACE THE FEES AND REVENUE LOSS AT THE SCHOOL LEVEL AND HAVE HAD A POSITIVE IMPACT ON BOTH ACCESS AND QUALITY 4HIS CORROBORATES RESEARCH CONDUCTED BY !$%! WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF ITS EXPLORATION OF THE FACTORS AND CONDITIONS UNDERLYING QUALITY THAT HAS STRESSED THE IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS THAT SHIFT RESOURCES AND ACCOUNTABILITY TO THE LOCAL LEVEL %XPERIENCES WITH CAPITATION OR BLOCK GRANTS TO SCHOOLS REVEAL SEVERAL ADVANTAGES SCHOOL GRANTS ARE REVITALISING SCHOOL COMMITTEES AND ENHANCING COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN DECISIONS ABOUT RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT THEY ARE THEREBY STRENGTHENING THE CAPACITY OF SCHOOLS IN PLANNING AND BUDGETING PROCUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT AND THEY ARE PROMOTING LOCAL LEVEL SOLUTIONS ADMINISTRATIVE EFlCIENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY
4HE BIGGEST CHALLENGE RELATED TO BLOCK AND CAPITATION GRANTS IS ENSURING ACCOUNTABILITY )N !FRICA 5GANDA S 4ANZANIA S AND +ENYA S SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES ARE ATTRIBUTED TO THE SETTING UP OF TWO INSTRUMENTS ° 3CHOOL COMMITTEES COMPOSED OF TEACHERS AND PARENTS WHO HAVE BEEN TRAINED BY ACCOUNTING lRMS TO MANAGE THE GRANTS ° 4HE PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION ON THE MANAGEMENT AND USE OF THE FUNDS WHICH HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE A MOST POWERFUL INSTRUMENT FOR ENSURING EFFECTIVE ACCOUNTABILITY
!BOLISHING SCHOOL FEES CAN SPARK OFF POLICIES TO IMPROVE QUALITY ! NUMBER OF COUNTRIES PARTICULARLY !FRICAN COUNTRIES WILL NOT BE ABLE TO ACHIEVE %DUCATION FOR !LL AND THE -$'S UNLESS BOLD POLICY MEASURES ARE TAKEN TO ADDRESS THE EDUCATION COST BARRIERS 3TRONG POLITICAL DETERMINATION WILL BE NEEDED FOR SUCH INITIATIVES TO BE SET IN MOTION (OWEVER IN ORDER TO LEAD TO SUCCESS POLITICAL DETERMINATION MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY RIGOROUS PLANNING CAREFULLY LAYING OUT NEEDS TO BE MET AND RESOURCES TO BE MOBILISED AS WELL AS CONSIDERING THE DIRECT IMPACTS ON QUALITY AND LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT
$ZINGAI -UTUMBUKA IS CURRENTLY #HAIR OF THE !SSOCIATION FOR THE $EVELOPMENT OF %DUCATION IN !FRICA !$%! (E IS ALSO 3ECTOR -ANAGER FOR (UMAN $EVELOPMENT AT THE 7ORLD "ANK LEADING WORK IN %ASTERN AND 3OUTHERN !FRICA "EFORE JOINING THE 7ORLD "ANK IN HE SERVED AS -INISTER OF %DUCATION IN :IMBABWE BETWEEN AND "EFORE THAT HE PARTICIPATED IN THE LIBERATION STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE (E HAS CONTRIBUTED TO BUILDING ONE OF THE BEST EDUCATION SYSTEMS IN !FRICA 4HE !SSOCIATION FOR THE $EVELOPMENT OF %DUCATION IN !FRICA !$%! WAS ESTABLISHED AT THE INITIATIVE OF THE 7ORLD "ANK IN 4HEN CALLED $ONORS TO !FRICAN %DUCATION $!% ITS OBJECTIVE WAS TO FOSTER COLLABORATION AND COORDINATION BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES IN SUPPORT OF EDUCATION IN !FRICA !$%! NOW FOCUSES ON DEVELOPING PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN -INISTERS OF %DUCATION AND FUNDING AGENCIES IN ORDER TO PROMOTE EFFECTIVE EDUCATION POLICIES BASED ON !FRICAN LEADERSHIP AND OWNERSHIP !$%! HAS EXPLORED THE ISSUE OF QUALITY IMPROVEMENT EXTENSIVELY ! SYNTHESIS OF LESSONS LEARNED HAS BEEN PUBLISHED AS @4HE #HALLENGE OF ,EARNING )MPROVING THE 1UALITY OF "ASIC %DUCATION IN 3UB 3AHARAN !FRICA !$%! &OR INFORMATION ON THE DECENTRALISATION OF BOOK SELECTION AND PROCUREMENT REFER TO @#HANGING 0UBLIC 0RIVATE 0ARTNERSHIPS IN THE !FRICAN "OOK 3ECTOR 0ERSPECTIVES ON !FRICAN "OOK $EVELOPMENT 3ERIES .O !$%! 7ORKING 'ROUP ON "OOKS AND ,EARNING -ATERIALS )NFORMATION ON 3&!) INCLUDING DOCUMENTATION ON TECHNICAL ISSUES AND COUNTRY DEVELOPMENTS WILL BE AVAILABLE ON THE 3&!) WEBSITE WHICH WILL BE LAUNCHED IN /CTOBER #ONSULT WWW SCHOOLFEEABOLITION ORG !SSOCIATION FOR THE $EVELOPMENT OF %DUCATION IN !FRICA RUE %UGÃ’NE $ELACROIX 0ARIS &RANCE 4EL &AX %MAIL ADEA IIEP UNESCO ORG 7EBSITE WWW ADEANET ORG
5GANDA .OVEMBER
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
!NNA !LEXANDROVA AND ,INDSAY 'LASSCO 2IGHT 4O 0LAY
(ARNESSING THE POWER OF SPORT FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH 3PORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ARE RAPIDLY GAINING RECOGNITION AS SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE MEANS OF ACHIEVING THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS -$'S 7ELL DESIGNED SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROGRAMMES ARE POWERFUL TOOLS FOR FOSTERING HEALTHY CHILD AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT TEACHING POSITIVE VALUES AND LIFE SKILLS STRENGTHENING EDUCATION PREVENTING DISEASE AND IMPROVING HEALTH AND WELL BEING 2ECOGNISING THE COMMITMENT OF #OMMONWEALTH -INISTERS OF 3PORT TO USING SPORT AS A TOOL FOR DEVELOPMENT THIS PAPER HIGHLIGHTS THE BENElTS OF SPORT TO CHILD AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT FOCUSING IN PARTICULAR ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF SPORT TO HEALTHY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT ()6 AND !)$3 PREVENTION EDUCATION AND RETENTION IN SCHOOLS AND SKILLS BUILDING 4HIS PAPER DRAWS ON THE ,ITERATURE 2EVIEWS ON 3PORT FOR $EVELOPMENT AND 0EACE ONLINE HTTP IWG SPORTANDDEV ORG EN INDEX HTM AND RESEARCH CONDUCTED BY 2IGHT 4O 0LAY IN ITS ROLE AS THE 3ECRETARIAT TO THE 3PORT FOR $EVELOPMENT AND 0EACE )NTERNATIONAL 7ORKING 'ROUP 3$0 )7' 4HERE IS A STRONG DESIRE AMONG THE #OMMONWEALTH MEMBER STATES TO ATTAIN THE -$'S BY !FlRMING THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF SPORT AT THE RECENT MEETING OF THE #OMMONWEALTH -INISTERS OF 3PORT IN -ELBOURNE -ARCH THE -INISTERS AGREED TO ° 0ROMOTE THE HEALTH BENElTS OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ° 0ROMOTE EDUCATION THROUGH SPORT ° 5SE SPORT TO DEVELOP LEADERSHIP AND PARTICIPATION IN THE COMMUNITY AND ° "UILD INCLUSIVE COMMUNITIES THROUGH SPORT
3PORT AND HEALTHY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT !CCORDING TO THE 7ORLD (EALTH /RGANIZATION 7(/ REGULAR PRACTICE OF APPROPRIATE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORTS PROVIDES PEOPLE OF BOTH SEXES AND ALL AGES AND CONDITIONS WITH A WIDE RANGE OF PHYSICAL SOCIAL AND MENTAL HEALTH BENElTS 0HYSICAL ACTIVITY REINFORCES STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE DIET AND DISCOURAGES THE USE OF TOBACCO ALCOHOL AND DRUGS HELPS REDUCE VIOLENCE ENHANCES FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY AND PROMOTES SOCIAL
INTERACTION AND INTEGRATION 0HYSICAL ACTIVITY STRENGTHENS THE CAPACITY OF INDIVIDUALS TO lGHT DISEASE AND IS A COST EFFECTIVE METHOD FOR NATIONS TO IMPROVE PUBLIC HEALTH ACROSS THE POPULATION 4HIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE FOR CHILDREN AS ACTIVE CHILDREN ARE MORE LIKELY TO ENGAGE IN LIFE LONG ACTIVITY 4HE 7(/ RECOGNISES THE IMPORTANCE OF SPORT FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN BUILDING AND MAINTAINING HEALTHY BONES MUSCLES AND JOINTS CONTROLLING BODY WEIGHT REDUCING FAT AND DEVELOPING EFlCIENT FUNCTION OF THE HEART AND LUNGS #ONVERSELY PHYSICAL INACTIVITY IN CHILDREN AND YOUTH INCREASES THE RISK OF BODY FAT AND EARLY SYMPTOMS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
3PORT CAN BRING COMMUNITIES TOGETHER HELP CLOSE GENERATION GAPS EXPAND AND STRENGTHEN SOCIAL TIES AND NETWORKS AND PROVIDE CHILDREN AND YOUTH WITH A SENSE OF BELONGING %PIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT THERE MAY BE A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IN CHILDREN AND THAT CHILDREN AT HIGH RISK FOR CORONARY HEART DISEASE MAY BENElT FROM PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 4HERE IS ALSO EVIDENCE THAT PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CAN HELP LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 3PORT IS ALSO A POWERFUL SOCIAL CONNECTOR n IT CAN BRING COMMUNITIES TOGETHER HELP CLOSE GENERATION GAPS EXPAND AND STRENGTHEN SOCIAL TIES AND NETWORKS AND PROVIDE CHILDREN AND YOUTH WITH A SENSE OF BELONGING 4HESE SOCIAL TIES ARE A FUNDAMENTAL DETERMINANT OF MENTAL HEALTH BUT ARE OFTEN LACKING FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH MARGINALISED BY POVERTY DISEASE DISCRIMINATION OR CONmICT &OR THIS REASON SPORT IS OFTEN USED AS A MEANS OF OUTREACH TO MARGINALISED INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS AND IS EFFECTIVE IN HELPING THEM FORGE THEIR OWN SOCIAL CONNECTIONS n WHILE ALSO LINKING THEM TO SERVICES FROM WHICH THEY CAN BENElT SUCH AS HEALTHCARE EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT ASSISTANCE )N (ULL 5+ $ADS !GAINST $RUGS IS A COMMUNITY PROJECT THAT USES SPORTS ESPECIALLY FOOTBALL AS AN OUTREACH TOOL TO ENGAGE YOUNG PEOPLE WHO MAY BE AT RISK OF
5GANDA .OVEMBER
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
2IGHT 4O 0LAY COACHES CONDUCT ()6 AND !)$3 AWARENESS TRAINING WITH THE 2WANDA 3COUTS !SSOCIATION +IGALI 2WANDA
OF PROJECT PARTICIPANTS 3UPPORTED BY COLOURFUL POSTERS BEARING HEALTH ORIENTED MESSAGES AND PICTURES OF YOUTH THESE BALLS ARE GREAT TOOLS TO RAISE AWARENESS AND BUILD KNOWLEDGE OF YOUNG PEOPLE
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'IRLS ARE PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TO ()6 )N THE +ILIl DISTRICT OF +ENYA WHERE ABOUT PER CENT OF THE POPULATION CANNOT MEET THEIR BASIC FOOD REQUIREMENTS GIRLS OFTEN SUFFER FROM LOW SCHOOL ATTENDANCE HEAVY DOMESTIC RESPONSIBILITIES EARLY PREGNANCY AND VULNERABILITY TO ()6 AND !)$3 -OVING THE 'OALPOSTS IS A GRASSROOTS ORGANISATION THAT USES FOOTBALL AS AN OUTREACH TOOL TO TACKLE SENSITIVE ISSUES AROUND ()6 AND !)$3 PREVENTION AND BUILD LEADERSHIP CAPACITIES IN YOUNG WOMEN 2ECOGNISING THE IMPORTANCE OF ADDRESSING THE NEEDS OF GIRLS FROM THE UNDERPRIVILEGED COMMUNITIES IN :AMBIA %DU3PORT &OUNDATION INITIATED THE 'O 3ISTERS PROGRAMME IN 'O 3ISTERS IS A GIRLS SPORTS PROGRAMME RUN BY GIRLS FOR GIRLS AND WITH GIRLS 4HROUGH REGULAR SPORTS TOURNAMENTS WORKSHOPS ON GENDER EQUALITY HEALTH LEADERSHIP AND SPORTS TRAINING IN COACHING TECHNIQUES AND OTHER FUN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES THE PROGRAMME CREATES A PLATFORM TO DISCUSS ISSUES AROUND ()6 AND !)$3 PREVENTION AND REPRODUCTIVE AND SEXUAL HEALTH DRUG USE AND THE GAMES PROVIDE AN OUTLET FOR FAMILIES COPING WITH DRUG USE TO DISCUSS THEIR ISSUES IN A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT 3PORT CAN BE USED TO EMPOWER CHILDREN AND YOUTH WITH PREVENTION MESSAGES AND IN EARLY ADOLESCENCE TEACH THEM THE SKILLS NECESSARY TO ESTABLISH AND SUSTAIN HEALTHY BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS !MPLE PARTICIPATION IN PLAY GAMES AND OTHER PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES BOTH IN SCHOOL AND DURING FREE TIME IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT OF EVERY YOUNG PERSON !CCESS TO SAFE PLACES AND GOOD EXAMPLES FROM TEACHERS PARENTS AND FRIENDS ARE ALL PART OF ENSURING THAT CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE BECOME ACTIVE AND STAY HEALTHY
3PORT AND ()6 PREVENTION 3PORT OFFERS AN IDEAL MEANS TO REACH OUT TO AND EQUIP YOUNG PEOPLE TO PROTECT THEMSELVES AGAINST ()6 AND !)$3 AND OTHER DISEASES 3PORT S OVERWHELMING POPULARITY ALLOWS IT TO BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER TO TALK OPENLY ABOUT SENSITIVE ISSUES SUCH AS SAFER SEX #OACHES CAN BECOME GREAT ROLE MODELS FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH 4HERE IS EVIDENCE THAT WHERE THE INCIDENCE OF ()6 IS SUBSIDING OR DECLINING IT IS PRIMARILY BECAUSE YOUNG PEOPLE ARE BEING EMPOWERED WITH THE INFORMATION AND SKILLS THAT THEY NEED TO ADOPT SAFER BEHAVIOURS 3PORT CAN BE USED TO ENCOURAGE CHILDREN AND YOUTH TO ADOPT AND MAINTAIN HEALTHY BEHAVIOURS EMPOWERING THEM WITH RELEVANT LIFE SKILLS SUCH AS NEGOTIATION AND RESISTING PEER PRESSURE 3PORT IS A PERFECT MEDIUM TO TRANSMIT NON POLITICAL MESSAGES ABOUT ()6 PREVENTION AND EMPOWER YOUTH WITH RELEVANT SKILLS IN A FUN MANNER &OR EXAMPLE EACH OF THE SOCCER BALLS PRODUCED BY !LIVE AND +ICKING IN +ENYA CARRIES PRINTED MESSAGES TARGETING CHILDREN AND YOUTH 4HESE MESSAGES OFTEN SPEAK ABOUT ()6 AND !)$3 MALARIA AND 4" PREVENTION IN THE LOCAL LANGUAGES
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
%NGAGING BOYS AND YOUNG MEN IN ()6 AND !)$3 PREVENTION EFFORTS IS CRITICAL FOR STOPPING THE TIDE OF THE EPIDEMIC )N 3OUTH !FRICA 3PORTS #OACHES /UTREACH 3#/2% USES SPORT AND PLAY AS A TOOL FOR ()6 AWARENESS AND BRINGS BOTH BOYS AND GIRLS TOGETHER TO PLAY WHILE LEARNING ABOUT ()6 AND !)$3 )N THE COUNTRIES OF THE #ARIBBEAN THE (EALTHY ,IFESTYLES PROJECT USES SPORT TO TARGET YOUNG GIRLS AND WOMEN WITH PREVENTION MESSAGES ABOUT ()6 AND !)$3 TEENAGE PREGNANCY NUTRITION SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND OTHER HEALTH TOPICS 4HE PROJECT HAS BEEN RECENTLY EXTENDED TO INCLUDE BOYS AS WELL
4HERE IS EVIDENCE THAT WHERE THE INCIDENCE OF ()6 IS SUBSIDING OR DECLINING IT IS PRIMARILY BECAUSE YOUNG PEOPLE ARE BEING EMPOWERED WITH THE INFORMATION AND SKILLS THAT THEY NEED TO ADOPT SAFER BEHAVIOURS )NVOLVING PEOPLE LIVING WITH ()6 AND !)$3 IN SPORT BASED PREVENTION INITIATIVES CAN ALSO BE A POWERFUL MEANS OF REDUCING ()6 RELATED STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION THUS CONTRIBUTING TO SUCCESSFUL ()6 AND !)$3 PREVENTION 2IGHT 4O 0LAY USES THE BEST VALUES OF SPORT AND THE PRINCIPLE OF INCLUSION IN ITS ,IVE 3AFE 0LAY 3AFE ,303 PROGRAMME IN +IGALI 2WANDA WHERE ()6 PREVALENCE IS REPORTEDLY HIGH 7ORKING WITH INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL PARTNERS THE PROGRAMME REACHES OUT TO CHILDREN BOTH IN SCHOOL AND OUT OF SCHOOL AND EDUCATES TEACHERS STAFF AND VOLUNTEERS ON HOW TO USE SPORT AND PLAY AS EFFECTIVE TOOLS FOR INCLUSION AND ()6 PREVENTION 4HROUGH REGULAR ACTIVITIES USING OVER GAMES AND ACTIVITIES SPECIlCALLY DESIGNED FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH ,303 BUILDS KNOWLEDGE OF ()6 AND !)$3 AND PROMOTES LIFE SKILLS FOR ADOPTING AND MAINTAINING HEALTHY BEHAVIOURS
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
4O BE SUCCESSFUL 3PORT FOR $EVELOPMENT AND 0EACE PROGRAMMES NEED TO BE ° 3AFE ° #ULTURALLY AND AGE APPROPRIATE ° ! SOURCE OF PLEASURE JOY AND HAPPINESS FOR EVERY CHILD ° )NCLUSIVE ° $ESIGNED WITH THE PARTICIPATION FROM CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE ° !WARE OF THE RISK FACTORS SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND MATERIAL REALITIES OF THE CHILDREN AND YOUTH THEY SERVE ° #HILD CENTRED AND VALUE BASED ° %MPHASISING INDIVIDUAL CHOICE AND PARTICIPATION ° #OGNIZANT THAT SPORT AND PLAY ALONE CANNOT SOLVE COMPLEX SOCIAL PROBLEMS ° #OGNIZANT OF THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILD PROTECTION ° )NCORPORATED IN A BROADER KIT OF PROGRAMME DESIGN TO MEET THE NEEDS OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH
3PORT AND EDUCATION !CCORDING TO THE 5.)#%& REPORT PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT IS ON THE RISE IN MANY COUNTRIES $ESPITE THIS SUCCESS YOUNG PEOPLE S FAILURE TO COMPLETE EDUCATION REMAINS A CHALLENGE 4HIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE FOR GIRLS AS THEY OFTEN HAVE FAMILY DUTIES OUTSIDE OF SCHOOL AND IN MANY COUNTRIES MARRY YOUNG
4HE POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY HEALTH AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT SUGGESTS THAT SPORT CAN HELP REDUCE NEGATIVE ATTITUDES TO SCHOOL AND DECREASE SCHOOL ATTRITION %DUCATION IS A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT AND SPORT BASED PROGRAMMES CAN IMPROVE THE LEARNING PERFORMANCE OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH AND ENCOURAGE CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE TO STAY IN SCHOOL 2ESEARCH ASSERTS THAT REASONABLE TIME SPENT IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DOES NOT HINDER ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND ACTUALLY IMPROVES IT 4HE POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY HEALTH AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT SUGGESTS THAT SPORT CAN HELP REDUCE NEGATIVE ATTITUDES TO SCHOOL AND DECREASE SCHOOL ATTRITION ! REPORT FROM THE 7ORLD 3UMMIT ON 0HYSICAL EDUCATION INDICATED THAT PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT IN SCHOOLS HELP DECREASE SCHOOL DROP OUT RATES )N 'ORMETI 4ANZANIA WHERE 2IGHT 4O 0LAY DELIVERS SPORT AND PLAY PROGRAMMES IN SCHOOLS THERE IS INCREASED ATTENDANCE ON THE DAYS WHEN COACHES HOLD THEIR PLAY DAYS 3PORT CAN ALSO BE USED TO SUCCESSFULLY MOBILISE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SCHOOL RETENTION EFFORTS SIGNIl CANTLY INCREASING STUDENT CHANCES FOR SUCCESS
&OR EXAMPLE THE 0HYSICALLY !CTIVE 9OUTH 0!9 PROGRAMME WAS DESIGNED AND IMPLEMENTED IN .AMIBIA TO SUPPORT THE EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS -ORE THAN HALF OF THE STUDENTS IN THE .AMIBIAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM FAILED A NATIONAL EXAM AFTER 'RADE PREVENTING THEM FROM CONTINUING THEIR EDUCATIONAL PURSUITS 0!9 COMBINED A SPORT PROGRAMME WITH INFORMAL TUTORING TO SUPPORT HIGH SCHOOL DROPOUTS AND OTHER STUDENTS CONSIDERED TO BE AT RISK OF FAILING THE NATIONAL EXAM AND ENDING THEIR EDUCATION CAREER 4HE PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTED IN PARTNERSHIP WITH #OMMONWEALTH 'AMES #ANADA 5+ 3PORT AND LOCAL ORGANISATIONS PROVIDES STUDENTS WITH AN OPPORTUNITY TO PARTICIPATE IN SPORT AND GAIN ACCESS TO INFORMAL TUTORING 4HE PROGRAMME IS NOW GROWING TO INCLUDE MORE PARTICIPANTS FROM A WIDER AGE RANGE AS PROGRAMME STAFF HAVE FOUND THAT THE LONGER PARTICIPANTS ARE INVOLVED IN THE PROGRAMME THE GREATER THE IMPACT )T HAS CONTRIBUTED TO INCREASED LEVELS OF STUDENT DISCIPLINE REDUCTION IN DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND IMPROVEMENT OF STUDENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCES 4HE 5+ BASED ,IVING FOR 3PORT PROJECT USED SPORT TO HELP STUDENTS DEVELOP DISCIPLINE CONl DENCE SELF ESTEEM AND SELF AWARENESS 4HE PROGRAMME PROVIDED A VARIETY OF RESOURCES AND TOOLS TO TEACHERS TO ENGAGE STUDENTS IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY EXPRESSLY FOR THE PURPOSE OF IMPROVING BEHAVIOUR !S A RESULT STUDENTS WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE PROGRAMME IMPROVED ATTENDANCE AND PUNCTUALITY DISPLAYED A REDUCED NUMBER OF DETENTIONS AND IMPROVED COMMUNICATION AND LEADERSHIP SKILLS 3CHOOLS PROVIDE UNIQUE SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL YOUNG PEOPLE ON AN EQUAL BASIS THROUGH OFl CIAL COMPULSORY PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROGRAMMES AS WELL AS THROUGH SCHOOL SPORT PROGRAMMES AND AFTER SCHOOL LEISURE TIME PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INITIATIVES 3PORT CAN BE A KEY ALLY IN ATTAINING THE SECOND -$' BY HELPING TO ENSURE THAT ALL BOYS AND GIRLS COMPLETE A FULL COURSE OF PRIMARY SCHOOLING 4O SUCCEED IT IS CRUCIAL TO PROMOTE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORT AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE IN AND OUT OF SCHOOL STRENGTHEN THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROGRAMMES IN SCHOOLS BY STRENGTHENING THE CAPACITY OF TEACHERS AND IMPROVING THE SCHOOL CURRICULA AND PROVIDE SUFl CIENT PLAYGROUNDS AND SPORTS FACILITIES ON SCHOOL PREMISES
3PORT LIFE SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTER BUILDING %VIDENCE SUPPORTS NOT ONLY THE EDUCATIONAL BENEl TS OF SPORTS PARTICIPATION BUT ALSO THE IMPORTANCE OF SPORT PROGRAMMES AS EDUCATIONAL CATALYSTS TO TEACH LIFE SKILLS AND BUILD CHARACTER 3PORT HAS PROVED TO BE AN EFFECTIVE MEDIUM TO EMPOWER CHILDREN AND YOUTH WITH SKILLS IN GOAL SETTING PROBLEM SOLVING AND POSITIVE THINKING 0OSITIVE ATTITUDES VALUES AND CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT ARE MOST EFFECTIVELY ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH ENTHUSIASTIC AND SKILFUL ENGAGEMENT OF A COACH TEACHER OR LEADER %VIDENCE ALSO SUGGESTS THAT COACHES PLAY A KEY ROLE IN DEVELOPING THE MORAL AND ETHICAL PARAMETERS THAT IMPACT YOUTH INVOLVED IN SPORT 2ESEARCH INDICATES THAT THE MORAL
5GANDA .OVEMBER
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
VALUES AND BEHAVIOUR LEARNED BY CHILDREN IN SPORT COME DIRECTLY FROM INSTRUCTION AND THEIR OWN ENGAGEMENT AND INDIRECTLY FROM OBSERVING COACHES RESPONSES
3PORT OFFERS AN IDEAL MEANS TO REACH OUT TO AND EQUIP YOUNG PEOPLE TO PROTECT THEMSELVES AGAINST ()6 AND !)$3 THROUGH ITS ENORMOUS POPULARITY AND REACH
3PORT CAN FACILITATE THE LEARNING OF SKILLS SUCH AS COOPERATION COMMUNICATION RESILIENCE RESPECT FOR SELF RULES AND OTHERS LEADERSHIP AND HOW TO WIN LOSE AND MANAGE COMPETITION !T THE SAME TIME THESE POSITIVE OUTCOMES ARE NOT POSSIBLE IF SPORT PROGRAMMES ARE NOT BASED ON THE KEY BEST VALUES OF SPORT INCLUSION FAIR PLAY TEAMWORK COMMITMENT COMPASSION OPTIMISM JOY AND INTEGRITY
$ESPITE THE NUMEROUS 3PORT FOR $EVELOPMENT EFFORTS UNDERWAY BY .'/S SPORTS FEDERATIONS THE 5. AND THE VARIETY OF OTHER PARTNERS AND STAKEHOLDERS NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS HAVE A KEY ROLE TO PLAY TO ENSURE THAT EVERY CHILD HAS A RIGHT TO PLAY )T IS UP TO NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS TO SET DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES AND PROVIDE FUNDING FOR SPORT AND PLAY ACTIVITIES BECAUSE WHEN CHILDREN PLAY THE WORLD WINS
2ESEARCH INDICATES THAT THE MORAL VALUES AND BEHAVIOUR LEARNED BY CHILDREN IN SPORT COME DIRECTLY FROM INSTRUCTION AND THEIR OWN ENGAGEMENT #ONCLUSION 4HIS YEAR MARKS THE HALFWAY POINT FOR THE ATTAINMENT OF THE -$'S -$'S CAN STILL BE ACHIEVABLE IF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY JOINS FORCES TO ALIGN THEIR STRATEGIC PRIORITIES WITH THE GOALS AND EMPLOY HOLISTIC APPROACHES TO THEIR IMPLEMENTATION 3PORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ARE SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE MEANS OF ACHIEVING THE -$'S 7ELL DESIGNED SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROGRAMMES ARE POWERFUL TOOLS FOR FOSTERING HEALTHY CHILD AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT TEACHING POSITIVE VALUES AND LIFE SKILLS STRENGTHENING EDUCATION PREVENTING DISEASE AND IMPROVING HEALTH AND WELL BEING 3PORT BASED PROGRAMMES CAN HELP EMPOWER AND PROMOTE THE INCLUSION OF MARGINALISED GROUPS ESPECIALLY GIRLS MIGRANTS AND PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES 3PORT ALSO PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN INCREASING SCHOOL ENROLMENT AND RETENTION BY REDUCING NEGATIVE ATTITUDES TO SCHOOL AND DECREASING DROPOUT RATES ENHANCING SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT CONTRIBUTING TO CHILDREN S SOCIAL SKILLS TEACHING THEM COOPERATION AND TEAM WORK RESPECT FOR ONE S OPPONENTS AND ADHERENCE TO AGREED UPON RULES 3PORT CAN BE A PROMISING AND NON THREATENING MEANS OF REDUCING GENDER RELATED DISCRIMINATION AND DEVELOPING FEMALE LEADERSHIP IN COMMUNITIES
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
!NNA !LEXANDROVA HOLDS A LAW DEGREE FROM THE )NTERNATIONAL 5NIVERSITY OF -OSCOW AND -ASTER OF ,AWS DEGREE FROM THE 5NIVERSITY OF 4ORONTO !NNA S BACKGROUND AND EXPERTISE ARE IN LAW ()6 PREVENTION INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCACY !NNA IS A 3ENIOR !DVISOR 0OLICY AND )NTER 'OVERNMENTAL 2ELATIONS WITH 2IGHT 4O 0LAY ,INDSAY 'LASSCO HOLDS A -ASTERS $EGREE IN )NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT FROM THE 5NIVERSITY OF 3USSEX AND A "! FROM -C'ILL 5NIVERSITY 7ITH A BACKGROUND IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT YEARS OF OVERSEAS EXPERIENCE WITH THE 5NITED .ATIONS AND SOCIAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE #ANADIAN &EDERAL 'OVERNMENT ,INDSAY WORKS WITH 2IGHT 4O 0LAY AS THE $IRECTOR OF 0OLICY 3PORT FOR $EVELOPMENT AND 0EACE 2IGHT 4O 0LAY USES SPORT AND PLAY PROGRAMMES TO IMPROVE HEALTH BUILD LIFE SKILLS AND FOSTER PEACE FOR CHILDREN AND COMMUNITIES AFFECTED BY WAR POVERTY DISEASE 2IGHT 4O 0LAY IS THE 3ECRETARIAT TO THE 3PORT FOR $EVELOPMENT AND 0EACE )NTERNATIONAL 7ORKING 'ROUP 3$0 )7' A FOUR YEAR POLICY INITIATIVE THAT BRINGS TOGETHER GOVERNMENTS 5. AND CIVIL SOCIETY ALL WORKING TOWARDS POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS TO GOVERNMENTS ON THE USE OF SPORT AS A TOOL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE 3$0 )7' 3ECRETARIAT 2IGHT 4O 0LAY 1UEEN 3TREET 7 4ORONTO /. - ( - #ANADA 4EL EXT %MAIL )7'3ECRETARIAT RIGHTTOPLAY COM 7EBSITES WWW RIGHTTOPLAY COM HTTP IWG SPORTANDDEV ORG EN INDEX HTM
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
3PECIAL &EATURE BY )NTERNATIONAL 2UGBY "OARD
2UGBY A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO TACKLING OBESITY )T IS ESTIMATED THAT OVER MILLION OF THE WORLD S POPULATION IS OBESE OR OVERWEIGHT 4HE LOWERING OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION STANDARDS AND THE CLOSING OF EDUCATION PROGRAMMES IN SCHOOLS A REDUCTION IN FAMILY TIME FREE ACCESS TO COMPUTER AND VIDEO GAMES THE INTERNET AND TELEVISION THE FAST FOOD INDUSTRY TARGETING CHILDRENx THE LIST GOES ON AND ON AS TO WHY SOME COUNTRIES ARE FACING THE LARGEST OBESITY PROBLEM IN THEIR HISTORY /BESITY IS A COMPLEX PROBLEM )T IS IMPORTANT FOR US TO EMPHASISE NUTRITION AND EXERCISE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TO OUR CHILDREN %DUCATION IS THE KEY 0ARENTS TEACHERS AND COACHES NEED TO RE EVALUATE OUR PRIORITIES AND PUT EXERCISE AND NUTRITION AT THE FOREFRONT )N A SOCIETY OF OVER STIMULATION OF ADVERTISEMENT QUICK lX SOLUTIONS AND HIGH CALIBRE ENTERTAINMENT GETTING BACK TO THE BASICS OF AN ACTIVE LIFESTYLE COUPLED WITH GOOD NUTRITIOUS FOOD AND EDUCATION WILL GO A LONG WAY TO PREVENTING THE PROBLEM
2UGBY n A GAME FOR ALL SHAPES AND SIZES 2UGBY IS A GLOBAL PARTICIPATION SPORT 4HE GAME HAS GROWN PHENOMENALLY OVER THE PAST TEN YEARS AND THERE ARE NOW OVER MILLION REGISTERED PLAYERS AROUND THE GLOBE A JUMP OF MORE THAN PER CENT SINCE THE GAME WENT OPEN YEARS AGO !ND NOW THERE ARE 5NIONS IN MEMBERSHIP OF THE GOVERNING BODY THE )NTERNATIONAL 2UGBY "OARD UP FROM COUNTRIES TEN YEARS AGO 9ET DESPITE A BURGEONING PROlLE RUGBY REMAINS A GAME WHICH AT ITS CORE IMPORTANTLY AND RATHER UNIQUELY IS SUITED FOR ALL SHAPES AND SIZES MEN WOMEN ALL AGES AND ABILITIES 4AG OR TOUCH RUGBY SEVENS lFTEENS OFlCIATING OR EVEN BEACH RUGBY THERE IS A LEVEL OF PARTICIPATION IN RUGBY FOR EVERYONE
(OW CAN RUGBY AND HEALTH WORK TOGETHER TO TACKLE OBESITY 4HE FOLLOWING MODEL OUTLINES HOW BY APPLYING A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO EXERCISE AND NUTRITION RUGBY CAN PLAY A PROMINENT ROLE IN PROMOTING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AND TACKLING OBESITY
4RY RUGBY %NCOURAGING PARTICIPATION IN RUGBY WHATEVER A PERSON S ABILITY IS A POSITIVE WAY TO CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS HEALTH IMPROVEMENT 7HILE MANY ASSOCIATE THE GAME WITH HIGH LEVEL PARTICIPATION AT THE PROFESSIONAL PINNACLE OF THE GAME RUGBY REALLY IS A SPORT FOR ALL AND THERE IS A LEVEL OF PARTICIPATION TO SUIT EVERY MAN WOMAN AND CHILD 7HETHER PARTICIPATION IS FOR SOCIAL AND RECREATIONAL PURPOSES OR WHETHER IT IS FOR SERIOUS COMPETITION THROUGH STRUCTURED TRAINING PROGRAMMES RUGBY OFFERS REGULAR EXERCISE SOCIAL INCLUSION PROMOTES TEAMWORK AND CAN BOOST SELF ESTEEM AND CONlDENCE !CCESS TO RUGBY HAS NEVER BEEN EASIER 4HE GAME CONTINUES TO EXPERIENCE SIGNIlCANT GROWTH WORLDWIDE WHILE THE )NTERNATIONAL 2UGBY "OARD HAS COMMITTED AN INVESTMENT OF 53 MILLION OVER THREE YEARS TO WORLDWIDE STRATEGIC INVESTMENT INITIATIVES THAT WILL HELP FOSTER THE GAME OUTSIDE OF THE TRADITIONAL RUGBY PLAYING COUNTRIES !T GRASS ROOTS LEVELS THE GAME CONTINUES TO mOURISH AS WELL AS FROM A NUMBER OF UNIQUE PROJECTS SUCH AS TAG RUGBY A NON CONTACT FORM OF RUGBY )MPORTANTLY THE WORLD S RUGBY PLAYING POPULATION IS YOUNG 3OME MILLION OF THE MILLION PLAYING THE GAME WORLDWIDE ARE UNDER THE AGE OF MEANING THAT RUGBY IS IDEALLY SUITED TO PREVENT AND TACKLE OBESITY AND HEALTH RELATED ISSUES FROM AN EARLY AGE 4ACKLING OBESITY REQUIRES A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO EXERCISE AND NUTRITION
4HE GAME BUILDS TEAMWORK UNDERSTANDING CO OPERATION AND THE RESPECT OF FELLOW ATHLETES )TS CORNERSTONES ARE AS THEY HAVE ALWAYS BEEN THE PLEASURE OF PARTICIPATING THE COURAGE AND SKILL WHICH THE GAME DEMANDS THE LOVE OF A TEAM SPORT THAT ENRICHES THE LIVES OF ALL INVOLVED AND THE LIFELONG FRIENDSHIPS FORGED THROUGH A SHARED INTEREST IN THE GAME )T IS BECAUSE OF NOT DESPITE RUGBY S INTENSELY PHYSICAL AND ATHLETIC CHARACTERISTICS THAT SUCH CAMARADERIE EXISTS IN THE GAME
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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-ANY YOUNG PLAYERS DREAM OF REPRESENTING THEIR COUNTRY BUT EVEN IF THEY DROP OUT OF RUGBY AS A TEEN OR EVEN AS AN ADULT WITHOUT REACHING THE TOP OR EVEN PLAY RECREATIONALLY THE HEALTHY LIFESTYLE MESSAGES THAT THEY LEARN ALONG THE WAY WILL HOLD THEM IN GOOD STEAD WHILE THE HEALTH OF MANY NATIONS STANDS TO BENElT
#HILDREN PLAYING RUGBY IN )NDIA
#ASE STUDY 3COTTISH 2UGBY 5NION MULTI SPORTS PROGRAMME )T IS IMPORTANT THAT CHILDREN ARE ABLE TO EXPERIENCE AS MANY DIFFERENT SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES AS POSSIBLE IN ORDER NOT MAXIMISE THEIR ENJOYMENT OF PARTICIPATION IN A TEAM ENVIRONMENT 4HE 3COTTISH 2UGBY 5NION HAS EMBRACED THIS NOTION AND HAS TEAMED UP WITH LOCAL AUTHORITIES TO RUN A MULTI SPORTS PROGRAMME IN 3COTLAND "ASKETBALL TAG RUGBY HOCKEY AND SOCCER ARE JUST FOUR OF THE SPORTS AVAILABLE TO CHILDREN (OWEVER THE SCHEME HAS PROVED HUGELY SUCCESSFUL IN INTRODUCING RUGBY TO YOUNG PEOPLE AS IT CAN BE PLAYED BY BOTH BOYS AND GIRLS
#ASE 3TUDY 4RY2UGBY 4RY2UGBY IS THE !USTRALIAN 2UGBY 5NION S FUN SIX WEEK SPORTS PROGRAMME FOR BOYS AND GIRLS AGED YEARS )T IS A SATISFYING WAY FOR YOUNG PLAYERS OF ALL ABILITIES AND RUGBY EXPERIENCE TO ENJOY THE GAME AT THEIR OWN PACE 0LAYERS DEVELOP THEIR PHYSICAL SPORTS AND RUGBY SPECIlC SKILLS IN A FUN SAFE AND WELCOMING ATMOSPHERE TO PLAY THE MODIlED RUGBY GAMES OF 7ALLA -INI AND -IDI 0ROFESSIONAL INSTRUCTORS RUN SKILLS AND GAMES TO SUIT THE SPECIlC AGE GROUPS AND ABILITIES OF THE CHILDREN
#ASE 3TUDY 4AG RUGBY 4AG RUGBY IS HUGELY POPULAR THE WORLD OVER AS IT IS AVAILABLE TO ALL AGE GROUPS (OWEVER BEING A NON CONTACT FORM OF THE GAME TAG RUGBY IS IDEALLY SUITED TO INTRODUCING BOTH BOYS AND GIRLS TO THE SPORT 4AG RUGBY IS PART OF THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM IN THE 5+ !USTRALIA .EW :EALAND AND &RANCE WHILE ADULT LEAGUES CATER FOR THE SOCIAL PARTICIPANT TO THE SERIOUS COMPETITOR
2EGULAR PARTICIPATION !CCORDING TO RECENT STUDIES IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT REGULAR ACTIVITY MINUTES PER DAY FOR CHILDREN AND MINUTES PER DAY FOR ADULTS IS NECESSARY FOR MAINTAINING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE 2EGULAR PARTICIPATION IN RUGBY PROVIDES PARTICIPANTS WITH A PORTAL FOR EXERCISE IMPROVED CARDIOVASCULAR lTNESS AND HELP WITH BURNING EXCESS FAT (OWEVER UNLIKE A NUMBER OF SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES RUGBY REQUIRES A BASIC LEVEL OF lTNESS TO PARTICIPATE BEFORE IMPROVING lTNESS LEVELS THROUGH INCREASED PARTICIPATION
3OCIAL SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 2UGBY OWES MUCH OF ITS APPEAL TO THE FACT THAT IT IS PLAYED BOTH TO THE LETTER AND WITHIN THE SPIRIT OF THE LAWS 4HE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ENSURING THAT THIS HAPPENS LIES NOT WITH ONE INDIVIDUAL BUT WITH COACHES CAPTAINS PLAYERS AND MATCH OFlCIALS
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
)T IS THROUGH DISCIPLINE CONTROL AND MUTUAL RESPECT THAT THE SPIRIT OF THE GAME mOURISHES AND IN THE CONTEXT OF A GAME AS PHYSICALLY AND MENTALLY CHALLENGING AS RUGBY THESE ARE THE QUALITIES WHICH FORGE THE FELLOWSHIP AND SENSE OF FAIR PLAY SO ESSENTIAL TO THE GAME S SUCCESS ° 4EAMWORK ° "ELONGING
° 3ELF CONTROL ° !MBITION
° 3ELF ESTEEM ° -OTIVATION
4HESE KEY VIRTUES HAVE STOOD THE TEST OF TIME AND AT ALL LEVELS AT WHICH THE GAME IS PLAYED THEY REMAIN AS IMPORTANT TO RUGBY S FUTURE AS THEY HAVE BEEN THROUGHOUT ITS LONG AND DISTINGUISHED PAST 4HESE PRINCIPLES OF RUGBY ARE FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS UPON WHICH THE GAME IS BASED AND THEY ENABLE PARTICIPANTS AT ALL LEVELS TO IMMEDIATELY IDENTIFY THE GAME S CHARACTER AND WHAT MAKES IT DISTINCTIVE AS A SPORT )MPORTANTLY IN A MODERN DAY CONTEXT RUGBY ALSO HAS THE ABILITY TO ENGAGE SOCIALLY EXCLUDED GROUPS THROUGH COMMUNITY BASED COACHING COURSES THROUGH WHICH KEY MESSAGES ABOUT HEALTH ISSUES AND THE DANGERS OF DRUGS AND SMOKING CAN BE REINFORCED
#ASE 3TUDY 4HE !LCATRAZ 0ROJECT n 6ENEZUELA 2UGBY HAS BECOME CENTRAL TO A PROJECT IN 6ENEZUELA AIMED AT REHABILITATING EX GANG MEMBERS IN THE 3OUTH !MERICAN COUNTRY ,AUNCHED IN THE !LCATRAZ PROJECT OFFERS YOUNG PEOPLE CONVICTED OF CRIME THE CHOICE OF GOING TO COURT AND BEING CONVICTED OR JOIN THE PROJECT WITH ITS TOUGH RE EDUCATION PROGRAMME AND A SECOND CHANCE IN LIFE 3OME RECRUITS DROP OUT IN THE lRST THREE MONTHS OF THE PROJECT WHICH THEY SPEND HIGH UP IN THE HILLS GROWING COFFEE 4HOSE WHO STAY ON GET PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELLING AND RUGBY WHICH IS CENTRAL TO THE REHABILITATION PROGRAMME ! CHILD IN )RELAND PLAYING TAG RUGBY
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
#ASE 3TUDY 0OSITIVE &UTURES )NTRODUCED IN IN THE 5+ 0OSITIVE &UTURES IS A SPORT AND RECREATION PROGRAMME OPERATING FOR YEAR OLDS IN THE MOST DEPRIVED AREAS OF %NGLAND AND 7ALES )T AIMS TO OFFER INDIVIDUALS OPPORTUNITIES FOR PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH PARTICIPATION IN THE ACTIVITIES !S YOUNG PEOPLE MOVE THROUGH THE PROJECT THEY ARE ENCOURAGED INTO LEADERSHIP AND COACHING AS A WAY OF GIVING THEM WORK OPPORTUNITIES AND LIFE SKILLS AS WELL AS HELPING THEM TO PUT SOMETHING BACK INTO THE COMMUNITY IN WHICH THEY LIVE
-ENTAL SKILLS AWARENESS 2UGBY IS THE ULTIMATE TEST OF PHYSICAL AND MENTAL STRENGTH FOR A SPORTSMAN 7HILE THE PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES OF STRENGTH POWER AND COMPETITION ARE WELL DOCUMENTED IT IS OFTEN FORGOTTEN THAT RUGBY DEVELOPS THROUGH PARTICIPATION AND STRUCTURED TRAINING A NUMBER OF MENTAL SKILLS WHICH CAN BE APPLIED IN EVERYDAY SITUATIONS 2UGBY DEVELOPS AND PROMOTES THE FOLLOWING KEY MENTAL SKILLS ° 3ELF CONTROL ° $ECISION MAKING
° #ONCENTRATION ° ,EADERSHIP
° $ISCIPLINE
0LAYERS AT 7OMEN S 2UGBY 7ORLD #UP SUPPORT THE )2" S +EEP 2UGBY #LEAN CAMPAIGN
INCREASES KNOWLEDGE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF A BALANCED DIET AND PROMOTES AND ENCOURAGES THE USE OF FRESH PRODUCE WHILE EDUCATING AGAINST THE INTAKE OF FOODS CONTAINING HIGH LEVELS OF SALT CAFFEINE SUGAR AND FAT
#ARDIOVASCULAR lTNESS !THLETES PARTICIPATING IN PROLONGED ACTIVITY MUST POSSESS HIGH LEVELS OF CARDIOVASCULAR lTNESS 4HE AEROBIC lTNESS IS IMPERATIVE TO AID THE RECOVERY BETWEEN SHORT BURSTS OF HIGH INTENSITY ACTIVITY THAT ARE INTRINSIC TO TRAINING AND PLAYING RUGBY AT A COMPETITIVE LEVEL !T THIS LEVEL IT IS NO LONGER ADEQUATE TO PLAY WITH THE MOTIVE TO GET lT PLAYERS NEED TO BE lT TO PLAY
,EARNING NEW SKILL SETS ENHANCE THE PARTICIPANT S UNDERSTANDING AND ULTIMATELY ENJOYMENT OF THE GAME 3UCH DISCIPLINES AS SELF CONTROL AND DECISION MAKING ARE KEY IN MAINTAINING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
2EGULAR TRAINING IS NOT SIMPLY ENOUGH TO ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN THE HIGH LEVELS OF CARDIOVASCULAR lTNESS REQUIRED TO PLAY RUGBY TO A COMPETITIVE LEVEL ! BALANCED CARDIO PROGRAMME THAT DOVETAILS WITH OTHER ACTIVITIES SUCH AS CYCLING RUNNING AND ROWING IS ALSO IMPORTANT
#ASE 3TUDY +EEP 2UGBY #LEAN
-AINTAINING A BASE LEVEL OF CARDIO VASCULAR lTNESS WHILE ESSENTIAL FOR PLAYING AT A COMPETITIVE LEVEL IS ALSO ADVANTAGEOUS FOR LIFE BEYOND RUGBY
+EEP 2UGBY #LEAN IS THE MESSAGE OF THE )NTERNATIONAL 2UGBY "OARD S ANTI DOPING PROGRAMME %ACH YEAR THE )2" USES ITS !GE 'RADE 4OURNAMENTS )2" 5NDER AND 7ORLD #HAMPIONSHIPS TO EDUCATE ALL PARTICIPATING PLAYERS ABOUT THE DANGERS AND CONSEQUENCES OF TAKING RECREATIONAL AND PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS WHILE ALSO EDUCATING ABOUT THE TESTING PROCESS WHICH MANY PLAYERS WILL ENCOUNTER FOR THE lRST TIME AT !GE 'RADE LEVEL )N THE )2" DELIVERED A RECORD ANTI DOPING PROGRAMME WITH A TOTAL OF TESTS CONDUCTED AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL WHILE RUNNING AN EXTENSIVE EDUCATION PROGRAMME 4HE PROGRAMME RETURNED NO POSITIVE RESULTS AT UNDER LEVEL HIGHLIGHTING THE VALUE OF THE OUTREACH EDUCATION PROGRAMME RUN AT THE )2" S !GE 'RADE 4OURNAMENTS
0ERFORMANCE PARTICIPATION 4HROUGH A COMBINATION OF TALENT GOOD EDUCATION A HIGH STANDARD OF TRAINING DISCIPLINE COMMITMENT AND APPLICATION TRAINING AND OF COURSE HARD WORK IT IS POSSIBLE TO REACH THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF THE GAME AND MAINTAIN A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE WHICH ASSISTS IN lGHTING OBESITY 4HE ATTRIBUTES LISTED WITHIN THIS MODEL ARE NOT ONLY KEY TO PERFORMING AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL BUT THE lTNESS AND NUTRITIONAL ADVICE ROUTINE OF REGULAR RUGBY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EDUCATION LEARNED ALONG THE WAY WILL PROVE USEFUL FOR LIFE AFTER RUGBY
$IET AND NUTRITIONAL lTNESS 2UGBY UNLIKE MANY SPORTS IS A MULTI FACETED GAME REQUIRING PLAYERS OF DIFFERENT SKILL SETS 4HE CORRECT BALANCED DIET IS ESSENTIAL TO SUSTAIN ENERGY LEVELS NECESSARY TO COMPETE AND TRAIN AT EVERY LEVEL OF THE GAME 0LAYERS WHO ARE KEEN TO PROGRESS AND IMPROVE PERFORMANCE NEED TO PAY ATTENTION TO NUTRITION AND DIET 4HE GOALS OF EVERY PLAYER DIFFER DEPENDING ON THE LEVEL OF THE GAME AND THE POSITION PLAYED BUT CORRECT NUTRITION IS ESSENTIAL .UTRITIONAL AWARENESS IS NOT ONLY IMPORTANT FOR ENHANCING PERFORMANCE IT CAN ALSO HAVE WIDER IMPLICATIONS !N UNDERSTANDING OF DIET AND NUTRITION
4HE )NTERNATIONAL 2UGBY "OARD (UGUENOT (OUSE 3T 3TEPHEN S 'REEN $UBLIN )RELAND 4EL &AX 7EBSITE WWW IRB COM
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*OHN - 0OWELL $EPUTY %XECUTIVE $IRECTOR OF #OMMUNICATIONS 7ORLD &OOD 0ROGRAMME
0ARTNERSHIPS IN SPORT RAISING AWARENESS OF GLOBAL HUNGER (UNGER IS HUMANITY S OLDEST ENEMY AND CLAIMS A CHILD S LIFE EVERY lVE SECONDS !CUTE HUNGER OR STARVATION ARE OFTEN HIGHLIGHTED ON 46 SCREENS HUNGRY MOTHERS TOO WEAK TO BREASTFEED THEIR CHILDREN REFUGEES QUEUEING FOR FOOD RATIONS HELICOPTERS AIRLIFTING HIGH ENERGY BISCUITS TO EARTHQUAKE VICTIMS 3UCH DRAMATIC IMAGES ARE THE RESULT OF HIGH PROlLE CRISES LIKE WAR OR NATURAL DISASTERS "UT EMERGENCIES ACCOUNT FOR LESS THAN PER CENT OF HUNGER S VICTIMS $AILY UNDERNOURISHMENT IS LESS VISIBLE BUT IT AFFECTS MANY MORE PEOPLE &OR WEEKS EVEN MONTHS ITS VICTIMS MUST LIVE ON SIGNIlCANTLY LESS THAN WHAT AN AVERAGE PERSON NEEDS "UT WE CANNOT WAIT FOR WAR AND NATURAL DISASTERS TO REMIND US TO KEEP UP THE ATTACK ON THIS OLD ENEMY 4HIS ARTICLE SHOWS HOW THE SPORTING WORLD IS CONTRIBUTING A VITAL SPOTLIGHT OF PUBLICITY KEEPING ALIVE THE AWARENESS THAT WE MUST CONTINUE THE lGHT EVEN WITHOUT THE DISASTER HEADLINES )N THE lNAL QUARTER OF THE TH CENTURY HUMANITY WAS WINNING THE WAR ON HUNGER &ROM TO THE NUMBER OF HUNGRY PEOPLE DROPPED FROM MILLION TO MILLION n MAINLY THE RESULT OF DRAMATIC PROGRESS IN REDUCING THE NUMBER OF UNDERNOURISHED IN #HINA AND )NDIA )N THE SECOND HALF OF THE S HOWEVER THE NUMBER OF CHRONICALLY HUNGRY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES STARTED TO INCREASE AT A RATE OF ALMOST FOUR MILLION A YEAR "Y THE TOTAL NUMBER OF UNDERNOURISHED PEOPLE WORLDWIDE HAD RISEN TO MILLION MILLION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES MILLION IN COUNTRIES IN TRANSITION AND NINE MILLION IN INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES 4ODAY MORE THAN ONE IN SEVEN PEOPLE DO NOT GET ENOUGH FOOD TO BE HEALTHY AND LEAD AN ACTIVE LIFE
! CHALLENGE n TO HUNGER &OUR YEARS AGO IN THE TINY !FRICAN KINGDOM OF 3WAZILAND $AVID +IRK THE FORMER .EW :EALAND WORLD CUP WINNING CAPTAIN AND GIANT IN THE WORLD OF RUGBY STOOD IN FRONT OF A GROUP OF BEMUSED SCHOOLCHILDREN AND GAVE A SOLO PERFORMANCE OF THE LEGENDARY @(AKA !S FANS OF 2UGBY 5NION KNOW THIS IS A TRADITIONAL CHALLENGE DANCE OF THE -AORI PEOPLE A VERSION OF WHICH IS PERFORMED BY THE .EW :EALAND RUGBY TEAM THE !LL "LACKS BEFORE EVERY INTERNATIONAL MATCH THEY PLAY
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
!FRICA IS A CONTINENT USED TO CEREMONIAL DANCING BUT IT WAS STILL UNUSUAL TO SEE $AVID +IRK PERFORMING THIS AGGRESSIVE DISPLAY OF FOOT STOMPING CHEST THUMPING AND TONGUE WAGGLING FOR THE BENElT OF A GROUP OF 3WAZI SCHOOLCHILDREN !S THE lRST CAPTAIN TO WIN THE 2UGBY 7ORLD #UP $AVID +IRK IS STILL A POWERFUL lGURE WITHIN THE GAME AND IT IS FAIR TO ASK HOW HE FOUND HIMSELF PERFORMING THIS RITUAL IN A COUNTRY THAT HAS NEITHER EXCELLED ON THE lELD OF RUGBY NOR GENERATED A SIGNIlCANT FOLLOWING FOR THE SPORT 4HE ANSWER IS SIMPLE $AVID WAS IN 3WAZILAND AS PART OF A CAMPAIGN CALLED @4ACKLE (UNGER 4HIS PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE 5NITED .ATIONS 7ORLD &OOD 0ROGRAMME 7&0 AND THE GOVERNING BODY OF WORLD RUGBY THE )NTERNATIONAL 2UGBY "OARD )2" AIMS TO USE THE SPORT OF RUGBY AS A PLATFORM TO RAISE GLOBAL AWARENESS ABOUT HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION WHICH AFFECTS MILLION PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD MAINLY WOMEN AND CHILDREN
-ORE THAN ONE IN SEVEN PEOPLE DO NOT GET ENOUGH FOOD TO BE HEALTHY AND LEAD AN ACTIVE LIFE 4ACKLE (UNGER WAS LAUNCHED AT THE 2UGBY 7ORLD #UP IN !USTRALIA IN !CTIVITIES OVER THE LAST FOUR YEARS BRIDGED THE GAP TO THIS YEAR S 2UGBY 7ORLD #UP IN &RANCE 4HE 4ACKLE (UNGER PARTNERSHIP OFFERS A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY FOR 7&0 TO SPREAD ITS MESSAGES TO THE HUGE AND GROWING INTERNATIONAL BASE OF RUGBY FANS 4HE 2UGBY 7ORLD #UP IS THE THIRD MOST POPULAR SPORTING EVENT IN THE WORLD AFTER THE /LYMPIC 'AMES AND THE &OOTBALL 7ORLD #UP 4HIS YEAR MORE THAN MILLION TICKETS WERE SOLD TO WATCH GAMES AT THE TOURNAMENT IN &RANCE WHILE THE GLOBAL TELEVISION AUDIENCE WAS ESTIMATED TO BE IN EXCESS OF THREE BILLION PEOPLE 'AINING ACCESS TO THIS DEDICATED GROUP OF FANS ACROSS THE WORLD PROVIDES AN EFFECTIVE WAY OF SPREADING 7&0 S HUMANITARIAN MESSAGE &IELD VISITS BY LEGENDS OF THE GAME LIKE $AVID +IRK TO 7&0 SUPPORTED INITIATIVES SUCH AS SCHOOL FEEDING PROJECTS ARE USED TO HIGHLIGHT THE CHALLENGE OF MEETING THE NEEDS OF THE HUNGRY &EW PEOPLE KNOW THAT IT TAKES ONLY 53 CENTS A DAY TO GIVE A CUP OF PORRIDGE TO A SCHOOL CHILD 4HAT MEAL CAN BE LIFE CHANGING FOR CHILDREN
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
WHO HAVE LITTLE FOOD AT HOME AND WHO ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE SENT BY THEIR PARENTS TO SCHOOL WHERE A MEAL IS OFFERED /NCE THERE THE PROVISION OF FOOD HELPS THEM TO CONCENTRATE ON THEIR LESSONS ESPECIALLY IF THEY HAVE HAD TO WALK A LONG DISTANCE TO SCHOOL !T THIS YEAR S 2UGBY 7ORLD #UP IN &RANCE THE MESSAGE OF HOW TO COMBAT HUNGER WAS SPREAD THROUGH A VARIETY OF MEDIA 4HE )2" DONATED SPACE FOR PERIMETER SIGNAGE PROMOTING THE 4ACKLE (UNGER BRAND AT ALL THE MAJOR MATCHES IN THE TOURNAMENT IT GAVE SPACE FOR COLOUR ADVERTISEMENTS INSIDE MATCH DAY PROGRAMMES AND AGREED TO PLAY PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENTS ON BIG SCREENS INSIDE THE GROUNDS /UTSIDE THE STADIUM 7&0 STAFF SOUGHT FREE PLACEMENT OF TELEVISION PRINT AND ON LINE ADVERTISEMENTS IN MARKETS SUCH AS 3OUTH !FRICA !USTRALIA )RELAND THE 5NITED +INGDOM )TALY AND &RANCE WHERE THERE IS A HUGE RUGBY AUDIENCE
(UNGER REMAINS A BIGGER THREAT TO HUMAN LIFE THAN !)$3 TUBERCULOSIS AND MALARIA COMBINED 7&0 IS AN EFFECTIVE HUMANITARIAN CHANNEL MEETING THE NUTRITIONAL NEEDS OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD ,AST YEAR 7&0 FED MILLION PEOPLE IN MORE THAN OF THE WORLD S POOREST COUNTRIES !T A TIME WHEN MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC ARE BOMBARDED WITH MESSAGES ABOUT PRESSING HUMANITARIAN NEEDS AROUND THE WORLD THE 4ACKLE (UNGER CAMPAIGN ALLOWS 7&0 TO HIGHLIGHT THE FACT THAT HUNGER REMAINS A BIGGER THREAT TO HUMAN LIFE THAN !)$3 TUBERCULOSIS AND MALARIA COMBINED AND THAT EVERY l VE SECONDS A CHILD DIES FROM CAUSES RELATED TO HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION !S AN ORGANISATION THAT IS ENTIRELY DEPENDENT ON VOLUNTARY FUNDING IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR 7&0 TO COMMUNICATE CLEARLY ABOUT ITS MISSION AND THE WAYS IN WHICH IT IS USING INNOVATIVE NEW APPROACHES TO DEALING WITH THE PROBLEM OF GLOBAL HUNGER !LONGSIDE THE BALD FACTS ABOUT HUNGER 7&0 ALSO USES ITS AWARENESS RAISING CAMPAIGNS TO EXPLAIN THE MORE SUBTLE WAYS IN WHICH IT IS SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT SUCH AS ITS POLICY OF PURCHASING LARGER AMOUNTS OF FOOD ASSISTANCE FROM FARMERS IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
LIVES HAD BEEN UPROOTED BY THE TSUNAMI IN !SIA WERE ALSO TO BENEl T AS THE MATCH RAISED MORE THAN 53 MILLION FOR THE WORK OF 7&0
!LONGSIDE THE BALD FACTS ABOUT HUNGER 7&0 ALSO USES ITS AWARENESS RAISING CAMPAIGNS TO EXPLAIN THE MORE SUBTLE WAYS IN WHICH IT IS SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT $URING THE RUN UP TO THE EVENT AT 4WICKENHAM 7&0 GRASPED EVERY POSSIBLE OPPORTUNITY TO RAISE AWARENESS ABOUT ITS HUMANITARIAN WORK IN AREAS THAT WERE DEVASTATED BY THE TSUNAMI ! FEW WEEKS BEFORE THE EXHIBITION MATCH TOOK PLACE AT 4WICKENHAM 7&0 ARRANGED FOR ANOTHER FORMER 2UGBY 7ORLD #UP WINNING CAPTAIN .ICK &ARR *ONES TO VISIT THE "ANDA !CEH AREA OF 3UMATRA IN )NDONESIA WHERE THE TSUNAMI HAD ITS GREATEST IMPACT ON HUMAN LIFE 4HIS PRE PLANNING PROVIDED 7&0 WITH VALUABLE TELEVISION MATERIAL THAT WAS USED TO ACCOMPANY A NUMBER OF SET PIECE INTERVIEWS WITH NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL MEDIA ON THE DAY OF THE 4WICKENHAM MATCH )T ALSO MADE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE WORLD OF RUGBY AND THE VICTIMS OF THE HUMANITARIAN DISASTER CAUSED BY THE TSUNAMI
!LL PULL TOGETHER 4HAT SAME YEAR 7&0 ALSO CAUGHT THE EYE OF 3IR 3TEVE 2EDGRAVE THE MULTI GOLD MEDAL WINNING /LYMPIC ROWER WHO IS A TOWERING l GURE IN THE WORLD ROWING COMMUNITY 3IR 3TEVE HAD VOLUNTEERED TO RE UNITE HIS GOLD MEDAL WINNING TEAM FROM THE 3YDNEY /LYMPICS FOR A RACE CALLED THE @,EGENDS 3PRINT THAT WOULD ALSO RAISE MONEY IN AID OF 7&0 S RECONSTRUCTION WORK IN AREAS AFFECTED BY THE !SIAN TSUNAMI
.EW WAYS OF REACHING WIDER AUDIENCES !S THE LARGEST HUMANITARIAN AGENCY IN THE WORLD 7&0 IS ALWAYS EXPLORING NEW WAYS OF REACHING WIDER AUDIENCES AND STRENGTHENING PARTNERSHIPS WITH SPORTS MEN AND WOMEN AS WELL AS SPORTING ORGANISATIONS 4HE POSITIVE ENDORSEMENT OF A WELL KNOWN SPORTING l GURE OR AN ASSOCIATION WITH A HIGHLY RESPECTED SPORTING ORGANISATION GIVES IMMEDIATE ACCESS TO THE FAN BASE AND SUPPORTERS BEHIND THAT INDIVIDUAL OR BODY
&UNDRAISING FOR THE TSUNAMI VICTIMS !LONGSIDE THE AWARENESS RAISING PRESENTED BY PARTNERSHIPS WITH SPORTING ORGANISATIONS THERE IS ALSO THE OPPORTUNITY FOR FUNDRAISING 7HEN THE !SIAN TSUNAMI STRUCK ON $ECEMBER THE WORLD RESPONDED IN WAYS THAT HAVE NOT BEEN SEEN BEFORE OR SINCE 4HE INCREDIBLE OUTPOURING OF PUBLIC GENEROSITY IN RESPONSE TO THIS UNPRECEDENTED NATURAL DISASTER WAS MATCHED IN THE SPORTING WORLD BY A WHOLE RANGE OF DIFFERENT INITIATIVES
!SSOCIATIONS WITH SPORTING EVENTS ORGANISATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS HELP TO BROADEN UNDERSTANDING ABOUT 7&0 S VITAL WORK 4HE PROMOTION OF THE 4ACKLE (UNGER CAMPAIGN AT THE 2UGBY 7ORLD #UP PRESENTED A GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY TO COMMUNICATE TO A WIDE AUDIENCE THE NATURE OF 7&0 S WORK IN RESPONDING TO HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES AND ITS ROLE IN PROVIDING MORE LONG TERM SUPPORT TO COMMUNITIES THAT ARE EMERGING FROM A NATURAL OR MAN MADE CRISIS
4HE 4ACKLE (UNGER PARTNERSHIP CAME INTO PLAY WHEN THE )2" ANNOUNCED IT WOULD STAGE AN EXHIBITION MATCH BETWEEN TEAMS OF INTERNATIONAL PLAYERS FROM THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE AT THE 4WICKENHAM RUGBY GROUND IN ,ONDON 4HE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE TEAM WON ON THE DAY BUT COUNTLESS PEOPLE WHOSE
5GANDA .OVEMBER
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
7ITH SPORTS MEN AND WOMEN ALL OVER THE WORLD DOING THEIR BIT IT SEEMED ONLY RIGHT THAT THESE ROWING CHAMPIONS WOULD ALSO PLAY A ROLE !FTER HIS COMPELLING VICTORY AT THE 3YDNEY /LYMPICS 3IR 3TEVE HAD JOKINGLY VOWED NEVER TO GET INTO THE SAME BOAT AGAIN WITH HIS FELLOW GOLD MEDAL WINNING ROWERS -ATTHEW 0INSENT 4IM &OSTER AND *AMES #RACKNELL 4HEY WERE ALL GOOD FRIENDS BUT HE FELT THEY HAD SPENT FAR TOO MUCH TIME ON THE RIVER TOGETHER (OWEVER FOR THE SAKE OF A GOOD HUMANITARIAN CAUSE HE CAST THAT VOW ASIDE AND RETURNED TO THE HELM FOR THE RACE THAT WAS HELD AT $ORNEY ,AKE IN %TON IN -AY 4HE EVENT ATTRACTED WIDESPREAD NATIONAL MEDIA ATTENTION IN "RITAIN AS WELL AS RAISING A SIGNIlCANT AMOUNT OF FUNDS TO SUPPORT 7&0 S WORK
!MBASSADORS !GAINST (UNGER )N RECENT YEARS 7&0 S PORTFOLIO OF SPORTING PARTNERSHIPS HAS EXPANDED RAPIDLY TO INCLUDE A WHOLE ARRAY OF WELL KNOWN NAMES FROM THE WORLD OF RUGBY FOOTBALL CRICKET AND ATHLETICS )NDIVIDUALS AS DIVERSE AS THE 7ORLD &OOTBALLER OF THE 9EAR 2ONALDINHO WHO IS A "RAZILIAN NATIONAL TEAM MEMBER PLYING HIS TRADE WITH "ARCELONA IN 3PAIN STAND ALONGSIDE TEAMS SUCH AS THE %NGLAND AND 7ALES #RICKET 4EAM WHO ARE SUPPORTING THE WORK OF 7&0 THROUGH THE #RICKET !GAINST (UNGER PARTNERSHIP !N ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN FEATURING 2ONALDINHO EATING A FOOTBALL WITH THE TAG LINE h.OT EVERYONE CAN LIVE OFF FOOTBALLv FEATURED PROMINENTLY DURING THE &OOTBALL 7ORLD #UP IN 'ERMANY IN "Y CONTRAST THE %NGLAND CRICKET TEAM HAS TAKEN EVERY OPPORTUNITY TO VISIT 7&0 PROJECTS IN PLACES LIKE )NDIA 3RI ,ANKA AND "ANGLADESH TO RAISE AWARENESS ABOUT THE IMPORTANT WORK 7&0 IS DOING IN THESE CRICKET LOVING 3OUTH !SIAN NATIONS 0ERHAPS THE MOST OUTSTANDING INDIVIDUAL TO COME FORWARD AND SUPPORT 7&0 S WORK IS THE +ENYAN MARATHON RUNNER 0AUL 4ERGAT !S A YOUNG BOY 0AUL GREW UP AS A MEMBER OF A LARGE FAMILY ON THE SHORES OF ,AKE "ARINGO (E VIVIDLY RECALLS THE STRUGGLE HIS PARENTS HAD TO ENSURE THAT ALL OF THEIR CHILDREN HAD ENOUGH FOOD AND HE REMEMBERS THE DAY WHEN 7&0 STARTED PROVIDING FOOD TO SUPPORT THE SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAMME IN HIS VILLAGE 4ODAY 0AUL 4ERGAT WHO UNTIL RECENTLY WAS THE WORLD MARATHON RECORD HOLDER A FEAT HE ACCOMPLISHED IN THE "ERLIN MARATHON IN 3EPTEMBER !T THE AGE OF 0AUL STILL FEATURES IN THE TOP lNISHING SPOTS IN MAJOR INTERNATIONAL MARATHONS AND LAST YEAR HE WON THE PRESTIGIOUS .EW 9ORK MARATHON )N 7&0 ANNOUNCED THAT 0AUL WOULD BECOME AN !MBASSADOR !GAINST (UNGER AND SINCE THEN HE HAS HELPED TO SPREAD THE MESSAGE ABOUT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF 7&0 S SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAMMES AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE AGENCY S WORK IN ALLEVIATING HUNGER ACROSS THE WORLD 0AUL S TIRELESS WORK VISITING SCHOOL FEEDING PROJECTS IN HIS HOME COUNTRY OF +ENYA AND ELSEWHERE AS WELL AS PROMOTING 7&0 IN SPEAKING ENGAGEMENTS AND NEWSPAPER INTERVIEWS HAS DONE MUCH TO STRENGTHEN CREDIBILITY BY PRESENTING A LIVING EXAMPLE OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FOOD ASSISTANCE
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
)N 0AUL DEDICATED HIS PARTICIPATION IN THE &LORA ,ONDON -ARATHON TO THE PLIGHT OF HUNGRY CHILDREN ALL OVER THE WORLD 4HIS WAS THE lRST OF WHAT TURNED OUT TO BE A HAT TRICK OF DEDICATIONS TO 7&0 S WORK THAT YEAR ! FEW MONTHS LATER 7&0 !MBASSADOR !GAINST (UNGER +AKA THE "RAZILIAN INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALLER PLAYING FOR !# -ILAN DEDICATED HIS PARTICIPATION IN THE #HAMPIONS ,EAGUE lNAL TO THE CAUSE OF HUNGRY CHILDREN
3PORTSMEN AND WOMEN CARRY WEIGHT BECAUSE MOST ARE EXTREMELY POSITIVE ROLE MODELS AND POPULAR AMONG YOUNGER AUDIENCES 4HEN IN 3EPTEMBER THE )NTERNATIONAL 2UGBY "OARD DEDICATED 2UGBY 7ORLD #UP IN &RANCE TO THE 4ACKLE (UNGER PARTNERSHIP WITH THE 7ORLD &OOD 0ROGRAMME 4HIS COMBINATION OF FUNDRAISING AND AWARENESS RAISING POTENTIAL IS ALMOST UNIQUE TO THE WORLD OF SPORT WHICH ATTRACTS SUCH HUGE GLOBAL AUDIENCES AND DEDICATED FOLLOWINGS 3PORTSMEN AND WOMEN ALSO CARRY SUCH WEIGHT BECAUSE n GENERALLY SPEAKING n MOST ARE EXTREMELY POSITIVE ROLE MODELS AND POPULAR AMONG YOUNGER AUDIENCES
*OHN - 0OWELL IS $EPUTY %XECUTIVE $IRECTOR OF THE &UNDRAISING AND #OMMUNICATIONS $EPARTMENT AT THE 7ORLD &OOD 0ROGRAMME 3INCE -R 0OWELL WAS APPOINTED TO THIS POSITION IN !PRIL THE ORGANIZATION HAS DONE MORE TO PROMOTE ITS WORK AMONG DECISION MAKERS THE MEDIA AND THE PUBLIC THAN EVER BEFORE 7&0 HAS NEARLY TRIPLED ITS DONATIONS FROM EMERGING DONORS IN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS )N 7&0 RAISED A TOTAL OF BILLION FROM DONORS )T ALSO RECEIVED MORE MEDIA COVERAGE AND FREE ADVERTISING SPACE THAN AT ANY TIME IN THE ORGANIZATION S YEAR HISTORY 4HE 7ORLD &OOD 0ROGRAMME IS THE 5NITED .ATIONS FRONTLINE AGENCY IN THE lGHT AGAINST GLOBAL HUNGER /PERATIONS AIM TO
° 3AVE LIVES IN REFUGEE CRISES AND OTHER EMERGENCIES ° )MPROVE NUTRITION AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF WORLD S MOST VULNERABLE PEOPLE AT CRITICAL TIMES IN THEIR LIVES
° %NABLE DEVELOPMENT BY HELPING PEOPLE BUILD ASSETS THAT BENElT THEM DIRECTLY AND PROMOTING THE SELF RELIANCE OF POOR PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES 5. 7ORLD &OOD 0ROGRAMME 6IA # ' 6IOLA 0ARCO DEI -EDICI 2OME )TALY 4EL &AX %MAIL WFPINFO WFP ORG 7EBSITE WWW WFP ORG
NATIONAL HOUSING AND CONSTRUCTION COMPANY MINISTERIAL BUDGET POLICY STATEMENT FY 2007/2008 1 NHCC Vision “To use home ownership to enhance household wealth and living standards for every Ugandan.”
2 NHCCL Mission “To create the reality of home ownership in well-planned and permanent built environments.”
3 Achievements during Financial Year 2006/7 a) Restructured the company by recruiting a new staff b) Sold off Government shares and changed the company into a limited liability company c) Completed 12 bungalows in Naalya Pride III; completed 40 Flats in Naalya; completed 17 bungalows at Lubowa 108 Estate , started on 32 flats in Naalya 208 flats in Namungona and 35 bungalows at Regina Estate Upper Lubowa d) Completed third party projects in Wakiso [DDHS]; Ministry of Education [Kibuli PTC], Mbarara University Office Block. e) Attained 100% occupancy for Crested Tower Building f) Completed preparing condominium titles [for Bugolobi Block 1-17 [544 No] & Wandegeya, [364 No]] and offered Bugolobi Block 1-17 for sale.
5. Financial Summary for the Year 2006/7 The company made sales of approximately UGX 15 billion during this period. Sales from rent amounted to UGX 6.3 billion while income from sale of flats amounted to UGX 7.2 billion. The company plans to finalize construction activities started in 2006 i.e. Phase II comprising of 32 Exclusive flats at Naalya Estates and a six apartments Rubaga.
6. Planned out puts for the Financial Year 2007/08 (NHCC Targets for the year 2007-2008) The summary of construction activities for the FY 2007/08 is presented in the table below: Table of Planned Activities: in FY 2007/2008 Project Kiwatule Regina Estate ( Lubowa ) Naalya Kiwanuka Plot Naalya Residue Plots Kiwana Apartments Luthuli Rise apartments Bugolobi Prefab Namungona Housing Estate Mutundwe Housing Estate Kyambogo Estate Kireka estate Total Units
Type Flats Bungalows Bungalows Flats/ Bungalows Flats Flats Flats Flats Flats Bungalow Flats
2007units 160 10 16
2008units 148 40 80
48 40 96 208
578
500 100 9 877
2009units 200 50 16 80
1,000 300 300 1,880
7. Challenges a) Lack of construction finance at attractive terms c) High cost of infrastructure ( roads, electricity, water reticulation) e) Small mortgage market base
b) High mortgage interest rates d) Lack of plant and equipment
National Housing and Construction Company Limited, Plot 5, 7th Street, Industrial area P. O. Box 659, Kampala, Uganda. Email: admin@nhcc.co.ug T: +265 414 33 0002 F: +256 414 25 8708 W: www.nhcc.co.ug
Totalunits 508
160 48 40 96 1,348 400 9 300 2,975
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
,OU -C'RATH %XECUTIVE $IRECTOR -!' -INES !DVISORY 'ROUP
5NEXPLODED REMNANTS OF CONm ICT TURNING DEADLY LEGACIES INTO SAFE FUTURES ! -!' TECHNICIAN CAREFULLY PINS A BOUNDING FRAGMENTATION MINE 7HEN TRIGGERED THIS MINE JUMPS A METRE INTO THE AIR BEFORE BLASTING SHRAPNEL IN ALL DIRECTIONS )T HAS A KILLING RANGE OF METRES
2EMNANTS OF CONm ICT SUCH AS LANDMINES EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE MALFUNCTIONING AND ABANDONED WEAPONS DENY ACCESS TO KEY COMMUNITY ASSETS SUCH AS LAND WATER AND INFRASTRUCTURE AND RESTRICT THE MODUS OPERANDI OF GOVERNMENT AND RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES 4HESE REMAINS HAMPER OR EVEN DENY A POSSIBLE TRANSITION FROM POVERTY FOR THOSE PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES AFFECTED (UMANITARIAN MINE ACTION INTERVENTIONS AS DONE BY -!' ARE DESIGNED AS A @LIVELIHOOD APPROACH AND A NECESSARY PREREQUISITE TO BE ABLE TO ACHIEVE LOCAL RESULTS TO THE OVERALL OBJECTIVE OF ERADICATING POVERTY 4HERE IS A DEPRESSING TALE TOLD TOO MANY TIMES BY VICTIMS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD +OKULAN A YEAR OLD BOY FROM 3RI ,ANKA WAS PLAYING WITH FRIENDS WHEN SOMETHING CAUGHT HIS EYE !S CHILDREN DO HE PICKED IT UP 5NKNOWINGLY IN HIS HANDS HE HELD A 0 LANDMINE 3ECONDS LATER HE HAD LOST A HAND HIS SISTER HER EYE AND HIS FRIEND IS NOW BLIND 7ITH HIS STORY +OKULAN REPRESENTS DOZENS OF CHILDREN WHO ARE INJURED OR EVEN KILLED BY THE REMNANTS OF CONm ICT EVERY DAY /NCE CONm ICT HAS ENDED OR MOVED ON IT IS NOT ONLY CHILDREN WHO CONTINUE TO SUFFER OFTEN ENTIRE COMMUNITIES ARE FORCED INTO HARDSHIP TAKING LIFE THREATENING RISKS EVERY DAY INACCESSIBLE LAND CONTAMINATED WELLS INABILITY TO BUILD SCHOOLS OR CLINICS MINED TRACKS AND ROAD VERGES LONG DETOURS TO GET TO MARKETS
Â¥ 3EAN 3UTTON -!'
4HE CLEARANCE OF UNEXPLODED REMNANTS OF CONm ICT I E LANDMINES UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE CLUSTER MUNITIONS SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS IS OFTEN SUMMARISED UNDER THE TERM @HUMANITARIAN MINE ACTION )T IS A RELATIVELY UNKNOWN ASPECT OF THE EFFORT TO ACHIEVE THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS -$'S TO WHICH ALL #OMMONWEALTH NATIONS HAVE COMMITTED THEMSELVES 4HE CLEARANCE OF EXPLOSIVE DEVICES MIGHT NOT BE A MILLENNIUM GOAL OR AN INDICATOR IN
"OX ,ANDMINES BY NUMBERS ° .UMBER OF MINE AFFECTED COUNTRIES ° .UMBER OF NEW LANDMINE CASUALTIES REPORTED IN ° -INE VICTIMS WHO ARE CIVILIANS
4ARGETED CLEARANCE
° -INE VICTIMS WHO ARE CHILDREN UNDER YEARS OF AGE
&OLLOWING THE CONm ICT AND ITS DEVASTATING EFFECTS ON THEIR LIVELIHOODS COUNTLESS CIVILIANS ARE CONFRONTED WITH THE CONSTRAINTS THAT LANDMINES AND OTHER REMNANTS OF CONm ICT IMPOSE ON THEIR DEVELOPMENT AND POSSIBLE TRANSITION FROM POVERTY 4HEIR RESOURCES HAVE BECOME SCARCE OR UNAVAILABLE DUE TO DISPLACEMENT FORCED MIGRATION DESTRUCTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND INACCESSIBILITY OF SURROUNDING LAND DUE TO CONTAMINATION BY EXPLOSIVE DEVICES NOT TO MENTION THE ADDED IMPACT OF MINE AND UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE INJURIES ON HEALTH SYSTEMS AND RESOURCES
° 0ERCENTAGE OF MINE VICTIMS WHO DIE BEFORE REACHING A HOSPITAL ° 0ERCENTAGE OF MINE VICTIMS WHO ARE MALE ° #OST OF PRODUCING A LANDMINE 53 ° #OST OF REMOVING A LANDMINE 53 3OURCES !DOPT A -INEl ELD )#", AND 3URVEY !CTION #ENTRE
5GANDA .OVEMBER
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
! DEMINER CLEARS THE AREA AROUND A VILLAGE AS A FARMER IMMEDIATELY TAKES ADVANTAGE OF NEW AGRICULTURAL LAND BECOMING AVAILABLE
IMPACT OF CONmICT WAS NOT TO BE MEASURED BY LANDMINES ALONE BUT BY THE BREADTH AND SCOPE OF THE THREAT TO COMMUNITIES THAT REMAINED AFTER THE CONmICT CAME TO AN END !S A RESULT @HUMANITARIAN MINE ACTION HAS EXPANDED EVER SINCE INTO A BROADER APPROACH THAN SIMPLY THE TECHNICAL REMOVAL OF A LANDMINE AND TARGETS ALL REMNANTS OF CONmICT
Â¥ 3EAN 3UTTON -!'
ITSELF HOWEVER THE IMPACT THAT TARGETED CLEARANCE CAN HAVE AFFECTS ALMOST ALL OF THE DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES SET BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY 4HIS LINKAGE BETWEEN TARGETED HUMANITARIAN MINE ACTION AND DEVELOPMENT IS KEY TO SUCCESS 4HROUGHOUT THE YEARS -!' HAS CONDUCTED COUNTLESS OF THESE TARGETED DEMINING ACTIVITIES IN SUPPORT OF SCHOOL AND HOSPITAL REHABILITATION AND ACCESSIBILITY TO LAND WATER VILLAGES AND OTHER COMMUNITY RESOURCES 4HE WORK HAS A DIRECT FACILITATING EFFECT ALLOWING OTHER AGENCIES AND .'/S TO CARRY OUT THEIR OWN RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN SUPPORT OF NATIONAL REGIONAL AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES 4HE ERADICATION OF EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER AND THE IMPROVEMENTS IN EDUCATION HEALTHCARE AND CLEAN WATER BY IS ONLY POSSIBLE WHEN COMMUNITY ASSETS ARE FREED FROM THE RISKS AND THREATS THAT SURROUND THEM HENCE THE VITAL IMPORTANCE OF INTERVENTIONS TO CLEAR UNEXPLODED REMNANTS OF CONmICT AT ANY OR MULTIPLE POINTS ON THE RELIEF TO DEVELOPMENT CONTINUUM
!BOUT MINES AND SMALL ARMS
4EN YEARS AGO THE )NTERNATIONAL #AMPAIGN TO "AN ,ANDMINES )#", WHICH -!' HELPED TO FOUND WAS AWARDED THE .OBEL 0EACE 0RIZE ! FEW MONTHS LATER IN $ECEMBER THE -INE "AN 4REATY WAS SIGNED IN /TTAWA #ANADA !S THE WORLD REACHES THE TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE TREATY IT IS WITH MIXED FEELINGS 4O DATE STATES HAVE SIGNED UP TO THE TREATY WHICH IS LAUDABLE FORTY HAVE NOT INCLUDING SIX #OMMONWEALTH NATIONS FAILING THE INTENT DECLARED BY THE PRESIDENCY OF THE #OMMONWEALTH WHEN THE TREATY CAME INTO EXISTENCE TO MAKE THE #OMMONWEALTH A MINE FREE ZONE
4HE REMOVAL OF LANDMINES UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE AND OTHER DANGEROUS ITEMS IS A LIFE SAVING ACTIVITY IN ITSELF -!' STRIVES TO INTEGRATE ITS OPERATIONS INTO A WIDER DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN SECURITY CONTEXT TO BE ABLE TO ACHIEVE RESULTS THAT SUPPORT POST CONmICT RECOVERY REDUCE THE AVAILABILITY OF WEAPONS AND MINIMISE THE LEAKAGE OF WEAPONS INTO UNAUTHORISED HANDS AND ACROSS BORDERS 7HEREVER @HUMANITARIAN MINE ACTION IN ITS BROADEST FORM IS INTEGRATED INTO A COUNTRY S DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME THE HUMANITARIAN SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLEARANCE CAN BE MAXIMISED AND REPRESENTS ADDITIONAL VALUE )NNOVATION IS NOT ONLY FEASIBLE IN TECHNICAL DELIVERABLES AND ACHIEVEMENTS BUT ALSO IN DEVELOPING ADAPTING AND APPLYING NEW IDEAS APPROACHES AND SYSTEMS TO lELD OPERATIONS 4HIS ENSURES THE REDUCTION OF THREATS TO FRAGILE PEACE IN THE COUNTRIES CONCERNED AND BEYOND THEIR SOMETIMES POROUS BORDERS
7HEREAS THE /TTAWA 4REATY CONSTITUTES A BAN ON CERTAIN ANTI PERSONNEL LANDMINES IT DOES NOT COVER THE WIDER RANGE OF REMNANTS OF CONmICT (OWEVER THE TREATY IS SIGNIlCANT BECAUSE IT SHOWS THAT DECISIONS CAN BE MADE AND RESULTS CAN BE ACHIEVED WITHOUT BEING DEPENDENT ON THE POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC BALANCES OF POWER 3MALLER COUNTRIES ACROSS THE 3OUTH AND THE .ORTH TOOK THE LEAD AND BYPASSED THE RESISTANCE OR RELUCTANCE OF SOME OF THE MAJOR GLOBAL POWERS 4HE TREATY RECOGNISED THE DEVASTATING IMPACT LANDMINES CAN HAVE ON THE LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS OF ITS VICTIMS BUT IT DID NOT n OR COULD NOT n GO FAR ENOUGH /N THE ONE HAND THE /TTAWA 4REATY ITSELF FOCUSED ON CERTAIN KINDS OF LANDMINES ONLY ON THE OTHER HAND THE HUMANITARIAN
4HE GLOBAL AVAILABILITY OF SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS 3!,7 IS INCREASINGLY RECOGNISED BY ALL STAKEHOLDERS AS A REAL HINDRANCE TO PEACE AND SECURITY AND TO RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 5NLIKE ANTI PERSONNEL MINES BANNED UNDER THE /TTAWA 4REATY CONTROL OF THE PRODUCTION TRANSFER POSSESSION AND USE OF SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS IS MUCH MORE COMPLEX -!' BECAME INVOLVED WHEN PROVIDING SUPPORT TO SEVERAL DEMOBILISATION PROGRAMMES IN SOUTHERN !FRICA AND 3OUTH %AST !SIA $EMOBILISED SOLDIERS WERE HANDING IN THEIR WEAPONS IN AREAS WHERE -!' WAS ALREADY EXECUTING MINE AND UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE CLEARANCE ACTIVITIES 4HROUGHOUT THE PAST YEARS -!' HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY INVOLVED IN THIS AREA AND HAS SET UP
"EYOND THE /TTAWA 4REATY
/VER THE PAST YEARS RECOGNITION HAS GROWN OF THE IMPORTANCE OF REMOVING ALL UNEXPLODED REMNANTS OF CONmICT 4HIS GENERIC TERM @REMNANTS OF CONmICT IS THEREFORE LEGALLY LESS CLEARLY DElNED AND THE RULES AND REGULATIONS OF SPECIlC TREATIES ONLY ADDRESS SOME ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEMS FACING COMMUNITIES &OR ITS PART -!' CONSIDERS THE IMPACT OF REMNANTS OF CONmICT ON THE LIVELIHOODS OF INDIVIDUALS AND COMMUNITIES AT THE HEART OF THE OVERALL OBJECTIVE 7HAT STARTED FOR -!' SEVENTEEN YEARS AGO AS THE CLEARANCE OF THE SPECIlC THREAT OF LANDMINES HAS OVER THE YEARS DEVELOPED INTO AN ALL ENCOMPASSING COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO MITIGATE THE IMPACT OF CONmICT WHICH IS PERHAPS BEST DESCRIBED IN THE 'ENEVA $ECLARATION ON !RMED 6IOLENCE AND $EVELOPMENT WHICH STATES THAT hARMED VIOLENCE DESTROYS LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS BREEDS INSECURITY FEAR AND TERROR AND HAS A PROFOUNDLY NEGATIVE IMPACT ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 7HETHER IN SITUATIONS OF CONmICT OR CRIME IT IMPOSES ENORMOUS COSTS ON STATES COMMUNITIES AND INDIVIDUALS v
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
0EOPLE AT THE (EART OF $EVELOPMENT
"OX %NHANCING THE HUMANITARIAN IMPACT OF @MINE ACTION ° #REATE SAFE LAND FOR WIDE SCALE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND FARMING ° #REATE THE POTENTIAL FOR RENEWED TRADE BY OPENING UP SAFE ACCESS ROUTES ° 0ROVIDE SAFE LAND FOR CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSING SCHOOLS CLINICS ETC ° 3TIMULATE LOCAL ECONOMY BY EMPLOYING AND EDUCATING NATIONAL STAFF FROM AFFECTED COMMUNITIES ° $ESTROY ILLICIT STOCKPILES OF MUNITIONS SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS TO PREVENT THEIR REINSERTION INTO CONm ICT JEOPARDISING CEASE l RES AND PEACE DEALS ° 0ROVIDE SAFE ACCESS TO WATER SHELTER AND FOOD FOR REMOTE COMMUNITIES AND ASSIST THE SAFE RETURN OF REFUGEES AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS
LARGE 3!,7 REMOVAL AND DESTRUCTION PROGRAMMES IN COUNTRIES SUCH AS )RAQ AND THE $ 2 #ONGO .UMEROUS #OMMONWEALTH NATIONS HAVE DESIGNATED THE SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS ISSUE AS AN INTERNATIONAL PRIORITY SINCE THEY POSE A THREAT TO PEACE AND RECONSTRUCTION 4HEY CAN BE FAR MORE DIFl CULT TO QUANTIFY CONTROL AND DESTROY THAN FOR EXAMPLE A MINEl ELD THAT ONCE MARKED REPRESENTS A STATIC AND CLEARLY DEl NED THREAT THAT CAN BE FURTHER REDUCED THROUGH EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY LIAISON PROGRAMMES UNTIL ACTUAL CLEARANCE TAKES PLACE !S WITH THE REMOVAL AND DESTRUCTION OF MOST ITEMS OF EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE -!' CONSIDERS THE OBJECTIVE OF SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS DESTRUCTION AS REDUCING THE RISK THAT THE TOOLS OF ONE COMPLETED CONm ICT ARE BEING USED TO l GHT ANOTHER ONE
3ECURITY AND ITS HUMANITARIAN IMPACT &OR SOME TIME THE 3!,7 APPROACH HAS RUN IN PARALLEL TO THE MINE ACTION SECTOR !S OF LATE GOVERNMENTS 5. AND .'/S HAVE BEEN LOOKING FOR MORE EFFECTIVE AND EFl CIENT WAYS OF DEALING WITH THE OVERALL RISKS AND THREATS TO COMMUNITIES 4HERE ARE SEVERAL AREAS WHERE COMMON APPROACHES TO MINE ACTION AND 3!,7 ARE VALUABLE 4HE SYNERGY IS ESPECIALLY POIGNANT IN THE OPERATIONAL AREA OF CLEARING THE THREAT I E STORAGE AND DESTRUCTION AND EDUCATING COMMUNITIES ON THE NATURE OF THE THREAT THROUGH RISK EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY LIAISON PROGRAMMES 4HE CLEARANCE OF BOTH THREATS AND SUBSEQUENT IMPACT ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION IS REMARKABLY SIMILAR DESPITE THE DIFFERENCE IN INTERACTION RISK TAKING AND TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 4HE OVERRIDING FACTOR IS THAT THE PRESENCE OF LANDMINES OR OTHER EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF CONm ICT INCLUDING SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS CAUSE DEATH AND INJURY AND DENY COMMUNITIES KEY ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ASSETS ALL OF WHICH IMPACT ON THE LIVELIHOODS OF THOSE AFFECTED 4HE STRATEGIC APPROACH IN THE LONG TERM MUST BE TO ENABLE COUNTRIES TO REBUILD THEIR INFRASTRUCTURE AND DEVELOP THEIR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POTENTIAL TO SUPPORT
COUNTRIES IN THEIR ACHIEVEMENT OF THE -$'S 4HEREFORE ANY STRATEGIC APPROACH SHOULD CONCENTRATE ON ACTIVITIES WHERE THE HUMANITARIAN IMPACT WILL BE THE GREATEST 3IX KEY AREAS CAN BE DEl NED SEE "OX THAT WILL FACILITATE AND ENABLE LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN RECLAIMING LAND AND INFRASTRUCTURE LIVELIHOOD AND SECURITY IN ORDER TO ERADICATE POVERTY
#ONCLUSION #AUSES OF CONm ICT ARE COMPLEX AND OFTEN CONTESTED 4HE LEGACY OF CONm ICTS CAN LAST FOR GENERATIONS /NCE THE CONm ICT WHATEVER ITS CAUSE HAS RESULTED IN LANDMINES AND ORDNANCE CONTAMINATION IT BECOMES THE UTMOST PRIORITY TO REMOVE OR ALLEVIATE THE CONSTRAINTS PRESENTED BY THESE REMNANTS OF CONm ICT AS INSTRUMENTAL IN ALLOWING AFFECTED COMMUNITIES TO RECOVER THEIR LIVELIHOODS 4HE PRESENCE OF LANDMINES UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE ABANDONED CACHES OF SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS EXACERBATE AN ALREADY CRITICAL SITUATION BY DENYING COMMUNITIES ACCESS TO ASSETS OFTEN IN SITUATIONS WHERE THESE ASSETS ARE ALREADY SCARCE AND THREATENED 7HEN THIS IS DONE IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE INITIAL SHOCK I E IN AN EMERGENCY PHASE LIKE ,EBANON IN WHERE -!' WAS OPERATIONAL THE DAY AFTER THE CEASE l RE CAME INTO EFFECT THEN ANY OUTCOME WILL BE IMMEDIATE FOR EXAMPLE IN REDUCING THE DEATH TOLL "UT IN THE CASE WHERE INTERVENTION TAKES PLACE FOLLOWING AN OLDER CONm ICT THE CLEARANCE CAN PLAY AN EFFECTIVE ROLE IN THE LONGER TERM BY OPENING UP PREVIOUSLY CONTAMINATED LAND AND RESTRICTED ASSETS @(UMANITARIAN MINE ACTION INTERVENTIONS MAY NOT BE DESIGNED SPECIl CALLY TO SUSTAIN LIVELIHOODS BUT AS A @LIVELIHOOD APPROACH IT IS A NECESSARY PREREQUISITE TO BE ABLE TO ACHIEVE LOCAL RESULTS TO THE OVERALL OBJECTIVE OF ERADICATING POVERTY
,OU -C'RATH HAS BEEN %XECUTIVE $IRECTOR OF -!' SINCE HAVING BEEN INVOLVED IN THE ORGANISATION SINCE ITS FOUNDATION IN 3ERVING IN THE "RITISH !RMY THROUGHOUT THE S HE THEN SPENT TIME TRAVELLING IN !FRICA AND !SIA BEFORE TAKING UP A CAREER IN THE AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY -R -C'RATH HAS PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN THE LANDMINE TREATY PROCESS (E HAS BEEN AN ACTIVE PARTICIPANT IN THE INTERNATIONAL @MINE ACTION COMMUNITY COMMITTED TO ENSURING IT WORKS ALONGSIDE DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES (E HAS OVERSEEN THE SUCCESSFUL GROWTH OF -!' AND ITS INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO MINE AND ORDNANCE CLEARANCE -!' -INES !DVISORY 'ROUP IS A NEUTRAL AND IMPARTIAL HUMANITARIAN ORGANISATION CLEARING THE REMNANTS OF CONm ICT FOR THE BENEl T OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES WORLDWIDE 2EGISTERED AS A 5+ CHARITY -!' HAS BEEN ACTIVE SINCE WORKING ON A VARIETY OF CONm ICT RELATED PROJECTS IN AROUND COUNTRIES -!' IS CURRENTLY OPERATIONAL IN !NGOLA #AMBODIA #YPRUS $2# 2EPUBLIC OF #ONGO "URUNDI )RAQ ,AO 0$2 ,EBANON 3RI ,ANKA 3UDAN AND 6IETNAM -!' IS ALSO CO LAUREATE OF THE .OBEL 0EACE 0RIZE -!' .EWTON 3TREET -ANCHESTER - &4 5+ 4EL &AX %MAIL MAGUK MAG ORG UK 7EBSITE WWW MAG ORG UK
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
*OHN (OLMES 5. 5NDER 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL FOR (UMANITARIAN !FFAIRS AND %MERGENCY 2ELIEF #OORDINATOR
2EDUCING THE RISKS OF NATURAL DISASTERS THE BEST INVESTMENT 4HE GROUND SHAKES THE WINDS HOWL THE SEA SURGES THE RIVERS DRY UP PEOPLE ARE KILLED OR INJURED HOMES ARE LEVELLED AND LIVELIHOODS ARE RUINED )N RECENT YEARS DEVASTATING CATASTROPHES HAVE KILLED ENORMOUS NUMBERS OF PEOPLE IN A MATTER OF MINUTES THE DEADLY )NDIAN /CEAN TSUNAMI WHICH AFFECTED EIGHT #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES OR THE +ASHMIR EARTHQUAKE WHICH LEFT PEOPLE MILLION HOMELESS IN )NDIA AND 0AKISTAN (UNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF LIVES WERE LOST IN THESE TRAGEDIES "UT SMALLER DISASTERS EVEN IF LESS INTERESTING TO THE MEDIA CAN EXTRACT A CUMULATIVE TOLL THAT IS EQUALLY DESTRUCTIVE "UT WHILE WE CANNOT STOP EARTHQUAKES OR STORMS FROM OCCURRING WE CAN TAKE SIMPLE MEASURES TODAY THAT WILL STRENGTHEN OUR RESILIENCE AND SAVE LIVES )N 3OUTH !SIA SUCCESSIVE WAVES OF mOODING THIS SUMMER HAVE AFFECTED OVER MILLION PEOPLE WRECKING LIVES FOR YEARS TO COME %VEN MORE RECENTLY WELL OVER ONE MILLION PEOPLE HAVE BEEN AFFECTED BY TORRENTIAL RAINS AND mOODS ACROSS !FRICAN NATIONS 4O TAKE BUT ONE EXAMPLE IN 5GANDA HOST OF THIS YEAR S #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING MASSIVE mOODING HAS BADLY AFFECTED MORE THAN PEOPLE IN AN AREA OF THE NORTH ALREADY DEVASTATED BY CONmICT /VER THE PAST YEARS THE NUMBER OF DISASTERS TRIGGERED BY NATURAL HAZARDS n STORMS mOODS AND DROUGHTS n HAS INCREASED THREEFOLD )N DISASTERS AFFECTED MILLION PEOPLE n SOME PER CENT OF THEM LIVING IN !SIA n AND RESULTED IN 53 BILLION IN ECONOMIC DAMAGE 4HAT SAME YEAR THE NUMBER OF mOODS AND
,OOKING FORWARD THE TREND IS LIKELY TO CONTINUE )N ADDITION TO CLIMATE CHANGE RAPID URBANISATION AND RISING POPULATION DENSITY MEAN MORE PEOPLE ARE THREATENED BY NATURAL HAZARDS AND EXTREME WEATHER THAN AT ANY TIME IN HISTORY 4HE KEY POINT IS THIS NATURAL HAZARDS NEED NOT RESULT AUTOMATICALLY IN HUMAN CATASTROPHE !S POLICYMAKERS OUR ACTIONS n OR CHRONIC INACTION n ARE DECISIVE IN DETERMINING HOW MUCH DAMAGE RESULTS FROM NATURE S CAPRICIOUS POWERS (OW WE BUILD OUR HOMES AND SCHOOLS DESIGN OUR BRIDGES CONSTRUCT OUR CITIES AND PROTECT OUR COASTLINES n THESE ARE WHAT DETERMINE THE DESTRUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES OF ANY GIVEN EVENT )N OTHER WORDS WHILE WE CANNOT STOP EARTHQUAKES OR STORMS FROM OCCURRING WE CAN TAKE SIMPLE MEASURES TODAY THAT WILL STRENGTHEN OUR RESILIENCE SAVE LIVES AND PREVENT THE PAUPERISATION OF MILLIONS .O COUNTRY RICH OR POOR IS IMMUNE FROM NATURE S HAZARDS AND NONE IS AS PREPARED AS IT MIGHT BE TO PROTECT ITS CITIZENS FROM THE GROWING LEVEL OF THREAT !S POLICYMAKERS WE MUST CAST OFF ALL SENSE OF RESIGNATION AND RE AFlRM OUR COMMITMENT TO MAKING AN ENORMOUS POTENTIALLY LIFE SAVING DIFFERENCE TO THE MILLIONS NOW AT RISK THROUGHOUT THE #OMMONWEALTH 4AKE A CLOSER LOOK AT THESE TWO GLOBAL TRENDS n THE INCREASING NUMBER OF NATURAL HAZARDS AND THE GROWING NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN HARM S WAY n WHICH MAKE IT SO URGENT TO STRENGTHEN OUR RISK REDUCTION EFFORTS
-ADAGASCAR SUFFERED SIX CYCLONES IN #YCLONE )NDHALA WAS ONE OF THE DEADLIEST STORMS WITH MORE THAN FATALITIES AND PEOPLE AFFECTED
RELATED DISASTERS INCREASED BY PER CENT COMPARED TO AND WAS UP BY PER CENT COMPARED TO THE AVERAGE 4HIS YEAR THE 5NITED .ATIONS HAS ALREADY ISSUED THIRTEEN @mASH APPEALS FOR URGENT NATURAL DISASTERS UNFORTUNATELY SURPASSING THE PREVIOUS ANNUAL RECORD FOR SUCH APPEALS JUST NINE MONTHS INTO THE YEAR
7HILE IT MAY BE TOO DIFlCULT TO LINK ANY SINGLE EVENT TO CLIMATE CHANGE THE TREND LINE IS CLEAR 4HE RECENT REPORT BY THE )NTERGOVERNMENTAL 0ANEL ON #LIMATE #HANGE )0## MAKES CLEAR THAT GLOBAL WARMING WILL PUT HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE AT INCREASED RISK FROM CLIMATE RELATED HAZARDS 3CIENTISTS WARN THAT SEA LEVELS ARE STEADILY RISING AS GLACIERS AND THE POLAR ICE CAPS MELT SPELLING POTENTIAL CATASTROPHE FOR HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE LIVING IN LOW LYING COASTAL AREAS 3OME MILLION PEOPLE ON THE PLANET NOW LIVE IN 4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
COASTAL mOOD ZONES AT RISK FROM MORE INTENSE STORMS AND RISING WATERS IN 3OUTH AND 3OUTH EAST !SIA ALONE MILLION PEOPLE ARE PARTICULARLY AT RISK IN THE MEGA DELTA REGIONS #LIMATE CHANGE AND THE NATURAL HAZARDS AND EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH IT DO NOT REPRESENT SOME DISTANT FUTURE THREAT 4HE THREAT TO COMMUNITIES ACROSS THE #OMMONWEALTH IS HERE IT S REAL AND IT S TODAY -ORE DROUGHTS IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA WILL AFFECT FOOD PRODUCTION )NCREASED GLACIER MELT IN THE (IMALAYAS COULD LEAD TO INCREASED mOODING IN MANY RIVER SYSTEMS %UROPEAN COUNTRIES WILL SEE MORE INLAND mASH mOODS EROSION AND COASTAL mOODING 3TRONGER TROPICAL CYCLONES AND INCREASED COASTAL DAMAGE FROM RISING SEA LEVELS WILL DEVASTATE SMALL ISLAND NATIONS 4HE MOST VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES AMONG US ARE THOSE LEAST RESPONSIBLE FOR CAUSING GLOBAL WARMING BUT THEY WILL STILL BE MOST AFFECTED BY ITS CONSEQUENCES 4HE SECOND FACTOR IS EQUALLY STRIKING 0UT SIMPLY MORE PEOPLE NOW LIVE IN HARM S WAY )N FACT THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE EXPOSED TO NATURAL HAZARDS IS ROUGHLY DOUBLING EVERY DECADE 2APID POPULATION GROWTH PARTICULARLY IN @MEGA CITIES BUILT ON EXPOSED COASTLINES AND SEISMIC AREAS MEANS THAT MORE PEOPLE THAN EVER BEFORE ARE VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES STORMS RISING SEA LEVELS AND mOODS %VEN NOW ESTIMATES SHOW THAT EVERY YEAR NEARLY MILLION PEOPLE ARE EXPOSED TO EARTHQUAKES MILLION POTENTIALLY SUFFER FROM mOODS AND SOME MILLION ARE EXPOSED TO HURRICANES
)N THIS YEAR ALONE THE GLOBAL REINSURANCE INDUSTRY WILL BE REQUIRED TO PAY OUT 53 BILLION TO COVER THE COST OF NATURAL DISASTERS INCLUDING mOODING IN "RITAIN AND HURRICANES IN THE #ARIBBEAN !CCORDING TO THE WORLD S LARGEST REINSURER 3WISS 2E THIS YEAR S PAYMENTS HAVE NEARLY TRIPLED FROM THE lGURES !S STATED IN AN !SSOCIATED 0RESS ARTICLE OF 3EPTEMBER THIS RISE REmECTS hA LONG TERM TREND TOWARDS HIGH NATURAL DISASTER CATASTROPHE CLAIMSv $ISASTERS ARE ESPECIALLY RUINOUS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES A MUCH GREATER PROPORTION OF A COUNTRY S GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT '$0 CAN BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED 4HE SMALLER THE ECONOMY n AND MANY #OMMONWEALTH ECONOMIES ARE VERY SMALL n THE BIGGER THE RELATIVE EFFECT 7HEN (URRICANE )VAN STRUCK 'RENADA IN 3EPTEMBER THE ENTIRE ISLAND WAS DEVASTATED PER CENT OF THE HOMES WERE DAMAGED OR DESTROYED SOME PEOPLE WERE AFFECTED AND KILLED 'RENADA S ESTIMATED LOSSES OF 53 MILLION WERE ROUGHLY DOUBLE ITS '$0 7HEN (URRICANE -ITCH HIT (ONDURAS IN LOSSES EQUALLED PER CENT OF THE COUNTRY S '$0 )N !CEH )NDONESIA A 5. ASSESSMENT OF TOTAL ESTIMATED DAMAGES AND LOSSES FROM THE TSUNAMI AMOUNTED TO NEARLY PER CENT OF !CEH S '$0 .O COUNTRY CAN AFFORD TO LOSE SUCH HARD WON GAINS PARTICULARLY WHEN EMBARKED ON THE DIFlCULT ASCENT TOWARD DEVELOPMENT AND GREATER PROSPERITY
! BILLION PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD NOW LIVE IN UNSTABLE OVERCROWDED SLUMS WHERE LAND EROSION A PAUCITY OF RESCUE SERVICES AND DECAYING INFRASTRUCTURE CONTRIBUTE TO AN EXTREMELY PRECARIOUS EXISTENCE
/F THE CITIES EXPECTED TO HAVE AT LEAST MILLION RESIDENTS BY ARE IN COASTAL AREAS 4ODAY EIGHT OUT OF THE WORLD S TEN MOST POPULOUS CITIES ARE PRONE TO EARTHQUAKES AND SIX OF THEM ARE ON OR NEAR COASTLINES ACCORDING TO )NTERNATIONAL 3TRATEGY FOR $ISASTER 2EDUCTION )3$2 DATA !MONG THE WORLD S MEGA CITIES $ELHI $HAKA +ARACHI +OLKATA AND ,AGOS ARE AMONG THE MOST SUSCEPTIBLE IN THE #OMMONWEALTH TO COASTAL CLIMATE RELATED HAZARDS OR SEISMIC ACTIVITY ! BILLION PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD NOW LIVE IN UNSTABLE OVERCROWDED SLUMS WHERE LAND EROSION A PAUCITY OF RESCUE SERVICES AND DECAYING INFRASTRUCTURE CONTRIBUTE TO AN EXTREMELY PRECARIOUS EXISTENCE "Y THIS ONE BILLION lGURE MAY WELL DOUBLE 4HE CONSEQUENCES OF A MAJOR STORM OR QUAKE HITTING ONE OF THESE VULNERABLE URBAN AREAS COULD WELL BE CATASTROPHIC n A MEGA DISASTER IN A MEGA CITY
$EVELOPED ECONOMIES MAY SUFFER LESS PROPORTIONALLY BUT THEY CAN STILL SUFFER HUGE ECONOMIC LOSSES WHEN A DISASTER STRIKES &OR EXAMPLE THE +OBE *APAN EARTHQUAKE CAUSED 53 BILLION LOSSES WHILE (URRICANE +ATRINA IN CAUSED 53 BILLION IN DAMAGES MAKING IT THE COSTLIEST NATURAL DISASTER IN 53 HISTORY
4HE ECONOMIC TOLL
0ROTECTING OUR INVESTMENT IN THE -$'S
1UITE APART FROM THEIR HIGH HUMAN COST DISASTERS ALSO EXTRACT A SIGNIlCANT ECONOMIC TOLL )N THE PAST TWO DECADES ALONE ECONOMIC LOSSES FROM NATURAL DISASTERS HAVE MULTIPLIED MORE THAN lVE FOLD )&2# 7ORLD $ISASTERS 2EPORT 4HIS YEAR UP TO 3EPTEMBER HYDRO METEOROLOGICAL EVENTS DROUGHT mOOD RAINS STORMS AND EXTREME TEMPERATURES HAD BEEN RESPONSIBLE FOR PER CENT OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF DISASTERS AND PER CENT OF THE TOTAL ECONOMIC DAMAGES ACCORDING TO THE 5NIVERSITY OF ,OUVAIN S RESPECTED #2%$ DATABASE
$ISASTER RISK REDUCTION IS ONE THE BEST TOOLS WE HAVE TO PREVENT SUCH ENORMOUS LOSSES AND PROTECT THE WORLD S INVESTMENT IN THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS -$'S 4HE GOOD NEWS IS THAT THE ACTIONS NEEDED ARE OFTEN NOT EXPENSIVE PARTICULARLY COMPARED WITH THE POTENTIAL COSTS OF DISASTER 4HE OLD ADAGE IS TRUE PREVENTION IS CERTAINLY CHEAPER THAN THE CURE %XPERTS ESTIMATE THAT A DOLLAR INVESTED TODAY IN RISK REDUCTION CAN SAVE ANYWHERE FROM FOUR TO SEVEN DOLLARS IN RELIEF AND RECOVERY COSTS TOMORROW
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
4HANKS TO ROOF PROTECTION MEASURES ADOPTED WEEKS BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE CYCLONE IN ADDITION TO THE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS ALREADY IN PLACE HOUSES WERE BETTER PROTECTED AND RESISTANT TO THE FORCE OF THE WINDS
-ANAGEMENT EXTENDS TO CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT FOR PRIMARY SECONDARY AND TERTIARY LEVEL EDUCATION (AZARDS AND VULNERABILITY REDUCTION ARE ALSO TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN THE LOCATION AND DESIGN OF SCHOOLS 4HE 3OUTH !FRICAN $ISASTER -ANAGEMENT !CT PROVIDES A NATIONALLY INTEGRATED DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN TO COORDINATE POLICY PREVENT AND REDUCE THE RISK AND SEVERITY OF DISASTERS AND SUPPORT EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS RESPONSE AND POST DISASTER RECOVERY 4HE !CT ESTABLISHES A SET OF NATIONAL PROVINCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRES AND ORGANISES VOLUNTEERS
4O PREVENT THE HUGE LOSSES FROM MAJOR DISASTERS RISK REDUCTION MUST BE WOVEN INTO THE FABRIC OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND LENDING POLICIES 4O THIS END THE 5. RECENTLY FORMED A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR RISK REDUCTION THAT PRIORITISES ASSISTANCE FOR COUNTRIES AT HIGH RISK OF DISASTERS AND HARNESSES SUPPORT FROM GOVERNMENTS THE 7ORLD "ANK NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS AND CIVIC GROUPS 2ISK REDUCTION IS NOT ROCKET SCIENCE !T ROOT MANY OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE RISK REDUCTION TOOLS ARE ABOUT MOBILISING PEOPLE NOT EXPENSIVE TECHNOLOGY QUICKLY AND EFFECTIVELY IN ORDER TO SAVE THE MOST LIVES #OMMUNITY BASED EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS LOCAL DISASTER EDUCATION AND EVACUATION PLANS BETTER CROP AND LAND MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES n ALL THIS AND MORE IS ALREADY BEING DONE TODAY WITH GREAT INGENUITY AND SUCCESS IN SEVERAL #OMMONWEALTH NATIONS #ONCRETELY WHAT DOES @DISASTER RISK REDUCTION MEAN &IRST AND FOREMOST IT MEANS TAKING THE PROBLEM OF DISASTER RISK SERIOUSLY BEGINNING WITH POLITICAL LEADERS WHO RECOGNISE THE THREAT THAT DISASTER VULNERABILITY PRESENTS TO THEIR COUNTRY S DEVELOPMENT AND NATIONAL SECURITY AND WHO ARE WILLING TO CHAMPION RISK REDUCTION EFFORTS 4IED TO THIS LEADERS SHOULD HOLD SPECIlC AGENCIES AND INSTITUTIONS ACCOUNTABLE FOR THE MEASURES THEY UNDERTAKE TO REDUCE DISASTER RISKS AND ALLOCATE SUFlCIENT BUDGETARY RESOURCES FOR THIS PURPOSE
2ISK REDUCTION PRACTICES IN THE #OMMONWEALTH -ANY #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES ALREADY TAKE THIS AGENDA SERIOUSLY )N )NDIA REPEATED DISASTERS HAVE GIVEN RISE TO SOME HARD LEARNED LESSONS AND STRENGTHENED POLITICAL COMMITMENT TO RISK REDUCTION 4HE $ISASTER -ANAGEMENT !CT OF )NDIA HAS CREATED SEPARATE FUNDS AT THE NATIONAL STATE AND LOCAL LEVELS THAT ARE AVAILABLE EXCLUSIVELY FOR THE PURPOSE OF DISASTER MITIGATION 4HE CREATION OF THESE FUNDS BY AN !CT OF 0ARLIAMENT HAS ENSURED THAT EACH LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT DEDICATES ADEQUATE RESOURCES 4O EDUCATE CHILDREN AND HELP RAISE PUBLIC AWARENESS *AMAICA RUNS A MULTIFACETED HAZARD AWARENESS PROGRAMME IN ITS SCHOOLS THAT INCLUDES lRE AND EARTHQUAKE DRILLS COMPETITIONS EXHIBITIONS TALKS AND A $ISASTER 0REPAREDNESS $AY AT THE START OF HURRICANE SEASON #OLLABORATION BETWEEN THE -INISTRY OF %DUCATION AND THE /FlCE OF $ISASTER 0REPAREDNESS AND %MERGENCY
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
5GANDA HAS ESTABLISHED A NATIONAL PLATFORM FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION TO COORDINATE THE EFFORTS OF RELEVANT MINISTRIES INCLUDING THE ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION HEALTH AND AGRICULTURAL MINISTRIES AND TO PLAN AND IMPLEMENT DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND RESPONSE INITIATIVES INCLUDING THROUGH SECTORAL WORK PLANS AND BUDGETS )T HAS BEEN SUCCESSFUL AT ENGAGING INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT TO HELP INTEGRATE CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION INTO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY ERADICATION POLICIES ! PARALLEL PROCESS IS BEING REPLICATED AT THE DISTRICT LEVEL
4HE KEY POINT IS THIS NATURAL HAZARDS NEED NOT RESULT AUTOMATICALLY IN HUMAN CATASTROPHE !S POLICYMAKERS OUR ACTIONS n OR CHRONIC INACTION n ARE DECISIVE IN DETERMINING HOW MUCH DAMAGE RESULTS FROM NATURE S CAPRICIOUS POWERS )N &IJI FOLLOWING TROPICAL CYCLONES .IGEL AND %RIC IN INSURANCE COMPANIES ANNOUNCED THEIR INTENTION TO WITHDRAW FROM THE &IJI MARKET (OWEVER DISCUSSIONS LED TO A NEW SCHEME WHEREBY INSURANCE WOULD BE PROVIDED IF &IJIAN HOUSEHOLDERS UNDERTOOK SIMPLE ENGINEER CERTIlED ACTIVITIES TO STRENGTHEN THEIR REBUILT HOUSES ! VIABLE INSURANCE MARKET WAS THUS DEVELOPED AND THE OVERALL RISK OF LOSSES TO &IJI REDUCED 0OLICIES ADOPTED FOR OTHER REASONS CAN ALSO HAVE VALUABLE RISK REDUCTION SIDE EFFECTS )N "ANGLADESH EXPERIMENTS WITH MICROINSURANCE AND MICROlNANCE ARE IMPORTANT INNOVATIONS IN HELPING COMMUNITIES DIVERSIFY AND MANAGE THE lNANCIAL RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH DISASTERS 4HE 'RAMEEN "ANK FOR EXAMPLE IS PROVIDING CREDITS TO THE RURAL POOR TO HELP THEM IDENTIFY SOURCES OF SELF EMPLOYMENT OUTSIDE THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR THAT ARE LESS VULNERABLE TO STORMS mOODS AND OTHER NATURAL HAZARDS )N EACH OF THESE INITIATIVES LOCAL INVOLVEMENT THAT INFORMS AND BUILDS ON NATIONAL EFFORTS HAS BEEN KEY 4HE SIMPLE TRUTH IS THAT RISK REDUCTION BEGINS AT HOME n IN OUR SCHOOLS PLACES OF WORK AND WORSHIP AND THROUGHOUT LOCAL COMMUNITIES )T IS HERE WHERE WE WILL EITHER SAVE LIVES n OR LOSE THEM n DEPENDING ON
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
! CALL TO ACTION 4O PUT THE (YOGO &RAMEWORK INTO ACTION SEVERAL KEY CONSTITUENCIES MUST BE MOBILISED INCLUDING ° 0ARLIAMENTARIANS AND POLITICAL LEADERS AT ALL LEVELS WHOSE STRONG VISIONARY LEADERSHIP IS FUNDAMENTAL TO CREATING THE LEGISLATION POLICIES AND INVESTMENTS THAT PRIORITISE RISK REDUCTION ° 'OVERNMENT MINISTRIES ABOVE ALL l NANCE MINISTRIES TO INTEGRATE PROPERLY RISK REDUCTION MEASURES IN BUDGETARY PLANNING AND PROJECT EVALUATION PROCESSES ° "ILATERAL DONORS AND DEVELOPMENT BANKS TO SOLICIT THEIR ACTIVE SUPPORT IN ALLOCATING FUNDS FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ALL RELEVANT DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ° #IVIL SOCIETY TO CONTINUE THEIR VIGOROUS COMMITMENT AND CONTRIBUTION TO RISK REDUCTION MEASURES AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL AND ° 4HE PRIVATE SECTOR TO WORK CLOSELY WITH GOVERNMENTS THE 5. AND CIVIL SOCIETY TO DEVELOP SAFER BUILDING AND LAND MANAGEMENT CODES INNOVATIVE INSURANCE SCHEMES AND OTHER FORWARD LOOKING COST EFFECTIVE MEASURES
THE STEPS WE TAKE TODAY TO REDUCE OUR VULNERABILITY $ISASTER RISK MANAGERS NEED TO LISTEN AND LEARN FROM THE GRASSROOTS SO THEY CAN BUILD UPON EXAMPLES OF RISK REDUCTION THAT HAVE BEEN TRIED AND TESTED BY LOCAL EXPERIENCE
4HE ROAD MAP THE (YOGO &RAMEWORK FOR !CTION .ATIONAL INITIATIVES SUCH AS THOSE DESCRIBED ABOVE HAVE MADE A SIGNIl CANT IMPACT IN THEIR RESPECTIVE COUNTRIES "UT TO IMPLEMENT RISK REDUCTION MEASURES ON A BROAD SCALE WE NEED A MULTI STAKEHOLDER STRATEGY 4HE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ALREADY HAS SUCH A HEALTHY FUNCTIONING MECHANISM THE )NTERNATIONAL 3TRATEGY FOR $ISASTER 2EDUCTION AND A COMPREHENSIVE ROAD MAP THE (YOGO &RAMEWORK FOR !CTION FOR DRIVING THE RISK REDUCTION AGENDA FORWARD 4HE (YOGO &RAMEWORK ENDORSED BY GOVERNMENTS IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE TSUNAMI IN *ANUARY SETS CLEAR PRIORITIES FOR ACTIONS TO STRENGTHEN THE RESILIENCE OF COUNTRIES AND COMMUNITIES TO NATURAL HAZARDS /F THE #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES MORE THAN HALF HAVE ALREADY ESTABLISHED OFl CIAL FOCAL POINTS FOR IMPLEMENTING THE (YOGO &RAMEWORK AND EIGHT HAVE ORGANISED NATIONAL PLATFORMS 4HE IMPORTANCE OF THE (YOGO &RAMEWORK CANNOT BE OVERSTATED PARTICULARLY GIVEN THE INCREASING CHALLENGES WE FACE FROM GLOBAL WARMING $ISASTER RISK REDUCTION IS FUNDAMENTAL TO HELPING COUNTRIES ADAPT TO A CHANGING CLIMATE !ND JUST AS THE LINK BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTER REDUCTION IS CLEAR THE (YOGO &RAMEWORK AND THE TOOLS OF DISASTER
RISK REDUCTION ARE A NATURAL COMPLEMENT TO THE 5. &RAMEWORK #ONVENTION ON #LIMATE #HANGE 5SED TOGETHER THE (YOGO &RAMEWORK AND THE &RAMEWORK #ONVENTION WILL ENABLE US TO RESPOND AND ADAPT MORE EFFECTIVELY TO BOTH THE SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM THREATS POSED BY CLIMATE CHANGE 7E HAVE NO TIME TO WASTE 4HE MILLIONS OF PEOPLE AT POTENTIAL RISK COUPLED WITH THE EVER RISING THREAT POSED BY EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS MEANS WE MUST ACT n AND ACT SOBERLY BUT URGENTLY n TO ENSURE THE (YOGO &RAMEWORK IS PUT INTO ACTION @"USINESS AS USUAL IS SIMPLY NOT GOOD ENOUGH !MONG OTHER THINGS SEVERAL KEY CONSTITUENCIES MUST BE MOBILISED AS SHOWN IN THE "OX TO THE LEFT )N SUM PERHAPS THE GREATEST RISK WE FACE IS NOT FROM NATURE BUT FROM HUMAN NATURE AND OUR OWN PROPENSITY FOR NOT ACTING PRUDENTLY AND COURAGEOUSLY AHEAD OF TIME BEFORE DISASTER STRIKES 7ORKING TOGETHER WE MUST REDOUBLE OUR EFFORTS AND INVEST IN THE SIMPLE LIFE SAVING MEASURES THAT CAN REDUCE OUR VULNERABILITY TO DISASTERS AND CLIMATE RELATED RISKS $ISASTER RISK REDUCTION CAN SAVE LIVES SECURE LIVELIHOODS AND ASSETS AND PROTECT OUR GLOBAL INVESTMENT IN DEVELOPMENT 4HERE IS NO TIME TO LOSE
-R *OHN (OLMES OF THE 5NITED +INGDOM WAS APPOINTED 5NDER 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL FOR (UMANITARIAN !FFAIRS AND %MERGENCY 2ELIEF #OORDINATOR IN -ARCH (E ALSO SERVES AS #HAIR OF THE )NTERNATIONAL 3TRATEGY FOR $ISASTER 2EDUCTION )3$2 SYSTEM -R (OLMES PREVIOUSLY SERVED AS THE "RITISH !MBASSADOR IN 0ARIS FOR SIX YEARS ! CAREER DIPLOMAT (OLMES JOINED THE &OREIGN AND #OMMONWEALTH /FFICE IN AND HAS SERVED IN NUMEROUS POSTS (E WAS AWARDED A KNIGHTHOOD IN PRIMARILY FOR HIS ROLE IN THE .ORTHERN )RELAND PEACE PROCESS AND THE 'OOD &RIDAY !GREEMENT /Fl CE FOR THE #OORDINATION OF (UMANITARIAN !FFAIRS /#(! IS THE 5. BODY MANDATED WITH THE COORDINATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN ACTION )T ALSO SUPPORTS THE HUMANITARIAN COMMUNITY WITH POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND SERVES AS AN ADVOCATE ON HUMANITARIAN ISSUES SEEKING TO GIVE VOICE TO THE VICTIMS AND SPEAK OUT ON BEHALF OF THOSE IN GREATEST NEED 4HE )NTERNATIONAL 3TRATEGY FOR $ISASTER 2EDUCTION )3$2 AIMS AT BUILDING DISASTER RESILIENT COMMUNITIES BY PROMOTING INCREASED AWARENESS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF DISASTER REDUCTION AS AN INTEGRAL COMPONENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WITH THE GOAL OF REDUCING HUMAN SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL LOSSES DUE TO NATURAL HAZARDS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS 5. )NTER !GENCY 3ECRETARIAT OF THE )NTERNATIONAL 3TRATEGY FOR $ISASTER 2EDUCTION "RIGITTE ,EONI -EDIA 2ELATIONS /Fl CER )NTERNATIONAL %NVIRONMENT (OUSE )) /Fl CE #HEMIN DE "ALEXERT #( 'ENEVA 3WITZERLAND 4EL %MAIL LEONIB UN ORG
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
3PECIAL &EATURE BY 3WISS 2E
&INANCIAL RISK TRANSFER SOLUTIONS THEIR ROLE IN CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION &ROM THE WORST mOODS IN RECENT HISTORY IN THE 5+ THROUGH DROUGHT ACROSS !FRICA AND !USTRALIA UNPRECEDENTED WILDlRES IN #ANADA IRREGULAR AND CHANGING MONSOONS IN THE )NDIAN SUBCONTINENT AND WATER AND FOOD CROP STRESS ACROSS THE #OMMONWEALTH THERE IS AN INCREASING PERCEPTION THAT CLIMATE CHANGE IS ALREADY WITH US AND IT IS HERE TO STAY !N ESSENTIAL ROLE FOR THE #OMMONWEALTH ON BEHALF OF ITS TWO BILLION CITIZENS WILL BE TO HELP MEMBER ECONOMIES EMBARK ON A LOW CARBON TRAJECTORY AND TO PROVIDE KNOWLEDGE AND SUPPORT FOR ITS MEMBER STATES TO HELP THEM ADAPT AND MANAGE THE WEATHER CHANGES THAT WILL BE AN INEVITABLE PART OF THEIR FUTURE 4HIS PAPER BRIEmY LOOKS AT THE IMPORTANCE OF ADAPTATION AND CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND THEN GOES INTO MORE DEPTH ABOUT A NUMBER OF POTENTIAL lNANCIAL MARKET SOLUTIONS 3WISS 2E BELIEVES THESE WILL BE IMPORTANT FOR A COMPREHENSIVE RESPONSE TO THE CHALLENGES CLIMATE CHANGE WILL POSE TO #OMMONWEALTH MEMBER STATES OVER THE COMING DECADES
%NORMOUS CONSEQUENCES
4HE #OMMONWEALTH S STATES ACROSS THE GLOBE ARE A MICROCOSM OF THE WORLD ITSELF REPRESENTING JUST ABOUT EVERY CLIMATE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT AND WAY OF LIFE 4HERE WILL BE NO ONE SIZE lTS ALL SOLUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION FOR THE #OMMONWEALTH S MEMBER STATES 4HE GROUP S RICHER STATES n SUCH AS THE 5+ #ANADA AND !USTRALIA n HAVE HIGH LEVELS OF ADAPTABILITY AND LARGE RESOURCES TO PROVIDE VICTIMS OF CLIMATE EVENTS WITH SUPPORT -ANY OF THE #OMMONWEALTH S OTHER STATES IN !FRICA THE #ARIBBEAN THE 3OUTH 0ACIlC AND THE SUBCONTINENT ARE LESS FORTUNATE
ß !GRICULTURE PATTERNS WILL CHANGE RADICALLY ACROSS !SIA AS CROP YIELDS RISE IN %AST AND 3OUTH EAST !SIA AND FALL IN #ENTRAL AND 3OUTH !SIA
4HE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT ITSELF HAS SEVERAL ROLES TO PLAY ß &IRSTLY THE ORGANISATION SHOULD ENCOURAGE CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT AMONG ITS MEMBERSHIP IN THE FORM OF ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AND PREPARATION
4HE CHALLENGES THAT CLIMATE CHANGE POSES WILL BE MANY AND VARIED !CROSS THE #OMMONWEALTH SCIENTISTS PREDICT AMONGST OTHER THINGS )N !FRICA ß "Y BETWEEN MILLION AND MILLION PEOPLE ARE PROJECTED TO BE EXPOSED TO INCREASING WATER STRESS ß !GRICULTURAL PRODUCTION INCLUDING ACCESS TO FOOD IN MANY !FRICAN COUNTRIES IS EXPECTED TO BE SEVERELY COMPROMISED BY CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE )N SOME COUNTRIES WITHIN THE #OMMONWEALTH YIELDS FROM RAIN FED AGRICULTURE COULD BE REDUCED BY UP TO PER CENT BY ß &ISHING YIELDS WILL BE UNDER STRESS DUE TO INCREASING TEMPERATURES IN LAKES COMBINED WITH OVER lSHING )N !SIA ß )NCREASED mOODING WILL OCCUR DUE TO GLACIER MELT IN THE (IMALAYAS AS WELL AS FROM THE SEA AND RIVERS IN HEAVILY POPULATED MEGA DELTA AREAS IN 3OUTH !SIA
)N .ORTH !MERICA ß 3NOWPACK WILL BE DECREASED WITH MORE WINTER mOODING AND REDUCED SUMMER mOWS EXACERBATING COMPETITION FOR OVER ALLOCATED WATER RESOURCES ß $ISTURBANCES FROM PESTS DISEASE AND lRE WILL IMPACT FORESTS WITH AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF HIGH lRE RISK AND LARGE INCREASES IN BURNED AREAS )N !USTRALIA AND .EW :EALAND ß 7ATER SECURITY PROBLEMS ARE PROJECTED TO INCREASE BY
ß 3ECONDLY THE ORGANISATION CAN PROVIDE INFORMATION
ß /NGOING COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AND POPULATION GROWTH WILL BE THREATENED
ß 4HIRDLY IT CAN ENCOURAGE ITS MEMBERS TO INVESTIGATE OPTIONS FOR THE TRANSFER OF CLIMATE CHANGE RISK TO THE lNANCIAL MARKETS IN ORDER TO PROVIDE lNANCIAL SUPPORT FOR ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AND POST EVENT SUPPORT
ß 0RODUCTION FROM AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY IS PROJECTED TO DECLINE ACROSS MUCH OF SOUTHERN AND EASTERN !USTRALIA AND ACROSS PARTS OF .EW :EALAND DUE TO DROUGHT AND lRE
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
&OR SMALL ISLANDS INCLUDING 3OUTH 0ACIl C AND #ARIBBEAN #OMMONWEALTH NATIONS
2ISK MANAGEMENT n ADAPTATION AND PREPARATION
ß 3EA LEVEL RISES ARE EXPECTED TO EXACERBATE INUNDATION STORM SURGE RISKS EROSION AND OTHER COASTAL HAZARDS
!N OUNCE OF PREVENTION IS WORTH A POUND OF CURE EMPHASIS SHOULD BE ON PREPARATION FOR CHANGE RATHER THAN ON POST DISASTER RESPONSE 4HERE ARE NUMEROUS STRATEGIES FOR ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE !DAPTIVE RESPONSES CAN BE
ß 7ATER RESOURCES FOR MANY ISLANDS MAY BE AFFECTED TO THE EXTENT THAT THEY BECOME INSUFl CIENT TO SUPPORT COMMUNITIES DURING LOW RAINFALL PERIODS &OR MANY OF THESE RISKS THE CONSEQUENCES ARE SEVERE AND THE IMPLICATIONS PROFOUND FOR THE POPULATIONS INVOLVED )T IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF MEMBER STATES TO UNDERSTAND THE IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE FOR THEIR PEOPLE AND TO DEVELOP STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE THEIR CONSEQUENCES SEE BOX
ß 4ECHNOLOGICAL SUCH AS BUILT SEA WALLS OR NEW CROP VARIETIES ß "EHAVIOURAL FOR INSTANCE CHANGING FOOD PREFERENCES OR RECREATIONAL CHOICES ß -ANAGERIAL INCLUDING NEW FARMING PRACTICES OR MORE SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS PRACTICES OR ß 0OLICY BASED FOR INSTANCE RESTRICTING CONSTRUCTION ON m OOD PLAINS
&INANCIAL RISK TRANSFER SOLUTIONS )N ANY DISCUSSION OF CLIMATE CHANGE RISK MANAGEMENT LOSS MITIGATION STRATEGIES MUST COME l RST "UT NO COUNTRY CAN INSULATE ITSELF ENTIRELY AGAINST EXTREME EVENTS )T IS HERE THAT THE l NANCIAL AND INSURANCE MARKETS PLAY AN INDISPENSIBLE ROLE IN COPING WITH DISASTER -ORE IMPORTANTLY THESE MARKETS HAVE RECENTLY DEVELOPED INNOVATIVE l NANCIAL SOLUTIONS TO A NUMBER OF CLIMATE CHANGE RELATED CHALLENGES HELPING GOVERNMENTS THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND INDIVIDUALS DEAL WITH THE l NANCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE 4HESE PRODUCTS ARE HELPING #OMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENTS AND RESIDENTS IN A NUMBER OF WAYS INCLUDING
0OTENTIAL ADAPTATION STRATEGIES MIGHT INCLUDE ß "REEDING NEW PLANT SPECIES AND CROPS WHICH ARE MORE TOLERANT TO CHANGED CLIMATE CONDITIONS ß )MPROVING WATER USE EFl CIENCY PLANNING FOR ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCES SUCH AS TREATED WASTEWATER AND MAKING CHANGES TO WATER ALLOCATION AND PRICING TO COMBAT LESS AVAILABLE WATER ß -AKING CHANGES TO BUILDING AND INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN STANDARDS TO PROTECT AGAINST MORE EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS SUCH AS STORM SURGES AND INCREASED TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY ß !VOIDING BUILDING IN AREAS WHERE m OODING IS LIKELY TO OCCUR MORE FREQUENTLY ß )NCREASING THE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF NATURAL SYSTEMS BY REDUCING OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES
ß 0ROTECTING AND SMOOTHING THEIR BUDGETS ß 'UARANTEEING THAT FUNDS ARE IN PLACE TO COMPENSATE VICTIMS OF CLIMATE EVENTS ß /N A MICRO LEVEL SMOOTHING INDIVIDUAL INCOMES TO PROVIDE GREATER l NANCIAL SECURITY IN THE FACE OF CHANGING ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES AND REDUCE DISTRESS AND CONm ICT ß 0ROVIDING ACCESS TO CREDIT FOR FARMERS WITH LITTLE INCOME DIVERSIl CATION WHO CAN BORROW AGAINST INSURANCE AS COLLATERAL 4HE l NANCIAL STRUCTURES MOST USEFUL FOR THESE OBJECTIVES GENERALLY CONTAIN SOME KIND OF CONTINGENT CONDITION n A GOVERNMENT OR A l NANCIAL INSTITUTION WILL PAY AN INSURANCE DERIVATIVE OR BOND PREMIUM AND THE INSTRUMENT WILL PAY OUT IF THERE IS A SPECIl ED CLIMATE RELATED EVENT SUCH AS A m OOD A WINDSTORM A COLD SNAP OR A HEATWAVE 4HE CONTRACT MAY BE STRUCTURED AS A BOND A DERIVATIVE OR AS AN INSURANCE CONTRACT BUT HOWEVER IT IS STRUCTURED IT IS LIKELY TO BE INDEXED AGAINST AN OBJECTIVE MEASURE @TRIGGERED BY ACTUAL PRECIPITATION WIND LEVELS OR TEMPERATURE READINGS DEPENDING ON THE RISK "ECAUSE OF THE VASTLY DIFFERING NATURE OF THE RISK MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES POSED BY CLIMATE CHANGE EACH l NANCIAL SOLUTION WILL BE DIFFERENT FROM THE NEXT BUT THE BASIC RISK TRANSFER MECHANISM IS THE SAME n CUSTOMERS PAY UP FRONT FOR CONTINGENT FUTURE l NANCE AGAINST A SPECIl ED RISK EVENT 4HE l NANCIAL VALUE OF ANY SUCH CONTRACT WILL DEPEND ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE CONTRACT AND IN THE END WHETHER OR NOT THE EVENT OCCURS 4HE LONGER THE TERM OF THE CONTRACT THE BETTER VALUE IT IS LIKELY TO PROVIDE TO BOTH CUSTOMER AND PROVIDER n WE BELIEVE THESE TYPE OF
CONTRACTS ARE BETTER VALUE FOR ALL WHEN NEGOTIATED TO COVER RISK OVER A NUMBER OF YEARS 4HE FOLLOWING CASES ARE EXAMPLES OF RISK TRANSFER STRUCTURES THAT HAVE ADDRESSED CLIMATE ISSUES ON BOTH A MACRO AND A MICRO LEVEL IN BOTH RICH COUNTRIES AND DEVELOPING ECONOMIES 7E BELIEVE THEY PRESENT ENORMOUS POTENTIAL AS l NANCE AND DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND ENCOURAGE #OMMONWEALTH STATES TO CONSIDER HOW SUCH STRUCTURES MIGHT HELP THEM ADAPT TO THE NEW CLIMATE REALITIES
! m OOD BOND IN THE 5+ )N !PRIL THE 'ERMAN INSURANCE l RM !LLIANZ WITH THE RISK STRUCTURING ASSISTANCE OF 3WISS 2E ISSUED THE l RST CATASTROPHE BOND TO COVER m OOD RISK IN THE 5+ 4HE BOND PROVIDES 53 MILLION OF COVER AGAINST m OODS BY OFFERING INVESTORS AN ATTRACTIVE YIELD UNLESS THERE IS A CATASTROPHIC RISE IN THE LEVEL OF THE 4HAMES OR OTHER m OOD RISKS )F THE BOND IS TRIGGERED INVESTORS WILL LOSE SOME OR ALL OF THIS YIELD WHICH WILL FUND THE PAYOUT TO THE INSURER &OR THE BOND TO BE TRIGGERED RIVER SEGMENTS CONNECTED WITH AT LEAST FOUR OF l FTY REFERENCE LOCATIONS MUST BE ON SEVERE m OOD WARNING BY THE 5+ ENVIRONMENT AGENCY
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
/THER WEATHER RELATED RISKS WITH A STATISTICALLY SUFlCIENT DATA RECORD SUCH AS HURRICANE HAILSTORM AND PRECIPITATION HAVE POTENTIAL FOR SECURITISATION IN THE FORM OF CATASTROPHE BONDS @CAT BONDS WHICH PROVIDE A MEANS FOR GOVERNMENTS AND OTHERS FACING CLIMATE RISKS TO TRANSFER SOME OF THE lNANCIAL CONSEQUENCES TO lNANCIAL MARKET INVESTORS
7EATHER DERIVATIVES AND INSURANCE #AT BONDS ATTRACT INVESTMENT FROM CAPITAL MARKET PLAYERS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 7EATHER DERIVATIVES AND INSURANCE STRUCTURED ALONG SIMILAR LINES HAVE ALSO BEEN WIDELY EMPLOYED ACROSS THE #OMMONWEALTH TO ADDRESS A VARIETY OF CLIMATE RELATED ISSUES )N PARTICULAR THEY PROVIDE ECONOMIC BENElTS TO CUSTOMERS IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES COMPARED TO TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE THROUGH LOWER TRANSACTION COSTS GREATER EASE OF MONITORING AND AVOIDANCE OF TRADITIONAL INSURANCE PITFALLS SUCH AS MORAL HAZARD AND ADVERSE SELECTION )N )NDIA FOR INSTANCE GENERAL INSURER )#)#) ,OMBARD TOGETHER WITH MICROlNANCE INSTITUTION "!3)8 DEVELOPED A WEATHER INSURANCE PROGRAMME FOR FARMERS EXPOSED TO THE RISK OF THEIR CROPS BEING DESTROYED BY mUCTUATIONS IN THE WEATHER 3INCE SMALLHOLDING FARMERS IN SOME DISTRICTS OF !NDHRA 0RADESH HAVE BEEN ABLE TO BUY WEATHER INSURANCE AGAINST DROUGHT 4HE PRODUCT HAS SPREAD RAPIDLY FROM ITS INITIAL PILOT INTO OTHER STATES AND TO WEATHER INSURANCE FOR DIFFERENT AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES )N THE WHEAT MARKET FOR INSTANCE BECAUSE PRODUCTION IS STRONGLY DEPENDENT ON REASONABLE TEMPERATURES DURING THE CRITICAL STAGE OF GRAIN lLLING THE TRIGGER FOR A PAYOUT AGAINST POOR TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS FOR WHEAT CULTIVATION IS RELATIVELY EASILY STRUCTURED /THER TRIGGERS SUCH AS TOO MUCH OR NOT ENOUGH RAINFALL TOO HIGH OR TOO LOW TEMPERATURES CAN BE DEVISED FOR OTHER COMMODITIES AND THE MARKET ALREADY OFFERS A PORTFOLIO OF INSURANCE PRODUCTS THAT CAN BE USED TO COVER WEATHER RISKS FOR APPLES ORANGES CORIANDER AND A RANGE OF OTHER COMMODITIES 3WISS 2E IS A MAJOR RISK TAKER IN THE )NDIAN MARKET )N -ALAWI THE 7ORLD "ANK HAS ASSISTED GROUNDNUT FARMERS EXPOSED TO THE RISK OF DROUGHT THROUGH THE CRITICAL GROWING PERIOD OF THEIR CROPS TO DEVELOP AN INDEX BASED WEATHER INSURANCE CONTRACT WHICH PAYS OUT IF THE RAINFALL IN FOUR PILOT AREAS IS INSUFlCIENT FOR GROUNDNUT PRODUCTION &ARMERS THAT PURCHASE THIS INSURANCE ARE OFFERED SEED lNANCE lNANCE TO PURCHASE ACTUAL SEEDS FROM BANKS ACTIVE IN THE REGION PROVIDING ACCESS TO CREDIT FOR FARMERS OTHERWISE AT THE MERCY OF VOLATILE WEATHER CONDITIONS 4HE ATTRACTIONS OF WEATHER INSURANCE ARE CLEAR POLICIES ARE AFFORDABLE THEY HAVE WELL DElNED PAYOUTS AND ARE TRIGGERED AGAINST DATA THAT COMES FROM AN INDEPENDENT THIRD PARTY SUCH AS THE NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT )N BOTH -ALAWI AND IN )NDIA GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE HAS BEEN PROVIDED TO MARKET THE PRODUCT TO A SCEPTICAL POPULATION 4HE 'OVERNMENT OF -ALAWI HAS ALSO USED OTHER lNANCIAL MARKET INSTRUMENTS TO PROTECT ITS FARMERS n IN 3EPTEMBER THE GOVERNMENT PROTECTED ITS MAIZE FARMERS FROM THE CONSEQUENCES OF DROUGHT BY PURCHASING A CUSTOMISED CALL OPTION FOR MAIZE IMPORTS LOCKING IN A MAXIMUM PRICE
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
AND TRANSPORT COSTS FOR A TOTAL OF TONNES OF MAIZE AT A COST OF APPROXIMATELY 53 MILLION n ENOUGH TO MEET THE FOOD GAP IF DONOR AND PRIVATE SECTOR COMMERCIAL IMPORTS DID NOT REACH ANTICIPATED LEVELS !S MAIZE PRICES CONTINUED TO RISE IN THE PERIOD AFTER THE PURCHASE OF THE OPTION THE GOVERNMENT EXERCISED IT ALLOCATING THE RESULTING mOWS OF MAIZE TO AID CHANNELS AND HUMANITARIAN PURPOSES AND THUS HELPED TO AVOID SEVERE SHORTFALLS IN EMERGENCY RELIEF
2EGIONAL LONG TERM AND MACRO STRUCTURES 4HESE EXAMPLES SHOW THAT lNANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT PRODUCTS CAN BE STRUCTURED TO THE ECONOMIC SITUATION OF THE CUSTOMER 0OOR FARMERS IN !FRICA AND )NDIA WOULD SEEM TO HAVE BEEN THE LEAST LIKELY TO BENElT FROM SOPHISTICATED DERIVATIVE AND INSURANCE STRUCTURES YET THE mEXIBILITY ADAPTABILITY EFlCIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THESE RISK lNANCING PRODUCTS ENABLE THEM TO BE CREATED SPECIlCALLY FOR THESE COMPLICATED MARKETS 3WISS 2E BELIEVES THAT THERE ARE OPPORTUNITIES FOR FURTHER INNOVATION TO MEET THE EMERGING CHALLENGES OF CLIMATE CHANGE NOT ONLY ON A NATIONAL OR MARKET BY MARKET BASIS BUT ALSO ACROSS REGIONS OR EVEN AT THE LEVEL OF THE #OMMONWEALTH AS A WHOLE 2ISK lNANCING PRODUCTS CAN BE STRUCTURED TO SPREAD RISK ACROSS A LARGE NUMBER AND BROAD VARIETY OF WEATHER PERILS ACROSS A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES AND OVER SEVERAL YEARS THESE PRODUCTS CAN PROVIDE ECONOMIC SOLUTIONS TO POTENTIALLY PERILOUS WEATHER RELATED ISSUES 4HESE EXAMPLES SHOW THAT IT CAN BE DONE n WHAT IS NEEDED IS THE FORESIGHT AND POLITICAL COURAGE TO INVESTIGATE THE OPTIONS AND MAKE THINGS HAPPEN
4HIS SPECIAL FEATURE WAS WRITTEN BY 2ETO 3CHNARWILER RESPONSIBLE FOR RELATIONS WITH GOVERNMENTS .'/S AND AID AGENCIES AND #HRISTINA 5LARDIC RESPONSIBLE FOR PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IN RESPECT TO RURAL RISK SOLUTIONS WITH )VO -ENZINGER AND *UERG 4RUEB
#HRISTINA 5LARDIC #HRISTINA?5LARDIC SWISSRE COM
2ETO 3CHNARWILER 2ETO?3CHNARWILER SWISSRE COM
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
- * -ACE $IRECTOR #LIMATE #HANGE AND %NERGY 0ROGRAMME &)%,$
3MALL ISLAND STATES SEEK EQUITABLE POST CLIMATE AGREEMENT 4HE AMBITION AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE POST CLIMATE CHANGE REGIME WILL BE CRITICAL TO THE SURVIVAL AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MANY #OMMONWEALTH SMALL ISLAND STATES 4HE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE LONG PREDICTED ARE NOW CLEARLY BEING SEEN IN SMALL ISLAND NATIONS ACROSS THE 0ACIlC #ARIBBEAN AND )NDIAN OCEANS $UE TO THE INERTIA IN THE CLIMATE SYSTEM MANY OF THESE IMPACTS INCLUDING SEA LEVEL RISE WILL CONTINUE TO BE SEEN LONG AFTER GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE HAVE BEEN STABILISED
4HIS ARTICLE SETS OUT A SERIES OF ELEMENTS HIGHLIGHTED BY !/3)3 IN ITS SUBMISSION TO THE FOURTH WORKSHOP OF THE 5. &RAMEWORK #ONVENTION ON #LIMATE #HANGE $IALOGUE ON LONG TERM COOPERATIVE ACTION $IALOGUE 7ORKING 0APER AND IN ITS INTERVENTIONS IN THE FOURTH SESSION OF THE !D (OC 7ORKING 'ROUP !7' ON FUTURE COMMITMENTS FOR DEVELOPED COUNTRY PARTIES UNDER THE +YOTO 0ROTOCOL WHICH TOOK PLACE IN 6IENNA
!T THE CLIMATE TALKS IN 6IENNA IN !UGUST THE !LLIANCE OF 3MALL )SLAND 3TATES !/3)3 A NEGOTIATING BLOC OF SOME VULNERABLE SMALL ISLAND COUNTRIES CALLED UPON THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO USE THE AVOIDANCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES 3)$3 AS ONE OF THE KEY BENCHMARKS FOR EFFECTIVENESS IN DESIGNING THE POST CLIMATE REGIME
)N CONNECTION WITH NEGOTIATIONS ON EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS FOR THE POST PERIOD MANY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES HAVE CALLED FOR GLOBAL EFFORTS TO LIMIT THE INCREASE IN GLOBAL AVERAGE SURFACE TEMPERATURE TO NO MORE THAN ABOVE INDUSTRIAL LEVELS (OWEVER IT IS INCREASINGLY CLEAR THAT EVEN THIS LEVEL OF GLOBAL WARMING WILL LEAD TO DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES FOR MANY FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES
7HAT DOES # MEAN FOR SMALL ISLAND STATES
2AROTONGA #OOK )SLANDS 0HOTO CREDIT - * -ACE
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
.UKUORO !TOLL &EDERATED 3TATES OF -ICRONESIA
'UIDING PRINCIPLES FOR A POST REGIME
0HOTO CREDIT WWW .!3! GOV
3MALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES HAVE DONE LITTLE TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE INCREASING CONCENTRATIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE THAT ARE NOW AFFECTING THEM DIRECTLY !GAINST THIS BACKDROP IN 6IENNA !/3)3 PRESENTED A LIST OF GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR ANY POST PACKAGE OF INTEGRATED ACTIONS TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE
3)$3 ARE ALREADY EXPERIENCING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 4HESE INCLUDE SEA LEVEL RISE FROM THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF THE WORLD S OCEANS AND THE MELTING OF LAND ICE CORAL BLEACHING FROM WARMING OCEANS DAMAGE FROM INCREASINGLY SEVERE HURRICANES CYCLONES AND TROPICAL STORMS CHANGES IN PRECIPITATION PATTERNS RESULTING IN DROUGHTS AND m OODS COASTAL EROSION DECLINES IN CROP YIELDS AND DECREASED WATER AVAILABILITY !CCORDING TO THE )NTERGOVERNMENTAL 0ANEL ON #LIMATE #HANGE S )0## &OURTH !SSESSMENT 2EPORT A FURTHER WARMING OF ABOUT ª# BY THE END OF THE CENTURY RELATIVE TO LEVELS CAN BE EXPECTED EVEN IF ATMOSPHERIC GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATIONS REMAIN AT LEVELS A # INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE ABOVE LEVELS WILL IMPLY SIGNIl CANT CORAL BLEACHING INCREASED LOSSES FROM m OODING AND SUBSTANTIAL SPECIES EXTINCTION )0## 7ORKING 'ROUP )) 30-
$ECISIVE ACTION IS NEEDED BOTH TO REDUCE GLOBAL EMISSIONS AND TO SECURE THE RESOURCES NEEDED TO ASSIST VULNERABLE COUNTRIES IN MEETING THE COSTS AND CHALLENGES OF ADAPTATION
° 5NDER INTERNATIONAL LAW STATES HAVE THE RESPONSIBILITY TO ENSURE THAT ACTIVITIES WITHIN THEIR JURISDICTION OR CONTROL DO NOT CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT OF OTHER STATES OR OF AREAS BEYOND THE LIMITS OF NATIONAL JURISDICTION ° )N KEEPING WITH !RTICLE OF THE #ONVENTION PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES MUST BE TAKEN TO ANTICIPATE PREVENT AND MINIMISE THE CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND MITIGATE ITS ADVERSE EFFECTS AND THE CLIMATE SYSTEM MUST BE PROTECTED FOR PRESENT AND FUTURE GENERATIONS ° !CTIVITIES THAT ENHANCE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE #ONVENTION MUST BE DESIGNED TO PROTECT THE MOST VULNERABLE PARTIES TO THE 5.&### BOTH IN THE SHORT AND IN THE LONG TERM (ENCE THE LEVEL OF AMBITION FOR FUTURE EMISSION REDUCTIONS UNDER THE #ONVENTION MUST USE THE AVOIDANCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES AS ONE OF ITS KEY BENCHMARKS FOR EFFECTIVENESS ° !CTIONS TAKEN UNDER THE #ONVENTION MUST BE URGENT PRACTICAL AND AMBITIOUS ° 4HE @POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE AND THE PRINCIPLE OF COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITIES AND RESPECTIVE CAPABILITIES MUST BE USED TO DETERMINE THE OBLIGATIONS OF DIFFERENT PARTIES AND GROUPS OF PARTIES ° !NY NEW FRAMEWORK MUST BE DEVELOPED WITHIN THE 5NITED .ATIONS FRAMEWORK AND MUST BUILD UPON AND EXTEND THE +YOTO 0ROTOCOL RATHER THAN REPLACE IT !/3)3 3UBMISSION $IALOGUE 7ORKING 0APER .O
4HESE IMPACTS ON NATURAL SYSTEMS ARE OF ENORMOUS IMPORTANCE TO 3)$3 #ORAL REEFS PROVIDE NURSERY HABITAT FOR NEAR SHORE l SHERIES AND A BUFFER AGAINST STORM SURGE AND COASTAL EROSION BUT THEY ARE THEMSELVES HAVE LOW ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO THERMAL STRESS -ANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS ARE ANOTHER KEY COASTAL ZONE BUFFER BUT THEY MAY BE CHALLENGED TO KEEP PACE WITH ACCELERATING SEA LEVEL RISE ! NUMBER OF ATOLL COUNTRIES INCLUDING +IRIBATI 4UVALU AND THE -ALDIVES AND MANY ATOLLS IN OTHER #OMMONWEALTH SMALL ISLAND STATES HAVE MUCH OF THEIR LAND AREA ONLY A FEW METRES ABOVE SEA LEVEL 3EA LEVEL RISE IS OCCURRING AT APPROXIMATELY TWO MILLIMETRES PER YEAR 4HIS THREATENS SHALLOW FRESH WATER LENSES THAT ARE ALREADY SUSCEPTIBLE TO DEPLETION DURING TIMES OF DROUGHT AND SUSCEPTIBLE TO CONTAMINATION FROM SALT WATER INTRUSION STORM SURGE AND SEEPAGE 3OME COMMENTATORS HAVE GONE SO FAR AS TO SAY THAT THE VULNERABILITY OF CERTAIN ATOLL NATIONS RAISES THE POSSIBILITY OF THE l RST EXTINCTION OF A SOVEREIGN COUNTRY
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 7HETHER OR NOT THIS IS HYPERBOLE IT IS CLEAR THAT DECISIVE ACTION IS NEEDED BOTH TO REDUCE GLOBAL EMISSIONS AND TO SECURE THE RESOURCES NEEDED TO ASSIST VULNERABLE COUNTRIES IN MEETING THE COSTS AND CHALLENGES OF ADAPTATION
,ONG TERM STABILISATION GOAL !/3)3 HAS TAKEN THE POSITION THAT ANY PACKAGE OF MITIGATION RELATED ACTIVITIES MUST BE SUFl CIENT TO ENSURE THAT GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATIONS ARE STABILISED IN THE ATMOSPHERE AT WELL BELOW PARTS PER MILLION PPM BY VOLUME AND LONG TERM TEMPERATURE INCREASES REMAIN WELL BELOW # !/3)3 HAS CALLED FOR GLOBAL '(' EMISSIONS TO PEAK WITHIN THE NEXT YEARS AND FOR ADOPTION OF URGENT AMBITIOUS AND MEASURABLE SHORT TERM ACTIONS TO ENSURE THAT LONG TERM GOALS ARE MET
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
3TARlSH "LACK #ORAL )SLAND &EDERATED 3TATES OF -ICRONESIA
!CCORDING TO )0## 7ORKING 'ROUP ))) TO STABILISE TEMPERATURE INCREASES IN THE # TO # RANGE WILL REQUIRE CUTS IN GLOBAL EMISSIONS BY AT LEAST PER CENT BY 4HE LEVEL OF EFFORT REQUIRED TO GO BELOW # IS THE SAME AS THAT REQUIRED TO STABILISE AT # IN THE PERIOD UP TO WHAT WILL BE REQUIRED IS MORE SIGNIlCANT ACTION IN THE PERIOD BETWEEN AND 4HIS ONLY EMPHASIZES THAT THERE IS NO SHORT TERM REASON NOT TO ADOPT AN AMBITIOUS LONG TERM GOAL 4HE )0## ESTIMATES THAT THE COST OF ACHIEVING A STABILISATION CONCENTRATION OF BETWEEN PPM WOULD REDUCE THE GLOBAL '$0 GROWTH RATE BY ONLY PER CENT BY RELATIVE TO FORECASTED GROWTH OR LESS THAN PER CENT PER YEAR )N 6IENNA !/3)3 NOTED THAT THIS lGURE IS EXTREMELY MANAGEABLE IN VIEW OF THE COSTS OF INACTION AND CALLED FOR A SUBSTANTIALLY LARGER INVESTMENT IN MITIGATION MEASURES n WELL BEYOND PER CENT OF GLOBAL '$0 PER YEAR n TO ACHIEVE A STILL LOWER STABILISATION LEVEL 3MALL ISLAND STATES ARGUED THAT GREATER INVESTMENT IS NEEDED AND WARRANTED AS A MATTER OF EQUITY TO MINIMISE THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON VULNERABLE COUNTRIES THE VALUE OF PRESERVING ISLAND SOVEREIGNTY AND CULTURES CANNOT BE COMPARED WITH THE MONETARY COSTS OF MITIGATION !/3)3 HIGHLIGHTED THAT A MODEST LIFESTYLE CHANGE IN SOME #ONVENTION PARTIES IS A SMALL PRICE TO PAY TO PROTECT SMALL ISLAND NATIONS FROM THE LOSS OF THEIR lNITE LAND AREA AVOID THE LOSS TO THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY OF UNIQUE ISLAND CULTURES AND ECOSYSTEMS AND AVOID THE LOSS OF LIVES FROM EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS IN VULNERABLE COUNTRIES #ERTAINLY TO ALLOW THE ACTIONS OR INACTION OF SOME #ONVENTION PARTIES TO CAUSE THE COMPLETE DISAPPEARANCE OF OTHER #ONVENTION PARTIES CANNOT BE AN ACCEPTED OUTCOME OF THE MULTILATERAL CLIMATE CHANGE PROCESS
3CIENTIlC WORK NEEDED TO INFORM POST ACTIONS 4O DATE THE )0## HAS NOT ANALYSED STABILISATION SCENARIOS BELOW PPM #/ EQUIVALENT OR CONSIDERED THE MEANS AND COSTS FOR ACHIEVING STABILISATION AT LEVELS BELOW PPM !T THE 6IENNA CLIMATE TALKS !/3)3 EMPHASISED THAT THIS INFORMATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR DETERMINING AN APPROPRIATE LEVEL OF AMBITION FOR THE POST FRAMEWORK !/3)3 CALLED FOR URGENT WORK BY THE GLOBAL SCIENTIlC COMMUNITY AND THE )0## IN TWO AREAS ° 4HE IMPLICATIONS FOR SMALL ISLAND STATES OF AN INCREASE IN GLOBAL AVERAGE SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF # OR GREATER AND ° 2ESEARCH ON THE MEANS AND COSTS OF ACHIEVING LOW STABILISATION CONCENTRATIONS THAT WILL PREVENT SIGNIlCANT NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON 3)$3 AND OTHER VULNERABLE #ONVENTION PARTIES 4HE PARTIES TO THE +YOTO 0ROTOCOL MEETING IN THE !D (OC 7ORKING 'ROUP 'ROUP ON &UTURE #OMMITMENTS NOTED THE CONCERNS RAISED BY SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES AND THE POSSIBILITY FOR FURTHER SCIENTIlC WORK IN THIS REGARD
0HOTO CREDIT - * -ACE
!/3)3 ADDITIONALLY SUGGESTED THAT AN )0## 3PECIAL 2EPORT ON 6ULNERABLE 'ROUPS MIGHT FACILITATE THE LINKING OF VARIOUS MITIGATION SCENARIOS AND LEVELS OF AMBITION TO THE IMPACTS ON VULNERABLE GROUPS THAT EACH PROPOSED SCENARIO IMPLIES
2ESPONSIBILITY FOR MITIGATION EFFORTS )N RATIFYING THE #ONVENTION ALL PARTIES COMMITTED TO IMPLEMENTING PROGRAMMES TO ADDRESS EMISSIONS BY SOURCES AND REMOVALS BY SINKS $ESPITE THIS COMMITMENT GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ARE INCREASING AT AN UNPRECEDENTED RATE IN BOTH DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
4HE LARGEST HISTORICAL EMITTERS SHOULD NOW TAKE AGGRESSIVE ACTION TO FACILITATE THE REDUCTION OF GLOBAL EMISSIONS !/3)3 HAS PROPOSED THAT CONSISTENT WITH THE POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE AND THE #LIMATE #ONVENTION S PRINCIPLE OF COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITIES AND RESPECTIVE CAPABILITIES THE LARGEST HISTORICAL EMITTERS SHOULD NOW TAKE AGGRESSIVE ACTION TO FACILITATE THE REDUCTION OF GLOBAL EMISSIONS !LL DEVELOPED COUNTRY PARTIES SHOULD TAKE ON QUANTIlED EMISSION LIMITATION OR REDUCTION TARGETS FOR THE POST COMMITMENT PERIOD )N ADDITION MAJOR EMITTING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SHOULD BE PREPARED TO PURSUE A CLEAN DEVELOPMENT PATH WITH ASSISTANCE FROM DEVELOPED COUNTRY PARTIES MEASURED THROUGH DECREASING CARBON INTENSITY AN INCREASING RELIANCE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND OR THROUGH SPECIlC EMISSION LIMITATION OR REDUCTION TARGETS 4HE EFFORTS OF ALL MAJOR EMITTING COUNTRIES MUST CONTRIBUTE TO THE OVERALL REDUCTION OF '(' EMISSIONS IN A MEASURABLE WAY SO THAT PROGRESS IN ACHIEVING A GLOBAL REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS CAN BE ASSESSED !/3)3 HAS SUGGESTED THAT THE KEY STRATEGY FOR ENGAGING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN MITIGATION EFFORTS SHOULD BE THROUGH AN EXPANSION OF ACCESS TO RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFlCIENT TECHNOLOGIES -ANY SMALL ISLAND COUNTRIES HAVE ALREADY ESTABLISHED RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGETS AND REQUIRE INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT TO TRANSLATE
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
"ANANA TREE 2AROTONGA #OOK )SLANDS 0HOTO CREDIT - * -ACE
THESE PLEDGES INTO REALITY &OR THESE COUNTRIES RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFlCIENT TECHNOLOGIES CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE REPLACEMENT OF EXPENSIVE IMPORTED FOSSIL FUELS BOTH REDUCING EMISSIONS AND FACILITATING ENERGY INDEPENDENCE
3OME OF THE ADAPTATION MEASURES THAT WILL BE THE MOST EFFECTIVE ARE RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE DO NOT REQUIRE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES AND CAN BE IMPLEMENTED IMMEDIATELY 4HESE INCLUDE
3EA LEVEL RISE WILL EXACERBATE INUNDATION EROSION AND OTHER COASTAL HAZARDS AND PUT AT RISK VITAL INFRASTRUCTURE SETTLEMENTS AND FACILITIES
° -EASURES TO ADDRESS PRESSURES ON FOOD SUPPLY THROUGH DROUGHT RESISTANT AND SALT RESISTANT CROPS
!DDRESSING ADAPTATION NEEDS #LIMATE CHANGE POSES SIGNIlCANT CHALLENGES TO THE GROWTH OF KEY ECONOMIC SECTORS OF ISLAND ECONOMIES INCLUDING TOURISM lSHERIES AND AGRICULTURE 3EA LEVEL RISE WILL EXACERBATE INUNDATION EROSION AND OTHER COASTAL HAZARDS AND PUT AT RISK VITAL INFRASTRUCTURE SETTLEMENTS AND FACILITIES THREATENING TO UNDERMINE THE OBJECTIVES ADDRESSED IN THE -AURITIUS 3TRATEGY ON THE 3USTAINABLE $EVELOPMENT OF 3MALL )SLAND 3TATES !S THE )0## 7ORKING 'ROUP HAS NOTED IN ITS CHAPTER ON SMALL ISLANDS IN THE #ARIBBEAN AND 0ACIlC ISLANDS MORE THAN PER CENT OF THE POPULATION LIVE WITHIN KILOMETRES OF THE SHORE )NTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS ROADS AND CAPITAL CITIES IN THE SMALL ISLANDS OF THE )NDIAN AND 0ACIlC /CEANS AND THE #ARIBBEAN ARE ALMOST WITHOUT EXCEPTION SITED ALONG THE COAST OR ON TINY CORAL ISLANDS
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
° -EASURES TO MANAGE WATER RESOURCES DURING PERIODS OF EXTREME DROUGHT
° "UFFERING OF COASTAL ZONES THROUGH MANGROVE SWAMP PLANTING AND REEF RESTORATION AND ° 4HE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL POLICIES WATER MANAGEMENT POLICIES LAND USE POLICIES AND RISK MANAGEMENT POLICIES THAT INTEGRATE THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE /THER MEASURES MAY BE MORE COSTLY INCLUDING THE CLIMATE PROOlNG OF INFRASTRUCTURE THE RELOCATION OF VULNERABLE COASTAL COMMUNITIES AND THE RELOCATION OF KEY INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN 3)$3
3OME OF THE ADAPTATION MEASURES THAT WILL BE THE MOST EFFECTIVE ARE RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE DO NOT REQUIRE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES AND CAN BE IMPLEMENTED IMMEDIATELY $ELAYS IN IMPLEMENTING ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES WILL ONLY CAUSE THE COSTS OF ADAPTATION TO INCREASE 9ET WELL OVER A DECADE AFTER THE #ONVENTION S ENTRY INTO FORCE ADAPTATION FUNDING THROUGH THE #ONVENTION S lNANCIAL MECHANISM
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
IS VIRTUALLY NON EXISTENT AND PROCEDURES FOR ACCESSING THESE LIMITED FUNDS ARE EXCESSIVELY COMPLICATED 3MALL ISLAND COUNTRIES SEEK AN EXPANSION OF EXISTING FUNDING FOR ADAPTATION THE IDENTIlCATION OF NEW AND INNOVATIVE SOURCES OF FUNDING AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL AND EASIER ACCESS TO THESE FUNDS BY VULNERABLE COUNTRIES )N $IALOGUE 7ORKING 0APER !/3)3 PROPOSES THAT MORE SUBSTANTIAL FUNDING MIGHT BE ACHIEVED BY LINKING ADAPTATION FUNDING TO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 5SING AS A BASE YEAR DEVELOPED COUNTRY PARTIES COULD BE REQUIRED TO CONTRIBUTE TO A #ONVENTION !DAPTATION &UND USING A FORMULA COMPRISING TWO COMPONENTS ° 4HE LEVEL OF A COUNTRY S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REmECTING RESPONSIBILITY AND
EXTREME EVENTS WHERE EVEN SUBSIDISED INSURANCE MECHANISMS ARE NOT FEASIBLE 0AYOUTS COULD USE AGREED TRIGGERS BASED ON WIND SPEED mOOD LEVELS A DROUGHT INDEX OR SEA LEVEL RISE 4HE #ARIBBEAN #ATASTROPHE 2ISK )NSURANCE &ACILITY ##2)& WAS HIGHLIGHTED AS A PROMISING INITIATIVE AND ONE THAT COULD BE EXPANDED AND EXTENDED TO ALL 3)$3 REGIONS 4HE ##2)& USES A PORTION OF DONOR FUNDED CAPITAL RESERVES TO ASSIST IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INSURANCE FACILITY THAT ASSISTS COUNTRIES IN POOLING THEIR RISK AND REDUCING INSURANCE COSTS #ONSIDERATION COULD BE GIVEN TO MEANS OF SUBSIDISING THE CLIMATE RELATED RISK PORTION OF THIS COVERAGE WHICH WILL INCREASE OVER TIME
° ! '$0 INDEX REmECTING ABILITY TO PAY
#OLLECTIVE LOSS SHARING MECHANISMS AND INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY FUNDS CAN ASSIST IN ADDRESSING HIGH IMPACT EXTREME EVENTS WHERE EVEN SUBSIDISED INSURANCE MECHANISMS ARE NOT FEASIBLE
4HE CREATION OF A #ONVENTION !DAPTATION &UND ON THIS BASIS COULD IMPLEMENT THE POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE AND THE PRINCIPLE OF COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITIES AND RESPECTIVE CAPABILITIES n AND COMPLEMENT THE +YOTO 0ROTOCOL S !DAPTATION &UND
2ISK MANAGEMENT INSURANCE !RTICLE OF THE #ONVENTION REQUIRES ALL PARTIES TO CONSIDER WHAT INSURANCE RELATED ACTIONS MIGHT BE NECESSARY UNDER THE #ONVENTION TO MEET THE SPECIlC NEEDS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARISING FROM THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE n AND ESPECIALLY THE NEEDS OF SMALL ISLAND STATES !/3)3 HAS LONG IDENTIlED INSURANCE RELATED ACTIONS AS ESSENTIAL FOR ADDRESSING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND INCREASINGLY FREQUENT AND SEVERE EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS 4HE NEED FOR AN INTERNATIONAL INSURANCE MECHANISM TO HELP SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES MANAGE CLIMATE RELATED RISK AND BUILD RISK RESILIENT ECONOMIES WAS HIGHLIGHTED AT THE %XPERT -EETING FOR 3)$3 ON !DAPTATION HELD IN TWO PARTS IN *AMAICA AND THE #OOK )SLANDS IN &EBRUARY )N THE S THE DIRECT COST OF EXTREME EVENTS IN 0ACIlC ISLANDS IS ESTIMATED TO HAVE EXCEEDED 53 BILLION CAUSING LOSSES THAT EXCEEDED THE '$0 OF SOME INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES #YCLONE (ETA IN EARLY CAUSED DAMAGE TO .IUE THAT EXCEEDED YEARS WORTH OF THE COUNTRY S ANNUAL EXPORT VALUE 4HE COST OF RECOVERY EXCEEDED TIMES THE COUNTRY S '$0 )N THE #ARIBBEAN (URRICANE )VAN IN DAMAGED PER CENT OF 'RENADA S HOUSING STOCK AND LEFT PER CENT HOMELESS
!/3)3 HAS LONG IDENTIlED INSURANCE RELATED ACTIONS AS ESSENTIAL FOR THE ADDRESSING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND INCREASINGLY FREQUENT AND SEVERE EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS )N ITS SUBMISSION TO THE $IALOGUE !/3)3 NOTED THAT COLLECTIVE LOSS SHARING MECHANISMS AND INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY FUNDS CAN ASSIST IN ADDRESSING HIGH IMPACT
! SMALL WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY 4HERE IS A SMALL WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY TO PREVENT RUNAWAY CLIMATE CHANGE )N "ALI SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES WILL PRESS FOR AGREEMENT ON A PROCESS LEADING TO AMBITIOUS GLOBAL EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS NEW INCENTIVES TO BRING ALL MAJOR EMITTING COUNTRIES ON BOARD IN REDUCING THEIR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND NEW TOOLS AND INNOVATIVE lNANCING FOR ADAPTATION MEASURES FOR COUNTRIES VULNERABLE TO THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
- * -ACE HEADS THE #LIMATE #HANGE AND %NERGY 0ROGRAMME AT THE &OUNDATION FOR )NTERNATIONAL %NVIRONMENTAL ,AW AND $EVELOPMENT &)%,$ &)%,$ IS A ,ONDON BASED CHARITY COMPRISED OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAWYERS COMMITTED TO THE PROMOTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH LAW &)%,$ HAS PROVIDED SUPPORT TO !/3)3 IN THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS FOR MANY YEARS &)%,$ %NDSLEIGH 3TREET ,ONDON 7# ( $$ 5+ 4EL &AX %MAIL lELD lELD ORG UK 7EBSITE WWW lELD ORG UK
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
%DWIN #ARRINGTON 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL #!2)#/-
#LIMATE CHANGE CHARTING A #ARIBBEAN RESPONSE 4HIS YEAR MAY VERY WELL BE REGARDED AS A WATERSHED FOR THE PROPULSION OF THE CLIMATE CHANGE PREDICAMENT INTO GLOBAL CONSCIOUSNESS AT ALL LEVELS OF HUMAN ENDEAVOUR FROM THE INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDS COMMUNITIES NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEVELS AND ULTIMATELY TO THE CORRIDORS OF POWER 7E HAVE WITNESSED THE INCREASED VISIBILITY OF CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES IN THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS AND IN PRONOUNCEMENTS OF THE LEADERS OF SOME OF THE MOST INmUENTIAL GOVERNMENTS THE ' AND LATTERLY AND ENCOURAGINGLY EVEN THE 53! )N THIS ARTICLE THE AUTHOR OUTLINES THE CHALLENGES FACING MEMBERS OF THE #ARIBBEAN #OMMUNITY #!2)#/- AND CALLS FOR A MORE COMMITTED INTERNATIONAL APPROACH TO BOTH MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION 4WO SIGNIlCANT DEVELOPMENTS MAY HAVE TRIGGERED AN EXPLOSION OF INTEREST AND CONCERN ABOUT THE CLIMATE CHANGE PROBLEM n A BOILING POT THAT HAS UNTIL NOW BEEN BUILDING UP PRESSURE ON THE BACK BURNERS OF INTERNATIONAL AGENDA SETTERS 4HE lRST IS THE PUBLICATION OF THE 3TERN 2EPORT AND THE OTHER THE PUBLICATION OF THE REPORTS OF 7ORKING 'ROUPS FOR THE &OURTH !SSESSMENT 2EPORT &!2 OF THE )NTERGOVERNMENTAL 0ANEL ON #LIMATE #HANGE )0## )N ADDITION THE CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUE WAS CATAPULTED INTO PUBLIC INTEREST BY THE PUBLICATION OF !L 'ORE S EXCELLENT EXPOSITION !N INCONVENIENT TRUTH WHICH WAS LATER TRANSFORMED INTO AN /SCAR WINNING DOCUMENTARY 7ITNESS TOO THE GROUND SURGE OF ACTIVITY IN THE 53 #ONGRESS AND IN STATES LIKE #ALIFORNIA AND .EW 9ORK AND THE ACTIVE ROLE OF A COALITION OF !MERICAN CITY MAYORS TO REDUCE THEIR CARBON FOOTPRINT 4HEY OF COURSE VIEW THIS PROBLEM THROUGH THE EYES OF @STEWARDS OF THE EARTH 7ITNESS ALSO THE CONSTANT REPORTS OF DEVASTATING mOODS WILDlRES AND STORMS FROM ALL CORNERS OF THE EARTH AND SURPRISINGLY A TYPHOON IN THE !RABIAN 'ULF !LL OF THESE HAVE COLLECTIVELY SERVED TO PLACE CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE AGENDA OF A MUCH WIDER CONSTITUENCY 4HIS INCREASED VISIBILITY REACHED ITS ZENITH RECENTLY WHEN THE ISSUE OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL SECURITY WAS DISCUSSED AT A SPECIAL MEETING OF THE 5NITED .ATIONS 3ECURITY #OUNCIL 4HE 3TERN 2EPORT WAS COMMISSIONED BY THE 5+ 'OVERNMENT TO ASSESS THE ECONOMICS OF MOVING TO A
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
LOW CARBON GLOBAL ECONOMY )T IS THE lRST COMPREHENSIVE ATTEMPT TO PUT MONETARY VALUES TO ACTIONS NEEDED FOR COUNTRIES TO BOTH REDUCE THE LEVEL OF THEIR GREENHOUSE GAS '(' EMISSIONS MITIGATION AND TO DECREASE THEIR VULNERABILITY TO THE PROJECTED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 4HE REPORT CALLS FOR IMMEDIATE ACTION TO DEAL WITH THESE ISSUES EMPHASISES THAT ANY DELAY WILL INCUR SIGNIlCANT INCREASES IN THE COSTS OF RESPONDING AND WARNS THAT ACTION TAKEN IN NEXT OR YEARS CAN HAVE A PROFOUND EFFECT ON CLIMATE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THIS CENTURY AND THE NEXT 4HE REPORT OBSERVES THAT RESPONSE WILL REQUIRE AMONG OTHER THINGS THE PROMOTION OF ADAPTATION n PARTICULARLY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES !CCORDING TO THE )0## &OURTH !SSESSMENT 2EPORT WARMING OF THE CLIMATE SYSTEM IS UNEQUIVOCAL AS IS NOW EVIDENT FROM OBSERVATIONS OF INCREASES IN GLOBAL AVERAGE AIR AND OCEAN TEMPERATURES WIDESPREAD MELTING OF SNOW AND ICE AND RISING GLOBAL MEAN SEA LEVEL &OR THE NEXT TWO DECADES A WARMING OF ABOUT # PER DECADE IS PROJECTED FOR A RANGE OF '(' EMISSION SCENARIOS
4HE CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE FOR THE #!2)#/- REGION 4HE INTERLOCKING EFFECTS OF ECONOMY AND ECOLOGY ARE PARTICULARLY EVIDENT IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE #ARIBBEAN REGION 0RODUCTIVE SECTORS FOR MOST OF THE COUNTRIES IN THE REGION INVOLVE THE DIRECT EXPLOITATION OF THE COUNTRIES NATURAL RESOURCES AND ARE CONCENTRATED ALONG THE COASTLINES $EGRADATION OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES WOULD GREATLY REDUCE THE COUNTRIES PROSPECTS FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 4OURISM DEVELOPMENT FOR EXAMPLE REQUIRES INFRASTRUCTURE WHICH MAY CAUSE THE DEGRADATION OF CERTAIN NATURAL WEALTH 3IMILARLY LAND CULTIVATION FOR AGRICULTURE SOMETIMES ENCROACHES ON FORESTED LANDS AND OFTEN REQUIRES THE USE OF AGROCHEMICALS THAT CAN CONTAMINATE DOMESTIC WATER RESOURCES !T THE SAME TIME IRRIGATION FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND OFTEN DEPENDS ON THE PROTECTION OF WATER CATCHMENT AREAS 4HE COUNTRIES OF THE #!2)#/- ARE EITHER SMALL ISLANDS OR HAVE LOW LYING COASTLINES MOST OF THEM ARE THEREFORE PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TO THE HAZARDS AND PROBLEMS FACING SMALL STATES
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
)N THE #ARIBBEAN MORE THAN HALF OF THE POPULATION LIVES WITHIN KM OF THE SHORELINE )N LOCATIONS SUCH AS THE NORTH COAST OF *AMAICA AND THE WEST AND SOUTH COASTS OF "ARBADOS CONTINUOUS CORRIDORS OF DEVELOPMENT OCCUPY PRACTICALLY ALL OF THE PRIME COASTAL LANDS /THER FACILITIES SUCH AS lSHING VILLAGES GOVERNMENT OFlCES HOSPITALS AND CRITICAL UTILITIES ARE FREQUENTLY LOCATED CLOSE TO THE SHORE #HANGES IN SEA LEVEL AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF STORM EVENTS ARE LIKELY TO HAVE SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES FOR THESE SETTLEMENTS AND INFRASTRUCTURE !LMOST WITHOUT EXCEPTION INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS ARE SITED ON OR WITHIN A FEW KILOMETRES OF THE COAST 3IMILARLY THE MAIN ROAD ARTERIES OFTEN PARALLEL THE COAST 7ITH PROJECTED SEA LEVEL RISE MUCH OF THIS INFRASTRUCTURE WOULD BE AT RISK FROM mOODING AND PHYSICAL DAMAGE ALTHOUGH THE DEGREE OF RISK WILL OBVIOUSLY VARY FROM COUNTRY TO COUNTRY 4HE THREAT FROM SEA LEVEL RISE TO INFRASTRUCTURE IS AMPLIlED WITH THE PASSAGE OF TROPICAL CYCLONES HURRICANES )N THE #ARIBBEAN DAMAGE TO COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE FROM STORM SURGE ALONE IS OFTEN SIGNIlCANT )N .OVEMBER SURGE DAMAGE IN 3T ,UCIA ASSOCIATED WITH (URRICANE ,ENNY EXCEEDED 53 MILLION n ALTHOUGH THE STORM WAS MANY KILOMETRES OFFSHORE -ANY ISLANDS IN THE #ARIBBEAN ARE LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE INCREASED WATER STRESS AS A RESULT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND IN SOME INSTANCES AS IN THE CASE OF THE "AHAMAS !NTIGUA AND "ARBUDA AND "ARBADOS HAVE BEGUN TO INVEST IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION STRATEGIES INCLUDING DESALINATION AND RAINWATER HARVESTING TO OFFSET CURRENT AND PROJECTED WATER SHORTAGES 3EAWATER WARMING AND DEGRADATION OF COASTAL HABITATS MANGROVES CORAL REEFS CAN LEAD TO A DECIMATION OF THE lSH STOCKS WITH DIRE CONSEQUENCES FOR LIVELIHOODS AND THE FOOD SECURITY OF THE REGION #HANGING WEATHER PATTERNS AND SOIL AND AQUIFER SALINISATION ARE FURTHER THREATS TO THE LATTER )N 'UYANA THEY ARE ALREADY EXPLORING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SALT TOLERANT VARIETIES OF RICE TO COPE WITH BOTH ESTUARINE AND SOIL SALINISATION 4OURISM IS A MAJOR ECONOMIC SECTOR IN MANY ISLANDS AND THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE WILL BE BOTH DIRECT AND INDIRECT 3EA LEVEL RISE AND INCREASED OCEAN TEMPERATURE ARE PROJECTED TO ACCELERATE BEACH EROSION CAUSE DEGRADATION OF CORAL REEFS INCLUDING BLEACHING AND DEGRADE THE OVERALL ASSET VALUE OF THE COAST 3UCH IMPACTS WILL IN TURN REDUCE THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF THESE DESTINATIONS FOR COASTAL TOURISM )N ADDITION MORE INTENSE HURRICANES WILL DESTROY TOURISM PLANT AND INFRASTRUCTURE CREATING INSURMOUNTABLE DIFlCULTIES FOR THE SECTOR ESPECIALLY IN THE PERVADING INSURANCE ENVIRONMENT IN THE REGION -OST INSURANCE RATES IN THE REGION ARE INFORMED BY CONDITIONS THAT PREVAIL IN SOUTHERN 53! AS MOST OF THE INSURED RISKS ARE TRANSFERRED TO OUTSIDE INSURERS THROUGH THE REINSURANCE SYSTEM &OR MANY IN THE REGION THESE RATES ARE UNAFFORDABLE LEADING TO A SITUATION WHERE SEVERAL PROPERTIES AND VITAL INFRASTRUCTURE ARE EITHER UNDER INSURED OR NOT INSURED AT ALL 4HIS EXPOSURE OF VITAL TOURISM PLANT PUTS THE SECTOR AT GREAT RISK AND URGENT STEPS NEED TO BE TAKEN TO ADDRESS THIS 4HE #!2)#/- 3ECRETARIAT IS WORKING CLOSELY WITH THE #ARIBBEAN $ISASTER %MERGENCY 2ESPONSE !GENCY #$%2! ON A COMPREHENSIVE DISASTER MANAGEMENT
STRATEGY THAT INTEGRATES THE MANAGEMENT OF ALL NATURAL AND HUMAN INDUCED HAZARDS INCLUDING PREVENTION PREPAREDNESS MITIGATION RESPONSE RECOVERY AND RESTORATION )N ADDITION THE RECENTLY ESTABLISHED #ARIBBEAN #ATASTROPHE 2ISK )NSURANCE &ACILITY UNDER THE COORDINATION OF THE 7ORLD "ANK n TO PROVIDE #!2)#/- MEMBER STATES WITH INDEX BASED INSURANCE AGAINST GOVERNMENT LOSSES CAUSED BY NATURAL DISASTERS n IS A WELCOME STEP IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION BUT NEEDS TO BE EXPANDED AND SUPPLEMENTED WITH OTHER INSURANCE INSTRUMENTS SUCH AS CATASTROPHE BONDS PARAMETRIC INSURANCE AND WEATHER DERIVATIVES TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE PROTECTION TO ALL LEVELS OF THE REGIONAL POPULATION AND ESPECIALLY FOR THE POOR AND VULNERABLE SECTIONS OF THE COMMUNITY 4HE 7ORKING 'ROUP REPORT ALSO EMPHASISES THE NEED FOR ADAPTATION MEASURES TO BE IMPLEMENTED IN COUNTRIES SUCH AS THOSE IN THE REGION BUT RECOGNISES THAT A LACK OF IN COUNTRY ADAPTIVE CAPACITY IS A COMMON CONSTRAINT TO ADAPTATION AND UNDERLINES THE FACT ALSO CONlRMED IN THE 3TERN REPORT THAT IN MOST CASES THE COSTS OF ADAPTING AND IMPLEMENTING ADAPTATION OPTIONS ARE PROHIBITIVE AND WILL REQUIRE lNANCIAL RESOURCES THAT ARE GENERALLY NOT AVAILABLE TO GOVERNMENTS 4HE REPORT RECOMMENDS THAT TO OVERCOME THIS DElCIENCY OF HUMAN AND lNANCIAL RESOURCES ADAPTIVE CAPACITY IN SMALL STATES WILL NEED TO BE BUILT UP IN FOUR IMPORTANT AREAS HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING RESEARCH AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS AND EDUCATION !S POINTED OUT LATER IN THIS ARTICLE THE #!2)#/- COUNTRIES HAVE FOR SOME TIME NOW EMBARKED ON BOLD MOVES TO ADDRESS CAPACITY BUILDING IN THESE KEY AREAS
4HE #ARIBBEAN COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE -OST OF OUR EFFORTS IN THE #ARIBBEAN TO DATE HAVE BEEN DIRECTED AT BUILDING NATIONAL AND REGIONAL CAPACITY FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE 4HE REGION HAS BEEN IMPLEMENTING A SUCCESSION OF PROJECTS THE #ARIBBEAN 0LANNING FOR !DAPTATION TO #LIMATE #HANGE #0!## PROJECT THE -AINSTREAMING OF !DAPTATION TO #LIMATE #HANGE -!## PROJECT BOTH FUNDED BY THE 'LOBAL %NVIRONMENT &ACILITY '%& AND THE !DAPTATION TO #LIMATE #HANGE IN THE #ARIBBEAN !### PROJECT WHICH WAS FUNDED BY THE #ANADIAN )NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT !GENCY #)$! !LL OF THESE PROJECTS WERE DESIGNED TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ON THE FUTURE RISKS WHICH THE REGION WILL BE EXPOSED TO AS A RESULT OF CLIMATE CHANGE THE EXTENT OF THE IMPACTS OF SUCH RISKS ON OUR HUMAN INSTITUTIONAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEMS HOW THESE IMPACTS COULD BE REDUCED ADAPTATION THE COSTS OF SUCH ACTIONS AND THE EVENTUAL IDENTIlCATION OF THE BEST OPTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION 2ECENTLY THE REGION WAS SUCCESSFUL IN GETTING APPROVAL FOR ANOTHER '%& FUNDED PROJECT THE 3PECIAL 0ROJECT ON !DAPTATION TO #LIMATE #HANGE 30!## 4HIS PROJECT WOULD ADVANCE THE WORK IN THE REGION IN THAT IT WILL SUPPORT THE IDENTIlCATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION OPTIONS IN THE THREE PILOT COUNTRIES OF 3T ,UCIA 3T 6INCENT AND THE 'RENADINES AND $OMINICA $URING THE COURSE OF IMPLEMENTATION
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
%FFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE )N THE 7ORKING 'ROUP REPORT ON )MPACTS AND !DAPTATION #HAPTER IS DEVOTED TO SMALL ISLANDS 4HE REPORT EMPHASISES THAT SMALL ISLANDS WHETHER LOCATED IN THE TROPICS OR HIGHER LATITUDES HAVE CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS n SUCH AS LIMITED SIZE PRONENESS TO NATURAL HAZARDS AND EXTERNAL SHOCKS n WHICH MAKE THEM ESPECIALLY VULNERABLE TO THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE SEA LEVEL RISE AND EXTREME EVENTS 3EA LEVEL RISE WILL EXACERBATE INUNDATION EROSION AND OTHER COASTAL HAZARDS THREATENING VITAL INFRASTRUCTURE SETTLEMENTS AND FACILITIES THAT ARE PREDOMINANTLY SITUATED ALONG THE COAST 3EA LEVEL RISE WILL ALSO IMPACT NEGATIVELY ON COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS SUCH AS CORAL REEFS AND MANGROVE FORESTS AND COMMERCIAL AND ARTISANAL l SHERIES WHICH ARE BASED ON THOSE SYSTEMS 7E ARE ALREADY EXPERIENCING THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF SOME OF THESE IMPACTS ° %LEVATED SEAWATER TEMPERATURES HAVE TRIGGERED WIDESPREAD BLEACHING OF CORAL REEFS IN THE REGION AND IS BELIEVED TO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE INCREASED INTENSITY OF RECENT HURRICANES ° $URING THE PERIOD HURRICANES HAVE HAD A DEVASTATING EFFECT ON THE #ARIBBEAN (URRICANE $AVID HIT $OMINICA IN WITH WINDS EXCEEDING MPH KILLING PEOPLE DAMAGING PER CENT AND DESTROYING PER CENT OF BUILDINGS DESTROYING THE COUNTRY S BANANA CROP AND PER CENT OF THE FORESTS 3IMILARLY HURRICANE )VAN WREAKED HAVOC WITH THE ECONOMY OF 'RENADA WITH AN ESTIMATED LOSS OF PER CENT OF THE COUNTRY S '$0 .UTMEG 'RENADA S MOST IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL CROP WAS DEVASTATED IN A MERE FEW HOURS BY HURRICANE )VAN AND SINCE THE PLANT DOES NOT REACH COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION STATUS UNDER SEVEN OR EIGHT YEARS 'RENADA WILL EARN NO FOREIGN EXCHANGE FROM THIS SOURCE FOR ALMOST A DECADE #ONSEQUENTLY THESE COUNTRIES 'ROSS $OMESTIC 0RODUCT '$0 DECLINED CENTRAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ROSE AND l SCAL DEl CIT INCREASED ° 4HE )-& HAS INDICATED THAT IN THE %ASTERN #ARIBBEAN THE AVERAGE ANNUAL DAMAGE FROM NATURAL DISASTERS OVER THE PERIOD WAS ABOUT PER CENT OF THE '$0 OF THOSE ISLANDS COMPARED TO A WORLDWIDE AVERAGE OF PER CENT ° 2ECENTLY (URRICANE $EAN MADE LANDFALL ON THE -EXICAN COAST .ORTH OF "ELIZE AS A #ATEGORY HURRICANE !LTHOUGH "ELIZE DID NOT SUFFER A DIRECT HIT FROM THIS STORM IT COMPLETELY DESTROYED THE COUNTRY S PAPAYA CROP INm ICTING DAMAGES TO THE EXTENT OF 53 MILLION TO THEIR EXPORT EARNINGS )N ADDITION TO THIS THERE WAS WIDESPREAD DAMAGE TO HOUSING WITH THE CONSEQUENT DISPLACEMENT OF RESIDENTS ° 7ITH INCREASING FREQUENCY COUNTRIES IN THE REGION ARE FACING SITUATIONS IN WHICH SCARCE RESOURCES THAT WERE EARMARKED FOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES HAVE TO BE DIVERTED TO RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION FOLLOWING DISASTERS
OF THESE PROJECTS CAPACITY IN SEVERAL RELEVANT AREAS FOR ADAPTATION HAS BEEN BUILDING UP IN THE REGION !T THE INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL WE HAVE SEEN THE ESTABLISHMENT AND FUNCTIONING OF A 2EGIONAL #LIMATE #HANGE #ENTER WHICH BECAME OPERATIONAL IN *ANUARY 4HE LINK BETWEEN ACCESS AND USE OF MODERN ENERGY SERVICES AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IS VERY STRONG 4HE )0## AND THE 3TERN REPORTS HAVE UNDERSCORED THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF THE ENERGY SECTOR IN THE TRANSFORMATION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY AND THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN EMERGING ECONOMIES !CCESS AND SECURITY OF ENERGY SUPPLY HELPS TO PROMOTE BETTER QUALITY EDUCATION BETTER QUALITY HEALTH SERVICES INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCED COMPETITIVENESS AND HIGHER LEVELS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH -ANY COUNTRIES IN THE #ARIBBEAN #OMMUNITY ARE HIGHLY DEPENDENT ON IMPORTED FOSSIL FUELS FOR ENERGY SUPPLIES )N #!2)#/- THESE IMPORTS CONSUME A SIGNIl CANT PERCENTAGE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNINGS )N ADDITION THE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS CONTRIBUTES DIRECTLY TO THE DEGRADATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH POLLUTION AND INCREASED EMISSIONS )N THE #ARIBBEAN #OMMUNITY THE POTENTIAL TO HARNESS AND DEVELOP RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES SUCH AS BIOMASS HYDRO OCEAN SOLAR AND WIND AND FOR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IS VAST 3OME #!2)#/- MEMBER STATES HAVE MADE INNOVATIVE USE OF SOLAR AND WIND POWER AGRICULTURAL BY PRODUCTS AND HYDRO POWER SOURCES )N THE AREA OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SEVERAL ADVANCES WERE MADE IN 4HE #ARIBBEAN 2ENEWABLE %NERGY
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
$EVELOPMENT 0ROGRAMME #2%$0 l NANCED BY THE '%& AND EXECUTED BY THE #!2)#/- 3ECRETARIAT IS A PART OF THE #OMMUNITY S 2EGIONAL %NERGY )NITIATIVE SPEARHEADED THE DRAFTING OF MODEL .ATIONAL %NERGY 0OLICY &RAMEWORKS IN WHICH THERE IS A CHAPTER ON RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR CONSIDERATION BY MEMBER STATES )N THE AREA OF RENEWABLE ENERGY l NANCING THE PROJECT HAS DEVELOPED TO ADDRESS THE HIGH TRANSACTION COSTS AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE COMMERCIALISATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY NAMELY THE #ARIBBEAN 2ENEWABLE %NERGY 4ECHNICAL !SSISTANCE &ACILITY #2%4!& WHICH IS NOW ACCEPTING APPLICATIONS FOR FUNDING )N ADDITION THE #!2)#/- 3ECRETARIAT HAS DESIGNED A 3USTAINABLE %NERGY 0ROGRAMME 4HIS PROGRAMME WOULD ADDRESS NOT ONLY RENEWABLE ENERGY BUT ALSO ENERGY EFl CIENCY ENERGY CONSERVATION BIOFUELS CARBON l NANCE TRADE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY DATABASE FOR DECISION MAKING AND MOST IMPORTANTLY PARTNERSHIPS FOR RESOURCES MOBILISATION 4HE PROGRAMME WOULD ALSO PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WORK OF THE #!2)#/- 4ASK &ORCE ON 2EGIONAL %NERGY 0OLICY AS WELL AS INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT TO #2%4!& AND #2%& WHICH WILL SUPERSEDE #2%$0 AFTER !PRIL 4HE #!2)#/- 4ASK &ORCE ON %NERGY IN PREPARED A $RAFT #!2)#/- %NERGY 0OLICY WHICH WAS PRESENTED TO THE )NTER 3ESSIONAL -EETING OF THE (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT IN &EBRUARY 7ORK CONTINUES ON THE POLICY DOCUMENT WITH A VIEW TO INCLUSION OF A NUMBER OF EMERGING ISSUES &URTHER CONSIDERATION OF THE $RAFT
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
0OLICY WILL BE FACILITATED AT THE 3PECIAL #OUNCIL FOR 4RADE AND %CONOMIC $EVELOPMENT #/4%$ -EETING ON %NERGY 4HE OUTCOME OF THE 3PECIAL #/4%$ WOULD BE SUBMITTED TO THE #ONFERENCE OF (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT WHICH WOULD AMONG OTHER THINGS ENDORSE THE REGION S APPROACH TO ENERGY (OWEVER ACTIONS ON THESE INITIATIVES ARE CONSTRAINED BY ACCESS TO lNANCIAL RESOURCES
4OWARDS THE FUTURE 4HE +YOTO 0ROTOCOL RATIlED IN WAS THE lRST GLOBAL AGREEMENT TO STIPULATE MANDATORY CUTS OF '('S FOR DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 4HE PROTOCOL CALLS ON COUNTRIES WHICH HAVE RATIlED IT TO CUT THEIR '(' EMISSIONS BY PER CENT OF THEIR EMISSIONS AND THIS BETWEEN THE YEARS OF AND %VEN WITH THE VERY MODEST REQUIREMENT FOR COMPLIANCE THE 53! AND !USTRALIA DID NOT RATIFY THE PROTOCOL 4HE GLOBAL COMMUNITY IS PREPARING TO ENTER INTO NEGOTIATIONS FOR A SUCCESSOR TREATY TO +YOTO %ARLIER THIS YEAR THE 53! INDICATED THAT THEY WOULD PARTICIPATE IN THE DEBATE #HINA )NDIA "RAZIL AND OTHER LARGE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WITH RAPIDLY INCREASING '(' BUDGETS SEEM GEARED TO AGREE TO VOLUNTARY CAPS ON THEIR EMISSIONS !T THE MOMENT IT DOES SEEM THAT A '(' EMISSIONS REDUCTION REGIME THAT WILL RESULT IN ABOUT A # RISE IN GLOBAL TEMPERATURES WILL BE AGREED TO !S A REGION WE NEED TO BE ACTIVELY ENGAGED IN THESE NEGOTIATIONS /UR POSITION SHOULD BE DElNED BY THE FACT THAT WE ARE lNDING IT INCREASINGLY DIFlCULT TO COPE WITH PRESENT DAY CLIMATE MUCH LESS WITH THAT IN A WORLD THAT IS # WARMER -OREOVER WHATEVER REGIME IS AGREED TO WE SHOULD ALSO PRESS FOR A SIGNIlCANT INCREASE OF RESOURCES FOR ADAPTATION 4HESE SHOULD BE THE PILLARS OF OUR STRATEGY FOR THE UPCOMING DEBATE AGGRESSIVE MITIGATION BY MAJOR POLLUTERS WITH SEVERE ENFORCEABLE PENALTIES FOR NON COMPLIANCE AND SUBSTANTIAL FUNDING TO BUILD ADAPTIVE CAPACITY AND TO IMPLEMENT ADAPTATION OPTIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ESPECIALLY IN THE SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING AND LOW LYING COASTAL STATES IN THE #ARIBBEAN !T THE SAME TIME THE REGION SHOULD SEIZE THE OPPORTUNITY UNDER THE +YOTO 0ROTOCOL TO CONTINUE TO REFORM ITS ENERGY SECTOR THROUGH THE USE OF THE #LEAN $EVELOPMENT -ECHANISM #$- ONE OF THE ENABLING MECHANISMS UNDER THE PROTOCOL 5SING THE #$- THE REGION CAN ATTRACT SIGNIlCANT INVESTMENTS IN ACTIVITIES IN ENERGY EFlCIENCY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOLAR WIND GEOTHERMAL BIOMASS BAGASSE RICE HUSKS WOOD WASTE LANDlLL GAS AND BIOFUELS )T IS AN OPPORTUNITY NOT ONLY TO GREEN THE REGION S ENERGY SECTOR BUT ALSO TO PROVIDE FOR THE MORE EFlCIENT PRODUCTION AND USE OF ENERGY AND ULTIMATELY FOR OUR ENERGY SECURITY %THANOL AS A BIOFUEL OFFERS PROMISING PROSPECTS FOR THE REVIVAL OF THE SUGAR CANE INDUSTRY IN THE REGION ,ARGE PRODUCERS LIKE #UBA 'UYANA "ELIZE AND THE $OMINICAN 2EPUBLIC MIGHT TARGET THE EVER EXPANDING MARKET FOR BIOFUELS IN THE 53! AND #ANADA 3MALLER PRODUCERS CAN REPLACE UP TO PER CENT OF THEIR PETROL CONSUMPTION WITH ETHANOL IN A BLENDED FUEL AND SAVE VALUABLE FOREIGN EXCHANGE WHILE PROVIDING LOCAL EMPLOYMENT !S WE EMBARK ON GLOBAL NEGOTIATIONS TO AGREE ON A POST +YOTO MITIGATION REGIME WE IN THE #ARIBBEAN
WOULD EXPECT DEVELOPED COUNTRIES TO AGREE TO AN AGGRESSIVE MITIGATION REGIME THAT WOULD STABILISE GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AT A LEVEL THAT WILL RESULT IN A LESS THAN # RISE IN AVERAGE GLOBAL TEMPERATURES 4O ACHIEVE THIS THE RECENT ' TARGET OF A REDUCTION OF PER CENT AND POSSIBLY PER CENT BY AND PER CENT BY COMPARED TO LEVELS THOUGH COMMENDABLE OFFERS NO COMFORT FOR #ARIBBEAN STATES THE INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES NEED TO ASPIRE TO HIGHER MITIGATION TARGETS IN THAT TIME PERIOD %QUALLY WE EXPECT ALL COUNTRIES TO BE PARTY TO GLOBAL MITIGATION INITIATIVES AND THAT COUNTRIES WITH RAPIDLY EMERGING ECONOMIES WILL BE SUPPORTED TO ENSURE THAT THEIR DEVELOPMENT PATHWAY IS SUSTAINABLE WITH A MINIMAL CARBON FOOTPRINT &OR #ARIBBEAN STATES GIVEN THE INEVITABILITY OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON THE REGION ADAPTATION IS AN IMPERATIVE /NE OUTCOME OF THE ENSUING NEGOTIATIONS MUST BE A REALISATION OF A SIGNIlCANT INCREASE IN NEW RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR ADAPTATION &INALLY THE #OMMONWEALTH FAMILY OF NATIONS HAS A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF ITS DIVERSE MEMBERSHIP REmECTING EVERY INTEREST GROUP IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE DEBATE TO CHART A COURSE FOR AN EFFECTIVE GLOBAL RESPONSE TO THE CHALLENGE WE NOW FACE 4HE #OMMONWEALTH FAMILY WITH ' !NNEX AND LARGE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 3)$3 AND ,$#S AMONG ITS MEMBERSHIP CAN TAKE SOME BOLD COLLECTIVE MEASURES TO DEMONSTRATE TO THE REST OF THE WORLD THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO FORGE NEW PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN ALL NATIONS RICH AND POOR TO MEET THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
%DWIN 7ILBERFORCE #ARRINGTON A NATIONAL OF 4RINIDAD AND 4OBAGO IS THE CURRENT 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL OF THE #ARIBBEAN #OMMUNITY (E HAS HELD THAT POSITION SINCE !UGUST MAKING HIM THE LONGEST SERVING 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL OF THE #ARIBBEAN #OMMUNITY (IS DISTINGUISHED CAREER IN $IPLOMACY AND $EVELOPMENT SAW HIM SERVE AS $EPUTY 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL AND IMMEDIATELY THEREAFTER AS 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL OF THE !FRICAN #ARIBBEAN AND 0ACIlC 'ROUP OF 3TATES !#0 n THE ONLY #ARIBBEAN NATIONAL TO HAVE HELD THAT POSITION TO DATE )N ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF HIS OUTSTANDING SERVICE #ARRINGTON (ALL AT THE !#0 3ECRETARIAT "RUSSELS IS NAMED IN HIS HONOUR 4HE OBJECTIVES OF THE #ARIBBEAN #OMMUNITY #!2)#/- FORMERLY THE #ARIBBEAN &REE 4RADE !SSOCIATION ARE TO IMPROVE STANDARDS OF LIVING AND WORK THE FULL EMPLOYMENT OF LABOUR AND OTHER FACTORS OF PRODUCTION ACCELERATED COORDINATED AND SUSTAINED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CONVERGENCE EXPANSION OF TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH THIRD STATES ENHANCED LEVELS OF INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS ORGANISATION FOR INCREASED PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY AND ACHIEVEMENT OF A GREATER MEASURE OF ECONOMIC LEVERAGE #ARIBBEAN #OMMUNITY #!2)#/- 3ECRETARIAT 0/ "OX 'EORGETOWN 'UYANA 4EL %MAIL INFO CARICOM ORG
&AX 7EBSITE WWW CARICOM ORG
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
4HE (ON 'ARY ,UNN -INISTER OF .ATURAL 2ESOURCES FOR #ANADA
&ORESTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE NEW CHALLENGES TO SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT #LIMATE CHANGE IS ADDING NEW CHALLENGES TO SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN #ANADA AND AROUND THE WORLD /NE CHALLENGE IS DETERMINING HOW BEST TO INCREASE CARBON SEQUESTRATION OR REDUCE EMISSIONS IN THE FOREST AS PART OF CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION EFFORTS !NOTHER NEW CHALLENGE IS THE THREAT THAT CLIMATE CHANGE POSES FOR THE WELL BEING OF OUR FORESTS )TS IMPACTS ARE ALREADY STARTING TO BE FELT WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR TIMBER SUPPLY COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREST DEPENDENT COMMUNITIES "ALANCING THESE NEW CHALLENGES IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT IS BECOMING AN IMPORTANT ISSUE FOR #ANADA AND BOTH MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION ARE SUBJECTS OF ONGOING RESEARCH AND POLICY ASSESSMENT 4REES ARE MADE UP OF CARBON AND FORESTS REMOVE SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE ATMOSPHERE AND CONVERT IT INTO WOOD LEAVES AND ROOTS 7HEN TREES BURN OR DECOMPOSE THEY RELEASE CARBON DIOXIDE BACK INTO THE ATMOSPHERE 4HIS MEANS THAT WE NEED TO CONSIDER HOW WE MANAGE FORESTS WHEN TRYING TO DETERMINE HOW HUMANS ARE CONTRIBUTING TO GLOBAL WARMING AND WHAT WE CAN DO ABOUT IT !T THE SAME TIME THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FORESTS RAISE CRUCIAL QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW WE MIGHT BEST ADAPT TO IT )N #ANADA THE SIZE AND IMPORTANCE OF OUR FOREST MEANS THAT THERE IS PARTICULAR INTEREST IN THESE ISSUES
#ANADA S FORESTS #ANADA HAS AN ABUNDANCE OF NATURAL RESOURCES n INCLUDING VAST FORESTS THAT PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN OUR ECONOMY HISTORY CULTURE TRADITION AND LIFESTYLE #ANADA S FORESTS AND OTHER WOODED LAND COVER MILLION HECTARES OR PER CENT OF THE COUNTRY S LAND AREA ACROSS ECOZONES 4HESE FORESTS REPRESENT PER CENT OF THE WORLD S TOTAL FOREST COVER AND CONTAIN ABOUT PER CENT OF THE GLOBAL BOREAL FOREST AND MORE THAN PER CENT OF THE WORLD S TEMPERATE RAINFOREST 4HEY SUPPORT AN INDUSTRY THAT IS VITAL TO #ANADA S WELL BEING )N THE FOREST ECONOMY DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTED ABOUT THREE PER CENT OF THE COUNTRY S GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AND WAS WORTH # BILLION
IN SHIPMENTS MAKING #ANADA THE WORLD S LARGEST EXPORTER OF FOREST PRODUCTS WITH ABOUT PER CENT OF CURRENT TRADE 4HE FOREST SECTOR IN #ANADA EMPLOYS PEOPLE DIRECTLY AND ANOTHER IN INDIRECT AND INDUCED JOBS -ORE THAN RURAL AND REMOTE COMMUNITIES DEPEND ON IT FOR AT LEAST PER CENT OF THEIR INCOME
#LIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT (OW WE MANAGE #ANADA S FORESTS HAS CHANGED OVER TIME &ROM A FOCUS ON TIMBER MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNITY STABILITY FOREST MANAGEMENT HAS EVOLVED TO COVER A RANGE OF ISSUES THAT INCLUDE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY WATER QUALITY AND RECREATIONAL USES /UR GOVERNMENT AND ITS PROVINCES AND TERRITORIES HAVE SUCCESSFULLY RESPONDED IN A NUMBER OF WAYS )T HAS ° -ADE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT PART OF ITS POLICIES LAWS AND REGULATIONS ° #REATED A COUNCIL OF PROVINCIAL TERRITORIAL AND FEDERAL FOREST MINISTERS TO WORK COOPERATIVELY ON ISSUES OF MUTUAL INTEREST ° ,AUNCHED THE #ANADIAN -ODEL &OREST .ETWORK TO EXAMINE WHAT SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT COULD MEAN IN PRACTICE ° !SSISTED OTHER COUNTRIES IN ADOPTING THIS #ANADIAN INITIATIVE AND IN FORMING THE INTERNATIONAL -ODEL &OREST .ETWORK
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
RATHER PRIMARILY TO WILDl RES 3UCH l RES ARE IN #ANADA AN INTEGRAL PART OF MANY OF OUR FOREST ECOSYSTEMS )N EXTREME l RE YEARS DIRECT EMISSIONS FROM WILDl RES CAN BE NEARLY AS LARGE AS TOTAL EMISSIONS FROM THE BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS IN #ANADA 4HE ANALYSIS ALSO SHOWS THAT THE NET CARBON BALANCE OF #ANADA S MANAGED FOREST HAS BEEN HIGHLY CORRELATED HISTORICALLY WITH THE EXTENT OF THE BURNED AREA
&ORESTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
° 0ARTICIPATED IN INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS TO ASSESS PROGRESS IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT USING A FRAMEWORK OF CRITERIA AND INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT 4HE ISSUE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADDS NEW AND VERY COMPLEX DIMENSIONS TO THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS #ANADA IS FOCUSED ON UNDERSTANDING WHAT AFFECTS THE CARBON BALANCE IN OUR FORESTS HOW THAT MIGHT CHANGE IN THE FUTURE AND WHETHER AND HOW MANAGING COULD HELP MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE 4HE ANSWER IS THAT FORESTS CAN INDEED CONTRIBUTE (OWEVER INCORPORATING CARBON OBJECTIVES IS NOT SIMPLE AND IS THE SUBJECT OF ONGOING RESEARCH
&OREST CARBON ANALYSIS 4HE #ANADIAN &OREST 3ERVICE OF .ATURAL 2ESOURCES #ANADA DEVELOPED THE #ARBON "UDGET -ODEL A COMPUTER MODEL THAT CAN TRACK HOW THE CARBON IN #ANADA S FOREST CHANGES OVER TIME 7ITH THIS TOOL SCIENTISTS CAN ALSO EXPLORE HOW THE CARBON COULD CHANGE IN RESPONSE TO MANAGEMENT PRACTICES SUCH AS HARVESTING OR TO NATURAL DISTURBANCES LIKE FOREST l RES AND INSECT INFESTATIONS ! COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CARBON BALANCE OF #ANADA S MANAGED FOREST SHOWS THAT IN MOST YEARS BETWEEN AND OUR MANAGED FOREST REMOVED MORE GREENHOUSE GASES FROM THE ATMOSPHERE THAN IT EMITTED IN OTHER WORDS IT WAS A SINK (OWEVER IN SOME YEARS OUR MANAGED FOREST WAS A CARBON SOURCE EMITTING MORE THAN IT REMOVED FROM THE ATMOSPHERE 4HIS WAS NOT DUE TO POOR OR UNSUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT BUT
! DECISION MAKING TOOL /NE KEY TO MAKING CARBON MANAGEMENT PART OF SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT IS TO GIVE FOREST MANAGERS THE TOOLS THEY NEED TO ASSESS THE IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVE ACTIONS 4O THIS END .ATURAL 2ESOURCES #ANADA WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE #ANADIAN -ODEL &OREST .ETWORK HAS DEVELOPED A USER FRIENDLY OPERATIONAL SCALE VERSION OF ITS #ARBON "UDGET -ODEL 4HIS TOOL IS FREELY AVAILABLE AND IS ALREADY BEING TESTED BY FOREST MANAGERS IN #ANADA AND ABROAD -ORE INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE AT HTTP CARBON CFS NRCAN GC CA CBM OPERATIONAL? SCALE?E HTML
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
!LTHOUGH SCIENTISTS PREDICT THAT #ANADA S FORESTS ARE LIKELY TO BE A NET SOURCE OF CARBON IN THE NEAR FUTURE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT CAN STILL CONTRIBUTE TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION THROUGH ACTION TO REDUCE CARBON EMISSIONS AND INCREASE CARBON REMOVALS &OR INSTANCE FOREST l RE MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION AGAINST INSECTS CAN REDUCE EMISSIONS FROM THE FOREST !S WELL LONG TERM SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT CAN RESULT IN CARBON NEUTRAL LANDSCAPES ASIDE FROM THE IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISTURBANCES THAT YIELD LARGE QUANTITIES OF HARVESTED l BRE ANNUALLY AND STILL MAINTAIN A STEADY CARBON STOCK IN THE ECOSYSTEM 3USTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT MUST ALSO CONSIDER AFFORESTATION THE CREATION OF NEW FOREST WHERE NONE HAS EXISTED FOR SOME TIME AND DEFORESTATION THE PERMANENT CONVERSION OF FOREST LAND TO NON FOREST LAND .EITHER OF THESE IS A MAJOR ISSUE IN #ANADA SINCE #ANADA GENERALLY REGENERATES HARVESTED FORESTS (OWEVER THE EFFECT OF THESE ACTIVITIES ON CARBON HAS GIVEN US A REASON TO LOOK AT THEM CLOSELY SINCE INCREASING FOREST AREA AND SLOWING THE RATE OF DEFORESTATION COULD PROVE TO BE EFFECTIVE IN MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE &OR EXAMPLE CREATING NEW FORESTED LAND ON ABANDONED AGRICULTURAL LAND INCREASES BOTH CARBON STOCKS AND THE RATE OF CARBON UPTAKE ! PORTFOLIO OF MITIGATION OPTIONS INVOLVING FOREST CARBON CAN BE DEVELOPED WITH DIFFERING TIME PROl LES )N THE SHORT TERM IT IS MOST EFFECTIVE TO TAKE ACTIONS THAT REDUCE CARBON EMISSIONS FOR EXAMPLE THROUGH A DECREASE IN DEFORESTATION PRACTICES PROTECTION AGAINST l RE AND INSECTS OR POST HARVEST ACTIVITIES THAT CONSERVE CARBON FOR EXAMPLE AVOIDING THE BURNING OF LOGGING DEBRIS )N THE LONGER TERM ACTIVITIES SUCH AS INCREASING THE FOREST AREA LENGTHENING THE TIME BETWEEN HARVESTS AND SPEEDING UP REGENERATION AFTER HARVEST AND DISTURBANCES COULD INCREASE CARBON REMOVALS 7HAT IS MOST PRACTICAL AND MAKES MOST SENSE ECONOMICALLY IS LIKELY TO VARY FROM PLACE TO PLACE AND EVERY DECISION REQUIRES A CAREFUL CONSIDERATION OF THE COSTS AND CARBON IMPACTS OVER THE SHORT MEDIUM AND LONG TERM /UR THINKING ABOUT FOREST CARBON MANAGEMENT MUST GO WELL BEYOND THE FOREST 7E MUST ALSO CONSIDER HOW THE HARVESTED TIMBER IS USED 7OOD PRODUCTS AND FUELS CAN PROVIDE A VARIETY OF SERVICES TO MEET HUMAN NEEDS WITHOUT COMPROMISING FUTURE SUPPLY AND CAN ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO STRATEGIES AIMED AT MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE #ARBON NEUTRAL AND RENEWABLE WOOD FUELS CAN BE SUBSTITUTED FOR FOSSIL FUELS IN A WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS WITH SIGNIl CANT REDUCTIONS IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS !ND MANY WOOD PRODUCTS STORE CARBON FOR DECADES THUS EXTENDING THE PERIOD DURING WHICH
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
THE CARBON IS KEPT OUT OF THE ATMOSPHERE 3TRATEGIES THAT PROLONG THE RETENTION OF CARBON IN WOOD PRODUCTS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO REDUCING CARBON EMISSIONS
4HE IMPORTANCE OF ADAPTATION %FFORTS TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE INCLUDING REDUCING EMISSIONS OR INCREASING REMOVALS IN THE FOREST WILL NOT ELIMINATE OUR NEED TO ADAPT TO THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 3CIENTISTS BELIEVE THAT CONTINENTAL INTERIORS AND NORTHERN LATITUDES WILL EXPERIENCE SOME OF THE STRONGEST CLIMATE CHANGE OVER THE NEXT CENTURY SO THE EFFECTS COULD BE EVEN MORE PRONOUNCED IN #ANADA S FORESTS 4HE RECOGNITION OF THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON #ANADA S FORESTS IS MOBILISING GOVERNMENTS THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND RESEARCHERS TO ACTIVELY EXPLORE WHAT ACTIONS CAN BE TAKEN 4HE CHALLENGE OF ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE ADDS A PARTICULARLY COMPLEX NEW PERSPECTIVE TO SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT &OR EXAMPLE WHEN HARVESTING OCCURS THE USUAL GOAL HAS BEEN TO ENSURE REGENERATION OF A FOREST STAND THAT IS SIMILAR TO THE ONE THAT WAS CUT )N THE FUTURE THE FOREST BEST ABLE TO SURVIVE A CHANGED CLIMATE COULD BE DIFFERENT
4HE USUAL GOAL HAS BEEN TO ENSURE REGENERATION OF A FOREST STAND THAT IS SIMILAR TO THE ONE THAT WAS CUT )N THE FUTURE THE FOREST BEST ABLE TO SURVIVE A CHANGED CLIMATE COULD BE DIFFERENT 2ECENT EXPERIENCE WITH THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE IN #ANADA S MOST WESTERN PROVINCE "RITISH #OLUMBIA MAY BE INDICATIVE OF THE TYPES OF PROBLEMS THAT WILL ARISE 4HE BEETLE HAS BEEN A PART OF NORMAL ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS IN THE REGION FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS (OWEVER THE CURRENT OUTBREAK IS THE LARGEST IN RECORDED HISTORY AND IS NOW SPREADING INTO AREAS THAT HAVE NOT BEEN PREVIOUSLY AFFECTED 4HE SCALE OF THE CURRENT OUTBREAK HAS BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO TWO FACTORS AN INCREASE IN THE AREA OF MATURE LODGEPOLE PINE WHICH IS PARTICULARLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO INFESTATION BY THE BEETLE AND A CHANGE IN THE WINTER CONDITIONS THAT USED TO LIMIT THE EXPANSION OF THE BEETLE 4HE INFESTATION IS HAVING FAR REACHING IMPACTS INCLUDING THOSE ON SHORT AND LONG TERM TIMBER SUPPLY AS WELL AS INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS WHICH IN TURN IMPACTS FOREST DEPENDENT COMMUNITIES IN THE REGIONS THAT ARE HARDEST HIT 4HE #ANADIAN GOVERNMENT AND PROVINCIAL AND TERRITORIAL AUTHORITIES HAVE BEEN WORKING TOGETHER TO TRY TO MITIGATE THE DAMAGE FROM THE BEETLE AND TO ADAPT TO ITS IMPACTS IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY 3TRATEGIES INITIALLY INCLUDED AGGRESSIVE PRACTICES TO PROTECT FOREST RESOURCES BUT HAVE NOW SHIFTED TO MINIMISE THE LOSS OF FOREST RESOURCES THROUGH INNOVATIVE USES OF SALVAGE TIMBER AND THE RETRAINING OF WORKERS IN AFFECTED COMMUNITIES 4HE LESSONS LEARNED FROM THIS OUTBREAK MAY BE APPLICABLE TO FUTURE IMPACTS ON #ANADA S FORESTS
#ONCLUSION #LIMATE CHANGE IS EMERGING AS WHAT MAY BE THE MOST DIFlCULT CHALLENGE TO DATE FOR BALANCING THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF FOREST MANAGEMENT IN #ANADA AND MANY OTHER COUNTRIES !DDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE WILL BE A LONG TERM CHALLENGE 4HE #ANADIAN GOVERNMENT WILL CONTINUE TO WORK WITH PROVINCIAL AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS INDUSTRY COMMUNITIES AND OTHERS TO ENABLE THE FOREST SECTOR TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND TO EXPLORE HOW THE NATION S FORESTS CAN BEST HELP WITH GLOBAL EFFORTS TO REDUCE EMISSIONS
4HE (ON 'ARY ,UNN IS THE -INISTER OF .ATURAL 2ESOURCES FOR #ANADA %DUCATED AT THE 5NIVERSITY OF 6ICTORIA HE IS A MEMBER OF THE "RITISH #OLUMBIA ,AW 3OCIETY AND WAS lRST ELECTED TO THE (OUSE OF #OMMONS IN (E IS A CERTIlED JOURNEYMAN CARPENTER AND HAS WORKED IN THE MINING AND FORESTRY SECTORS .ATURAL 2ESOURCES #ANADA HELPS SHAPE THE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES SECTOR INCLUDING ENERGY FORESTS MINERALS METALS AND RELATED INDUSTRIES TO THE #ANADIAN ECONOMY SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT 4HE DEPARTMENT S MANDATE IS THE RESPONSIBLE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF THESE RESOURCES .ATURAL 2ESOURCES #ANADA PUTS INNOVATIVE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO WORK SO THAT #ANADA S NATURAL RESOURCES SECTOR CAN CONTINUE TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE QUALITY OF LIFE NOW AND IN THE FUTURE )T ALSO REPRESENTS #ANADA AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL TO MEET THE COUNTRY S GLOBAL COMMITMENTS RELATED TO NATURAL RESOURCES .ATURAL 2ESOURCES #ANADA 'OVERNMENT OF #ANADA "OOTH 3TREET /TTAWA /NTARIO + ! % #ANADA 4EL 449 TELETYPE FOR THE HEARING IMPAIRED &AX %MAIL QUESTIONS NRCAN GC CA 7EBSITE WWW NRCAN GC CA
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
,ENNART "ÍGE 0RESIDENT THE )NTERNATIONAL &UND FOR !GRICULTURAL $EVELOPMENT )&!$
#LIMATE CHANGE A GROWING CHALLENGE FOR DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION )N THE WORLD FOCUSED ON CLIMATE CHANGE AS NEVER BEFORE FOLLOWING THE RELEASE OF A REPORT BY THE )NTERGOVERNMENTAL 0ANEL ON #LIMATE #HANGE )0## THAT PUT TO REST ANY REASONABLE DOUBT ABOUT HUMAN CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL WARMING 4HE PANEL FOUND THAT WARMING IS UNEQUIVOCAL AND ADDED THAT IT WAS AT LEAST PER CENT CERTAIN THAT HUMAN ACTIVITY RATHER THAN NATURAL CLIMATE VARIATION WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HIGHER AVERAGE TEMPERATURES WE HAVE SEEN IN THE PAST YEARS &OR )&!$ CLIMATE CHANGE HAS A SPECIAL SIGNIlCANCE BECAUSE OUR MISSION IS TO ENABLE POOR RURAL PEOPLE TO OVERCOME POVERTY AND HUNGER !GRICULTURE IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF LIVELIHOOD FOR MOST POOR RURAL PEOPLE AND IT IS ALSO THE HUMAN ACTIVITY MOST DIRECTLY AFFECTED BY CLIMATE CHANGE )N THE MONTHS FOLLOWING THE REPORT THERE HAVE BEEN MANY MILLIONS OF WORDS DEDICATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT !TTENTION HAS FOCUSED ON MITIGATION SLOWING THE PACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION HELPING PEOPLE COPE WITH ITS EFFECTS 2EMARKABLY LITTLE &ISHERMEN CARRY NETS BACK TO THEIR VILLAGE IN -UCOROGE -OZAMBIQUE 2ISING SEA LEVELS WILL THREATEN LOW LYING COASTAL AREAS AND CAUSE THE SALINISATION OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER AQUIFERS IN SOME COASTAL COMMUNITIES #REDIT )&!$ !LEX 7EBB
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
HAS BEEN SAID OR WRITTEN ABOUT THE PEOPLE WHO WILL FEEL THE IMPACT MOST n THE POOR RURAL PEOPLE OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES n AND EVEN LESS ATTENTION HAS BEEN GIVEN TO HOW THEY CAN CONTRIBUTE TO SLOWING ITS ADVANCE
4HE POOREST WILL SUFFER MOST 4HREE OUT OF FOUR OF THE WORLD S ONE BILLION POOREST PEOPLE LIVE IN RURAL AREAS AND DEPEND ON AGRICULTURE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES FOR THEIR LIVELIHOODS -ORE RAPID AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IS ESSENTIAL TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS -$'S 4HE WORLD S POOREST PEOPLE ARE SUBSISTENCE FARMERS NOMADIC HERDERS DAY LABOURERS AND lSHERS -ANY LIVE ON ECOLOGICALLY FRAGILE LAND MOUNTAINS COASTAL AREAS AND DESERTS 4HEY DEPEND ON VULNERABLE SECTORS n AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK lSHERIES AND FORESTRY n FOR THEIR LIVELIHOODS 7OMEN IN RURAL AREAS PARTICULARLY THOSE RESPONSIBLE FOR FETCHING WATER AND KEEPING LIVESTOCK ARE EXPECTED TO PAY A PARTICULARLY HIGH PRICE AS THE CLIMATE CHANGES 4HE )0## HAS SAID VERY CLEARLY THAT CLIMATE CHANGE WILL HIT THE POOREST AND MOST VULNERABLE PEOPLE HARDEST
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
&ISHERMEN SELL THEIR CATCH AT A MARKET IN *ESSORE "ANGLADESH 0OOR RURAL PEOPLE NEED BETTER ACCESS TO MARKETS AND THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTERPRISE THAT CAN HELP THEM DIVERSIFY AND INCREASE THEIR INCOME #REDIT )&!$ !LEXANDRA "OULAT
4HERE IS CLEARLY AN ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND MORAL IMPERATIVE TO HELP POOR RURAL PEOPLE ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY
! MULTITUDE OF PROBLEMS #LIMATE CHANGE MAKES IT MORE DIFlCULT TO PREDICT WEATHER PATTERNS AND TO PLANT CROPS AT THE APPROPRIATE TIME 2ISING SEA LEVELS WILL THREATEN LOW LYING COASTAL AREAS AND CAUSE THE SALINISATION OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER AQUIFERS IN SOME COASTAL COMMUNITIES -ORE FREQUENT mOODING WILL ARISE FROM HEAVY AND ERRATIC PRECIPITATION AND ICE MELTS !T THE SAME TIME MORE ERRATIC WEATHER PATTERNS WILL AFFECT THE RELIABILITY OF WATER SOURCES FOR IRRIGATION AND LIVESTOCK )N SOME REGIONS CLIMATE CHANGE WILL ALSO LEAD TO A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF VECTOR BORNE DISEASES SUCH AS MALARIA SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND DENGUE FEVER AS WELL AS PESTS AFFECTING LIVESTOCK AND CROPS
4HREE OUT OF FOUR OF THE WORLD S ONE BILLION POOREST PEOPLE LIVE IN RURAL AREAS AND DEPEND ON AGRICULTURE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES FOR THEIR LIVELIHOODS 4HE SERIOUSNESS OF THE SITUATION MUST NOT BE UNDERESTIMATED #LIMATE CHANGE IS EXPECTED TO PUT ALMOST MILLION EXTRA PEOPLE AT RISK OF HUNGER BY )N SOME HIGH LATITUDE REGIONS FOOD PRODUCTION MAY INCREASE WITH HIGHER TEMPERATURES "UT IN OTHERS YIELDS MAY DROP SIGNIlCANTLY )N !FRICA ABOUT PER CENT OF FARMLAND SUFFERS TO SOME EXTENT FROM SOIL EROSION AS MUCH AS PER
CENT OF PASTURE AND RANGELANDS EXHIBIT SOME FORM OF DEGRADATION /VER PER CENT OF !FRICAN AGRICULTURE DEPENDS ON RAINFALL -ODELS INDICATE THAT ABOUT SQUARE KILOMETRES OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA CURRENTLY DEEMED CONSTRAINED WILL IMPROVE AS A RESULT OF CLIMATE CHANGE (OWEVER THIS WILL BE MORE THAN OFFSET BY THE ESTIMATED SQUARE KILOMETRES CURRENTLY CLASSIlED AS MODERATELY CONSTRAINED THAT WILL BECOME EVEN MORE SEVERELY AFFECTED 4HIS THREATENS TO FURTHER AFFECT FOOD SECURITY AND EXACERBATE MALNUTRITION ON THE CONTINENT
2ISING SEA LEVELS WILL THREATEN LOW LYING COASTAL AREAS AND CAUSE THE SALINISATION OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER AQUIFERS #EREAL PRODUCTION IN .ORTH !FRICA COULD DROP BY OVER PER CENT )N THE TEMPERATE REGIONS OF ,ATIN !MERICA SOYA BEAN YIELDS ARE EXPECTED TO RISE "UT IN DRIER AREAS CLIMATE CHANGE IS EXPECTED TO LEAD TO SALINISATION AND DESERTIlCATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND 0RODUCTIVITY OF LIVESTOCK AND SOME IMPORTANT CROPS ARE EXPECTED TO DECLINE (IGHER SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES ARE EXPECTED TO CAUSE SHIFTS IN THE LOCATION OF SOUTH EAST 0ACIlC lSH STOCKS #OASTAL AREAS ESPECIALLY IN HEAVILY POPULATED DELTA REGIONS WILL BE AT RISK OF mOODING 4HERE WILL BE GREATER COMPETITION OVER WATER RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY AS A RESULT OF CHANGING RAIN PATTERNS AND THE DISAPPEARANCE OF GLACIERS !GRICULTURAL COMMODITY PRICES ARE RISING PARTLY DUE TO CHANGING WEATHER PATTERNS AND IT IS BELIEVED THEY
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
)N %SSONG -INTSANG #AMEROON A WOMAN MEASURES THE GROWTH OF SEEDLINGS AT A NURSERY 4HE )&!$ SUPPORTED TREE DOMESTICATION PROGRAMME HAS HELPED THOUSANDS OF FARMERS BENElT FROM THE DOMESTICATION CULTIVATION AND SALE OF FRUIT AND MEDICINAL TREES #REDIT )&!$ 0ASCAL -AITRE
WILL CONTINUE TO RISE IN THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE 4HIS WILL HAVE ENORMOUS CONSEQUENCES FOR POOR RURAL PEOPLE &OR SOME IT WILL MEAN NEW OPPORTUNITIES n PARTICULARLY POOR RURAL PRODUCERS WITH ACCESS TO MARKETS "UT FOR HOUSEHOLDS THAT ARE NET BUYERS OF FOOD COMMODITIES RISING PRICES WILL CAUSE SERIOUS PROBLEMS
4HERE WILL BE GREATER COMPETITION OVER WATER RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY "IOFUELS ARE SEEN AS AN IMPORTANT RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE BUT RISK INCREASING THE COMPETITION FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND n AND COULD CONTRIBUTE TO FOOD PRICE INCREASES !T THE SAME TIME SECOND GENERATION BIOFUEL CROPS SUCH AS SWEET SORGHUM AND JATROPHA CURCAS WHICH CAN GROW ON MARGINAL LANDS COULD BECOME A NEW SOURCE OF INCOME FOR SMALL FARMERS )NTERNATIONAL EFFORTS MUST FOCUS ON MINIMISING THESE RISKS AND EXPANDING THE OPPORTUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH BIOFUELS
0OOR RURAL PEOPLE CAN BE PART OF THE SOLUTION )T IS CLEAR THAT CLIMATE CHANGE WILL MAKE REACHING THE -$'S MUCH MORE DIFlCULT UNLESS DONORS AND GOVERNMENTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SHARPLY INCREASE INVESTMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 0OOR RURAL PEOPLE CAN BE PART OF THE SOLUTION "UT THEY NEED SECURE ACCESS TO LAND AND WATER AS WELL AS TO FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND AGRICULTURAL
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES 4HEY NEED ACCESS TO MARKETS AND THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTERPRISE THAT CAN HELP THEM DIVERSIFY AND INCREASE THEIR INCOME 4HEY ALSO NEED EFFECTIVE INSTITUTIONS AND THE ORGANISATIONAL POWER AND INFLUENCE REQUIRED TO ADVOCATE FOR THEIR OWN NEEDS AND TAKE ADVANTAGE OF EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES 4HE )0## NOTES THAT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CAN REDUCE VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE BY ENHANCING ADAPTIVE CAPACITY AND INCREASING RESILIENCE
!DAPTATION INCLUDES ALL ACTIVITIES THAT HELP PEOPLE AND ECOSYSTEMS REDUCE THEIR VULNERABILITY TO THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND THAT MINIMISE THE COSTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS (ELPING FARMERS ADAPT AND DIVERSIFY )&!$ HAS YEARS OF EXPERIENCE HELPING POOR FARMERS TACKLE DESERTIlCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND BUILDING RESILIENCE TO WEATHER SHOCKS -OST OF THE PROJECTS AND PROGRAMMES SUPPORTED ARE IN MARGINAL RAINFED AREAS THAT ARE AT RISK FROM WATER SHORTAGE LAND DEGRADATION AND DESERTIlCATION 4HROUGH LOANS AND GRANTS )&!$ IS ADDRESSING SUCH ISSUES AS DESERTIlCATION AND CHANGES IN CROPPING PATTERNS DUE TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY )&!$ WORKS CLOSELY WITH POOR RURAL PEOPLE MOST OF WHOM ARE SMALLHOLDER FARMERS LANDLESS PEOPLE HERDERS AND SMALL ENTREPRENEURS WHO DEPEND ON AGRICULTURE TO SURVIVE )&!$ DRAWS ON THIS EXPERIENCE IN HELPING THEM ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
! WOMAN USES ZERO GRAZING TECHNIQUES FOR HER COWS AFTER ATTENDING AGRICULTURAL DEMONSTRATIONS FOR FARMERS IN "ULINDI 5GANDA )MPROVED LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT AND CROP PRACTICES COUPLED WITH ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION #REDIT )&!$ 2ADHIKA #HALASANI
!DAPTATION INCLUDES ALL ACTIVITIES THAT HELP PEOPLE AND ECOSYSTEMS REDUCE THEIR VULNERABILITY TO THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND THAT MINIMISE THE COSTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS 4HERE IS NO UNIVERSAL WAY TO ADAPT SPECIlC MEASURES NEED TO BE TAILORED TO SPECIlC CONTEXTS &OR EXAMPLE IN -ALAWI AN )&!$ SUPPORTED PROJECT IS HELPING REDUCE THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH RAINFED FARMING BY REHABILITATING AND DEVELOPING IRRIGATION SYSTEMS RESERVOIRS AND RAINWATER HARVESTING STRUCTURES
!DAPTATION INCLUDES ALL ACTIVITIES THAT HELP PEOPLE AND ECOSYSTEMS REDUCE THEIR VULNERABILITY TO THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND THAT MINIMISE THE COSTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS )N #AMEROON )&!$ SUPPORTS THE 7ORLD !GROFORESTRY #ENTRE S TREE DOMESTICATION PROGRAMME WHICH HAS HELPED THOUSANDS OF FARMERS BENEFIT FROM THE DOMESTICATION CULTIVATION AND SALE OF FRUIT AND MEDICINAL TREES 4REE PLANTING ALSO HAS IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS 4REES CAN HELP STABILISE FRAGILE ECOSYSTEMS SUCH AS HILLSIDES 4HE ROOTS PENETRATE DEEP INTO THE SOIL REDUCING THE RISK OF LANDSLIDES "ESIDES THAT TREE ROOT SYSTEMS ABSORB LEACHED NUTRIENTS FROM DEEP IN THE SOIL AND MAKE THEM AVAILABLE TO THE GROWING TREES !S THE OLDER LEAVES DROP AND DECOMPOSE AROUND THE TREE THEY RECONSTITUTE THE SOIL STRUCTURE AND ENHANCE ITS FERTILITY
/N THE ISLANDS OF -AURITIUS AND 2ODRIGUES AN )&!$ FUNDED PROGRAMME IS TRAINING MEMBERS OF COMMUNITIES ON lSHING METHODS THAT DO NOT DAMAGE CORAL REEFS OR DEPLETE lSH STOCK 4HE PROGRAMME HAS ALSO HELPED PARTICIPANTS DIVERSIFY THEIR ACTIVITIES SO THAT THEY ARE NOT SOLELY DEPENDENT ON lSHING FOR THEIR LIVELIHOODS 4ODAY THEY ARE ENGAGED NOT ONLY IN lSHERIES BUT ALSO IN AGRICULTURE MICRO ENTERPRISE AND SELF HELP COMMUNITY INITIATIVES
%NVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE GO HAND IN HAND IN MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE 4HE )0## AND THE RECENTLY PUBLISHED 7ORLD $EVELOPMENT 2EPORT !GRICULTURE FOR $EVELOPMENT BOTH UNDERSCORE THE FACT THAT THE ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDA IS INSEPARABLE FROM THE BROADER AGENDA OF AGRICULTURE FOR DEVELOPMENT 4HE REPORT RECOGNISES THAT AGRICULTURE CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MITIGATION THROUGH BETTER STEWARDSHIP OF THE NATURAL RESOURCE BASE ON WHICH IT DEPENDS )MPLEMENTING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IS MORE IMPORTANT NOW THAN EVER !GRICULTURE AND FORESTRY ARE MAJOR SOURCES OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS "UT THROUGH SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES AND MANAGEMENT BOTH ALSO HAVE GREAT POTENTIAL TO MITIGATE THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE 4HIS MEANS THAT AS MANAGERS OF LAND WATER AND FORESTS POOR RURAL PEOPLE COULD HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE TO PLAY IN MITIGATION MEASURES 7HILE THE MAIN CONTRIBUTION TO MITIGATION MUST COME FROM REDUCING EMISSIONS IN RICH COUNTRIES POOR RURAL PEOPLE CAN CONTRIBUTE BY USING BETTER AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND BY NURTURING AND PROTECTING FORESTS
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
TO ABSORB CARBON DIOXIDE n SO CALLED CARBON SINKS )MPROVED LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT AND CROP PRACTICES COUPLED WITH ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS COULD HAVE A VERY SIGNIlCANT IMPACT !DOPTING BETTER LAND USE PRACTICES SUCH AS CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE CONSERVATION TILLAGE AGROFORESTRY AND REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED CROP AND PASTURE LAND WOULD ALSO HELP TO MAINTAIN SIGNIlCANT AMOUNTS OF CARBON IN THE SOIL
!GRICULTURE AND FORESTRY ARE MAJOR SOURCES OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS "UT THROUGH SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES AND MANAGEMENT BOTH ALSO HAVE GREAT POTENTIAL TO MITIGATE THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE 3OIL IS THE LARGEST RESERVOIR OF CARBON IN THE TERRESTRIAL CARBON CYCLE 4HE EMERGING MARKETS FOR TRADING CARBON EMISSIONS ALSO OFFER NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR SMALL FARMERS TO BENElT FROM LAND USES THAT SEQUESTER CARBON !FFORESTATION REFORESTATION BETTER LAND MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES CAN ALL CONTRIBUTE ENORMOUSLY TO REDUCING CARBON EMISSIONS &OR EXAMPLE THE RESTORATION OF TWO BILLION HECTARES OF DEGRADED LAND COULD COMPENSATE FOR THREE PER CENT OF GLOBAL ANNUAL CARBON EMISSIONS !VOIDING DEFORESTATION IS EVEN MORE IMPORTANT )N ,ATIN !MERICA ALONE DEFORESTATION AND CHANGING LAND USE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR PER CENT OF THE REGION S GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 'LOBALLY DEFORESTATION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ABOUT PER CENT OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
0OOR RURAL PEOPLE CAN PLAY A KEY ROLE IN ACTIVITIES THAT COLLECTIVELY RESULT IN SIGNIlCANT EMISSIONS SAVINGS "UT GOVERNMENTS AND PUBLIC POLICIES MUST PUT THE RIGHT INCENTIVES IN PLACE FOR THIS TO HAPPEN )&!$ CURRENTLY HAS REFORESTATION PROJECTS IN THE (IMALAYAS AND 9EMEN !N )&!$ SUPPORTED PROGRAMME IN #HINA IS SETTING UP SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS TO HELP POOR HOUSEHOLDS GET ENERGY FROM THE ABUNDANT SUNLIGHT IN THE AREA AND A BIOGAS PROJECT IN #HINA IS TURNING HUMAN AND ANIMAL WASTE INTO A MIXTURE OF METHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE GASES THAT CAN BE USED FOR LIGHTING AND COOKING
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
,ISTENING TO THE VOICES OF POOR RURAL PEOPLE 0OOR RURAL PEOPLE CAN PLAY A KEY ROLE IN ACTIVITIES THAT COLLECTIVELY RESULT IN SIGNIlCANT EMISSIONS SAVINGS "UT GOVERNMENTS AND PUBLIC POLICIES MUST PUT THE RIGHT INCENTIVES IN PLACE FOR THIS TO HAPPEN PARTICULARLY COMPENSATION AND PAYMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES POOR WORLD PEOPLE PROVIDE 7ITH APPROPRIATE AND INNOVATIVE INCENTIVES POOR FARMERS FOREST DWELLERS AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES CAN MAKE AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO EMISSIONS REDUCTION AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION #LIMATE CHANGE WILL AFFECT US ALL BUT IT POSES A PARTICULAR RISK TO DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION AND TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE -$'S /UR EFFORTS WILL BE MORE EFFECTIVE IF WE RECOGNISE POOR RURAL PEOPLE AS EFFECTIVE CUSTODIANS OF THE NATURAL RESOURCE BASE AND ENSURE THEY HAVE ACCESS TO THE TECHNOLOGY AND lNANCING THEY NEED TO COPE WITH CLIMATE CHANGE AND BE PART OF THE SOLUTION "Y LISTENING TO THE VOICES OF POOR RURAL PEOPLE WHEN PLANNING ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION PROCESSES WE CAN REDUCE THE RISKS OF CLIMATE CHANGE WHILE ACCELERATING PROGRESS TOWARDS A WORLD WITHOUT POVERTY
,ENNART "ÍGE WAS ELECTED 0RESIDENT OF THE )NTERNATIONAL &UND FOR !GRICULTURAL $EVELOPMENT )&!$ IN AND FOR A SECOND FOUR YEAR TERM IN HAVING PREVIOUSLY SERVED AS #HAIRMAN OF THE 'OVERNING #OUNCIL 4HROUGHOUT HIS CAREER -R "ÍGE HAS FOCUSED ON A VARIETY OF ISSUES CENTRAL TO )&!$ S MISSION FOR POVERTY REDUCTION RURAL DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REFORM CAPACITY BUILDING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND GENDER (E HAS NEARLY YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SERVED AS (EAD OF THE $EPARTMENT FOR )NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT #O OPERATION IN 3WEDEN S -INISTRY FOR &OREIGN !FFAIRS AND ALSO AS 3WEDEN S $EPUTY FOR THE )NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT !SSOCIATION )$! )N -R "ÍGE WAS APPOINTED BY THE 5NITED .ATIONS 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL AS A MEMBER OF THE (IGH LEVEL 0ANEL ON 3YSTEM WIDE #OHERENCE )&!$ IS BOTH A 5. SPECIALISED AGENCY AND AN INTERNATIONAL lNANCIAL INSTITUTION &OR YEARS )&!$ HAS PROVIDED LOW INTEREST LOANS AND GRANTS FOR INITIATIVES THAT ENABLE POOR RURAL PEOPLE TO LIFT THEMSELVES OUT OF POVERTY )&!$ WORKS WITH POOR RURAL PEOPLE AND THEIR ORGANISATIONS TO DEVELOP LOCALLY SPECIlC OPPORTUNITIES THAT ENABLE THEM TO THRIVE ECONOMICALLY IN THEIR OWN COMMUNITIES )TS INITIATIVES RESPOND TO THE NEEDS PRIORITIES OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS IDENTIlED BY POOR RURAL PEOPLE )NTERNATIONAL &UND FOR !GRICULTURAL $EVELOPMENT 6IA DEL 3ERAlCO 2OME )TALY 4EL \ &AX %MAIL IFAD IFAD ORG \ 7EBSITE WWW IFAD ORG
Market Driven Agricultural Development As the world is seeking to promote healthy eating for both developed and under developed societies the need has arisen for an organization to research global markets and identify suitable agricultural products and the regions suitable for their production. Market research has shown that specific fruits in their various forms best meet these needs while providing profitable farming prospects for farmers, entrepreneurs and government driven agricultural projects. Alternafruit is a company capable of doing the necessary research thus enabling it to identify 1products, 2varieties, 3 production regions, 4value adding opportunities and 5markets and consequently the following key principles have been put in place by Alternafruit:
Availability of suitable Varieties and plant propagation material A world class Nursery Formation of Grower Clubs Industry enabling infrastructure Technical Support and Training capacity Research and Development capacity Market Access and compliance systems Value Adding and Processing technology Effective Marketing Strategy with distribution and sales capacity
Alternafruit from the outset has developed the fig and pomegranate industry in South Africa in conjunction with a professional group of experienced fruit farmers, now all members of the Alternafruit Growers’ Association. The Alternafruit varieties of figs and pomegranates are very lucrative crops that are successfully cultivated by our grower base and also provide excellent potential for down stream investment and value adding. The company has further developed a spread of profitable fruit alternatives and has a whole range of new fruit varieties under evaluation, ranging from Sapota and Pitaya to Loquat and Ziziphus. The production and processing of specialty dried fruit, nuts and processed dried fruit products are also proving to provide lucrative alternatives. Effective industry structures are paramount to achieving these goals and therefore Alternafruit is also actively involved in the management of industry functions and frameworks for Integrated Pest Management, Good Agricultural Practice and Global Market Access.
“New niche products with high health properties are the future, not only amongst the world’s consumers, but also amongst growers who are diversifying away from commodity varieties of which the values have been steadily dropping in recent years.” The Alternafruit Managing Director, Johan van Niekerk (B. Comm. Agricultural Economy), who is an experienced grape grower himself, recognized these pertinent facts when he joined the set up of the company in South Africa. “The company mission is, to maximize the profitability of our growers and to honour all our commitments”. The Alternafruit team is fully competent to serve existing and prospective clients. The management comprises of experts in the fields of Marketing, Agricultural Economy, Horticulture, Botany, Microbiology and Entomology.
Alternafruit (Pty) Ltd can be found at the following address: Alternafruit SA Schoongezicht House 52 Main Road PAARL 7620 South Africa
www.alternafruit.co.za johan@alternafruit.co.za +27 21 863 0661 (Tel) +27 21 863 0714 (Fax) +27 83 456 2323 (Mobile)
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
*OACHIM VON "RAUN $IRECTOR 'ENERAL )NTERNATIONAL &OOD 0OLICY 2ESEARCH )NSTITUTE )&02)
)NVESTING IN AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AND RURAL SOCIAL PROTECTION THE KEY TO REDUCING POVERTY 2APID ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND AGRICULTURAL GROWTH IN PARTICULAR HAS ADVANCED GLOBAL PROGRESS IN REDUCING POVERTY AND HUNGER "UT EVEN GROWTH THAT REDUCES POVERTY HAS ITS LIMITS IN REACHING AND INCLUDING EXTREMELY POOR AND HUNGRY PEOPLE %SPECIALLY IN ENVIRONMENTS OF HIGH INEQUALITY AND POOR GOVERNANCE GROWTH OFTEN DOES LITTLE TO IMPROVE THE LIVELIHOODS OF THOSE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE INCOME SCALE !ND WHILE GROWTH IS KEY TO CUTTING POVERTY INITIALLY ITS POWER TO REDUCE POVERTY AND THE DANGERS TO HUMAN WELL BEING n SUCH AS CHILDHOOD MALNUTRITION AND PREVENTABLE DISEASES n DIMINISHES AS POVERTY REDUCTION PROGRESSES 4O MOVE FROM THE RELATIVE GOAL OF CUTTING THE PROPORTIONS OF POVERTY AND HUNGER IN HALF TOWARD COMPLETELY ENDING HUNGER AND FURTHER REDUCING POVERTY QUICKLY REQUIRES A NEW SET OF ACTIONS
)N COUNTRIES n MANY OF THEM MEMBERS OF THE #OMMONWEALTH n ADOPTED THE EIGHT -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS THAT SET TARGETS FOR CUTTING POVERTY AND HUNGER IN HALF BETWEEN THE CHOSEN BASE YEAR AND !LTHOUGH THAT PARTICULAR GOAL MIGHT VERY WELL BE ACHIEVED AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL AT LEAST MILLION PEOPLE WILL STILL BE LEFT IN POVERTY AND MILLION WILL REMAIN HUNGRY 4HIS INTRANSIGENT POVERTY CALLS FOR TWO MAIN POLICY RESPONSES &IRST THERE IS A NEED TO SEEK THE KIND OF GROWTH THAT WILL BRING BENElTS TO THE POOREST PEOPLE !TTENTION TO AGRICULTURE IS CRITICAL IN THIS REGARD 3ECOND THERE IS A NEED FOR ADDITIONAL ACTION INCLUDING SOCIAL PROTECTION POLICIES THAT WILL IMPROVE LIVING STANDARDS FOR THOSE PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT IN A POSITION TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE BENElTS OF GROWTH n THE YOUNGEST AND OLDEST THE SICK AND DISABLED ETHNIC MINORITIES AND OTHER VULNERABLE GROUPS "UT IS IT FEASIBLE TO REACH THE POOREST )F SO WHAT IS THE BEST MIX OF POLICIES FOR GROWTH 0OOR +ENYAN FAMILY IN FRONT OF THEIR HOME ¥ -ICHAEL 2UBINSTEIN )&02)
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
AND SOCIAL PROTECTION IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES 7HAT KINDS OF STRATEGIES POLICIES AND INTERVENTIONS HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFUL IN REACHING THE POOREST PEOPLE
4HE CHANGING DYNAMICS OF POVERTY )N GENERAL GLOBAL POVERTY IS DECLINING BOTH AS A SHARE OF THE POPULATION AND IN ABSOLUTE TERMS WITH THE GREATEST PROGRESS IN %AST !SIA AND THE 0ACIlC %CONOMIC GROWTH HAS CERTAINLY PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN POVERTY REDUCTION IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES SINCE BUT ITS RESULTS HAVE BEEN MIXED BETWEEN COUNTRIES AND BETWEEN POPULATION GROUPS WITHIN COUNTRIES (OW ARE THE FORCES OF URBANISATION AND GLOBALISATION AFFECTING THE POOREST PEOPLE $O THESE FORCES OFFER THE PROMISE OF IMPROVED LIVELIHOODS !LTHOUGH THE URBAN SHARE OF THE POOR HAS BEEN INCREASING URBAN AREAS ARE NOT LIKELY TO BE THE MAIN LOCUS OF POVERTY ANY TIME SOON 3EVENTY lVE PER CENT OF THE POOR IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CONTINUE TO LIVE IN RURAL AREAS AS DO THE BULK OF THE WORLD S EXTREMELY POOR PEOPLE
4HE POOREST POPULATIONS CONTINUE TO LIVE IN GEOGRAPHICALLY ADVERSE OR REMOTE AREAS OFTEN IN COUNTRIES WITH POOR GOVERNANCE AND CIVIL CONmICT 4HE LINKS BETWEEN GLOBALISATION AND POVERTY REDUCTION ARE MIXED 'LOBALISATION TAKES PLACE IN THREE KEY AREAS n MARKETS AND TRADE INVESTMENT AND CAPITAL mOWS AND INFORMATION AND INNOVATION n AND EACH HAS MIXED IMPLICATIONS FOR POVERTY %VIDENCE SHOWS FOR INSTANCE THAT LIBERALISED TRADE INCREASES POVERTY IN NON AGRICULTURAL AND WAGE DEPENDENT HOUSEHOLDS AND REDUCES POVERTY IN AGRICULTURE DEPENDENT HOUSEHOLDS 7HERE THE WORLD S POOR n LIVING ON LESS THAN A DAY n LIVED IN AND
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
4HE IMPACT OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT ON POOR PEOPLE IS ALSO MIXED )N THE LABOUR INTENSIVE SECTOR FOR EXAMPLE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT DECREASES POVERTY WHEREAS IN THE CAPITAL AND KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE SECTOR FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT TENDS TO INCREASE POVERTY
4HE WIDENING DIVIDE %VIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE POOREST PEOPLE ARE BEING LEFT BEHIND ! RECENT )&02) STUDY OF EXTREME POVERTY CATEGORISES THE POOR INTO THREE GROUPS ° 4HE @SUBJACENT POOR n PEOPLE LIVING ON BETWEEN ONE DOLLAR AND THREE QUARTERS OF A DOLLAR A DAY ° 4HE @MEDIAL POOR n PEOPLE LIVING ON BETWEEN THREE QUARTERS AND HALF A DOLLAR A DAY AND ° 4HE @ULTRA POOR n PEOPLE LIVING ON LESS THAN HALF A DOLLAR A DAY /F THE MILLION PEOPLE LIVING ON LESS THAN 53 A DAY IN HALF WERE SUBJACENT POOR ONE THIRD WERE MEDIAL POOR AND PER CENT WERE ULTRA POOR -OST OF THE SUBJACENT AND MEDIAL POOR PEOPLE LIVE IN 3OUTH !SIA BUT THREE QUARTERS OF ALL ULTRA POOR LIVE IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA 4HE NUMBER OF POOR PEOPLE IN ALL CATEGORIES IS DECREASING BUT THE NUMBER OF THE ULTRA POOR DECREASED BY LESS THAN IT WOULD HAVE IF EVERYONE HAD BENElTED FROM GROWTH EQUALLY !ND ALTHOUGH THE WELFARE OF ULTRA POOR PEOPLE IMPROVED IN SOME INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES BETWEEN AND IN "ANGLADESH FOR EXAMPLE THE ULTRA POOR FARED BETTER THAN THEY WOULD HAVE HAD ALL THOSE BELOW THE DOLLAR A DAY LINE FARED EQUALLY THE SHARE OF THE ULTRA POOR IN THE POPULATION IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA AND ,ATIN !MERICA OVERALL ACTUALLY ROSE )N .IGERIA FOR EXAMPLE ALTHOUGH POVERTY RATES INCREASED IN ALL THREE CATEGORIES OVER THOSE YEARS THERE WAS A SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE IN ULTRA POVERTY )N CONTRAST ULTRA POVERTY FELL REMARKABLY IN :AMBIA WHILE SUBJACENT AND MEDIAL POVERTY BECAME MORE PREVALENT
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
4HE POOREST POPULATIONS CONTINUE TO LIVE IN GEOGRAPHICALLY ADVERSE OR REMOTE AREAS OFTEN IN COUNTRIES WITH POOR GOVERNANCE AND CIVIL CONmICT 7OMEN ORPHANS THE ELDERLY AND CHILDREN WHO INHERITED POVERTY ARE AMONG THE MOST VULNERABLE GROUPS 5NEXPECTED ADVERSE EVENTS ILL HEALTH AND DISABILITY AND WEATHER AND ECONOMIC SHOCKS ARE LINKED TO SEVERE DEPRIVATION 0OOR AND HUNGRY PEOPLE ALSO OWN FEWER ASSETS INCLUDING LAND HAVE LIMITED ACCESS TO CREDIT MARKETS AND ARE OFTEN EXCLUDED FROM SOCIAL NETWORKS AND POLITICAL POWER 4HE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN GROUPS OF PEOPLE SUCH AS ETHNIC MINORITIES OR UNREGISTERED URBAN MIGRANTS IS ALSO A CAUSE OF PERSISTENT POVERTY AMONG THESE GROUPS
.EW RISKS AND CHALLENGES )N ADDITION TO PERSISTENT POVERTY AND HUNGER POLICYMAKERS IN MANY #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES ARE BEING CONFRONTED BY INCREASINGLY COMPLEX CHALLENGES ARISING SIMULTANEOUSLY INCLUDING GLOBALISATION CLIMATE CHANGE AND CHANGES IN ENERGY PRICES !T THE SAME TIME POOR PEOPLE ARE FACING MULTIPLE NEW RISKS RISING FOOD PRICES AND COSTS OF ACCESS TO SAFE WATER THREATS TO HEALTH AND THE LOSS OF TRADITIONAL SOCIAL PROTECTION BASED ON FAMILY AND COMMUNITY IN THE CONTEXT OF RURAL URBAN CHANGE 4HESE RISKS LEAD TO ENORMOUS STRESSES ON POOR POPULATIONS AND MORE mUCTUATIONS IN AND OUT OF POVERTY $ESPITE THE SIGNIlCANT POSITIVE POTENTIAL OF BIOENERGY FOR EXAMPLE BIOFUELS ALSO POSE RISKS AND CHALLENGES FOR POOR PEOPLE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES )NCREASED PRODUCTION OF ENERGY CROPS IN RESPONSE TO RISING OIL PRICES HAS THE POTENTIAL TO EXACERBATE SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITIES BY CONCENTRATING BENElTS ON THE WELL OFF -ORE IMPORTANTLY BIOFUELS COULD INCREASE FOOD PRICES
TO REDUCE POVERTY DRASTICALLY AND ELIMINATE HUNGER ESPECIALLY WHEN THE WORLD S POOREST AND HUNGRIEST PEOPLE ARE BEING LEFT BEHIND 4HESE PILLARS n PROMOTING RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL GROWTH THAT BRINGS BENElTS TO THE POOREST PEOPLE AND ENHANCING SOCIAL PROTECTION MEASURES n ARE BOTH MORE NECESSARY AND MORE FEASIBLE THAN EVER BEFORE
)T IS NOW MORE CRUCIAL THAN EVER TO PURSUE A TWO PILLARED STRATEGY TO REDUCE POVERTY DRASTICALLY AND ELIMINATE HUNGER PROMOTING RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL GROWTH THAT BRINGS BENElTS TO THE POOREST PEOPLE AND ENHANCING SOCIAL PROTECTION MEASURES 7HY SHOULD THESE POLICIES BE ANY EASIER TO IMPLEMENT TODAY THAN THEY HAVE BEEN IN THE PAST -ANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAVE ACHIEVED IMPRESSIVE LEVELS OF WEALTH AND IMPROVED THEIR CAPACITY TO IMPLEMENT POLICIES THROUGH DECENTRALISATION AND OTHER REFORMS .EW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES NEW INSTITUTIONS AND NEW PARTNERS LIKE THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS ARE BECOMING INCREASINGLY INTERESTED IN AND INVOLVED WITH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND THE DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY 4HE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN ASSISTING THE POOR CAN ALSO EXPAND n BY CREATING FORMS OF HEALTH LIFE OR WEATHER INSURANCE PROGRAMMES FOR EXAMPLE WHICH COULD BE PARTIALLY lNANCED BY GOVERNMENTS OR DONORS )N ADDITION ADVANCEMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CAN ADDRESS MICRONUTRIENT MALNUTRITION THROUGH CROP TECHNOLOGY AND OTHER FORTIlCATION INTERVENTIONS !LTHOUGH THERE IS INCREASING INFORMATION ON WHO AND WHERE POOR PEOPLE ARE WHAT CHALLENGES THEY FACE AND HOW THEY MOVE IN AND OUT OF POVERTY MORE RESEARCH AND KNOWLEDGE WOULD HELP POLICYMAKERS IDENTIFY THE MOST APPROPRIATE POLICIES IN COMPLEX AND CHANGING CIRCUMSTANCES
#OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES ARE BEING CONFRONTED BY INCREASINGLY COMPLEX CHALLENGES ARISING SIMULTANEOUSLY INCLUDING GLOBALISATION CLIMATE CHANGE 4HE WAY FORWARD INCLUSIVE RURAL GROWTH AND CHANGES IN ENERGY PRICES AND ENHANCED SOCIAL PROTECTION !CCORDING TO RECENT )&02) ANALYSES SUCH PRICE INCREASES COULD RANGE BETWEEN AND PER CENT FOR VARIOUS CROPS GIVEN CURRENT PLANS FOR BIOFUELS PRODUCTION !GGRESSIVE GROWTH IN BIOFUELS HOWEVER COULD LEAD TO EVEN GREATER PRICE INCREASES "Y PRICES FOR GRAIN CROPS COULD INCREASE BY TO PER CENT OVER AND ABOVE OTHER CAUSES FOR PRICE HIKES 3UCH PRICE INCREASES WOULD POSE DIFlCULTIES FOR MANY OF THE ONE BILLION POOR PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WHO EARN ONLY A DOLLAR A DAY AND TYPICALLY SPEND TO CENTS OF THAT DOLLAR ON FOOD
7HAT DIRECTION FOR POLICY 7ITH THESE NEW COMPLEX CHALLENGES IT IS NOW MORE CRUCIAL THAN EVER TO PURSUE A TWO PILLARED STRATEGY
-ANY COUNTRIES THAT EXPERIENCED SIGNIlCANT ECONOMIC GROWTH IN RECENT YEARS HAVE FOUND THAT THE OPPORTUNITIES AND BENElTS WERE UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED )N ADDITION MANY OTHER COUNTRIES SUCH AS AGRARIAN ECONOMIES IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA HAVE NOT ACHIEVED THE LEVELS OF GROWTH THAT CAN PULL LARGE PROPORTIONS OF THEIR CITIZENS OUT OF POVERTY 'ROWTH MUST NOW BE DIRECTED IN WAYS THAT BENElT THE POOREST PEOPLE BY FOCUSING ON AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT AS WELL AS SOCIAL PROTECTION AS MENTIONED ABOVE &IRST AGRICULTURAL GROWTH THAT BENElTS POOR PEOPLE MORE THAN GROWTH IN OTHER SECTORS SHOULD BE ACCELERATED 3CIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE CAN PLAY KEY ROLES "UT POOR SMALL SCALE FARMERS CANNOT JUMP START AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ON THEIR OWN 4O HELP FARMERS EMERGE FROM POVERTY GOVERNMENTS NEED
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
TO IMPROVE INFRASTRUCTURE AND EDUCATION DISTRIBUTE TECHNOLOGIES AND INPUTS AND PROMOTE PRODUCER AND MARKETING ORGANISATIONS THAT LINK SMALLHOLDER FARMERS TO NEW MARKET CHAINS 0RO POOR PUBLIC INVESTMENT RESEARCH AT )&02) SHOWS THAT TO ACHIEVE HIGHER GROWTH AND POVERTY REDUCTION GOVERNMENTS SHOULD INVEST MORE IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION HEALTH AND INFRASTRUCTURE 3ECOND SOCIAL PROTECTION MUST BE IMPROVED AND INTEGRATED INTO OTHER FORMS OF PUBLIC ACTION TO CONFRONT UNACCEPTABLY HIGH LEVELS OF DEPRIVATION AND RISK 3OCIAL AND CULTURAL VALUES HAVE TRADITIONALLY PLACED THE PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY OF SOCIAL PROTECTION ON FAMILY AND ON COMMUNITY TIES 7HILE PUBLIC POLICIES SHOULD COMPLEMENT RATHER THAN SUBSTITUTE INFORMAL SOCIAL PROTECTION ARRANGEMENTS THE MAGNITUDE AND SEVERITY OF NEW TYPES OF SHOCKS SUCH AS HEALTH AND ECONOMIC RISKS ARISING FROM AVIAN INmUENZA AND ()6 !)$3 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ARMED CONmICTS HAVE REVEALED THE LIMITATIONS OF INFORMAL INTERVENTIONS AND THE NEED FOR STRENGTHENING PUBLIC AND MARKET BASED SOCIAL PROTECTION MECHANISMS
0OLICYMAKERS IN BOTH DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SHOULD REMEMBER THAT POVERTY AND HUNGER REPRESENT HUMAN MISERY ON AN ENORMOUS SCALE 3OCIAL PROTECTION POLICIES MAY INCLUDE SOCIAL SAFETY NETS SUCH AS CONDITIONAL TRANSFER AND PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMMES HEALTH INSURANCE AND SOCIAL SECURITY )N TERMS OF PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMMES )NDIA HAS SET A SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLE 4HE %MPLOYMENT 'UARANTEE 3CHEME INITIATED IN IN THE STATE OF -AHARASHTRA HAS BEEN SUCCESSFUL IN EMPLOYING THE POOR ESPECIALLY POOR WOMEN AND HAS PROVIDED PUBLIC GOODS SUCH AS IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE AND RURAL ROADS AS WELL 4HIS CALL FOR RAPID EXPANSION OF SUCH POLICIES IN OTHER DEVELOPING #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES IS BASED NOT ONLY ON A MORAL IMPERATIVE BUT ALSO ON ECONOMIC EFlCIENCY )MPROVING THE LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS OF THE POOREST PEOPLE IS AN INVESTMENT THAT WILL ALLOW THEM TO BECOME PRODUCTIVE PARTICIPANTS IN THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF THEIR COUNTRIES "UT IT IS NOT SUFlCIENT TO PROVIDE SAFETY NETS TO ENSURE PRO POOR GROWTH ! DUAL APPROACH THAT IS ADJUSTED TO COUNTRY CIRCUMSTANCES IS NEEDED WHERE POOR PEOPLE ARE SUPPORTED BY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES SUCH AS INVESTING IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH PROVIDING QUALITY EDUCATION ENHANCING HEALTHCARE FACILITIES AND IMPROVING TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE 'OVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS SHOULD BE INTEGRATED COORDINATED AND
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
SUPPORTED BY GOOD GOVERNANCE PRACTICES 4HEY SHOULD ALSO BE TAILORED TO MEET THE DIFFERENT NEEDS OF POOR PEOPLE IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS #HRONICALLY POOR PEOPLE MAY NEED ACCESSIBLE LABOUR MARKETS WHILE PEOPLE WHO ARE NEWLY POOR MAY NEED HEALTH SERVICES AND HOUSING FOR EXAMPLE 5LTIMATELY EXPANDING SOCIAL PROTECTION AND GENERATING PRO POOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH MUST NOT BE SEEN AS TWO SEPARATE AND EXCLUSIVE APPROACHES BUT AS SYNERGISTIC STRATEGIES #URRENTLY THE SOCIAL PROTECTION COMPONENT OF THIS DUAL STRATEGY IS UNDERVALUED IN MANY COUNTRIES AND IS PHASED IN TOO LATE "UT PEOPLE WHO LIVE HEALTHY AND PRODUCTIVE LIVES CAN CONTRIBUTE TO NATIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH AND WELFARE 2ESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE CHILDHOOD NUTRITION PAY OFF IN INCREASED LIFETIME EARNINGS !T THE SAME TIME PRO POOR GROWTH CAN DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY IMPROVE THE LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS OF POOR PEOPLE !S POLICYMAKERS IN BOTH DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES OF THE #OMMONWEALTH CONSIDER THEIR POLICY OPTIONS THEY SHOULD REMEMBER THAT POVERTY AND HUNGER REPRESENT HUMAN MISERY ON AN ENORMOUS SCALE 4HE TIME HAS COME TO TAKE NEW TYPES OF ACTION AND ON A LARGE SCALE 7ITH EFFECTIVE CONCERTED ACTION POLICYMAKERS THROUGHOUT THE #OMMONWEALTH CAN ACHIEVE THEIR COMMON GOAL OF REDUCING POVERTY AND HUNGER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES PARTICULARLY AMONG THE VERY POOREST PEOPLE
*OACHIM VON "RAUN IS $IRECTOR 'ENERAL OF THE )NTERNATIONAL &OOD 0OLICY 2ESEARCH )NSTITUTE )&02) WHERE HE GUIDES AND OVERSEES THE )NSTITUTE S EFFORTS TO PROVIDE RESEARCH BASED SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS FOR ENDING HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION (E HAS PUBLISHED RESEARCH ON INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS TOPICS INCLUDING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ON POLICY ISSUES RELATING TO TRADE AND AID EMPLOYMENT HEALTH AND NUTRITION AND ON A WIDE RANGE OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ISSUES 4HE )NTERNATIONAL &OOD 0OLICY 2ESEARCH )NSTITUTE )&02) SEEKS SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS FOR ENDING HUNGER AND POVERTY )&02) IS ONE OF CENTRES SUPPORTED BY THE #ONSULTATIVE 'ROUP ON )NTERNATIONAL !GRICULTURAL 2ESEARCH AN ALLIANCE OF GOVERNMENTS PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ORGANISATIONS THAT MOBILISES SCIENCE TO BENElT THE POOR )&02) + 3TREET .7 7ASHINGTON $# 53! 4EL &AX %MAIL IFPRI CGIAR ORG 7EBSITE WWW IFPRI ORG
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
$R $AVID * 3INGH $IRECTOR 'ENERAL )WOKRAMA )NTERNATIONAL #ENTRE
3USTAINABLE TOURISM OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE #OMMONWEALTH 4OURISM PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN A GLOBALISED WORLD BY BRINGING PEOPLE AND CULTURES CLOSER TOGETHER 7ITH INCREASING ACCESSIBILITY AND EASE OF MOVEMENT ACROSS CONTINENTS AND CULTURES THE TOURISM MARKET HAS EXPANDED TO MEET THE BURGEONING NUMBER OF VISITORS AND EXPANDED IN RANGE TO RESPOND TO WIDER INTERESTS OF TRAVELLERS 4HIS IS MANIFESTED IN BIGGER AND BETTER ACCOMMODATION AND THE EXPANSION OF TOURISM TO LESSER KNOWN REGIONS OF THE WORLD !S THE RANGE OF DESTINATIONS GROWS AND PEOPLE BECOME MORE DISCRIMINATING THE URGE TO lND AND EXPERIENCE THE UNIQUE AND DIFFERENT AND ONE OF A KIND IS PLACING A GREATER DEMAND ON TOURIST DESTINATIONS TO FULlL THESE SPECIAL INTERESTS )N THIS ARTICLE THE AUTHOR MAKES A PLEA FOR CREATIVE AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF TOURISM RESOURCES BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE OF THE )WOKRAMA )NTERNATIONAL #ENTRE 'UYANA MARKETS ITS TOURISM PRODUCT AS THE @LAST FRONTIER AND A PARADISE FOR NATURE LOVERS 4OURIST ADVERTISEMENTS CALL VISITORS TO THE LAST UNTOUCHED WILDERNESSES OF THE WORLD "UT UNIQUENESS AND DIFFERENCE ARE NOT OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE HOMOGENEITY AND ACCESSIBILITY THAT GLOBALISATION FOSTERS 7HILE THE (ILTONS AND THE 3ANDALS OF THE WORLD WILL CONTINUE TO ATTRACT A CERTAIN SECTION OF THE MARKET A GROWING PORTION OF THE TOURISM MARKET IS NOW OPTING FOR A PRODUCT WHERE ONE CAN PARTICIPATE OR BE IMMERSED IN AN ENVIRONMENT WITH A DISTINCTIVELY DIFFERENT SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FORM
4HE INDIRECT COSTS OF TOURISM 7HAT DO INCREASED ACCESS AND GREATER VISITOR ARRIVALS MEAN FOR COUNTRIES OF THE #OMMONWEALTH MANY OF WHICH ARE SMALL DEVELOPING AND VULNERABLE 4HESE COUNTRIES ARE OFTEN CAUGHT IN A CYCLE OF POVERTY DRIVEN BY THE NATURE OF THEIR ECONOMIES BUILT ON THE EXTRACTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES OR PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES )N MANY OF THESE COUNTRIES TOURISM IS AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTOR TO THE '$0 BUT AT A GREAT COST TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE COUNTRY 4HE MOST COMMON INDICATOR OF TOURISM BUSINESS THE NUMBER OF VISITORS TO A COUNTRY IS NO LONGER AN
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
4HE UNIQUE IDENTITY OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF 'UYANA IS ALLOWED TO HARMONISE WITH THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF MODERN CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES
APPROPRIATE LITMUS TEST AND DRIVER FOR THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE #OMMONWEALTH 3MALL COUNTRIES NOW PLAY HOST TO SEVERAL TIMES THEIR POPULATIONS IN VISITORS PER YEAR #RUISE SHIPS BRING SEVERAL MILLION VISITORS TO THE #ARIBBEAN AT LESS THAN ONE TENTH OF THE VALUE PER PERSON COMPARED WITH OTHER TYPES OF VISITOR 7E MUST BECOME INCREASINGLY CONSCIOUS OF THE INDIRECT COSTS TO OUR COUNTRIES WITH THE INmUX OF SUCH VAST NUMBERS OF VISITORS 4ODAY EMPHASIS MUST NOW SHIFT TO THE NET BALANCE BETWEEN REVENUE AND THE TOURISM IMPACT 4HE FOOTPRINT OF TOURISM MUST INCLUDE THE CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND THE CAPACITY OF THE SOCIAL AND ECOSYSTEM TO WITHSTAND AND ABSORB INCREASINGLY LARGE NUMBERS OF TOURISTS )N MANY RESPECTS THE TOURISM INDUSTRY THAT WE ARE FAMILIAR WITH IS NO DIFFERENT FROM THE SUGAR PLANTATION SYSTEM THAT IT HAS FOLLOWED n EXTRACTIVE AND LABOUR INTENSIVE WHERE THE VALUE IS EXPORTED OUT OF THE COUNTRY THROUGH VISITOR SATISFACTION LEAVING BEHIND A STRESSED INFRASTRUCTURE A HEAVILY IMPACTED ECOSYSTEM AND A SOCIAL SYSTEM THAT CANNOT REVIVE ITSELF BEFORE THE NEXT WAVE OF TOURISTS ARRIVE
3OCIAL RESPONSIBILITY "UT WE MUST SEE AN ALTERNATIVE EVEN WHEN WE ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THERE MUST BE A CRITICAL VOLUME OF VISITORS BEFORE TOURISM WORKS 0ERHAPS WE ARE NOT
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
4HE )WOKRAMA PROGRAMME IS GLOBALLY UNIQUE BY BLENDING LOCAL PEOPLES AND CULTURES WITH SOUND CONSERVATION PRACTICES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
4HE SAME CAN BE SAID FOR THE PRESERVATION OF SOCIO CULTURAL SYSTEMS IN COMMUNITIES 6ISITORS SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO MAKE CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS THE PRESERVATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE AND ENHANCEMENT OF SOCIAL SYSTEMS &OR THIS REASON COMMUNITY TOURISM OR CULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM OUGHT TO FETCH A PREMIUM PRICE )N A WAY GLOBALISATION HAS PROVIDED THE #OMMONWEALTH WITH AN OPPORTUNITY THROUGH INCREASING KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF EACH OTHER AND OUR ENVIRONMENT 4HIS IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR ADDING VALUE TO OUR TOURISM PRODUCT ENSURING THAT PEOPLE CAN COME AND EXPERIENCE FAR MORE THAN SEA SUN AND SAND 4HEY SHOULD COME AND PARTICIPATE IN THE LIFE AND CULTURE OF A SPECIAL PEOPLE WHILST ENSURING THAT FUTURE GENERATIONS MAY ENJOY SUCH AN EXPERIENCE FULLY APPRECIATIVE OF THE CHANGING FACE OF TOURISM CATERING FOR THAT PART OF THE MARKET THAT MAXIMISES REVENUES WHILE MINIMISING ITS IMPACT ON OUR SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURES 4HERE IS THE EMERGING SENSE OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY REmECTED IN THE CHARTERS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY THAT ARE IN VOGUE AND AN INCREASING CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE ENVIRONMENT ESPECIALLY GLOBAL WARMING AND OTHER IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE !S WE CONSIDER THE NATURE AND INTERESTS OF POTENTIAL VISITORS THESE NEW AND EMERGING VALUE SYSTEMS SHOULD BE FACTORED INTO HOW OUR TOURISM PRODUCTS ARE MARKETED AND HOW WE CAN ADD MORE VALUE TO THESE PRODUCTS 4HE PRESERVATION OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES PROTECTION OF OUR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES AND VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE ARE KEY PARAMETERS WHICH MAY FORM AN IMPORTANT NICHE OPPORTUNITY FOR US IN THE NEAR FUTURE
! CONTRIBUTORY MODEL 4HERE IS A SYNERGY BETWEEN THE DESIRE FOR A VISITOR TO HAVE UNIQUE DIFFERENT AND ONE OF A KIND EXPERIENCE AND THE DESIRE FOR PEOPLE OF SMALL DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO PROTECT THEIR IDENTITIES THEIR CULTURE SOCIAL NORMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS 4HE TREASURES THAT WE HAVE FOR NOW SHOULD NOT BE CASUALTIES CAUGHT IN THE CROSS HAIRS OF INCREASED MARKET ACCESS )NDEED THESE SHOULD FORM THE ASSET BASE TO BE VALUED AND PAID FOR IN RETURN FOR VISITOR SATISFACTION )N TIME TO COME WE NEED TO HAVE A TOURISM PRODUCT THAT OFFERS TO VISITORS A CHANCE FOR THEM TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE PROTECTION OF OUR SOCIO CULTURAL IDENTITY TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TO CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION THUS ENSURING THAT THEY DEPART OUR SHORES HAVING CONTRIBUTED TO THE PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF OUR NATURAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES 7ITH SUCH A SYSTEM WE WOULD REDUCE THE ASSET STRIPPING UNCONSCIOUSLY BEING CARRIED OUT TODAY ! SIMPLE EXAMPLE OF THIS LIES IN PROGRAMMES THAT ALLOW FOR ORGANISATIONS CONFERENCES AND PEOPLE TO BE @CARBON NEUTRAL /RGANISATIONS ARE NOW INVESTING IN CARBON SEQUESTRATION PROJECTS THAT BALANCE THEIR CARBON EMISSIONS "Y TRANSLATION COUNTRIES OF THE #OMMONWEALTH THAT HAVE CARBON SINK POTENTIAL SUCH AS FOREST RESOURCES CAN THEREFORE USE THESE OPPORTUNITIES FOR TOURISTS TO NEUTRALISE THEIR CARBON EMISSIONS
$AVID * 3INGH 0H $ WAS APPOINTED $IRECTOR 'ENERAL OF THE )WOKRAMA )NTERNATIONAL #ENTRE IN *ANUARY (E IS A NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONER EXPERIENCED IN ORGANISATIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING POLICY ANALYSIS QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEMS AND ESTABLISHING ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS )N HIS PREVIOUS CAPACITY AS )WOKRAMA S $IRECTOR OF 2ESOURCE -ANAGEMENT AND 4RAINING $R 3INGH WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EFFECTIVE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE )WOKRAMA &OREST AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE )WOKRAMA #ENTRE AS AN INTERNATIONAL #ENTRE OF %XCELLENCE FOR TRAINING "EFORE JOINING )WOKRAMA $R 3INGH SERVED AS THE $IRECTOR OF THE %NVIRONMENTAL -ANAGEMENT $IVISION OF THE 'UYANA %NVIRONMENTAL 0ROTECTION !GENCY ! NATIVE OF 'UYANA $R 3INGH HOLDS A " 3C DEGREE FROM THE 5NIVERSITY OF 'UYANA AND A 0H $ DEGREE FROM 4EMPLE 5NIVERSITY IN 0HILADELPHIA 53! 4HE )WOKRAMA )NTERNATIONAL #ENTRE FOR 2AINFOREST #ONSERVATION AND $EVELOPMENT IS A JOINT PROGRAMME BETWEEN THE 'OVERNMENT OF 'UYANA AND THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT 4HE MISSION OF THE )WOKRAMA )NTERNATIONAL #ENTRE FOR 2AIN &OREST #ONSERVATION AND $EVELOPMENT INCLUDES hPROMOTING THE CONSERVATION AND THE SUSTAINABLE AND EQUITABLE USE OF TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS IN A MANNER THAT LEADS TO LASTING ECOLOGICAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BENElTS TO THE PEOPLE OF 'UYANA AND TO THE WORLD IN GENERAL BY UNDERTAKING RESEARCH TRAINING AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND DISSEMINATION OF TECHNOLOGIES v )WOKRAMA FULlLS ITS MISSION THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMUNITY INCLUSIVE SUSTAINABLE BUSINESSES 4HESE FOLLOW BEST PRACTICE PRINCIPLES THAT ARE TESTED AND FULLY DEVELOPED )WOKRAMA PRESENTLY HAS DEVELOPED BUSINESSES IN SUSTAINABLE TIMBER HARVESTING ECOTOURISM TRAINING AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND SERVICES )WOKRAMA HAS TWO MAJOR FACILITIES 4HE ADMINISTRATIVE OFlCES ARE LOCATED IN 'EORGETOWN THE CAPITAL OF 'UYANA 4HE )WOKRAMA &IELD 3TATION IS AT THE NORTH WEST BOUNDARY OF THE FOREST ON THE %SSEQUIBO 2IVER 4HERE ARE CURRENTLY ALSO TWO RANGER STATIONS IN THE FOREST WITH MORE STATIONS PLANNED )WOKRAMA )NTERNATIONAL #ENTRE 0/ "OX (IGH 3TREET +INGSTON 'EORGETOWN 'UYANA 3OUTH !MERICA 4EL &AX %MAIL IWOKRAMA GENERAL IWOKRAMA ORG 7EBSITE HTTP IWOKRAMA ORG
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
&RANCISCO 3ANTOS #ALDERON 6ICE 0RESIDENT OF #OLOMBIA
3HARED 2ESPONSIBILITY
4HE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE DRUGS TRADE A CASE STUDY FROM #OLOMBIA /F THE WORLD DRUG PROBLEM S MANY VICTIMS PERHAPS NONE ARE AS DEFENCELESS AND INCAPABLE OF VOICING THEIR PLIGHT AS THESE PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES )T IS TIME IS TO MAKE THE UP TO NOW SILENT ENVIRONMENTAL CATASTROPHE CAUSED BY ILLICIT CROP CULTIVATION HEARD SEEN AND FELT AROUND THE GLOBE #OLOMBIA IS WORKING HARDER THAN EVER TO FORGE INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCES AGAINST ILLEGAL DRUGS AND THEIR LARGELY UNKNOWN ECOLOGICAL REPERCUSSIONS BECAUSE THE MAIN WEAPON AGAINST DRUGS IS COOPERATION BETWEEN NATIONS !ND IN ORDER TO MINIMISE THE IMPACT OF ILLICIT DRUGS IT IS ESSENTIAL TO REDUCE NOT JUST THEIR SUPPLY BUT ALSO THEIR DEMAND )T IS A FAIR SUGGESTION THAT IF MORE WERE KNOWN ABOUT THE ECOCIDE LINKED TO COCAINE CONSUMPTION THIS DRUG S ALLURE WOULD SHARPLY DECREASE
/F THE WORLD DRUG PROBLEM S MANY VICTIMS PERHAPS NONE ARE AS DEFENCELESS AND INCAPABLE OF VOICING THEIR PLIGHT AS THESE PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES
&OR THIS REASON THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY IS INVITED TO LEARN MORE ABOUT COCAINE S #OLOMBIAN ECOCIDE AND TO WORK TOGETHER TO INCORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS INTO THE DISCOURSE ABOUT THE WORLD DRUG PROBLEM SO THAT THE ECOLOGICAL DISASTER CAUSED BY ILLICIT DRUGS CAN GAIN THE ATTENTION IT NEEDS TO BE STOPPED
! SILENT CATASTROPHE #OLOMBIA IN THE .ORTH WEST OF 3OUTH !MERICA HAS COASTS ALONG BOTH THE 0ACIl C AND !TLANTIC OCEANS IS THE ENDPOINT FOR THE GREAT !NDES MOUNTAIN RANGE THE REASON BEHIND #OLOMBIA S AMPLE CLIMATIC VARIATIONS HAS SOME OF THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF ANNUAL RAINFALL IN THE WORLD AND IS ALMOST THE SIZE OF &RANCE AND 3PAIN PUT TOGETHER /NLY LESS THAN SIX PER CENT OF THE EARTH S TOTAL LAND IS COVERED BY RAINFORESTS AND THEREIN LIE THREE QUARTERS OF THE WORLD S BIODIVERSITY 4HE !MAZON RAINFOREST RESPONSIBLE FOR PER CENT OF THE PLANET S OXYGEN SUPPLY COVERS PER CENT OF 3OUTH !MERICA AND PER CENT OF #OLOMBIA RANKED AMONG THE TOP TEN COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF PRIMARY FORESTS #OLOMBIA IS AFTER "RAZIL THE MOST BIODIVERSE NATION ON THE PLANET )T HOLDS PER CENT OF THE WORLD S BIRD SPECIES AND IS THE RICHEST IN TERMS OF AMPHIBIANS
)N -AY OF A NEW ADDITION WAS MADE TO THE LIST OF THE WORLD S KNOWN HUMMINGBIRD SPECIES "APTISED AS THE 'ORGETTED 0UFm EG BY THE SCIENTIl C COMMUNITY THIS HUMMINGBIRD S POTENTIAL HABITAT CONSISTS OF HECTARES IN THE CLOUD FORESTS OF THE 0INCHE MOUNTAIN RANGE IN 3OUTH WESTERN #OLOMBIA ALTHOUGH IT HAS ONLY BEEN SEEN m UTTERING ACROSS HECTARES !CCORDING TO THE ORNITHOLOGIST THAT l RST SPOTTED THE PUFm EG PER CENT OF ITS TOTAL POTENTIAL HABITAT OR HECTARES ARE SLASHED BURNT AND CHEMICALLY TREATED EVERY YEAR TO GROW COCA 3OON IT SEEMS LIKELY THE PUFm EG WILL GO FROM MAKING HEADLINES AS A STUNNING NEW SPECIES TO BEING LISTED IN THE 7ORLD #ONSERVATION 5NION S RED BOOKS AS A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED STUNNING NEW SPECIES 'ORGETTED PUFm EG
5GANDA .OVEMBER
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
LANDSLIP WITH COCA LABORATORY
3IXTY SIX PER CENT OF THE COCA GROWERS MUST TURN THEIR HARVESTED LEAVES INTO THE MUCH EASIER TO CONCEAL AND TRANSPORT COCA PASTE OR BASE OTHERWISE DRUG TRAFlCKING GROUPS WILL NOT BUY THEM 4HUS MANY COCA GROWERS BUILD RUDIMENTARY LABORATORIES THAT ARE NEARLY ALWAYS LOCATED NEAR WATER SOURCES TO FACILITATE THE DISPOSAL OF RESULTING CHEMICAL RESIDUES &URTHERMORE IN ORDER TO KEEP THE CHEMICALS COOL FARMERS SUBMERGE THEM USING NON AIRTIGHT CONTAINERS IN NEARBY WATER WHERE THEY INEVITABLY LEAK
!DDITIONALLY #OLOMBIA HAS A POTENTIAL ANNUAL WATER PRODUCTION MEASURED IN CUBIC KILOMETERS GREATER THAN THAT OF COUNTRIES AS LARGE AS )NDIA OR THE CONTINENTAL 5NITED 3TATES 4ODAY THERE ARE NATIONAL PARKS A NUMBER LIKELY TO GROW IN THE FUTURE WITH A TOTAL AREA LARGER THAN TWICE THE ENTIRE SIZE OF #OSTA 2ICA (OWEVER COCAINE PRODUCTION ENCOURAGED BY COCAINE CONSUMPTION POSES AN OMINOUS THREAT TO THIS ENVIRONMENT ENDANGERING UNIQUE SPECIES OF mORA AND FAUNA 4HE MAJORITY OF THE THOUSAND HECTARES OF COCA IN #OLOMBIA TODAY ARE LOCATED ALONG THE !MAZON RAINFOREST (OWEVER WHAT IS MORE WORRISOME IS THAT THE 7ORLD "ANK ESTIMATES THAT FOR EVERY HECTARE OF COCA PLANTED THREE TO FOUR HECTARES OF FOREST ARE CUT DOWN $UE TO THE FREQUENCY WITH WHICH CROPS SHIFT SOME TO HECTARES OF TROPICAL FOREST IN #OLOMBIA ARE SLASHED AND BURNT TO MAKE WAY FOR COCA PLANTS EVERY YEAR )NDEED THE SMOKE CAUSED BY THE SLASH AND BURN TECHNIQUE IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTION IN #OLOMBIAN JUNGLE AREAS 77& SAYS THAT ONE HECTARE OF PRISTINE RAINFOREST PRODUCES TONS OF OXYGEN PER YEAR SO THE DESTRUCTION OF FOUR HECTARES PRECLUDES THE ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF TONS OF OXYGEN #ONSERVATIVE ESTIMATES CONSIDER THAT OVER THE LAST YEARS MORE THAN TWO MILLION HECTARES HAVE BEEN CLEAR CUT TO PRODUCE COCA AN AREA EQUIVALENT TO THE SIZE OF %STONIA !ND EVEN THOUGH THIS TREND HAS BEEN SLOWED DOWN BY EFFECTIVE GOVERNMENT POLICIES IN RECENT YEARS THE DAMAGE HAS ALREADY BEEN DONE
4HE RESIDUAL EFFECT $UE TO THE UNSUITABILITY OF JUNGLE SOIL FOR AGRICULTURAL PROCESSES AND IN ORDER TO MAXIMISE PLANT YIELDS COCA GROWERS USE TIMES MORE AGROCHEMICALS THAN THOSE USED BY FARMERS IN LEGAL CROPS 7HEN WORKING WITH PESTICIDES COCA GROWERS USE NO PROTECTION THUS EXPOSING THEMSELVES TO GRAVE HEALTH RISKS 4O SAVE TIME AND MONEY THEY MIX MOST OF THE AGROCHEMICALS INTO A SINGLE BATCH FOR FUMIGATION AMONG THEM ARE THOSE COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE @DIRTY DOZEN 4HESE CHEMICALS ARE PERILOUS NOT ONLY BECAUSE THEY RESIST BIODEGRADATION AND ARE TOXIC BUT ALSO BECAUSE THEY ARE HIGHLY MOBILE /NCE RELEASED INTO THE AIR THEY CAN TRAVEL GREAT DISTANCES THROUGH A PROCESS OF MULTIPLE CYCLES OF EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION KNOWN AS THE @GRASSHOPPER EFFECT
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
4HE lNAL STAGE CARRIED OUT BY PROFESSIONAL CHEMISTS REQUIRES THE USE OF SUBSTANCES THAT ARE EVEN MORE HAZARDOUS THAN THOSE USED IN PREVIOUS STAGES )N ORDER TO REUSE THESE CHEMICALS A DISTILLATION PROCESS IS CONDUCTED THAT RESULTS IN THE INJECTION OF THOUSANDS OF GALLONS OF HOT WATER INTO RIVERS INCREASING WATER TEMPERATURE AND ALTERING ECOSYSTEMS 7HEN THESE CHEMICALS CAN NO LONGER BE RECYCLED THEY ARE DUMPED UNCEREMONIOUSLY INTO NEARBY RIVERS
#OCA GROWERS USE TIMES MORE AGROCHEMICALS THAN THOSE USED BY FARMERS IN LEGAL CROPS !CCORDING TO RESEARCH STUDIES CONDUCTED BY THE 5NITED .ATIONS /FlCE ON $RUGS AND #RIME 5./$# AND THE #OLOMBIAN #OUNTER .ARCOTICS !GENCY IN ORDER TO TRANSFORM ONE HECTARE OF COCA PLANTS INTO COCAINE KILOGRAMS OF PESTICIDES HERBICIDES FERTILISERS GASOLINE AMMONIA CEMENT AND SULPHURIC ACID ARE NEEDED #OCA CROPS ON AVERAGE YIELD FOUR ANNUAL HARVESTS 4HE ARITHMETIC IS DAUNTING BUT SIMPLE KG X HARVESTS X HECTARES KILOGRAMS OR TONS OF CHEMICAL WASTE PER YEAR ALL OF WHICH ARE DUMPED ON #OLOMBIA S SOIL OR IN ITS RIVERS TO PRODUCE COCAINE
! TROUBLING PROSPECT 4HE TIME IS RIPE TO CREATE AWARENESS ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS OF COCAINE PRODUCTION FOR IT IS DIFlCULT TO RECALL A TIME WHEN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY DECISION MAKERS INCLUDED HAS BEEN AS ENVIRONMENTALLY CONSCIOUS AS NOW "Y CAPITALISING ON THE PRESENT CONCERN WITH ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION ESPECIALLY TRUE OF THE YOUNGER GENERATIONS WHO ALSO HAVE A HIGHER GENERAL PREDISPOSITION TO DRUG CONSUMPTION THE CIRCUMVENTION OF TWO HIGHLY WORRYING SCENARIOS MAY BE ACHIEVED "OTH SCENARIOS DEPEND ON DEMAND LEVELS FOR COCAINE REMAINING STEADY OR INCREASING 4HE lRST WORRYING SCENARIO CONSISTS OF THE FURTHER DETERIORATION OF #OLOMBIA S IMPORTANT ECOLOGICAL WEALTH 4HE SECOND SCENARIO EQUALLY TROUBLING INVOLVES THE GROWTH OF THE ALREADY VULNERABLE NATIONS OF !FRICA AND THE #ARIBBEAN AS COCAINE TRANSSHIPMENT HUBS #OLOMBIA IS ONLY TOO FAMILIAR WITH WHAT HAPPENS WHEN DRUG TRAFlCKING IMPREGNATES THE ORGANISMS CHARGED WITH KEEPING IT AT BAY #ORRUPTION VIOLENCE
.ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND THE %NVIRONMENT
&OREST BURNT TO MAKE WAY FOR COCA
3HARED SOLUTIONS 3IMPLY PUT #OLOMBIA HOPES TO SHOW THAT COCAINE IS BAD FOR PEOPLE S HEALTH BUT ALSO BAD FOR THE ENVIRONMENT !N ENVIRONMENTALLY CONSCIOUS PERSON WHO DRIVES A HYBRID CAR MIGHT AS WELL BE DRIVING A (UMMER IF HE OR SHE CONSUMES COCAINE NO MATTER HOW RECREATIONALLY
AND TERRORISM ENSUE WHILE TIME RESOURCES AND CAPABLE PEOPLE ARE SYPHONED AWAY FROM SOLVING THE CONDITIONS THAT KEEP COUNTRIES IN POVERTY n AND THUS VULNERABLE TO DRUG TRAFlCKING -ANY #OMMONWEALTH NATIONS SUCH AS 'HANA AND .IGERIA IN 7EST !FRICA AND *AMAICA AND 'UYANA WITH #ARIBBEAN COASTS ARE ALREADY FEELING THESE AND OTHER SIDE EFFECTS OF DRUG TRAFlCKING n MORE DRUG MULES INCREASING LOCAL CONSUMPTION AND POLITICAL SCANDALS ! PARTICULAR WORRY IS THAT NATIONS WITH GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS SIMILAR TO THOSE OF #OLOMBIA S COCA GROWING REGION WILL BEGIN TO SEE COCA CROPS SPROUT ON THEIR OWN LAND 4ABLE COMPARES #OLOMBIA S LATITUDE AND ALTITUDE WITH THOSE OF COUNTRIES THAT ARE INCREASINGLY BECOMING COCAINE TRANSSHIPMENT POINTS TO SHOW THAT PLAUSIBLY COCA COULD BE GROWN IN THESE COUNTRIES 4HE 5.$0 S (UMAN $EVELOPMENT )NDEX IS INCLUDED BECAUSE LIVING STANDARDS ALSO PLAY A KEY ROLE IN A NATION S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DRUG PRODUCTION #OUNTRY
,ATITUDE !LTITUDE RANGE
5.$0 (UMAN $EVELOPMENT )NDEX
#OLOMBIA
3 TO . TO M COCA GROWING REGIONS OF -ETA AND 'UAVIARE LOCATED AT M
'HANA
. TO . TO M
'UYANA
.
TO M
*AMAICA
.
TO M
+ENYA
.
TO M
.IGERIA
.
TO M
3IERRA ,EONE .
TO M
!CCORDING TO THE 5./$# S 7ORLD $RUG 2EPORT 0ORTUGAL THE SECOND MAIN ENTRY POINT FOR COCAINE INTO %UROPE REPORTED AN INCREASE IN SEIZURES FROM SEVEN TONNES IN TO TONNES IN TO METRIC TONNES IN 0ORTUGUESE AUTHORITIES ATTRIBUTE THIS RISE TO THE INmUX OF COCAINE SHIPMENTS COMING FROM !FRICA WHERE COCAINE SEIZURES INCREASED SIX FOLD FROM TO !LSO !MADO 0HILIP DE !NDRES DEPUTY REPRESENTATIVE OF THE 5./$# IN 7EST !FRICA MORE RECENTLY SAID THAT OF ALL THE DRUGS SEIZED AT %UROPEAN AIRPORTS LAST YEAR PER CENT CAME FROM !FRICA AND OF THAT MORE THAN PER CENT LANDED IN THROUGH 7EST !FRICA
3O HOW DO WE PLAN TO CREATE AWARENESS ABOUT THE ECOCIDE ALREADY UNDER WAY IN #OLOMBIA 4HROUGH ACTIVITIES DIRECTED AT THE GENERAL PUBLIC SUCH AS AN ITINERANT PHOTO MUSEUM THE PUBLIC SHOWING OF VIDEOS VIRTUAL GAMES AND A DIVERSE AND STRONG PRESENCE ON THE WEB IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO SENSITISE A WIDE INTERNATIONAL AUDIENCE ONE THAT IS ALREADY INCREASINGLY CONSCIOUS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION !T THE SAME TIME ) AM COMMITTED TO PARTICIPATING IN HIGH LEVEL INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ARENAS TO BROADCAST THIS MESSAGE AND HOPEFULLY CATALYSE JOINT ACTION 4O HELP REVERSE THE ECOCIDE THE EXPANSION OF ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ADVANCED BY THE 0RESIDENTIAL 0ROGRAM AGAINST )LLICIT #ROPS 0#) IS CRUCIAL 3INCE THESE ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS HAVE KEPT OVER TWO MILLION HECTARES FREE OF ILLICIT CROPS CONSERVED OVER HECTARES AND RECOVERED OVER HECTARES "UT TO TRULY RIGHT THE DAMAGE WROUGHT BY COCA CULTIVATION MORE WORK NEEDS TO BE DONE n AND THIS MEANS PROVIDING COCA GROWERS WITH ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVES !LL NATIONS AND THEIR PEOPLES SHOULD LEARN ABOUT COCAINE S SILENT ENVIRONMENTAL CATASTROPHE AND JOIN ME AND MY COUNTRY IN OUR EFFORTS TO COUNTER IT AND STOP IT FROM SPREADING TO OTHER ALREADY VULNERABLE AREAS OF THE WORLD
&RANCISCO 3ANTOS #ALDERON HAS BEEN 6ICE 0RESIDENT OF #OLOMBIA SINCE WHEN HE WAS ELECTED TOGETHER WITH CURRENT 0RESIDENT !LVARO 5RIBE ON A PLEDGE TO IMPROVE SECURITY AND ECONOMIC PROSPERITY 0ROOF THAT THIS PLEDGE WAS AMPLY FULlLLED IS THE FACT THAT BOTH 0RESIDENT 5RIBE AND 6ICE 0RESIDENT 3ANTOS WERE AGAIN ELECTED IN WITH A WIDE MARGIN OF SUPPORT 3HARED 2ESPONSIBILITY IS A #OLOMBIA LED INITIATIVE FOR ILLICIT DRUG PRODUCING AND CONSUMING COUNTRIES TO WORK ON SHARED SOLUTIONS TO THE THREAT THAT COCAINE PRODUCTION TRAFlCKING AND CONSUMPTION POSES TO THE WORLD )TS MISSION IS TO CREATE GLOBAL AWARENESS ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL CATASTROPHE CAUSED BY ILLICIT CROP CULTIVATION AND DRUG PRODUCTION AND TO INCORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS INTO THE DISCOURSE ABOUT THE WORLD DRUG PROBLEM IN THE HOPE THAT THE ECOLOGICAL DISASTER CAUSED BY ILLICIT DRUGS WILL BE PUT TO AN END 3HARED 2ESPONSIBILITY /FlCE OF THE 6ICE 0RESIDENT OF #OLOMBIA #ARRERA A "OGOTÉ #OLOMBIA 4EL &AX %MAIL MASTER SHAREDRESPONSIBILITY GOV CO 7EBSITE WWW SHAREDRESPONSIBILITY GOV CO
5GANDA .OVEMBER
Telephone Cost Savings for Government Departments
The MiDAS Telephone Management System logs all calls made from the Department’s PABX providing comprehensive control of telephone expenditure. The budget control module can be enabled to restrict calls and/or e-mail relevant personnel once pre-defined monthly telephone call cost targets have been reached. MiDAS Reports are able to provide information on outgoing, incoming (answered & answered), calling line identity, tie line, cell routers and extension to extension calls. The most frequently dialled external numbers can be identified and monitored. Call reports can be requested on pre-set numbers to review the cost of communicating with regular contacts, such as other governmental offices or suppliers. Individual departments can be monitored for performance against preset budgets and departments exceeding telephone budgeting can be quickly identified. Exception filters can be pre-defined to immediately e-mail the security manager when specific telephone numbers are dialled - for example police/fire/ambulance or other sensitive telephone numbers. Benefits from this management information and statistics, such as operator answer time and identification of ‘busy periods’, allows managers to plan staffing levels efficiently. E-mailed Reports can be produced in PDF, CSV, TXT or HTML formats and may be generated on demand or scheduled to run automatically. MiDAS Management Systems is based in Johannesburg and is a well established market leader with a proven ability to respond to the telecom needs of government departments – and the state-of-the-art technology needed to fulfil those needs. For further information contact us on +27 11 807 5576 Email: sales@midasman.co.za Visit our Website at: www.midasman.co.za P.O.Box 1575, Rivonia 2128, 14 Sunninghill Office Park, Peltier Drive, Sunninghill Ext 71, Sandton, South Africa
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
5GANDA .OVEMBER
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
3PECIAL &EATURE BY ,550
- PAYMENTS REVOLUTIONISE WORLD COMMERCE /F A GLOBAL POPULATION TOTALLING SIX BILLION ONLY AROUND ONE BILLION PEOPLE HAVE BANK ACCOUNTS 9ET AN ESTIMATED FOUR BILLION PEOPLE NOW OWN A MOBILE PHONE 4HESE STARK l GURES HELP TO EXPLAIN WHY M PAYMENTS n l NANCIAL TRANSACTIONS MADE THROUGH A MOBILE PHONE n ARE RAPIDLY GROWING IN POPULARITY AND ARE LIKELY TO REVOLUTIONISE THE WAY THAT MONEY CHANGES HANDS IN THE COMING YEARS &OR A COMPANY SUCH AS MOBILE PAYMENTS OPERATOR ,550 SET UP IN .ORWAY IN AND NOW ACTIVE IN THE 5+ 'ERMANY #HINA AND THE -IDDLE %AST THIS SITUATION PRESENTS A MASSIVE OPPORTUNITY TO BRING BENEl TS TO MILLIONS OF PEOPLE THROUGH GIVING THEM ACCESS TO NEW SOURCES OF l NANCE AND IMPROVED ECONOMIC SECURITY
/VER MILLION &ILIPINOS SEND HOME MORE THAN 53 BILLION EACH YEAR )F PER CENT OF THIS MONEY IS LOST IN AGENCY FEES THE LOSS ADDS UP TO NEARLY PER CENT OF THE COUNTRY S '$0
4HE PACE OF DEVELOPMENT IN MOBILE PAYMENT IS SPEEDING UP HOWEVER %ARLIER THIS YEAR THE '3- !SSOCIATION REPRESENTING MOBILE PHONE OPERATORS ANNOUNCED A FRAMEWORK FOR A GLOBAL STANDARD FOR MOBILE PHONE PAYMENTS WITH THE TECHNOLOGY EXPECTED TO BE FULLY FUNCTIONING DURING 3EVERAL CREDIT CARD COMPANIES AND BANKS ARE EXPERIMENTING WITH PAYMENT SYSTEMS OVER MOBILE PHONES SUCH AS THAT OFFERED BY 7HILE IT IS ALREADY POSSIBLE TO PAY FOR A PARKING TICKET IN ,550 AND LARGE RETAIL CHAINS SUCH AS -C$ONALD S (ELSINKI A CAN OF COKE IN 3EOUL OR A RINGTONE IN ,ONDON HAVE ALLIED THEMSELVES WITH MOBILE PHONE OPERATORS TO USING YOUR MOBILE PHONE THERE HAS BEEN A SERIES OF OFFER PAYMENT BY PHONE DELAYS AND OBSTACLES BOTH TECHNICAL AND COMMERCIAL 7HILE THIS KIND OF PROGRESS IS SEEN AS INEVITABLE IN TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A WIDESPREAD STANDARD FOR MOBILE THE DEVELOPED ECONOMIES OF 7ESTERN %UROPE .ORTH !MERICA AND THE HIGH TECH MARKETS OF *APAN AND PAYMENTS ACROSS SINGLE CONTINENTS OR AROUND THE WORLD &ROM THE 5NITED .ATIONS POINT OF VIEW THERE ARE TWO 3OUTH +OREA IT IS THE @UNBANKED BILLIONS OF !SIA AND ISSUES REGARDING MOBILE PHONE PAYMENTS THAT HAVE !FRICA WHO POTENTIALLY HAVE THE MOST TO GAIN FROM MOBILE BEEN IDENTIl ED AS CRUCIAL TO IMPROVING THE ECONOMIES PAYMENT SYSTEMS !LTHOUGH THESE PEOPLE ARE RELATIVELY OF DEVELOPING NATIONS 4HE l RST IS CREATING EFl CIENT POOR THE SUMS OF MONEY THAT m OW THROUGH THE HANDS COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS !S ,550 #HIEF %XECUTIVE OF PEOPLE WITHOUT BANK ACCOUNTS IS CUMULATIVELY VAST 4HOMAS "OSTRÂ’M *Â’RGENSEN POINTS OUT THIS FACTOR IS %XPATRIATES FOR EXAMPLE SEND AN ESTIMATED 53 BILLION HOME TO THEIR RELATIVES EACH YEAR THE VITAL l RST STEP IN DEVELOPING COMMERCE OFTEN TRANSMITTED THROUGH CASH REMITTANCE h&OR EXAMPLE A l SHERMAN IN +ERALA IN SYSTEMS SUCH AS 7ESTERN 5NION 4RANSFERRING SOUTHERN )NDIA CAN INCREASE HIS INCOME THESE PAYMENTS TO MOBILE SYSTEMS THROUGH ENORMOUSLY IF HE CAN BE IN COMMUNICATION ,550 S SYSTEM OF MOBILE ACCOUNTS FOR WITH POTENTIAL CUSTOMERS AND THEN DELIVER EXAMPLE WOULD BE CHEAPER EASIER AND TO THEM INSTEAD OF GOING BACK HOME MORE SECURE THAN MOST CURRENT METHODS AND HAVING HIS l SH ROT IN THE PORT !LL THE WHERE INTERMEDIARIES ROUTINELY CHARGE STUDIES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SHOW PER CENT OF THE TRANSFERRED AMOUNT THAT COMMUNICATION IS ONE OF THE GREATEST 4HOMAS "OSTRÂ’M *Â’RGENSEN 3UCH CUSTOMERS ARE UNLIKELY TO TAKE OUT FACTORS IN PROMOTING GROWTH v #HIEF %XECUTIVE /FFICER ,550 LARGE MORTGAGES SO THEY HAVE REMAINED 4HE SECOND 5. IDENTIl ED ISSUE IS ENABLING REMITTANCES TO BE MADE )N A COUNTRY LIKE THE 0HILIPPINES BELOW THE RADAR FOR MANY OF THE WORLD S MAJOR BANKS REMITTANCES MAKE UP A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF NATIONAL 9ET THEIR SPENDING POWER IS NOW BEING RECOGNISED AS A INCOME AS SO MANY MILLIONS OF THE POPULATION WORK SIGNIl CANT ECONOMIC FORCE 4HERE IS ALSO A RECOGNITION ABROAD AND SEND MONEY HOME !N ESTIMATED MILLION THAT BY FACILITATING MOBILE PHONE PAYMENTS GOVERNMENTS &ILIPINOS AROUND PER CENT OF THE POPULATION WORK IN ARE HELPING TO PROVIDE AN INFRASTRUCTURE THAT WILL BENEl T MORE THAN COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD AND SEND THEIR CITIZENS AND INCREASE LEVELS OF PROSPERITY HOME MORE THAN 53 BILLION EACH YEAR MAKING UP PER ,550 HAS RECEIVED STRONG SUPPORT FROM GOVERNMENTS CENT OF THE COUNTRY S '$0 )F PER CENT OF THIS MONEY IN THE COUNTRIES IN WHICH IT OPERATES AS A RESULT OF IS LOST IN AGENCY FEES IT ADDS UP TO 53 MILLION PER FACILITATING FAST SECURE AND SAFE GOVERNMENTAL PAYOUTS TO POOR CITIZENS WHO HAVE NOT PREVIOUSLY HAD THIS YEAR OR ALMOST PER CENT OF THE COUNTRY S '$0
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
&IGURE 7ORLDWIDE REMITTANCE DEVELOPMENT 3OURCE $EVELOPMENT 0ROSPECTS 'ROUP 7ORLD "ANK
POSSIBILITY ,550 IS REGULATED BY THE NATIONAL AUTHORITIES SUCH AS THE 5+ &INANCIAL 3ERVICES !UTHORITY IN THE COUNTRIES WHERE IT OPERATES 4HE POTENTIAL SIZE OF THE M PAYMENTS MARKET HAS BEEN OPEN TO CONJECTURE BY ANALYSTS AND INDUSTRY COMMENTATORS FOR SOME YEARS )N AN ALLIANCE OF SEVERAL LARGE MOBILE PHONE OPERATORS DEVELOPED A SYSTEM CALLED 3IMPAY PROMPTING FORECASTS OF BILLIONS OF DOLLARS CHANGING HANDS THROUGH THIS MEANS IN THE FOLLOWING YEARS 7HEN ONE OF THE MAIN BACKERS 4 -OBILE WITHDREW HOWEVER THE PROJECT COLLAPSED -OST RECENTLY A REPORT FROM RESEARCH GROUP *UNIPER IN THE 5+ INCLUDED FORECASTS OF A 53 BILLION TOTAL MARKET FOR MOBILE PAYMENTS BY COMPARED WITH 53 BILLION IN 7HAT IS MOST STRIKING ABOUT THE BREAKDOWN OF THIS FORECAST BETWEEN REGIONS IS THAT WHEREAS %UROPE CURRENTLY LEADS THE WORLD IN M PAYMENTS WITH AN EXPECTED TOTAL OF 53 MILLION THIS YEAR RISING TO 53 BILLION IN THE &AR %AST AND #HINA IS PREDICTED TO RISE FROM 53 MILLION THIS YEAR TO 53 BILLION IN ! HIGH PROPORTION OF THIS TOTAL WOULD PROBABLY DERIVE FROM PEOPLE WITHOUT BANK ACCOUNTS WHO WOULD BE MAKING MOBILE PAYMENTS INSTEAD OF USING CASH HAVING LEAPFROGGED THE BANKING PROCESS ALTOGETHER !FRICA AND THE -IDDLE %AST IS FORECAST TO SEE 53 MILLION WORTH OF M PAYMENTS BY A MODEST lGURE BY GLOBAL STANDARDS BUT A FOLD RISE ON THE 53 MILLION PREDICTED FOR 7HEREAS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BANKS AND MOBILE PHONE OPERATORS AND INTERNALLY BETWEEN EACH OTHER HAS BEEN A SOURCE OF DIFlCULTY IN DEVELOPING M PAYMENTS ,550 HAS SUCCEEDED IN DEVELOPING AN M PAYMENT SYSTEM WHICH IS INDEPENDENT OF BOTH BANKS AND PHONE OPERATORS ,550 WORKS WITH BANKS AND TELECOM COMPANIES TO DELIVER ITS SERVICE BUT IS NOT OWNED OR CONTROLLED BY ANY OF THEM h4YPICALLY WE ONLY NEED TO INTEGRATE WITH ONE BANK AND ONE MOBILE OPERATOR IN EACH COUNTRY v SAYS *Â’RGENSEN h4HIS ENABLES US TO DELIVER THE ,550 SERVICE TO ANYONE WITH A MOBILE PHONE IN THE RELEVANT COUNTRY v ,550 ALLOWS MOBILE PHONE USERS TO CREATE THEIR OWN ACCOUNTS JUST LIKE A REGULAR BANK ACCOUNT INTO WHICH THEY CAN PAY MONEY AND THEN USE THEIR PHONES TO PAY FOR GOODS AND SERVICES
3UPPORT FROM CUSTOMERS ,550 ALREADY HAS CUSTOMERS IN %UROPE ABLE TO PAY TO MORE THAN RETAIL OUTLETS AND RECEIVED THE lRST PAN %UROPEAN BANKING LICENCE GIVEN TO AN M PAYMENT OPERATOR /PERATIONAL IN .ORWAY SINCE THE SERVICE HAS SPREAD TO 'ERMANY 0OLAND AND THE 5+ WITH FURTHER %UROPEAN COUNTRIES SCHEDULED TO BE COVERED LATER IN ! FURTHER AGREEMENT HAS BEEN SIGNED WITH THE .ATIONAL "ANK OF !BU $HABI ."!$ THE lRST NON %UROPEAN INSTITUTION TO SIGN UP TO THE ,550 SYSTEM ALLOWING THE BANK S CUSTOMERS TO TRANSFER MONEY DOWNLOAD MOBILE CONTENT AND PAY BILLS THROUGH THEIR MOBILE PHONE WITHIN SECONDS h,550 USERS NEED ONLY SEND A TEXT MESSAGE AND WITHIN A MATTER OF SECONDS RATHER THAN DAYS A SECURE TRANSACTION IS COMPLETED AT A FRACTION OF THE COST OF TRADITIONAL FUND TRANSFERS v SAYS +HALID $EEMAS HEAD OF RETAIL BANKING AT ."!$ 2EMITTANCE PAYMENTS FROM PEOPLE WORKING AWAY FROM THEIR OWN COUNTRY BACK TO THEIR RELATIVES IS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE DEMAND FOR ,550 S SERVICES IN THE -IDDLE %AST
*UNIPER 2ESEARCH FORECASTS A 53 BILLION TOTAL MARKET FOR MOBILE PAYMENTS BY COMPARED WITH 53 BILLION IN
h4HERE HAS BEEN VERY HIGH DEMAND FOR THIS KIND OF SYSTEM FROM OUR CUSTOMERS v SAYS $EEMAS h4HEY ARE ALREADY VERY ACTIVE IN ONLINE BANKING AND THIS FEATURE WILL ENHANCE THE POSITION OF OUR BANK IN THE REGION v ."!$ WILL BE THE lRST BANK IN THE -IDDLE %AST TO OFFER THIS KIND OF SERVICE ACCORDING TO $EEMAS MAKING IT UNNECESSARY FOR CUSTOMERS PHYSICALLY TO VISIT A BANK BRANCH OR EVEN BE AT THEIR COMPUTER SCREEN h4HEY CAN MAKE PAYMENTS ANYWHERE AT ANY TIME v SAYS $EEMAS ."!$ HAS PER CENT OF ITS CUSTOMERS BANKING ONLINE
5GANDA .OVEMBER
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
AGAINST AN INTERNATIONAL NORM OF PER CENT AND HE PREDICTS THAT AT LEAST PER CENT WILL ADOPT THE NEW M PAYMENTS FACILITY h!LMOST ALL THE POPULATION OF THE 5NITED !RAB %MIRATES HAS A MOBILE PHONE AND THEY ARE ENTHUSIASTIC USERS 7E WERE THE lRST BANK TO OFFER ONLINE 6ISA PAYMENTS AND THE lRST TO OFFER CHIP AND PIN SERVICES 7E IDENTIlED ,550 AS A PIONEER IN MOBILE PAYMENTS AND WE LIKE THEIR TECHNOLOGY AND THE BUSINESS MODEL THEY HAVE DEVELOPED ) M SURE THIS KIND OF SYSTEM WILL SPREAD TO OTHER BANKS IN THE REGION v $EEMAS EXPECTS THAT WITHIN THE NEXT FEW YEARS BETWEEN AND PER CENT OF HIS CUSTOMERS TRANSACTIONS WILL BE MADE VIA MOBILE PHONES AND HE INTENDS TO MOUNT WIDESPREAD ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS TO RAISE AWARENESS OF THE OPPORTUNITY ONCE IT HAS BEEN ADOPTED BY A PROPORTION OF CUSTOMERS 4HE POTENTIAL COST SAVINGS AND EASE OF USE ARE EXTREMELY APPEALING HE BELIEVES 7ITH A POPULATION OF MILLIONS OF MIGRANT WORKERS THE -IDDLE %AST IS A FERTILE LOCATION FOR M PAYMENT TO BE ESTABLISHED SAVING PEOPLE SIGNIlCANT AMOUNTS OF MONEY WHEN THEY MAKE REMITTANCES BACK HOME )N MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD THOUSANDS OF WORKERS RECEIVE THEIR PAY IN CASH REQUIRING TIME CONSUMING INEFlCIENT PROCESSES h!T THE MOMENT GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES IN MANY COUNTRIES HAVE THEIR SALARIES PAID IN CASH v NOTES *Â’RGENSEN h4RUCKLOADS OF CASH ARE DRIVEN TO A CENTRAL DEPOT AND THEN THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE LINE UP TO RECEIVE THEIR PAY 4HE WASTED TIME OF EACH OF THESE EMPLOYEES TRAVELLING FROM THEIR WORKPLACE OR HOME AND QUEUING FOR HOURS IS EXTRAORDINARY -OBILE PAYMENTS WILL HUGELY IMPROVE THE SECURITY AND EFlCIENCY OF DISTRIBUTION OF PAYMENTS v HE SAYS h)T WILL MAKE THE WHOLE lNANCIAL SERVICES SECTOR MORE EFFECTIVE v )N DEVELOPED ECONOMIES INTERNET BANKING HAS ENJOYED A SWIFT RISE TO PROMINENCE ALLOWING MANY TRANSACTIONS TO BE AUTOMATED AND GIVING CUSTOMERS MORE TRANSPARENCY AND CONTROL OVER THEIR lNANCIAL AFFAIRS 9ET IN SOME PARTS OF THE WORLD INTERNET ACCESS REMAINS PATCHY UNRELIABLE OR EVEN NON EXISTENT )N #HINA FOR EXAMPLE THERE IS CURRENTLY AROUND PER CENT INTERNET PENETRATION BUT PER CENT MOBILE PHONE PENETRATION WITH lVE MILLION NEW SUBSCRIBERS EVERY WEEK h7E ARE SEEING THIS PATTERN REPEATED AROUND THE WORLD v SAYS *Â’RGENSEN 4HE RELUCTANCE OF BANKS TO OFFER THEIR SERVICES TO LESS WEALTHY CUSTOMERS IS NOW BEING CALLED INTO QUESTION BY THE RISE OF M PAYMENTS )N THE DAYS WHEN A BANK HAD DOZENS OR EVEN HUNDREDS OF BRANCHES SPREAD AROUND A COUNTRY AND EMPLOYED HUNDREDS OR THOUSANDS OF STAFF WITH A SIGNIlCANT AMOUNT OF TIME SPENT IN ONE TO ONE MEETINGS WITH CUSTOMERS IT MADE MORE SENSE FOR BANKS TO TARGET HIGH SPENDING OR EVEN BETTER HIGH BORROWING PEOPLE WHO WOULD TAKE OUT EXPENSIVE MORTGAGES GIVING THE BANK AN INCOME STREAM FOR MANY YEARS 4ODAY ELECTRONIC COMMERCE HAS ALREADY GREATLY REDUCED THE NEED FOR BANKS TO HAVE SO MANY BRANCHES OR EMPLOY SO MANY @CUSTOMER FACING STAFF !ND WHILE PLENTY OF RESOURCES HAVE BEEN SPENT ON INTERNET AND TELEPHONE BANKING THERE HAS BEEN A GENERAL RELUCTANCE TO PUSH AHEAD WITH MOBILE PHONE BANKING COMBINED WITH DISPUTES BETWEEN RIVAL COMPANIES OVER INCOME SHARE AND NETWORK FEES
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
! MOBILE WALLET ,550 S VISION IS TO ENABLE CUSTOMERS TO HAVE A @MOBILE WALLET WHICH CAN BE USED AS EASILY AS CASH OR A CREDIT CARD BUT IS EVEN MORE mEXIBLE AND ADAPTABLE SINCE IT CAN BE USED AT THE POINT OF SALE OR REMOTELY AT ANY TIME OF DAY 4HE SYSTEM COULD ALSO BE A MAJOR BOON TO BANKS ACCORDING TO *Â’RGENSEN h)N 7ESTERN %UROPE AND THE 53 IT IS VERY HARD FOR BANKS TO GROW ORGANICALLY BECAUSE THE COST OF ACQUIRING A NEW CUSTOMER IS SO HIGH AND PEOPLE ARE ENTRENCHED IN THE BANKS THEY HAVE USED FOR MANY YEARS 3O THEY EITHER TRY TO GROW THROUGH MERGING WITH OTHER BANKS OR THEY LOOK TOWARDS EMERGING MARKETS WHERE THERE IS LESS COMPETITION FOR THEIR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES v HE SAYS 7ITH BUYING POWER AMONG THE WORLD S FOUR BILLION POOREST PEOPLE ESTIMATED TO BE 53 TRILLION hTHE BANKS WANT TO GET INTO THIS SECTOR v SAYS *Â’RGENSEN 7ORKING ALONGSIDE ,550 COULD GIVE THE BANKS A USEFUL POINT OF ENTRY INTO THESE MARKETS AS THE COST AND EASE OF USE BENElTS BECOME CLEAR TO CUSTOMERS h4HE SOLUTIONS WE ARE PROVIDING ARE SIMPLE AND COST EFFECTIVE &OR THE BANKS INSTEAD OF INVESTING A LARGE AMOUNT OF MONEY IN ESTABLISHING A WHOLE MOBILE PAYMENTS DEPARTMENT AND DEVELOPING THE TECHNOLOGY THEY ARE NOW LOOKING TO PARTNER WITH ,550 v !MONG POORER PEOPLE THE ISSUE OF MOBILITY HAS A PARTICULAR EFFECT ON THEIR LIVES BOTH SOCIAL AND lNANCIAL )F YOU ARE A REFUGEE FOR EXAMPLE YOUR OPPORTUNITIES TO ACCESS BANKING SERVICES ARE LIMITED ALONG WITH THE POSSIBILITY OF USING THE INTERNET "UT IF YOU OWN A MOBILE PHONE YOU WILL PROBABLY HAVE TAKEN IT WITH YOU WHEREVER YOU GO 4HE SHEER PORTABILITY OF A MOBILE PHONE GIVES IT A MAJOR ADVANTAGE OVER INTERNET BASED BANKING FOR MANY PEOPLE -ANY MILLIONS OF PEOPLE HAVE TO TRAVEL LARGE DISTANCES TO WORK OR TO VISIT THEIR FAMILIES (ERE AGAIN MOBILE COMMUNICATION AND PAYMENTS CAN BE CARRIED OUT WHETHER OR NOT THE PERSON HAS A BANK ACCOUNT OR ACCESS TO A COMPUTER
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
)N -EXICO AND )NDIA THE SITUATION IS EXTREME TOTAL REMITTANCES ARE IN EXCESS OF 53 BILLION PER YEAR FOR EACH OF THEM ACCORDING TO lGURES FROM THE -IGRATION 0OLICY )NSTITUTE )F THERE IS A CHEAP EASY AND SECURE MEANS OF MAKING THESE PAYMENTS WHICH CAN SAVE MILLIONS OF PEOPLE BILLIONS OF DOLLARS EACH YEAR THE MATHEMATICS OF THE CASE IS VERY PERSUASIVE &ROM THE MOBILE PHONE OPERATORS POINT OF VIEW THERE ARE ALSO PERSUASIVE ARGUMENTS FOR PROMOTING PAYMENT SYSTEMS 4HE PRICE THEY CAN CHARGE FOR PHONE CALLS IS DROPPING THROUGH STIFF COMPETITION AND GOVERNMENT REGULATION THE %5 RECENTLY CALLED FOR ROAMING CHARGES TO BE REDUCED ALONG WITH THE THREAT FROM @FREE ONLINE CALLS THROUGH THE VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL 6O)0 (AVING PAID MANY BILLIONS OF DOLLARS FOR THEIR OPERATING LICENCES THE COMPANIES ARE STILL SEARCHING FOR WAYS TO RECOUP THEIR INVESTMENT AND PRODUCE PROlTS &ACILITATING MOBILE PAYMENTS COULD PROVIDE A SIGNIlCANT NEW REVENUE STREAM !LTHOUGH THERE HAVE BEEN MANY INITIATIVES FROM BOTH THE MOBILE PHONE OPERATORS AND BANKS AND CREDIT CARD COMPANIES THE DIFlCULTIES OF RIVALS WORKING TOGETHER BESIDES THE PROBLEMS OF AGREEING ON COMMON STANDARDS HAVE SO FAR PROVED INHIBITING TO MASS TAKE UP OF M PAYMENTS !S $ANIEL 7INTERBOTTOM ANALYST AT )NFORMA 4ELECOMS AND -EDIA POINTS OUT h4HE PROBLEM SEEMS TO BE GETTING THE NECESSARY TRACTION IN THE MARKETPLACE FOR THE SERVICE TO TAKE OFF ESPECIALLY WHERE THE OPERATORS ARE THE PRIME MOVERS )N COUNTRIES LIKE 3OUTH +OREA WHERE SPECIALIST THIRD PARTY PROVIDERS HAVE TAKEN THE LEAD MARKET DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN
MUCH MORE SPECTACULAR !S FOR THE BANKS AND CREDIT CARD COMPANIES THE INDICATIONS ARE THAT THEY ARE PLAYING A WAITING GAME TO SEE WHICH BUSINESS MODELS PARTNERSHIPS AND TECHNOLOGIES COME TOGETHER TO ACHIEVE A SUCCESSFUL RESULT v -ANY FEEL THAT THE MODEL OF OPERATOR BASED MOBILE PAYMENTS WILL NEVER SUCCEED h)T IS A FAILING MODEL v SAYS *Â’RGENSEN h4HE SOLUTION IS INDEPENDENT SERVICE PROVIDERS SUCH AS ,550 v
3ERVICE FOR THE POOR 7HERE AN M PAYMENTS MODEL HAS ACHIEVED SOME SUCCESS IN A COUNTRY THERE ARE ALREADY SIGNS THAT NON BANKING CUSTOMERS HAVE GRASPED THE CHANCE TO MAKE MOBILE PHONE PAYMENTS AND HAVE ADOPTED THE TECHNOLOGY EAGERLY )N 3OUTH !FRICA A RECENT SURVEY LOOKED AT LOW INCOME PEOPLE OF WHOM DID NOT USE MOBILE PHONE BANKING ALONGSIDE WHO USE AN M PAYMENT SYSTEM h4HE LOW INCOME CUSTOMERS GIVE M BANKING HIGH MARKS FOR ITS CONVENIENCE ACCESSIBILITY AND AFFORDABILITY v THE REPORT STATES h!N M PAYMENT SYSTEM ACCOUNT IS AS MUCH AS ONE THIRD CHEAPER THAN AN ACCOUNT AT ONE OF 3OUTH !FRICA S BIG RETAIL BANKS FOR THE SAME BASKET OF SERVICES v ! TOTAL OF MILLION 3OUTH !FRICANS DO NOT USE BANKS OR HAVE DIFlCULTY ACCESSING lNANCIAL SERVICES 3INCE ITS LAUNCH IN $ECEMBER THE M PAYMENT SYSTEM HAS ACQUIRED MORE THAN CUSTOMERS WHO PAY A SIGN UP FEE OF 53 AND THEN PAY CHARGES OF BETWEEN 53 AND 53 PER TRANSACTION 4HERE IS NO MINIMUM BALANCE REQUIREMENT AND NO lXED MONTHLY FEE
5GANDA .OVEMBER
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
4HE STATE OF THE MARKET 4HERE ARE CURRENTLY l VE MAIN TYPES OF MOBILE PHONE PAYMENT ° 0REMIUM RATE 3-3 03-3 WHERE THE CUSTOMER IS CHARGED A HIGHER FEE TO SEND A MESSAGE IN RETURN FOR GOODS OR SERVICES 4HIS IS THE MOST USED FORM OF MOBILE PAYMENT AND COMMONLY BUYS DIGITAL GOODS SUCH AS RINGTONES OR GAMES OR PHYSICAL GOODS FROM MOBILE WEB ENABLED M COMMERCE SITES ° -OBILE PHONE BILL n @DIRECT TO BILL $ " PAYMENT n WHERE MOBILE PHONE OPERATORS ALLOW CUSTOMERS TO PAY FOR GOODS AND SERVICES THROUGH THEIR PHONE BILL )T IS MAINLY USED FOR LOW VALUE PAYMENTS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO USING A CREDIT CARD ° /NLINE n PAYMENT FOR MOBILE WEB 4HIS IS A SIMILAR METHOD TO PAYING ON E COMMERCE SITES AND ALLOWS CUSTOMERS TO PAY VIA SEVERAL PAYMENT MECHANISMS NOT ONLY THROUGH M COMMERCE #USTOMERS HAVE TO ENTER THEIR CREDIT CARD DETAILS ON THEIR PHONES WHICH SOME PEOPLE ARE RELUCTANT TO DO ESPECIALLY IN PUBLIC ° 3-3 PAYMENT n MOBILE WALLET AND ACCOUNT BASED PAYMENT 4HIS IS A SYSTEM WHERE A MOBILE PAYMENT IS INITIATED USING 3-3 AND FUNDS ARE THEN TRANSFERRED FROM A REGISTERED ACCOUNT OR A MOBILE WALLET WHICH CAN BE DEBIT OR CREDIT BASED 0AY0AL -OBILE AND 3MART0AY IN #HINA BOTH USE THIS SYSTEM -OST CUSTOMERS WHO USE THIS SYSTEM ARE YOUNG AND MAY NOT HAVE A TRADITIONAL BANK ACCOUNT ° 0ERSON TO PERSON 0 0 PAYMENTS WHERE FUNDS ARE TRANSFERRED BETWEEN MOBILE PHONE USERS AND FUNDS ARE REDEEMED FOR GOODS OR CASH 4HIS CATEGORY INCLUDES REMITTANCE PAYMENTS AND SO HAS A VERY LARGE POTENTIAL CUSTOMER BASE PARTICULARLY IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD ° 0HYSICAL MOBILE PAYMENTS 0-0 ARE MADE WHEN A CUSTOMER USES THEIR PHONE AT A PHYSICAL LOCATION TO MAKE A PAYMENT WHETHER TO A CASHIER IN A STORE OR AT AN UNATTENDED VENDING MACHINE 4HERE ARE A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES WHICH CAN APPLY HERE INCLUDING INFRARED @POINT AND BUY 3-3 TEXT AND TEXT AND 0). ! FUTHER TECHNOLOGY USED IN 0-0 IS THE @CONTACTLESS CHIP SYSTEM WHICH INCLUDES NEAR l ELD COMMUNICATION .&# TECHNOLOGY 3IMPLE AND QUICK TO USE THIS SYSTEM IS GAINING WIDESPREAD SUPPORT )T HAS BECOME POPULAR IN *APAN IN A SYSTEM RUN BY .44 $O#O-O AND IN 3OUTH +OREA RUN BY 3+ 4ELECOM ,550 S TECHNOLOGY EMBRACES ONLINE 3-3 PERSON TO PERSON AND PHYSICAL MOBILE PAYMENTS MAKING IT THE MOST ADAPTABLE AND m EXIBLE MOBILE PAYMENT SYSTEM CURRENTLY IN USE
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
h4HE l NDINGS CONl RM THAT THERE IS A MARKET FOR M BANKING AMONG THE POOR v STATES THE REPORT h0ROVIDERS MUST INCREASE AWARENESS OF M BANKING SERVICES HOWEVER AND OVERCOME SEVERAL STRONGLY HELD BELIEFS IF MORE POOR PEOPLE ARE TO USE THEM v 4HESE BELIEFS INCLUDE PEOPLE THINKING THAT THEY WOULD BE INELIGIBLE FOR ANY KIND OF BANK ACCOUNT AND OTHERS WHO CONSIDER M BANKING TO BE EXPENSIVE AND INSECURE EVEN THOUGH NINE OUT OF TEN OF THE PEOPLE SURVEYED FOR THIS REPORT SAID THEY THINK M BANKING IS @INEXPENSIVE FOR THE BENEl TS IT GIVES THEM "Y CONTRAST BANKING AT TRADITIONAL BRANCHES HAS MANY DISADVANTAGES THE SURVEY DISCOVERED HIGH FEES TOO MUCH TIME WASTED IN LONG QUEUES POOR CUSTOMER SERVICE AND LACK OF SECURITY BECAUSE OF THE RISK OF ROBBERY h5LTIMATELY ALL POOR PEOPLE NEED l NANCIAL SERVICES TO INCREASE HOUSEHOLD INCOMES BUILD ASSETS AND BECOME LESS VULNERABLE TO CRISES v THE REPORT CONCLUDES h7ITH MILLIONS OF MOBILE PHONES ALREADY IN POOR PEOPLE S HANDS THERE IS TREMENDOUS POTENTIAL IN THE POWER OF NETWORK OPERATORS BANKS AND NEW ENTRANTS TO DELIVER l NANCIAL SERVICES THROUGH THIS CHANNEL v !S *Â’RGENSEN AT ,550 POINTS OUT MOBILE PHONE PAYMENTS ARE A NATURAL NEXT STEP IN THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF COMMERCE h!S A SOCIETY WE HAVE MOVED FROM BARTER TO CASH TO CHEQUES TO CARDS AND NOW TO MOBILE PHONES 7E ARE IN AN AGE WHERE A LOT IS HAPPENING TO CHANGE PROFOUNDLY THE WAY WE DO BUSINESS -OBILE PAYMENTS ARE AN IMPORTANT PART OF THIS CHANGE v
,550 n #ORPORATE /SLO .ORWAY 3Â’RKEDALSVEIEN 4HOMAS "OSTRÂ’M *Â’RGENSEN #%/ 4EL %MAIL TBJ LUUP COM ,550 n (EAD /Fl CE 3ALES AND -ARKETING &RANKFURT AM -AIN 'ERMANY -AINZER ,ANDSTRASSE 4HOMAS 0IETSCH "USINESS $EVELOPMENT $IRECTOR )NTERNATIONAL 4EL %MAIL THOMAS PIETSCH LUUP COM 7EBSITE WWW LUUP COM
*AC 3TIENEN
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
&RANS .EUMAN 7IETSE "RUINSMA AND *AC 3TIENEN )NTERNATIONAL )NSTITUTE FOR #OMMUNICATION AND $EVELOPMENT ))#$
(OW )#4 CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN AGRICULTURAL LIVELIHOODS !GRICULTURE IS AN IMPORTANT SECTOR WITH THE MAJORITY OF THE RURAL POPULATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEPENDING ON IT 4HE SECTOR FACES MAJOR CHALLENGES OF ENHANCING PRODUCTION IN A SITUATION OF DWINDLING NATURAL RESOURCES NECESSARY FOR PRODUCTION 4HE GROWING DEMAND FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS HOWEVER ALSO OFFERS OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRODUCERS TO SUSTAIN AND IMPROVE THEIR LIVELIHOODS )NFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES )#4 PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ADDRESSING THESE CHALLENGES AND UPLIFTING THE LIVELIHOODS OF THE RURAL POOR 4HIS ARTICLE EXPLORES THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF )#4 TO THE LIVELIHOODS OF SMALL SCALE FARMERS AND THE EFlCIENCY OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES )N RECENT YEARS THE )NTERNATIONAL )NSTITUTE FOR #OMMUNICATION AND $EVELOPMENT ))#$ IN THE (AGUE THE .ETHERLANDS HAS BEEN ENGAGED IN PROJECTS THAT FOCUS ON THE USE OF )#4 IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 4HE EXPERIENCES OF ))#$ AND OTHER ORGANISATIONS FORM THE BASIS FOR THE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE ACTION IN #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES
/PPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
INTERNET GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS MOBILE PHONES AS WELL AS TRADITIONAL MEDIA SUCH AS RADIO OR 46 !LTHOUGH IT IS A RELATIVELY NEW PHENOMENON EVIDENCE OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF )#4 TO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY AVAILABLE 3INCE ))#$ HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN PROJECTS AND POLICY TRAJECTORIES AND CONSISTENTLY MONITORS THE PROGRESS AND IMPACT OF THE USE OF )#4
%NHANCING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION )NCREASING THE EFlCIENCY PRODUCTIVITY AND SUSTAINABILITY OF SMALL SCALE FARMS IS AN AREA WHERE )#4 CAN MAKE A SIGNIlCANT CONTRIBUTION &ARMING INVOLVES RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES WITH FARMERS FACING MANY THREATS FROM POOR SOILS DROUGHT EROSION AND PESTS +EY IMPROVEMENTS STEM FROM INFORMATION ABOUT PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL ESPECIALLY EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NEW VARIETIES NEW WAYS TO OPTIMISE PRODUCTION AND REGULATIONS FOR QUALITY CONTROL
)MPROVING MARKET ACCESS !WARENESS OF UP TO DATE MARKET INFORMATION ON PRICES FOR COMMODITIES INPUTS AND CONSUMER TRENDS CAN IMPROVE FARMERS LIVELIHOODS SUBSTANTIALLY AND HAVE A DRAMATIC IMPACT ON THEIR NEGOTIATING POSITION 3UCH INFORMATION IS INSTRUMENTAL IN MAKING DECISIONS ABOUT FUTURE CROPS AND COMMODITIES AND ABOUT THE BEST TIME AND PLACE TO SELL AND BUY GOODS
4HE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IS CONFRONTED WITH THE MAJOR CHALLENGE OF INCREASING PRODUCTION TO FEED A GROWING AND INCREASINGLY PROSPEROUS POPULATION IN A SITUATION OF DECREASING AVAILABILITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES &ACTORS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN ARE WATER SHORTAGES DECLINING SOIL FERTILITY EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND RAPID DECREASE OF FERTILE AGRICULTURAL LANDS DUE TO URBANISATION
)N MANY COUNTRIES INITIATIVES HAVE APPEARED THAT SEEK TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE 3IMPLE WEBSITES TO MATCH OFFER AND DEMAND OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE ARE A START OF MORE COMPLEX AGRICULTURAL TRADE SYSTEMS 4HESE SITES TEND TO EVOLVE FROM LOCAL SELLING BUYING WEBSITES AND PRICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO SYSTEMS OFFERING MARKETING AND TRADING FUNCTIONS
(OWEVER THE GROWING DEMAND INCLUDING FOR HIGHER QUALITY PRODUCTS ALSO OFFERS OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING THE LIVELIHOODS OF RURAL COMMUNITIES 2EALISING THESE OPPORTUNITIES REQUIRES COMPLIANCE WITH MORE STRINGENT QUALITY STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND HANDLING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE .EW APPROACHES AND TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS ARE REQUIRED TO COPE WITH THESE CHALLENGES AND TO ENHANCE THE LIVELIHOODS OF THE RURAL POPULATION
4YPICALLY PRICE INFORMATION IS COLLECTED AT THE MAIN REGIONAL MARKETS AND STORED IN A CENTRAL DATABASE 4HE INFORMATION IS PUBLISHED ON A WEBSITE ACCESSIBLE TO FARMERS VIA INFORMATION CENTRES 4O REACH A WIDER AUDIENCE INFORMATION IS BROADCAST VIA RURAL RADIO 46 OR MOBILE PHONE THEREBY CREATING A @LEVEL PLAYING lELD BETWEEN PRODUCERS AND TRADERS IN A REGION )N 3RI ,ANKA THE 'OVI 'NANA PROJECT DISPLAYS PRICES ON LIGHT BOARDS AT MAJOR MARKETS
4HE ROLE OF )#4 TO ENHANCE FOOD SECURITY AND SUPPORT RURAL LIVELIHOODS IS INCREASINGLY RECOGNISED AND WAS OFlCIALLY ENDORSED AT THE 7ORLD 3UMMIT ON THE )NFORMATION 3OCIETY 73)3 4HIS INCLUDES THE USE OF COMPUTERS
4HE SUSTAINABILITY OF THESE SYSTEMS REQUIRES ATTENTION WITH AN IMPORTANT ROLE FOR THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND ORGANISED PRODUCER GROUPS 7EB BASED TRADING PLATFORMS OFFERING ONE STOP SHOP FACILITIES ARE
5GANDA .OVEMBER
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
EMERGING ESPECIALLY FOR MAIN COMMODITIES )N )NDIA THE PRIVATE SECTOR LED !GRIWATCH WWW AGRIWATCH COM AND E#HOUPAL PROGRAMME WWW ITCPORTAL COM RURALDEVP?PHILOSOPHY ECHOUPAL HTM SUPPORT SEVERAL MILLION FARMERS WITH PRICE INFORMATION TENDER AND TRANSACTION FACILITIES )N RECENT YEARS SHORT MESSAGE AND TEXT SERVICES HAVE TAKEN UP AND EFFECTIVELY DELIVER PRICES AND TRADING INFORMATION VIA MOBILE PHONE TO FARMERS FOR INSTANCE IN 3ENEGAL "ENIN AND :AMBIA 4HE SET UP OF PRICE AND MARKET INFORMATION SYSTEMS HAS BEEN PILOTED BY ))#$ IN "OLIVIA 5GANDA 4ANZANIA AND 'HANA 0ARTNER ORGANISATIONS ARE SUPPORTED IN ADDING )#4 TO CORE PROCESSES
)T IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT INFORMATION TO SUSTAIN AND INCREASE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IS SPREAD OVER DIFFERENT AGENCIES NOTABLY FARMERS UNIVERSITIES RESEARCH INSTITUTES EXTENSION SERVICES COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES AND NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS .'/S (OWEVER THIS KNOWLEDGE IS OFTEN POORLY DOCUMENTED OR HARD TO ACCESS ))#$ PROMOTES DOCUMENTATION OF LOCAL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN "OLIVIA /THER ORGANISATIONS ATTEMPT TO CAPTURE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE SUCH AS THE (ONEY "EE PROGRAMME IN )NDIA
)N 'HANA ))#$ SUPPORTS THE 3OCIAL %NTERPRISE &OUNDATION OF 7EST !FRICA 3%.$ IN LINKING RURAL SOYBEAN PRODUCERS TO MILLS THROUGH THE USE OF SATELLITE DATABASES AND MOBILE PHONES THEREBY ENSURING A FAIR INCOME FOR PRODUCERS AND A STEADY SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS FOR THE MILLS
)F THE INFORMATION DOES NOT EXIST INTERMEDIARY ORGANISATIONS CAN HELP TO GENERATE IT MAKE IT ACCESSIBLE AND INmUENCE RESEARCH AGENDAS 4HE 4ELE3UPPORT PROJECT ACTIVE IN TWO )NDIAN STATES COLLECTS FARMERS QUESTIONS !NSWERS FROM LOCAL RESEARCH INSTITUTES AND UNIVERSITIES ARE THEN REPACKAGED ON VIDEO AND IN LOCAL LANGUAGE STORED ONLINE WWW TELESUPPORT ORG AND FED BACK INTO THE LOCAL COMMUNITY
#APACITY BUILDING AND EMPOWERMENT
4IMELY INFORMATION AVAILABLE IN APPROPRIATE FORMATS
#OMMUNITIES AND FARMER ORGANISATIONS CAN BE HELPED THROUGH THE USE OF )#4 TO STRENGTHEN THEIR OWN CAPACITIES AND BETTER REPRESENT THEIR CONSTITUENCIES WHEN NEGOTIATING INPUT AND OUTPUT PRICES LAND CLAIMS RESOURCE RIGHTS AND INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
)NFORMATION ON TECHNOLOGIES IS PREDOMINANTLY ONLY AVAILABLE IN HARDCOPY FORM OR IN STAND ALONE DATABASES $ATA ARE OFTEN INCOMPLETE OR NOT COMPATIBLE WITH OTHER SOURCES
)#4 ENABLES RURAL COMMUNITIES TO INTERACT WITH OTHER STAKEHOLDERS THUS REDUCING SOCIAL ISOLATION )T WIDENS THE PERSPECTIVE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN TERMS OF NATIONAL OR GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS OPENS UP NEW BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES AND ALLOWS EASIER CONTACT WITH FRIENDS AND RELATIVES ! ROLE IS ALSO PLAYED BY )#4 IN MAKING PROCESSES MORE EFlCIENT AND TRANSPARENT )T HELPS IN MAKING LAWS AND LAND TITLES MORE ACCESSIBLE 'LOBAL 0OSITIONING 3YSTEMS '03 LINKED TO 'EOGRAPHICAL )NFORMATION 3YSTEMS ')3 DIGITAL CAMERAS AND INTERNET HELP RURAL COMMUNITIES TO DOCUMENT AND COMMUNICATE THEIR SITUATION 2URAL COMMUNITIES BENElT FROM BETTER ACCESS TO CREDIT AND RURAL BANKING FACILITIES 2ECENT MOBILE BANKING INITIATIVES OFFER FURTHER SCOPE TO REDUCE COSTS AND STIMULATE LOCAL TRADE )#4 ALSO PLAYS A ROLE IN ENSURING EQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF BENElTS 4HE )NDIAN !-5, PROGRAMME AUTOMATES MILK COLLECTION AND PAYMENTS FOR ITS MEMBERS THEREBY ENHANCING TRANSPARENCY OF THE MILK VOLUME AND QUALITY COLLECTED AND ENSURING FAIR PAYMENTS TO FARMERS
%CONOMIES OF SCALE CAN BE REALISED THROUGH THE USE OF SHARED PLATFORMS USING COMMON STANDARDS )NFORMATION SHOULD BE PRESENTED IN AN APPROPRIATE FORMAT IN ORDER TO BE EFFECTIVELY USED BY RURAL COMMUNITIES -ESSAGES THROUGH VIDEOS IN LOCAL LANGUAGES HAVE PROVED TO BE EFFECTIVE !T THIS POINT IN TIME COMBINING OLD AND NEW MEDIA IS MOST SUCCESSFUL SUCH AS VIDEOS OF GOOD PRACTICES RURAL THEATRE 46 AND RADIO BROADCASTS WHICH ALL PROVIDE INPUT FOR LOCAL INNOVATION &OR EXAMPLE A 5GANDAN ))#$ PARTNER PROJECT EFFECTIVELY USES A DRAMA GROUP TO CONVEY MESSAGES TO RURAL COMMUNITIES ))#$ ALSO SUPPORTS THE :AMBIAN -INISTRY OF !GRICULTURE AND #O OPERATIVES IN MAKING RESEARCH INFORMATION AVAILABLE BY COMBINING TEXTUAL AND VISUAL MEDIA IN %NGLISH AND LOCAL LANGUAGES !S INFORMATION IS INCREASINGLY STORED ONLINE IT IS ACCESSIBLE TIME AND AGAIN
)NSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND HUMAN CAPACITY TO LINK RURAL COMMUNITIES
)#4 IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR PLANS
4HERE IS A HUGE GAP BETWEEN INFORMATION RESIDING IN AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE CENTRES AND RURAL COMMUNITIES !T LOCAL LEVEL MULTI STAKEHOLDER MECHANISMS ARE IMPORTANT TO MAKE RELEVANT INFORMATION ACCESSIBLE TO END USERS )NTERMEDIARY ORGANISATIONS HAVE TO CONNECT RURAL COMMUNITIES TO AVAILABLE KNOWLEDGE 5SERS WILL INCREASINGLY WANT TAILOR MADE QUALITY ANSWERS TO THEIR QUESTIONS )N THE !GRICULTURAL #LINICS IN )NDIA AND #HILE S ONLINE ADVISORY SERVICE CUSTOMERS GET ANSWERS WITHIN ONE TO TWO DAYS -OBILE 1 ! SERVICES ARE BEING PILOTED IN )NDIA
)NCREASINGLY GOVERNMENTS REALISE THE NECESSITY TO LINK )#4 AND AGRICULTURE AND INCORPORATE )#4 IN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES ))#$ HAS BEEN SUPPORTING POLICY PROCESSES IN "OLIVIA 'HANA AND *AMAICA IN WHICH NATIONAL )#4 FOR $EVELOPMENT )#4 $ NETWORKS PLAY A KEY ROLE
!T NATIONAL LEVEL MECHANISMS NEED TO BE IN PLACE TO ENSURE LEARNING AND INFORMATION SHARING )N NINE COUNTRIES ))#$ SUPPORTS NATIONAL )#4 $ NETWORKS THAT PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN KNOWLEDGE SHARING BRINGING VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS TOGETHER AND ENGAGING IN POLICY DIALOGUE
#ONDITIONS FOR A CONDUCIVE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT &OR INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE TO BE EFFECTIVELY USED BY RURAL COMMUNITIES SEVERAL CONDITIONS SHOULD BE MET
.EED FOR RELEVANT AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
2URAL ACCESS AND EXCHANGE MECHANISMS CONNECTIVITY AND TELECENTRES 4HE TYPE OF )#4 USED BY LOCAL COMMUNITIES IS SUBJECT TO RAPID CHANGE (OWEVER BROADBAND INTERNET ACCESS IS SEEN AS CENTRAL FOR SOCIETAL INNOVATION BECAUSE STORING OF LARGE DATASETS AND LIVE COMMUNICATION REQUIRES GOOD CONNECTIVITY 5NTIL RECENTLY CONNECTIVITY IN RURAL AREAS WAS LIMITED TO SLOW DIAL UP LINES 3ATELLITE CONNECTIONS NOW MAKE BROADBAND ACCESS POSSIBLE IN REMOTE AREAS 5SE OF MOBILE PHONES HAS SEEN AN ENORMOUS INCREASE IN RECENT YEARS ESPECIALLY IN RURAL AREAS IN !FRICA .EVERTHELESS BIG DIFFERENCES STILL EXIST IN BROADBAND ACCESS BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WITH !FRICA HAVING ONLY THREE PER CENT OF GLOBAL BROADBAND USERS .EW WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS -%3( AND 7I-!8 AND NEW GENERATION MOBILE PHONE NETWORKS WILL PROVIDE HIGH SPEED INTERNET SERVICES AT SHARPLY REDUCED COSTS THEREBY DRAMATICALLY INCREASING INTERNET COVERAGE IN RURAL AREAS 6ARIOUS ACCESS TOOLS ARE CONVERGING BECOMING CHEAPER AND MORE mEXIBLE .EW GENERATION MOBILE PHONES AND LAPTOPS PROVIDE OMNIPRESENT ACCESS WITH AMPLE FUNCTIONALITY FOR COMMUNICATION TRANSACTIONS AND TRANSFER OF DATA 4HE .ATIONAL !LLIANCE FOR -ISSION AND THE #OMMON 3ERVICE #ENTRE 3CHEME TO ESTABLISH TELECENTRES COUNTRY WIDE IN )NDIA ARE CLEAR EXAMPLES OF THE GOVERNMENT S DEDICATION TO ENHANCE RURAL ACCESS )N %CUADOR AND "OLIVIA ))#$ HAS SUPPORTED .'/S TO SET UP TELECENTRES IN REMOTE AREAS BASED ON VERY SMALL APERTURE TERMINALS 63!4S WITH SHARED COST OF ACCESS 4HIS IS REPLICATED AND UPSCALED AT NATIONAL LEVEL %NSURING SUSTAINABILITY IS A MAJOR CHALLENGE #OST SHARING ARRANGEMENTS BETWEEN LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS SUCH AS HEALTH CENTRES FARMERS ORGANISATIONS SCHOOLS AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL BODIES ARE TAKING PLACE !LSO PAYMENTS FOR LOCAL SERVICES CAN GENERATE REVENUES TO SUSTAIN TELECENTRES 0RICE INFORMATION PROJECTS IN )NDIA REPORT THAT FARMERS ARE WILLING TO PAY FOR PRICE INFORMATION FROM THE GAINS MADE THROUGH ACCESS TO IT 2URAL INFORMATION CENTRES ALSO PROVIDE A LEARNING ENVIRONMENT FOR FARMER GROUPS ON THE USE OF )#4 BUT ALSO ON JOINTLY SOLVING PROBLEMS IN THEIR LIVELIHOODS
,ESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4HE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT WITHIN WHICH )#4 PROJECTS OPERATE IS CRUCIAL AND SUPPORTIVE POLICIES AND MEASURES ARE REQUIRED !WARENESS RAISING DEVELOPING FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS AND CAPACITIES OF STAKEHOLDERS ARE PROCESSES THAT REQUIRE TIME ! GENERAL LESSON FROM INITIATIVES THAT EMPLOY )#4 FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IS THAT SUCCESSES ARE POSSIBLE BUT THAT PROGRAMMES MUST BE DESIGNED AND IMPLEMENTED WITH CARE 3UCCESS IS NOT DERIVED AUTOMATICALLY FROM INSERTING )#4 INTO ISOLATED POOR COMMUNITIES )N A SURVEY ))#$ ANALYSED THE USE OF )#4 IN AGRICULTURE IN OVER lFTY SUPPORTED PROJECTS %ND USERS CLEARLY INDICATED THAT AWARENESS RAISING AND TRAINING ARE HIGHLY VALUED AND LEAD TO EMPOWERMENT 2APID IMPACT IN TERMS OF INCREASED INCOME IS REGISTERED
IN PROJECTS ON PRICE INFORMATION AND MARKET ACCESS WHEREAS MORE INDIRECT IMPACT WAS FOUND IN PROJECTS FOCUSING ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION WHICH IS TO BE EXPLAINED BY THE TIME NEEDED TO GENERATE RELEVANT CONTENT AND INTEGRATE THIS INTO THE PRODUCTION PROCESS WWW IICD ORG ARTICLES BOOKLET IMPACT AGRIC 4HERE IS AMPLE POTENTIAL FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF )#4 IN AGRICULTURE AND INITIATIVES ARE PROMISING (OWEVER MUCH STILL REMAINS TO BE DONE 3EVERAL FUTURE TRENDS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE ARE ° #ONVERGING OF MEDIA AND TOOLS FOR COMMUNICATION ° )NCREASED WEB BASED STORAGE OF AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION ° #HEAPER AND IMPROVED CONNECTIVITY FOR RURAL COMMUNITIES ° )NCREASED RECOGNITION BY GOVERNMENTS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THE USE OF )#4 IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT ° )NCREASED TAILOR MADE QUALITY AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION SERVICES "ASED ON EXPERIENCES AND TRENDS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONS CAN HELP REALISE THE FULL POTENTIAL OF )#4 IN AGRICULTURE AND IMPROVE RURAL LIVELIHOODS &OSTER STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMMES WITH A LONG TERM PERSPECTIVE )#4 SHOULD BE INTEGRATED INTO AGRICULTURAL SECTOR POLICIES AND LEAD TO SUPPORTIVE PROGRAMMES #REATE MULTI STAKEHOLDER MECHANISMS FOR LEARNING )NSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS ESPECIALLY MULTI STAKEHOLDER NETWORKS SHOULD BE IN PLACE TO FOSTER LEARNING AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AT VARIOUS LEVELS AT LOCAL AND SUB NATIONAL LEVEL LINKING RURAL COMMUNITIES WITH UNIVERSITIES RESEARCH AGENCIES THROUGH INTERMEDIARY ORGANISATIONS AND AT NATIONAL LEVELS TO SHARE KNOWLEDGE AND LESSONS LEARNED AND SUPPORT THE POLICY PROCESS 2AISE AWARENESS ON THE ROLE OF )#4 $ IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION 3INCE THE USE OF )#4 IN AGRICULTURE IS STILL A NEW AND RAPIDLY CHANGING AREA THERE IS A NEED TO RAISE AWARENESS AMONG GOVERNMENTS OTHER NATIONAL STAKEHOLDERS AND THE INTERNATIONAL DONOR COMMUNITY ON THE POTENTIAL *AC 3TIENEN HAS BEEN THE -ANAGING $IRECTOR OF THE )NTERNATIONAL )NSTITUTE FOR #OMMUNICATION AND $EVELOPMENT ))#$ FOR OVER lVE YEARS ALMOST SINCE ITS CONCEPTION 7IETSE "RUINSMA IS #OUNTRY -ANAGER FOR %CUADOR AND INFORMATION NETWORKING SPECIALIST FOR "OLIVIA AT ))#$ $EVELOPMENT #O OPERATION AND %DUCATION &RANS .EUMAN IS 4HEMATIC .ETWORK 3PECIALIST AT ))#$ 4HE )NTERNATIONAL )NSTITUTE FOR #OMMUNICATION AND $EVELOPMENT ))#$ CREATES PRACTICAL AND SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS THAT CONNECT PEOPLE AND ENABLE THEM TO BENElT FROM )#4 !S AN INDEPENDENT NOT FOR PROlT FOUNDATION IT PUTS KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION AND lNANCE TO WORK WITH PARTNERS FROM THE PUBLIC PRIVATE AND NOT FOR PROlT SECTORS 4HE )NTERNATIONAL )NSTITUTE FOR #OMMUNICATION AND $EVELOPMENT 0/ "OX !. 4HE (AGUE 4HE .ETHERLANDS 4EL \ &AX %MAIL JSTIENEN IICD ORG WBRUINSMA IICD ORG FNEUMAN IICD ORG 7EBSITE WWW IICD ORG
5GANDA .OVEMBER
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
$EVINDRA 2AMNARINE AND 4ANIA 'ESSI #OMMONWEALTH #ONNECTS 0ROGRAMME
#OMMONWEALTH #ONNECTS AND E(EALTH THE !FRICAN EXPERIENCE 4HE POSITIVE IMPACTS OF ELECTRONIC SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR HEALTH E(EALTH ARE BECOMING INCREASINGLY APPARENT %LECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS PATIENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS GENERAL PRACTITIONER INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND NATIONAL INFORMATION REGISTRIES ARE TRANSFORMING HEALTH TODAY 4HERE IS NO DOUBT THAT MODERN TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS VIDEOCONFERENCING AND REAL TIME DATA TRANSFER HAVE REVOLUTIONISED HEALTHCARE 4HE MOST TANGIBLE BENElTS OF PURSUING E(EALTH STRATEGIES ARE THE OVERALL IMPROVEMENT OF THE HEALTH SYSTEM ENHANCED HUMAN CAPACITY BUILDING IMPROVED ACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMED DECISION MAKING THAT ULTIMATELY LEAD TO BETTER PATIENT OUTCOMES 5NFORTUNATELY THE MOST CHALLENGING ASPECT REMAINS PERSUADING POLICYMAKERS THAT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GOOD E(EALTH POLICIES RESULTS IN THESE POSITIVE OUTCOMES 4HIS CHALLENGE IS FURTHER COMPOUNDED IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES OF THE #OMMONWEALTH WHERE MANY IMMEDIATE AND PRESSING ISSUES COMPETE FOR THE ATTENTION OF POLICYMAKERS 4HE 7ORLD (EALTH /RGANIZATION 7(/ DElNES E(EALTH AS hTHE USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR HEALTHv 4HERE IS BROAD AGREEMENT ON A CORE PRINCIPLE THAT E(EALTH REPRESENTS hA COMMITMENT FOR NETWORKED GLOBAL THINKING TO IMPROVE HEALTHCARE LOCALLY REGIONALLY AND WORLDWIDE BY USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGYv )N DEVELOPING #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES )#4S HAVE NOT REALISED THEIR POTENTIAL TO ENHANCE DISEASE PREVENTION AND TO IMPROVE THE OVERALL HEALTH OF PEOPLE 4HIS DIGITAL FRAGMENTATION IS GENERALLY REmECTED IN OTHER AREAS OF SOCIETY WITH A LACK OF ACCESS TO INFORMATION ON GOVERNMENT DECISIONS AND THE INABILITY TO CARRY COMPLETE PUBLIC SERVICE TRANSACTIONS ONLINE 4HIS SO CALLED @DIGITAL DIVIDE MEANS THAT PEOPLE WITHOUT THE INFRASTRUCTURE TO ACCESS )#4S OR THE CAPACITY TO USE IT EFFECTIVELY WILL CONTINUE TO BE MARGINALISED 4O TACKLE THE DIGITAL DIVIDE WITHIN AND BETWEEN #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES THE #OMMONWEALTH #ONNECTS PROGRAMME @## WAS CREATED AND IS BEING IMPLEMENTED 4HIS PROGRAMME IS A #(/'- MANDATE OF THE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT WHERE IT WAS RE CONlRMED THAT )#4S CAN ACT AS A CATALYST FOR CREATING
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
NEW ECONOMIC SYNERGIES TO OVERCOME THE CONSTRAINTS OF REMOTENESS SMALL SIZE AND OTHER IMPEDIMENTS TO DEVELOPMENT 4HE PROGRAMME WAS CREATED AND IS BEING EXECUTED THROUGH AN ORGANISATIONAL PARTNERSHIP THAT INVOLVES #OMMONWEALTH AGENCIES AND MEMBER COUNTRIES AND A 3TEERING #OMMITTEE UNDER THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF A MINISTER TO GUIDE THE PROGRAMME )T IS THEREFORE IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER HOW ## CAN FACILITATE E(EALTH IN DEVELOPING MEMBER COUNTRIES ## CAN BE EXPLOITED TO SUPPORT E(EALTH DRIVEN DEMANDS AND INITIATIVES E(EALTH APPLICATIONS INCLUDE ° 0UBLIC SERVICES WHICH INVOLVE THE DISSEMINATION OF HEALTH INFORMATION ONLINE THAT IS POTENTIALLY ACCESSIBLE TO ALL ° +NOWLEDGE SERVICES CONSISTING OF ELECTRONIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION SERVICES FOR THE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL IN TRAINING AND PRACTICE AND ° 0ROVIDER SERVICES WHICH INCLUDE E(EALTH TOOLS AND SERVICES USED IN THE DIRECT DELIVERY OF HEALTHCARE TO CITIZENS E(EALTH APPLICATIONS AND INITIATIVES ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPLEMENTED IN HIGHER INCOME COUNTRIES THAN LOWER INCOME NATIONS )N THIS CONTEXT A SAMPLE OF COUNTRIES IN !FRICA WILL BE USED TO ILLUSTRATE THE TYPICAL CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FACED BY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE #OMMONWEALTH $EVELOPMENT OF E(EALTH IN !FRICA IS OFTEN HINDERED BY THE HIGH COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH E(EALTH SYSTEMS INCLUDING THE COSTS OF THE TELE COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE ESPECIALLY FOR RURAL COMMUNITIES AND THE HUMAN RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF APPROPRIATE CONTENT AND THE UTILISATION OF E(EALTH SYSTEMS ,OW LEVELS OF )#4 LITERACY IN THE HEALTH SECTOR ITSELF REMAIN A CHALLENGE AS ARE INADEQUATE POLICY FRAMEWORKS AND LEGISLATION TO SUPPORT E(EALTH
)NFRASTRUCTURE AND ACCESS !T THE INFRASTRUCTURAL AND ACCESS LEVEL !FRICA CONTINUES TO FACE MANY DIFlCULTIES AND CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH CREATING AND MAINTAINING A SOUND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE WHICH CONSTRAINS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF E(EALTH POLICIES AND INITIATIVES ACROSS THE CONTINENT 3AMPLE STATISTICS SHOW THAT LIMITED GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE AND BANDWIDTH POOR INTERCONNECTIVITY HIGH COSTS AND LOW QUALITY OF SERVICE HAVE RESULTED IN MUCH OF THE CONTINENT S INFRASTRUCTURE
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
&IGURE 1UALITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT
WORLD &OR EXAMPLE THE INFORMAL SHARING OF MOBILES AND THE RESELLING OF PRIVATE MOBILE SERVICES HAVE INCREASED ACCESSIBILITY EVEN IN REMOTE AREAS 4HIS HAS RESULTED IN SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BENElTS FOR THE REGION )N FACT MOBILE TELEPHONE CAN BE USED EXTENSIVELY TO PROVIDE RELEVANT E(EALTH SOLUTIONS
+EY #OMMONWEALTH !FRICA "/4 n "OTSWANA #!- n #AMEROON '!- n 4HE 'AMBIA '(! n 'HANA +%. n +ENYA -!5 n -AURITIUS -7) n -ALAWI -/: n -OZAMBIQUE .!- n .AMIBIA .)' .IGERIA 3!& n 3OUTH !FRICA 5'! n 5GANDA :!- n :AMBIA .ON #OMMONWEALTH !FRICA !.' n!NGOLA %'9 %GYPT %4( n %THIOPIA -,) n -ALI 3%. n 3ENEGAL 45. n 4UNISIA :)- :IMBABWE
LAGGING BEHIND THE REST OF THE WORLD 4HIS IS EXEMPLIlED IN &IGURE WHICH IS BASED ON A SAMPLE OF !FRICAN COUNTRIES USING RANKINGS OBTAINED FROM THE 7ORLD %CONOMIC &ORUM S 7%& !NNUAL 'LOBAL )NFORMATION AND 4ECHNOLOGY 2EPORTS 4HESE REPORTS AIM TO MONITOR THE PROGRESS OF NETWORKED READINESS IN MORE THAN COUNTRIES HIGHLIGHTING THE POLICY INSTITUTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL OBSTACLES THAT PREVENT COUNTRIES FROM FULLY CAPTURING THE BENElTS OF )#4S $UE TO THE CONSTRAINTS FACED BY THE CONTINENT S VAST TERRAIN AND INADEQUATE ENERGY SUPPLIES SUBMARINE CABLE AND SATELLITE TECHNOLOGIES ARE THE MOST WIDESPREAD MEANS TO TRANSMIT DATA AND INTERNET SERVICES BUT THESE ARE COSTLY AND THUS INACCESSIBLE TO A SIGNIlCANT PART OF THE !FRICAN POPULATION 7ITH THE EXCEPTION OF -AURITIUS MOST OF THE SAMPLE COUNTRIES ARE IN THE BOTTOM HALF OF THE SURVEY 7HILE THE ENTIRE REGION HAS ACCESS TO SATELLITE BAND WIDTH DUE TO MONOPOLIES WITHIN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR HIGH LICENCE FEES AND THE LACK OF POLICIES ENABLING LOW COST ACCESS MANY !FRICAN COUNTRIES HAVE VERY LIMITED BANDWIDTH ACCESS 2ANKINGS FOR BROADBAND AVAILABILITY SHOW VERY LITTLE VARIATION AMONG COUNTRIES 4HE PROVISION OF AFFORDABLE ACCESS TO BROADBAND TECHNOLOGIES PRESENTS ONE OF THE BIGGEST CHALLENGES FOR THE CONTINENT AS A WHOLE %FFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION POLICIES AND THE LIBERALISATION OF THE SECTOR APPEAR TO BE THE MAJOR ISSUES FACED BY MOST COUNTRIES
)N TERMS OF INTERNET ACCESS &IGURE ALTHOUGH THERE HAS BEEN CONSIDERABLE GROWTH IN INTERNET USERS OVER THE LAST lVE YEARS THE !FRICAN CONTINENT HAS THE LOWEST PENETRATION OF INTERNET USERS WORLDWIDE WITH MILLION INTERNET USERS IN ONLY PER CENT OF THE REGION S POPULATION !LL BUT ONE OF THE COUNTRIES SURVEYED RANKED IN THE LOWER HALF OF THE WORLD RANKING WITH %THIOPIA OCCUPYING THE TH PLACE 4HE HIGH COST OF INTERNET ACCESS EVEN IN URBAN AREAS WITH ADEQUATE INFRASTRUCTURE MAKES ACCESS UNAFFORDABLE AND INACCESSIBLE TO THE MAJORITY OF THE POPULATION ,OW lXED LINE DIFFUSION AND LIMITED NETWORK CAPACITY TO PROVIDE INTERNET SERVICES ALSO SEVERELY RESTRAIN THE GROWTH POTENTIAL
(UMAN DEVELOPMENT 4HE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGE IN !FRICA IS IMPORTANT SINCE ANY ADVANCEMENT IN E(EALTH WILL REQUIRE E LITERACY AND THE HUMAN CAPACITY TO SUSTAIN E(EALTH APPLICATIONS AND MAKE THEM RELEVANT TO THE LOCAL CONTEXT (ERE HUMAN CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT IS DESCRIBED AS @ADULT LITERACY AS THE EXTENT OF USE OF )#4S IS DIRECTLY INmUENCED BY A NATION S LITERACY LEVELS &IGURE 4HIS IS MEASURED BY THE PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION OVER THE AGE OF THAT IS ABLE TO READ OR WRITE IN %NGLISH OR &RENCH 2ESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT MOST USERS OF )#4S TEND TO HAVE SOME FORM OF @FORMAL EDUCATION WHICH WOULD FACILITATE THE USE OF THE INTERNET EMAIL AND OTHER FORMS OF COMMUNICATION %FFORTS MUST BE MADE TO INCLUDE THOSE WITHOUT FORMAL EDUCATION WHO MAY NOT BE ABLE TO READ AND WRITE IN )#4 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS $IGITAL CONTENT AND SOFTWARE DEVELOPED IN LOCAL !FRICAN LANGUAGES IS ALMOST NON EXISTENT &IGURE )NTERNET USERS
/N A MORE POSITIVE NOTE THE GROWTH OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS IN THE CONTINENT HAS BEEN DRAMATIC 5GANDA IN JOINED THE !FRICAN COUNTRIES WHERE THE NUMBER OF MOBILE PHONES OUTNUMBER lXED LINES )N +ENYA AND .IGERIA MOBILE PHONES OUTNUMBER lXED LINES BY !FRICA HAD APPROXIMATELY MILLION TELEPHONE SUBSCRIBERS IN MILLION OF WHICH WERE MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS 4HE CONTINENT ALSO HAS THE HIGHEST GROWTH RATE OF MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS GLOBALLY AND IS NOW KNOWN AS THE @LEAST WIRED REGION IN THE WORLD -OBILE PENETRATION RATES ARE STILL LOW WHEN COMPARED WITH DEVELOPED ECONOMIES (OWEVER THE NUMBER OF SUBSCRIBERS DOES NOT CLEARLY REmECT THE HIGH LEVEL OF ACCESSIBILITY THAT EXISTS 4HE WAY IN WHICH MOBILES ARE USED IN !FRICA DIFFERS VASTLY FROM THAT OF THE DEVELOPED
5GANDA .OVEMBER
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
&IGURE !DULT LITERACY
!S SHOWN FROM THE ABOVE STATISTICS !FRICA IS EXPERIENCING SERIOUS CHALLENGES AT AN )#4 INFRASTRUCTURAL AND HUMAN CAPACITY LEVEL
4HE ## PROGRAMME AREAS 4HE ## PROGRAMME BY FOCUSING ON lVE WELL DElNED AREAS ASSISTS WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL )#4 STRATEGIES AND HAS CREATED A PORTAL THAT ALLOWS THE SHARING OF )#4 RESOURCES WITHIN THE #OMMONWEALTH 4HESE COMPONENTS WILL MEANINGFULLY ENHANCE AND SUPPORT THE GLOBAL EFFORT OF THE 7ORLD 3UMMIT ON THE )NFORMATION 3OCIETY 73)3 AND THE -$'S AS WELL AS SUPPORTING #OMMONWEALTH WIDE E(EALTH INITIATIVES !CCORDING TO THE 7(/ 2EPORT hNATIONAL FOUNDATIONS ACTIONS FORM THE BASIS OF E(EALTH IN COUNTRIESv MEANING THAT COUNTRIES NEED TO CREATE A VISION AND A ROADMAP FOR ACTION TO DEVELOP A FUNDING FRAMEWORK TO SUPPORT SUCH A VISION AND MECHANISMS TO DEVELOP )#4 INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE PROVISION OF E(EALTH SERVICES ## IS ASSESSING NATIONAL )#4 STRATEGIC PLANNING IN MEMBER COUNTRIES AND IS ASSISTING WITH THE DEVELOPMENT AND FORMULATION OF )#4 STRATEGIES THAT WILL ULTIMATELY ENABLE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE #OMMONWEALTH TO EXPLOIT )#4S FOR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BENElTS 4HE DEVELOPMENT OF AN E(EALTH POLICY IS AN ELEMENT THAT IS INTEGRAL TO NATIONAL )#4 STRATEGIC PLANNING ## THEREFORE CAN ENSURE THAT A NATIONAL E(EALTH POLICY IS EFFECTIVELY INTEGRATED INTO THE NATIONAL )#4 POLICIES OF LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IN THE #OMMONWEALTH ## IS BEING IMPLEMENTED THROUGH A FOCUS ON THE FOLLOWING lVE AREAS ° "UILDING POLICY AND REGULATORY CAPACITY ° -ODERNISING EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT ° 0ROMOTING LOCAL ACCESS AND CONNECTIVITY ° 2EGIONAL NETWORKS LOCAL CONTENT AND KNOWLEDGE ° %NTREPRENEURSHIP FOR WEALTH CREATION AND POVERTY REDUCTION 4HESE ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE ## PROGRAMME AND ARE REmECTIVE OF THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF THE #OMMONWEALTH AND THE NEEDS OF MEMBER COUNTRIES 4HE lRST FOUR FOCUS AREAS COULD IN FACT BE EXPLOITED TO HELP ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES FACED BY #OMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENTS IN THEIR ATTEMPT AT IMPLEMENTING E(EALTH SOLUTIONS SUCH AS THE NEED TO DEVELOP STRATEGIC POLICIES AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL THAT SUPPORT E(EALTH SYSTEMS AND SERVICES AND TO DEVELOP SERVICES THAT ARE ACCESSIBLE TO ALL REGARDLESS OF LANGUAGE CULTURE OR LOCATION ## SEES THE FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A NATIONAL )#4 STRATEGY AS AN ESSENTIAL PREREQUISITE IF COUNTRIES ARE
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
TO PRODUCE AND REALISE THE BENElTS OF USING )#4 AS A TOOL FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT !CCORDING TO STATISTICAL DATA EXTRACTED FROM 7(/ OF THE PER CENT OF COUNTRIES THAT HAVE ADOPTED A NATIONAL )#4 POLICY ONLY PER CENT HAVE AN ESTABLISHED E(EALTH POLICY 4HE EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF E(EALTH POLICIES IN EMERGING ECONOMIES THEREFORE PRESENTS EVEN MORE OF A CHALLENGE DUE TO THE LACK OF ACCESS TO THE POLICY KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNICAL EXPERTISE NECESSARY TO DEVELOP EFFECTIVE AND RELEVANT E(EALTH POLICIES 4HE #OMMONWEALTH HAS ADOPTED A PROCESS APPROACH TOWARDS THE FORMULATION OF NATIONAL )#4 STRATEGIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WHICH HAS SOME KEY COMPONENTS INCLUDING CREATION OF A NATIONAL )#4 POLICY DEVELOPMENT OF AN E READINESS @CHECKLIST COMPLETION OF AN )#4 BENCHMARKING ASSESSMENT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPLEMENTABLE NATIONAL )#4 STRATEGIC PLAN 4HE .ATIONAL )#4 0OLICY DEVELOPED BY THE 'OVERNMENT OF "OTSWANA IS A USEFUL ILLUSTRATION OF THIS APPROACH 4HE FORMULATION OF THE POLICY INVOLVED A WIDE VARIETY OF STAKEHOLDERS FROM THE PUBLIC PRIVATE SECTORS ACADEMIA AND CIVIL SOCIETY )T WAS DEVELOPED IN lVE STAGES THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A .ATIONAL )#4 6ISION THE EXECUTION OF AN % READINESS AND "ENCHMARKING STUDY THE IDENTIlCATION OF PROJECTS AND PROGRAMMES IN THE .ATIONAL )#4 0OLICY THE IDENTIlCATION OF A DETAILED .ATIONAL )#4 -ASTER 0LAN AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN )#4 -ONITORING AND %VALUATION 0ROGRAMME 4HE .ATIONAL )#4 0OLICY ADDRESSED INFRASTRUCTURE AND INTERNET ACCESS ISSUES AND THE HUMAN CAPITAL AND WORKFORCE NECESSARY TO MAXIMISE THE BENElTS OF )#4 FOR SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL BENElTS E(EALTH WAS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE .ATIONAL )#4 0LAN AND EFFORTS WERE MADE TO EFFECTIVELY INCORPORATE )#4 SOLUTIONS TO HEALTH PROBLEMS SUCH AS THE PROVISION OF BASIC HEALTHCARE INFORMATION PARTICULARLY RELATED TO ()6 )#4 TRAINING FOR HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS AND )#4 SOLUTIONS THAT CAN TRANSFORM HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION PROCESSES ! NATIONAL POLICY TO REDUCE THE COSTS FOR )#4 INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE HEALTH SECTOR WAS EFFECTED IN AND IN A NATIONAL PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF )#4 IN HEALTH WHICH SETS TARGETS FOR HEALTH SECTOR CONNECTIVITY WAS IMPLEMENTED )T APPEARS THAT NO DECISIONS HAVE BEEN MADE ON WHICH ACTIONS TO PURSUE TO PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC MULTICULTURAL HEALTH CONTENT 3O FOR EXAMPLE IN THE CONTEXT OF "OTSWANA ## CAN MAKE A CONTRIBUTION THROUGH ONE OF ITS FOCUS AREAS n THE PROMOTION AND CREATION OF LOCAL CONTENT AND KNOWLEDGE 4HE "OTSWANA EXAMPLE CLEARLY ILLUSTRATES THE EFFECTIVE FORMULATION OF A NATIONAL )#4 POLICY WHICH INCLUDES IMPLEMENTABLE E(EALTH POLICIES AND APPLICATIONS THAT ARE BOTH RELEVANT TO THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT AND DEMAND DRIVEN
!VOIDING DUPLICATION /NE OF THE ADVANTAGES OF THE APPLICATION OF )#4S TO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IS THAT IT ALLOWS COUNTRIES TO @LEAPFROG TRADITIONAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
AND WHEN THIS IS COUPLED WITH THE EXCHANGE OF )#4 RESOURCES IT ENABLES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO AVOID DUPLICATION AND WASTE )N THIS CONTEXT THE lRST AREA OF FOCUS OF ## BUILDING POLICY AND REGULATORY CAPACITY ALLOWS THE LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IN THE #OMMONWEALTH TO SHARE THE #OMMONWEALTH )#4 WEALTH IN SUCH FORM AS BEST PRACTICES STRATEGIC PLANS AND CASE STUDIES THAT CAN FACILITATE ACCELERATED NATIONAL POLICYMAKING &OLLOWING THE WORDS OF * 3ACHS AT THE #ENTRE FOR )NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT (ARVARD 5NIVERSITY h; = IN ORDER TO MOVE WITH EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IT IS ESSENTIAL TO FOCUS ON THE COMMONALITIES BETWEEN RICH AND POOR COUNTRIES AND TO CAPITALISE ON THESE COMMONALITIES TO BUILD STRONG COLLABORATIVE RELATIONSHIPSv THIS ## AREA OF FOCUS CAN HELP ASSIST 3OUTH 3OUTH COLLABORATION AND RESEARCH SHARING THAT CAN HELP ADDRESS BASIC HEALTH ISSUES LIKE E(EALTH STANDARDS AND OTHER INTEROPERABILITY ISSUES )N ANOTHER AREA OF FOCUS MODERNISING EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT ## IS ENCOURAGING DISTANCE LEARNING TECHNIQUES MODERNISATION OF EDUCATION PROMOTION OF SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF ACCESS TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES !CCORDING TO THE 7ORLD (EALTH 2EPORT ONE OF THE MOST CITED BARRIERS TO E(EALTH IMPLEMENTATION IS THE LACK OF SUITABLY TRAINED OR QUALIlED STAFF 4HIS AREA OF FOCUS THEREFORE CAN BE EXPLOITED TO TRAIN HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS TO USE E(EALTH APPLICATIONS THAT ARE TAILORED AND RELEVANT TO THE LOCAL CONTEXT THUS CREATING SUSTAINABILITY AND MARKETABLE SKILLS WITHIN THE HEALTH SECTOR 0ROMOTING LOCAL ACCESS AND CONNECTIVITY IS ANOTHER SPECIALISED AREA OF THE ## PROGRAMME WHICH FOCUSES ON IMPROVING ACCESS TO CRITICAL TRANSFORMATIONAL INFORMATION BY A WIDE SPECTRUM OF STAKEHOLDERS NECESSARY TO CORRECT THE PRESENT IMBALANCE IN THE USE OF )#4S !FRICA IS THE LOWEST IN THE ADOPTION OF EQUITY POLICIES ACCORDING TO THE 7(/ S REPORT 4HIS IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT IN ANY E(EALTH POLICY AS EQUITY IS RECOGNISED AS A CORE VALUE OF DEVELOPMENT 0OLICIES SHOULD PROMOTE INCLUSIVENESS AND EQUITABLE ACCESS TO E(EALTH IRRESPECTIVE OF CULTURE LANGUAGE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION PHYSICAL AND MENTAL ABILITY AGE AND GENDER 7ORK IN THIS FOCUS AREA CAN ASSIST TOWARDS THE EQUITABLE ACCESS TO VITAL HEALTH INFORMATION ONLINE 2EGIONAL NETWORKS LOCAL CONTENT AND KNOWLEDGE IS AN AREA OF FOCUS THAT ENCOURAGES THE CREATION OF LOCAL CONTENT AND THE PROMOTION OF REGIONAL NETWORKING THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND THE CONVERGENCE OF DIFFERENT MEDIA )N E(EALTH IT IS CONSIDERED CRUCIAL TO IMPLEMENT POLICIES THAT PROMOTE THE AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION IN LOCAL LANGUAGES AND TO RECOGNISE CULTURAL DIVERSITY TO PRODUCE NEW ELECTRONIC HEALTH CONTENT IN MULTIPLE LANGUAGES AND TO TRANSLATE EXISTING HIGH QUALITY CONTENT CREATED EITHER LOCALLY OR ABROAD )N THIS CONTEXT ## RECOGNISES THAT THE USE OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE IS ESSENTIAL AND THAT COMMUNITIES HAVE THEIR OWN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS WHICH CAN BE TAKEN AS A BASELINE FOR )#4 4HE PROGRAMME ALSO PROMOTES THE IDENTIlCATION OF LOCAL AGENTS OF CHANGE TO ENABLE SOCIETAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION THROUGH )#4S
&INALLY IN THE AREA OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP THE ## 0ORTAL WWW COMMONWEALTHCONNECTS NET CONTAINS A MODULE CALLED 0ROJECT -ARKETPLACE THAT ENABLES PROJECT OWNERS TO ADVERTISE THEIR PROJECTS ONLINE FOR VIEWING BY INTERNATIONAL DONORS /NE WAY THAT ## CAN ASSIST IS THROUGH USING THE 0ROJECT -ARKETPLACE AS A PLATFORM TO LAUNCH SMART E(EALTH PROJECTS ## IS ALSO ABOUT FACILITATING A LIMITED NUMBER OF PROJECTS SUBMITTED BY COUNTRIES .'/S AND ACADEMIA THROUGH ITS UNIQUE CAPACITY TO EXPLOIT THE #OMMONWEALTH S ADDED VALUE 4HE KEY SUPPORT THAT WILL BE PROVIDED TO THESE PROJECTS IS THROUGH THE PARTNERING WITH AND THE SHARING OF INFORMATION AND EXPERIENCES BETWEEN PROJECT OWNERS AND COUNTRIES AGENCIES ## IS ULTIMATELY ABOUT CHANGING PEOPLES LIVES BY ASSISTING WITH THE MOBILISATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND HUMAN RESOURCES TO ASSIST ENCOURAGE AND FACILITATE GOVERNMENTS TO EXPLOIT )#4S AS A TOOL FOR DEVELOPMENT ## WILL FACILITATE #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES TO TAILOR )#4 SOLUTIONS TO THEIR OWN CONTEXT AND MAKE THEM RELEVANT FOR THE @CITIZEN ON THE GROUND )N CONCLUSION SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ## 0ROGRAMME WILL GREATLY FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL E(EALTH STRATEGIES THAT WILL BENElT THE CITIZENS OF THE #OMMONWEALTH
$EVINDRA 2AMNARINE BECAME THE !DVISER 0UBLIC 3ECTOR )NFORMATICS IN THE 'OVERNANCE AND )NSTITUTIONAL $EVELOPMENT $IVISION AT THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT IN *ANUARY (E MANAGES THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT S 0UBLIC 3ECTOR )NFORMATICS 0ROGRAMME AND MANAGES THE 3ECRETARIAT WHICH SUPPORTS THE #OMMONWEALTH #ONNECTS 0ROGRAMME ! TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEER HE WAS FORMERLY THE (EAD OF THE .ATIONAL )#4 0LANNING 3ECRETARIAT IN THE 'OVERNMENT OF 4RINIDAD AND 4OBAGO AND WAS DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ITS .ATIONAL )#4 0LAN n FASTFORWARD 4ANIA 'ESSI IS A 2ESEARCH /FlCER FOR THE #OMMONWEALTH #ONNECTS 0ROGRAMME IN THE 'OVERNANCE AND )NSTITUTIONAL $EVELOPMENT $IVISION AT THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT BASED IN ,ONDON (ER AREAS OF INTEREST INCLUDE CONmICT RESOLUTION SOCIO POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND THE ROLE THAT )#4 CAN PLAY IN ADDRESSING THESE PRESSING ISSUES 4HE #OMMONWEALTH #ONNECTS 0ROGRAMME IS A MULTI STAKEHOLDER PARTNERSHIP AIMED AT TAPPING AVAILABLE #OMMONWEALTH RESOURCES TO FAST TRACK POSITIVE CHANGE )T IS A UNIQUE INITIATIVE THAT ENABLES THE TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY AND EXPERTISE ACROSS THE WHOLE #OMMONWEALTH #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT -ARLBOROUGH (OUSE 0ALL -ALL ,ONDON 37 9 (8 5+ 4EL &AX %MAIL COMMONWEALTHCONNECTS COMMONWEALTH INT 7EBSITE WWW THECOMMONWEALTH ORG
5GANDA .OVEMBER
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
$R 2OBERT 7HELAN #ENTRE FOR %DUCATIONAL $EVELOPMENT AND 4ECHNOLOGY 0ACIlC E,EARNING /BSERVATORY 0ROJECT 5NIVERSITY OF THE 3OUTH 0ACIlC
E,EARNING IN THE 3OUTH 0ACIlC CURRENT STATUS CHALLENGES AND TRENDS 4HE 0ACIlC E,EARNING /BSERVATORY RECENTLY SURVEYED EXPERTS ACROSS THE 0ACIlC ON EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY )#4 ITS CURRENT STATUS PERCEIVED CHALLENGES TO DEVELOPMENT AND EMERGING TRENDS 4HE SURVEY INCLUDES @GUESTIMATES OF )#4 ACCESS SHOWING AVERAGE SCHOOL )#4 ACCESS BELOW PER CENT WITH TERTIARY LEVEL ACCESS AROUND PER CENT #APACITY BUILDING CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EFFECTIVE POLICY FRAMEWORKS ARE SHOWN TO BE KEY FACTORS IN EDUCATIONAL )#4 DEVELOPMENT %MERGING DEVELOPMENTS RANGE FROM EARLY STAGE POLICY CONSULTATIONS TO CONSTRUCTION OF DATABASES AND ONLINE PORTALS TO SUPPORT ADMINISTRATION AND THE DELIVERY OF LEARNING 4HE AUTHOR ASSESSES THESE TRENDS AND IDENTIlES WHAT REMAINS TO BE DONE TO @MAINSTREAM )#4 IN EDUCATION IN THE 0ACIlC )NFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY )#4 IS HAVING A REVOLUTIONARY EFFECT ON SCHOOL PRACTICES GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC SECTOR POLICIES AND COMMERCIAL AND ECONOMIC CAPACITY BUILDING OPPORTUNITIES WORLDWIDE 4HE 3OUTH 0ACIlC REGION S SMALL ISLAND NATIONS ARE NO EXCEPTION WITH SUBSTANTIAL GROWTH IN THE AVAILABILITY OF )#4 AND ACCESS TO THE INTERNET DURING THE LAST DECADE IN SPITE OF SLOWER UPTAKE IN RURAL AND LESS DEVELOPED AREAS !S GOVERNMENTS SEEK TO FORM POLICIES TO FOSTER CONTINUED GROWTH AND INSTITUTIONS AND COMMERCIAL INTERESTS AIM TO TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE OF )#4S POTENTIAL IN EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE AVAILABILITY OF RELEVANT DATA AND MEANINGFUL INFORMATION ON WHICH TO BASE STRATEGIC DECISIONS BECOMES INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT )N THE NATIONS OF THE 3OUTH 0ACIlC HOWEVER THERE IS LITTLE ONGOING EFFORT TO MONITOR DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS IN THIS SECTOR USING SPECIlC INDICATORS
A RANGE OF EDUCATORS POLICYMAKERS AND 530 WHICH CATERS TO OVER DISTANCE BASED STUDENTS ACROSS THE 0ACIlC REGION 4HE RESEARCH IS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC ON THE INTERNET WWW USP AC FJ PELO &INDINGS FROM A RECENTLY CONDUCTED ONLINE SURVEY ARE USED IN THIS PAPER TO PROVIDE A SNAPSHOT OF )#4 IN EDUCATION IN THE 0ACIlC REGION
%DUCATION AND )#4 GOOD OR BAD 4HE 0%,/ SURVEY lRST ASKED ABOUT THE PERCEIVED BENElTS OF )#4S IN EDUCATION 7HEN ASKED TO AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE STATEMENT h%DUCATIONAL )#4 WOULD BE BENElCIAL FOR STUDENTS THE 0ACIlC v PER CENT OF RESPONDENTS AGREED WITH THE STATEMENT (OWEVER WHEN ASKED h(OW WELL INTEGRATED IS )#4 INTO YOUR COUNTRY S CURRICULUM v PER CENT RESPONDED THAT IT WAS NOT AT ALL PER CENT RESPONDED THAT IT WAS ONLY PARTIALLY INTEGRATED AND PER CENT SAID IT WAS WELL INTEGRATED 7HEN ASKED h(OW WOULD YOU RATE YOUR COUNTRY S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM S OVERALL EFFECTIVENESS ON A SCALE OF v RESPONSES WERE EVENLY DISTRIBUTED WITH NO RESPONDENTS CLAIMING A TOP RATING SEE &IGURE 2ESPONDENTS WERE THEN ASKED h7OULD SCHOOLS IN YOUR COUNTRY BENElT FROM HAVING A SCHOOL WIDE )#4 NETWORK v ! VAST MAJORITY PER CENT AGREED 7HEN ASKED h7OULD SCHOOLS IN YOUR COUNTRY BENElT FROM A NATION WIDE )#4 NETWORK v THE SAME RESPONSE EMERGED &INALLY WHEN ASKED h7OULD SCHOOLS IN YOUR COUNTRY BENElT FROM A 0ACIlC REGION WIDE )#4 NETWORK v PER CENT SAID YES PER CENT SAID NO AND THE REMAINDER SAID THEY WERE UNSURE &IGURE 2ATING OF COUNTRY S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM S OVERALL EFFECTIVENESS ON A SCALE OF BY EDUCATIONAL )#4 EXPERTS IN THE 0ACIlC 3EPTEMBER
)N THIS CONTEXT THE 0ACIlC E,EARNING /BSERVATORY 0%,/ WAS ESTABLISHED IN WITH A GRANT FROM THE 5NIVERSITY OF THE 3OUTH 0ACIlC 530 TO RESEARCH THE DEVELOPMENT OF )#4S IN EDUCATION IN THE 530 MEMBER NATIONS #OOK )SLANDS &IJI +IRIBATI -ARSHALL )SLANDS .AURU .IUE 3OLOMON )SLANDS 4OKELAU 4ONGA 4UVALU 6ANUATU AND 3AMOA 4HE OBJECTIVE IS TO COLLECT STRATEGIC INFORMATION ON EDUCATIONAL )#4 TO
5GANDA .OVEMBER
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
4ABLE %DUCATIONAL )#4 ACTIVITIES THAT WOULD BE MOST BENEl CIAL )#4 ACTIVITY
4OTAL NUMBER OF VOTES N
4RAINING CAPACITY BUILDING
,OCALISED CONTENT DEVELOPMENT
#REATE NEW LEARNING MATERIALS
3CHOOL @E TWINNING 0ARTNERING
0UBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
,OCATING CURRICULUM SOFTWARE
&ORM NETWORK OF NATIONAL EXPERTS #OLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT
7HEN ASKED HOW )#4 CAN BE BEST USED IN EDUCATION RESPONDENTS VOTED FOR UP TO THREE FROM A LIST OF EIGHT OPTIONS 4HE SINGLE MOST BENEl CIAL PERCEIVED )#4 ACTIVITY WAS TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING FOLLOWED BY LOCALISED CONTENT DEVELOPMENT AND THE CREATION OF NEW LEARNING MATERIALS SEE 4ABLE 4HE SURVEY ALSO ASKED RESPONDENTS ABOUT THE /NE ,APTOP 0ER #HILD /,0# INITIATIVE AN EFFORT TO PROVIDE STUDENTS WITH LOW COST LAPTOPS TO AID IN THEIR EDUCATION &ORTY FOUR RESPONDENTS PER CENT AGREED THAT THE /,0# INITIATIVE WOULD BE BENEl CIAL FOR STUDENTS IN THE 0ACIl C WHILE PER CENT SAID MAYBE .O PARTICIPANTS DISAGREED BUT TWO PARTICIPANTS DID NOT ANSWER
)NTERNET ACCESS IN THE 0ACIl C 2ESPONDENTS WERE ASKED TO ESTIMATE THE EXTENT THAT PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY AND TEACHER TRAINING STUDENTS HAD ACCESS TO COMPUTERS AND TO THE INTERNET IN BOTH RURAL AND URBAN AREAS IN THEIR OWN COUNTRIES 4HE AVERAGE VALUES ARE SHOWN IN &IGURE 4HE RESULTS SHOWED THAT URBAN STUDENTS AND TEACHERS HAVE SIGNIl CANTLY BETTER ACCESS TO )#4 THAN THEIR RURAL COUNTERPARTS 4ERTIARY STUDENTS TEACHER TRAINEES AND &IGURE %DUCATIONAL )#4 !CCESS IN THE 0ACIl C 2EGION 0#S AND 7EB n 3EPTEMBER
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
URBAN TEACHERS HAVE GREATER ACCESS TO )#4 WHILE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY STUDENTS AND RURAL TEACHERS HAVE THE WORST ACCESS AND STUDENTS AND TEACHERS ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE ACCESS TO COMPUTERS THAN TO THE INTERNET /VERALL THERE WAS A MARKED DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRE TERTIARY AND TERTIARY LEVELS OF ACCESS TO )#4 AND THE LOW ACCESS RATES OF RURAL TEACHERS WAS A REVEALING FACTOR BEHIND LOW RURAL AWARENESS OF )#4 4HE RESPONDENTS ESTIMATED THAT AN AVERAGE OF PER CENT OF THE POPULATION OF THEIR RESPECTIVE COUNTRIES HAS ACCESS TO THE INTERNET
7HAT ROLE FOR )#4 IN THE CURRICULUM /VERWHELMINGLY SURVEY RESPONDENTS SAW )#4 AS A @PRIORITY ONE AREA THAT IT @SHOULD BE AN ENABLING MECHANISM THAT IT IS @CORE @CRUCIAL AND @PIVOTAL AND THAT IT SHOULD BE AN @INTEGRAL PART OF THE CURRICULUM 2ESPONDENTS FELT THAT )#4 SHOULD BE CENTRAL TO THE CURRICULUM BOTH AS A SUBJECT AND AS A TOOL FOR LEARNING AND TEACHING 4HE USE OF )#4 IS PERCEIVED AS VITAL FOR INFORMATION LITERACY ACROSS ALL SUBJECT AREAS ESPECIALLY FOR RURAL CITIZENS 2ESPONDENTS FELT THAT )#4 CAN BE USED FOR CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION RESEARCH AND PRESENTATIONS )#4 ALSO PROVIDES IMPROVED ASSESSMENT AND LEARNING SUPPORT 2ESPONDENTS EMPHASISED THE IMPORTANCE OF USING )#4 TO DEVELOP AND SHARE DIGITAL CURRICULUM MATERIALS THAT HAVE BEEN LOCALISED TO 0ACIl C CONTEXTS AND TO HELP REPATRIATE EDUCATION AS A CULTURAL ASSET IN SMALL ISLAND NATIONS
4OP THREE )#4 CHALLENGES 2ESPONDENTS WERE ASKED TO DESCRIBE THE TOP THREE CHALLENGES FACING EDUCATIONAL )#4 DEVELOPMENT IN THEIR COUNTRY &INANCE SKILLS AND ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE WERE LISTED AS MOST PRESSING 4HE TEN MOST COMMON PERCEIVED CHALLENGES ARE IDENTIl ED IN 4ABLE
#URRENT EDUCATIONAL )#4 INITIATIVES /VER HALF OF THE RESPONDENTS INDICATED THAT THEIR GOVERNMENT IS CURRENTLY TAKING LITTLE OR NO ACTION IN THIS AREA OR IF IT IS THEY WERE UNSURE WHAT WAS INVOLVED
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
,EGISLATION 4ABLE 4OP CHALLENGES FOR EDUCATIONAL )#4 DEVELOPMENT ,ACK OF ADEQUATE l NANCING ,ACK OF SKILLED PERSONNEL 0OOR ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE AND )#4 EQUIPMENT ,OW AWARENESS ABOUT THE BENEl TS OF )#4 )NEFFECTIVE SECONDARY INFRASTRUCTURES SUCH AS ELECTRICITY ROADS AND RELATED SERVICES ,OW CONNECTIVITY SPEEDS AND INADEQUATE NETWORKS
2ESPONDENTS EMPHASISED THE NEED TO DEVELOP NEW LEGISLATION AND REVIEW LEGISLATION THAT MAY BE HINDERING )#4 DEVELOPMENT IN EDUCATION ! KEY UNDERLYING FACTOR IS PERCEIVED TO BE THE NEED TO END MONOPOLY CONTROL OF )#4 INFRASTRUCTURES AND NETWORKS WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF COMPETITION FOR LOCAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS OPERATORS ,EGISLATION SHOULD BE USED TO LOWER INTERNET ACCESS COSTS OPEN UP COMPETITION FOR INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS AND EVEN CREATE TAX FREE )#4 ZONES
4RAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING
,ACK OF INTEGRATION OF )#4 INTO THE CURRICULUM AND OUTDATED CURRICULA
2ESPONDENTS EMPHASISED THE IMPORTANCE OF )#4 TRAINING AT ALL EDUCATIONAL LEVELS THAT LEADS TO OVERALL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT 2ESPONDENTS ENVISIONED INITIATIVES THAT COULD INCREASE )#4 TRAINING AND USAGE IN SCHOOL CLASSROOMS FOR IN SERVICE TEACHERS AS WELL AS EDUCATION RELATED AND ADMINISTRATIVE OFl CES
,ACK OF @)#4 CULTURE
#URRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
,ACK OF TRUST AND SUSPICIOUSNESS ABOUT )#4
! KEY AIM SHOULD BE TO MAKE )#4 EDUCATION COMPULSORY AND AS EARLY IN THE SCHOOL CYCLE AS POSSIBLE 3TUDENTS SHOULD BE TRAINED IN INFORMATION LITERACY n BUT STUDENT LEARNING ITSELF SHOULD UTILISE )#4 WHILE LEARNING MATERIALS AND CONTENT SHOULD BE )#4 BASED AND LOCALISED WHEREVER POSSIBLE
$IFl CULTIES IN MAINTAINING AND REPAIRING BROKEN EQUIPMENT
4HE FOLLOWING PROJECTS WERE CITED MOST FREQUENTLY ° %STABLISHING AN EDUCATIONAL )#4 WORKING GROUP TO STUDY AND DRAFT POLICY DIRECTIONS FOR GOVERNMENT ° #OLLECTING DATA ABOUT THE NEEDS FOR EDUCATIONAL )#4 THROUGH STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ° 4ESTING PILOT PROJECTS CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENTS OR COMMUNITY SCHOOL SERVICES ° )NITIATING )#4 TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR TEACHERS )4 PROFESSIONALS OR THE COMMUNITY ° 2EVIEWING THE CURRICULUM TO DETERMINE HOW BEST TO INCORPORATE )#4 ° 2EVIEWING TELECOMMUNICATIONS LEGISLATION IMPACTING EDUCATION ° "UILDING REMOTE RURAL CENTRES SUCH AS @E,EARNING #ENTERS FOR IMPROVED SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY ACCESS TO )#4 SERVICES ° )MPLEMENTING SCHOOLS DATABASES SUCH AS AN EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
!CCESS TO )#4 2ESPONDENTS CITED SEVERAL STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ACCESS TO )#4 ESPECIALLY IN THE RURAL AREAS 4HESE WOULD INCLUDE PROVIDING FACILITIES IN ALL SCHOOLS IDEALLY AT BROADBAND SPEEDS WHERE ACCESS SHOULD BE FREE OR LOW COST %XTENDING EXISTING SCHOOL NETWORKS AND BUILDING MORE INTERNET CENTRES FOR PUBLIC ACCESS WAS ALSO RECOGNISED AS IMPORTANT
#OST REDUCTION 2ESPONDENTS RECOMMENDED PROVIDING FREE OR LOW COST ACCESS TO THE INTERNET AND TO )#4 EQUIPMENT PARTICULARLY FOR RURAL AREAS AND OUTER ISLANDS 2ELATED TO THIS A PLANNED COLLECTIVE APPROACH TO THE REPLACEMENT OF EQUIPMENT WAS ALSO EMPHASISED
3USTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF )#4
° $EVELOPING SCHOOLS @PORTALS TO ACCESS ONLINE LEARNING MATERIALS
3USTAINABLE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND PRACTICES WERE ALSO EMPHASISED 4HUS A BROADBAND )#4 NETWORK WAS PERCEIVED AS IMPORTANT BUT EQUALLY IMPORTANT IS THAT IT HAS A LOW POWER CONSUMPTION FROM RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY SOURCES
4OP STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT
)NDICATORS AND ATTITUDES
° 5PGRADING EXISTING )#4 INFRASTRUCTURES AND
2ESPONDENTS WERE ASKED TO IDENTIFY THE MOST IMPORTANT STRATEGIES THAT COULD HELP FURTHER DEVELOPMENT IN )#4 4HE ANSWERS FELL BROADLY INTO THE FOLLOWING SEVEN CATEGORIES
0LANNING AND POLICY 2ESPONDENTS EMPHASISED THE STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF DESIGNING AND DEVELOPING A WORKABLE )#4 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 3UCH A PLAN OR NATIONAL STRATEGY WOULD BE BASED ON CONSULTATION AND EXPERT INPUT AND WOULD INVOLVE ALL KEY STAKEHOLDERS BEFORE BECOMING LEGISLATION #ONSISTENT TOP DOWN SUPPORT FROM THE GOVERNMENT IS PERCEIVED TO BE OF FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE
4HIS SURVEY GENERATED DETAILED ESTIMATES OF EDUCATIONAL )#4 ACCESS AS WELL AS EXPERT OPINIONS IN THE SECTOR +EY l NDINGS INCLUDE ESTIMATES THAT INTERNET AND COMPUTER ACCESS LEVELS ON AVERAGE FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS ARE WELL BELOW PER CENT WITH TERTIARY URBAN ACCESS LEVELS AS HIGH AS PER CENT 4HERE IS ALSO A WIDE GAP BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN ACCESS 4HE ONLINE SERVICE PROVIDED BY 530.ET EXPLAINS THE HIGH LEVEL OF )#4 ACCESS AMONGST TERTIARY STUDENTS WHILE THE GROWING COMMERCIAL INTERNET PENETRATION IN URBAN AREAS MAY HELP TO EXPLAIN THE RELATIVELY HIGH LEVELS OF )#4 ACCESS IN OTHER URBAN DEMOGRAPHICS !CCESS TO )#4 IN RURAL AREAS IS A KEY CHALLENGE
5GANDA .OVEMBER
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
4HE SURVEY RESULTS ALSO INDICATE THAT TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE INCLUDING ELECTRICITY TRANSPORT AND BASIC SERVICES lNANCING RENEWED POLICY INITIATIVES AND TOP DOWN GOVERNMENT SUPPORT ARE PERCEIVED AS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS IN EDUCATIONAL )#4 DEVELOPMENT 4HIS IS CONSISTENT WITH "RANDJES STUDY FOR THE #OMMONWEALTH OF ,EARNING 3CHOOL .ETWORKING IN THE 0ACIlC )SLAND 3TATES AND WITH 5.%3#/ S -ETA SURVEY ON THE 5SE OF 4ECHNOLOGIES IN %DUCATION IN !SIA AND THE 0ACIlC WWW UNESCOBKK ORG ELIB PUBLICATIONS METASURVEY (OWEVER THE COUNTRIES OF THE 3OUTH 0ACIlC VARY WIDELY ACCORDING TO SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND SOCIO ECONOMICS STATUS &OR THIS REASON CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN )#4 IN EDUCATION RANGE FROM EARLY STAGE POLICY FORMULATION AND LEGISLATIVE REVIEW AS IS THE CASE IN THE 0APUA .EW 'UINEA FOR EXAMPLE PILOT TESTING OF NEW INITIATIVES IN THE 3OLOMON )SLANDS THE CONSTRUCTION OF E,EARNING CENTERS FOR RURAL AREAS AND COMMUNITY IN 3AMOA AND &IJI TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF DATABASES AND IN SOME CASES ONLINE PORTALS TO SUPPORT EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND THE DELIVERY OF LEARNING MATERIALS AS IN THE #OOK )SLANDS FOR EXAMPLE
4HE CORE WORK TO BE DONE TO INCORPORATE )#4 INTO THE CURRICULUM REVOLVES AROUND CAPACITY BUILDING IN EDUCATION )4 AND AUXILIARY SECTORS AND IMPROVED INFRASTRUCTURE #ONTINUUM OF DEVELOPMENT )N THIS SENSE THERE IS A CONTINUUM OF DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE 0ACIlC WITH SOME COUNTRIES FORMULATING A VISION OTHER COUNTRIES INTRODUCING )#4 AS AN INFORMATION LITERACY LEVER AND OTHERS SEEKING TO MORE FULLY INCORPORATE )#4 INTO THE DAILY ACTIVITIES OF THE CURRICULUM 4HERE MAY BE A YEAR GAP BETWEEN THESE PHASES -OREOVER THOSE COUNTRIES THAT HAVE PROGRESSED FURTHER ALONG THIS CONTINUUM AND THAT HAVE INCORPORATED )#4 INTO THE CURRICULUM STILL FACE DAILY PRESSURES TO SUSTAIN THEIR INITIATIVES TO SECURE ONGOING TOP DOWN GOVERNMENT SUPPORT AND TO CONTINUE TO DEPLOY RELEVANT AND EFFECTIVE POLICIES AND PLANS 4HUS THE CORE WORK TO BE DONE TO INCORPORATE )#4 INTO THE CURRICULUM REVOLVES AROUND CAPACITY BUILDING IN EDUCATION )4 AND AUXILIARY SECTORS AND IMPROVED INFRASTRUCTURE 4HESE EFFORTS REQUIRE TOP DOWN POLICY SUPPORT AND lNANCIAL BACKING %STIMATES AND MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT VARY BUT WITH APPROXIMATELY SCHOOLS IN THE 3OUTH 0ACIlC REGION PROVIDING EACH ONE WITH A COMPUTER LAB OF 0#S AT PER LAB AN INVESTMENT OF SOME M WOULD BE REQUIRED FOR BASIC DEVELOPMENT )#4 IN EDUCATION 7HEN FACTORS SUCH AS CAPACITY BUILDING POLICY FORMATION AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT ARE FACTORED IN AN INVESTMENT OF
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
PER CHILD IS NEEDED DEPENDING ON THE SIZE OF THE COUNTRY AND THE AVAILABLE ECONOMIES OF SCALE (AVING SAID THAT )#4 HAS A @BIG BANG FOR THE BUCK IN RURAL AREAS BECAUSE THE COST OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IS REDUCED AND HIGHER QUALITY LEARNING MATERIALS CAN BE MORE EASILY SHARED &INALLY THE SURVEY SHOWED STRONG SUPPORT FOR FURTHER LOCAL AND NATIONAL SCHOOLS NETWORKING EFFORTS AND PARTICULARLY STRONG PER CENT SUPPORT FOR A REGIONAL 0ACIlC SCHOOLS NETWORK THAT WOULD PROVIDE AND SHARE ORGANISATIONAL SUPPORT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL )#4 IN EACH MEMBER COUNTRY AND THE REGION AT LARGE
4HE SURVEY SHOWED PARTICULARLY STRONG PER CENT SUPPORT FOR A REGIONAL 0ACIlC SCHOOLS NETWORK 4HIS POSSIBILITY WAS DISCUSSED BY "RANDJES FOR #/, BUT THERE HAS BEEN LITTLE OR NO PROGRESS TO DATE )T IS CLEAR HOWEVER THAT WITH SO MANY SHARED CHALLENGES A COLLABORATIVE APPROACH WOULD BRING SUBSTANTIAL DIVIDENDS &OR EXAMPLE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON THE 3OUTH 0ACIlC )SLANDS .ETWORK 30). FACILITATED BY THE 3ECRETARIAT OF THE 3OUTH 0ACIlC ARE AIMED AT BUILDING A HIGH SPEED INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE REGION THAT WILL GREATLY INCREASE ACCESS SPEEDS WHILE LOWERING COSTS 4HIS PROGRESS WILL HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION PARTICULARLY IF COMBINED WITH THE ROLLOUT OF THE MUCH TOUTED /NE ,APTOP PER #HILD /,0# PROJECT &UTURE WORK BY THE 0ACIlC E,EARNING /BSERVATORY WILL MONITOR INDICATORS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF )#4 IN EDUCATION WHILE BUILDING NETWORKS OF EXPERTS AND STAKEHOLDERS THAT EMPHASISE A REGIONAL APPROACH TO IMPROVING EDUCATION WITH )#4
2OBERT 7HELAN IS A LECTURER AT THE 5NIVERSITY OF THE 3OUTH 0ACIlC &IJI (E HAS OVER A DECADE OF EXPERIENCE IN EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY ESPECIALLY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (IS BACKGROUND IS IN PHILOSOPHY AND COMPUTER SCIENCE AND HE EARNED HIS 0H$ AT .EW 9ORK 5NIVERSITY AS AN )RISH &ULBRIGHT SCHOLAR 4HE 5NIVERSITY OF THE 3OUTH 0ACIlC 530 IS THE PREMIER PROVIDER OF TERTIARY EDUCATION IN THE 0ACIlC REGION AND AN INTERNATIONAL CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR TEACHING RESEARCH AND CONSULTING ON ALL ASPECTS OF 0ACIlC LIFE 5NIVERSITY OF THE 3OUTH 0ACIlC 3UVA &IJI )SLANDS 4EL &AX %MAIL ROBERT WHELAN USP AC FJ 7EBSITE WWW USP AC FJ
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
,LOYD 4IMBERLAKE 7ORLD "USINESS #OUNCIL FOR 3USTAINABLE $EVELOPMENT
-OBILITY FOR !FRICAN DEVELOPMENT -OBILITY AND TRANSPORT ARE CRUCIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT !FRICAN GOVERNMENTS HAVE A PLAN TO USE TRANSPORT LINKS BETWEEN PRODUCTIVE ECONOMIC SITES MINES WELLS PLANTATIONS AND PORTS TO @DENSIFY AND ACCELERATE DEVELOPMENT 4HERE ARE MANY INHERENT MOBILITY PROBLEMS IN !FRICA BUT 4ANZANIA IS ONE COUNTRY THAT IS BEGINNING TO FACE THEM SYSTEMATICALLY %CONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DEPENDS ON MOBILITY "USINESSES NEED ROAD RAIL SHIPPING AND AIR NETWORKS TO TRANSPORT GOODS AND SERVICES TO MARKETS WHILE PEOPLE NEED THEM TO GET TO JOBS AND SCHOOLS AND USE BASIC SERVICES "OTH PEOPLE AND BUSINESS NEED TRANSPORT SYSTEMS THAT WORK TOGETHER n SUCH AS GOOD PORT ROAD AND RAIL CONNECTIONS -OBILITY IS NOT SOLELY ABOUT VEHICLES IT IS ALSO ABOUT INFRASTRUCTURE COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY ACCESS TO RESOURCES AND ENERGY FACILITATION OF TRADE AND SIMPLIFYING BURDENSOME BUREAUCRACY )TS CONCERNS SPREAD ACROSS MANY AREAS OF HUMAN LIFE AND HUMAN GOVERNMENT )T IS ALSO INTIMATELY LINKED TO THE GLOBAL ENERGY CRISIS 4ODAY THE TRANSPORT SECTOR ACCOUNTS FOR ONE QUARTER OF GLOBAL #/ EMISSIONS AND IS GROWING BY TWO PER CENT PER YEAR )T IS ESTIMATED THAT GLOBAL DEMAND FOR OIL WILL INCREASE BY PER CENT UP TO AND SOME PER CENT OF THIS WILL COME FROM THE TRANSPORT SECTOR MAINLY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES )NCREASED DEMAND FOR MOBILITY RESULTS IN HIGHER ENERGY DEMANDS BOTH TO FUEL NEW VEHICLES AND MODES OF TRANSPORT AND FOR PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES )T ALSO IMPLIES GREATER DEMAND FOR RAW MATERIALS SUCH AS RUBBER INCREASED DEMAND FOR CEMENT AND ASPHALT FOR ROAD BUILDING AND HIGHER RATES OF EXTRACTION OF METALS FROM MINES INCLUDING RARER MORE SPECIALISED METALS MANY OF WHICH ARE FOUND IN LESS POLITICALLY STABLE AREAS OF THE WORLD
$EVELOPMENT TRANSPORT AND MOBILITY 4HE 7ORLD "USINESS #OUNCIL FOR 3USTAINABLE $EVELOPMENT 7"#3$ A COLLECTION OF MORE THAN OF THE WORLD S LARGEST COMPANIES MAINTAINS @FOCUS AREAS &!S ON BOTH ENERGY AND CLIMATE AND ON DEVELOPMENT 4HERE BEING OBVIOUS OVERLAPS OF CONCERN BETWEEN THE TWO lELDS THE $EVELOPMENT &! RUNS A WORK STREAM ON -OBILITY FOR $EVELOPMENT - $ 4HIS WORK HAS PRODUCED A LOT OF BAD NEWS 4HE DEMAND FOR MOBILITY IS INCREASING RAPIDLY THROUGHOUT
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
THE DEVELOPING WORLD AS POPULATIONS AND MANY ECONOMIES GROW "UT AS DEMAND AND THE NUMBER OF VEHICLES INCREASE MOBILITY INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT SAFETY PROVISIONS ARE DETERIORATING IN MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 3OME PER CENT OF ALL ROAD DEATHS OCCUR IN DEVELOPING OR TRANSITIONAL COUNTRIES ACCORDING TO THE 7ORLD "ANK A DISPROPORTIONATE BURDEN GIVEN THAT THESE COUNTRIES OWN ONLY PER CENT OF THE WORLD S MOTOR VEHICLES 4HE NEWS BECAME BETTER AS THE 7"#3$ BEGAN TO TRAVEL TO THE DEVELOPING WORLD 7E ARE lNDING A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF CHALLENGES A WILLINGNESS TO FACE THEM AND IMAGINATIVE THINKING ABOUT SOLUTIONS 4HE lRST - $ DIALOGUE WAS HELD IN $AR ES 3ALAAM 4ANZANIA /THERS WILL BE HELD IN )NDIA #HINA AND "RAZIL WITH THE AIM OF LEARNING MORE ABOUT THE MOBILITY NEEDS AND EXAMINING DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS ! STUDY BY THE 5NIVERSITY OF $AR ES 3ALAAM COMMISSIONED BY - $ FOUND THAT BETWEEN $ECEMBER AND $ECEMBER THERE WAS ALMOST A PER CENT INCREASE IN THE LIGHT PASSENGER VEHICLES ON THE ROADS -EANWHILE ONLY lVE PER CENT OF THE COUNTRY S ROADS ARE PAVED 2AIL STOCK IS OLD AND INEFlCIENT -INING AND CONSTRUCTION ARE THE FASTEST GROWING SECTORS IN 4ANZANIA S RECENT IMPRESSIVE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE WITH AN AVERAGE '$0 GROWTH RATE OF ALMOST SEVEN PER CENT SINCE !GRICULTURE WHICH COMPRISES ALMOST HALF OF 4ANZANIA S '$0 AND DOMINATES EMPLOYMENT GREW LESS AND IS FACED BY SIGNIlCANT TRANSPORT AND THIRD PARTY COSTS TO GET GOODS TO MARKET REDUCING THE PRICE PAID TO THE PRODUCERS
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
3OME PER CENT OF 4ANZANIA S POPULATION LIVES IN RURAL AREAS WHERE ROADS DOMINATE AS THE MEANS OF ACCESS (OWEVER WITH ONLY lVE PER CENT OF THE ROADS BEING ALL WEATHER IT IS OFTEN DIFlCULT TIME CONSUMING AND COSTLY FOR PEOPLE AND GOODS TO MAKE IT TO THE REGIONAL NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ALL YEAR ROUND
!FRICAN CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 4ANZANIA S COMBINATION OF OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES n AN ECONOMY DRIVEN BY MINING AND OTHER RESOURCE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES WITH POPULATIONS ROOTED IN AGRICULTURE AND SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY n MIRRORS THE SITUATION IN MUCH OF THE REST OF !FRICA 'IVEN THE FOCUS ON THE REGION S RAPID BIRTHRATES IT IS EASY TO FORGET THAT !FRICA REMAINS A RELATIVELY SPARSELY POPULATED CONTINENT )T IS HARD FOR GOVERNMENTS TO DEVELOP MOBILITY TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TO REACH POPULATIONS WIDELY SCATTERED OVER VAST AREAS OFTEN FAR FROM COASTAL CAPITALS !FRICA LACKS THE SECONDARY CITIES AND TOWNS COMMON IN THE 53 AND %UROPE THAT ANCHOR AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND PROVIDE MORE LOCAL MARKETS TO ABSORB HIGHER VALUE PRODUCTION 4HUS IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN HARD TO ECONOMICALLY JUSTIFY THE BUILDING OF ROADS AND RAILS !FRICA IS A LARGE HIGH PLATEAU SO FEW RIVERS ARE NAVIGABLE OVER THE RAPIDS FORMED BY THEIR FALLS TOWARDS THE SEAS 4HE COLONIAL @BALKANISATION OF THE CONTINENT LEFT MANY LARGE COUNTRIES LANDLOCKED $ESPITE MANY OF THE CAPITALS BEING ON THE COAST ONLY PER CENT OF !FRICAN PEOPLE LIVE WITHIN KM OF THE COAST VERSUS THE /%#$ AVERAGE OF PER CENT AND ONLY PER CENT OF THE CONTINENT S LAND IS WITHIN KM OF THE COAST VERSUS PER CENT IN ,ATIN !MERICA -UCH OF !FRICA S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IS BASED IN MINING !FRICA RANKS NUMBER ONE IN THE WORLD IN ITS RESERVES OF GOLD CHROMIUM MANGANESE VANADIUM COBALT DIAMONDS AND ALUMINIUM )T ALSO HAS LARGE RESERVES OF THE ELEMENTS NEEDED FOR FERTILISERS n NITROGEN POTASSIUM AND PHOSPHATE n AND FERTILISER IS CRUCIAL TO !FRICA BECAUSE PER CAPITA CROP YIELDS ARE DECLINING %VEN SO EXPORTS OF SOME AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES HAVE INCREASED SIGNIlCANTLY OVER CACAO BY PER CENT AND COTTON BY PER CENT
$EVELOPMENT CORRIDORS 4HESE REALITIES HAVE ENCOURAGED THE !FRICAN 5NION S .EW 0ARTNERSHIP FOR !FRICA S $EVELOPMENT .%0!$ AND THE !FRICAN $EVELOPMENT "ANK !F$" TO COME UP WITH A DEVELOPMENT SCHEME THAT STARTS WITH !FRICA S REALITIES RATHER THAN WITH THE GRAND PLANS OF !FRICAN GOVERNMENTS OR AID AGENCIES 4HEIR NEW 3PATIAL $EVELOPMENT 0ROGRAMME 3$0 IS BASED ON THE IDEA THAT THERE ARE ALREADY @TRANSPORT CORRIDORS LINKING INTERIOR AREAS OF MINING OR OIL WELLS WITH PORTS THE ROADS OR RAILS ALONG THE CORRIDORS ALREADY EXISTING THOUGH OFTEN IN NEED OF REPAIR BECAUSE THERE WAS SUFlCIENT ECONOMIC ACTIVITY TO JUSTIFY THE INVESTMENT IN THEM 4HE 3$0 HAS IDENTIlED SUCH CORRIDORS THROUGHOUT !FRICA )TS GOAL IS TO @DENSIFY DEVELOPMENT ALONG THESE
CORRIDORS IMPROVING INFRASTRUCTURE COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION AND ASSURING THAT THESE ELEMENTS BENElT SMALL FARMERS AND THE OWNERS OF THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES 3-%S THAT COULD ADD VALUE TO HARVESTS BY PROCESSING THEM AND COULD BECOME PART OF THE SUPPLY CHAINS OF THE BIGGER COMPANIES ALREADY IN PLACE 4HE TRANSPORT INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS LINKS COULD ALSO BENElT THE SMALL FARMERS BY GETTING THEIR PRODUCE TO MARKETS AND GETTING INPUTS SUCH AS SEEDS FERTILISER AGRICULTURAL ADVICE AND MARKET INFORMATION TO THEM 4HE TRANSPORT CORRIDORS COULD THUS BECOME DEVELOPMENT CORRIDORS .%0!$ NOTED IN ITS .%0!$ 3PATIAL $EVELOPMENT 0ROGRAMME $ESCRIPTION AND )MPLEMENTATION !RRANGEMENTS IN *ULY hWITH THE COINCIDENCE OF SIMULTANEOUSLY BUOYANT COMMODITY PRICES AND UNPRECEDENTED RATES OF GROWTH IN #HINA AND )NDIA A DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITY IS PRESENTED THAT !FRICA CANNOT AFFORD TO LET PASS v
)NDIGENOUS DEVELOPMENT .%0!$ WHOSE SECRETARIAT WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR SETTING THE STRATEGIC DIRECTION OF THE 3$0 PROGRAMME AND FOR RAISING PROGRAMME FUNDS SEES THE CORRIDORS AS MUCH MORE THAN A SERIES OF TRANSPORT LINKS )N .%0!$ S VIEW THEY ARE MEANT TO BECOME hTHE REALISATION OF A LINKED SERIES OF PRIVATE SECTOR AND KEY INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS THAT ARE INSTRUMENTAL IN KICK STARTING AND OR ACCELERATING A SELF SUSTAINED INDIGENOUS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROCESS v .%0!$ S #OMPREHENSIVE !FRICA !GRICULTURE $EVELOPMENT 0ROGRAMME #!!$0 IS INVOLVED IN PLANNING THE CORRIDORS TO ENSURE THEY BENElT THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR .%0!$ ENVISIONS DEVELOPMENT BASED ON !FRICAN RESOURCES BUT FOCUSING ON ADDING VALUE TO THOSE RESOURCES AND INVOLVING ALL TYPES OF PARTNERSHIPS -ANY OF THESE CORRIDORS REACH INTO LAND LOCKED COUNTRIES SUCH AS 5GANDA ALLOWING THEM THE PIGGYBACK BENElTS OF CHEAPER ACCESS TO PORTS AND CHEAPER TRANSPORT OF IMPUTS SUCH AS SEEDS AND FERTILISERS 4RANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE HAS CREATED IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT CORRIDORS THROUGHOUT HISTORY WHETHER THE ROADS OF THE 2OMAN %MPIRE THE CANALS AND RAILWAYS OF 6ICTORIAN %NGLAND OR THE -ISSISSIPPI 2IVER AND %RIE #ANAL OF THE EARLY 5NITED 3TATES 4HE CORRIDORS APPROACH IS NOT UNTRIED THERE ARE SEVERAL EXAMPLES IN SOUTHERN !FRICA PERHAPS THE MOST @MATURE BEING THE -APUTO #ORRIDOR WHICH LINKS THE -OZAMBICAN PORT OF -ATOLA -APUTO WITH *OHANNESBURG AND LINKS ALL THE MINERAL AND TOURIST INVESTMENTS THAT LIE ALONG IT
5GANDA .OVEMBER
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
4HIS CORRIDOR ATTRACTED OVER lVE BILLION 53 DOLLARS IN INVESTMENT 9ET LESSONS FROM THE -APUTO #ORRIDOR INDICATE THAT INSUFlCIENT EMPHASIS WAS PLACED ON THE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND NOT ENOUGH OF THE BENElTS REACHED THE COMMUNITIES ALONG THE CORRIDORS 4HE CORRIDOR EFFORT IN SOUTHERN !FRICA n THERE ARE ABOUT MORE BEING DEVELOPED THERE n WAS PIONEERED BY 0AUL *OURDAN A 3OUTH !FRICA WHO EMERGED FROM THE FREEDOM lGHTING TO HEAD HIS COUNTRY S MINERAL TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTION -INTEK (E IS NOW WORKING WITH .%0!$ AND THE !F$" ON THEIR LARGER PROGRAMME
"ACK TO $AR 4HE HARBOUR OF $AR ES 3ALAAM IS A PERFECT ENDING FOR A DEVELOPMENT CORRIDOR AS IT IS A TRANSIT GATEWAY FOR SIX LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES -ALAWI :AMBIA $EMOCRATIC 2EPUBLIC OF #ONGO "URUNDI 2WANDA AND 5GANDA !ND IN FACT $AR IS AN END POINT FOR A NUMBER OF 3OUTHERN !FRICAN $EVELOPMENT #OMMUNITY 3!$# TRANSPORT CORRIDORS 4HE PORT S CONTAINER TERMINAL HAS BEEN RESTRUCTURED AND CONTAINERS NOW MOVE THROUGH THE PORT MUCH MORE QUICKLY 4HE 4ANZANIA 0ORT !UTHORITY IS PROMOTING A MILLION PROJECT TO UPGRADE THE PORT TO TAKE LARGER VESSELS AND HANDLE MORE CRUDE OIL 4HE MAIN CHALLENGE IS IMPROVING CONNECTIONS FROM PORTS TO ROADS AND RAILS 4HERE IS ALSO A PLAN TO IMPROVE TRAFlC mOW IN THE CAPITAL AND REDUCE PEDESTRIAN AND CYCLIST DEATHS BY ESTABLISHING DEDICATED BUS LANES FOR HIGH CAPACITY BUSES 4RANSPORT IMPROVEMENT EVEN INCLUDES ENCOURAGING MORE MOTORISTS TO TAKE DRIVING LESSONS 4ANZANIA IS ALSO BENElTING FROM THE BOOM IN MOBILE PHONES WHICH CAN CUT THE NEED FOR TRIPS )N PER CENT OF PHONE USE WAS THROUGH LANDLINES "Y PER CENT OF CALLS WERE OVER MOBILE PHONES 6ODAFONE IS EXPERIMENTING IN %AST !FRICA WITH SYSTEMS THAT ALLOW CUSTOMERS TO MAKE BANKING TRANSACTIONS OVER THEIR PHONES 4ANZANIA HAS MANY PLANS FOR IMPROVING MOBILITY BUT LITTLE CAPITAL LIKE MOST !FRICAN COUNTRIES ! 7ORLD "ANK SURVEY OF PRIVATE INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE BETWEEN AND ACROSS THE DEVELOPING WORLD REVEALED THAT SIX COUNTRIES ACCOUNTED FOR PER CENT OF THE TOTAL INVESTMENT !RGENTINA "RAZIL #HILE #HINA -ALAYSIA AND -EXICO 4HE RESIDUAL PER CENT WAS SHARED AMONG THE REMAINING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WITH THOSE IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA AND 3OUTH !SIA RECEIVING THE LEAST !NYTHING THAT IMPROVES THE EFlCIENCY OF TRANSPORT TENDS TO LESSEN THE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY TRANSPORT 9ET IN MOST DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ENERGY SECURITY IS MORE OF A CHALLENGE THAN #/ EMISSIONS ! LONG TERM HOPE IS TO PRODUCE BIOFUELS FROM BIOMASS BUT !FRICA CANNOT AFFORD TO LET SUCH AN EFFORT REDUCE FOOD PRODUCTION /NE SOLUTION MIGHT BE THE *ATROPHA NUT WHICH CAN GROW RAPIDLY ON POOR SOILS IN ARID CLIMATES AND PRODUCE UP TO TWO TONNES OF BIODIESEL FUEL PER YEAR PER HECTARE )T NEED NOT COMPETE WITH FOOD CROPS IN THAT IT CAN GROW ON POOR LANDS NOT BEING USED FOR FOOD PRODUCTION
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
3YSTEMIC APPROACHES -AKING MOBILITY A MORE POTENT FORCE FOR DEVELOPMENT MAY REQUIRE SOME NEW TECHNOLOGIES BUT IT REQUIRES MORE NEW WAYS OF THINKING AND OF GOVERNING %FFECTIVE MOBILITY AND TRANSPORT REQUIRE HEADS OF STATE TO ASSURE THAT ALL THE KEY MINISTRIES WORK TOGETHER TRANSPORT PLANNING ECONOMIC AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY lNANCE ETC 4HEY REQUIRE THAT GOVERNMENTS WORK TOGETHER ACROSS NATIONAL BOUNDARIES TO IMPROVE TRADING POSSIBILITIES 4HEY ALSO REQUIRE THAT COMPANIES INVOLVED IN THE MOBILITY AND COMMUNICATIONS SECTORS THINK NOT JUST ABOUT SELLING PRODUCTS BUT ABOUT DEVELOPING THEIR CORE BUSINESSES IN WAYS THAT ENCOURAGE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 4HIS IS NOT ONLY GOOD FOR THE DEVELOPING WORLD BUT IN THE LONG RUN ALMOST ALWAYS SELLS MORE PRODUCTS
,LOYD 4IMBERLAKE DIRECTS THE .ORTH !MERICA OFlCE OF THE 7ORLD "USINESS #OUNCIL FOR 3USTAINABLE $EVELOPMENT 7"#3$ !S A JOURNALIST HE HAS REPORTED FROM MORE THAN COUNTRIES MAINLY ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES (E HAS SERVED AS SCIENCE EDITOR FOR 2EUTERS .EWS !GENCY AND WRITER IN RESIDENCE AT THE )NTERNATIONAL )NSTITUTE FOR %NVIRONMENT AND $EVELOPMENT IN ,ONDON 4HE 7ORLD "USINESS #OUNCIL FOR 3USTAINABLE $EVELOPMENT 7"#3$ IS A #%/ LED GLOBAL ASSOCIATION OF SOME COMPANIES DEALING EXCLUSIVELY WITH BUSINESS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT )T PROVIDES A PLATFORM FOR COMPANIES TO EXPLORE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SHARE KNOWLEDGE EXPERIENCES AND BEST PRACTICES AND TO ADVOCATE BUSINESS POSITIONS -EMBERS ARE DRAWN FROM MORE THAN COUNTRIES AND MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SECTORS 4HE #OUNCIL ALSO BENEFITS FROM A GLOBAL NETWORK OF ABOUT NATIONAL AND REGIONAL BUSINESS COUNCILS AND REGIONAL PARTNERS 7ORLD "USINESS #OUNCIL FOR 3USTAINABLE $EVELOPMENT 7"#3$ CHEMIN DE #ONCHES #ONCHES 'ENEVA 3WITZERLAND 4EL &AX %MAIL INFO WBCSD ORG 7EBSITE HTTP WBCSD ORG
(+27 12) 564 5250
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
$R 'ARTH (ARRIS 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL )NTERNATIONAL !SSOCIATION FOR .ATURAL 'AS 6EHICLES
!LTERNATIVE TRANSPORT FUELS THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT !LTERNATIVE TRANSPORT FUELS PROGRAMMES ARE BEING IMPLEMENTED AND INVESTIGATED FOR A VARIETY OF REASONS INCLUDING IMPROVEMENT OF LOCAL AIR QUALITY REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GASES CONCERN OVER DEPLETION OF FOSSIL FUEL RESOURCES ENERGY SECURITY AND USE OF INDIGENOUS AND RENEWABLE RESOURCES .ATURAL GAS AND BIOMETHANE ARE TECHNICALLY AND COMMERCIALLY RELIABLE AND PROVEN 4HERE ARE OVER lVE MILLION NATURAL GAS VEHICLES .'6S AROUND THE WORLD 4HIS PAPER DISCUSSES HOW TO IMPLEMENT A SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE FUEL PROGRAMME INCLUDING GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT )T INCLUDES A REVIEW OF .'6 PROGRAMMES IN 0AKISTAN !USTRALIA -ALAYSIA AND "ANGLADESH n INCLUDING THE IMPACT AND IMPORTANCE OF GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES )T IS WIDELY ACKNOWLEDGED THAT THE CURRENT RELIANCE ON PETROLEUM USE IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR GIVES RISE TO MANY PROBLEMS 'ROWTH WORLDWIDE IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR HAS EXACERBATED THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVING SUSTAINABILITY ENERGY SECURITY AND AIR QUALITY 4HE MOST SERIOUS SHORT TERM PROBLEM IS THAT LOCAL AIR QUALITY IN MANY CITIES HAS DETERIORATED SIGNIlCANTLY AS A RESULT OF VEHICLE EMISSIONS )N MANY CITIES WHERE ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT FUEL PROGRAMMES HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTED CLEANER AIR HAS RESULTED PARTICULARLY WHEN NATURAL GAS HAS BEEN USED $ELHI IS AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE OF AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BROUGHT ABOUT BY INTRODUCTION OF NATURAL GAS VEHICLES .'6S IN THIS CASE BUSES !LTERNATIVE TRANSPORT FUELS COUPLED WITH NEWLY DEVELOPING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY TOGETHER HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO REDUCE HARMFUL EMISSIONS
#OUNTRIES CAN IMPROVE THEIR ENERGY SECURITY BY USING INDIGENOUS RESOURCES SOME OF WHICH CAN BEST BE USED AS AN ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT FUEL 2ENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES SUCH AS CROPS AND TREES FALL INTO THIS CATEGORY AND CAN BE USED TO MAKE RENEWABLE TRANSPORT FUELS 4HUS ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT FUELS CAN BE USED TO IMPROVE LOCAL AIR QUALITY REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FORM THE PATHWAY FOR THE MOVE AWAY FROM NONRENEWABLE FOSSIL FUELS AND IMPROVE NATIONAL ENERGY SECURITY
7HAT ARE THE ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT FUELS #OMPRESSED NATURAL GAS #.' .ATURAL GAS IS WIDELY AVAILABLE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD AND THE WORLD RESOURCES OF NATURAL GAS ARE CONSIDERABLY GREATER THAN FOR OIL .ATURAL GAS IS NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED IN COUNTRY THROUGH PIPE NETWORKS AND FROM COUNTRY TO COUNTRY AS LIQUElED NATURAL GAS OR THROUGH LARGE TRANSMISSION PIPES #.' CAN BE USED IN PETROL GASOLINE AND DIESEL INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ALTHOUGH SOME MODIlCATIONS NEED TO BE MADE ON EXISTING ENGINES FOR THEM TO RUN SATISFACTORILY $IESEL ENGINES REQUIRE EXTENSIVE MODIlCATION #.' IS TRANSPORTED IN THE VEHICLE AS HIGH PRESSURE BAR OR GREATER GAS WHICH REQUIRES ONE OR MORE CYLINDERS AND ACCOMPANYING HIGH PRESSURE PIPING AND CONTROL SYSTEMS #.' COMPLETELY REPLACES THE ORIGINAL LIQUID FUEL EXCEPT IN SOME DIESEL CONVERSIONS FOR WHICH A SMALL AMOUNT OF DIESEL IS USED 4HE COMMERCIAL AND TECHNICAL EXPERIENCE OF #.' IS EXTENSIVE WITH OVER lVE MILLION VEHICLES AROUND THE WORLD 4HERE HAS BEEN A RAPID INCREASE IN THE USE OF THE #.' OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS PARTICULARLY IN SOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
'LOBAL WARMING CURRENTLY IS RECEIVING CONSIDERABLE WORLDWIDE ATTENTION AND THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR A SIGNIlCANT CONTRIBUTION TO WORLD GREENHOUSE GASES !LTERNATIVE TRANSPORT FUELS CAN REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
#OMPRESSED BIOMETHANE
)T IS ACKNOWLEDGED THAT THE WORLD HAS lNITE OIL RESOURCES !LTERNATIVE TRANSPORT FUELS MAY BE DERIVED FROM MORE ABUNDANT NATURAL GAS RATHER THAN OIL OR THEY MAY BE DERIVED FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES SUCH AS URBAN WASTE AGRICULTURAL WASTE ANIMAL AND PLANTS SEWAGE WOOD AND OTHER WASTE MATERIALS
,IQUElED NATURAL GAS ,.'
! LARGE PROPORTION OF CURRENT TRANSPORT FUELS COME FROM THE -IDDLE %AST WHICH IS NOT A STABLE AREA OF THE WORLD
4HIS FUEL IS VIRTUALLY THE SAME AS COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS WITH THE BIG DIFFERENCE THAT BIOMETHANE A RENEWABLE FUEL IS DERIVED BY BIOLOGICAL DIGESTION FROM ORGANIC MATERIAL INCLUDING CROPS AND WASTE ,.' IS SIMILAR TO #.' THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BEING THAT THE FUEL IS TRANSPORTED AS A LIQUID AT A VERY LOW TEMPERATURE IN INSULATED TANKS )T IS TYPICALLY USED IN HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES AND WHEN A HIGHER RANGE IS REQUIRED THAN CAN EASILY BE PROVIDED BY #.' )N SOME INSTANCES THE LIQUID NATURAL GAS IS VAPORISED AND THEN COMPRESSED AS #.'
5GANDA .OVEMBER
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
,IQUEl ED PETROLEUM GAS ,0' ,0' IS A COMBINATION OF PROPANE AND BUTANE TYPICALLY OBTAINED FROM REl NING OIL OR BY SEPARATING IT FROM NATURAL GAS ,0' IS STORED AS A LIQUID AT BAR AT NORMAL TEMPERATURES IN SPECIALLY DESIGNED STORAGE CONTAINERS
7HY #.' /F ALL THE ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT FUELS THAT ARE CURRENTLY BEING DISCUSSED #.' INCLUDING BIOMETHANE AND ,.' IS THE MOST SUCCESSFUL AND ATTRACTIVE
4HERE ARE ABOUT NINE MILLION ,0' VEHICLES AROUND THE WORLD TAXIS BEING A COMMON USER ,0' IS AVAILABLE ONLY IN LIMITED AMOUNTS AND IS A VALUABLE CHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK
ATURAL GAS IS WIDELY AVAILABLE AND WIDELY DISTRIBUTED . IN PIPELINES "IOMETHANE CAN BE MADE FROM A WIDE RANGE OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES OR WASTE ,.' IS AVAILABLE IN SOME SITUATIONS
%THANOL
° 4HE TECHNOLOGY IS WELL PROVEN OVER MANY YEARS AND IS STILL DEVELOPING TO TAKE ACCOUNT OF CHANGING REQUIREMENTS PARTICULARLY EMISSIONS ° 5SE OF #.' IMPROVES ENERGY SECURITY BECAUSE OF REDUCING THE REQUIREMENTS TO IMPORT OIL ° (IGH QUALITY #.' VEHICLES HAVE LOWER EMISSIONS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AND LOWER GREENHOUSE GAS DISCHARGES THAN CONVENTIONAL LIQUID FUELLED VEHICLES ° 7ITH OVER l VE MILLION VEHICLES NOW ON THE ROAD THE RECENT COMMERCIAL USE OF #.' FOR MORE THAN YEARS MEANS THERE IS A GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR A SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMME OF IMPLEMENTATION ° #.' IS PART OF THE PATHWAY TO A FUTURE BASED ON HYDROGEN AS A TRANSPORT FUEL
%THANOL IS A LIQUID WHICH IS NORMALLY MADE BY FERMENTING SUGAR OBTAINED FROM CROPS %THANOL CAN BE MIXED IN VARIOUS QUANTITIES WITH PETROL TYPICALLY PER CENT OR PER CENT 6EHICLES NEED VARIOUS MODIl CATIONS TO USE BLENDS OF MORE THAN PER CENT ETHANOL ! LARGE NUMBER OF VEHICLES AROUND THE WORLD RUN ON ETHANOL BLENDS "RAZIL IN PARTICULAR HAS A LONG HISTORY OF USE OF ETHANOL AS A VEHICLE FUEL %THANOL IS A RENEWABLE FUEL
'AS OR COAL TO LIQUIDS .ATURAL GAS OR COAL IS CONVERTED TO PETROL AND DIESEL BY &ISCHER 4ROPSCH SYNTHESIS 4HIS PROCESS WAS USED WITH COAL BY 'ERMANY IN 7ORLD 7AR )) AND 3OUTH !FRICA IN THE APARTHEID ERA 4HE FUEL IS COSTLY 3OME LARGE NATURAL GAS BASED PLANTS ARE BEING CONSTRUCTED IN THE -IDDLE %AST
(YDROGEN (YDROGEN CAN BE MANUFACTURED BY SPLITTING WATER BY ELECTROLYSIS OR BY CHEMICAL REACTION "OTH PROCESSES REQUIRE SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNTS OF ENERGY (YDROGEN IS ALSO A BY PRODUCT OF SOME CHEMICAL PROCESSING (YDROGEN ITSELF IS NOT AN ENERGY SOURCE RATHER IT IS AN ENERGY CARRIER (YDROGEN CAN BE USED AS A FUEL IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES IN A MANNER RATHER SIMILAR TO #.' OR AS THE FUEL IN FUEL CELLS (YDROGEN IS STORED ON BOARD VEHICLES AS A VERY HIGH PRESSURE GAS SIMILAR TO #.' BUT AT MUCH HIGHER PRESSURES 4HERE ARE DEMONSTRATION HYDROGEN FUELLED m EETS AT QUITE A NUMBER OF PLACES AROUND THE WORLD
&UEL CELLS )N FUEL CELLS HYDROGEN REACTS WITH OXYGEN TO PRODUCE WATER AND A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF ELECTRICITY WHICH CAN BE USED TO POWER AN ELECTRIC MOTOR &UEL CELLS ARE SEVERAL DECADES AWAY FROM BEING COMMERCIALLY VIABLE
%LECTRICITY %LECTRIC TRAMS AND BUSES RECEIVE ELECTRIC ENERGY FROM WIRES BY WAY OF A TROLLEY SYSTEM /THER VEHICLES SUCH AS ELECTRIC CARS STORE ELECTRICITY IN BATTERIES OR OTHER DEVICES )N BOTH CASES THE ELECTRIC POWER IS USED TO OPERATE ELECTRIC MOTORS 4HE SOURCE OF THE ELECTRICITY MAY BE FOSSIL FUEL l RED POWER STATIONS OR RENEWABLE SOURCES SUCH AS HYDRO AND WIND
/THERS 4HERE ARE OTHER ALTERNATIVE FUELS SUCH AS METHANOL AND BIODIESEL WHICH MAY BE VERY ATTRACTIVE IN PARTICULAR SITUATIONS BUT WHICH ARE UNLIKELY TO BECOME SIGNIl CANT AT LEAST IN THE SHORT TO MEDIUM TERM
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
'OVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT !LL ALTERNATIVE FUELS REQUIRE GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IF PROGRAMMES ARE TO BE SUCCESSFULLY IMPLEMENTED ON A SUSTAINABLE BASIS ! RANGE OF MEASURES ARE AVAILABLE TO GOVERNMENTS AND THOSE WHICH ARE USED DEPEND ON LOCAL CIRCUMSTANCES AND THE ALTERNATIVE FUEL &OR #.' THE MEASURES COMMONLY USED ARE ° -ANDATES OR TARGETS TO REPLACE VARIOUS PERCENTAGES OF PETROLEUM FUELS ° -EASURES TO ENSURE THAT THE PRICE OF #.' TO THE VEHICLE OWNER IS LOWER THAN THE PRICE OF THE CONVENTIONAL LIQUID FUEL TO AN EXTENT THAT THE VEHICLE OWNER RECOVERS HIS INVESTMENT IN #.' EQUIPMENT IN LESS THAN ABOUT TWO YEARS ° 3UPPORT FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REFUELLING INFRASTRUCTURE BY FOR EXAMPLE REMISSION OF TAXES AND DUTIES ON EQUIPMENT PROVIDING SPACE FOR REFUELLING STATIONS IN CONGESTED AREAS ASSISTANCE WITH l NANCING REFUELLING STATION CONSTRUCTION SUPPORT FOR EXTENSION OF THE GAS PIPELINE SYSTEM ° 0ROMOTING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CODES AND STANDARDS RELATED TO BOTH VEHICLES AND REFUELLING AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE REGULATIONS ESPECIALLY THOSE RELATED TO SAFETY ° %DUCATION AND TRAINING OF TECHNICIANS AND INSPECTORS TO ENSURE THAT VEHICLE AND REFUELLING EQUIPMENT IS INSTALLED OPERATED AND INSPECTED SATISFACTORILY THEREBY ENSURING OPERATION OF AN INDUSTRY WITH AN EXEMPLARY SAFETY RECORD ° ,EADING BY EXAMPLE n BY ENSURING GOVERNMENT VEHICLES USE #.'
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
#ASE STUDIES n #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES &OUR #.' CASE STUDIES COVERING 0AKISTAN -ALAYSIA "ANGLADESH AND !USTRALIA ILLUSTRATE DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND DIFFERENT MEASURES OF SUCCESS
0AKISTAN 4HE MOTIVATION FOR 0AKISTAN S .'6 PROGRAMME IS IMPROVEMENT OF LOCAL AIR QUALITY AND THE ECONOMIC BENElTS OF USING AN INDIGENOUS RESOURCE NATURAL GAS 0ROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING A SUCCESSFUL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMME IN THE S IN THE GOVERNMENT ANNOUNCED A TWO YEAR TARGET TO ESTABLISH REFUELLING STATIONS AND CONVERSION OF VEHICLES TO #.' !FTER THIS START IN -ARCH THERE WERE ABOUT #.' STATIONS OPERATING AND ANOTHER #.' STATIONS UNDER CONSTRUCTION WITH APPROXIMATELY .'6S ON THE ROADS IN MORE THAN TOWNS AND CITIES 4O DATE THE REGULATORY AUTHORITY HAS ISSUED MORE THAN PROVISIONAL LICENCES FOR ESTABLISHING #.' STATIONS 0AKISTAN IS THE LARGEST #.' COUNTRY IN !SIA AND THE SECOND EQUAL USER OF #.' IN THE WORLD 4HE TOTAL INVESTMENT IN THE INDUSTRY IS 53 BILLION AND MORE THAN NEW JOBS HAVE BEEN CREATED 'OVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT THE GOVERNMENT HAS PROVIDED INCENTIVES FOR THE PROGRAMME ° %STABLISHMENT OF COUNTRYWIDE GAS INFRASTRUCTURE ° &REE MARKET PRICE OF #.' BUT PRICE DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN PETROL AND #.' OF AT LEAST PER CENT ° $UTY AND SALES TAX EXEMPTIONS ON IMPORT OF ALL #.' EQUIPMENT FOR MORE THAN SIX YEARS SINCE *ANUARY !T PRESENT #.' CONVERSION KITS STORAGE AND VEHICLE CYLINDERS ARE EXEMPTED FROM CUSTOM DUTY (OWEVER THERE IS lVE PER CENT DUTY ON IMPORT OF #.' COMPRESSORS AND DISPENSERS 4HERE IS PER CENT CUSTOMS DUTY ON DEDICATED #.' BUSES !LL #.' EQUIPMENT AND BUSES ARE EXEMPT FROM SALES TAX &UTURE PLANS A PLAN IS BEING IMPLEMENTED BY FEDERAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF DIESEL WITH #.' 4HIS PLAN IS GIVING RISE TO SUBSTANTIAL NEW INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE FORM OF IMPORT LOCAL MANUFACTURING OF #.' BUSES #.' EQUIPMENT AND ESTABLISHMENT OF #.' REFUELLING STATIONS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES
-ALAYSIA -ALAYSIA HAS BEEN IMPLEMENTING AN .'6 PROGRAMME SINCE FOLLOWING lVE YEARS OF PILOT PROJECTS 4HE MOTIVATION FOR USING .'6S CAN BE SUMMED UP WITH THESE FACTS ° PER CENT OF LOCAL AIR POLLUTION IS FROM MOBILE SOURCES ° PER CENT OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS ARE FROM FUEL COMBUSTION .'6S ARE SEEN AS THE USE OF AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL WHICH WILL REDUCE DEPENDENCY ON PETROL AND DIESEL AND WILL DIVERSIFY THE USE OF NATURAL GAS 0ROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT 4HE DEVELOPMENT OF .'6S IN -ALAYSIA WAS UNDERTAKEN IN STAGES &IRST A PILOT FROM
TO INCLUDED CONSTRUCTION OF ONE REFUELLING STATION AND CONVERSION OF 0ETRONAS OWNED VEHICLES THEN A DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMME WAS UNDERTAKEN TO RESOLVE ISSUES THAT AFFECT WIDESPREAD USE OF #.' /NE MOTHER STATION lVE DOOR TO DOOR STATIONS AND ONE CONVENTIONAL REFUELLING STATION WERE COMMISSIONED SERVICING BI FUEL CITY BUSES #.' AND PETROL AND ONE DEDICATED TO #.' ONLY 3INCE THE TOTAL HAS GROWN TO BI FUEL VEHICLES CITY BUSES AND REFUELLING STATIONS WITH A FURTHER STATIONS UNDER CONSTRUCTION MAINLY IN +UALA ,UMPUR *OHOR AND 0ENANG 'OVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT THE GOVERNMENT HAS PROVIDED A VARIETY OF INCENTIVES ° 2EDUCTION OF ROAD TAX BY PER CENT FOR BI FUEL AND DUAL FUEL VEHICLES AND PER CENT FOR DEDICATED VEHICLES ° )MPORT DUTY AND SALES TAX EXEMPTION FOR CONVERSION KITS ° !CCELERATED CAPITAL DEPRECIATION FOR DEDICATED BUSES AND CONSTRUCTION OF REFUELLING STATIONS ° -AXIMUM RETAIL PRICE OF #.' IS PER CENT OF PETROL PRICE ° ! GRANT OF 53 FOR EACH DEDICATED BUS NEW OR CONVERTED UNTIL THE END OF ° )MPORT DUTY AND SALES TAX EXEMPTION ON CHASSIS AND ENGINES FOR DEDICATED BUSES AND GOODS TRANSPORT VEHICLES )N ADDITION THE GOVERNMENT OWNED OIL COMPANY 0ETRONAS HAS PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF ALL STAGES OF THE PROGRAMME TO DATE &UTURE PLANS BY ALL TAXIS IN +LANG 6ALEY AND *OHOR "HARU ARE TO BE CONVERTED TO #.' AND FROM ONWARDS THE FOCUS WILL BE ON THE CONVERSION OF PRIVATE AND HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES IN THOSE AREAS 4HE CHALLENGES ARE TO ACHIEVE MARKET ACCEPTABILITY IN THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES SECTORS ! MAJOR CONSTRAINT IS THE LIMITED GAS PIPELINE NETWORK IN -ALAYSIA
"ANGLADESH $HAKA HAS AN AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM FROM VEHICLE EXHAUST (ENCE THE 7ORLD "ANK THE !SIAN $EVELOPMENT "ANK 53!)$ AND OTHERS HAVE SUPPORTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF A #.' INDUSTRY IN "ANGLADESH #.' USE AS A VEHICLE FUEL WAS lRST INTRODUCED IN "ANGLADESH IN THROUGH A 7ORLD "ANK PILOT PROJECT ,ARGE SCALE CONVERSIONS TOOK PLACE FROM ABOUT THE YEAR ONWARDS )N TWO STROKE THREE WHEELER BABY TAXIS WERE IDENTIlED AS ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION 4HE -INISTRY OF #OMMUNICATIONS BANNED TWO STROKE BABY TAXIS FROM ST $ECEMBER ! NEW mEET OF #.' THREE WHEELERS WAS INTRODUCED ON *ANUARY 3INCE THEN INTRODUCTION AND GROWTH OF .'6S OF VARIOUS TYPES HAS RESULTED IN NOTICEABLY IMPROVED AIR QUALITY IN $HAKA 4HE .'6 PROGRAMME IN "ANGLADESH IS STRONGLY ORIENTED TOWARDS IMPROVEMENT OF AIR QUALITY 0ROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT BY *ANUARY PETROL POWERED VEHICLES HAD BEEN CONVERTED TO #.' IN "ANGLADESH 4HE CONVERTED VEHICLES ARE CARS JEEPS
5GANDA .OVEMBER
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
MICROBUSES THREE WHEELER AUTO RICKSHAWS TAXIS AND BUSES 4HE COST OF CONVERSION PER PETROL VEHICLE IS APPROXIMATELY 53 $IESEL CONVERSIONS ARE MORE EXPENSIVE AND ARE NOT AT PRESENT FAVOURED BY THE VEHICLE OWNERS 4HE !SIAN $EVELOPMENT "ANK FUNDED THE lRST REFUELLING STATION IN )N *ANUARY THERE WERE PUBLIC REFUELLING STATIONS SEVEN PRIVATE STATIONS AND UNDER CONSTRUCTION 4HE NUMBER OF .'6S WAS IN RISING TO IN AND IN *ANUARY
4HE !USTRALIAN GOVERNMENT S RATIONALE FOR SUPPORTING .'6S IS BASED ON A MIX OF AIR QUALITY GREENHOUSE GAS ENERGY SECURITY AND CONSUMER PRICE OUTCOMES 4HE &EDERAL GOVERNMENT CURRENTLY FAVOURS THE PROVISION OF INCENTIVES FOR ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT FUELS THROUGH REDUCTION OF EXCISE DUTIES (OWEVER THESE INCENTIVES WILL BE PROGRESSIVELY REDUCED STARTING IN !T THAT TIME THE NATURAL PRICE ADVANTAGE OF NATURAL GAS RELATIVE TO DIESEL AND PETROL SHOULD STILL PRODUCE A REDUCED FUEL COST FOR .'6S
'OVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT
!T PRESENT THERE ARE ABOUT CITY BUSES RUNNING ON #.' HEAVY TRUCKS ON #.' AND HEAVY TRUCKS ON ,.' 4HESE ARE REFUELLED BY PRIVATE REFUELING STATIONS AND THREE PUBLIC STATIONS
° % XEMPTION OF IMPORTED CYLINDERS AND CONVERSION KITS FROM ALL TYPES OF DUTY ° !LL GOVERNMENT VEHICLES WILL BE CONVERTED INTO #.' ALREADY HALF OF THE mEET HAS BEEN COMPLETED ° 4HE GOVERNMENT HAS PROVIDED COMMERCIAL PLOTS WITH EASY PAYMENT TERMS FOR PRIVATE OWNERS FOR #.' REFUELLING STATIONS IN $HAKA ° 4HE #.' PRICE IS REGULATED AT ABOUT PER CENT OF THE PETROL PRICE ° 4HE GOVERNMENT OWNED OIL COMPANY 20'#, IS THE KEY PROMOTER OF #.' AND HAS ITS OWN #.' CONVERSION WORKSHOP AND REFUELLING STATIONS
4HERE IS CURRENTLY A GROWING AMOUNT OF PRIVATE INDUSTRY INVESTMENT AND INTEREST IN ° ,.' VEHICLES FOR PRIME MOVERS BY LARGE mEET OPERATORS ° ,.' PRODUCTION AND DISPENSING INFRASTRUCTURE
° "ANGLADESH SAFETY STANDARDS FOR VEHICLE CONVERSION AND REFUELLING STATIONS WERE INTRODUCED EARLY IN
° #.' VEHICLES FOR ROUTE BUSES AND RETURN TO BASE HEAVY VEHICLES SUCH AS REFUSE TRUCKS AND CONCRETE TRUCKS
3AFETY IS THE PRIME CONCERN AND THE "ANGLADESH GOVERNMENT IS DEVELOPING RULES AND PROGRAMMES FOR CYLINDER RE TESTING APPROVAL OF CONVERSION WORKSHOPS SAFETY INSPECTIONS AND DEVELOPING A NATIONAL DATABASE
° ! DEPOT BASED #.' REFUELLING INFRASTRUCTURE FOR BUSES AND FORKLIFT mEETS
&UTURE PLANS DUE TO THE POVERTY IN "ANGLADESH AND THE SMALL NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES THE POTENTIAL .'6 MARKET IS CURRENTLY QUITE SMALL WITH A TOTAL OF ONLY ABOUT 4HIS NUMBER IS LIKELY TO INCREASE WITH ECONOMIC GROWTH 7ITH THE PRESENT RATE OF OVER VEHICLE CONVERSIONS PER YEAR THE MARKET MAY BE SATURATED WITHIN A FEW YEARS
!USTRALIA !USTRALIA S .'6 PROGRAMME BEGAN IN THE MID S AND WAS CHAMPIONED BY THE MONOPOLY GAS COMPANIES THAT DISTRIBUTED AND RETAILED GAS IN EACH CAPITAL CITY 4HERE WAS AN INVESTMENT OF 53 MILLION BETWEEN AND TO FOSTER THE GROWTH OF THE .'6 INDUSTRY IN !USTRALIA 4HE TARGET MARKETS WERE ROUTE BUSES FORKLIFTS AND PASSENGER CARS WITH NOTABLE SUCCESS IN BOTH THE BUS AND FORKLIFT STRATEGIES 4HE LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE MARKET WAS SUCCESSFULLY TARGETED BY ,0' MARKETERS 0ROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT AND GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN THE LATE S THE &EDERAL GOVERNMENT LAUNCHED TWO PROGRAMMES AIMED AT PROMOTING THE GROWTH OF THE !USTRALIAN .'6 INDUSTRY ° 4HE #OMPRESSED .ATURAL 'AS )NFRASTRUCTURE 0ROGRAMME WHICH HAS FUNDED UP TO PER CENT OF THE CAPITAL REQUIRED TO BUILD PUBLIC REFUELLING STATIONS ° 4HE !LTERNATIVE &UELS #ONVERSION 0ROGRAMME WHICH HAS FUNDED UP TO PER CENT OF THE ADDITIONAL PRICE OF A #.' ,.' OR ETHANOL COMMERCIAL OR HEAVY VEHICLE OVER THE EQUIVALENT DIESEL OR PETROL VEHICLE
&UTURE PLANS THE PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED PROGRAMMES ARE UNDER REVIEW BY THE &EDERAL GOVERNMENT AND ADDITIONAL PROGRAMMES INITIATIVES ARE ALSO BEING CONSIDERED
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
° $EVELOPMENT OF HEAVY DUTY NATURAL GAS ENGINES EITHER WITH DIRECT COLLABORATION WITH THE /%-S OR WITH /%- FACTORY ENDORSEMENT
$R 'ARTH (ARRIS HAS BEEN 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL OF THE )NTERNATIONAL !SSOCIATION FOR .ATURAL 'AS 6EHICLES SINCE ITS FORMATION IN (E HAS BEEN INVOLVED WITH ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT FUELS PARTICULARLY #.' SINCE AND HAS UNDERTAKEN #.' IMPLEMENTATION STUDIES IN .EW :EALAND 0AKISTAN )RELAND !USTRALIA THE 0HILIPPINES AND )NDONESIA (E WAS EXTENSIVELY INVOLVED IN IMPLEMENTATION OF #.' IN .EW :EALAND (E WAS CHIEF EXECUTIVE OF THE GOVERNMENT FUNDED .: %NERGY 2ESEARCH AND $EVELOPMENT #OMMITTEE AND AN ENERGY CONSULTANT 4HE )NTERNATIONAL !SSOCIATION FOR .ATURAL 'AS 6EHICLES )!.'6 IS THE WORLDWIDE ASSOCIATION FOR THE #.' INDUSTRY )T HAS OVER MEMBERS THROUGH REGIONAL AND NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS PLUS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS )!.'6 0/ "OX !UCKLAND .EW :EALAND 4EL &AX %MAIL IANGV IANGV ORG 7EBSITE WWW IANGV ORG
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
'IOVANNI "ISIGNANI #%/ AND -ANAGING $IRECTOR
)NTERNATIONAL !IR 4RANSPORT !SSOCIATION
!IR TRANSPORT AND THE ENVIRONMENT !IR TRANSPORT IS AN IMPORTANT CATALYST FOR GLOBALISATION AND WORLD ECONOMIC GROWTH .O INDUSTRY HAS DONE MORE TO AID DEVELOPMENT 4HE IMPACT ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IS INCALCULABLE 4HE INDUSTRY CONTRIBUTES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BY FACILITATING TOURISM AND TRADE GENERATING ECONOMIC GROWTH CREATING JOBS AND INCREASING TAX REVENUES !IR TRANSPORT OFTEN SERVES AS THE ONLY MEANS OF TRANSPORT TO REMOTE AREAS PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION IT FACILITATES THE DELIVERY OF EMERGENCY AND HUMANITARIAN AID RELIEF AND THE SWIFT DELIVERY OF MEDICAL SUPPLIES AS WELL AS ORGANS FOR TRANSPLANTATION )N THIS ARTICLE 'IOVANNI "ISIGNANI EXAMINES AIR TRANSPORT S ROLE IN WORLD DEVELOPMENT AND PRESENTS FACTS TO COUNTER THE NEGATIVE OPINIONS OF THE ANTI AIR LOBBY 4HE AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY SUPPORTS MILLION JOBS AND FACILITATES 53 TRILLION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY EQUIVALENT TO AROUND EIGHT PER CENT OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY !IRLINES CARRY PER CENT OF GLOBAL MERCHANDISE TRADE BY VALUE 4HE INDUSTRY CONTRIBUTES BY MAKING TOURISM POSSIBLE AND IT BOOSTS ECONOMIC GROWTH &OR EXAMPLE A 53 MILLION INVESTMENT IN AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES IN +ENYA BOOSTED LONG TERM '$0 BY PER CENT PER ANNUM )N !FRICA THE ROLE OF AIR TRANSPORT IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT GIVEN THE ABSENCE OF EFFECTIVE GROUND TRANSPORT NETWORKS !IR TRANSPORT GENERATES THOUSAND JOBS IN !FRICA AND CONTRIBUTES 53 BILLION TO !FRICAN '$0 !FRICA ENJOYED AN PER CENT GROWTH IN PASSENGER TRAFlC IN AGAINST A GLOBAL AVERAGE OF JUST PER CENT
3AFETY 3AFETY AND SECURITY ARE )!4! S TOP PRIORITIES AND WAS THE SAFEST YEAR EVER )N A DECADE THE INDUSTRY HAS CUT THE ACCIDENT RATE IN HALF TO ONE ACCIDENT FOR EVERY MILLION mIGHTS 4HE )NTERNATIONAL !IR 4RANSPORT !SSOCIATION )!4! PUTS THE HIGHEST PRIORITY ON SAFETY AND ITS MEMBERS DID BETTER THAN THE AVERAGE WITH ONE ACCIDENT FOR EVERY TWO MILLION mIGHTS !IR IS ALREADY THE SAFEST WAY TO TRAVEL AND )!4! IS COMMITTED TO MAKE IT EVEN SAFER 4HE )!4! /PERATIONAL 3AFETY !UDIT )/3! IS THE lRST GLOBAL STANDARD FOR AIRLINE OPERATIONAL SAFETY AUDITING )T ASSESSES AIRLINE OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEMS IMPROVES SAFETY AND REDUCES THE NUMBER OF
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
AUDITS PERFORMED ,AST YEAR )/3! WAS MADE A CONDITION OF MEMBERSHIP DElNING )!4! AS A QUALITY ASSOCIATION PER CENT OF MEMBERS HAVE COMMITTED TO AN )/3! AUDIT AND THE TARGETS ARE TOUGH AND CREDIBLE 3EVERAL GOVERNMENTS HAVE INCORPORATED )/3! INTO THEIR SAFETY OVERSIGHT PROGRAMMES INCLUDING #HILE %GYPT -ADAGASCAR AND 4URKEY )N ADDITION THE !RAB #IVIL !VIATION #OMMISSION !#!# IS MANDATING ITS CARRIERS TO BE )/3! REGISTERED .IGERIA *ORDAN 4UNISIA -EXICO (UNGARY AND THE ,ATIN !MERICAN #IVIL !VIATION #OMMISSION ARE PLANNING TO DO THE SAME /THER GOVERNMENTS SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO FOLLOW SUIT TO RAISE THE BAR ON SAFETY )N CERTAIN PARTS OF THE WORLD THE SAFETY RECORD REMAINS A MAJOR CONCERN AND )!4! HAS TAKEN STEPS TO IMPROVE SAFETY IN THESE REGIONS )!4! S 0ARTNERSHIP FOR 3AFETY 0F3 PROGRAMME HELPS AIRLINES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES PREPARE FOR AN )/3! AUDIT !IRLINES IN !FRICA ,ATIN !MERICA AND #)3 ARE THE PRIORITY AND )!4! IS INVESTING 53 MILLION OVER THE THREE YEARS IN THE PROGRAMME
3ECURITY 0ROGRESS WITH GOVERNMENTS ON IMPROVING SECURITY HAS BEEN PAINFULLY SLOW .EARLY SIX YEARS AFTER THE TRAGIC EVENTS OF WE ARE MUCH MORE SECURE BUT THE SYSTEM IS STILL A 53 BILLION UNCOORDINATED MESS 4HE COMMON APPROACH TO LIQUIDS AND GELS IS AN IMPROVEMENT "UT WITH MORE CHECKED BAGGAGE THE INFRASTRUCTURE MUST ALSO IMPROVE 'OVERNMENTS HAVE FORGOTTEN THAT SUCCESS IN SAFETY WAS BASED ON GLOBAL STANDARDS AND COOPERATION 7ITH SECURITY THE SAME APPROACH MUST BE TAKEN 7HERE STANDARDS EXIST SUCH AS BIOMETRIC IDENTIlCATION GOVERNMENTS MUST BE FASTER TO IMPLEMENT )!4! IS WORKING WITH MEMBER AIRLINES TO IMPLEMENT 3ECURITY -ANAGEMENT 3YSTEMS AND WILL CONTINUE TO REMIND GOVERNMENTS OF THEIR RESPONSIBILITY TO PROVIDE EFFECTIVE SECURITY THAT IS ALSO CONVENIENT 0ASSENGERS HAVE BEEN HASSLED FOR SIX YEARS n FAR TOO LONG
%NVIRONMENT 4HE ISSUE ON WHICH THIS ARTICLE WILL FOCUS ON IS THE ENVIRONMENT 4HIS IS AN AREA WHERE GOVERNMENTS HAVE TO LISTEN TO THE AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY AND WHERE THEY MUST TAKE UP THE CHALLENGE TO HELP AVIATION DEAL WITH ITS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS EFFECTIVELY
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
4HERE IS A LOT OF HYPERBOLE CHARACTERISING THE DEBATE ON AVIATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE 7HO SHOULD WE BELIEVE 0OLITICIANS %NVIRONMENTAL ACTIVISTS !IRLINES 3CIENTISTS 7E HAVE ALL HEARD THE ARGUMENTS AVIATION IS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO GLOBAL WARMING IT IS THE FASTEST GROWING SOURCE OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS mYING IS A SIN mYING IS KILLING OUR PLANET )T IS OFTEN DIFlCULT TO CUT THROUGH THE HYPERBOLE SO WE SHOULD LOOK AT THE FACTS n AND THE FACTS COME FROM THE WORLD S MOST AUTHORITATIVE BODY ON THIS ISSUE THE 5. S )NTERGOVERNMENTAL 0ANEL ON #LIMATE #HANGE )0## 4HE )0## ESTIMATES THAT AVIATION TODAY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR TWO PER CENT OF GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE #/ EMISSIONS WITH A TOTAL CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT OF THREE PER CENT 4HESE lGURES HAVE REMAINED LARGELY UNCHANGED OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES DESPITE THE GROWTH OF AIR TRAFlC 0ROJECTING FORWARD TO THE )0## HAS AVIATION AT THREE PER CENT OF GLOBAL #/ EMISSIONS AND lVE SIX PER CENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT !VIATION IS AND WILL REMAIN A SMALL PART OF THE BIG PROBLEM OF CLIMATE CHANGE .ONETHELESS AVIATION S CARBON FOOTPRINT IS GROWING AND THAT IS POLITICALLY UNACCEPTABLE FOR ANY INDUSTRY 4HE CHALLENGE IS TO KEEP THE MANY BENElTS OF AVIATION n UNPRECEDENTED GLOBAL MOBILITY THAT SUPPORTS MILLION JOBS AND 53 BILLION WORTH OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY n WHILE ELIMINATING ITS NEGATIVE IMPACTS )N 3EPTEMBER GOVERNMENT LEADERS RESPONSIBLE FOR CIVIL AVIATION GATHERED FOR THE 4RIENNIAL !SSEMBLY OF THE )NTERNATIONAL #IVIL !VIATION /RGANIZATION )#!/ %NVIRONMENT WAS THE HOT TOPIC OF THE WEEK AND THIS MEETING MIGHT JUST HERALD THE BEST OPPORTUNITY FOR A GLOBAL SOLUTION !LL )#!/ CONTRACTING STATES RE AFlRMED )#!/ S LEADERSHIP ON AVIATION AND ENVIRONMENT BY ENDORSING A COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND EMBRACED )!4! S PER CENT GOAL TO IMPROVE FUEL EFlCIENCY BY "UT UNILATERAL %UROPEAN PROPOSALS TO INCLUDE AVIATION INTO ITS EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME HAVE PUT ECONOMIC MEASURES AT THE CENTRE OF THE POLITICAL DEBATE n PARTIALLY FUELLED BY THE UPCOMING +YOTO DEADLINES 3UCH REGIONAL INITIATIVES ARE NO WAY TO SOLVE A WORLDWIDE ISSUE 4HEY WILL HAVE AT BEST LIMITED IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT !ND THEIR UNILATERAL APPLICATION TO FOREIGN AIRLINES IS A CLEAR BREACH OF THE #HICAGO #ONVENTION 4HE RESULTING TRADE AND LEGAL BATTLES WILL DISTRACT GOVERNMENTS FROM MAKING REAL PROGRESS 4HE SOLUTION IS NOT TO RETURN TO THE DAYS WHEN mYING WAS RESERVED FOR THE WELL TO DO BY MAKING IT ARTIlCIALLY EXPENSIVE WITH EVEN MORE TAXES 0UNITIVE ECONOMIC MEASURES SUCH AS EMISSIONS TRADING WILL NOT HAVE A BIG IMPACT ON AVIATION S ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE 7ITH PER CENT OF COSTS COMING DIRECTLY FROM FUEL THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY IS THE ONE WITH THE MOST INCENTIVES IN THE WORLD TO KEEP FUEL CONSUMPTION LOW 0OSITIVE MEASURES n TAX CREDITS TO ENCOURAGE FASTER RE mEETING OR GRANTS TO FUND ALTERNATIVE FUEL RESEARCH n WOULD DELIVER BETTER RESULTS )F EMISSIONS TRADING IS GOING TO BE IMPOSED ON AIRLINES IT MUST BE EFFECTIVE )#!/ HAS PROMISED TO WORK TOWARDS A GLOBAL EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME THAT STATES COULD IMPLEMENT ON A MUTUAL CONSENT
BASIS 4HIS IS WHAT THE DRAFTERS OF +YOTO HAD ALWAYS ENVISAGED 4HE %UROPEAN 5NION STATES ARE THE mY IN THE OINTMENT BY DECIDING TO PUSH AHEAD WITH THEIR OWN EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME RATHER THAN THE GLOBAL SOLUTION ENVISAGED BY OTHER STATES (OWEVER THE INDUSTRY IS PUSHING GOVERNMENTS FOR MUCH LOFTIER GOALS )N *UNE )!4! PROPOSED A VISION FOR THE INDUSTRY TO AIM FOR CARBON NEUTRAL GROWTH IN THE MEDIUM TERM AND TO DEVELOP ZERO CARBON EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY WITHIN YEARS 3INCE THEN ) HAVE MET WITH AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURERS ENGINE MAKERS FUEL SUPPLIERS AND AIRLINES .OBODY HAS ALL THE ANSWERS BUT NO ONE SAID THE GOAL WAS IMPOSSIBLE /N THE CONTRARY IT IS ABSOLUTELY ACHIEVABLE 2EMEMBER THIS IS THE INDUSTRY THAT WENT FROM THE 7RIGHT "ROTHERS TO THE JET AGE IN JUST lVE DECADES
4HE CRITICAL QUESTION HOW TO TURN THE VISION INTO REALITY 4HE lRST STEP WILL BE FOR AVIATION TO DECOUPLE CARBON EMISSIONS FROM TRAFlC GROWTH TO STOP ITS CARBON EMISSIONS FROM GROWING IN ABSOLUTE TERMS 4HE SECOND STEP MUST SEE AVIATION FURTHER REDUCE ITS REMAINING CARBON EMISSIONS TO EVENTUALLY BECOME A TOTALLY CARBON EMISSIONS FREE TRANSPORT MODE 4O ACHIEVE THIS )!4! HAS CHALLENGED THE INDUSTRY TO BUILD AND OPERATE A COMMERCIAL AIRLINER THAT PRODUCES NO NET CARBON EMISSIONS WITHIN THE NEXT YEARS !LTHOUGH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS DO NOT EXIST TODAY SOME OF THE BUILDING BLOCKS n NEW MATERIALS AND DESIGNS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES ADVANCED )4 SOLUTIONS n ARE ALREADY TAKING SHAPE )!4! IS CONlDENT THAT WITH A COMMITMENT FROM ALL PARTIES AND WITH )#!/ LEADERSHIP THIS VISION CAN BE MADE REALITY 4HE VISION IS BUILT ON FOUR PILLARS
4ECHNOLOGY 4ECHNOLOGY IS A MAIN DRIVER OF PROGRESS AND THE ONLY WAY TO ZERO EMISSIONS 1UITE SIMPLY WE NEED TO BUILD BETTER PLANES AND MORE EFlCIENT ENGINES POWERED BY NON CARBON SOURCES 3OME POTENTIAL BUILDING BLOCKS ALREADY EXIST n SOLAR POWER HYDROGEN CELLS AND BIOFUELS !CCELERATED DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND MORE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR AIRFRAME ENGINE AND AIR TRAFlC MANAGEMENT IS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL )!4! MANUFACTURERS AND FUEL SUPPLIERS ARE JOINTLY WORKING ON AN ACTION PLAN FOCUSING ON SHORT MEDIUM AND LONG TERM MEASURES )N THE SHORT TERM THE POTENTIAL EXISTS TO REALISE EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS BY IDENTIFYING AND APPLYING PRODUCT ENHANCEMENTS AND MODIlCATIONS FOR THE CURRENT mEET &OR THE MEDIUM TERM POSSIBILITIES MUST BE EXPLORED TO ACCELERATE mEET RENEWAL AND TO INTRODUCE THE LATEST TECHNOLOGIES AS EARLY AND AS WIDELY AS POSSIBLE !IRLINES ARE INVESTING BILLIONS OF DOLLARS IN NEW MORE FUEL EFlCIENT AIRCRAFT )N THE LAST FOUR DECADES FUEL EFlCIENCY HAS INCREASED PER CENT AND WILL IMPROVE A FURTHER PER CENT BY $EVELOPMENT OF CLEANER ALTERNATIVE AVIATION FUELS MUST ALSO TAKE PRIORITY &OR THE LONGER TERM JOINT INITIATIVES SHOULD BE LAUNCHED TO IDENTIFY AND DEVELOP RADICALLY NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND AIRCRAFT DESIGNS
5GANDA .OVEMBER
#ONNECTING THE #OMMONWEALTH
/PERATIONS
! VISION OF PROGRESS
)MPROVED AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS CAN SAVE FUEL AND #/ EMISSIONS BY UP TO SIX PER CENT ACCORDING TO )0## )!4! IS COMPILING INDUSTRY BEST PRACTICES PUBLISHING GUIDANCE MATERIAL CONDUCTING AIRLINE VISITS AND ESTABLISHING TRAINING PROGRAMMES TO IMPROVE EXISTING FUEL CONSERVATION MEASURES
)!4! S MEMBERS ARE COMMITTED TO THIS VISION OF PROGRESS -ANUFACTURERS ARE ALIGNED AND ALL ARE WORKING HARD )T IS NOW TIME FOR GOVERNMENTS TO COME ON BOARD 4HROUGH )#!/ GOVERNMENTS MUST SET CHALLENGING BUT REALISTIC TARGETS IN TWO IMPORTANT AREAS &IRST WE NEED TARGETS TO IMPROVE AIR TRAFlC MANAGEMENT AND ELIMINATE UNNECESSARY FUEL BURN 4HEN WE NEED TECHNOLOGY TARGETS IN A ROADMAP 4HIS WILL PROVIDE REGULATORY CERTAINTY TO BACK MAJOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS BY MANUFACTURERS AND AIRLINES 3O LESS HYPERBOLE AND MORE CONCRETE ACTIONS PLEASE
)N )!4! UPDATED ITS FUEL EFlCIENCY GOAL )T EXPECTS AIRLINES TO IMPROVE THEIR FUEL CONSUMPTION PER REVENUE TONNE KILOMETRE 24+ AT LEAST PER CENT BY COMPARED TO LEVELS 4HIS WILL SAVE AROUND MILLION TONNES OF #/ EMISSIONS )!4! IS DETERMINED FURTHER TO RAISE ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS ACROSS THE INDUSTRY AND IS AIMING TO EXTEND ITS EXISTING FUEL CONSERVATION PROGRAMME TO PROMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ACROSS ALL AIRLINES
)NFRASTRUCTURE )NFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS PRESENT A MAJOR OPPORTUNITY FOR FUEL AND #/ REDUCTIONS IN THE NEAR TERM "Y ADDRESSING AIRSPACE AND AIRPORT INEFlCIENCIES SAYS )0## GOVERNMENTS AND INFRASTRUCTURE PROVIDERS CAN ELIMINATE UP TO PER CENT OF #/ EMISSIONS FROM AVIATION 5NFORTUNATELY POLITICS OFTEN GETS IN THE WAY OF GOOD COMMON SENSE 5NITING %UROPE S SKIES OFFERS THE BIGGEST SINGLE OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE AVIATION S ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE "UT AFTER YEARS OF TALKS A 3INGLE %UROPEAN 3KY IS STILL JUST AN IDEA 4HIS POLITICAL FAILURE RESULTS IN MILLION TONNES OF UNNECESSARY CARBON EMISSIONS EACH YEAR )MPLEMENTATION OF THE 3INGLE %UROPEAN 3KY AND THE 53 .EXT'EN !IR 4RANSPORT 3YSTEM IS A TOP PRIORITY FOR THE PROGRESSIVE HARMONISATION OF GLOBAL AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT &LEXIBLE AIRSPACE ACCESS MUST ALSO BECOME A REALITY ESPECIALLY IN !SIA WHERE TRAFlC GROWTH IS PARTICULARLY STRONG
%CONOMIC MEASURES %CONOMIC MEASURES SHOULD BE USED TO BOOST THE RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES RATHER THAN AS A TOOL TO SUPPRESS DEMAND 4HE USE OF TAX CREDITS AND DIRECT FUNDING MUST BE EXPLORED AS INCENTIVES TO DRIVE NEW TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMMES 0UNITIVE TAXES DO NOT IMPROVE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE %MISSIONS TRADING WOULD BE A MORE COST EFFECTIVE SOLUTION AS PART OF A GLOBAL PACKAGE OF MEASURES INCLUDING TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT "UT THE TRADING SYSTEM MUST BE PROPERLY DESIGNED AND IMPLEMENTED ON A GLOBAL AND VOLUNTARY BASIS )T MUST ALSO BE AN OPEN TRADING SYSTEM ALLOWING PERMIT TRADING WITH OTHER INDUSTRIES %CONOMIC MEASURES CAN FURTHER BE USED TO ENGAGE AIRLINE CUSTOMERS IN CLIMATE CHANGE INITIATIVES THROUGH CARBON OFFSET MECHANISMS
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
'IOVANNI "ISIGNANI HAS SERVED AS $IRECTOR 'ENERAL AND #%/ OF THE )NTERNATIONAL !IR 4RANSPORT !SSOCIATION )!4! SINCE *UNE -R "ISIGNANI S AIRLINE EXPERIENCE INCLUDES lVE YEARS AT THE HELM OF !LITALIA AS #%/ AND -ANAGING $IRECTOR DURING WHICH TIME HE ALSO SERVED ON THE )!4! %XECUTIVE #OMMITTEE AND WAS #HAIRMAN OF THE !%! !SSOCIATION OF %UROPEAN !IRLINES 0RIOR TO JOINING )!4! HE LAUNCHED AND DIRECTED /PODO n THE lRST %UROPEAN AIRLINE OWNED ONLINE TRAVEL AGENCY $URING HIS BUSINESS CAREER -R "ISIGNANI HAS HELD VARIOUS HIGH LEVEL RESPONSIBILITIES AT THE ENERGY COMPANY %.) AND THE )TALIAN INDUSTRIAL CONGLOMERATE )2) 'ROUP (E SERVED AS 0RESIDENT OF 4IRRENIA DI .AVIGAZIONE THE LARGEST )TALIAN FERRY COMPANY AND AS #%/ AND -ANAGING $IRECTOR OF 3- ,OGISTICS A GROUP OF LOGISTICS AND FREIGHT FORWARDING COMPANIES PARTIALLY OWNED BY '% #APITAL 4HE )NTERNATIONAL !IR 4RANSPORT !SSOCIATION )!4! HAS OVER MEMBERS WHO ACCOUNT FOR AROUND PER CENT OF SCHEDULED INTERNATIONAL TRAFlC 3INCE )!4! HAS SPEARHEADED AN INDUSTRY AGENDA TO ENHANCE SAFETY IMPROVE EFlCIENCY AND FOCUS GOVERNMENTS ON THE LONG TERM ISSUES FOR INDUSTRY VIABILITY n INCLUDING LIBERALISATION AND A COMMONSENSE APPROACH TO ISSUES SUCH AS THE ENVIRONMENT AND TAXATION !S A RESULT TWO MAJOR )!4! INITIATIVES ARE RESHAPING IMPORTANT PARTS OF THE INDUSTRY 4HE )!4! /PERATIONAL 3AFETY !UDIT )/3! IS RAISING THE BAR ON SAFETY WITH THE lRST GLOBAL STANDARD FOR AIRLINE OPERATIONAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT !ND )!4! S 3IMPLIFYING THE "USINESS PROGRAMME WILL USE TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE CUSTOMER CONVENIENCE WHILE ELIMINATING 53 BILLION IN ANNUAL COSTS )NTERNATIONAL !IR 4RANSPORT !SSOCIATION )!4! -ONTREAL (EAD /FlCE 0LACE 6ICTORIA 0/ "OX -ONTREAL ( : - 1UEBEC #ANADA 4EL &AX 'ENEVA %XECUTIVE /FlCES 2OUTE DE L !EROPORT 0/ "OX 'ENEVA n !IRPORT 3WITZERLAND 4EL &AX 7EBSITE WWW IATA ORG
&INANCING FOR $EVELOPMENT
5GANDA .OVEMBER
&INANCING FOR $EVELOPMENT
%VELINE (ERFKENS %XECUTIVE #OORDINATOR THE 5. -ILLENNIUM #AMPAIGN
4HE @GLOBAL DEAL TO REDUCE POVERTY PROGRESS AND RESPONSIBILITIES 7HEN GOVERNMENTS FROM THE .ORTH AND THE 3OUTH SIGNED THE -ILLENNIUM $ECLARATION AT THE 5. S -ILLENNIUM 'ENERAL !SSEMBLY IN 3EPTEMBER THERE WAS A SENSE OF URGENCY 5RGENCY TO @FREE OUR FELLOW MEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN FROM THE ABJECT AND DEHUMANISING CONDITIONS OF EXTREME POVERTY TO WHICH MORE THAN A BILLION OF THEM ARE CURRENTLY SUBJECTED 4HEY COMMITTED TO WORK TOGETHER TO BUILD A SAFER MORE PROSPEROUS AND EQUITABLE WORLD FOR ALL ITS CITIZENS BY AND THEY ADOPTED THE EIGHT -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS -$'S THAT PUT PEOPLE CENTERED DEVELOPMENT AT THE HEART OF THE GLOBAL AND NATIONAL AGENDAS 4HE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS COMMITTED RICH AND POOR COUNTRIES TO ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER ELIMINATE GENDER INEQUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND ENSURE ACCESS TO EDUCATION HEALTHCARE AND CLEAN WATER ALL BY 4HE -$'S BROUGHT TOGETHER FOR THE lRST TIME A SHARED VISION REPRESENTING A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP BASED ON SHARED RESPONSIBILITY BY ALL COUNTRIES RICH AND POOR $EVELOPING COUNTRIES PLEDGED TO IMPROVE GOVERNANCE AND REFORM POLICIES CHANNELLING THEIR RESOURCES TOWARDS THE lRST SEVEN GOALS 2ICH COUNTRIES FOR THEIR PART PROMISED TO DELIVER MORE AND MORE EFFECTIVE AID AND TO REFORM THEIR TRADE POLICIES TO ENABLE POOR COUNTRIES AND PEOPLE TO EARN THEIR OWN WAY OUT OF POVERTY 4HE -$'S EXPLICITLY RECOGNISE THAT ERADICATING POVERTY CAN BE ACHIEVED ONLY IF GOVERNMENTS OF BOTH RICH AND POOR COUNTRIES LIVE UP TO THEIR PROMISES 4ERMS FOR THIS @GLOBAL DEAL WERE REAFlRMED AT THE &INANCING FOR $EVELOPMENT 3UMMIT IN -ONTERREY IN AND AT THE 5. 3UMMIT 4HE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAVE PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY FOR ACHIEVING THE lRST SEVEN GOALS TO REDUCE POVERTY TO INCREASE LITERACY TO IMPROVE HEALTH SERVICES AND SO ON "UT RICH COUNTRIES ACKNOWLEDGED IN 'OAL THAT POOR COUNTRIES CANNOT ACHIEVE THE GOALS UNLESS RICH COUNTRIES INCREASE AND IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AID AND CHANGE THE RULES OF TRADE TO FOSTER DEVELOPMENT &ROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE PROGRESS IN ACHIEVING THE GOALS IS PROMISING A SIGNIlCANT NUMBER OF COUNTRIES ARE IN THE PROCESS OF ACHIEVING AT LEAST PARTIALLY THE OBJECTIVES SET BY THE GOALS WHILE SOME COUNTRIES IN %AST !SIA AND ,ATIN !MERICA ARE ACTUALLY SURPASSING
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
THE OBJECTIVES SET /N CURRENT TRENDS THE lRST GOAL REGARDING POVERTY WILL BE MET AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL BY 4HIS WOULD BE A STRIKING SUCCESS EVEN IF THIS GOOD PROGRESS AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL LARGELY REmECTS PROGRESS IN THE POPULOUS COUNTRIES OF )NDIA AND #HINA 0ROGRESS ON THE SECOND GOAL EDUCATION HAS ALSO BEEN GOOD EVEN IF NOT SUFlCIENT (OWEVER THERE ARE SOME TARGETS ON WHICH WE ARE LAGGING SERIOUSLY BEHIND AND THE WORST OF THESE CONCERNS CHILD MORTALITY -OREOVER THE SITUATION IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA IS PARTICULARLY WORRISOME )F CURRENT TRENDS CONTINUE THIS CONTINENT ON AVERAGE WILL NOT ACHIEVE THE GOALS FOR ANOTHER CENTURY "UT EVEN HERE SOME OF THE POOREST COUNTRIES ARE ON TRACK FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF SEVERAL GOALS 3UCCESS STORIES CAN SIMPLY BE EXPLAINED AS CASES WHERE THE GLOBAL COMPACT HAS BEEN IMPLEMENTED 4HE GOVERNMENT CONCERNED HAS REASONABLY GOOD POLICIES AND RICH COUNTRIES HAVE BEEN RELATIVELY GENEROUS AND HELPFUL WITH AID AND DEBT RELIEF BACKING THEIR POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES 3O THE GLOBAL DEAL CAN WORK x IF BOTH PARTIES LIVE UP TO THEIR COMMITMENTS
2ESPONSIBILITIES OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES !S THE PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY IS WITH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LET ME lRST FOCUS ON THEIR PART IN THE @GLOBAL DEAL !CHIEVEMENT OF THE -ILLENNIUM 'OALS WILL NOT HAPPEN UNLESS DEVELOPING COUNTRY GOVERNMENTS TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR ACTIONS AND THEIR GOVERNMENTS WORK PROPERLY %VEN IN THE MOST AID DEPENDENT COUNTRIES AID IS A MINOR PART OF OVERALL DEVELOPMENT lNANCE 4HE WAY A COUNTRY SPENDS ITS OWN RESOURCES IS MUCH MORE RELEVANT FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE GOALS 'IVEN THE WIDE DIVERSITY BETWEEN COUNTRIES THERE IS NO ONE SIZE lTS ALL RECIPE AND PRIORITIES HAVE TO BE SET LOCALLY "UT THE FOLLOWING ISSUES ON WHICH EVEN THE POOREST COUNTRY CAN IMPROVE ITS PERFORMANCE ARE KEY
4HE BUDGET !CCOUNTABLE TRANSPARENT AND EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC lNANCIAL RESOURCES IS CRITICAL !CCORDING TO RECENT 7ORLD "ANK ESTIMATES APPROXIMATELY lVE PER CENT OF GLOBAL '$0 STILL DISAPPEARS THROUGH CORRUPTION AND MISMANAGEMENT 4HIS lGURE IS MUCH HIGHER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THAT ARE LAGGING IN ACHIEVING THE GOALS
&INANCING FOR $EVELOPMENT
4HE GOALS NEED TO BE REm ECTED IN THE 0OVERTY 2EDUCTION 3TRATEGIES OR .ATIONAL $EVELOPMENT 0LANS AND THESE IN TURN SHOULD BE ALIGNED WITH THE BUDGET PROCESS )N TOO MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES PUBLIC SPENDING ACTUALLY BENEl TS PRIMARILY THE RICH NOT THE POOR )F THE -$'S ARE TO BE ACHIEVED POLICIES NEED TO BE PRO POOR GENDER SENSITIVE AS WELL AS ALLOW FOR SUFl CIENT PUBLIC EXPENDITURES FOR BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES
4HE 0ARIS $ECLARATION 4HE IMPACT OF FOREIGN AID IS TOO OFTEN WEAKENED BECAUSE IT IS DELIVERED BY MANY HIGH COST SMALL INDIVIDUAL BILATERAL PROGRAMMES GOVERNED BY MULTIPLE AND COMPLEX REQUIREMENTS 4HE GOOD NEWS IS THAT AT THE /%#$ DONORS ACKNOWLEDGED THEY WERE PART OF THE PROBLEM AND PROMISED IN THE 0ARIS $ECLARATION AGREED IN THE 3PRING OF TO BECOME PART OF THE SOLUTION 4HEY COMMITTED
0UBLIC l NANCE IS NOT JUST ABOUT EXPENDITURES )T IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO MAXIMISE REVENUES E G BY FAIR TAX LEGISLATION AND EFFECTIVE TAX COLLECTION $OMESTIC REVENUE MOBILISATION IS THE ONLY SUSTAINABLE LONG TERM OPTION FOR l NANCING DEVELOPMENT 2ESOURCE RICH COUNTRIES NEED TO MAXIMISE THE REVENUES THEY OBTAIN FROM THE EXPLOITATION OF THEIR EXHAUSTIBLE NATURAL RESOURCES !N IMPORTANT STEP THEY COULD TAKE IN THAT DIRECTION IS TO JOIN THE %XTRACTIVE )NDUSTRY 4RANSPARENCY )NITIATIVE %)4) ENSURING DISCLOSURE OF ALL REVENUES FROM MULTINATIONAL MINING OPERATIONS
s 4O RESPECT HOME GROWN DEVELOPING COUNTRY STRATEGIES s 4O ALIGN DONOR SUPPORT TO THESE STRATEGIES s 4O WORK TOGETHER TO COORDINATE AND HARMONISE PROCEDURES AND s 4O DO AWAY WITH INDIVIDUAL PROJECTS EVALUATIONS AND MISSIONS 4HE 5+ PLAYED A LEADING ROLE IN FORGING THIS INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS
3ECTORAL POLICIES 3ECTORAL POLICIES NEED TO BE TRANSLATED INTO EFFECTIVE SERVICE DELIVERY IN HEALTH EDUCATION SANITATION WATER ETC FOR ALL CITIZENS ALL OVER THE COUNTRY )T IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO ENSURE THAT ALL POLICIES INCLUDING TRADE AND TAX DO NOT DISCRIMINATE AGAINST THE RURAL POOR AND THAT THE GOVERNMENT INVESTS ENOUGH IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT 3MALL FARMERS NEED SUPPORT TO GET ACCESS TO CREDIT AND MARKETS !ND WE MUST NOT FORGET THAT TRADE POLICIES NEED TO BE SUFl CIENTLY PRO POOR )N SOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIES PROTECTIVE TRADE BARRIERS IN FACT PROTECT THE RICH AT THE EXPENSE OF THE POOR
,EGISLATION
VISION FOR NOT JUST BY THE GOVERNMENT BUT BY THE PUBLIC AT LARGE /NLY THEN CAN THE GOALS BE SUCCESSFULLY INTEGRATED INTO NATIONAL PLANS POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES SECTORAL POLICIES AND NATIONAL AND SUB NATIONAL BUDGETS ONLY THEN CAN THEY BE SUCCESSFULLY MAIN STREAMED INTO THE SINEWS OF GOVERNMENT AT EVERY LEVEL ENSURING THAT ALL RESOURCES HUMAN AND l NANCIAL EXTERNAL AND DOMESTIC CAN BE MOBILISED AND INVESTED IN ACHIEVING THE GOALS
)N MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES INHERITANCE PROPERTY AND TAX LAWS URGENTLY NEED TO BE REVIEWED TO ENSURE WOMEN CAN FULLY PARTICIPATE AND CONTRIBUTE TO DEVELOPMENT !LSO IN ORDER FOR POOR PEOPLE TO LIFT THEMSELVES OUT OF POVERTY BY UNLEASHING THEIR ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT LEGAL REFORM IS NEEDED TO IMPROVE THE BUSINESS CLIMATE PARTICULARLY FOR DOMESTIC INVESTORS )N MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THE VOLUME OF CAPITAL m IGHT IS ACTUALLY LARGER THAN THAT OF AID RECEIVED
4HE ULTIMATE TEST OF COURSE IS FOR THESE POLICIES AND PLANS TO BE TRANSLATED INTO REAL SERVICES AND BENEl TS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL !CTIVE PARTICIPATION OF CITIZENS AND THEIR ORGANISATIONS AT BOTH THE PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION STAGES CAN HELP TO ENSURE TRANSPARENT AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT MECHANISMS THAT ARE RESPONSIVE TO THE NEEDS OF ALL SECTIONS OF THE POPULATION /NLY THEN CAN CORRUPTION BE EFFECTIVELY FOUGHT AND THE HUGE @INTEGRITY DIVIDEND BE REDEPLOYED FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF THE GOALS
'OVERNANCE ,AST BUT NOT LEAST IS THE CROSS CUTTING ISSUE OF IMPROVED GOVERNANCE TO CREATE THE CAPABLE STATE NEEDED TO ACHIEVE THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS !CTION IS REQUIRED TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY AND EFl CIENCY OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR s "Y MODERNISING AND REFORMING THE BUREAUCRACY s "Y DECENTRALISATION THROUGH EMPOWERMENT OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES AND s "Y ENSURING THAT POLITICAL PROCESSES ARE INCLUSIVE NOT JUST POLITICALLY REPRESENTATIVE THROUGH ELECTED PARLIAMENTS 2OBUST PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IS ALSO A REQUIREMENT THROUGH THE MEDIA AND CIVIL SOCIETY PARTICULARLY GROUPS THAT GIVE VOICE TO MINORITIES AND WOMEN THAT ARE AT RISK OF MISSING THE GOALS %XPERIENCE HAS SHOWN THAT THE GREATEST SUCCESS STORIES ARE WHERE THE -ILLENNIUM 'OALS HAVE BEEN DEBATED ADAPTED AND OWNED LOCALLY 4HIS MEANS THAT THEY HAVE BECOME PART OF A NATIONAL
2ESPONSIBILITIES OF RICH COUNTRIES .OW TO FOCUS ON WHAT THE @GLOBAL DEAL IMPLIES FOR THE RICH /%#$ MEMBERS OF THE #OMMONWEALTH n THE 5+ #ANADA !USTRALIA AND .EW :EALAND n AND ON THE PROGRESS MADE BY THESE COUNTRIES AS REPORTED BY THE /%#$ $!#
1UANTITY OF AID 7HILE /Fl CIAL $EVELOPMENT !SSISTANCE /$! TRENDS HAVE IMPROVED THE REALITY REMAINS THAT /$! LEVELS STILL FALL SHORT OF THE PER CENT OF '.) PROMISED BY MOST COUNTRIES )N !USTRALIA PER CENT #ANADA PER CENT .EW :EALAND PER CENT WERE ALL WELL BELOW THE AVERAGE DONOR COUNTRY EFFORT PER CENT 4HESE COUNTRIES HAVE ALSO FAILED TO SET A DEADLINE SUPPORTED BY PLANNED ANNUAL /$! INCREASES TO ACHIEVE THE PER CENT 4HE 5+ THE WORLD S SECOND LARGEST DONOR AFTER THE 53 PROMISED TO DO SO BY AND ACHIEVED PER CENT IN
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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)N ABSOLUTE TERMS #ANADA GIVES LESS AID THAN 3WEDEN A MUCH SMALLER ECONOMY .EW :EALAND S AID IS SMALLER THAN THAT OF TINY ,UXEMBOURG AND !USTRALIA n A HUGE CONTINENT n GIVES ABOUT AS MUCH AID AS "ELGIUM OR $ENMARK !LL ARE MODEST PLAYERS IN THE INTERNATIONAL DONOR COMMUNITY
1UALITY OF AID )NCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AID IS AS IMPORTANT AS /$! VOLUME )N IN HIS REPORT )N ,ARGER &REEDOM +Ol !NNAN URGED DONORS TO DE LINK AID FROM THEIR GEOPOLITICAL AGENDAS WHICH DIVERT AID FROM POOR COUNTRIES THAT NEED EXTERNAL CONCESSIONAL RESOURCES 4HE 5+ !USTRALIA AND .EW :EALAND HAVE A STRONG FOCUS ON LOW INCOME COUNTRIES (OWEVER #ANADA LACKS FOCUS ON THE POOREST COUNTRIES 7HILE IT PLEDGED THAT HALF OF ITS /$! INCREASES WOULD BENElT SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA FOR YEARS TO COME #ANADA WILL CONTINUE TO BE A SMALL DONOR THERE +Ol !NNAN ALSO CALLED ON DONORS TO DELINK AID FROM THEIR ECONOMIC INTEREST 4HE WORST EXAMPLE OF THIS IS @TIED AID n I E AID THAT IS TIED TO THE PURCHASE OF GOODS AND SERVICES FROM THE COUNTRY PROVIDING THE AID 4IED AID PROVIDES POOR VALUE FOR MONEY FOR THE RECIPIENT UNTYING AID COULD INCREASE ITS VALUE BY UP TO PER CENT MOREOVER IT IS PARTICULARLY PRONE TO CORRUPTION 7HILE THE 5+ HAS TOTALLY UNTIED ITS ENTIRE /$! BUDGET !USTRALIA AND #ANADA HAVE AMONG THE HIGHEST PERCENTAGES OF TIED AID "OTH #ANADIAN AND !USTRALIAN AID ARE QUITE SUPPLY DRIVEN WHILE #ANADA S AID PROGRAMME IS ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY DISPERSED AS A RESULT #ANADA HAS NO CRITICAL MASS OF ASSISTANCE IN ANY RECIPIENT COUNTRY
4RADE )NTERNATIONAL TRADE HAS A TREMENDOUS POTENTIAL TO REDUCE POVERTY WORLDWIDE "UT PRESENT TRADE POLICIES DISCRIMINATE AGAINST DEVELOPING COUNTRIES $ESPITE SIGNIlCANT LIBERALISATION IN RECENT DECADES TRADE BARRIERS ARE STILL HIGH n ESPECIALLY ON LABOUR INTENSIVE GOODS AND SERVICES IN WHICH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAVE A COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE 2EDUCING THESE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO TRADE THEIR WAY OUT OF POVERTY
#ONCLUSION 4HE -$'S ARE STILL ACHIEVABLE IF WE BREAK WITH @BUSINESS AS USUAL AND DRAMATICALLY ACCELERATE AND SCALE UP ACTION !T THE HALFWAY MARK TO IT IS LATE BUT NOT TOO LATE FOR COUNTRIES TO RECONCILE RHETORIC WITH ACTION "UT AS THE 5NITED .ATIONS 3ECRETARIES 'ENERAL BOTH +Ol !NNAN AND "AN +I -OON HAVE REPEATEDLY STATED WHEN TALKING ABOUT THE -ILLENNIUM 'OALS h4HE LACKING INGREDIENT IS POLITICAL WILL v 4HE -ILLENNIUM 'OALS WILL NOT BE ACHIEVED AT THE 5NITED .ATIONS 7E AT THE 5. CAN CREATE A PLATFORM FOR GOVERNMENTS TO MAKE COMMITMENTS BUT WE CANNOT FORCE COMPLIANCE BY OUR MEMBER STATES /NLY THEIR CITIZENS AND PARLIAMENTS CAN HOLD GOVERNMENTS TO ACCOUNT ,ET ME CONCLUDE WITH QUOTING 'HANDI hTHE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WHAT WE DO AND WHAT WE ARE CAPABLE OF DOING WOULD SUFlCE TO SOLVE MOST OF THE WORLD S PROBLEMS v 'OVERNMENTS AROUND THE WORLD ARE PERFECTLY CAPABLE OF ACTING TO CLOSE THE GLARING GAP BETWEEN COMMITMENT AND DELIVERY IN FACT MANY OF THEM ARE DOING SO 7E ARE THE lRST GENERATION THAT CAN PUT AN END TO POVERTY AND SHOULD SIMPLY REFUSE TO LOSE THIS OPPORTUNITY
%VELINE (ERFKENS WAS APPOINTED AS THE %XECUTIVE #OORDINATOR FOR THE -ILLENNIUM #AMPAIGN BY THE FORMER 5. 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL +Ol !NNAN IN /CTOBER 0RIOR TO THIS APPOINTMENT -S (ERFKENS SERVED AS !MBASSADOR %XTRAORDINARY AND 0LENIPOTENTIARY AND 0ERMANENT 2EPRESENTATIVE OF THE .ETHERLANDS AT THE 5NITED .ATIONS AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS INCLUDING THE 7ORLD 4RADE /RGANIZATION 74/ n IN 'ENEVA 3HE ALSO SERVED AS THE .ETHERLANDS -INISTER FOR $EVELOPMENT #OOPERATION BETWEEN TO $URING THIS TIME SHE WAS ALSO A -EMBER OF THE 7ORLD "ANK AND )-& $EVELOPMENT #OMMITTEE AND A #O FOUNDER OF THE 5TSTEIN 'ROUP 0RESENTLY SHE IS A MEMBER OF THE 7ORLD #OMMISSION ON THE 3OCIAL $IMENSION OF 'LOBALIZATION ESTABLISHED BY THE )NTERNATIONAL ,ABOUR /RGANIZATION ),/ IN &EBRUARY
4HE MOST TRADE DISTORTING POLICIES ARE IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR !S TWO THIRDS OF THE WORLD S POOR LIVE IN RURAL AREAS AND DEPEND ON AGRICULTURE PUTTING AN END TO THE DISTORTION OF INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL AGRICULTURE MARKETS IS A CRUCIAL INGREDIENT TO ACHIEVE THE lRST -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OAL
4HE -ILLENNIUM #AMPAIGN LAUNCHED IN INFORMS INSPIRES AND ENCOURAGES PEOPLE S INVOLVEMENT AND ACTION FOR THE REALIZATION OF THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS !N INITIATIVE OF THE 5NITED .ATIONS THE #AMPAIGN SUPPORTS CITIZENS EFFORTS TO HOLD THEIR GOVERNMENT TO ACCOUNT FOR THE -ILLENNIUM PROMISE
!MONG RICH COUNTRIES THE %UROPEAN 5NION IS THE WORST OFFENDER ON THIS ISSUE 7HILE THE 5+ HAS FOR YEARS MADE STRONG STATEMENTS ABOUT THE NEED TO ELIMINATE THESE SUBSIDIES IT HAS NOT BEEN VERY SUCCESSFUL IN CONVINCING THE REST OF THE %5 MEMBERSHIP !USTRALIA AND .EW :EALAND ACTIVELY lGHT %5 AGRICULTURE PROTECTIONISM #ANADA SHOULD TAKE A MORE PROACTIVE APPROACH IN ANALYSING THE IMPACT ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES OF ITS NON AID POLICIES SUCH AS TRADE AND AGRICULTURE
-ANDY +IBEL $EPUTY $IRECTOR (EAD OF #OMMUNICATIONS -ILLENNIUM #AMPAIGN 5NITED .ATIONS %AST 3TREET && .EW 9ORK .9 53! 4EL &AX 7EBSITE WWW MILLENNIUMCAMPAIGN ORG
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
Caribbean Remittances: An Inward Investment Source by Brian Stuart-Young, Chairman & CEO, Global Bank of Commerce, Ltd. Antigua,W.I.
www.globalbank.ag The economic implications of global remittances and migration are now better understood, and financial services need to play a key role in levelling the field for the origination of payment systems that support the lifeblood of developing economies. From a Caribbean perspective, the growing number of Caribbean people who have sought work overseas created a significant Caribbean Diaspora. Caribbean workers began to send money home to support their families, starting first as a trickle but soon becoming a flow of over 8.3 billion US dollars in 2006, establishing remittances at about 20% of income per capita and a solid contributor to GDP of the island economies (i.e. Barbados 9%; Jamaica 18%; St.Vincent 26%; Grenada 31%). The traditional means of remitting funds has been the regular sending of small amounts via informal and non-banking channels, which for decades went unnoticed, and its impact on the economy of the recipient country was never recorded as an inward investment. The absence of major support from the formal banking sector encouraged a weak competitive environment in the remittance market, which has kept remittance fees high. Banks tend to focus on large-value transactions as being better suited to their correspondent banking network, and have not been as innovative as money transfer operators to serve the migrant communities who need to remit small but regular payments home. Some Caribbean banks are now investing in technology-based money transfer products, such as internet payment systems, in order to deliver more cost-effective and convenient fund transfers. Financial institutions that are members of an international card association, such as Visa and MasterCard, can offer money transfers through card-based network channels using the association’s security and risk management systems and processing solutions. Global Bank of Commerce, a Caribbean institution operating from Antigua and Barbuda, has followed the path of technology-based money transfer services and as an issuer of stored-value debit cards supports card to card fund transfers to multiple destinations. Cardholders can withdraw cash from an ATM, buy goods and services at merchants, obtain cash advances from banks, and pay bills. Increasingly, the card becomes a virtual bank account to the holder. Governments need to become more supportive of e-commerce initiatives and encourage their banking sectors to develop financial services that meet the demands for micro payments and provide end to end payment solutions for remittances. New fund transfer technologies have become quite user friendly and now include the use of cell phones to replace the internet as a mechanism for micro transfers and payments. Generally, such funds are used to meet immediate family needs but banks can provide assistance by cross-selling services to recipients that will encourage savings, credit mobilization and other investment opportunities. Caribbean banks which identify these niche opportunities and invest in technology to provide modern payment solutions can establish a competitive position in the global remittance market regardless of their geographic location and size and significantly support inward investments.
Global Commerce Centre, Old Parham Road, P.O. Box W1803, St. John's, Antigua,West Indies
Tel: (268) 480-2240 email: customer.service@gbc.ag
Fax: (268) 462-1831 website: www.globalbank.ag
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*ANE .ELSON $IRECTOR "USINESS ,EADERSHIP AND 3TRATEGY )NTERNATIONAL "USINESS ,EADERS &ORUM
"USINESS AS A PARTNER IN THE #OMMONWEALTH S DEVELOPMENT 4HE PRIVATE SECTOR n INCLUDING BOTH DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN COMPANIES AND LARGE AND SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES n IS PLAYING AN INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT ROLE THROUGHOUT THE #OMMONWEALTH IN HELPING TO ACHIEVE ECONOMIC AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT #OMPANIES ARE DRIVING THE EMERGENCE OF NEW MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGIES UNPRECEDENTED CROSS BORDER lNANCIAL mOWS JOB CREATION AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANDED REGIONAL AND GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS 3OME ARE ALSO EXPERIMENTING WITH INNOVATIVE MARKET DRIVEN APPROACHES PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AND MULTI STAKEHOLDER ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS TO ADDRESS DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES THAT HAVE TRADITIONALLY BEEN THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR #OMPANIES ARE INCREASINGLY WORKING WITH EACH OTHER AND WITH GOVERNMENTS AND CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS TO HELP PROMOTE GOOD GOVERNANCE IMPROVE INVESTMENT CLIMATES UPHOLD HUMAN RIGHTS ENSURE DECENT WORK CONDITIONS AND TACKLE CORRUPTION 4HEY ARE ALSO BECOMING MORE ACTIVE IN EFFORTS TO EXPAND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY TO MARGINALISED GROUPS SUCH AS WOMEN AND YOUTH DELIVER ESSENTIAL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES TO LOW INCOME COMMUNITIES FACILITATE REMITTANCES RESPOND TO COMPLEX EMERGENCIES STRENGTHEN HEALTH SYSTEMS MANAGE THE RISK OF PANDEMICS ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE RESPOND TO GROWING WATER SCARCITY SUPPORT EDUCATION REFORM AND BRIDGE THE DIGITAL DIVIDE !T THE SAME TIME THERE ARE PRIVATE ENTERPRISES THAT ARE EITHER INTENTIONALLY OR UNINTENTIONALLY HAVING A DETRIMENTAL IMPACT ON ACHIEVING THESE AND OTHER DEVELOPMENT GOALS 5NDERSTANDING AND ENCOURAGING THE APPROPRIATE ROLE OF BUSINESS IN DEVELOPMENT n AND IN PARTICULAR MINIMISING ANY NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND LEVERAGING THE POSITIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR n IS A LEADERSHIP CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITY THAT NO #OMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT OR BUSINESS LEADER CAN AFFORD TO IGNORE
! LEADERSHIP OPPORTUNITY FOR BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT &ROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF GOVERNMENTS THE DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES ARE TOO GREAT AND VARIED AND RESOURCES TOO SCARCE AND DISPERSED FOR ANY ONE GOVERNMENT TO TACKLE THEM ALONE OR EVEN FOR THE PUBLIC SECTOR TO ADDRESS THEM
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
COLLECTIVELY %NGAGING EFFECTIVELY AND TRANSPARENTLY WITH THE BUSINESS COMMUNITY AND CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS IS ESSENTIAL TO ACHIEVING THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS -$'S AND TO ENSURING A MORE INCLUSIVE RIGHTS BASED APPROACH TO ECONOMIC GROWTH %QUALLY THERE IS A NEED FOR GOVERNMENTS TO ENGAGE MORE PROACTIVELY WITH MAJOR CORPORATIONS IN EFFORTS TO IMPROVE BOTH CORPORATE AND PUBLIC GOVERNANCE 'ROUNDBREAKING INITIATIVES SUCH AS THE %XTRACTIVE )NDUSTRIES 4RANSPARENCY )NITIATIVE +IMBERLEY 0ROCESS %QUATOR 0RINCIPLES )NTERNATIONAL #OCOA )NITIATIVE AND %THICAL 4RADING )NITIATIVE ILLUSTRATE WHAT IS POSSIBLE IN TERMS OF BUILDING INNOVATIVE NEW MECHANISMS FOR GREATER MUTUAL ACCOUNTABILITY &ROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF BUSINESS THE EMERGING MARKETS ARE TOO IMPORTANT TO BE OVERLOOKED BY MAJOR COMPANIES THAT WANT TO GROW IN THE COMING DECADES 4HE BEST COMPANIES ALREADY RECOGNISE THAT ENGAGEMENT IN THESE ECONOMIES IS NOT ONLY A MATTER OF PHILANTHROPY OR COMPLIANCE WITH RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS PRACTICES IN AREAS SUCH AS THE ENVIRONMENT LABOUR AND HUMAN RIGHTS ALTHOUGH THESE ARE ALL ESSENTIAL )NCREASINGLY IT IS ALSO A CASE OF POSITIONING FOR LONG TERM GROWTH AND DEVELOPING NEW PRODUCTS SERVICES AND BUSINESS MODELS TO PROlTABLY SOLVE DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES AND SERVE UNTAPPED MARKETS %MERGING MARKET COMPANIES SUCH AS "HARTI )#)#) "ANK 94, #ELTEL 3!"-ILLER 0ICK N 0AY %SKOM 6ODACOM AND !NGLO'OLD !SHANTI IN ADDITION TO LONG ESTABLISHED GLOBAL PLAYERS SUCH AS #OCA #OLA -ERCK "ARCLAYS 5NILEVER #HEVRON 2IO 4INTO .ESTLÏ AND 3HELL ARE ALREADY RESPONDING TO THIS OPPORTUNITY 4HEY VIEW DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AS VALUABLE LOCATIONS FOR INNOVATION AND BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT 4HERE ARE GROWING OPPORTUNITIES FOR MANY MORE DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN COMPANIES TO GET ENGAGED IN NEW MODELS OF WEALTH CREATION AND SERVICE DELIVERY THROUGHOUT THE #OMMONWEALTH !T THE SAME TIME COMPANIES RECOGNISE THAT MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE #OMMONWEALTH AND ELSEWHERE PRESENT NEW TYPES OF RISK THAT NEED TO BE EFFECTIVELY MANAGED 4HIS CALLS FOR THEM TO PLAY A MORE PROACTIVE ROLE IN ADDRESSING KEY DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES AND ENGAGING IN PUBLIC POLICY DIALOGUE AND INSTITUTION BUILDING WITH GOVERNMENTS
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!S "RITISH 0RIME -INISTER 'ORDON "ROWN COMMENTED IN A *ULY SPEECH AT THE 5NITED .ATIONS BUSINESS hKNOWS BETTER THAN ANYONE THAT IN THE LONG RUN YOU SIMPLY CANNOT SUCCEED IN PLACES WHERE THE ROADS ARE IMPASSABLE WHERE PEOPLE HAVE NO ACCESS TO MARKETS WHERE EMPLOYEES ARE UNDER EDUCATED OR UNDER FED WHERE THE RULE OF LAW IS POORLY ESTABLISHED OR POORLY RESPECTED .OT ONLY DOES BUSINESS HAVE THE TECHNOLOGY THE SKILLS THE EXPERTISE FOR WEALTH AND JOB CREATION THAT IF FULLY MOBILISED FOR GLOBAL PURPOSE WILL HELP MEET OUR GOALS IT IS ALSO IN YOUR BEST BUSINESS INTEREST TO HELP POOR COUNTRIES DEVELOP v
3O WHAT ARE THE MOST EFFECTIVE AND APPROPRIATE ROLES FOR COMPANIES TO PLAY IN SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT GOALS WHILE ALSO CREATING LONG TERM VALUE FOR THEIR SHAREHOLDERS
4HE ROLE OF BUSINESS IN SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT GOALS 4HERE IS WIDE VARIATION IN THE SPECIlC CONTRIBUTIONS THAT DIFFERENT COMPANIES CAN MAKE TO SUPPORT THE #OMMONWEALTH S ECONOMIC AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT GOALS 4HEIR CONTRIBUTION DEPENDS NOT ONLY ON THE TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTION NEEDED n SUCH AS
4HE CORPORATE CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOPMENT
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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INCREASING ACCESS TO JOBS INCOME EDUCATION HEALTH ENERGY WATER TECHNOLOGY AND MARKETS OR IMPROVING GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC CAPACITY n BUT ALSO ON FACTORS SUCH AS THE INDUSTRY SECTOR AND THE COMPANY S BUSINESS MODEL OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE AND SIZE $ESPITE THESE DIFFERENCES ALMOST ALL COMPANIES HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MAKE A CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE FOLLOWING THREE SPHERES OF BUSINESS INmUENCE 4HE )NTERNATIONAL "USINESS ,EADERS &ORUM WWW IBLF ORG HAS WORKED WITH 5.$0 AND OTHERS TO DEVELOP A &RAMEWORK FOR "USINESS !CTION BASED ON THESE THREE AREAS s #ORE BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND INVESTMENTS n INCLUDING THE COMPANY S ACTIVITIES AND RELATIONSHIPS IN THE WORKPLACE THE MARKETPLACE AND ALONG THE SUPPLY CHAIN 4HE GREATEST AND MOST SUSTAINABLE CONTRIBUTION THAT ANY COMPANY CAN MAKE TO DEVELOPMENT IS THROUGH CARRYING OUT ITS CORE BUSINESS ACTIVITIES IN A PRODUCTIVE AND RESPONSIBLE MANNER 4HE KEY GOAL FOR ALL COMPANIES SHOULD BE TO MINIMISE AND BE ACCOUNTABLE FOR ANY NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON DEVELOPMENT THAT MAY ARISE FROM THESE ACTIVITIES AND TO INCREASE AND LEVERAGE POSITIVE IMPACTS RANGING FROM TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND JOB CREATION TO THE PAYMENT OF TAXES AND HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT )N PARTICULAR COMPANIES CAN AIM TO DEVELOP WHAT 5.$0 DESCRIBES AS @INCLUSIVE BUSINESS MODELS WHICH EXPLICITLY INCLUDE THE POOR AS EMPLOYEES ENTREPRENEURS SUPPLIERS DISTRIBUTORS RETAILERS CUSTOMERS OR SOURCES OF INNOVATION IN ECONOMICALLY VIABLE WAYS s 3TRATEGIC PHILANTHROPY AND COMMUNITY OR SOCIAL INVESTMENT n AIMED AT MOBILISING NOT ONLY MONEY BUT ALSO THE COMPANY S OTHER CORE ASSETS AND COMPETENCES SUCH AS ITS PEOPLE PRODUCTS AND PREMISES TO HELP SUPPORT AND STRENGTHEN LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND NON PROlT PARTNERS s 0UBLIC POLICY DIALOGUE ADVOCACY AND INSTITUTION BUILDING n EFFORTS BY COMPANIES EITHER INDIVIDUALLY OR COLLECTIVELY TO PARTICIPATE IN RELEVANT PUBLIC POLICY DIALOGUES AND ADVOCACY PLATFORMS WITH BOTH DEVELOPING COUNTRY AND DONOR GOVERNMENTS AS WELL AS HELPING TO BUILD OR STRENGTHEN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS AND ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY WITHIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 4HESE THREE SPHERES OF BUSINESS IMPACT AND INmUENCE ARE ILLUSTRATED IN THE DIAGRAM 4HEY CAN ALSO BE ENVISAGED AS A COMPANY S @DEVELOPMENT FOOTPRINT n THE EXTENT AND IMPACT OF WHICH WILL VARY DEPENDING ON THE COMPANY INDUSTRY SECTOR AND SITUATION IN QUESTION
(YBRID APPROACHES @(YBRID APPROACHES ARE BUSINESS MODELS OR PARTNERSHIPS THAT COMBINE THE COMPANY S CORE COMPETENCES AND COMMERCIAL ACUMEN WITH SOCIAL INVESTMENT PHILANTHROPY AND OR PUBLIC lNANCE 3UCH APPROACHES ARE BEING USED TO SUPPORT PROJECTS THAT MAY NOT IMMEDIATELY MEET COMMERCIAL HURDLE RATES BUT HAVE THE POTENTIAL OF BECOMING ECONOMICALLY VIABLE OVER THE LONGER TERM WHILE EXPLICITLY ADDRESSING A DEVELOPMENT OR SOCIAL NEED
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
3UCH APPROACHES ARE BEING USED TO SEED SOME OF THE INNOVATIVE @BASE OF THE PYRAMID OR INCLUSIVE BUSINESS MODELS THAT ARE BEING DEVELOPED BY COMPANIES SUCH AS (INDUSTAN ,EVER 3!"-ILLER AND !NGLO !MERICAN AND BY THE 3HELL 6ODAFONE #OCA #OLA #ISCO 3YSTEMS AND 6IRGIN 5NITE FOUNDATIONS )N ALL CASES THESE COMPANIES AND CORPORATE FOUNDATIONS ARE LEVERAGING THEIR IMMENSE TALENT AND CAPACITY IN lELDS SUCH AS MARKETING PRODUCTION SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY IN ADDITION TO THEIR PHILANTHROPIC FUNDS OR CORPORATE SOCIAL INVESTMENT PROGRAMMES )N A GROWING NUMBER OF CASES LARGE COMPANIES ARE ALSO PARTNERING WITH INDIVIDUAL SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS TO DEVELOP ECONOMICALLY VIABLE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES FOR LOW INCOME COMMUNITIES
#OLLECTIVE ACTION 7HILE IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT MAJOR CORPORATIONS GET THEIR INDIVIDUAL OPERATIONS IN ORDER AND FOCUS ON WHAT THEY ARE BEST EQUIPPED TO DELIVER THERE IS POTENTIAL TO SCALE UP THEIR IMPACT AND ADDRESS MORE SYSTEMIC CHALLENGES THROUGH COLLECTIVE INITIATIVES WITH OTHER COMPANIES GOVERNMENTS AND DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS 4HESE INITIATIVES CAN BE FOCUSED ON A PARTICULAR COUNTRY OR REGION A SPECIlC DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGE OR A PARTICULAR INDUSTRY SECTOR %XAMPLES INCLUDE "USINESS !CTION FOR !FRICA 3OUTH !FRICA S .ATIONAL "USINESS )NITIATIVE AND "USINESS 4RUST 0HILIPPINES "USINESS FOR 3OCIAL 0ROGRESS 6IETNAM S "USINESS ,INKS )NITIATIVE 4ANZANIA S 0RIVATE 3ECTOR )NITIATIVE THE 'LOBAL "USINESS #OALITION !GAINST ()6 !)$S 4" AND -ALARIA AND THE 'LOBAL !LLIANCE FOR )MPROVED .UTRITION 4HE FOLLOWING THREE EXAMPLES FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE #OMMONWEALTH ILLUSTRATE THE POTENTIAL FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION IN MORE DETAIL AND HAVE RELEVANCE FOR OTHER COUNTRIES AND REGIONS
4HE !FRICAN )NVESTMENT #LIMATE &ACILITY )#& 4HE 7ORLD "ANK S $OING "USINESS INITIATIVE AND lNDINGS OF THE #OMMISSION FOR !FRICA HAVE BOTH EMPHASISED THE CRUCIAL NEED TO ADDRESS ISSUES SUCH AS PROPERTY RIGHTS AND CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT REGIONAL TRADE PROMOTION TAXATION AND CUSTOMS REFORM INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITATION LABOUR AND CAPITAL MARKET RESTRUCTURING REDUCTION OF RED TAPE AND THE CONTROL OF CORRUPTION AND CRIME IN ORDER TO IMPROVE !FRICA S INVESTMENT CLIMATE 4HE )#& IS AN INNOVATIVE NEW PUBLIC PRIVATE VEHICLE AIMED AT APPLYING BUSINESS PRINCIPLES AND RIGOROUS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO ADDRESS THIS CHALLENGE ,AUNCHED IN AS A FORMAL PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN !FRICAN AND DONOR GOVERNMENTS AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR )#& IS BASED IN AND RUN FROM !FRICA )TS PUBLIC PRIVATE COMPOSITION IS REmECTED IN ITS GOVERNANCE FUNDING AND OPERATIONAL STRUCTURES AND ITS RESULTS WILL BE ASSESSED ANNUALLY BY AN INDEPENDENT BOARD #O CHAIRED BY .IALL &ITZ'ERALD #HAIRMAN OF 2EUTERS AND "ENJAMIN -KAPA FORMER 0RESIDENT OF 4ANZANIA THE )#& S CORPORATE PARTNERS CURRENTLY INCLUDE !NGLO !MERICAN #ELTEL -ICROSOFT 3HELL 3!"-ILLER 3TANDARD "ANK AND 5NILEVER 4HESE CORPORATE PARTNERS ARE NOT ONLY PROVIDING FUNDING TO THE &ACILITY BUT HAVE ALSO COMMITTED TO SECOND PERSONNEL TO SERVE ON TASK
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FORCES AND TO SHARE EXPERTISE IN A VARIETY OF AREAS SUCH AS PROJECT MANAGEMENT EVALUATION AND REPORTING MARKET RESEARCH AND RISK MANAGEMENT !LTHOUGH STILL AT AN EARLY STAGE THIS MODEL MAY HAVE APPLICABILITY IN OTHER REGIONS WWW INVESTMENTCLIMATEFACILITY ORG
9OUTH "USINESS )NTERNATIONAL 9") 9OUNG PEOPLE MAKE UP ALMOST HALF THE WORLD S UNEMPLOYED -ANY HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO START THEIR OWN BUSINESS BUT LACK THE NECESSARY MEANS TO DO SO 4HIS REPRESENTS A TREMENDOUS WASTE OF TALENT BUT ALSO PROVIDES A GREAT OPPORTUNITY 4HE ),/ REPORTED THAT hHALVING THE WORLD S YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE WOULD ADD AN ESTIMATED PER CENT TO THE WORLD S '$0v 9") WAS CREATED BY THE )NTERNATIONAL "USINESS ,EADERS &ORUM AND 0RINCE S 4RUST TO ADDRESS THIS CHALLENGE )T IS A NETWORK OF LOCALLY BASED PROGRAMMES THAT PROVIDE SUPPORT TO ENTREPRENEURIAL YOUTH BY PROVIDING ACCESS TO START UP lNANCE AND A BUSINESS MENTOR WHO WORKS WITH THE YOUNG PERSON FOR THE CRUCIAL lRST FEW YEARS AS THEY DEVELOP THEIR BUSINESS 9") IS CURRENTLY ACTIVE IN COUNTRIES INCLUDING FROM THE #OMMONWEALTH AND WILL BE ANNOUNCING THE LAUNCH OF THE LATEST PROGRAMME 9OUTH "USINESS 5GANDA DURING THE #(/'/- MEETING %ACH LOCAL 9") PROGRAMME WORKS IN CLOSE PARTNERSHIP WITH THE BUSINESS COMMUNITY &OR EXAMPLE IN 3RI ,ANKA WHERE THE LOCAL 9") PROGRAMME RECENTLY CELEBRATED ITS TH ANNIVERSARY THERE HAS BEEN CONSIDERABLE SUPPORT FROM THE LOCAL #HAMBER OF #OMMERCE AND IN "ARBADOS STRONG SUPPORT FROM LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS HAS ENABLED MANY YOUNG PEOPLE TO START SUCCESSFUL BUSINESSES 4O DATE THE 9") .ETWORK HAS ENABLED OVER NEW BUSINESSES TO START AND THEY IN TURN HAVE PROVIDED EMPLOYMENT FOR MANY THOUSANDS OF OTHERS WWW YOUTH BUSINESS ORG
4HE 0UBLIC (EALTH &OUNDATION OF )NDIA 4HE QUALITY AFFORDABILITY AND REACH OF PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES IS A CRUCIAL FOUNDATION FOR BOTH ECONOMIC AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT YET IN MANY #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES THERE ARE SERIOUS INSTITUTIONAL AND HUMAN RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS TO DELIVERING GOOD SERVICES )N )NDIA A GROUP OF MAJOR CORPORATIONS AND FOUNDATIONS HAVE JOINED FORCES WITH THE GOVERNMENT AND DONOR AGENCIES IN A PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AIMED AT STRENGTHENING THE COUNTRY S PUBLIC HEALTH CAPACITY !S WITH THE )#& THE BUSINESS GOVERNMENT PHILANTHROPIC AND ACADEMIC PARTNERS IN THIS FOUNDATION PLAY A SHARED ROLE IN THE GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE AS WELL AS JOINTLY PROVIDING FUNDING EXPERTISE AND OTHER RESOURCES 4HE FOUNDATION AIMS TO ESTABLISH UP TO SEVEN NEW INSTITUTES OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN )NDIA IN ADDITION TO STRENGTHENING EXISTING PUBLIC HEALTH TRAINING AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS AND NETWORKS GENERATING POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS AND ESTABLISHING AN INDEPENDENT ACCREDITATION BODY WWW PHl ORG
3UPPORTING DEVELOPMENT GOALS !S THESE AND MANY OTHER EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATE THE PRIVATE SECTOR HAS AN INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT ROLE TO PLAY IN WORKING WITH GOVERNMENTS AND OTHERS TO ACHIEVE KEY DEVELOPMENT GOALS THROUGHOUT THE #OMMONWEALTH
4HREE AREAS OF ACTION ARE ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT FOR LEADERS IN BUSINESS AND THE PUBLIC SECTOR TO CONSIDER s %FFORTS TO MOBILISE REWARD AND SCALE UP THE POSITIVE CONTRIBUTIONS THAT COMPANIES CAN MAKE TO DEVELOPMENT EITHER INDIVIDUALLY THROUGH THE CREATION OF INCLUSIVE BUSINESS MODELS AND COMPETENCE LED PHILANTHROPY AND COMMUNITY SOCIAL INVESTMENT PROGRAMMES OR COLLECTIVELY THROUGH GROUPS OF COMPANIES WORKING TOGETHER TO SOLVE DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES s %FFORTS TO IDENTIFY MITIGATE AND MONITOR ANY NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND EXTERNALITIES ARISING FROM CORPORATE ACTIVITIES THROUGH INITIATIVES SUCH AS INDUSTRY WIDE STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES INTEGRITY PACTS AND MULTI STAKEHOLDER MONITORING ACCOUNTABILITY AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS s %FFORTS TO ENABLE THE PRIVATE SECTOR TO PLAY A LEGITIMATE ROLE IN IMPROVING THE BROADER ENABLING ENVIRONMENT AT A NATIONAL OR REGIONAL LEVEL n IN PARTICULAR THROUGH INITIATIVES TO STRENGTHEN PUBLIC GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS NOT ONLY IN THE ECONOMIC SPHERE BUT ALSO IN AREAS SUCH AS ANTI CORRUPTION AND STRENGTHENING PUBLIC HEALTH AND EDUCATION SYSTEMS ! GROWING NUMBER OF BUSINESS LEADERS COMPANIES AND INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS THROUGHOUT THE #OMMONWEALTH ARE STEPPING UP TO THE PLATE IN ALL OF THESE AREAS TO SUPPORT ECONOMIC AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT GOALS 4HE CENTRAL CHALLENGE FOR LEADERS IN BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT ALIKE IS TO DEVELOP NEW BUSINESS MODELS MARKET DRIVEN MECHANISMS AND CROSS SECTOR ALLIANCES THAT SERVE THE PUBLIC INTEREST WHILE MAKING SOUND BUSINESS SENSE AND THAT HARNESS THE COMPETENCES TECHNOLOGIES AND NETWORKS OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR WITHOUT REPLACING OR UNDERMINING THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS OR DESTROYING THE ABILITY OF BUSINESS TO CREATE LONG TERM VALUE 3UCCESS IN MEETING THIS CHALLENGE WILL BE ESSENTIAL TO FUTURE PROGRESS AND PROSPERITY IN THE #OMMONWEALTH
*ANE .ELSON IS THE FOUNDER $IRECTOR OF THE #ORPORATE 3OCIAL 2ESPONSIBILITY )NITIATIVE AT (ARVARD 5NIVERSITY S +ENNEDY 3CHOOL OF 'OVERNMENT AND $IRECTOR "USINESS ,EADERSHIP AND 3TRATEGY AT THE )NTERNATIONAL "USINESS ,EADERS &ORUM ! FORMER BANKER WITH #ITIGROUP WORKING IN !SIA %UROPE AND THE -IDDLE %AST SHE HAS WORKED IN THE OFlCE OF FORMER 5. 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL +Ol !NNAN PREPARING A REPORT ON 5. BUSINESS PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE 'ENERAL !SSEMBLY AND WITH THE 7ORLD "USINESS #OUNCIL FOR 3USTAINABLE $EVELOPMENT DURING THE 2IO %ARTH 3UMMIT 4HE )NTERNATIONAL "USINESS ,EADERS &ORUM )",& WORKS WITH BUSINESS GOVERNMENTS AND CIVIL SOCIETY TO ENHANCE THE CONTRIBUTION THAT COMPANIES CAN MAKE TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT )",& IS AN INDEPENDENT NOT FOR PROlT ORGANISATION CURRENTLY SUPPORTED BY OVER OF THE WORLD S LEADING BUSINESSES PROVIDING STRATEGIC COUNSEL TO COMPANIES TO ENABLE THEM TO UNDERSTAND AND RESPOND TO THE DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES THAT THEY FACE PARTICULARLY WHEN OPERATING IN TRANSITION AND EMERGING ECONOMIES )NTERNATIONAL "USINESS ,EADERS &ORUM #ORNWALL 4ERRACE 2EGENT S 0ARK ,ONDON .7 10 5+ 4EL \ &AX %MAIL INFO IBLF ORG \ 7EBSITE WWW IBLF ORG
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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3PECIAL &EATURE BY 2ENAISSANCE 'ROUP
4HE ROAD TO SUCCESS CAPITAL MARKETS IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA !FRICA HAS OVER PER CENT OF THE WORLD S POPULATION ON PER CENT OF ITS LANDMASS YET ACCOUNTS FOR ONLY TWO PER CENT OF ITS GLOBAL OUTPUT /F THE WORLD S POOREST ECONOMIES BY PER CAPITA '$0 ARE IN !FRICA !CROSS SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA THE AVERAGE LIFE EXPECTANCY IS AND RANGES AS LOW AS !S LATE AS #HINA S '$0 WAS 53 BN AND !FRICA S 53 BN 4ODAY ON A BASIS OF PURCHASING POWER PARITY 000 THE #HINESE ECONOMY IS ROUGHLY lVE TIMES BIGGER THAN THAT OF !FRICA $URING THE LAST QUARTER OF THE TH CENTURY ARGUABLY HISTORY S FASTEST PERIOD OF GLOBALISATION !FRICA WAS THE CONTINENT THAT THE WORLD ECONOMY IGNORED &OR THE PAST lVE YEARS THERE HAVE BEEN STRONG SIGNS THAT SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA IS NOW PLUGGING INTO THE GLOBAL ECONOMY '$0 HAS GROWN ON AVERAGE BY SEVEN PER CENT PER ANNUM THE FASTEST SUSTAINED GROWTH RATE FOR THE LAST YEARS )N EIGHT OF THE TOP FASTEST GROWING GLOBAL ECONOMIES WERE FROM THE SUB 3AHARAN REGION AND THREE WERE IN THE TOP 7HILE THE REST OF THE WORLD IS IMPORTING FROM #HINA SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA HAS BEEN INCREASING EXPORTS TO #HINA AT AN AVERAGE GROWTH RATE OF PER CENT PER YEAR SINCE &ROM COMPANIES LISTED ACROSS THE AVAILABLE LOCAL EXCHANGES IN TODAY THERE ARE AN INCREASE OF 4HERE IS A PIPELINE OF LOCAL COMPANIES FROM THE REGION LOOKING TO TAP INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS AND THERE IS PLENTY OF APPETITE AMONG THE GLOBAL INVESTMENT COMMUNITY !S HAS BEEN ILLUSTRATED AT VARIOUS TIMES BY THE 53 *APAN 3OUTH EAST !SIA %ASTERN %UROPE #HINA AND 2USSIA THE EARLY PERIOD DURING WHICH A REGION EMBRACES THE MAJOR TENETS BEHIND GLOBALISATION CAN BE INCREDIBLY VALUE CREATING !ND AS THESE REGIONS ALSO DEMONSTRATE THERE ARE NO COMMON GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIAL OR HISTORICAL CONDITIONS NECESSARY TO UNDERPIN THE TRANSFORMATION /F COURSE THERE ARE ALSO MANY EXAMPLES WHEN A BRIEF PERIOD OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND A SUDDEN RUSH OF CAPITAL INmOW HAVE RESULTED IN LITTLE MORE THAN INmATION AND A BOOST TO 3WISS PRIVATE BANKING )NDEED SUB 3AHARAN COUNTRIES HAVE PERHAPS SUFFERED MORE THAN MOST FROM THE DESTABILISING EFFECTS OF THESE BRIEF PERIODS OF MISGUIDED GLOBAL EXUBERANCE 4HE ARGUMENTS UNDERLYING THIS CURRENT RESURGENCE HOWEVER ARE COMPELLING
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
4HE !FRICAN ECONOMIC RESURGENCE 4HE HISTORICAL REASONS FOR !FRICA S CALAMITOUS ECONOMY ARE COMPLEX BUT INVOLVE THE INTERACTION OF FOUR ELEMENTS &IRSTLY THE SUSTAINED DECLINE IN REAL COMMODITY PRICES BETWEEN AND CAUSED A PROTRACTED PERIOD OF TRADE DETERIORATION 3ECONDLY SHORT TERMIST NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS AND THE #OLD 7AR CREATED THE CONDITIONS FOR UNSUSTAINABLE FOREIGN BORROWING TO COMPENSATE FOR THE WORSENING TERMS OF TRADE POSITION 4HIRDLY AS A RESULT OF EXCESSIVE FOREIGN BORROWING PRIVATE CAPITAL MARKETS EFFECTIVELY CLOSED THEIR DOORS TO !FRICA SHUTTING OUT THE FORCES OF GLOBALISATION &INALLY THE COMBINATION OF POOR GOVERNMENT UNSUSTAINABLE DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND LOW OR NEGATIVE GROWTH INEXORABLY LED TO THE DOWNWARD SPIRAL OF HYPER INmATION ECONOMIC MELTDOWN AND POLITICAL TURMOIL &OR MUCH OF SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA ALL OF THESE CONDITIONS ARE IMPROVING SIMULTANEOUSLY #OMMODITY PRICES ARE HIGH AND SUPPORTED BY LONG TERM AND HIGHLY VISIBLE DEMAND GROWTH &OREIGN DEBT HAS lNALLY BEEN CLEARED PRESENTING A WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY WHERE PRIVATE CAPITAL WILL NOT BE CROWDED OUT #HINA HAS ALREADY PROVIDED A BRIDGEHEAD INTO THE REGION WITH INVESTMENT OF OVER 53 BN IN THE LAST THREE YEARS AND PROMISES OF ANOTHER 53 BN IN THE NEXT lVE 4HE GLOBAL APPETITE FOR RISK IS HISTORICALLY HIGH AND IT IS A LACK OF OPPORTUNITY RATHER THAN LACK OF INTEREST WHICH IS PREVENTING GREATER lNANCIAL mOWS TO THE REGION &INALLY AND PERHAPS MOST CONTROVERSIALLY THERE SEEMS TO BE A POSITIVE DEMONSTRATION EFFECT ACROSS THE REGION FROM THOSE COUNTRIES BENElTING FROM MARKET BASED ECONOMIC GROWTH TO THE LAGGARDS
4HE .IGERIAN EXAMPLE .IGERIA IS ARGUABLY THE FASTEST GROWING CAPITAL MARKET IN THE WHOLE OF 3UB 3AHARAN !FRICA IF NOT THE ENTIRE CONTINENT )TS CAPITAL MARKET AND lNANCIAL SYSTEM ARE SHAPING UP TO BE THE MOST VIBRANT AND EXCITING IN THE WORLD AND ARE ILLUSTRATING THE KEY ROLE THEY CAN PLAY IN lNANCING GROWTH AND IN HELPING TO MODERNISE BUSINESS &IRST OF ALL MARKETS ARE BECOMING RELENTLESSLY MORE EFlCIENT AND ARE REACTING FASTER TO NEW OPPORTUNITIES 4HE SPEED OF DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN .IGERIA OUTSTRIPS ANYTHING EXPERIENCED IN OTHER MARKETS 4HUS IF THE RIGHT ENVIRONMENT IS ESTABLISHED THE REWARDS FROM THE .IGERIAN CAPITAL MARKETS WILL BE VERY LARGE AND VERY RAPID
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3ECONDLY THE INDIRECT IMPACT OF CAPITAL MARKETS ON INCENTIVES AND BEHAVIOUR IS AT LEAST AS IMPORTANT AS THE DIRECT IMPACT IN lNANCING INVESTMENT AND GROWTH 4HE MARKETS WILL MASSIVELY REWARD n THROUGH HIGH VALUATIONS AND LOW COST CAPITAL n THOSE WHO DEMONSTRATE SUPERIOR SKILLS IN BUILDING BUSINESS VALUE AND WHO ADHERE TO INTERNATIONAL CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRACTICE AND TRANSPARENCY 4HE REWARDS AND BY IMPLICATION THE COSTS FOR POOR PERFORMANCE WILL BE MASSIVE %VENTUALLY IT WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE TO BE A BUSINESS LEADER IN ANY INDUSTRY WITHOUT MEETING THESE BASIC REQUIREMENTS
AND TO HELP TO BUILD WORLD CLASS CAPITAL MARKETS WITHIN THIS REGION 7E ARE ALSO HELPING TO DEVELOP LOCAL CAPACITY AS WE BUILD OUR OWN FULL SERVICE DOMESTIC INVESTMENT BANK HEADQUARTERED IN ,AGOS AND .AIROBI MANAGED AND STAFFED BY .IGERIANS AND +ENYANS 7E ARE CREATING COMPETITION WITH LOCAL PLAYERS BUT WE ARE ALSO HELPING TO CREATE A VASTLY LARGER AND MORE SOPHISTICATED MARKET FOR EVERYONE n JUST IMAGINE WHAT HAPPENS TO THE AVERAGE DOMESTIC BROKER WHEN DAILY MARKET TURNOVER GOES FROM 53 MILLION TO 53 BILLION
4HIRDLY DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL WILL PLAY DIFFERENT ROLES BUT BOTH WILL MAKE VITAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF .IGERIA S MARKETS "USINESSES ARE BEING BUILT AND DEVELOPED BY .IGERIAN ENTREPRENEURS WHO WILL INAUGURATE AN AMAZING ARRAY OF EXCITING NEW SECTORS AND BUSINESSES )NTERNATIONAL CAPITAL CAN PROVIDE CHEAP RESPONSIVE MEANS TO lNANCE THIS GROWTH BUT WILL LARGELY SHY AWAY FROM CONTROLLING OR MANAGING THESE INVESTMENTS DUE TO PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 4HUS THE VAST MAJORITY OF SUCCESSFUL .IGERIAN BUSINESSES WILL BE LED MANAGED AND CONTROLLED BY .IGERIANS AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE INCREDIBLY DYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE BANKING SECTOR
4IME FOR A lRM COMMITMENT
4HE VITAL INTERPLAY OF DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL $OMESTIC CAPITAL MARKETS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO PLAY AN INCREASINGLY LARGE ROLE IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA S DEVELOPMENT )N .IGERIA DOMESTIC CAPITAL IS ACCUMULATING DRAMATICALLY AS DEMONSTRATED BY THE LARGE AND HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL PLACEMENTS BEING UNDERTAKEN BY THE MAJOR BANKS "EFORE LONG MOST LARGE AND MID SIZE EQUITY PLACEMENTS WILL BE DOMINATED BY DOMESTIC CAPITAL n CAPITAL THAT IS CLOSE TO HOME AND WELL INFORMED $ESPITE THIS .IGERIA WILL STILL NEED INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL FOR A COUPLE OF REASONS &IRST IT WILL AND ALREADY IS DRIVING VALUATIONS TO INTERNATIONAL LEVELS GIVING .IGERIAN COMPANIES ACCESS TO THE CHEAPEST POSSIBLE CAPITAL 3ECONDLY .IGERIA WILL NEED THE CAPACITY OF THE GLOBAL MARKETS WHEN IT COMES TO ITS OWN MULTI BILLION DOLLAR DEALS 4HIS WILL ONLY BE POSSIBLE IF THE GLOBAL MARKETS ALREADY HAVE A DEEP ENGAGEMENT WITH .IGERIA 4HIRDLY AND PERHAPS MOST IMPORTANTLY INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC MARKETS ARE NOT PARALLEL UNIVERSES 4HEY RAPIDLY INTEGRATE AND THIS WILL FORCE THE CONVERGENCE OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS TECHNIQUES AND PRACTICES THEREBY STIMULATING THE SIZE AND POWER OF THE DOMESTIC MARKET )N ORDER TO MAXIMISE THE BENElTS OF THIS INTEGRATION INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS MUST BE COMMITTED TO FOSTERING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOCAL MARKETS OVER THE LONG TERM &ICKLE MONEY WHICH COMES AND GOES WITH MINOR MARKET CORRECTIONS OR THE LURE OF THE LATEST HOT MARKET ELSEWHERE WILL HINDER RATHER THAN HELP THIS PROCESS 4HIS IS THE CORNERSTONE OF 2ENAISSANCE 'ROUP S OWN INVESTMENT IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA /UR GOALS ARE TWO FOLD TO GIVE LOCAL COMPANIES FULL AND OPEN ACCESS TO THE LOWEST COST AND MOST STABLE CAPITAL AVAILABLE GLOBALLY
3UB 3AHARAN !FRICA STILL FACES HUGE CHALLENGES BUT ENABLED BY A SUPPORTIVE GLOBAL BACKDROP FOR COMMODITY EXPORTERS HUGELY IMPROVED BALANCE SHEETS AND A POLITICAL COMMITMENT TO BETTER ECONOMIC POLICIES THE CONTINENT HAS PROBABLY TURNED THE CORNER ON ITS RELATIVE ECONOMIC DECLINE 4HE PACE OF CHANGE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE REGION IS NOW ON TRACK TO ACCELERATE TO BE AMONG THE HIGHEST GLOBALLY 4HE TIME HAS COME FOR INTERNATIONAL PLAYERS TO MAKE A lRM INVESTMENT COMMITMENT BY CREATING LONG TERM PARTNERSHIPS WITH LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS 4HE PROSPECTS ARE TREMENDOUS PERHAPS THE ONLY OPPORTUNITY OF COMPARABLE MAGNITUDE IN THE LAST YEARS WAS THAT WHICH EMERGED WITH THE BREAK UP OF THE 3OVIET 5NION 2ENAISSANCE 'ROUP COMPRISES INVESTMENT BANKING ASSET MANAGEMENT MERCHANT BANKING AND CONSUMER lNANCE COMPANIES SPECIALISING IN HIGH OPPORTUNITY EMERGING MARKETS )T BEGAN OPERATIONS IN 3UB 3AHARAN !FRICA IN AND IS ESTABLISHING THE LEADING PAN REGIONAL BANKING PLATFORM THROUGH OFlCES IN ,AGOS AND .AIROBI 2ENAISSANCE 'ROUP HAS INVESTED 53 MILLION IN !FRICA INCLUDING A SHARE IN %4) A LEADING BANKING FRANCHISE OPERATING IN COUNTRIES )N IT LED INTERNATIONAL EQUITY OFFERINGS BY .IGERIA S 5NITED "ANK FOR !FRICA AND !CCESS "ANK
.EIL (ARVEY #%/ !FRICA 4EL %MAIL .(ARVEY RENCAP COM /YINKAN !DEWALE -ANAGING $IRECTOR #HIEF /PERATING /FlCER !FRICA 4EL %MAIL /!DEWALE RENCAP COM !MISH 'UPTA $IRECTOR (EAD OF %AST !FRICA )NSTITUTIONAL 3ECURITIES 'ROUP 4EL %MAIL !'UPTA RENCAP COM WWW RENAISSANCEGROUP COM
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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3PECIAL &EATURE BY #&3 'ROUP
&INANCING PRIVATE INVESTMENT IN !FRICA (ELPED BY DRAMATIC INCREASES IN COMMODITY PRICES THERE HAS BEEN A GENERAL IMPROVEMENT IN !FRICA S OVERALL INVESTMENT LANDSCAPE PUNCTUATED BY INCREASING POLITICAL STABILITY lRMER CURRENCIES AND FALLING INTEREST RATES 4HIS HAS LED TO A RISE IN CROSS BORDER PAN !FRICAN INVESTMENTS FOR INSTANCE ACQUISITIONS IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR BY #ELTEL AND -4. )T HAS ALSO SPAWNED SEVERAL ENTREPRENEURS OF !FRICAN DESCENT PROMOTING NEW VENTURES THAT INVEST IN !FRICA ! MEMBER OF THE #&3 'ROUP 0IVOT #APITAL 0ARTNERS OFFERS INVESTMENT BANKING SERVICES ACROSS !FRICA !S ADVISORS TO VARIOUS CORPORATE AND INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS AND FROM DIRECT EXPERIENCE FROM THE #&3 'ROUP S PRIVATE EQUITY DIVISION WE CAN IDENTIFY SEVERAL FEATURES OF RECENT PRIVATE INVESTMENT IN !FRICA DESCRIBED IN THIS FEATURE
)NVESTMENT FOCUS +EY DETERMINANTS OF INVESTMENT IN !FRICA INCLUDE THE SIZE OF THE DOMESTIC MARKET SCALE AND CAPITAL INTENSITY OF A PROJECT 2ECOGNISING THAT THERE ARE MANY lXED COSTS TO BUSINESS IN !FRICA UNAFFECTED BY PROJECT SIZE INVESTORS GRAVITATE TOWARDS LARGE PROJECTS PREDOMINANTLY IN THE MINING OIL AND GAS AND ENERGY SECTORS $UE TO GREATER CONlDENCE IN !FRICA S LONGER TERM PROSPECTS AND A SUBSTANTIAL RISE IN TOURISM INVESTORS ARE ALSO INCREASINGLY INVESTING IN REAL ESTATE AND HOTELS 5NFORTUNATELY LIMITED INFRASTRUCTURE REMAINS A GREAT INHIBITOR OF INVESTMENT IN !FRICA #HALLENGES IN SECURING CONSISTENT ELECTRICITY SUPPLIES OR COMMUNICATION LINKS AS WELL AS EXORBITANT TRANSPORT COSTS WITHIN !FRICA FORCE INVESTORS TO DEVELOP PROJECTS THAT ARE RELATIVELY SELF SUFlCIENT IN ALL THESE AREAS THEREBY INCREASING THE OVERALL FUNDING REQUIRED !S SUCH PROJECTS ON THE CONTINENT TEND TO BE SIGNIlCANTLY MORE CAPITAL AND lXED ASSET INTENSIVE THAN SIMILAR PROJECTS ELSEWHERE
%QUITY FUNDING 'IVEN LIMITED LOCAL CAPACITY TO INVEST IN SUCH PROJECTS EQUITY IS PRIMARILY SOURCED FROM LARGE MULTINATIONALS OR INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS TAPPED THROUGH ESTABLISHED INVESTMENT VEHICLES AND OR INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS %QUITY FUNDING IS ALSO AVAILABLE FROM ESTABLISHED PAN !FRICAN PRIVATE EQUITY PRACTITIONERS LIKE !CTIS AS WELL AS AN INCREASING NUMBER OF DOMESTIC PLAYERS FROM COUNTRIES LIKE 3OUTH !FRICA BRANCHING OUT INTO FAMILIAR SECTORS IN THE REST OF THE CONTINENT
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
!SIDE FROM THE MUCH PUBLICISED INVESTMENT IN !FRICA BY #HINESE AND )NDIAN lRMS THERE IS ALSO GROWING INVESTMENT FROM LOCAL AND REGIONAL INVESTORS PARTICULARLY FROM THE -IDDLE %AST AND 3OUTH !FRICA !LTHOUGH 3OUTH !FRICA S INVESTMENT RECORD IN !FRICA IS WELL DOCUMENTED OTHER THAN -4# S 53 BILLION BUYOUT OF #ELTEL LESS ATTENTION HAS BEEN PAID TO ACTIVITY FROM THE -IDDLE %AST 3UCH INVESTOR GROUPS FROM THE -IDDLE %AST INCLUDE (2( 0RINCE !LWALEED S +INGDOM (OTEL )NVESTMENTS WHICH SINCE HAS ACQUIRED OR IS COMPLETING HOTELS IN NINE COUNTRIES ACROSS !FRICA )NDEED 2ENAISSANCE !FRICA !DVISORY AN ASSOCIATE OF THE #&3 'ROUP RECENTLY EXCLUSIVELY ADVISED THE SELLER WHO SOLD THE (OTEL )NTERCONTINENTAL ,USAKA TO +INGDOM (OTELS )NVESTMENTS
$EBT lNANCING &OR LARGER OIL AND GAS OR MINING PROJECTS WITH A RECOGNISED SPONSOR PROJECT lNANCING FROM CONSORTIA OF INTERNATIONAL lNANCIERS STRUCTURED USING POLITICAL RISK COVER AND INSURANCE WRAPS IS INCREASINGLY COMMONPLACE 4HERE HAS ALSO BEEN A RISE IN STRUCTURED lNANCE FOR RELATED PROJECTS SUCH AS THE 53 MILLION OIL SERVICES FACILITY FROM !FREXIMBANK AND 3TANDARD #HARTERED "ANK IN .IGERIA THAT WAS CO ARRANGED BY 0IVOT #APITAL 0ARTNERS 2EGIONAL DEVELOPMENT lNANCE INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS !FRICAN $EVELOPMENT "ANK AND $EVELOPMENT "ANK OF 3OUTH !FRICA HAVE ALSO BECOME IMPORTANT SOURCES OF PROJECT FUNDING ESPECIALLY FOR INITIATIVES DEVELOPED BY LOCAL PROMOTERS WITH LESS CAPITAL THAN THEIR MULTINATIONAL COUNTERPARTS
'OVERNMENT INITIATIVES 3OVEREIGN RATINGS 4HE GLOBAL TREND IS TOWARDS A RATINGS BASED APPROACH TO RISK ASSESSMENT 7ITH THE ADVENT OF HEDGE FUNDS AND OTHER INSTITUTIONAL INVESTMENT VEHICLES THAT RELY ON SUCH RATINGS INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL IS INCREASINGLY LIMITED TO THOSE DESTINATIONS WITH SOVEREIGN RATINGS /BTAINING A SOVEREIGN RATING FROM KEY RATING AGENCIES LIKE &ITCH 2ATINGS AND 3TANDARD 0OOR S IS THUS BECOMING THE INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED PREREQUISITE TO ATTRACTING AND PRICING INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL !FRICAN STATES HAVE TRADITIONALLY SHIED AWAY FROM BEING RATED EXPECTING THAT THEY WILL FARE POORLY WHEN BENCHMARKED AGAINST A GLOBAL STANDARD (OWEVER SINCE 5.$0 PROMOTED ITS RATINGS CAMPAIGN IN !FRICA
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,ESSONS FROM 'HANA 'HANA IS AN INCREASINGLY POPULAR DESTINATION FOR PRIVATE INVESTMENT AS EVIDENCED BY #&3 0RIVATE %QUITY S ACQUISITION OF +INGDOM 4RANSPORT 3ERVICES ,IMITED +43 IN .OVEMBER !S 'HANA S LEADING CONTRACT BUS COMPANY +43 ASSETS MAINLY COMPRISE VEHICLES AND WORKSHOPS (ISTORICALLY FUNDED BY SHORT TERM LOANS +43 WORKED CONCURRENTLY WITH THE 4RUST "ANK 'HANA TO REl NANCE MUCH OF THIS DEBT TO EXTEND ITS DEBT MATURITY PROl LE !S A RESULT +43 HAS BEEN ABLE TO UPGRADE ITS m EET AND WORKSHOP FACILITIES ACROSS 'HANA IN THE PROCESS BECOMING AN AUTHORISED SERVICE CENTRE FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES MANUFACTURED BY "-# "LUE "IRD AND 4ATA
3TANDARD 0OOR S HAS RATED OVER COUNTRIES WITH THEIR RATINGS COMPARING FAVOURABLY AGAINST THEIR PEERS WORLDWIDE #OUNTRIES LIKE %GYPT .IGERIA AND 3OUTH !FRICA WITH RATINGS COMPARABLE TO #HINA )NDIA AND 2USSIA HAVE BENEl TED FROM THE ENHANCED INTERNATIONAL CREDIBILITY AND CAPITAL m OWS 4HE REMAINING UNRATED COUNTRIES MAY SIMILARLY BENEl T FROM A RATING
2EGIONAL HARMONISATION !LTHOUGH !FRICA CONSISTS OF INDEPENDENT STATES MANY INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS TEND TO VIEW THE CONTINENT AS A SINGLE EMERGING MARKET 4HEREFORE TO ENSURE THE REGION REMAINS ATTRACTIVE TO INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL !FRICAN GOVERNMENTS SHOULD WORK TOGETHER TOWARDS REGIONAL INTEGRATION n HARMONISING INVESTMENT LEGAL AND TAX REGIMES WHENEVER POSSIBLE )NITIATIVES SUCH AS EXPANDING THE %AST !FRICAN #OMMUNITY RATHER THAN PROPOSALS THAT COUNTRIES SHOULD NOT JOIN MORE THAN ONE REGIONAL GROUPING E G #/-%3! AND 3!$# SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED !S !FRICA S INFRASTRUCTURE LAGS THAT OF MANY OF ITS PEERS CONCERTED REGIONAL EFFORT SHOULD BE MADE TO IMPROVE THIS &OR EXAMPLE TRANSPORTING FREIGHT BY ROAD AND RAIL WITHIN !FRICA IS ALMOST PROHIBITIVELY EXPENSIVE WITH COSTS COMPOUNDED BY DIFl CULTIES WITH TRANSHIPMENT BETWEEN NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES ARISING FROM DIFFERENCES IN THE GAUGES OF THE RAILWAY LINES AND OR THE MAXIMUM LOADS ALLOWABLE BY TRUCK !LTHOUGH UNIFORMITY IN INFRASTRUCTURAL PLATFORMS IS NOT ESSENTIAL SIMPLIl ED TRANSPARENT AND CONSISTENTLY APPLIED REGULATORY ENVIRONMENTS WOULD BE VERY BENEl CIAL
#APITAL MARKETS #APITAL MARKETS CAN PROVIDE FUNDING FOR THE GROWTH OF LISTED COMPANIES EITHER THROUGH A RIGHTS ISSUE OR THE LISTING OF OTHER CORPORATE SECURITIES SUCH AS BONDS !LTHOUGH THESE SECURITIES ACCOUNT FOR A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF THE OVERALL CAPITALISATION OF GLOBAL CAPITAL MARKETS THE USE OF SUCH INSTRUMENTS IN !FRICA IS LIMITED OUTSIDE ITS PRIMARY MARKETS 4HIS IS PARTLY DUE TO AN INABILITY TO ISSUE LONG DATED INSTRUMENTS AS THERE IS LITTLE FAMILIARITY WITH OR YIELD CURVES DEVELOPED FOR LONGER TENORS 'OVERNMENT DEBT TYPICALLY PROVIDES THE BENCHMARK AGAINST WHICH YIELD CURVES ARE DEVELOPED TO PRICE CORPORATE DEBT OF SIMILAR TENORS 5NFORTUNATELY MANY !FRICAN GOVERNMENTS DO NOT BORROW LONG TERM FROM THE DOMESTIC MARKETS PREFERRING TO RELY ON DONOR FUNDING
)N GENERAL +43 DISCOVERED THAT 53 DOLLAR FUNDING TO MATCH ITS LONG TERM 53 DOLLAR CONTRACTS WAS LIMITED !LTHOUGH LOCAL CURRENCY FUNDING WAS MORE READILY AVAILABLE SUCH FUNDING IS LIMITED TO THREE YEARS AND IS TYPICALLY PRICED OFF THE OVERNIGHT BANK LENDING RATE $EVELOPING A BENCHMARK FOR LONG TERM l NANCING WOULD THEREFORE CLEARLY ASSIST BUSINESSES WITH SUBSTANTIAL INVESTMENTS IN l XED ASSETS )MPROVING LOCAL CAPACITY TO DEAL IN EQUITY INSTRUMENTS WOULD ALSO HELP AS EVIDENCED BY +43 SUSPENDING A CONVERTIBLE LOAN INITIATIVE AFTER A LOCAL PRIVATE EQUITY l RM S DUE DILIGENCE PROCESS EXCEEDED MONTHS 4HE LOAN IS NOW BEING COMPLETED WITH AN OFFSHORE GROUP MORE FAMILIAR WITH SUCH TRANSACTIONS
FOR SUCH NEEDS !CCORDINGLY PROSPECTS OF A BENCHMARK FOR LONGER TERM l NANCING ARE LIMITED RESTRICTING FUNDING OF RELATED TENORS !TTEMPTS ARE THEREFORE BEING MADE BY OTHER PLAYERS ESPECIALLY DEVELOPMENT l NANCE INSTITUTIONS LIKE THE %AST !FRICAN $EVELOPMENT "ANK AND 04! "ANK TO STIMULATE LOCAL DEBT CAPITAL MARKETS BY ISSUING LONGER TERM LOCAL CURRENCY DEBT )NDEED MY COLLEAGUES AND ) WORKED CLOSELY WITH 04! "ANK ON 4ANZANIA S l RST SEVEN YEAR l XED RATE LOCAL CURRENCY BOND 3UBSEQUENTLY LISTED ON THE $AR ES 3ALAAM 3TOCK %XCHANGE THIS BOND ISSUE PROVIDED VALUABLE DEPTH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LONG TERM BENCHMARK IN 4ANZANIA
#ONCLUSION )N SHORT !FRICA S INVESTMENT CLIMATE HAS VASTLY IMPROVED WITH SEVERAL INDIGENOUS l NANCIAL INSTITUTIONS LED BY BANKS FROM .IGERIA AND 3OUTH !FRICA FOLLOWING THEIR CLIENTS ACROSS THE CONTINENT THEREBY CREATING GREATER INTEGRATION OF !FRICA S l NANCIAL SYSTEMS IN THEIR WAKE )NVESTOR CONl DENCE IS HIGH BUOYED BY SEVERAL !FRICAN GOVERNMENTS IMPLEMENTING STABLE PREDICTABLE POLICIES WITH CLEARLY ARTICULATED OBJECTIVES !S !FRICA IS NOT A SINGLE STATE DEVELOPMENT IS NATURALLY AT DIFFERENT STAGES ACROSS THE REGION BUT THE GENERAL TREND REMAINS ONE OF PROGRESS TOWARDS MEETING !FRICA S DEVELOPMENT GOALS
4HIS ARTICLE WAS WRITTEN BY 3ULEIMAN ) +IGGUNDU *R $EPUTY #HAIRMAN OF 0IVOT #APITAL 0ARTNERS (EADQUARTERED IN "OTSWANA WITH OFl CES IN COUNTRIES ACROSS !FRICA 0IVOT #APITAL 0ARTNERS IS THE ADVISORY AND SPECIALISED l NANCE ARM OF THE #&3 'ROUP 4HE #&3 'ROUP IS A DIVERSIl ED l NANCIAL SERVICES GROUP ENGAGED IN INVESTMENT BANKING SPECIALISED l NANCE AND PRIVATE EQUITY ACTIVITIES THROUGHOUT !FRICA -ORE DETAILS AT WWW CFSHOLDINGS COM -ORE DETAILS ON 0IVOT #APITAL 0ARTNERS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM WWW PIVOTCP COM BY EMAIL TO INFO PIVOTCP COM OR BY CONTACTING THE FOLLOWING OFl CES +GALE #OURT -ILLENNIUM /Fl CE 0ARK -ILLENNIUM /Fl CE 0ARK 0 / "OX 'ABORONE "OTSWANA 4EL &AX
'LENEAGLES &AIRWAY /Fl CE 0ARK 'ROSVENOR 2OAD "RYANSTON 0 "AG 8 3ANDTON 3OUTH !FRICA 4EL &AX
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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$R 7OLFGANG 0ALZ #HAIRMAN 7ORLD #OUNCIL FOR 2ENEWABLE %NERGIES
2ENEWABLE ENERGIES ON THEIR WAY TO CONQUER WORLD MARKETS %NERGY IS A BASIC NEED OF OUR ECONOMY 9ET THE WORLD RELIES PRIMARILY ON THE POLLUTING AND EXHAUSTIBLE FOSSIL ENERGIES #ONSEQUENTLY WE ARE FACED TODAY WITH THREE ESSENTIAL GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES SECURITY OF ENERGY SUPPLY DEPLETION OF CONVENTIONAL FOSSIL ENERGY RESOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE THAT IS BY AND LARGE A RESULT OF CURRENT ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 4HE OVERARCHING SOLUTION FOR ALL THESE PROBLEMS IS THE SPEEDY DEVELOPMENT OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGIES 2% n THOSE DERIVED FROM THE SUN THE WIND AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY WATER mOW AND OTHER SOURCES 7HAT USED TO BE AN ECOLOGIST S DREAM JUST YEARS AGO HAS RECENTLY BECOME AN ECONOMIC REALITY IN A DECADE OF DOUBLE DIGIT GROWTH RATES REACHING IN MANY SECTORS PER CENT PER YEAR RENEWABLE ENERGIES HAVE BEEN A SHINING STAR IN SOME NATIONAL ECONOMIES AND STOCK MARKETS 'LOBAL INVESTMENTS ARE EXCEEDING 53 BILLION PER ANNUM AND HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF NEW JOBS HAVE BEEN CREATED 7ALL 3TREET BANKERS HAVE BECOME EXPERTS IN WIND AND SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES "EING AN EMERGING MARKET SEGMENT RENEWABLE ENERGIES ARE STILL DEPENDENT ON POLITICAL SUPPORT 4HE %UROPEAN 5NION CURRENTLY LEADING THE WORLD IN THIS lELD IS TARGETING SHARES OF OVER PER CENT RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY IN THREE YEARS TIME AND PER CENT RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN %UROPE S OVERALL CONSUMPTION BY n THREE TIMES MORE THAN TODAY %XPERTS BELIEVE THAT IN THE LONG RUN THESE INEXHAUSTIBLE AND CLEAN ENERGIES HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO PROVIDE THE WORLD WITH NEARLY ALL OF ITS ENERGY NEEDS 7HAT IS STILL IN ITS INFANCY IS THE DEPLOYMENT OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THIS IS IMPORTANT SINCE 2% ARE PARTICULARLY SUITED FOR PROMOTING PROGRESS AND PEACE FOR TWO BILLION PEOPLE LACKING TODAY ANY FORM OF MODERN ENERGY SUPPLY
)NTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY PROMOTION 3INCE THE 7ORLD 3UMMIT IN *OHANNESBURG IN WHERE THEY DOMINATED THE AGENDA 2% HAVE AT LAST GAINED GENERAL RECOGNITION OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO PROVIDE THE WORLD WITH CLEAN INEXHAUSTIBLE AND DECENTRALISED ENERGY THAT IS ACCESSIBLE TO ALL
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
!T PRESENT THE WORLD IS BEING ALARMED ANEW BY THE PROSPECT OF A DANGEROUS AND COSTLY CLIMATE CHANGE FOR WHICH FOSSIL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IS THE MAIN DRIVING FORCE THE 5. )0## REPORT PRESENTED AT THE BEGINNING OF CALLS FOR IMMEDIATE ACTION TO ALLEVIATE CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE COSTS IN HUMAN LIVES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH THAT GO WITH IT AFTER IT MAY HAVE BECOME IRREVERSIBLE 4HE ONLY ENERGIES THAT QUALIFY TO AVOID THAT DISASTER FOR MANKIND ARE THE 2% AS THEY EMIT NO GREENHOUSE GASES -OREOVER MOST EXPERTS AGREE THAT BY THE MIDDLE OF THIS CENTURY MOST FOSSIL RESOURCES OF THE GLOBE WITH THE EXCEPTION OF COAL WILL HAVE BEEN USED UP (ERE AGAIN 2% OFFER THE RIGHT SOLUTION BECAUSE THE SUN WILL CONTINUE TO SHINE "UT THE CHALLENGE IS TREMENDOUS THE CHANGE OF PARADIGM FROM FOSSIL TO RENEWABLE RESOURCES IMPLIES IN NOT MORE THAN YEARS THE COMPLETE RESTRUCTURING OF THE CURRENT ENERGY SYSTEM THAT REPRESENTS A GLOBAL BUSINESS OF TRILLIONS OF DOLLARS AND WE ARE RUNNING OUT OF TIME )N THAT RESPECT THE RENEWABLES HAVE THE EDGE OVER CONVENTIONAL SOLUTIONS )T MAY TAKE A WHOLE DECADE TO GET A NEW CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANT ON STREAM BUT ONLY WEEKS TO BUILD A WIND OR SOLAR PLANT
"EING AN EMERGING MARKET SEGMENT RENEWABLE ENERGIES ARE STILL DEPENDENT ON POLITICAL SUPPORT 4HE LIMITS ON FOSSIL RESOURCES AND THE RESTRICTION OF THEIR AVAILABILITY TO A FEW REGIONS ALREADY HAVE AN EFFECT ON TODAY S MARKET PRICES NOT ONLY IN YEARS TIME THE OIL PRICE THAT LEADS THE MARKET PRICE OF ALL FOSSIL ENERGIES STANDS NOW AT n SIX TIMES MORE THAN A FEW YEARS AGO 4HE PRICE OF lSSILE URANIUM HAS INCREASED IN THE LAST SIX YEARS BY A FACTOR OF TEN /N THE OTHER HAND THE PRICES FOR 2% ACROSS THE BOARD ARE DECREASING THANKS TO THE ECONOMIES OF SCALE FACILITATED BY THE GLOBALISATION OF THE ENERGY MARKETS -ARKET BASED COMPETITION WILL IN A FEW YEARS TIME ALREADY SWING IN FAVOUR OF THE 2% AND THE POLITICAL INCENTIVES THAT ARE NECESSARY TODAY CAN BE PHASED OUT )NVESTMENT DECISIONS ON NEW POWER PLANTS THAT OPERATE FOR YEARS SHOULD TAKE THIS PERSPECTIVE INTO ACCOUNT 3TICKING SIMPLY TO INVESTMENTS IN CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES WILL NOT BE
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! YOUNG WOMAN REPAIRING SOLAR PANELS
SAFE AS IT MAY LOOK EVEN 7ALL 3TREET FEELS ALARMED AND IS GETTING SERIOUS ABOUT THE RENEWABLES ,AST BUT NOT LEAST WE SEE AN EXTRA BENElT FOR 2% THAT RATES HIGH ON THE AGENDA OF ANY ENERGY POLICY n ENERGY SECURITY WITH LESS DEPENDENCE ON IMPORTS 4HE SUN SHINES EVERYWHERE AND WIND RESOURCES ARE WIDESPREAD AS WELL WHEREAS n JUST AS AN EXAMPLE n PER CENT OF THE WORLD S RESERVES OF NATURAL GAS ARE IN THE GROUND OF TINY 1ATAR IN THE 'ULF
4HE PRICES FOR 2% ACROSS THE BOARD ARE DECREASING THANKS TO THE ECONOMIES OF SCALE FACILITATED BY THE GLOBALISATION OF THE ENERGY MARKETS 4HE RENEWABLE ENERGIES SHARE IN TODAY S ENERGY MARKETS 2% FOR POWER GENERATION )N THE GLOBAL POWER SECTOR PER CENT OF ALL INVESTMENTS GO CURRENTLY TO 2% POWER ,ARGE HYDRO AND THE @NEW 2% IN ORDER OF MARKET SHARE WIND POWER SMALL HYDRO BIO POWER PHOTOVOLTAICS AND SO ON TOGETHER SLIGHTLY EXCEED THE OVERALL CAPACITY OF ALL NUCLEAR PLANTS )T IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT THE 2% DEVELOP CURRENTLY MUCH FASTER THAN THE ATOMIC POWER PLANTS IN SIX ATOMIC POWER PLANTS WERE RETIRED FROM THE GRID AND NO NEW ONES ADDED WHEREAS GIGAWATTS '7 OF NEW WIND CAPACITY WAS INSTALLED WORLDWIDE A BUSINESS OF 53 BILLION 'LOBAL WIND CAPACITY HAS REACHED '7 A TENFOLD INCREASE OVER 'ERMANY OWNS PER CENT OF THAT CAPACITY FOLLOWED BY THE 53! 3PAIN )NDIA #HINA AND OTHERS #ANADA AND &RANCE WERE LAST YEAR DOUBLING THEIR WIND MARKET GROWTH RATES !PPROXIMATELY '7 OF SMALL HYDRO INSTALLATIONS WERE IN OPERATION LAST YEAR 4HE WORLD MARKET LEADER IS #HINA "IO POWER REPRESENTS TODAY OVER '7 OF GLOBAL CAPACITY )T COMPRISES SUCH DIFFERENT SECTORS AS CO lRING OF WOOD IN COAL PLANTS OR DEDICATED BIO POWER PLANTS SMALL CO GENERATION PLANTS EMPLOYING VEGETABLE OILS BIOGAS PLANTS FEEDING INTO POWER GENERATORS ETC 4HE TWO LATTER SECTORS ARE DEVELOPING MOST RAPIDLY IN 'ERMANY THE WORLD LEADER IN THESE AREAS 4HE MOST @NOBLE AMONG THE 2% IS SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS 06 THE SEMICONDUCTOR PLATES THAT CONVERT RADIATION DIRECTLY INTO ELECTRICITY WITHOUT ANY MOVING PART '7 OF 06 ARE CURRENTLY IN OPERATION A SEVENFOLD INCREASE WITH RESPECT TO /NE THIRD OF THAT CAPACITY IS INSTALLED IN 'ERMANY FOLLOWED BY *APAN AND #ALIFORNIA 4HE GLOBAL 06 BUSINESS EXCEEDS € BILLION A YEAR -OST OF THE 06 PLANTS INSTALLED IN THE INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES ARE GRID CONNECTED THEY COME IN ANY SIZE FROM MICROWATTS IN WATCHES KILOWATT PLANTS FOR BUILDINGS AND LARGER GROUND MOUNTED INSTALLATIONS UP TO MEGAWATTS #OMBINED WITH BATTERY STORAGE 06 IS IDEALLY SUITED FOR INDEPENDENT POWER GENERATION FOR INSTANCE IN REMOTE
VILLAGES FOR LIGHTING AND COMMUNICATION PER CENT OF WORLD PRODUCTION GOES TO APPLICATIONS OF THIS KIND IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FOR THE BENElT OF THE POOR /VERALL A WEALTHY 2% POWER INDUSTRY HAS DEVELOPED WITH BILLIONS IN EURO INVESTMENTS -OST OF THE PARTICIPANTS ARE SMALL OR MEDIUM SIZE COMPANIES ABOUT NEW JOBS HAVE BEEN CREATED IN THE LAST FEW YEARS IN THIS NEW INDUSTRY
2ENEWABLE BIOFUELS FOR TRANSPORT 4HE WORLD RELIES TODAY FOR THREE PER CENT OF ITS FUEL CONSUMPTION ON LIQUID BIOFUELS MORE THAN THREE QUARTERS OF GLOBAL BIO ALCOHOL FOR TRANSPORT IS PRODUCED AND USED IN "RAZIL AND THE 53 )N "RAZIL ITS SHARE IN PETROL CONSUMPTION IS PER CENT n IT IS USED PURE OR BLENDED IN THE COUNTRY 4HE 53 CURRENTLY PRODUCES MILLION TONNES OF ETHANOL PER YEAR SLIGHTLY MORE THAN "RAZIL 4HE 53 DEVELOPMENT IS BREATHTAKING PRODUCTION HAS TRIPLED OVER THE LAST THREE YEARS AND IS SUPPOSED TO DOUBLE IN A YEAR S TIME 4HE 53 INVESTED 53 BILLION IN AND CREATED NEW JOBS IN THE SECTOR %THANOL IN THE 53 IS CORN BASED AND SUBSIDISED "RAZIL EMPLOYS SUGAR CANE AS A FEEDSTOCK THAT IS MORE ECONOMIC AND NEEDS NO SUBSIDY 4HERE ARE DISAGREEMENTS WITHIN THE 53 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ON A POSSIBLE OVER RELIANCE ON ALCOHOL IMPORTANT 53 PLAYERS SEE THE RISK OF PRESSURES ON FOOD AND FEED SUPPLY AND INCONSISTENCIES WITH MARKET DEMAND
#OMBINED WITH BATTERY STORAGE 06 IS IDEALLY SUITED FOR INDEPENDENT POWER GENERATION FOR INSTANCE IN REMOTE VILLAGES FOR LIGHTING AND COMMUNICATION 4HE %5 HAS lXED A TARGET OF SIX PER CENT BIOFUELS CONTRIBUTION IN THE TRANSPORT MARKET BY &OR %UROPEAN AGRICULTURE PLAGUED AS IT IS BY OVER PRODUCTION OF FOOD AND SET ASIDE REGIMES BIOFUELS ARE SEEN AS A WELCOME NEW OPPORTUNITY !N EMERGING MARKET SEGMENT OF BIOFUELS ARE THE VEGETABLE OILS AND THE DERIVED BIODIESEL 4HEY ARE CULTIVATED WITH THE HIGHEST PRODUCTIVITY AS PALM OIL IN 3OUTH EAST !SIA n WITH THE RISING CONCERN THAT FORESTS ARE BEING CLEARED TO GIVE WAY FOR NEW PLANTATIONS
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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%RECTING SOLAR ELECTRIC PANELS 4ANZANIA
4HE %UROPEAN 5NION HAS ADOPTED THE AMBITIOUS GOAL OF TRIPLING THE 2% SHARE OVER THE NEXT YEARS TO PER CENT PER CENT OF POWER GENERATION FROM 2% WILL BE ACHIEVED BY /N THE OTHER HAND THE 53 n LEAVING ASIDE THEIR CONTROVERSIAL PER CENT BIOFUEL TARGET IN TRANSPORT BY n HAS TODAY A 2% POWER SHARE OF PER CENT AND DOES NOT THINK IT COULD GET TO PER CENT WITHIN THE NEXT TWO DECADES *APAN HAS JUST DECIDED IT WANTS TO ACHIEVE 2% ELECTRICITY SALES OF A MEAGRE PER CENT BY 7HAT IS NEEDED MOST NOW IS TO RAISE AWARENESS ABOUT 2% FACTS AND lGURES AND THE UNIQUE ROLE OF RENEWABLES IN CONTROLLING CLIMATE CHANGE !S THE CLIMATE EXPERTS HAVE JUST MADE CLEAR THE ALTERNATIVE IS TO LEAVE OUR CHILDREN A WORLD IN JEOPARDY
2% FOR HEATING AND COOLING #HINA IS THE MARKET LEADER FOR SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS THE #HINESE MARKET IS NOT SUBSIDISED AND HAS REACHED A VOLUME OF MILLION SQUARE METRES OF NEW COLLECTORS EVERY YEAR MILLION SOLAR WATER HEATERS ARE NOW IN OPERATION IN THE COUNTRY )N %UROPE THE MARKETS FOR WOOD PELLET STOVES AND GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS ARE BOOMING WITH GROWTH RATES OF MORE THAN PER CENT
@0ASSIVE SOLAR ARCHITECTURE COUPLED WITH SOLAR COLLECTOR INTEGRATION HAS ONE OF THE HIGHEST POTENTIALS FOR 2% UTILISATION ,AST BUT NOT LEAST n THE TREMENDOUS EFFORTS PARTICULARLY IN %UROPE TOWARDS LOW ENERGY HOUSING AND SOLAR ARCHITECTURE MUST BE MENTIONED @0ASSIVE SOLAR ARCHITECTURE COUPLED WITH SOLAR COLLECTOR INTEGRATION HAS ONE OF THE HIGHEST POTENTIALS FOR 2% UTILISATION
/UTLOOK 4HE 2% BENElTED IN THE LAST FEW YEARS FROM A SIGNIlCANT MARKET DEVELOPMENT THAT IS ENCOURAGING FOR THE FUTURE RENEWABLES HAVE DElNITELY ENTERED THE MAINSTREAM OF GLOBAL ENERGY MARKETS 4HE NEW 2% MASS MARKETS WILL RAPIDLY GAIN IN COMPETITIVENESS AGAINST CONVENTIONAL ENERGIES 4HEIR PROGRESS IS UNSTOPPABLE "UT THE CHALLENGES AHEAD ARE TREMENDOUS #HINA IS AGGRESSIVELY DEVELOPING NEW COAL PLANTS FOR POWER GENERATION AND WILL IN TWO YEARS TIME BECOME THE COUNTRY EMITTING THE MOST CARBON DIOXIDE AND THERE IS EVERY CHANCE THAT THE WORLD WILL TRY TO CONSUME THE REMAINING OIL AND NATURAL GAS RESOURCES TO THE VERY LAST DROPLET
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
7HAT IS NEEDED MOST NOW IS TO RAISE AWARENESS ABOUT 2% FACTS AND lGURES AND THE UNIQUE ROLE OF RENEWABLES IN CONTROLLING CLIMATE CHANGE 7OLFGANG 0ALZ 0H $ IS #HAIRMAN OF THE 7ORLD #OUNCIL FOR 2ENEWABLE %NERGIES )N THE MID S HE PUBLISHED 3OLAR %LECTRICITY AN %CONOMIC !PPROACH TO 3OLAR %NERGY 5.%3#/ 0ARIS &OR YEARS HE WAS IN CHARGE OF THE %UROPEAN 5NION S RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALL RENEWABLE ENERGY )N HE DEVELOPED THE TARGET lGURES FOR 2% IMPLEMENTATION IN %UROPE BY THAT WERE ADOPTED BY THE %5 #OMMISSION IN ITS lRST 7HITE 0APER PUBLISHED THAT YEAR HE WAS TOO PESSIMISTIC MOST OF THESE GOALS WILL ACTUALLY BE EXCEEDED (E HAS BEEN CHOSEN AS A WIND ENERGY PIONEER BY THE "RITISH 7IND %NERGY !SSOCIATION AND WON %UROPEAN AWARDS FOR HIS WORK IN PHOTOVOLTAICS WIND POWER AND BIOMASS (E HAS ALSO RECEIVED THE /RDER OF -ERIT FROM THE &EDERAL 2EPUBLIC OF 'ERMANY 4HE 7ORLD #OUNCIL FOR 2ENEWABLE %NERGY 7#2% IS THE GLOBAL VOICE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY )T OPERATES INDEPENDENTLY AND FREE OF THE VESTED INTERESTS OF THE PRESENT GLOBAL ENERGY SYSTEM !S A NON PROlT AND NON GOVERNMENTAL GLOBALLY WORKING ORGANISATION IT IS FOCUSED ON DEVELOPING POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY )TS MISSION IS TO BRING 2% INTO THE MAINSTREAM OF WORLD ECONOMY AND LIFESTYLE )T SEEKS TO CONVINCE GLOBAL OPINION OF THE POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE ENERGY WHILE SHOWING THE UNDESIRABLE DEVELOPMENTS DANGERS HIDDEN COSTS AND DAMAGE TO CIVILIZATION CAUSED BY CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SUPPLY 7ORLD #OUNCIL FOR 2ENEWABLE %NERGY 7#2% C O %52/3/,!2 E 6 +AISER &RIEDRICH 3TR "ONN 'ERMANY 4EL &AX %MAIL INFO WCRE ORG 7EBSITE WWW WCRE ORG
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"ENET .ORTHCOTE #HIEF 0OLICY !DVISER 'REENPEACE 5+
%NERGY FOR DEVELOPMENT A NON NUCLEAR FUTURE !CROSS THE #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES ARE BUILDING NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS )T SEEMS A NUCLEAR RENAISSANCE IS UNDER WAY THAT THE TWIN THREATS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY SECURITY MEAN GOVERNMENTS ARE GIVING A GREEN LIGHT TO A MASSIVE EXPANSION IN NUCLEAR POWER ACROSS THE GLOBE 4HE AUTHOR POINTS OUT THE MAJOR DIFl CULTIES WITH THIS ENERGY STRATEGY AND OFFERS ANOTHER APPROACH )N TRUTH NUCLEAR POWER SIMPLY CANNOT MAKE A BIG ENOUGH CONTRIBUTION TO THE WORLD S ENERGY NEEDS TO BEGIN TO MEET THE CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGE 7HILE SOME OF THE BIGGER #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES MIGHT EMBRACE IT )NDIA PLANS TO BUILD NEARLY IT WILL STILL MAKE ONLY A TINY CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL ENERGY NEEDS !ND A MASSIVE INCREASE IN NUCLEAR POWER WILL MAKE THE WORLD A MUCH MORE DANGEROUS PLACE 4HE GRAVE DANGER IS THAT NUCLEAR POWER WILL DISTRACT FROM THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE EFl CIENT DECENTRALISED ENERGY SYSTEMS THAT CAN PROVIDE THE SOLUTIONS WE NEED 7E KNOW THAT A TRUE ENERGY REVOLUTION BASED ON RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFl CIENCY CAN DELIVER CARBON DIOXIDE #/ CUTS WHILE ENSURING WE MEET OUR -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS
)F WE DO NOT TAKE URGENT AND IMMEDIATE ACTION TO STOP GLOBAL WARMING THE DAMAGE COULD BECOME IRREVERSIBLE 4HE SCIENCE TELLS US AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURES OF MORE THAN DEGREES # WILL LEAD TO SOME SHOCKING CLIMATE CONSEQUENCES BE IT THE MELTING OF THE 'REENLAND ICE SHEET OR THE COLLAPSE OF THE !MAZON RAIN FOREST )MAGINE THAT THE VERY FOREST THAT ACTS AS A LUNG FOR THE WORLD AND IS HOME TO A BEWILDERING VARIETY OF SPECIES BEING WIPED OUT WITHIN A GENERATION #LIMATE CHANGE IS ALREADY HARMING PEOPLE AND ECOSYSTEMS )TS REALITY CAN BE SEEN IN DISINTEGRATING POLAR ICE THAWING PERMAFROST DYING CORAL REEFS RISING SEA LEVELS AND FATAL HEAT WAVES )T IS NOT ONLY SCIENTISTS THAT ARE WITNESSING THESE CHANGES &ROM THE )NUIT IN THE FAR NORTH TO ISLANDERS NEAR
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
%NERGY FOR DEVELOPMENT #LEAN ENERGY IS ESSENTIAL TO DEVELOPMENT (ALVING HUNGER WILL NOT COME ABOUT WITHOUT ENERGY FOR MORE PRODUCTIVE GROWING HARVESTING PROCESSING AND MARKETING OF FOOD )MPROVING HEALTH AND REDUCING DEATH RATES WILL NOT HAPPEN WITHOUT ENERGY FOR THE REFRIGERATION NEEDED FOR CLINICS HOSPITALS AND VACCINATION CAMPAIGNS 4HE WORLD S GREATEST CHILD KILLER ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION WILL NOT BE TACKLED WITHOUT DEALING WITH SMOKE FROM COOKING l RES IN THE HOME #HILDREN WILL NOT STUDY AT NIGHT WITHOUT LIGHT IN THEIR HOMES #LEAN WATER WILL NOT BE PUMPED OR TREATED WITHOUT ENERGY -AKE NO MISTAKE WE NEED TO BE AMBITIOUS IF WE ARE TO TACKLE THIS MOST CRITICAL OF CHALLENGES 7E MUST NOT BE AFRAID OF TAKING THE TOUGH DECISIONS AND INTRODUCING REAL STRUCTURAL REFORM )F WE DO NOT THEN THE WORLD IS IN SERIOUS TROUBLE FOR THE THREAT OF CATASTROPHIC CLIMATE CHANGE IS VERY REAL
THE %QUATOR PEOPLE ARE ALREADY STRUGGLING WITH THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE !N AVERAGE GLOBAL WARMING OF DEGREES # THREATENS MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF HUNGER MALARIA m OODING AND WATER SHORTAGES .EVER BEFORE HAS HUMANITY BEEN FORCED TO GRAPPLE WITH SUCH AN IMMENSE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS )F WE DO NOT TAKE URGENT AND IMMEDIATE ACTION TO STOP GLOBAL WARMING THE DAMAGE COULD BECOME IRREVERSIBLE 4HIS CAN ONLY HAPPEN THROUGH A RAPID REDUCTION IN THE EMISSION OF GREENHOUSE GASES INTO THE ATMOSPHERE /F COURSE IT WOULD BE NAIVE TO THINK THE RUSH FOR NUCLEAR WAS SIMPLY ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE %NERGY SECURITY HAS CLIMBED UP THE AGENDA RAPIDLY IN THE PAST FEW YEARS AS THE OIL PRICE HAS INCREASED AND AS GAS SUPPLIES BECOME MORE VOLATILE 4HE BEHAVIOUR OF 2USSIA AS A MAJOR GAS SUPPLIER HAS A DRAMATIC EFFECT ON WORLD SUPPLY AND PRICES 'OVERNMENTS KNOW THAT THEY MUST KEEP THEIR POPULATIONS WARM AND THE LIGHTS ON OR FACE MAJOR POLITICAL UPHEAVAL
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3ECURITY RISKS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY 'IVEN THE DUEL CONSIDERATIONS OF ENERGY SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE YOU COULD BE FORGIVEN FOR THINKING THAT NUCLEAR POWER WAS THE ONLY OPTION 4HE ONLY TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE RIGHT NOW TO DELIVER SECURE ENERGY SUPPLIES "UT THE SIMPLE TRUTH IS THAT NUCLEAR IS NO ANSWER AT ALL AND IT COMES AT ENORMOUS RISK TO GLOBAL SECURITY &IRSTLY THERE IS A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SPREAD OF NUCLEAR POWER AND THE SPREAD OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS -OST NUCLEAR REACTORS USE URANIUM AS A FUEL AND PRODUCE PLUTONIUM DURING THEIR OPERATION )T IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ADEQUATELY PROTECT A LARGE REPROCESSING PLANT TO PREVENT THE DIVERSION OF PLUTONIUM TO NUCLEAR WEAPONS ! SMALL SCALE PLUTONIUM SEPARATION PLANT CAN BE BUILT IN FOUR TO SIX MONTHS SO ANY COUNTRY WITH AN ORDINARY REACTOR CAN PRODUCE NUCLEAR WEAPONS RELATIVELY QUICKLY
!S PART OF ITS CAMPAIGN TO BUILD NEW NUCLEAR STATIONS AROUND THE WORLD THE INDUSTRY CLAIMS THAT PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH BURYING NUCLEAR WASTE ARE TO DO WITH PUBLIC ACCEPTABILITY RATHER THAN TECHNICAL ISSUES 4HE INDUSTRY OFTEN POINTS TO NUCLEAR DUMPING PROPOSALS IN &INLAND 3WEDEN OR THE 5NITED 3TATES TO UNDERLINE ITS POINT 4HE MOST HAZARDOUS WASTE IS THE HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE WASTE OR SPENT FUEL REMOVED FROM NUCLEAR REACTORS WHICH STAYS RADIOACTIVE FOR HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS )N SOME COUNTRIES THE SITUATION IS EXACERBATED BY @REPROCESSING THIS SPENT FUEL n WHICH INVOLVES DISSOLVING IT IN NITRIC ACID TO SEPARATE OUT WEAPONS USABLE PLUTONIUM 4HIS PROCESS LEAVES BEHIND A HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE LIQUID WASTE
4HE MOST HAZARDOUS WASTE IS THE HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE WASTE OR SPENT FUEL REMOVED FROM NUCLEAR REACTORS WHICH STAYS RADIOACTIVE FOR HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS
3INCE INTERNATIONAL CONTROLS ON NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION BEGAN )SRAEL )NDIA 0AKISTAN AND .ORTH +OREA HAVE ALL OBTAINED NUCLEAR WEAPONS DEMONSTRATING THE LINK BETWEEN CIVIL AND MILITARY NUCLEAR POWER "OTH THE )NTERNATIONAL !TOMIC %NERGY !GENCY )!%! AND THE .UCLEAR .ON PROLIFERATION 4REATY .04 EMBODY AN INHERENT CONTRADICTION n SEEKING TO PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF @PEACEFUL NUCLEAR POWER WHILE AT THE SAME TIME TRYING TO STOP THE SPREAD OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
&IRSTLY THERE IS A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SPREAD OF NUCLEAR POWER AND THE SPREAD OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS )SRAEL )NDIA AND 0AKISTAN USED THEIR CIVIL NUCLEAR OPERATIONS TO DEVELOP WEAPONS CAPABILITY OPERATING OUTSIDE INTERNATIONAL SAFEGUARDS .ORTH +OREA DEVELOPED A NUCLEAR WEAPON EVEN AS A SIGNATORY OF THE .04 ! MAJOR CHALLENGE TO NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION CONTROLS HAS BEEN THE SPREAD OF URANIUM ENRICHMENT TECHNOLOGY TO )RAN ,IBYA AND .ORTH +OREA 4HE $IRECTOR 'ENERAL OF THE )NTERNATIONAL !TOMIC %NERGY !GENCY -OHAMED %L"ARADEI HAS SAID THAT hSHOULD A STATE WITH A FULLY DEVELOPED FUEL CYCLE CAPABILITY DECIDE FOR WHATEVER REASON TO BREAK AWAY FROM ITS NON PROLIFERATION COMMITMENTS MOST EXPERTS BELIEVE IT COULD PRODUCE A NUCLEAR WEAPON WITHIN A MATTER OF MONTHS v
4HE WASTE ISSUE 4HE SECOND ISSUE FOR NUCLEAR POWER IS THE VAST AMOUNTS OF LETHAL RADIOACTIVE WASTE IT LEAVES BEHIND 4HE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY CLAIMS IT CAN @DISPOSE OF ITS NUCLEAR WASTE BY BURYING IT DEEP UNDERGROUND BUT THIS WILL NOT ISOLATE THE RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL FROM THE ENVIRONMENT FOREVER ! DEEP DUMP ONLY SLOWS DOWN THE RELEASE OF RADIOACTIVITY INTO THE ENVIRONMENT 4HE INDUSTRY TRIES TO PREDICT HOW FAST A DUMP WILL LEAK SO THAT IT CAN CLAIM THAT RADIATION DOSES TO THE PUBLIC LIVING NEARBY IN THE FUTURE WILL BE @ACCEPTABLY LOW "UT SCIENTIlC UNDERSTANDING IS NOT SUFlCIENTLY ADVANCED TO MAKE SUCH PREDICTIONS WITH ANY CERTAINTY
4HERE ARE ABOUT TONNES OF SPENT NUCLEAR WASTE FUEL IN STORAGE MUCH OF IT AT REACTOR SITES 3PENT FUEL IS ACCUMULATING AT AROUND TONNES PER YEAR WITH AROUND A QUARTER OF THAT GOING FOR REPROCESSING .O COUNTRY IN THE WORLD HAS A SOLUTION FOR HIGH LEVEL WASTE 4HE LEAST DAMAGING OPTION FOR WASTE ALREADY CREATED AT THE CURRENT TIME IS TO STORE IT ABOVE GROUND IN DRY STORAGE AT THE SITE OF ORIGIN ALTHOUGH THIS OPTION ALSO PRESENTS MAJOR CHALLENGES AND THREATS 4HE ONLY REAL SOLUTION IS TO STOP PRODUCING THE WASTE
!NOTHER SOLUTION %VEN IF THESE ISSUES WERE DEALT WITH SATISFACTORILY THE SIMPLE TRUTH IS THAT NUCLEAR POWER CANNOT DEFEAT CLIMATE CHANGE ON A GLOBAL LEVEL 4HE /XFORD 2ESEARCH 'ROUP IN THEIR REPORT 4OO (OT TO (ANDLE CALCULATED THAT THERE WOULD NEED TO BE NUCLEAR REACTORS WORLDWIDE BY IF WE WERE TO GENERATE JUST A THIRD OF OUR GLOBAL ELECTRICITY REQUIREMENTS 4HAT MEANS A NEW NUCLEAR FACILITY WOULD NEED TO OPEN PRETTY MUCH EVERY WEEK FROM NOW ON )F NUCLEAR FACILITIES WERE BUILT ON THIS SCALE THEN URANIUM SUPPLIES BECOME A SERIOUS CONSIDERATION 4HE WORLD WOULD MOVE TO 'ENERATION )6 DESIGNS POWERED BY PLUTONIUM SUITABLE FOR NUCLEAR WEAPONS 4HE CONSEQUENCES FOR PROLIFERATION AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY SHOULD BE OBVIOUS 3O WHAT IS THE SOLUTION (OW CAN WE MEET THE TWIN THREATS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY SECURITY AS WE MOVE THROUGH THE ST CENTURY (OW CAN WE MEET THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OAL OF HALVING GLOBAL POVERTY BY WITHOUT DESTROYING THE CLIMATE (OW CAN WE INCREASE ENERGY PRODUCTION INCOME AND EDUCATION CREATE JOBS AND REDUCE THE DAILY GRIND INVOLVED IN HAVING TO JUST SURVIVE WITHOUT REACHING FOR FOSSIL FUELS OR DANGEROUS NUCLEAR POWER
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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4HERE IS GOOD NEWS 4HERE ARE SOLUTIONS THAT WILL ENABLE US TO CUT OUR GLOBAL #/ EMISSIONS BY PER CENT OVER THE COMING YEARS AND GENERATE THE ENERGY WE NEED 4HERE ARE TECHNOLOGIES THAT WILL MEAN WE CAN LIMIT THE GROWTH IN TEMPERATURES TO SEE OFF THE WORST EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE "UT THEY DO REQUIRE A MAJOR CHANGE IN THINKING AND AMBITION AN ENERGY REVOLUTION
BE POWERED BY EITHER GAS OR BIOMASS $ECENTRALISED ENERGY AS A CONCEPT ALSO SUPPORTS THE USE OF MICROGENERATION TECHNOLOGIES SUCH A SMALL SCALE SOLAR AND WIND INSTALLATIONS OR GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS AND SOLAR THERMAL "Y EMBRACING THESE TECHNOLOGIES IT ALSO CREATES A PLATFORM THAT WILL BE SUITABLE FOR FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS AND INNOVATIONS
4HERE IS NO REASON WHY THIS REVOLUTION CANNOT BE AN EVOLUTION OF EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES AND APPROACHES &IRSTLY THERE HAS TO BE A MASSIVE COMMITMENT TO ENERGY EFlCIENCY
'OVERNMENTS MUST ALSO COMMIT TO LARGE SCALE RENEWABLE ENERGY 4HERE IS NO QUESTION THAT THERE IS MASSIVE POTENTIAL FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY ON A GLOBAL SCALE FROM CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER PLANTS IN THE SUNNIEST REGIONS OF THE WORLD TO LARGE OFFSHORE WIND FARMS )N THE 5NITED +INGDOM FOR EXAMPLE THERE IS ENOUGH ENERGY IN JUST ONE PART OF THE SEAS n THE 3EVERN %STUARY n TO PROVIDE ELECTRICITY FOR PER CENT OF THE COUNTRY S ELECTRICITY NEEDS 4HESE RESOURCES MUST BE EXPLOITED ON AN INTERNATIONAL SCALE
4HIS CAN START IN THE HOME AND IN INDUSTRY FROM INVESTING IN THE LATEST ENERGY EFlCIENT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES THROUGH TO INSISTING ON THE HIGHEST STANDARDS FOR NEW BUILDINGS 4HIS IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES #LEAN DEVELOPMENT WHATEVER THE MECHANISM WILL BE ESSENTIAL FOR OUR PLANET S FUTURE AND IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS 4HE CONCEPT OF ENERGY EFlCIENCY NEEDS TO RUN THROUGH ALL THE THINKING ESPECIALLY IN ENERGY GENERATION )T IS VITAL THAT WE DO NOT MEET GROWING ELECTRICITY AND HEAT REQUIREMENTS BY REACHING FOR THE WASTEFUL SOLUTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN REJECTED PREVIOUSLY 4HE SOLUTION IS A DECENTRALISED RATHER THAN A CENTRALISED APPROACH TO ENERGY 5NDER A TRADITIONAL CENTRALISED SYSTEM A RELATIVELY SMALL NUMBER OF POWER STATIONS ARE CONNECTED TO A GRID WHICH SUPPLIES ELECTRICITY TO HOMES AND BUSINESSES 4HESE STATIONS ARE CONTROLLED CENTRALLY SO THAT THEY CAN BE TURNED ON AND OFF AT APPROPRIATE MOMENTS TO ENSURE THERE IS ENOUGH CURRENT AVAILABLE FOR CONSUMERS NEEDS (OWEVER THIS SYSTEM IS MASSIVELY WASTEFUL AS IT ONLY SUPPLIES ELECTRICITY WHILE WASTING SIGNIlCANT AMOUNTS OF HEAT
4HE CONCEPT OF ENERGY EFlCIENCY NEEDS TO RUN THROUGH ALL THE THINKING ESPECIALLY IN ENERGY GENERATION #ONSIDER A TRADITIONAL COAL OR GAS lRED POWER STATION WHICH BURNS VAST AMOUNTS OF FOSSIL FUEL TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY %VEN THE MOST EFlCIENT AND MODERN DESIGNS THROW AWAY OVER HALF OF THE ENERGY THEY CONSUME AS LOST HEAT 4HINK ABOUT THE VAST COOLING TOWERS WITH STEAM mOATING AWAY TO BE DISPERSED IN THE ATMOSPHERE 4HAT IS ALL WASTED HEAT FROM FOSSIL FUELS GENERATING UNNECESSARY #/ EMISSIONS )F TRANSMISSION LOSSES LOST ENERGY AS ELECTRICITY IS MOVED ACROSS THE GRID ARE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT AS MUCH AS TWO THIRDS OF ALL THE ENERGY CONSUMED IN GENERATION IS LOST 4HERE IS A BETTER WAY $ECENTRALISED ENERGY WORKS ON THE PRINCIPLE OF PROVIDING HOMES WITH BOTH ELECTRICITY AND HEAT 6ERY SIMPLY THIS MEANS ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED MUCH CLOSER TO THE POINT OF USE 4HE SPARE HEAT LEFT OVER FROM THE GENERATION PROCESS IS SUPPLIED TO LOCAL HOMES AND BUSINESSES $URING THE WINTER THE SPARE ENERGY IS USED FOR HEATING IN THE SUMMER IT CAN BE USED TO PROVIDE COOLING THROUGH HEAT EXCHANGERS 4HE GENERATING STATIONS CAN
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
7HEN LOOKING AT CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE THREAT OF GLOBAL WARMING IT IS ALL TOO EASY TO BE DEFEATIST 4O THINK THERE IS NO HOPE AND NO SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OR THAT IF THERE IS IT INVOLVES REACHING FOR INHERENTLY DANGEROUS NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS "UT THAT IS SIMPLY NOT TRUE ! GENUINE ENERGY REVOLUTION INVOLVING DECENTRALISED ENERGY AND RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGY CAN HELP THE WORLD DEVELOP IN A TRULY SUSTAINABLE WAY
"ENET .ORTHCOTE IS #HIEF 0OLICY !DVISER FOR 'REENPEACE 5+ (E HAS A LONG TRACK RECORD IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT (E SAT ON THE BOARD OF THE #ONSERVATIVE 0ARTY S 1UALITY OF ,IFE 0OLICY 'ROUP AND HAS ADVISED MANY COMPANIES AND ORGANISATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES )N HE WORKED WITH 5.$0 TO DEVELOP THE 6IRTUAL %XHIBIT AT THE 7ORLD 3UMMIT ON 3USTAINABLE $EVELOPMENT (IS CAREER STARTED AS A ""# TRAINEE BEFORE SPELLS AT #APITAL 2ADIO AND )4. 'REENPEACE IS AN INDEPENDENT GLOBAL CAMPAIGNING ORGANISATION WITH NATIONAL AND REGIONAL OFlCES IN MORE THAN COUNTRIES )T ACTS TO CHANGE ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOUR TO PROTECT AND CONSERVE THE ENVIRONMENT AND TO PROMOTE PEACE BY CATALYSING AN ENERGY REVOLUTION TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE DEFENDING OUR OCEANS BY CHALLENGING WASTEFUL AND DESTRUCTIVE lSHING AND CREATING A GLOBAL NETWORK OF MARINE RESERVES PROTECTING THE WORLD S ANCIENT FORESTS AND THE ANIMALS PLANTS AND PEOPLE THAT DEPEND ON THEM WORKING FOR DISARMAMENT AND PEACE BY TACKLING THE CAUSES OF CONmICT AND CALLING FOR THE ELIMINATION OF ALL NUCLEAR WEAPONS CREATING A TOXIC FREE FUTURE WITH SAFER ALTERNATIVES TO HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS IN TODAY S PRODUCTS AND MANUFACTURING AND CAMPAINING FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE BY REJECTING GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY AND ENCOURAGING SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE FARMING &OR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE READ %NERGY ;2=%VOLUTION 'REENPEACE )NTERNATIONAL 'REENPEACE 5+ #ANONBURY 6ILLAS ,ONDON . 0. 4EL &AX %MAIL BENET NORTHCOTE UK GREENPEACE ORG 7EBSITE WWW GREENPEACE ORG UK
Geology of southwestern Ghana, Showing gold-bearing structures (gold belts) and the location of known of known gold mines and prospects.
ACCELERATING DEVELOPMENT OF GHANA THROUGH MARINE MINING Development costs in tropical countries are much higher than in the temperate countries due to shortages of the sands and gravels required to make concrete. As a result, most tropical countries have fallen behind in infrastructural development despite the influx of foreign aid. Marine aggregate production may be a way of accelerating the development of those tropical countries which possess such resources.
MARINE MINERAL EXTRACTION The sea covers over 65% of the world’s surface, and it is logical to expect that the sea covers a like amount of the world’s mineral resources. Seeking mineral wealth in the sea is a new pursuit—and mining operations in the shallower waters of the continental shelf are now of worldwide significance. Gem-quality diamonds are mined from marine gravels in the seas off Namibia. Other marine operations worldwide extract gold, tin, and aggregates (sands and gravels). Marine sands and gravels have been mined for about a century. Some 20 million tonnes per year are landed in both Britain and the Netherlands. Other countries reporting marine aggregate mining include Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Poland, Russia, and Spain. Over 76 million m3 of marine aggregates were extracted from the sea in 2005 (according to the Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem), not including Japan, which is known to be the largest extractor of marine aggregates worldwide. Marine aggregates can be used for any application common to standard aggregates, including housing and road construction, pipeline construction, and land reclamation or beach replenishment. Marine aggregates can be used in fashioning concrete block or roofing tiles. Typically, marine operations target aggregates which are most suitable for quality construction products, which consist of varying gradations of clean sands and gravels formed from relatively hard granite and quartzite bedrock.
GHANA Ghana is an English-speaking country, recognized as one of the most politically stable nations of Africa. It has a parliamentary democracy in which a peaceful transition of power has recently occurred. Ghana is actively encouraging foreign investment in all sectors, particularly mining. Ghana has tremendous mineral potential as its geology is very similar to the prolific gold belts of northern Ontario. Ghana, the former Gold Coast, supplied much of the gold of medieval Europe. Ghana is among the world’s leading gold producers and is favored by mining companies because of its well established legal system and mining law based upon English common law. For these reasons, Ghana is expected by many to move up the list of the leading gold producers in the world. Diamonds are known in the southern part of the country, and there are known deposits of bauxite and manganese, but at present gold is the main mining product in Ghana.
AGGREGATE INDUSTRY AND DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA The bedrock in the southern part of Ghana is excellent source material for aggregates, but the local aggregate industry is poorly developed and unable to supply large amounts of material for construction. One reason for this is that a tropical climate degrades exposed aggregate materials, breaking them down rapidly into clay minerals. The local construction industry consists of numerous small builders and contractors and European contractors bidding on large-scale housing and commercial developments, mainly in Accra and Tema. A major push to develop housing and infrastructure around the country has led to an explosion in demand for cement block and other building materials. The majority of aggregate produced comes from land-based small quarries around the major market areas. Aggregate is crushed by hand, using sledgehammers and small chip hammers, an extremely time-consuming and labor-intensive method. Production of a single truckload may take as long as six weeks, adding to the cost of construction, as work crews are left waiting for their next truckload of aggregate. The products of the quarry are limited to crushed stone and dust, posing environmental concerns. There are social impacts due to land-based quarrying. Quarries frequently displace local villages. As many quarries are operated only for the duration of an underlying construction project, the jobs created at the quarry tend to last only a short time. Significant truck traffic creates noise and dust which are disruptive to local villages. Some aggregate production comes mined from beaches and seasonally from prograding spits, but both of these methods are limited because the amount of material available is small, and the activities are of questionable legality. Within the past five years, Marine Mining Corp. has documented the appearance of numerous offshore aggregate extraction operations, using simple dragline and screening equipment from the beach. These approaches add to coastal erosion, which is already a problem at many points along the Ghanaian coastline.
Locally manufactured blocks at a construction site in Ghana.
Gravel sample from the Ghanaian continental shelf. The width of the photo is about 25cm.
Gold grains from Ghanaian beach sands mounted on a scanning electron microscope stub. The width of the photo is about 1cm.
RESOURCES ON THE GHANAIAN CONTINENTAL SHELF Extensive uplift, which occurred during the rifting of the Atlantic Ocean, coupled with up to 1.5 km of erosion, has resulted in the liberation from bedrock and transport to the sea of vast quantities of rock materials, which have been deposited in the sea. These gravels also contain gold and industrial minerals. Aggregate materials which have been deposited in the sea are unaffected by tropical climate extremes, and so are preserved. The Ghanaian continental shelf is literally blanketed with sands and gravels, and Marine Mining Corp. has delineated marine aggregate resources at two separate offshore sites, and is proposing to exploit marine aggregate from the Ghanaian continental shelf. The uplift and erosion responsible for transporting aggregate materials offshore has also eroded and transported gold and other minerals from innumerable inland sources. Gold mining from the river sediments at the mouth of the Ankobra River was reported in the 17th century, and gold has been mined from beaches and rivers all over Ghana since before the arrival of the Portuguese in the 15th century. Marine Mining Corp. has confirmed the presence of recoverable gold in both beach sands and in offshore sands and gravels. The beach gold grains are well rounded by transport, however the gold offshore is frequently angular, and shows signs of minimal transport. Much of the offshore gold has eroded from nearby gold-bearing bedrock, possibly during times of lowered sea levels. In some areas, where the local bedrock supports ultramafic minerals, Marine Mining Corp. has documented occurrences of natural concentrates of chromite sands with small amounts of platinum. Diamond indicators, industrial minerals, including garnet, rutile (titanium) and zircon, have also been found. Gold and industrial minerals are likely to add to the rates of return of the proposed marine aggregate operation.
BENEFITS OF MARINE AGGREGATE PRODUCTION IN GHANA Aggregate extraction from the continental shelf will bring great benefits to Ghana. It will increase the rate of production of aggregate around the country, reduce costs and allow project completion in a timely fashion. Transport costs, which are normally the limiting factor for aggregates on land, are minimized, as the aggregates can be loaded and transported by barge. Reduced cost of transport extends the delivery range, so that marine aggregate can be used to supply distant markets, even in other countries. Inland quarries, instead of producing aggregate, can instead produce higher-valued products, such as dimension stone. Offshore aggregate materials represent an entire range of materials from sands to boulders, which can be processed into a variety of value-added products. The material has been naturally washed and sorted and is of high quality, and the various byproducts (specialty aggregate products, gold, industrial minerals) can be separated entirely by mechanical means, requiring no chemical processing.
POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS The potential environmental impacts of ocean floor mining are threefold: disruption of the ocean floor ecosystem due to physical disturbance of the seabed; increased turbidity affecting local nutrient and light levels; and local (and possibly regional) coastal erosion. Of these three issues, the first and the last are of greatest concern to Ghanaian coastal villages, particularly because of the importance of fishing to the local economy. These concerns are especially sensitive at present as the local fish stocks appear to be in decline. International protocols for marine mining have been developed to minimize these impacts. Disruption to ocean floor ecosystems can be reduced through a combination of judicious exploitation of the seafloor combined with remediation. As the distribution of seafloor species are dependent on the granulometry of the seafloor, thorough mapping of the seafloor (using acoustic methods backed up by sampling) enables the mining to be tailored to the areas with the best granulometry, and to leave refuges from which life may spread into the remediated areas. Coastal erosion problems are minimized by moving the operations sufficiently far offshore to reduce beach erosion and noise.
CONCLUSION Ghana enjoys a market-based free-enterprise economy which has shown itself to be capable of tremendous innovation, and the Ghanaians are able to make the most of new opportunities as they arise. Marine aggregate mining in Ghana presents the opportunity for maximum entrepreneurial innovation with minimal environmental impacts.
Marine Mining Corp. Is a Toronto-based exploration company which has been working on its principal concession, the marine concession in Ghana, for many years Marine Mining Corp.856 Millwood Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4G 1W6 Tel: +1 416 421-2277 E-mail: info@marinemining.com Web site: www.marinemining.com
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%MMANUEL *IMENEZ $AVID -C+ENZIE -AMTA -URTHI AND !NNETTE 2ICHTER 4HE 7ORLD "ANK
)NVESTING IN YOUTH IN #OMMONWEALTH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES MILLION IN )NDIA PER CENT OF THE POPULATION IN THE -ALDIVES A YEAR HITTING THE LABOUR MARKET IN 0APUA .EW 'UINEA n THERE ARE MORE YOUNG PEOPLE AGED IN THE #OMMONWEALTH THAN EVER BEFORE 4HEY ACCOUNT FOR A THIRD OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD S YOUTH COHORT OF BILLION !MONG THE #OMMONWEALTH S DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THE NUMBERS OF YOUNG PEOPLE ARE AT A HISTORICAL PEAK AND TO GROW FURTHER 5. 0OPULATION $IVISION lGURES 4HE AUTHORS SHOW HOW TO MAKE THE MOST OF THIS LIVING RESOURCE 3OME SEE THE LARGE NUMBERS OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD AS A THREAT BECAUSE OF THE NEED TO EMPLOY THEM AND KEEP THEM FROM SPREADING MISCHIEF "UT THEY ARE ALSO AN UNPRECEDENTED OPPORTUNITY FOR COUNTRIES TO GROW FASTER AND MAKE FURTHER PROGRESS IN POVERTY REDUCTION IF THEY FACE THE RIGHT POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS 4HIS IS FOR AT LEAST TWO REASONS &IRST THIS GENERATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE IS MORE EDUCATED AND HEALTHIER THAN EVER n A STRONG BASE TO BUILD ON IN A WORLD THAT DEMANDS MORE THAN BASIC SKILLS 3ECOND BECAUSE OF FALLING FERTILITY THE LARGE NUMBER OF YOUTH TODAY WILL TRANSLATE INTO HIGHER PROPORTIONS OF PEOPLE
OF WORKING AGE RELATIVE TO THOSE NOT WORKING CHIEmY CHILDREN AND ELDERLY MAKING MORE INCOME AVAILABLE PER DEPENDENT 4HIS DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND CAN BOOST ECONOMIC GROWTH )N A RECENT STUDY $AVID "LOOM AND $AVID #ANNING ARGUE THAT MORE THAN PER CENT OF THE HIGHER GROWTH IN THE %AST !SIAN @TIGER ECONOMIES DURING IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO THEIR ABILITY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS DIVIDEND &OR REFERENCES SEE 7ORLD $EVELOPMENT 2EPORT $EVELOPMENT AND THE .EXT 'ENERATION 7$2 PUBLISHED BY THE 7ORLD "ANK 4HIS PUBLICATION IS THE MAIN SOURCE FOR WHAT FOLLOWS 4HE DIVIDEND WILL NOT BE AVAILABLE FOR EVER BECAUSE AGEING WILL EVENTUALLY CLOSE THIS DEMOGRAPHIC WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY (APPILY IT IS STILL OPEN FOR MOST OF THE #OMMONWEALTH S DEVELOPING COUNTRIES &IGURE &OR MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES SUCH AS 3RI ,ANKA AND "OTSWANA THE WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY WILL CLOSE WITHIN YEARS IMPLYING THAT INVESTING IN YOUTH IS EVEN MORE PRESSING &OR OTHER COUNTRIES ESPECIALLY THE POOREST THE WINDOW WILL REMAIN OPEN FOR MUCH LONGER 4HE DIVIDEND IS ALSO NOT AUTOMATIC 3OME ,ATIN !MERICAN COUNTRIES LOWERED FERTILITY EARLY AND FAILED TO REAP THE GROWTH DIVIDEND BECAUSE THEY DID NOT HAVE THE APPROPRIATE POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS THAT DEVELOP &IGURE $EMOGRAPHIC WINDOWS OF OPPORTUNITY IN #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES 3OURCE 5. 0OPULATION $IVISION
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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AND DEPLOY HUMAN CAPITAL EFFECTIVELY 7HAT ARE THOSE POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS 4HE RECENT 7$2 MAINTAINS THAT POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS THAT DEVELOP YOUNG PEOPLE S SKILLS AS THEY UNDERGO lVE LIFE TRANSITIONS ARE KEY 4HESE TRANSITIONS ARE LEARNING BEYOND PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE GOING TO WORK FOR THE lRST TIME GROWING UP HEALTHY FORMING FAMILIES AND EXERCISING CITIZENSHIP 4HE 7$2 PROPOSES THREE LENSES TO ASSESS THE ADEQUACY OF PRESENT POLICIES $O THEY OFFER OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE TO DEVELOP THEIR HUMAN CAPITAL AND USE IT PRODUCTIVELY $O THEY HELP YOUNG PEOPLE DEVELOP THEIR CAPABILITIES AS DECISION MAKING AGENTS TO CHOOSE WISELY AMONG OPPORTUNITIES $O THEY PROVIDE SECOND CHANCES WHEN CHOICES ARE UNAVAILABLE OR MISSED 4HESE LENSES ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE EMPHASIS IN THE #OMMONWEALTH 0LAN OF !CTION FOR 9OUTH %MPOWERMENT 0!9% ON EMPOWERING YOUNG PEOPLE SO THAT THEY CAN HAVE OR CREATE LIFE CHOICES AND SUPPORTING AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR YOUNG PEOPLE )N WHAT FOLLOWS WE DISCUSS THESE LENSES FURTHER FOCUSING ON THREE OF THE lVE TRANSITIONS LEARNING GROWING UP HEALTHY AND GOING TO WORK
"ROADENING OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE 9OUNG PEOPLE HAVE BENElTED IMMENSELY FROM THE GROWTH OF #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES THAT HAVE lNANCED SO MANY SCHOOL PLACES AND HEALTH CLINICS 7HILE THERE ARE STILL MANY WHO NEVER ENTER SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT RATES ARE NOW AT UNPRECEDENTED HIGHS "UT THERE ARE ALSO EMERGING AND LASTING CHALLENGES /NE IS QUALITY OF EDUCATION #HILDREN ARE NOT LEARNING AS MUCH AS THEY SHOULD -ANY EVEN THOSE WHO REACH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL CAN HARDLY READ OR WRITE AND ARE UNPREPARED TO COPE WITH THE PRACTICALITIES OF DAILY LIFE )N 'HANA AND :AMBIA FEWER THAN HALF OF ALL YOUNG WOMEN AGED CAN READ A SIMPLE SENTENCE AFTER SIX YEARS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL !NOTHER CHALLENGE IS THE INEQUALITY IN OPPORTUNITIES TO WORK AND WITH IT GROWING CONCERNS FOR SOCIAL COHESION 7HILE YOUNG PEOPLE EVERYWHERE EXPERIENCE HIGHER UNEMPLOYMENT RATES THAN ADULTS TWICE HIGHER IN RICH COUNTRIES FOR EXAMPLE THE PROBLEM IS A PARTICULAR CONCERN FOR COUNTRIES LIKE &3- AND 4ONGA WHERE OPEN YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT EXCEEDS PER CENT )N OTHER COUNTRIES SUCH AS .IGERIA AND )NDIA ADULT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ARE LOW BUT YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IS lVE TO EIGHT TIMES THAT OF ADULTS
)MPROVING THE QUALITY AND RELEVANCE OF EDUCATION "ASIC EDUCATION MUST EQUIP CHILDREN WITH SKILLS NEEDED FOR FURTHER LEARNING WORK AND LIFE n INCLUDING NUMERACY AND LITERACY AS WELL AS PERSEVERANCE SELF DISCIPLINE AND SELF CONlDENCE 3CHOOL CURRICULUM NEEDS TO BE ADAPTED ACCORDINGLY STANDARDS NEED TO BE SET AND EVALUATION SYSTEMS NEED TO BE SET UP TO MONITOR PERFORMANCE 4HE SUCCESS OF THE MEASURES ULTIMATELY RELIES ON HAVING WELL PREPARED AND MOTIVATED TEACHERS AND SCHOOLS THAT ARE ACCOUNTABLE FOR PERFORMANCE )N )NDIA A LARGE CIVIL SOCIETY INITIATIVE HAS TAKEN THE lRST STEP TOWARDS HOLDING SCHOOLS ACCOUNTABLE FOR STUDENT
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
PERFORMANCE 4HE !NNUAL 3URVEY OF %DUCATION 2EPORT REGULARLY COLLECTS AND DISSEMINATES DATA ON LITERACY NUMERACY AND TEACHER ABSENTEEISM THEREBY MOTIVATING CIVIL SOCIETY INVOLVEMENT IN SCHOOL ACCOUNTABILITY !S CHILDREN LEAVE PRIMARY SCHOOL COUNTRIES ALSO HAVE TO EXPAND LOWER SECONDARY LEVELS OF EDUCATION ,ABOUR MARKETS ARE INCREASINGLY DEMANDING WORKERS WHO HAVE STRONG CREATIVE AND CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS SKILLS WHICH ARE LARGELY UNMET BY CURRENT EDUCATION SYSTEMS 4HE CURRICULUM REMAINS TOO THEORETICAL AND FACT CENTRED AND PROVIDES LITTLE VARIETY AND mEXIBILITY .OR IS IT TAUGHT IN A WAY THAT KEEPS STUDENTS ENGAGED IN SCHOOL )T CAN BE MODERNISED BY TEACHING PRACTICAL SUBJECTS THINKING SKILLS AND HIGHER ORDER BEHAVIOURAL SKILLS AS WELL AS BLENDING THE ACADEMIC AND VOCATIONAL EMPHASIS IN THE UPPER SECONDARY 4HE RECENT SECONDARY EDUCATION CURRICULUM REFORM IN -ALAYSIA PROVIDES A GOOD EXAMPLE HEALTH AND CIVIC EDUCATION ARE INCLUDED AS CORE SUBJECTS IN THE UPPER SECONDARY AND MORE PRACTICAL SUBJECTS SUCH AS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY %NGLISH AND ECONOMICS HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED
'ENERATING JOB OPPORTUNITIES AT HOME AND ABROAD "ROADENING OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE S EMPLOYMENT IS BEST ACHIEVED BY ECONOMY WIDE GROWTH THAT STIMULATES DEMAND A RISING TIDE THAT LIFTS ALL BOATS INCLUDING THOSE OF YOUNG PEOPLE 7HILE ENSURING THAT ECONOMIC GROWTH TAKES PLACE TO INCREASE DEMAND FOR WORKERS OF ALL AGES IT IS IMPORTANT TO ENSURE THAT YOUNG PEOPLE CAN COMPETE FOR JOBS ON A MORE EQUAL BASIS )N MANY COUNTRIES LABOUR MARKET INSTITUTIONS PENALISE NEW ENTRANTS &OR EXAMPLE 3RI ,ANKA S RESTRICTIVE EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION SUCH AS HIGH lRING COSTS MAKES IT FAR MORE DIFlCULT FOR YOUNG WORKERS TO ACCESS GOOD JOBS )N SOME COUNTRIES THESE ECONOMIC REFORMS WILL TAKE TIME AND YOUNG PEOPLE WILL SEEK OPPORTUNITIES ABROAD 9OUNG PEOPLE ARE THE WORLD S MIGRANTS PERCENT OF ALL IMMIGRANTS ARRIVING IN 3OUTH !FRICA ARE AGED AND PER CENT )NTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT FOR MANY OF THE #OMMONWEALTH S ISLAND NATIONS !T LEAST PER CENT OF THE POPULATION OF $OMINICA 3T +ITTS AND .EVIS 3AMOA AND 4ONGA ARE MIGRANTS WITH MANY EMIGRANTS HAVING LEFT AS YOUTH (OWEVER MANY OF THE #OMMONWEALTH S YOUNG PEOPLE HAVE LIMITED OPTIONS TO MIGRATE WITH IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN MANY LARGER ECONOMIES TYPICALLY FOCUSED ON ATTRACTING HIGHLY SKILLED WORKERS WHO ARE UNLIKELY TO BE YOUNG #OUNTRIES SUCH AS 0APUA .EW 'UINEA THE 3OLOMON )SLANDS AND 6ANUATU WITH LARGE AND GROWING YOUTH POPULATIONS HAVE FEWER THAN TWO PERCENT OF THEIR CITIZENS ABROAD 7HAT CAN BE DONE TO ENABLE MIGRATION TO PROVIDE MORE OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUTH TO STUDY AND WORK ABROAD 2ECEIVING COUNTRIES CAN EXPAND OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH BILATERAL WORK ARRANGEMENTS SUCH AS THE NEW 2ECOGNIZED 3EASONAL %MPLOYER PROGRAMME THROUGH WHICH .EW :EALAND WILL EMPLOY 0ACIlC )SLAND SEASONAL WORKERS EACH YEAR !S DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IN THE #OMMONWEALTH CONTINUE TO AGE THERE WILL BE AN INCREASING POOL OF YOUNG PEOPLE ELSEWHERE IN THE #OMMONWEALTH FROM WHICH TO DRAW 4HE CHALLENGE FOR
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THE #OMMONWEALTH MEMBER NATIONS IS TO DESIGN POLICIES TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THESE DEMOGRAPHIC DISPARITIES
$EVELOPING CAPABILITIES OF YOUNG PEOPLE AS DECISION MAKING AGENTS %XPANDING OPPORTUNITIES IS CRITICAL n BUT IT IS NOT ENOUGH )T IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO HELP YOUNG PEOPLE CHOOSE AMONG THEM $URING THE AGE RANGE THE FOCUS OF DECISION MAKING ABOUT DEVELOPING AND DEPLOYING HUMAN CAPITAL TYPICALLY SHIFTS FROM PARENTS TO THE YOUNG PEOPLE THEMSELVES ALBEIT WITH VARIATIONS ACROSS COUNTRIES &IGURE -ANY YOUNG PEOPLE MUST MAKE THESE DECISIONS WITHOUT THE INFORMATION lNANCIAL RESOURCES OR DECISION MAKING SKILLS THEY NEED TO CHOOSE WELL AMONG LIFE S OPPORTUNITIES 4AKE THE EXAMPLE OF SAFEGUARDING ONE S HEALTH 9OUTH IS A TIME FOR EXPERIMENTATION n WHEN PEOPLE BEGIN SMOKING CONSUMING ALCOHOL AND DRUGS ENGAGING IN SEX AND HAVING MORE CONTROL OVER THEIR DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 4HE CHANCES OF MAKING THE WRONG CHOICES ARE HEIGHTENED BY THE FACT THAT THE COSTS OF RISKY HEALTH BEHAVIOUR IN YOUTH MAY NOT BE EVIDENT UNTIL ONE IS AN ADULT 4HE BEST WAY TO AVOID THE FUTURE LOSS OF PRODUCTIVE HUMAN CAPITAL IS TO ENCOURAGE HEALTHY BEHAVIOUR IN YOUTH WHEN HABITS ARE STILL BEING LEARNED 4WO APPROACHES TO ACHIEVING THIS HARD TO REACH GOAL OF BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE ARE DISCUSSED BELOW INFORMING YOUNG PEOPLE AND GIVING THEM THE RIGHT INCENTIVES
)NFORMING YOUNG PEOPLE 7HILE THEY MAY BE WELL INFORMED MANY YOUNG PEOPLE LACK INFORMATION ON KEY ISSUES THAT WILL AFFECT THEIR HEALTH AND FUTURE PRODUCTIVITY 7HAT CAN BE DONE TO BETTER INFORM YOUTH ABOUT THE BENElTS AND COSTS OF HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT 4HE "ETTER ,IFE /PTIONS ",0 PROGRAMME PROVIDES A COMBINATION OF VARIOUS SERVICES TO YOUNG WOMEN AGED IN PERI URBAN SLUMS AND RURAL AREAS IN )NDIA 4HE PROGRAMME COMPONENTS INCLUDE DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND SERVICES PROVISION OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND PROMOTING WOMEN S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH RECREATIONAL EVENTS 4HOSE WHO WERE IN THE PROGRAMME WERE SIGNIlCANTLY MORE
INVOLVED IN KEY LIFE DECISIONS n SUCH AS ON SPENDING IN THE HOUSEHOLD WHEN TO MARRY AND WHETHER TO CONTINUE EDUCATION n THAN THOSE WHO WERE NOT )N .AMIBIA THE -Y &UTURE IS -Y #HOICE PROGRAMME PROVIDED YOUNG PEOPLE WITH BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT ()6 !)$3 SUBSTANCE ABUSE COMMUNICATION AND DECISION MAKING SKILLS 0ARTICIPANTS DISPLAYED STRONG KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ()6 !)$3 AND REPORTED STRONG ATTITUDES AND COMPETENCE TOWARDS CONDOM USE BOTH SIX MONTHS AND A YEAR AFTER THIS RANDOMISED INTERVENTION
0ROVIDING INCENTIVES #ONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFERS ##4 THAT PROVIDE CASH TO POOR YOUNG PEOPLE CONDITIONAL ON SCHOOL ATTENDANCE HAVE PROVED EFFECTIVE IN RAISING SCHOOL ENROLMENT 4HE "ANGLADESH 3ECONDARY 3TIPEND PROGRAMME TARGETS GIRLS AGED TRANSFERRING A MONTHLY PAYMENT TO BANK ACCOUNTS IN THE GIRLS NAMES CONTINGENT ON THEIR REMAINING UNMARRIED AND PERFORMING WELL ENOUGH TO PROGRESS THROUGH SCHOOL ! SIMILAR ALBEIT SMALLER PROGRAMME IS BEING TRIED IN THE )NDIAN STATE OF (ARYANA THROUGH THE !PNI "ETI !PNA $HAN MEANING /UR $AUGHTERS /UR 7EALTH SCHEME 7HILE SUCH PROGRAMMES HAVE YET TO BE RIGOROUSLY EVALUATED THE LONGSTANDING "ANGLADESH PROGRAMME HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE ENORMOUS INCREASE IN GIRLS ENROLMENT
0ROVIDING SECOND CHANCES )NVARIABLY POOR CHOICES WILL BE MADE n YOUNG PEOPLE MAY DROP OUT OF SCHOOL OR ENTER WORK TOO EARLY OR END UP WITH JOBS THAT LEAD NOWHERE 4HIS CAN RESULT IN AN ENORMOUS MISSED OPPORTUNITY NOT JUST FOR THE YOUNG BUT ALSO FOR SOCIETY AS A WHOLE 0OLICIES THAT HELP YOUNG PEOPLE RECOVER FROM BAD CHOICES OR POOR CIRCUMSTANCES CAN PROVIDE A SAFETY NET THAT BENElTS SOCIETY WELL INTO THE FUTURE "UT BECAUSE REMEDIATION IS COSTLY PROGRAMMES MUST BE DIRECTED TO THE NEEDIEST BE WELL COORDINATED WITH THE MAINSTREAM AND GIVE THE RIGHT INCENTIVES TO BENElCIARIES 'RADUATE EQUIVALENCY FOR EXAMPLE ALLOWS DROPOUTS TO TAKE CLASSES THAT WILL EVENTUALLY GET THEM THE EQUIVALENT OF A PRIMARY OR SECONDARY DIPLOMA %VEN WITHOUT THE PAPER CERTIlCATE GETTING THE EQUIVALENT SKILLS WOULD HELP 4HE 5NDERPRIVILEGED #HILDREN %DUCATION 0ROGRAMME 5#%0 IN "ANGLADESH HELPS YEAR &IGURE 7HO HAS THE lNAL SAY 4HE PERCENTAGE OF YOUNG WOMEN WHO FEEL THEY HAVE HAD THE MOST INmUENCE ON THEIR OWN KEY LIFE TRANSITIONS VARIES GREATLY ACROSS SOCIETIES
5GANDA .OVEMBER
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OLDS WHO HAVE DROPPED OUT OF PRIMARY SCHOOL n THE AIM IS TO SCHOOL THEM FOR THREE YEARS AND FEED THEM INTO 5#%0 RUN VOCATIONAL PROGRAMMES 3TUDIES SHOW THAT THE PROGRAMME WHICH SERVED STUDENTS IN HAS COSTS PER STUDENT ROUGHLY THE EQUIVALENT OF THE REGULAR SCHOOL SYSTEM AROUND 53 PER YEAR
THEMSELVES IN PUBLIC FORUMS 9OUNG PEOPLE NEED TO BE ENCOURAGED TO PARTICIPATE MORE FULLY IN PUBLIC LIFE !T THE SAME TIME GOVERNMENTS AND OTHER AGENCIES NEED TO LEARN TO COMMUNICATE WITH YOUNG PEOPLE MAKE THEIR PROGRAMMES ATTRACTIVE TO THEM AND DEPLOY THE IMMENSE TALENTS OF YOUTHS AS PARTNERS IN SERVICE DELIVERY
-ORE GENERALLY THOSE WHO DROP OUT OF SCHOOL WITHOUT BASIC SKILLS NEED A COHERENT SYSTEM OF SECOND CHANCE PROGRAMMES TO MEET THEIR DIVERSE NEEDS !DDRESSING DIVERSITY WHILE SCALING UP ENROLMENTS IS GREATLY FACILITATED BY REACHING OUT TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND .'/S +ENYA S *UA +ALI TRAINING VOUCHER PROGRAMME RELIED ON THE PRIVATE SECTOR TO IMPROVE TRAINING POSSIBILITIES FOR DISADVANTAGED YOUTH IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR WHO USED THEIR VOUCHERS TO ACCESS TRAINING FROM MASTER CRAFTSMEN
)N THE #OMMONWEALTH YOUTH CAUCUSES PARTICIPATE IN THE DECIONS MADE BY 9OUTH -INISTERS AND THE #OMMONWEALTH "OARD OF 'OVERNORS 4HESE VOICES NEED TO BE MADE MORE EFFECTIVE WITH A PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON THE NEEDS OF DISADVANTAGED AND MARGINALISED YOUTH
!NY REMEDIATION PROGRAMME CONFRONTS WHAT ECONOMISTS CALL @MORAL HAZARD )F SOMEONE KNOWS THAT THE CONSEQUENCES OF POOR CHOICES ARE MITIGATED BY A GOVERNMENT PROGRAMME OR INSURANCE THAT PERSON MIGHT MAKE POORER CHOICES THAN WARRANTED 3OME EXPRESSED FEAR THAT THE AVAILABILITY OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY COULD CAUSE YOUNG PEOPLE TO TAKE FEWER PRECAUTIONS )N +ENYA CONDOM USE FELL AFTER GOVERNMENT ANNOUNCED REPORTED @CURES FOR !)$3 4HE SOLUTION TO SUCH PROBLEMS IS NOT TO DENY SECOND CHANCES SUCH AS TREATMENT n WHICH WOULD BE UNETHICAL AS WELL AS WASTEFUL )NSTEAD IT IS TO BUILD IN INCENTIVE SCHEMES THAT ENCOURAGE THE CARE TAKING BEHAVIOUR TO PERSIST EVEN AS THEY UNDERGO TREATMENT 0ROGRAMMES THAT ENHANCE BOTH THE CAPABILITY FOR DECISIONS AND PROVIDE SECOND CHANCES HAVE A BETTER CHANCE OF SUCCESS
%VALUATION 4HE DEARTH OF RIGOROUSLY EVALUATED YOUTH ORIENTED PROGRAMMES AND POLICIES THAT CAN SERVE AS EXAMPLES FOR OTHERS HAS SERIOUSLY UNDERMINED THE CREDIBILITY OF MOST OF THEM EVEN IF MANY ARE PROMISING !DDRESSING THIS GAP REQUIRES CAPACITY BUILDING IN GOVERNMENT AND INCENTIVES TO USE EVIDENCED BASED CRITERIA IN DECIDING AMONG PROGRAMMES "UT BECAUSE SUCH KNOWLEDGE IS A PUBLIC GOOD IT ALSO REQUIRES INTERNATIONAL FUNDING
%MMANUEL *IMENEZ IS $IRECTOR FOR (UMAN $EVELOPMENT %AST !SIA AND 0ACIlC 2EGION 4HE 7ORLD "ANK AND WAS THE 3TAFF $IRECTOR FOR THE 7ORLD $EVELOPMENT 2EPORT
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$AVID -C+ENZIE IS A 3ENIOR %CONOMIST IN THE 7ORLD "ANK S $EVELOPMENT 2ESEARCH 'ROUP AND A CO PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR ON THE 0ACIlC )SLAND .EW :EALAND -IGRATION 3URVEY
-OBILISING THE REQUISITE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL RESOURCES TO STIMULATE REFORM WILL REQUIRE COUNTRIES TO RESOLVE THREE ISSUES
-AMTA -URTHI IS 3ECTOR -ANAGER FOR %DUCATION IN THE %UROPE AND #ENTRAL !SIA $IVISON OF THE 7ORLD "ANK
#OORDINATION AND INTEGRATION WITH NATIONAL POLICY 9OUTH ISSUES BY NATURE CUT ACROSS SECTORS WHILE MOST POLICIES THAT INmUENCE THEM ARE SET WITHIN SECTORS ! RECENTLY CONCLUDED RANDOMISED TRIAL IN +ENYA EVALUATED A MULTISECTOR PROGRAMME THAT GAVE INCENTIVES TO YOUNG PEOPLE BY PROVIDING THEM WITH SCHOOL UNIFORMS A SIGNIlCANT EXPENSE FOR YOUNG PEOPLE AND THEIR FAMILIES )T SHOWED THAT LOWERING THE COST OF EDUCATION BY PROVIDING THESE UNIFORMS HAD A STRONG EFFECT NOT JUST ON MALE AND FEMALE DROPOUT RATES n IT ALSO LOWERED THE PERCENTAGE OF TEENAGE FEMALES WHO HAD STARTED CHILDBEARING 4HIS EFFECT WAS GREATER THAN THAT OF A PROGRAMME AIMED SPECIlCALLY AT THE EARLY CHILDBEARING 3UCH SPILLOVER EFFECTS MIGHT NOT lGURE IN IF ONE WERE TO TAKE ONLY A SECTORAL PERSPECTIVE 3O THE CHALLENGE OF COORDINATION LOOMS LARGE #OUNTRIES THAT HAVE EXPERIENCED SUCCESS ARE THOSE THAT HAVE DRAWN UP A COHERENT NATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR YOUTH SUPPORTED BY ALL MINISTRIES 4HIS FRAMEWORK NEEDS TO BE WELL INTEGRATED INTO THE NATIONAL POLICY PLANNING AND BUDGETING PROCESSES
!NNETTE 2ICHTER IS A CONSULTANT IN THE 7ORLD "ANK S (UMAN $EVELOPMENT .ETWORK 3HE SPECIALISES IN YOUTH EMPLOYMENT AND EDUCATION
6OICE 9OUNG PEOPLE S LACK OF VOICE MEANS THEY ARE A WEAK CONSTITUENCY FOR REFORM 0ARENTS DO NOT REPRESENT THE VIEWS AND ASPIRATIONS OF YOUNG ADULTS AS THEY DO YOUNGER CHILDREN 9ET YOUTH MAY STILL LACK THE OPPORTUNITIES OR SELF CONlDENCE TO REPRESENT
4EL &AX %MAIL PIC WORLDBANK ORG 7EBSITE HTTP ECON WORLDBANK ORG
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
4HE 7ORLD "ANK IS A VITAL SOURCE OF lNANCIAL AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD )T IS NOT A BANK IN THE COMMON SENSE )T IS MADE UP OF TWO UNIQUE DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS OWNED BY MEMBER COUNTRIES n THE )NTERNATIONAL "ANK FOR 2ECONSTRUCTION AND $EVELOPMENT )"2$ AND THE )NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT !SSOCIATION )$! %ACH INSTITUTION PLAYS A DIFFERENT BUT SUPPORTIVE ROLE IN OUR MISSION OF GLOBAL POVERTY REDUCTION AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF LIVING STANDARDS 4HE )"2$ FOCUSES ON MIDDLE INCOME AND CREDITWORTHY POOR COUNTRIES WHILE THE )$! FOCUSES ON THE POOREST COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD 4OGETHER WE PROVIDE LOW INTEREST LOANS INTEREST FREE CREDIT AND GRANTS TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FOR EDUCATION HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE COMMUNICATIONS AND MANY OTHER PURPOSES 4HE 7ORLD "ANK ( 3TREET .7 7ASHINGTON $# 53!
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(ON 3YDA . - "BUMBA -INISTER OF 'ENDER ,ABOUR AND 3OCIAL $EVELOPMENT 5GANDA
&INANCING GENDER EQUALITY FOR DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOCRACY 'ENDER EQUALITY IS A GOAL THAT EMBRACES EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES AND ENJOYMENT OF RIGHTS RESOURCES AND REWARDS BY WOMEN AND MEN GIRLS AND BOYS (ENCE l NANCING GENDER EQUALITY MEANS PROVIDING GOODS AND SERVICES n INCLUDING INFRASTRUCTURE n THAT IMPROVE OUTCOMES FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS !CHIEVING GENDER EQUALITY REQUIRES THAT PUBLIC RESOURCES ARE ALLOCATED FOR INTERVENTIONS PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS THAT DIRECTLY REDUCE GENDER INEQUALITY EMPOWER WOMEN AND IMPROVE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT &INANCING GENDER EQUALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOCRACY REQUIRES SPECIl C AND FOCUSED ATTENTION TO ALLOCATING BUDGETARY RESOURCES FOR THE EDUCATION HEALTHCARE TRAINING SKILLS AND ENTREPRENEUR DEVELOPMENT THAT IS NECESSARY TO IMPROVE THE LIVES OF GIRLS AND WOMEN AS WELL AS TO PROMOTING THE OVERALL ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN )T IS ASKING GOVERNMENTS TO @PUT THEIR MONEY WHERE THEIR MOUTH IS 4HE SUBJECT IS IMPORTANT TO ALL #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES AS THERE ARE GLARING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WOMEN AND MEN AS WELL AS BETWEEN GIRLS AND BOYS ESPECIALLY IN TERMS OF HEALTH EDUCATION THE CARE FOR ()6 !)$3 PATIENTS AND THE LEVEL OF POVERTY 5NLESS COUNTRY PROGRAMMES ARE l NANCED IN A WAY THAT TAKES GENDER BIASES INTO ACCOUNT THERE WILL CONTINUE TO BE FEMINISATION OF POVERTY IN MOST MEMBER STATES 4HE ISSUES RELATED TO l NANCING GENDER EQUALITY FOR DEVELOPMENT ARE SO NUMEROUS THAT THIS ARTICLE OBVIOUSLY CAN NOT DISCUSS ALL IN DETAIL 4HE ARTICLE WILL HOWEVER TRY TO HIGHLIGHT SOME OF THOSE AREAS THAT POSE CHALLENGES AND REQUIRE THE #OMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENTS TO RE EXAMINE THEIR PRIORITIES TO ACHIEVE GENDER EQUALITY 4HE #OMMONWEALTH HAS DEl NED ITS STRATEGY TO ADVANCING GENDER EQUALITY IN THE #OMMONWEALTH 0LAN OF !CTION 0O! FOR 'ENDER %QUALITY 4HE 0LAN OF !CTION IDENTIl ES FOUR CRITICAL AREAS FOR ACTION BASED ON THE CURRENT AND EMERGING CHALLENGES 4HESE AREAS ARE ° 'ENDER DEMOCRACY PEACE AND CONm ICT ° 'ENDER HUMAN RIGHTS AND LAW ° 'ENDER POVERTY ERADICATION AND ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND ° 'ENDER AND ()6 !)$3
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
'ENDER EQUALITY AND THE BUDGETS &INANCING GENDER EQUALITY REQUIRES THAT GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR BUDGETING IN ANY COUNTRY TAKE A KEEN INTEREST AND ADOPT A GENDER MAINSTREAMING APPROACH THAT CALLS FOR GENDER TO BE WOVEN INTO MAIN PROGRAMMES APPROACHES AND PROCEDURES OF GOVERNMENT )N THIS THE BUDGETING AND PLANNING AUTHORITIES MUST PLAY A PRINCIPAL ROLE AS THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DESIGNING LEADING AND MONITORING BUDGETING IN THE COUNTRY /F COURSE THIS REQUIRES THAT THESE AGENCIES AND INSTITUTIONS HAVE THE CAPACITY AND DEVELOPMENT SKILLS IN GENDER ANALYSIS 5NLESS GENDER IS CONSIDERED THE GOVERNMENT S OVERALL OBJECTIVES IN RESPECT OF DEVELOPMENT ARE LIKELY NOT TO BE FULLY ACHIEVED 4HEREFORE l NANCING GENDER EQUALITY REQUIRES NEW SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE BY THOSE INVOLVED IN PLANNING BUDGETING AND OVERALL NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT )N MOST CASES GENDER IS WELL INCORPORATED OR DISCUSSED IN POLICY DOCUMENTS n BUT SUCH COMMITMENTS DISAPPEAR AT THE TIME OF IMPLEMENTATION AND BECOME INVISIBLE AT MONITORING AND REPORTING
4HUS #OMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENTS MUST MOBILISE RESOURCES BOTH NATIONALLY AND EXTERNALLY AND BUDGET FOR GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN S RIGHTS IF REAL PROGRESS IS TO BE MADE IN IMPLEMENTING THE 0LAN OF !CTION ACHIEVING THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS COMPLYING WITH THE #ONVENTION FOR %LIMINATION OF ALL &ORMS OF $ISCRIMINATION !GAINST 7OMEN #%$!7 AND OTHER EQUALLY IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT COMMITMENTS SUCH AS THE "EIJING 0LATFORM FOR !CTION
'ENDER 2ESPONSIVE "UDGETING 3OME #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES HAVE TAKEN ON THE 'ENDER 2ESPONSIVE "UDGETING '2" )NITIATIVE n A COLLABORATION BETWEEN THE 5NITED .ATIONS $EVELOPMENT &UND FOR 7OMEN 5.)&%- THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT AND #ANADA S )NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT 2ESEARCH #ENTRE )$2# n BECAUSE IT ASSISTS AND ASKS THAT GENDER BE EXPLICITLY DISCUSSED AND REPORTED ON
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IN BUDGETS AND RELATED IMPLEMENTATION 4HEREFORE IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THE NEW PUBLIC lNANCE MANAGEMENT METHODS THAT ARE BEING INTRODUCED IN MANY DEVELOPING AND #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES ADOPT THE '2" APPROACH BECAUSE IT ADDS VALUE TO AND QUESTIONS THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE GOOD INTENTIONS ENCOMPASSED IN POLICY DOCUMENTS @FALL OFF THE TABLE WHEN IT COMES TO ALLOCATION OF BUDGETS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESSES (ENCE IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT GOVERNMENTS DESIGN '2" TO lT IN WITH THEIR BUDGETING PROCESSES 4HE NEED FOR TAILORING TO A PARTICULAR COUNTRY S APPROACH MEANS THAT THERE ARE NO SIMPLE RECIPES AND FORMULAS FOR '2" !BOUT TEN YEARS AGO THE #OMMONWEALTH MEETING OF -INISTERS RESPONSIBLE FOR 7OMEN S !FFAIRS RECOGNISED THE IMPORTANCE OF '2" AS AN APPROACH FOR TRUCKING FUNDS AND ENHANCING RESOURCES THROUGH GENDER BUDGETING 3INCE THEN #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT HAS SUPPORTED AT LEAST #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES TO INITIATE '"2 #OUNTRIES SUCH AS 5GANDA AND 4ANZANIA 3OUTH !FRICA AND !USTRALIA '2" HAS BEEN INSTITUTIONALISED
4HAT OVER COUNTRIES HAVE NATIONAL ACTION PLANS FOR ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN (OWEVER THESE PLANS ARE USUALLY NOT PROPERLY INTEGRATED INTO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT '2" INITIATIVES HAVE OVER RECENT YEARS ENGAGED WITH THE BUDGET REFORMS THAT ARE ONGOING IN MANY DEVELOPMENT COUNTRIES INCLUDING MEDIUM TERM EXPENDITURE BUDGET FRAMEWORK -4%4 AND PERFORMANCE ORIENTED BUDGETING 4HE -4%4 PROCESSES PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR GENDER ADVOCATES FOR LOBBYING AND ADVOCACY 4HE CIVIL SOCIETY AND WOMEN S ORGANISATIONS HAVE PLAYED A SIGNIlCANT ROLE IN THIS CASE EXAMPLES INCLUDE THE &ORUM FOR 7OMEN IN $EMOCRACY &/7!$% IN 5GANDA AND THE 4ANZANIA 'ENDER .ETWORKING 0ROGRAMME 4'.0 #IVIL SOCIETY HAS LAID THE FOUNDATION OF AN EFFECTIVE CONSENSUS BUILDING CAMPAIGN TO INmUENCE THE PUBLIC DECISION MAKERS LAWMAKERS AND TECHNOCRATS ON THE NECESSITY TO INCREASE RESOURCES BUDGETED TOWARDS SECTORS WHERE WOMEN AND OTHER LESS FORTUNATE MEMBERS OF SOCIETY ARE DISADVANTAGED
2ELATIONSHIP OF .ATIONAL 'ENDER !CTION 0LANS TO OTHER NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENTS !S A FOLLOW UP TO THE "EIJING 5. #ONFERENCE ON 7OMEN AND IN AN EFFORT TO IMPLEMENT THE #OMMONWEALTH 0LAN OF !CTION ON WOMEN MANY COUNTRIES HAVE DEVELOPED NATIONAL GENDER ACTION PLANS -OST COUNTRIES HAVE TAKEN ON GENDER EQUALITY WOMEN S EMPOWERMENT OR SIMILAR GOALS AMONG THE ISSUES TO BE ACHIEVED 5.)&%- NOTED IN THAT OVER COUNTRIES HAVE NATIONAL ACTION PLANS FOR ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN (OWEVER THESE PLANS ARE USUALLY NOT PROPERLY INTEGRATED INTO
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND NO ADEQUATE BUDGET IS PROVIDED FOR THEIR IMPLEMENTATION 4HIS POINTS TO THE FACT THAT lNANCING GENDER EQUALITY MAY REQUIRE ADOPTING THE GENDER MAINSTREAMING APPROACH OR ELSE THE AFlRMATIVE APPROACH WHERE BUDGET ALLOCATION SHOULD BE PROVIDED FOR GENDER IN GENERAL NATIONAL BUDGET PROVISIONS AND ALSO IN TARGETED OR SEPARATE BUDGETS TO SPECIlCALLY IMPLEMENT THE NATIONAL GENDER ACTION PLAN %ACH APPROACH HAS ITS ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES IN THAT THE AFlRMATIVE ACTION CLEARLY SHOWS WHAT IS BEING DONE AND ACHIEVED IN ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES FOR GENDER EQUALITY WHILE THE MAINSTREAMING APPROACH MIGHT BE MORE SUSTAINABLE IN LINE WITH THE NEW AID MODALITIES WHERE DONOR FUNDING HAS SHIFTED TO BUDGET SUPPORT AWAY FROM FUNDING OF SPECIlC PROJECTS
&INANCING GENDER EQUALITY AND THE NEW AID MODALITIES 5.)&%- IN ASSERTED THAT GENDER EQUALITY OUTCOMES WILL BE IMPORTANT INDICATORS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE NEW APPROACH TO AID DELIVERY AND PARTNERSHIP 4HE MODALITIES CALL FOR PRINCIPLES OF OWNERSHIP ALIGNMENT HARMONISATION AND MUTUAL ACCOUNTABILITY AND THEY MUST BE RESULT ORIENTED 7OMEN STAND TO BENElT AS MUCH AS OTHER SOCIAL GROUPS FROM DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE THAT IS NATIONALLY OWNED OR SUPPORTS ACCOUNTABILITY SYSTEMS THAT CAN TRACK PROGRESS )T IS ALSO POSSIBLE THAT PREDICTABLE AID mOWS MAY ADVANCE GENDER EQUALITY BY ENCOURAGING INVESTMENT IN ACTIVITIES THAT PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY IN THE LONG TERM 4HIS MAY HOWEVER NOT HAVE IMMEDIATE SHORT TERM RESULTS ON GENDER EQUALITY )NSTITUTIONAL CHANGE THAT IS GENDER SENSITIVE IS KEY FOR GENDER EQUALITY AS ARE CHANGING ATTITUDES AND BUILDING PUBLIC AWARENESS 7OMEN WILL ONLY BENElT FROM THE NEW AID MODALITIES APPROACHES IF GENDER EQUALITY IS AN INTEGRATED PART OF POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES WHICH THE NEW PROGRAMME AID ADOPTED BY MANY COUNTRIES IS USUALLY INTENDED TO SUPPORT /N THE OTHER HAND 5.)&%- HAS OBSERVED THAT IF AN INCREASING PROPORTION OF AID lNANCING HAPPENS THROUGH DIRECT BUDGET AND SECTOR SUPPORT GENDER IS LIKELY TO RUN AN EVEN GREATER DANGER OF @FALLING OFF THE TABLE AS THERE WILL BE LESS OPPORTUNITY FOR THE SPECIAL DONOR GENDER FUNDED PROJECTS THAT HAVE BEEN USED TO ADDRESS AT LEAST SOME PARTS OF THE NATIONAL ACTION PLANS )N THIS CASE THE NEW AID MODALITIES ARE LIKELY TO WORSEN THE SITUATION IN RESPECT OF FUNDING GENDER EQUALITY 4HEREFORE #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES AND THEIR DONORS COULD CONSIDER RETAINING SOME PORTION OF THEIR FUNDING OUTSIDE GENDER BUDGET SUPPORT TO PROVIDE THE OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER TARGETED lNANCING
-ICROlNANCE A TOOL FOR WOMEN S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT )N MANY COUNTRIES MICROlNANCE IS CONSIDERED AS HAVING ITS ROOTS IN WOMEN S MOVEMENTS AND YET TODAY IT HAS MORE OF lNANCE AND LESS OF GENDER IN ITS OVERALL SCHEME OF PRODUCTS 9ET THE MAJORITY OF PEOPLE WHO LACK ACCESS TO lNANCIAL SERVICES ARE WOMEN AND
5GANDA .OVEMBER
&INANCING FOR $EVELOPMENT
ANY ATTEMPT TO TACKLE POVERTY AND ADDRESS THE MOST IMPORTANT -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS MUST FOCUS ON THEM
#OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES AND THEIR DONORS COULD CONSIDER RETAINING SOME PORTION OF THEIR FUNDING OUTSIDE GENDER BUDGET SUPPORT TO PROVIDE THE OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER TARGETED lNANCING 7HILE MICROlNANCE PROGRAMMES HAVE BROUGHT WOMEN TOGETHER AND ALSO EMPOWERED THEM BASICALLY VERY LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT WHAT THEY HAVE ACHIEVED IN TERMS OF CLOSING THE GENDER GAP ON ASPECTS SUCH AS WOMEN S OWNERSHIP OF AND CONTROL OVER ASSETS WOMEN HOLDING CUSTODY OF INCOME AND WOMEN GAINING ACCESS TO DOMESTIC AND COMMUNITY ECONOMIC AND OTHER RESOURCES 4HEREFORE MICROlNANCE HAS TO UNDERGO A REVOLUTION OF BEING GENDER RESPONSIVE WHICH MEANS THAT THE NATURE OF THE PRODUCTS BEING OFFERED AND THE INSTITUTIONS THAT DELIVER THEM WILL HAVE TO CHANGE FUNDAMENTALLY 4HE MICROlNANCE INDUSTRY HAS TO MOVE BEYOND PROVIDING STANDARD CREDITS FOR SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES AND OTHER BASIC lNANCIAL SERVICES AND OFFER A WIDE RANGE OF TAILOR MADE lNANCIAL SERVICES THAT CAN REALLY EMPOWER WOMEN AND ALSO ENABLE THEM TO REDUCE THEIR RISKS AND VULNERABILITY
4HE MICROlNANCE INDUSTRY HAS TO MOVE BEYOND PROVIDING STANDARD CREDITS FOR SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES AND OTHER BASIC lNANCIAL SERVICES AND OFFER A WIDE RANGE OF TAILOR MADE lNANCIAL SERVICES THAT CAN REALLY EMPOWER WOMEN !LL THIS CALLS FOR VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS INCLUDING GOVERNMENTS BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL DONORS MICROlNANCE INSTITUTIONS NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS CIVIL SOCIETIES AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR TO JOIN HANDS TO ENABLE DELIVERY OF SOUND RESPONSIVE AFFORDABLE AND GENDER SENSITIVE lNANCIAL SERVICES TAILORED TO THE SPECIAL AND UNIQUE NEEDS OF LOW INCOME CLIENTS 4HEREFORE IT IS IMPORTANT THAT STRATEGIES LEADING TO WOMEN S ACCESS TO ECONOMIC RESOURCES EDUCATION AND EMPOWERMENT ARE DEVELOPED TOGETHER WITH THOSE TO COMBAT THE STRUCTURAL CAUSES THAT LEAD TO FEMALE POVERTY THE INEQUALITY AND SUBORDINATION SUCH AS THE DISCRIMINATORY LAWS CULTURAL NORMS AND PATRIARCHAL MODELS THAT EXIST IN MANY #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
#ONCLUSION 4HE #OMMONWEALTH HAS CLEARLY IDENTIlED THE ISSUES OF CONCERN IN THE #OMMONWEALTH 0LAN OF !CTION 0O! FOR 'ENDER %QUALITY 4HIS PLAN WAS ENDORSED BY THE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENTS IN -ALTA .OVEMBER AND AGREED TO ALLOCATE ADEQUATE RESOURCES AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL FOR ITS FULL AND EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION -ORE EFFORT IS SUBSTANTIALLY REQUIRED BY THE #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES TO lNANCE THE ACHIEVEMENT OF GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN S EMPOWERMENT AS DEMONSTRATED BY THE POOR RESULTS SO FAR ° /NLY PER CENT OUT OF COUNTRIES HAVE ACHIEVED PER CENT REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS ° MILLION CHILDREN ARE NOT IN PRIMARY SCHOOL THE MAJORITY OF WHOM ARE GIRLS ° PER CENT OF ()6 AND !)$S CASES GLOBALLY ARE IN THE #OMMONWEALTH AND A GROWING PROPORTION ARE WOMEN AND GIRLS ° 4HERE ARE MATERNAL DEATHS PER ANNUM AND ° 3OME #OMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES ARE AMONG THOSE WITH HIGHEST INFANT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY RATES #OMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENTS THEREFORE SHOULD AS A CRITICAL PRIORITY ENSURE ADEQUATE RESOURCES FOR FULL AND EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE .ATIONAL !CTION 0LAN FOR 7OMEN &INANCING PRIORITIES FOR THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN S EMPOWERMENT PROVIDES THE FOUNDATION FOR MEMBER STATES TO PROMOTE AND ACHIEVE ECONOMIC GROWTH DEVELOPMENT PEACE AND DEMOCRACY AND THE FULL ENJOYMENT OF ALL HUMAN RIGHTS
4HE -INISTRY OF 'ENDER ,ABOUR AND 3OCIAL $EVELOPMENT IS THE LEAD AGENCY IN THE 3OCIAL $EVELOPMENT 3ECTOR )N COLLABORATION WITH OTHER STAKEHOLDERS IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SOCIAL MOBILISATION FOR COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT PROMOTION OF RIGHTS AND SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR MEANINGFUL PARTICIPATION OF THE POOR AND VULNERABLE GROUPS IN THE PROCESS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT WHICH SHOULD ULTIMATELY LEAD TO SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION OF OUR SOCIETY !S THE LEAD AGENCY IN THE 3OCIAL $EVELOPMENT 3ECTOR 3$3 THE -INISTRY PLAYS A KEY ROLE OF EMPOWERING COMMUNITIES AND MOBILISING THEM TO PARTICIPATE IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ACCESS SERVICES AND DEMAND ACCOUNTABILITY IN PUBLIC AND COMMUNITY BASED INITIATIVES -INISTRY OF 'ENDER ,ABOUR AND 3OCIAL $EVELOPMENT ,UMUMBA !VENUE +AMPALA 5GANDA 4EL %MAIL PS MGLSD GO UG
&INANCING FOR $EVELOPMENT
$ANIEL 0LATZ %CONOMIC !FFAIRS /FlCER 5. $EPARTMENT OF %CONOMIC AND 3OCIAL !FFAIRS
&INANCING ACCESS TO WATER AND ELECTRICITY FOR ALL n EXPERIENCES OF #OMMONWEALTH MEMBER STATES &IGURE !CCESS TO ELECTRICITY BY REGION
)NCREASING ACCESS TO BASIC UTILITIES IS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OALS 9ET RESOURCES mOWING INTO THE ELECTRICITY AND THE WATER AND SANITATION SECTORS FALL FAR SHORT OF WHAT IS NECESSARY 4HE CHALLENGE IS TWOFOLD /N ONE HAND THERE IS A SHORTAGE OF LONG TERM lNANCING INSTRUMENTS TO FUND MAJOR INVESTMENTS INTO UPGRADING AND EXTENDING EXISTING SYSTEMS AND EXTEND ACCESS TO THE POOR /N THE OTHER HAND OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS NEED TO BE RECOVERED TO ENSURE SUSTAINABILITY OF SERVICES 4HIS ARTICLE REmECTS ON THE EXPERIENCE OF #OMMONWEALTH MEMBER STATES IN APPLYING INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO MOBILISE ADDITIONAL RESOURCES FOR UTILITIES AT THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNITY LEVEL 4HE AUTHOR ARGUES THAT THESE EFFORTS NEED TO BE SUPPLEMENTED BY INCREASED SUPPORT BY THE INTERNATIONAL DONOR COMMUNITY -ORE THAN ONE BILLION PEOPLE IN THE WORLD TODAY LIVE WITHOUT ACCESS TO CLEAN DRINKING WATER ABOUT BILLION PEOPLE DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO BASIC SANITATION AND NEARLY BILLION LACK ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY !S ILLUSTRATED BELOW IN BOTH SECTORS THE RURAL POPULATION IS DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECTED 4ARGET OF -ILLENNIUM $EVELOPMENT 'OAL ON ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IS hTO HALVE BY THE PROPORTION OF PEOPLE WITHOUT SUSTAINABLE ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER AND BASIC SANITATIONv 4OTAL CURRENT INVESTMENT IN THE WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES EXCLUDING WASTEWATER TREATMENT IS ESTIMATED AT A MERE 53 BILLION TO BILLION ANNUALLY )N ORDER TO REACH -$' 4ARGET MOST EXISTING ESTIMATES CALL FOR DOUBLING THIS AMOUNT ,IKEWISE ADDITIONAL INVESTMENT IS NEEDED TO MEET THE GROWING DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY 4HE TOTAL CUMULATIVE INVESTMENT REQUIRED FOR ELECTRICITY TO ACHIEVE THE -$'S IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA ALONE IS ESTIMATED AT 53 BILLION BETWEEN AND )NCREASING ACCESS TO BASIC UTILITIES REQUIRES MORE EFFECTIVE lNANCING AND REVENUE MECHANISMS 4HE LAST DECADE HAS SHOWN THAT FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IS NOT lLLING THE GAP 0RIVATE INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DIPPED TO 53 BILLION IN AFTER REACHING ITS PEAK AT 53 BILLION IN ACCORDING TO THE 7ORLD
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
3OURCE )%!
&IGURE !CCESS TO IMPROVED DRINKING WATER SOURCES BY REGION AND SEGMENT OF POPULATION 3OURCE 5.)#%&
&IGURE !CCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES BY REGION AND SEGMENT OF POPULATION 3OURCE 5.)#%&
"ANK &OREIGN EXCHANGE RISK HAS PERHAPS BECOME THE KEY DISINCENTIVE FOR INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS ! 7ORLD "ANK SURVEY REVEALED THAT OF PRIVATE POWER lRMS SURVEYED PER CENT WERE RETREATING FROM THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND ONLY THREE CONTINUE TO BE INTERESTED 0UBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS WERE RATED AS @NOT IMPORTANT FOR ALL lRMS SURVEYED !T THE SAME TIME IT IS ESTIMATED THAT IN THE BULK OF INVESTMENTS INTO THE WATER SECTOR CAME FROM DOMESTIC SOURCES 4HE DOMESTIC
&INANCING FOR $EVELOPMENT
PUBLIC SECTOR PROVIDED NEARLY PER CENT WHILE THE DOMESTIC PRIVATE SECTOR PROVIDED PER CENT OF THE TOTAL MULTI LATERAL AND BILATERAL DONOR FUNDS PROVIDED PER CENT AND THE INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE SECTOR JUST lVE PER CENT !S A STARTING POINT IT IS THEREFORE IMPORTANT TO REALISE THAT THE OVERWHELMING MAJORITY OF UTILITIES IN THE WATER AND ELECTRICITY SECTORS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES REMAIN IN PUBLIC HANDS AND CONTINUE TO RELY ON DOMESTIC FUNDS 2ATHER THAN ENGAGING IN AN IDEOLOGICAL DEBATE ON THE BENElTS OF PRIVATE VERSUS PUBLIC OWNERSHIP OF UTILITIES THE DISCUSSION SHOULD THEREFORE PUT EMPHASIS ON THE IMMEDIATE lNANCING CHALLENGES PUBLIC UTILITY PROVIDERS ARE CONFRONTED WITH IN FUNDING AND IMPROVING THEIR SERVICES 4HIS DOES NOT IMPLY THAT MARKET MECHANISMS CANNOT PLAY A ROLE )N ORDER TO lNANCE CAPITAL EXPENDITURES THAT CANNOT BE FUNDED THROUGH CURRENT REVENUES OR lSCAL TRANSFERS THE UTILITY PROVIDER MUST TAKE INTO ACCOUNT ALL APPROPRIATE OPTIONS WHETHER MARKET BASED OR NOT &INANCING MECHANISMS CAN RANGE FROM DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE COMMERCIAL OR DEVELOPMENT BANK LENDING MUNICIPAL BONDS TO POOLED lNANCING ARRANGEMENTS OR EQUITY lNANCE IF THE PRIVATE SECTOR IS INVOLVED 3INCE MOST UTILITIES ARE PUBLICLY OWNED PARTICULAR FOCUS SHOULD BE PUT ON HOW CITIES STATES AND MUNICIPALLY OWNED CORPORATIONS CAN MAKE USE OF THESE OPTIONS /NCE lNANCE IS RAISED THE UTILITY HAS TO GENERATE ITS OWN @INTERNAL REVENUE TO PAY OFF ITS DEBT AND lNANCE RECURRENT EXPENDITURE !T THE SAME TIME IF FULL COST RECOVERY CANNOT BE ACHIEVED THE UTILITY WILL DEPEND ON @EXTERNAL SOURCES OF FUNDS SUCH AS TAX REVENUE AND TRANSFERS FROM THE GOVERNMENT !NY SUSTAINABLE STRATEGY TO IMPROVE ACCESS TO BASIC UTILITIES FOR ALL MUST THEREFORE FOLLOW A MULTI PRONGED APPROACH AND FOCUS ON IMPROVING lNANCING AS WELL AS @INTERNAL AND @EXTERNAL REVENUE GENERATING MECHANISMS
-OBILISING INVESTMENT INNOVATIVE lNANCING MECHANISMS )T IS IMPORTANT TO PROVIDE A CAUTIONARY NOTE BEFORE ELABORATING ON INNOVATIVE lNANCING MECHANISMS 4HEY ARE NOT A PANACEA 4HEIR POTENTIAL FOR SUCCESS DEPENDS ON THE DEPTH OF THE LOCAL CAPITAL MARKET THE LOCAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE VIABILITY OF THE UTILITY ITSELF -OREOVER BORROWING MONEY CARRIES RISKS &OREIGN EXCHANGE RISK CAN BE SUBSTANTIAL IN PARTICULAR IN CASES WHERE THE LOAN IS DENOMINATED IN FOREIGN CURRENCY AND REVENUES ARE COLLECTED IN LOCAL CURRENCY $IRECTED CREDIT SCHEMES AND GOVERNMENT SUBSIDISED lNANCE HAVE A ROLE TO PLAY WHERE APPROPRIATE MARKET MECHANISMS ARE NOT READILY AVAILABLE .EVERTHELESS IT CAN BE INSTRUCTIVE TO TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT SOME INNOVATIVE lNANCING APPROACHES AT THE MUNICIPAL AND COMMUNITY LEVEL $EPENDING ON THE LOCAL CONTEXT SOME OF THESE EXPERIENCES MAY BE AT LEAST PARTIALLY APPLICABLE IN OTHER SETTINGS
)NNOVATIVE MUNICIPAL lNANCING MECHANISMS IN 3OUTH !FRICA AND )NDIA 4HE CITY OF *OHANNESBURG OFFERS AN INSPIRING EXAMPLE FOR GENERATING LONG TERM lNANCE NEEDED FOR THE PROVISION
OF PUBLIC UTILITIES )N THE CITY EXPERIENCED A CAPITAL EXPENDITURE BACKLOG OF 2 BILLION ABOUT 53 BILLION WITH SIGNIlCANT ADVERSE IMPACTS ON INVESTMENTS IN ELECTRICITY INFRASTRUCTURE AND WATER PROVISION 4O AVOID THE BREAKDOWN OF PUBLIC SERVICES THE CITY WAS BAILED OUT BY THE NATIONAL TREASURY )N ORDER TO GENERATE NEW FUNDS THE CITY DECIDED TO PREPARE THE ISSUE OF TWO INSTITUTIONAL BONDS TO BE lNANCED OUT OF OPERATIONAL SURPLUSES FROM WATER AND ELECTRICITY REVENUES "OTH BONDS WERE WELL RECEIVED BY THE MARKET AND AS A RESULT THE lNANCIAL STANDING OF THE CITY IMPROVED DRAMATICALLY !CCORDING TO THE TREASURER OF THE CITY THE FOLLOWING STEPS WERE IMPORTANT IN ESTABLISHING THE BONDS ESTABLISHING THE #ITY 4REASURY EMBARKING ON A STUDY TOUR TO -EXICO TO LEARN ABOUT BEST INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE IN MUNICIPAL BONDS ELICITING POLITICAL SUPPORT FOR THE MOVE AND DEVELOPING A YEAR lNANCIAL PLAN TAKING INTO ACCOUNT INmATION INTEREST RATES TARIFF INCREASES FOR MUNICIPAL SERVICES AND MECHANISMS TO SECURE CHEAP CAPITAL )N )NDIA MUNICIPALITIES HAVE COME TOGETHER IN POOLED lNANCING SCHEMES THAT CAN HELP DIVERSIFY RISK AND ENABLED LESS CREDITWORTHY MUNICIPALITIES TO TAP THE CAPITAL MARKET 4HE 7ATER AND 3ANITATION 0OOLED &UND 730& IS A COMMON lNANCING ARRANGEMENT OF FOURTEEN MUNICIPALITIES AND TOWNS IN THE )NDIAN STATE OF 4AMIL .ADU "Y POOLING THE WATER AND SANITATION REQUIREMENTS OF THESE MUNICIPALITIES THE 730& HAS RAISED 2S MILLION 53 MILLION WHOSE PROCEEDS ARE DESIGNATED TO lNANCE SMALL WATER AND SANITATION PROJECTS 7ITH A YEAR TENURE IT IS THE lRST SUCCESSFUL BOND ISSUE OF ITS KIND OUTSIDE THE 53 USING A POOLED lNANCING STRUCTURE FOR lNANCING WATER AND SANITATION PROJECTS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM MUNICIPALITIES 4HE BOND RELIED ON MULTIPLE LAYERS OF CREDIT ENHANCEMENTS INCLUDING A NO LIEN ESCROW ACCOUNT BY THE THIRTEEN URBAN LOCAL BODIES 5,"S A "OND 3ERVICE &UND AND A 53!)$ #REDIT !UTHORITY GUARANTEE FOR PER CENT OF THE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT )T RECEIVED A SOLID CREDIT RATING FROM &ITCH 2ATINGS AND THE )NDIAN #REDIT 2ATING !GENCY AND WAS PRIVATELY PLACED WITH DOMESTIC INVESTORS IN $ECEMBER 3UBSCRIBERS CAME FROM THE BANKING POWER AND INSURANCE SECTORS AND INCLUDED +ARNATAKA "ANK #ITY 5NION "ANK 'UJARAT )NDUSTRIES 0OWER #O ,TD AND -ETLIFE )NSURANCE
)NNOVATIVE COMMUNITY lNANCING IN 'HANA "OTH )NDIA AND 3OUTH !FRICA HAVE VERY ACTIVE AND DEEP CAPITAL MARKETS THAT ARE HARD TO lND IN MANY OTHER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES #APITAL MARKET DEVELOPMENT IS CRITICAL TO INCREASE THE INVESTOR DEMAND FOR LONG TERM INFRASTRUCTURE lNANCING INSTRUMENTS )SSUING BONDS IS HOWEVER NOT A PRACTICAL OPTION FOR MUNICIPALITIES IN MOST LOW INCOME COUNTRIES WITH SHALLOW CAPITAL MARKETS 9ET THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT INNOVATIVE lNANCING SCHEMES CANNOT EXIST IN THESE COUNTRIES 3OME OF THE MOST INTERESTING EXAMPLES IN LOW INCOME ECONOMIES CAN BE FOUND AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL &OR INSTANCE IN THE 5PPER %AST 2EGION OF 'HANA WOMEN HAVE DEVELOPED A SO CALLED @SOU SOU GROUP AN INFORMAL SAVINGS SCHEME TO POOL RESOURCES 4HE SOU SOU TRADITION IS BASED ON THE REGULAR COLLECTION OF lXED AMOUNTS OF MONEY FROM
5GANDA .OVEMBER
&INANCING FOR $EVELOPMENT
&IGURE .UMBER OF CITIES STATES AND MUNICIPALLY OWNED CORPORATIONS IN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES THAT ARE RATED BY AT LEAST ONE OF THE THREE MAJOR CREDIT RATING AGENCIES 3OURCE $ATA BASED ON INFORMATION ON RATED SUB SOVEREIGN ISSUERS PROVIDED BY 3TANDARD 0OOR S -OODY S )NVESTORS 3ERVICE AND &ITCH 2ATINGS *UNE
PEOPLE PARTICIPATING IN THE ARRANGEMENT 4HE COLLECTED AMOUNT IS PAID OUT AS A LOAN FOR PRODUCTIVE VENTURES FOR ONE PERSON AT A TIME UNTIL EACH MEMBER IS SERVED 4HE COLLECTED INTEREST OF THESE LOANS TOGETHER WITH WATER LEVIES AND OTHER INCOME SOURCES IS PLOUGHED BACK INTO THE FUND WHICH IS USED FOR MAINTAINING AND OPERATING THE WATER HANDPUMPS IN THE REGION 3IMILAR MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFULLY APPLIED IN OTHER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
FOR EFlCIENCY #ONNECTION SUBSIDIES WERE BASED ON THE RESULTS OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPED HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS AND POVERTY CRITERIA DEVELOPED BY VILLAGE REPRESENTATIVES AND COMMUNE COUNCIL MEMBERS 4HE RESULTS OF THE /"! APPROACH IN #AMBODIA STILL HAVE TO BE ASSESSED (OWEVER A GOOD REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT AND CORPORATE TRANSPARENCY APPEAR TO BE CRITICAL FOR A SUCCESSFUL /"! ARRANGEMENT
/UTPUT BASED AID IN #AMBODIA
!CTUAL CREDITWORTHINESS IS CRITICAL IN SUSTAINING OPERATIONS lNANCED THROUGH CREDIT /NLY A lNANCIALLY SUSTAINABLE UTILITY WILL BE ABLE TO MAKE REPEATED USE OF MARKET LENDING INSTRUMENTS 9ET HOW CAN ONE ENSURE THAT THOSE MUNICIPALITIES WITH SOUND lNANCES ARE ACTUALLY PERCEIVED AS SUCH BY POTENTIAL INVESTORS 0ERCEIVED CREDITWORTHINESS IS CRITICAL FOR THE CITIES AND STATES ABILITIES TO RAISE lNANCE WHETHER IT IS THROUGH BOND OR BANK LENDING 3OUTH !FRICA AND )NDIA ARE THE ONLY TWO DEVELOPING NATIONS WITHIN THE #OMMONWEALTH THAT HAVE RECEIVED RATINGS FROM AT LEAST ONE OF THE THREE MAJOR CREDIT RATING AGENCIES AT THE SUB SOVEREIGN LEVEL &IGURE SHOWS THAT WITH THE EXCEPTION OF -EXICO THE OVERWHELMING MAJORITY OF CITIES AND STATES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAVE NOT BEEN RATED BY ANY ONE OF THE THREE AGENCIES (OW CAN RATINGS BE MADE MORE ACCESSIBLE AND AFFORDABLE TO CREDITWORTHY MUNICIPALITIES IN POOR COUNTRIES /NE STRATEGY COULD BE TO PROMOTE LINKAGES BETWEEN LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL CREDIT RATING AGENCIES )NDIA HAD SOME SUCCESS IN TAPPING DOMESTIC SAVINGS THROUGH MUNICIPAL BONDS RATED BY )NDIAN RATINGS
/UTPUT "ASED !ID /"! IS A RELATIVELY NEW APPROACH BASED ON EITHER A GRANT SUBSIDY OR A CONCESSIONARY LOAN #ONSEQUENTLY EXPERIENCE WITH IT IS LIMITED $ONORS AND INTERNATIONAL lNANCIAL INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS THE 7ORLD "ANK S 'LOBAL 0ARTNERSHIP FOR /UTPUT "ASED !ID '0/"! HAVE DEVELOPED THE INSTRUMENT TO SUPPORT THE lNANCING EFFORTS OF GOVERNMENTS OR SERVICE PROVIDERS INCLUDING UTILITIES OR SMALL SCALE PROVIDERS /"!S ARE PERFORMANCE BASED SUBSIDIES DESIGNED TO BETTER TARGET THE POOR BY IDENTIFYING WHO WILL BENElT THE TYPES OF ACTIVITIES THAT QUALIFY FOR THE SUBSIDY AND HOW MUCH SUBSIDY WILL BE PROVIDED )N #AMBODIA EIGHT lRMS WERE INVITED TO PARTICIPATE IN AN INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVE BIDDING PROCESS FOR THE lRST BATCH OF A 53 MILLION /"! GRANT TO SUPPLY WATER TO FOUR TOWNS 5NDER THE /"! ARRANGEMENT SERVICE PROVIDERS WERE OBLIGATED TO CONNECT ANY HOUSEHOLD WITHIN THEIR SERVICE AREAS THAT REQUESTS A CONNECTION !T THE SAME TIME THE UTILITY WAS PAID THE AGREED BID AMOUNT REGARDLESS OF THE EX POST CONNECTION COSTS WHICH SHOULD CREATE AN INCENTIVE
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
)MPROVING ACTUAL AND PERCEIVED CREDITWORTHINESS
&INANCING FOR $EVELOPMENT
AGENCIES !S OF AT LEAST NINE CITIES HAVE RAISED FUNDS SOME 2S BILLION FROM THE )NDIAN CAPITAL MARKET THROUGH MUNICIPAL BONDS
%NSURING SUSTAINABILITY REVENUE GENERATING MECHANISMS &INANCING MECHANISMS WHETHER MARKET BASED OR STATE SUBSIDISED ARE LOANS AND LOANS NEED TO BE REPAID USUALLY WITH INTEREST !N EFFECTIVE COLLECTION SYSTEM OF TAXES AND USER FEES PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE REVENUE GENERATION )T IS VITAL TO STRENGTHEN CAPACITIES OF UTILITIES TO HELP ENSURE EFlCIENCY EFFECTIVENESS TRANSPARENCY ACCOUNTABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY 7HEREAS FULL COST RECOVERY SEEMS UNREALISTIC FOR MOST UTILITY PROVIDERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES MANY UTILITIES HAVE GONE A LONG WAY IN IMPROVING EFlCIENCY OF THEIR OPERATIONS
)NCREASING EFlCIENCY IN COST RECOVERY IN 5GANDA 4HE EXPERIENCE OF THE 5GANDAN .ATIONAL 7ATER AND 3EWERAGE #ORPORATION .73# IN OPTIMISING REVENUES THROUGH COST EFlCIENCY ENHANCING MEASURES MAKES FOR AN ILLUMINATING CASE STUDY !S OF THE OPERATIONAL EFlCIENCY OF THE OLD .73# WAS LOW 3UBSEQUENT COST RECOVERY INTERVENTIONS FOCUSED ON THE POLICY LEVEL THROUGH A CHANGE OF THE BOARD AND A CHANGE IN STRATEGY AS WELL AS ON OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS THROUGH A COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT REFORM ! REDUCTION IN ADMINISTRATION AND OVERHEAD COSTS A STRICTER APPRAISAL OF CAPITAL PROJECTS AND A SIMPLIlCATION RATIONALISATION AND INDEXATION OF TARIFFS LED TO MAJOR OPERATING EFlCIENCY GAINS AND RESULTED IN SIGNIlCANTLY INCREASED COVERAGE #ROSS SUBSIDIES WERE APPLIED ACROSS CUSTOMER GROUPS AND ACROSS AREAS BY APPLICATION OF A UNIFORM TARIFF !T THE SAME TIME DISCONNECTING USERS FROM THEIR SERVICES UPON NON PAYMENT COULD BE AVOIDED )T IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE HOWEVER THAT EVEN DESPITE SIGNIlCANT EFlCIENCY GAINS FULL COST RECOVERY WAS NOT AN ATTAINABLE GOAL FOR .73# 4HE UTILITY HAD TO RELY ON GRANTS FOR CAPITAL INVESTMENTS
#APACITY BUILDING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE THROUGH PARTNERSHIPS 4HERE IS A NEED TO STRENGTHEN TECHNICAL lNANCIAL MANAGERIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES OF WATER UTILITIES INCLUDING UTILITY OPERATORS AND REGULATORS 4HE EMERGING CONSENSUS SEEMS TO BE THAT CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAMMES SHOULD FOCUS ON EDUCATIONAL TRAINING MONITORING OF RESEARCH AND FORECASTING LEGISLATION AND REGULATION AS WELL AS lNDING SUSTAINABLE lNANCING MECHANISMS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS $EVELOPING PARTNERSHIP MECHANISMS BETWEEN UTILITY OPERATORS SUCH AS THE 'LOBAL 7ATER /PERATORS 0ARTNERSHIP MECHANISM 7/0 RECENTLY INITIATED BY THE 5. 3YSTEM CAN HELP IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF UTILITIES "Y ESTABLISHING NETWORKS AT THE REGIONAL SUB REGIONAL AND NATIONAL LEVELS LESS EFlCIENT UTILITIES MAY BENElT FROM THE EXPERIENCES OF COMPETENT UTILITIES ON A REGULAR BUT NOT FOR PROlT BASIS
)NCREASING BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS TO WATER AND ELECTRICITY )N ORDER TO INCREASE ACCESS IMMEDIATELY TO BASIC UTILITIES TO THE POOR ALLOCATIONS FOR UTILITIES FROM NATIONAL STATE AND MUNICIPAL BUDGETS MUST INCREASE -OST UTILITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FALL SHORT OF GENERATING SUFlCIENT FUNDS TO ATTRACT OUTSIDE INVESTORS )NCREASING BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS TO THESE SECTORS IS A JOINT RESPONSIBILITY OF THE DEVELOPING AND THE DEVELOPED WORLD PARTICULARLY IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES !T THE LEVEL OF THE DEVELOPING COUNTRY lNANCIAL ALLOCATIONS TO THE TWO SECTORS HAVE TO COMPETE WITHIN A VERY TIGHT BUDGET WITH OTHER PRIORITY AREAS SUCH AS HEALTH SERVICES AND EDUCATION !T THE SAME TIME OVERALL TAX REVENUE IS LOW IN LOW INCOME ECONOMIES WITH HIGH POVERTY RATES AND LARGE INFORMAL SECTORS )N MANY CASES A PARADIGM SHIFT MIGHT BE NECESSARY WHEN IT COMES TO PICKING THE APPROPRIATE MACROECONOMIC POLICIES 'OVERNMENTS SHOULD REEVALUATE lSCAL CONSTRAINTS AT THE SOVEREIGN AND SUB SOVEREIGN AS TO WHETHER THEY UNNECESSARILY LIMIT MUCH NEEDED INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE !T THE DONOR LEVEL /FlCIAL $EVELOPMENT !SSISTANCE /$! FALLS SHORT OF WHAT IS NEEDED 3INCE THE 5. #ONFERENCE ON &INANCING FOR $EVELOPMENT IN -ONTERREY -EXICO THE DECLINING TREND OF /$! HAS REVERSED /$! ROSE TO 53 BILLION IN OR PER CENT OF '.) OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (OWEVER IN /$! DECREASED TO PER CENT OF '.) !CCORDING TO MOST ESTIMATES 53 BILLION NET OF DEBT RELIEF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND EMERGENCY RELIEF ARE NEEDED TO REACH THE -$'S BY 5. A
$ANIEL 0LATZ IS %CONOMIC !FFAIRS /FlCER AND FOCAL POINT FOR CIVIL SOCIETY ENGAGEMENT IN THE &INANCING FOR $EVELOPMENT /FlCE OF THE 5. $EPARTMENT OF %CONOMIC AND 3OCIAL !FFAIRS WHICH MONITORS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE -ONTERREY #ONSENSUS (IS CURRENT FOCUS AREA IS THE lNANCING OF BASIC UTILITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 4HE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THIS ARTICLE ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHOR AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REmECT THOSE OF THE 5NITED .ATIONS 4HE $EPARTMENT OF %CONOMIC AND 3OCIAL !FFAIRS OF THE 5NITED .ATIONS 3ECRETARIAT IS A VITAL INTERFACE BETWEEN GLOBAL POLICIES IN THE ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SPHERES AND NATIONAL ACTION 4HE DEPARTMENT COMPILES GENERATES AND ANALYSES A WIDE RANGE OF ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND FACILITATES THE NEGOTIATIONS OF MEMBER STATES IN MANY INTERGOVERNMENTAL BODIES )T ALSO ADVISES INTERESTED GOVERNMENTS ON TRANSLATING POLICY FRAMEWORKS INTO PROGRAMMES AT THE COUNTRY LEVEL AND THROUGH TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE HELPS BUILD NATIONAL CAPACITIES &INANCING FOR $EVELOPMENT /FlCE 5NITED .ATIONS 4WO 5. 0LAZA $# .EW 9ORK .9 53! 4EL &AX %MAIL PLATZ UN ORG 7EBSITE WWW UN ORG ESA FFD
5GANDA .OVEMBER
&INANCING FOR $EVELOPMENT
-AHVASH 1URESHI 5NIVERSITY OF #AMBRIDGE AND $IRK 7ILLEM TE 6ELDE /VERSEAS $EVELOPMENT )NSTITUTE
0ROMOTING KNOWLEDGE BASED AND SERVICE INDUSTRIES IN SMALL STATES 3ERIOUS CHALLENGES TO DEVELOPMENT ARE EXPERIENCED BY SMALL STATES DUE TO THEIR SMALL SIZE REMOTENESS AND VULNERABILITY 4HE SMALL STATES AGENDA PROPOSED IN THE #OMMONWEALTH 7ORLD "ANK *OINT 4ASK &ORCE 2EPORT OF !PRIL AND THE REVIEW OF THIS AGENDA 4OWARD AN OUTWARD ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR SMALL STATES ISSUES OPPORTUNITIES AND RESILIENCE BUILDING OF !UGUST BOTH CLEARLY CONl RM THIS 4HE REVIEW SUGGESTS THAT OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS THE PROSPECTS FOR SMALL STATES HAVE DETERIORATED FURTHER DUE TO PREFERENCE EROSION AND THE EMERGENCE OF NEW LARGE COMPETITORS )T PROPOSES THAT SMALL STATES NEED TO REPOSITION THEMSELVES IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY AND MOVE INTO KNOWLEDGE BASED AND OTHER SERVICE INDUSTRIES 4HIS BRIEl NG DISCUSSES THE CHALLENGES FACED IN DOING THIS AND HOW THEY MIGHT BE OVERCOME
#ONSTRAINTS AND LEADERSHIP $EVELOPING TRADE IN KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE SERVICES IS A COMPLICATED PROCESS -ANY COUNTRIES DO NOT HAVE AN EXPLICIT POLICY FOR TRADE IN SERVICES OR A DETAILED OVERALL PLAN TO DEVELOP THIS 4HE CONSTRAINTS TO TRADE IN SERVICES ARE COMPLEX AND GO BEYOND TRADITIONAL TRADE CONSTRAINTS ! POLICY RELEVANT APPROACH DISTINGUISHES AMONG THREE TYPES OF CONSTRAINTS 4HESE INCLUDE ° 3UPPLY SIDE OR DOMESTIC CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS ° 4HE DOMESTIC REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ° % XTERNAL CONSTRAINTS FOR EXAMPLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES AGREEMENTS OR PRESSURES DUE TO COMPETITION 4HIS APPROACH IS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN THE SERVICES CONTEXT FOR SEVERAL REASONS )T PROVIDES AN ANALYTICAL LENS TO DEVELOPING TRADE IN SERVICES n TRYING TO MAKE SENSE OF THE MYRIAD OF CONSTRAINTS TO TRADE IN SERVICES )T ALSO DELINEATES CLEAR RESPONSIBILITIES FOR DIFFERENT ACTORS IN DIFFERENT SECTORS MINISTRIES AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS 4HAT SAID TRADE IN SERVICES A CATALYST TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC DIVERSIl CATION AWAY FROM TRADITIONAL SECTORS INVOLVES A FUNDAMENTAL SHIFT IN MINDSET THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE ECONOMY INVOLVING DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACTIONS TO OVERCOME THESE CONSTRAINTS AND FOR THIS LEADERSHIP OR CO ORDINATION FROM THE TOP IS CRUCIAL 3MALL COUNTRIES MIGHT BE AT AN ADVANTAGE BECAUSE THEY MAY HAVE MORE m EXIBILITY TO INTRODUCE CHANGES THAN THEIR LARGER PEERS
3MALL STATES DIFFER n SOME ARE LANDLOCKED WHILE OTHERS ARE ISLANDS OR COASTAL STATES SOME ARE REMOTE TO KEY MARKETS OTHERS HAVE THE BENEl T OF LARGE NEIGHBOURS n AND INCOME LEVELS VARY 3ERVICES ARE ALREADY AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTOR TO INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT IN SMALL STATES 4HE POOREST SMALL STATES FACE SEVERE CONSTRAINTS TO SERVICES DEVELOPMENT BUT EVEN THEY ARE HEAVILY DEPENDENT ON THE SERVICES SECTOR 4HE SMALL STATES IN THE MIDDLE AND PARTICULARLY HIGH INCOME GROUP HAVE ALREADY MOVED SIGNIl CANTLY INTO SERVICES AND SOME HAVE SPECIALISED IN HIGH SKILLED KNOWLEDGE BASED SERVICES MORE THAN THEIR LARGE STATE PEERS &OR MANY SMALL STATES TRADE IN SERVICES ESPECIALLY TOURISM RELATED SERVICES IS ALREADY AN IMPORTANT FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNER 4OURISM IS HIGHLY IMPORTANT FOR LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME SMALL STATES DUE TO THEIR RELATIVELY LESS DIVERSIl ED SERVICES SECTOR AS COMPARED WITH THE HIGH INCOME STATES ! MAJOR CHALLENGE IS TO MOVE UP THE VALUE ADDED CHAIN TOWARDS KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE SERVICES 'ENERALLY THE MORE DEVELOPED A COUNTRY THE MORE IT IS ENGAGED IN KNOWLEDGE BASED SERVICES 4HIS l NDING IS REITERATED BY SIX CASE STUDIES WHERE WE OBSERVE THAT TOURISM TYPICALLY ACCOUNTS FOR OVER PER CENT OF SERVICE EXPORTS FOR THE MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES "OTSWANA -AURITIUS 3T ,UCIA AND 6ANUATU BUT TO A LESSER EXTENT IN 3INGAPORE AND 5NITED !RAB %MIRATES 5!% 3INGAPORE S SERVICE EXPORTS ARE SKILL INTENSIVE INCLUDING EDUCATION SERVICES l NANCIAL
SERVICES AND OTHER PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS SERVICES INCLUDING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY )4 5!% S MAJOR SERVICE SECTOR IS TRADE EXTERNAL WHOLESALE AND RETAIL WHICH HAS DEVELOPED DUE TO ITS EXCELLENT TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES HOWEVER THE COUNTRY IS RAPIDLY DEVELOPING ITS l NANCIAL EDUCATIONAL AND TOURISM SERVICES SECTORS AS WELL
#ASE STUDIES SMALL STATES WITH STRONG SERVICE SECTORS ! REVIEW OF THE EXPERIENCES OF SMALL STATES THAT HAVE EITHER DEVELOPED OR ARE IN THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING
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A STRONG SERVICES SECTOR IN THE CONTEXT OF THESE CONSTRAINTS SHOWS HOW APPROPRIATE PUBLIC SUPPORT MAY HELP TO BUILD VIBRANT PRIVATE SERVICE SECTORS 4HE SMALL STATES STUDIED BELONG TO DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS AND INCOME GROUPS AND INCLUDE "OTSWANA -AURITIUS 3T ,UCIA 3INGAPORE 5NITED !RAB %MIRATES AND 6ANUATU COVERING THE PERFORMANCE AND SUPPORTING FACTORS IN lVE PROMISING SERVICE SECTORS lNANCIAL INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES )#4 EDUCATION PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS AND TOURISM
"OTSWANA "OTSWANA A LANDLOCKED COUNTRY IN !FRICA WITH FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNINGS HEAVILY DEPENDENT ON DIAMONDS AND BEEF HAS TRIED ACTIVELY TO MOVE INTO lNANCIAL SERVICES BY ESTABLISHING AN )NTERNATIONAL &INANCIAL 3ERVICES #ENTRE 4HIS HAS HAD SOME SUCCESS AS SOME )4 AND lNANCIAL lRMS HAVE MOVED IN BUT FURTHER PROGRESS SEEMS ARRESTED BY WEAK )4 SYSTEMS AND LACK OF APPROPRIATE SKILLS #ALL CENTRES AND REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS OF SOME lNANCIAL lRMS HAVE ALREADY MOVED TO *OHANNESBURG INSTEAD "ANKS LIST THE LACK OF SKILLED LABOUR AS ONE OF THEIR PRIMARY CONCERNS AN ISSUE WORSENED THROUGH THE STRICT IMMIGRATION REGIME THAT AFFECTS NOT ONLY UNSKILLED BUT ALSO SKILLED WORKERS 4HE COUNTRY HAS UNDERTAKEN SOME IMPORTANT PUBLIC PRIVATE INITIATIVES TO IMPROVE TERTIARY EDUCATION SUCH AS THE "OTSWANA !CCOUNTANCY #OLLEGE AN INITIATIVE WHICH HAS REDUCED THE DEPENDENCE ON IMPORTS OF EDUCATION SERVICES BY MOVING FROM A SITUATION OF FOUR REGISTERED ACCOUNTANTS IN TO A DECADE LATER 4HERE ARE STILL TOO FEW EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE )#4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY OF LOCAL SKILLS TO MAKE "OTSWANA THE REGIONAL HUB OF lNANCIAL SERVICES AND INCREASE THE NET EXPORTS OF SERVICES 0ERHAPS THE CURRENT PLANS FOR AN )4 HUB COULD IMPROVE THIS
-AURITIUS -AURITIUS HAS MANAGED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERVICES SECTOR BY ADDING GRADUALLY THREE SERVICES SECTORS n TOURISM lNANCIAL SERVICES AND )#4 n TO THE TWO TRADITIONAL PILLARS OF THE ECONOMY SUGAR AND TEXTILES )T HAS NOW EMBARKED ON A PLAN TO PROVIDE AN INTEGRATED COMPETITIVE PLATFORM LINKING THE VARIOUS PILLARS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 4HE RAPID EXPANSION OF SERVICES HAS ALREADY ABSORBED EMPLOYMENT LOSSES STEMMING FROM AGRICULTURE AND TEXTILES THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY DEPENDENT ON PREFERENCES ALTHOUGH THERE WILL STILL BE PAINFUL LOSSES IN THE ADJUSTMENT PROCESS 4HE TOURISM SECTOR HAS DEVELOPED WELL AND HAS SET VERY AMBITIOUS NEW TARGETS 4HE GOVERNMENT IS ENCOURAGING AND ADOPTING INNOVATIVE WAYS TO DEVELOP NEW TYPES OF TOURISM ACTIVITIES AND ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENT -AURITIUS IS ALSO SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOPING THE )4 AND lNANCIAL SERVICES SECTORS BENElTING FROM USEFUL GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT SUCH AS FORWARD PLANNING IN TERMS OF INFRASTRUCTURE AS WELL AS FROM EXTERNAL TECHNICAL AND lNANCIAL SUPPORT (OWEVER A CAUSE OF CONCERN IS THE LOW SUPPLY OF APPROPRIATELY TRAINED LABOUR FORCE NEEDED FOR A KNOWLEDGE BASED SERVICE ECONOMY )NCREASING RELEVANT TERTIARY ENROLMENT RATES IS ONE OF THE NATIONAL PRIORITIES
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
3T ,UCIA 3T ,UCIA IS CURRENTLY AT A CRITICAL JUNCTURE AS TRADE PREFERENCES ARE ERODING AND COMPETITION WITH BIGGER COUNTRIES SUCH AS "RAZIL )NDIA AND #HINA IS INTENSIFYING IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS 4HE COUNTRY HAS ALREADY REALISED A LIMITED DIVERSIlCATION OF ITS EXPORT BASE BY SUCCESSFULLY PROMOTING TOURISM USING A PROACTIVE SUPPLY OF INFRASTRUCTURE AS WELL AS ORGANISING SUCCESSFUL ONE OFF EVENTS SUCH AS 3T ,UCIA *AZZ AND #ARNIVAL (OWEVER ITS PERFORMANCE IN OTHER MORE KNOWLEDGE BASED SERVICE SECTORS REMAINS WEAK AND WHILE THERE ARE SIGNS OF OTHER EMERGING SERVICE SECTORS )4 ENABLED SERVICES AND OFFSHORE EDUCATION THEY ARE NOT YET RECEIVING THE SAME INTEGRAL SUPPORT AND STRATEGIC PLANNING AS THE TOURISM SECTOR 4O MOVE ACTIVELY INTO SERVICES TRADE BEYOND TOURISM 3T ,UCIA WILL NEED TO PROVIDE THE EMERGING SECTORS WITH AT LEAST THE SAME LEVEL OF SUPPORT AND STRATEGIC DIRECTION AS IT DID TO TOURISM n FOR EXAMPLE IMPROVED INFRASTRUCTURE PROMOTION OF SERVICE ASSOCIATIONS AND EFFECTIVE STATEnBUSINESS RELATIONS AND APPROPRIATE AND WELL TARGETED INVESTMENT INCENTIVES )N ADDITION THERE IS STILL A LACK A FOCUS ON DEVELOPING A STRONG HUMAN RESOURCE SKILLS BASE IN ORDER TO MOVE INTO A KNOWLEDGE BASED SERVICE INDUSTRY
3INGAPORE 3INGAPORE IS AN IMPORTANT SUCCESS STORY FOR SMALL STATES STRIVING TO BUILD A STRONG SERVICES SECTOR 4HE PUBLIC SECTOR CREATED THE RIGHT ENVIRONMENT A BUSINESS FRIENDLY CLIMATE EXPORT ORIENTED ECONOMIC POLICY FRAMEWORK IMPROVED REGULATORY AND LEGAL SYSTEMS AND STATE LED INVESTMENTS IN STRATEGIC SECTORS THROUGH PROACTIVE SUPPLY OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING OF CLUSTERS AND SKILL UPGRADING SCHEMES FOR THE SERVICES SECTOR TO DEVELOP 4HE CASE STUDY SHOWS THAT A SUCCESSFUL APPROACH NEEDS THE ABILITY TO RESPOND mEXIBLY AS WELL AS LONG TERM ENGAGEMENT 4HE SUPPORT FRAMEWORK HAS EVOLVED GRADUALLY OVER TIME FROM ONE THAT STIMULATED MANUFACTURING IN THE S TO ONE THAT PROMOTED A KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY IN THE S AND BEYOND 3INGAPORE HAS A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OVER MANY LARGE COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF ITS EXCELLENT TRANSPORT AND )#4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE AVAILABILITY OF A SKILLED LABOUR FORCE 4HE GOVERNMENT IS ATTACHING PARTICULAR EMPHASIS TO PROMOTING THE EDUCATION SECTOR EVEN FURTHER WITH THE AIM OF MAKING 3INGAPORE THE REGIONAL HUB FOR EDUCATIONAL SERVICES 4HIS WOULD FURTHER STRENGTHEN OTHER KNOWLEDGE BASED SERVICES SECTORS SUCH AS )#4 AND lNANCIAL SERVICES
5NITED !RAB %MIRATES 5NITED !RAB %MIRATES 5!% PARTICULARLY THE EMIRATES OF $UBAI AND !BU $HABI IS A RAPIDLY GROWING SUCCESS STORY ,IKE 3INGAPORE THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN 5!% BACKED BY OIL REVENUES THAT ONE DAY WILL RUN OUT TOOK THE LEAD TO IDENTIFY SERVICES SECTORS WITH POTENTIAL AND DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES PLANNED STRATEGICALLY AND CREATED AN INVESTMENT FRIENDLY CLIMATE TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENT /NE OF THE SUCCESSFUL INITIATIVES WAS THAT OF AN OPEN SKIES POLICY LIBERALISING AIR TRANSPORT WHICH STRENGTHENED THE TOURISM SECTOR AND STIMULATED THE DEMAND FOR OTHER GOODS AND SERVICES AS WELL ! MORE RECENT AND SUDDEN CHANGE HAS BEEN THE INCREASED FOCUS ON DEVELOPING THE KNOWLEDGE BASED SERVICES SECTORS AND $UBAI IS LEADING THE OTHER STATES IN THIS
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REGARD )MPORTANT INITIATIVES INCLUDE THE $UBAI &INANCIAL #ENTRE $UBAI +NOWLEDGE 6ILLAGE AND $UBAI )NTERNET #ITY $UBAI AND 3INGAPORE HAVE IN COMMON A STRONG FOCUS ON ATTRACTING FOREIGN TALENT AND FOREIGN BUSINESS SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES
6ANUATU 6ANUATU CLASSIlED AS A ,EAST $EVELOPED #OUNTRY BECAUSE OF ITS HIGH ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITIES HAS AN ECONOMY HIGHLY DEPENDENT ON THE SERVICES SECTOR n BUT EXPORTS OF SERVICES HAVE REMAINED LOW AND STAGNANT 4HE COUNTRY CONTINUES TO RELY ON PRIMARY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR FOREIGN EXCHANGE !N OFFSHORE lNANCIAL SERVICES SECTOR WAS ESTABLISHED AS EARLY AS AT 0ORT 6ILA WHICH HAS ATTRACTED CONSIDERABLE FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN PART BECAUSE OF THE EXTENSIVE lSCAL AND LEGAL INCENTIVES (OWEVER CONSIDERING THE INCREASING INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN lNANCIAL SERVICES 6ANUATU WOULD NEED TO BE MORE PROACTIVE BEYOND INCENTIVES $EVELOPMENT OF )#4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND HUMAN CAPITAL AS WELL AS INTERNATIONAL MARKETING ARE IMPORTANT TO ATTRACT MORE INVESTMENT ESPECIALLY FROM !SIA 4HE GOVERNMENT HAS ACTIVELY PROMOTED TOURISM IN RECENT YEARS AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF TOURISM RELATED ACTIVITIES TO THE ECONOMY IS RAPIDLY EXPANDING #ONSIDERING THAT 6ANUATU IS ONE OF THE MOST DISADVANTAGED ECONOMIES IN THE WORLD IN TERMS OF ITS GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO NATURAL DISASTERS AND RELIES HEAVILY ON OFlCIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SOUND SERVICES SECTOR REQUIRES STRATEGIC PLANNING AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL AS WELL AS INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL AND lNANCIAL ASSISTANCE FOR BUILDING DOMESTIC CAPACITY
3TRATEGIC AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS 4HE STUDY INCLUDES A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT STRATEGIC AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS ° )T MAKES ECONOMIC SENSE FOR SMALL STATES TO CONCENTRATE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE SERVICES 3UCH SERVICES ARE LESS SENSITIVE TO HIGH TRANSPORT COSTS COMPARED TO GOODS HELP DIVERSIFY THE ECONOMIC BASE REDUCE VULNERABILITY TO MACRO SHOCKS ARE LESS SENSITIVE TO HURRICANES COMPARE A CALL CENTRE WITH A PLANTATION AND REDUCE RELIANCE ON AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURING WHICH DEPEND ON ERODING TRADE PREFERENCES AND SCALE 7ITH GOOD TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS )4 ENABLED SERVICES IN SMALL STATES CAN OBTAIN DIRECT ACCESS TO LARGE MARKETS
AND DECADES WHILE AT THE SAME TIME REMAINING mEXIBLE TO ADJUST TO NEW INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHALLENGES ° 4ECHNICAL AND lNANCIAL ASSISTANCE ESPECIALLY !ID FOR 4RADE COULD HELP TO ENABLE SMALL STATES TO ADJUST TO A HIGHER VALUE ADDED ECONOMY AWAY FROM DEPENDENCE ON PREFERENCES -ANY SMALL STATES ARE AMONG THE MOST DISADVANTAGED COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD IN TERMS OF THEIR ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITIES 2EGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO DEVISE APPROPRIATE PLANS TO BUILD DOMESTIC CAPACITY TO IMPROVE PHYSICAL AND HUMAN INFRASTRUCTURE IS CRUCIAL FOR THESE STATES 4HERE ALSO EXISTS A LARGE GAP BETWEEN SMALL STATES IN THE LOW INCOME GROUP AND OTHER SMALL STATES IN THEIR CAPACITY TO EMBRACE THE SERVICE INDUSTRIES ° 4HERE ARE VARIOUS SUPPORTING FACTORS DOMESTIC CAPABILITIES REGULATORY FRAMEWORK EXTERNAL CONDITIONS IN ACROSS COUNTRIES AND SECTORS s 4OURISM ACTIVITY IS OFTEN INITIALLY PRIVATE SECTOR DRIVEN BUT THE PUBLIC SECTOR CAN SUPPORT TOURISM BY BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE AND COORDINATING THE ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT PRIVATE SECTOR AGENTS FOR EXAMPLE AS IN 3T ,UCIA 4HE DESIGN OF APPROPRIATE INTERNATIONAL TRADE RELATED POLICIES CAN BE INSTRUMENTAL IN THIS REGARD s 3OME SMALL STATES ESPECIALLY MIDDLE AND HIGH INCOME ARE MOVING FAST INTO KNOWLEDGE BASED SERVICE SECTORS BEYOND TOURISM SERVICES &OR EXAMPLE -AURITIUS HAS ALREADY EXPERIENCED A RAPID RISE IN THE NUMBER OF )4 COMPANIES OPERATING IN THE COUNTRY (OWEVER IN OTHER SMALL STATES THE GOVERNMENT NEEDS TO CONSIDER FOLLOWING AN ACTIVE APPROACH TO SUPPORT SERVICES AS EVEN A SMALL EXPANSION REQUIRES AN INCREASE IN DOMESTIC CAPABILITIES SUCH AS SKILLS AND IMPROVED )4 NETWORKS )F A DELIBERATE ATTEMPT IS NOT SUPPORTED ON ALL FRONTS )4 COMPANIES MAY DECIDE TO MOVE ELSEWHERE AS THEY APPEAR TO HAVE DONE IN "OTSWANA s 3OME SMALL STATES HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFUL AT BECOMING REGIONAL lNANCIAL HUBS FOR EXAMPLE 3INGAPORE $UBAI AND -AURITIUS /THERS HAVE LONG BEEN ENGAGED IN OFFSHORE lNANCE FOR EXAMPLE THE "AHAMAS "ARBADOS AND 6ANUATU (OWEVER MANY SMALL STATES HAVE STRUGGLED )T IS IMPORTANT TO REALISE THAT AN ADEQUATE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IS NOT SUFlCIENT TO SUCCEED AS LATE ENTRANTS lND IT DIFlCULT TO BEAT THE COMPETITION
° 3UCCESSFUL EXAMPLES SHOW THAT LEADERSHIP IS REQUIRED TO CREATE A VISION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SERVICE SECTORS IN THE COUNTRY 4HIS MAY LEAD TO A CHANGE IN THE MINDSET THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE ECONOMY TOWARDS A COMPETITIVE SERVICE DEPENDENT ECONOMY AND AWAY FROM PREFERENCE DEPENDENT AND PROTECTED SECTORS
s /FFSHORE EDUCATION AND TRAINING IS ANOTHER EMERGING SERVICE SECTOR #ARIBBEAN STATES HAVE ALREADY BEEN SUCCESSFUL IN ATTRACTING OFFSHORE MEDICAL SCHOOLS AND THEY CAN CONTRIBUTE SIGNIlCANTLY TO '$0 3MALL STATES COULD APPROACH THIS SECTOR MORE STRATEGICALLY AND CREATE @STICKY PLACES WHERE INVESTORS INVEST IN EDUCATION FOR EXAMPLE TRAINING LOCAL AND FOREIGN NURSES WHICH WOULD IMPROVE EXPORTS OF SERVICES AND AT THE SAME TIME UPGRADE THE SKILLS OF THE LOCAL WORKFORCE APPROPRIATE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERVICE SECTORS
° 3MALL STATES THAT HAVE SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOPED KNOWLEDGE BASED SERVICE SECTORS HAVE SUPPORTED THE SERVICES SECTOR CONSISTENTLY OVER A PERIOD OF YEARS
s 4HERE ARE MANY OTHER EXPORTS OF SERVICES FROM SMALL STATES INCLUDING PROFESSIONAL SERVICES BUT OFTEN THERE ARE NO SYSTEMATIC DATA 4HE LACK OF
° 4HE REALITY IS THAT WHILE MANY SMALL STATES ALREADY DEPEND ON SERVICES FOR INCOME EXPORTS AND JOBS THIS IS OFTEN DUE TO TOURISM AND LESS SO BECAUSE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER SERVICES SECTORS
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AVAILABLE DATA SUGGESTS THAT SUCH SERVICES MAY NOT RECEIVE PRIORITY POLICY SUPPORT ! lRST STEP WOULD BE TO COMPILE DATA AND ASSESS THE EXPORT CAPACITY OF THESE SECTORS #ONSIDERING THE INCREASE IN GLOBAL DEMAND FOR BUSINESS SERVICES SUCH SECTORS CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DIVERSIFYING THE ECONOMIES OF SMALL STATES s "UILDING AN APPROPRIATE AND mEXIBLE SUPPLY CAPACITY IS CRUCIAL !LTHOUGH THIS IS PART OF NORMAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES SKILLS ENHANCEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE )#4 ETC THE SITUATION IS DIFFERENT FOR SMALL STATES WHICH FACE STARK CHOICES BECAUSE OF THEIR SMALL SIZE AND LIMITED RESOURCES $IVERTING RESOURCES FROM TRADITIONAL SECTORS SUCH AS AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURING TO SUPPORTING KEY SERVICES SECTORS MAY INVOLVE ADJUSTMENT COSTS FOR THE ECONOMY BRINGING POLITICAL REPERCUSSIONS AND ECONOMIC COSTS FOR SOME !GREEMENT ON PRIORITY SECTORS IS REQUIRED WITHIN THE COUNTRY s 4HE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR SERVICES )N SOME CASES BAD FRAMEWORKS CAN STImE DEVELOPMENT FOR EXAMPLE LACK OF REGULATION OF MONOPOLIES IN THE UTILITIES SECTOR IN THE #ARIBBEAN )N OTHER CASES A CHANGE IN THE RULES CAN ENABLE NEW SERVICE ACTIVITIES ATTRACTION OF OFFSHORE SCHOOLS lLM SETS ETC s 3MALL STATES NEED TO EMBRACE GLOBALISATION AND USE INTERNATIONAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TO SIGNAL OPENNESS AND THEIR FORWARD LOOKING APPROACH .ONE OF THE COUNTRIES STUDIED HAVE EXPERIENCED NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FROM TAKING PART IN TRADE IN SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS WHICH HAVE ACTUALLY CAUSED THE PRIVATE SECTOR TO TAKE COMPETITION SERIOUSLY #REATING A TRANSPARENT FRAMEWORK FOR THE NON DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN INVESTORS IS IMPORTANT FOR SMALL STATES EFFORTS TO ATTRACT SIGNIlCANT FOREIGN AND LOCAL INVESTMENT IN SERVICES s 'OVERNMENTS HAVE ALSO CONSIDERED THE INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT STRUCTURE OF BOTH THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND PUBLIC SECTOR 0RIVATE SECTOR ORGANISATIONS CAN BE ASSISTED PERHAPS WITH INITIAL ENDOWMENTS OR CONTINUED PROJECT SUPPORT #OALITIONS OF SERVICE INDUSTRIES CAN ALSO PLAY A USEFUL ROLE IN SMALL STATES THROUGH FOR EXAMPLE EDUCATING THEIR MEMBERS ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL SERVICE CONDITIONS AND POLICIES PROMOTING THE ADOPTION OF STANDARDS AND CODES OF CONDUCT OF THEIR MEMBERS TO PREPARE FOR COMPETITION LOBBYING GOVERNMENT ON THE IMPORTANCE OF AN APPROPRIATE ENVIRONMENT FOR SERVICES AND ASSESSING THE CAPACITY OF THE SECTOR AND IDENTIFYING AREAS WITH MARKET POTENTIAL /VERALL THE DEVELOPMENT OF SERVICE SECTORS INVOLVES LEADERSHIP THAT CAN SIGNAL A FUNDAMENTAL SHIFT IN ECONOMIC THINKING IN SMALL STATES WHICH HAVE TRADITIONALLY RELIED ON PREFERENCES AND PROTECTION OF GOODS #HANGES IN POLICY MIGHT BE REQUIRED AT ALL LEVELS TRADE NEGOTIATIONS THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN APPROPRIATE SUPPLY CAPACITY AND BUILDING AN APPROPRIATE DOMESTIC REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 3TATEnBUSINESS RELATIONS NEED TO BE STRENGTHENED SO THAT THE PRIVATE SECTOR BENElTS FURTHER FROM INITIATIVES UNDERTAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT
4HE #OMMONWEALTH (EADS OF 'OVERNMENT -EETING
%NGAGEMENT WITH THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY IS CRUCIAL SO THAT IMPORTANT LESSONS CAN BE LEARNED FROM THE EXPERIENCES OF OTHER COUNTRIES IN GENERAL AND SUCCESSFUL SMALL STATES IN PARTICULAR )N ADDITION THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY CAN HELP BY SUPPORTING SUCH INITIATIVES AND ASSISTING SMALL STATES TECHNICALLY AS WELL AS lNANCIALLY TO BUILD THE DOMESTIC CAPACITY THAT SUPPORTS A STRONG SERVICES SECTOR CRUCIAL FOR FUTURE GROWTH PROSPECTS IN SMALL STATES 3MALL STATES NEED TO BE PROACTIVE CONSISTENT YET mEXIBLE IN THEIR APPROACH !ID FOR 4RADE CAN SUPPORT THIS 4HE AUTHORS ARE GRATEFUL TO THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT FOR SUPPORT 4HE VIEWS PRESENTED IN THIS PAPER ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHORS ALONE AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT THE VIEWS OF THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT 7E ARE GRATEFUL TO #ONSTANCE 6IGILANCE -AURA &ELIX AND PARTICIPANTS AT THE SMALL STATES MEETING AT THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT FOR COMMENTS SUGGESTIONS AND LOGISTICAL SUPPORT
$R $IRK 7ILLEM TE 6ELDE HAS BEEN A 2ESEARCH &ELLOW AT THE /VERSEAS $EVELOPMENT )NSTITUTE SINCE (E HOLDS A 0H$ IN ECONOMICS FROM "IRKBECK #OLLEGE THE 5NIVERSITY OF ,ONDON !T THE /$) HE SPECIALISES IN TRADE INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH ISSUES (E HAS EDITED AND AUTHORED SEVERAL BOOKS BOOK CHAPTERS AND JOURNAL ARTICLES ON THESE TOPICS INCLUDING 2EGIONAL )NTEGRATION AND 0OVERTY PUBLISHED BY !SHGATE IN AND &OREIGN $IRECT )NVESTMENT )NEQUALITY AND 0OVERTY EXPERIENCES AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS PUBLISHED BY /$) IN (IS WORK ON SERVICES INCLUDES WORK FOR $&)$ $')3 #/-%3! THE #OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT IN COUNTRIES SUCH AS "OTSWANA "ELIZE 4RINIDAD AND 4OBAGO 3URINAME "OTSWANA -ALAWI 3T ,UCIA :AMBIA AND OTHERS $R -AHVASH 3AEED 1URESHI OBTAINED AN -0HIL AND A 0H $ IN %CONOMICS FROM 4RINITY #OLLEGE 5NIVERSITY OF #AMBRIDGE (ER PRESENT RESEARCH INTERESTS INCLUDE INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH GLOBALISATION AND INSTITUTIONS INTERNATIONAL TRADE STANDARDS AND TRADE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 3HE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE )NTERNATIONAL %CONOMICS $EVELOPMENT 'ROUP AT THE /VERSEAS $EVELOPMENT )NSTITUTE 5+ WHEN WRITING THE REPORT 3HE HAS ALSO CONDUCTED RESEARCH FOR THE !SIAN $EVELOPMENT "ANK -ANILA THE )NTERNATIONAL -ONETARY &UND 7ASHINGTON $# THE 3USTAINABLE $EVELOPMENT 0OLICY )NSTITUTE 0AKISTAN THE 5.5 7)$%2 &INLAND AND (- 4REASURY 5+ /$) IS "RITAIN S LEADING 4HINK 4ANK ON INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND HUMANITARIAN ISSUES )TS MISSION IS TO INSPIRE AND INFORM POLICY AND PRACTICE WHICH LEAD TO THE REDUCTION OF POVERTY THE ALLEVIATION OF SUFFERING AND THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES )T DOES THIS BY LOCKING TOGETHER HIGH QUALITY APPLIED RESEARCH PRACTICAL POLICY ADVICE AND POLICY FOCUSED DISSEMINATION AND DEBATE /VERSEAS $EVELOPMENT )NSTITUTE 7ESTMINSTER "RIDGE 2OAD ,ONDON 3% *$ 5+ 4EL %MAIL DW TEVELDE ODI ORG UK
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