© PXLAR8/DREAMSTIME
image WASHING MACHINE.
figure 10.18: breakdown of electricity use by sub sector in sector ‘others’ in 2009 (IEA ENERGY BALANCES 2011) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
NON-SPECIFIED (OTHER) FISHING AGRICULTURE/FORESTRY
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© AGENCYBY/DREAMSTIME
image COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP LIGHT BULB.
COMMERCE AND PUBLIC SERVICES RESIDENTIAL
It is important to realise however that lighting energy savings are not just a question of using more efficient lamps, but also involve other approaches: reducing light absorption of luminaries (the fixture in which the lamp is housed), optimise lighting levels (which commonly exceed values recommended by IEA),159 use of automatic controls like movement and daylight sensors, and retrofitting buildings to make better use of daylight. Buildings designed to optimize daylight can receive up to 70% of their annual illumination needs from daylight while a typical building will only get 20 to 25%. 160 The IEA publication Light’s Labour’s Lost (2006) projects at least 38% of lighting electricity consumption could be cut in cost-effective ways, disregarding newer and promising technologies such as light emitted diodes (LEDs).
table 10.3: reference and best practice electricity use by “wet appliances”
Washing machine* Reference (kWh/dwelling/yr) Best practice (kWh/dwelling/yr) Improvement (%)
231 116 50
Dryer* Reference (kWh/dwelling/yr) Best practice (kWh/dwelling/yr) Improvement (%)
440 210-140 60
Dish washers*, ** Reference (kWh/dwelling/yr) Best practice (kWh/dwelling/yr) Improvement (%)
305 209-163 40
notes * WWW.MILIEUCENTRAAL.NL ** ESTIMATE OF 163 DERIVED FROM VHK, 2005.
references 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164
IEA, 2010. HENDEL-BLACKFORD ET AL., 2007. ENERGY STAR, 2008. IEA, LIGHT´S LABOUR´S LOST, 2006, PARIS/FRANCE. IEA, LIGHT´S LABOUR´S LOST, 2006, PARIS/FRANCE. IEA, 2009B IEA , COOL APPLIANCES, 2003, PARIS/FRANCE. IEA , COOL APPLIANCES, 2003, PARIS/FRANCE. BETTGENHAUSER ET AL. (2009).
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BUILDINGS AND AGRICULTURE
Lighting Incandescent bulbs have been the most common lamps for a more than 100 years but also the most inefficient type since up to 95% of the electricity is lost as heat.157 Incandescent lamps have a relatively short life-span (average value approximately 1,000 hours), but have a low initial cost and attractive light colour. Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) are more expensive than incandescent, but they use about a quarter of the energy and last about 10 times longer.158 In recent years many policies have been implemented that reduce or ban the use of incandescent light bulbs in various countries.
Other appliances Other appliances include cold appliances (freezers and refrigerators), washing machines, dryers, dish washers, ovens and other kitchen equipment. Electricity use for cold appliances depends on average per household storage capacities, the ratio of frozen to fresh food storage capacity, ambient temperatures and humidity, and food storage temperatures and control.162 European and Japanese households typically have one combined refrigerator-freezer in the kitchen or they have a refrigerator and a separate freezer, due to having less space in the home. In OECD North America and Australia where houses are larger, almost all households have a refrigerator-freezer and many also have a separate freezer and occasionally a separate refrigerator.163 It is estimated that by improving the energy-efficiency of cold appliances on average 45% of electricity use could be saved for EU-27.164 For “wet appliances” they estimate a potential of 40-60% savings by implementing best practice technology (see Table 10.3).
energy efficiency |
Technologies Typically, heat pumps can produce from 2.5 to 4 times as much useful heat as the amount of high-grade energy input, with variations due to seasonal performance. The sales of heat pumps in a number of major European markets experienced strong growth in recent years. Total annual sales in Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland reached 576,000 in 2008, almost 50% more than in 2005.156 Data suggests that heat pumps may be beginning to achieve a critical mass for space and water heating in a number of European countries.
ICT and home entertainment equipment Information and communication technologies (ICT) and home entertainment consist of a growing number of appliances in both residential and commercial buildings, such as computers, (smart) phones, televisions, set-top boxes, games consoles, printers, copiers and servers. ICT and consumer electronics account for about 15% of residential electricity consumption now.161 Globally a rise of 3 times is expected for ICT and consumer electronics, from 776 TWh in 2010 to 1,700 TWh in 2030. One of the main options for reducing energy use in ICT and home entertainment is using best available technology. IEA (2009b) estimates that a reduction is possible from 1,700 TWh to 775 TWh in 2030 by applying best available technology and to 1,220 TWh by least life-cycle costs measures, which do not impose additional costs on consumers. Below we discuss other energy savings options for ICT and home entertainment.