ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION A SUSTAINABLE EU 27 ENERGY OUTLOOK
list of figures 2 figure 2.1
6 figure 6.1
figure 2.8 figure 2.9
centralised generation systems waste more than two thirds of their original energy input a decentralised energy future the smart-grid vision for the energy [r]evolution a typical load curve throughout europe, shows electricity use peaking and falling on a daily basis the evolving approach to grids renewable energy sources as a share of energy supply in germany renewable energy sources in total final energy consumption in germany 2011/2010 phase out of nuclear energy electricity imports/exports germany
30 31 31
3 figure 3.1 figure 3.2 figure 3.3 figure 3.4
return characteristics of renewable energies overview risk factors for renewable energy projects investment stages of renewable energy projects key barriers to renewable energy investment
34 35 35 37
figure 2.2 figure 2.3 figure 2.4 figure 2.5 figure 2.6 figure 2.7
4 figure 4.1 figure 4.2 figure 4.3 figure 4.4 figure 4.5 figure 4.6 figure 4.7 figure 4.8
future development of investment costs for renewable energy technologies expected development of electricity generation costs from fossil fuel and renewable options global oil production 1950 to 2011 and projection till 2050 coal scenario: base decline of 2% per year and new projects wind power: short term prognosis vs real market development - global cummulative capacity wind power: long term market projects until 2030 photovoltaic: short term prognosis vs real market development - global cummulative capacity photovoltaic: long term market projects until 2030
19 20 25 27 27 30
figure 6.2 7 figure 7.1 figure 7.2 figure 7.3 figure 7.4 figure 7.5
8 figure 8.1
9 figure 9.1 figure 9.2
47 figure 9.3 47 figure 9.4 49 49 50 51 52 53
figure 9.5 figure 9.6 figure 9.7 figure 9.8 figure 9.9 figure 9.10
5 figure 5.1 figure 5.2 figure 5.3 figure 5.4 figure 5.5 figure 5.6 figure 5.7 figure 5.8 figure 5.9 figure 5.10 figure 5.11 figure 5.12
total final energy demand under the reference scenario and the energy energy [r]evolution scenario development of electricity demand by sector in the energy [r]evolution scenario development of the transport demand by sector in the energy [r]evolution scenario development of heat demand by sector in the energy [r]evolution scenario electricity generation structure under the reference scenario and the energy [r]evolution scenario total electricity supply costs & specific electricity generation costs under two scenarios investment shares - reference scenario versus energy [r]evolution scenario heat supply structure under the reference scenario and the energy [r]evolution scenario investments for renewable heat generation technologies under the reference scenario and the energy [r]evolution scenario final energy consumption for transport under the reference scenario and the energy [r]evolution scenario global: primary energy consumption under the reference scenario and the energy [r]evolution scenario development of CO2 emissions by sector under the energy [r]evolution scenarios
figure 9.11 56 57
figure 9.12 figure 9.13
57 figure 9.14 57
figure 9.15 figure 9.16
58 figure 9.17 59 figure 9.18 59 figure 9.19 60 figure 9.20 61 figure 9.21 62 figure 9.22 63
figure 9.23
63
figure 9.24 figure 9.25 figure 9.26
6
employment in the energy sector under the reference scenario and the energy [r]evolution scenarios employment in the energy sector by technology in 2010 and 2030 global power plant market 1970-2010 global power plant market 1970-2010, excl china europe (eu 27): annual power plant market 1970-2010 power plant market shares 1970-2010 new installed capacity and decommissioned capacity in mw. total 35,468 mw.
ranges of global technical potentials of renewable energy sources
69 70 78 79 79 80 81
100
development of final energy use per transport mode from 2009 to 2050 in the reference scenario 107 stock-weighted passenger transport energy intensity for 2009 and 2050 109 aviation passenger-km in the reference and energy [r]evolution scenario 110 rail passenger-km in the reference and energy [r]evolution scenario 110 passenger-km over time in the reference scenario 110 passenger-km over time in the energy [r]evolution scenario 110 average (stock-weighted) freight transport energy intensity in the energy [r]evolution scenario 111 tonne-km over time in the reference scenario 111 tonne-km over time in the energy [r]evolution scenario 111 energy intensitu (Mj/p-km) for air transport in the energy [r]evolution 112 fuel share of electric and diesel rail traction for passenger transport 113 fuel share of electric and diesel rail traction for freight transport 113 energy intensities for passenger rail transport in the energy [r]evolution scenario 114 energy intensities for freight rail transport in the energy [r]evolution scenario 114 HDV operating fully electrically under a catenary 114 fuel share of medium duty vehicles by transport performance (tonne-km) 115 fuel share of heavy duty vehicles by transport performance (tonne-km) 115 energy intensities of light duty vehicles in the reference and energy [r]evolution scenario 116 tailpipe CO2 emissions for light duty vehicles (stock weighted fleet average) in the reference and energy [r]evolution scenario 117 tailpipe CO2 emissions for light duty vehicles (stock weighted sales average) in the reference and energy [r]evolution scenario 117 LDV vehicle sales by segment in 2009 and 2050 in the energy [r]evolution scenario 118 sales share of vehicle technologies in small LDVs up to 2050 in the energy [r]evolution scenario 118 sales share of vehicle technologies in medium LDVs up to 2050 in the energy [r]evolution scenario 119 sales share of vehicle technologies in large LDVs up to 2050 in the energy [r]evolution scenario 119 development of the LDV stock over time in the energy [r]evolution scenario 119 average annual LDV kilometres driven in the energy [r]evolution scenario 119