0!24
7F?R ? NGJC MD PS@@GQF )LRPMBSARGML
M SIO ;L? L?;>CHA NBCM <IIE ;G ;MMOGCHA NB;N SIO·L? OJ @IL NB? C>?; I@ ?G<L;=CHA ; FCNNF? =B;HA? CH NB? Q;S SIO B;H>F? SIOL LO<<CMB B? <IIE QCFF CHNLI>O=? SIO NI Q;SM CH QBC=B SIO =;H G;E? ; >C@@?L?H=? CH SIOL ?P?LS>;S FC@?
)L 0?PR Q? N;FE ;<ION NB? M?LCIOM
MC>? I@ LO<<CMB O<<CMB CM ; M?LCIOM <OMCH?MM ;H> L?=?HN ZAOL?M MBIQ NB;N CH HAF;H> ;FIH? Q? A?H?L;N? ; MBI=ECHA y GCFFCIH NIHH?M I@ Q;MN? J?L ;HHOG @LIG BIOM?BIF>M =IGG?L=? ;H> CH>OMNLS ·P? <;L?FS MN;LN?> ;H> ;FL?;>S @??F NB? H??> NI G;E? ; =IH@?MMCIH B?H Q;M ZLMN ;ME?> NI QLCN? NBCM <IIE NBIOABN CN Q;M AICHA NI <? ?;MS S <L;CH IP?L[IQM QCNB MCGJF?
)LRPMBSARGML
C>?;M IH BIQ NI =ON ION NB? ?R=?MM J;=E;ACHA Q? ;L? MOLLIOH>?> <S IH >? =FONN?LCHA BIG?M IH ?L;>C=;NCHA Q;MN? ;H> LO<<CMB CH A?H?L;F ;H> QBCF? >ICHA ;FF I@ NB? ;<IP? M;PCHA GS B;L> ?;LH?> =;MB ;H> <?CHA ECH>?L NI GS FI=;F ;H> AFI<;F ?HPCLIHG?HNM IQ?P?L NB? >??J?L JFOHA?> CHNI GS L?M?;L=B NB? >;LE?L ;H> GIL? =;P?LHIOM NB? QBIF? BIF? I@ EHIQF?>A? <?=;G? ;FGIMN @?FF CHNI ; Q?FF I@ MN;NCMNC=M NB;N H??>?> ; LIJ? NI BICMN G? ION I@ B?L?@IL? QBCF? JLIGCM? NI E??J NB? M?LCIOM <CN· NI ; GCHCGOG CN·M >?ZHCN?FS MN;SCHA CH IH·N QILLS SIO =;H ;FQ;SM [C=E @ILQ;L> ;H> FIM? SIOLM?F@ CH ; <CN I@ C>F? >CMNL;=NCIH <S =IFIOLCHA CH IH? I@ NB? ?=I =;LNIIHM
Q? L?;FFS A?N NI ALCJM QCNB CN ;FF QCFF <? )L 0?PR NCJNI?CHA NBLIOAB SIOL BIG? LIIG <S LIIG QIH·N FIIE CH SIOL >L;Q?LM <ON JLI<;<FS QIH·N <? ;<F? NI ZABN I@@ NB? OLA? NI JIE? ;<ION OH>?L NB? <?> QCFF @I=OM IH NB? E?S ;L?;M QB?L? Q? B;P? ?R=?MMCP? LO<<CMB IL ?RJ?LC?H=? OHH?=?MM;LS Q;MN? CH NB? Q;S I@ J;=E;ACHA L?MIOL=?M ONCFCNC?M GIH?S NCG? NL;P?F MBIJJCHA MNIL;A? ;H> MI IH B?L? ;L? MIG? CHMN;HN MIFONCIHM NI NB?M? MCNO;NCIHM G;HS NB;N QIH·N =IMN SIO ; J?HHS ;H> INB?LM NB;N L?KOCL? P;LSCHA >?AL??M I@ ZH;H=C;F CHP?MNG?HN <ON HINBCHA NB;N·M AICHA NI <L?;E NB? <;HE BCM M?=NCIH ;FMI CH=FO>?M GS IQH NLC?> N?MN?> CH?RJ?HMCP? ;H> ?=I @LC?H>FS L?=CJ?M @IL BIOM?BIF> =F?;HCHA ON >IH·N J;HC= NB?L? CM ;<MIFON?FS HI =B;H=? I@ G? <;HACHA IH ;<ION BIOM?QILE IB HI ON QCFF <? MBIQCHA SIO L?;FCMNC= Q;SM NI MNIJ <OSCHA =IJCIOM ;GIOHNM I@ NBIM? NIRC= JF;MNC= <INNF?> ;H> NCHH?> M;HCNCMCHA JLI>O=NM NB;N Q? M??G NI B;P? <??H M?>O=?> CHNI <OSCHA IP?L NB? J;MN @?Q >?=;>?M B?L? CM ;FMI ; NIIF<IR I@ F?NN?LM CHN?LMJ?LM?> NBLIOABION NB? LIIGM @IL SIO NI A?N ;=NCP? QCNB ;H> A?N SIOL @LC?H>M FI=;F MBIJM ;H> M=BIIF <?BCH> NB? >LCP? @IL Q;MN? L?>O=NCIH
0?PR
CM ; LO<<CMB L?MIOL=?M LIOH> OJ B?L? CM CH@ILG;NCIH IH OM?@OF Q?<MCN?M @OLNB?L L?;>CHA G;N?LC;F ;>>L?MM?M ;H> =IHN;=N >?N;CFM I@ AL?;N ILA;HCM;NCIHM ;H> MIG? P?LS B?FJ@OF J?IJF? ·P? G?N ;FIHA NB? Q;S IL ;HSIH? QBI ?HDISM ; <CN I@
)LRPMBSARGML
=?F?<LCNS AIMMCJ NB?L?·M ?P?H ; <CN I@ NB;N NII ·FF <? ?RJIMCHA QBI·M AL??H ;H> G?;HM CN QBI·M >ICHA QB;N QCNB QBIG BIQ NB?S ;L? >ICHA CN ;H> QBS NB?S·L? <INB?L?> B? FC@? I@ ; =?F?<LCNS CM GCABNCFS JIQ?L@OF ;H> C@ ?HHC@?L HCMNIH =;H CH[O?H=? NB? NL?H> I@ ; H;NCIH QCNB ; B;CL=ON NB?H GCABN MN;H> ; =B;H=? I@ A?NNCHA SIO NI =B;HA? SIOL Q;SM ;NOL;FFS NBCM QCFF L?G;CH ; QILE CH JLIAL?MM <?SIH> NB? JO<FC=;NCIH I@ NBCM <IIE <ON ·G CH NBCM @IL NB? FIHA B;OF ;H> ·FF <? L?JILNCHA BIN ;H> B;JJ?HCHA· ?=I H?QM IH ; >?>C=;N?> <FIA QQQ <IIEI@LO<<CMBC>?;M =I OE¡ QB?L? SIO =;H M?? QB;N·M AICHA IH ;H> @OLNB?L SIOL JLIAL?MM NI L?>O=? SIOL LO<<CMB IO =;H ;FMI MO<GCN SIOL KO?MNCIHM @IL NB? =?F?<LCNC?M @IL GS J?IJF?· NI MO<GCN NI NB?CL J?IJF?· IO H?P?L EHIQ Q? GCABN ?P?H A?N L?JFC?M IO =;H ;ME A?H?L;F KO?MNCIHM NII NB;N BIJ? =;H ;HMQ?L @IL SIO IFF?=NCP?FS NB? CH@ILG;NCIH CH NBCM <IIE MBIOF> ?H;<F? SIO NI FCP? GIL? MCGJFS QCNB >L;G;NC=;FFS L?>O=?> F?P?FM I@ LO<<CMB I <?@IL? Q? AI ;HS @OLNB?L F?N·M G;E? ; J;=N JLIGCM? NI ACP? SIO ;FF NB? NIIFM SIO H??> NI
V
N =F?;L ION NB? MOJ?L[OIOM MNO@@ NB;N·M =FONN?LCHA OJ SIOL BIG? ;H> SIOL FC@? N F?;LH BIQ NI ;PIC> OHH?=?MM;LS LO<<CMB ;H> Q;MN? N B?FJ SIO M?? LO<<CMB· ;M ; L?MIOL=? N M;P? LO<<CMB NCG? GIH?S ;H> GIL? <S >ICHA ;FF I@ NB? ;<IP? B?H SIO A?N NI NB? F;MN J;A? SIO MBIOF>H·N B;P? ; <OLHCHA >?MCL? NI J;=E CN ;FF CH ;H> AI FCP? CH ; SOLN Q?FF HIN OHF?MM SIO Q?L? JF;HHCHA NI >I NB;N ;HSQ;S CH QBC=B =;M? >IH·N ZABN CN A?N J;=ECHA¡
)LRPMBSARGML
IQ CN·M SIOL NOLH IO JLIGCM? NI N L?;> NBCM <IIE NI NB? ?H> HIN ;FF CH IH? AI I@ =IOLM?¡ J;SCHA ;NN?HNCIH NI NB? <CNM SIO QIOF> OMO;FFS MECJ NBLIOAB N N;E? ;N F?;MN IH? NCJ @LIG ?;=B =B;JN?L ;H> CGJF?G?HN CN C>?;FFS F;N?L NB;N >;S N G;E? ; HC=? =OJ I@ N?; ;CLNL;>? I@ =IOLM? IL =I@@?? IL BIN =BI=IF;N?¡ M?N ;MC>? N?H GCHON?M I@ NCG? BIJ IHNI NB? <FIA ;H> <LIQM? NBLIOAB GS NIJ NCJM ;H> GIPC?M MBIQCHA SIO LO<<CMB L?>O=NCIH CH ;=NCIH B?H SIO·P? ZHCMB?> QCNB NBCM <IIE J;MM CN IH NI ; AII> @LC?H> QBI =IOF> >I QCNB ZH>CHA ; AL??H?L ALIIP? F?;M? MCAH ;H> >;N? B?L? NB?H =L;=E IH ;H> A?N L?;>CHA ¡ CAH;NOL? MJ;=? @IL MO<M?KO?HN L?;>?LM¡ H> >IH·N @ILA?N ¯ F;H>ZFF CM IHFS IH? MG;FF MN?J ;Q;S @LIG F;H>@OFF
J