g. murjikneli, g. robitaSvili, T. vekua, a. robitaSvili
mobiluri telekomunikaciis miwispira da Tanamgzavruli sistemebi
`teqnikuri universiteti�@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
g. murjikneli, g. robitaSvili, T. vekua, a. robitaSvili
mobiluri telekomunikaciis miwispira da Tanamgzavruli sistemebi
damtkicebulia stu-s saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos mier. 27.05.2009, oqmi #5
Tbilisi 2009
uak 621. 396. wignSi ganxilulia mobiluri telekomunikaciis, mobiluri da Tanamgzavruli radiokavSiris sistemebis agebis ZiriTadi principebi. mocemulia arsebuli da perspeqtiuli sistemebis detaluri ana-lizi. gaanalizebulia IMT-2000-is (Intennational Mobile Telecommunications-2000 _ mobiluri telekomunikaciis saerTaSoriso sistema-2000-is agebis konceptualuri da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi. wigni gankuTvnilia telekomunikaciis profilis studentebisaTvis, magistrantebisaTvis, doqtorantebisaTvis da dargis specialistebisaTvis.
recenzenti saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis energetikisa da telekomunikaciis fakultetis profesori n. uRreliZe
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009 ISBN 978-9941-14-610-7 http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/ yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
S i n a a r s i gv. Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Tavi I. Mmobiluri telekomunikaciis miwispira fiWuri sistemebis agebis ZiriTadi princiebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.1. mobiluri kavSiris istoria da misi ganviTarebis etapebi. mobiluri radiokavSiris sistemebi da standartebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 1.2. personaluri radiogamoZaxebis sistemebi . . . .12 1.3. mobiluri telekomunikaciis fiWuri sistemebi. momsaxurebis teritoriis fiWebad dayofis arsi. sixSireTa ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis principi . . .16 1.4. farTozoluri mobiluri fiWuri sistemebis agebis pronci pebis analizi . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Tavi II. mobiluri telekomunikaciis analoguri fiWuri sistemebi ( 1G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.1. mobiluri telekomunikaciis NMT-450, NMT-900 standartis fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . . . . . .57 2.2. mobiluri telekomunikaciis AMPS standartis fiWuri sistemebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 2.3. mobiluri telekomunikaciis TACS standartis fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Tavi III. mobiluri telekomunikaciis cifruli fiWuri sistemebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 3.1. mobiluri telekomunikaciis GSM standartis fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.1.1. GSM qselebis arqiteqtura da misi struqturuli elementebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.1.2. signalebis struqtura da formireba GSM standartSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.1.3. informaciis da dacvis usafrTxoeba . . . . . 85 3.2. telekomunikaciis D-AMPS standartis mobiluri fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3.3. mobiluri telekomunikaciis JDC standartis fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 3.4. mobiluri telekomunikaciis meore Taobis (2G) CDMA standartis fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . 98 Tavi IV. telekomunikaciis perspeqtiuli IMT-2000 mobiluri fiWuri sistemebis agebis ZiriTadi principebi .109 3
4.1. mobiluri telekomunikaciis mesame Taobis (3G) saerTo sargeblobis fiWuri sistemebi . . . . .109 4.2. muSa sixSireTa gamoyofili zolebi da maTi gamoyenebis princi pebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 4.3. mobiluri fiWuri telekomunikaciis IS-95 (cdmaOne) standartis evolucia cdma2000 standartSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Tavi V. mobiluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistemebi . . . . . . . . . . .125 5.1. momsaxurebebi, romlebsac uzrunvelyofs mobiluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistemebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 5.2. mobiluri telekomunikaciis kosmosuri aparatis orbitebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 5.3. mobiluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistemebi struqtura da ganviTarebis strategia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 5.4. mobiluri telekomunikaciis dabalorbituli Tanamgzavruli sistemebi . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 5.4.1. mobiluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistema Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 5.4.2. mobiluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistema Globarstar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 5.5. mobiluri telekomunikaciis saSualo orbituli Tanamgzavruli sistemebi. . . . . .163 5.5.1. mobiluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistema Inmarsat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 5.5.2. mobiluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistema Odyssey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 5.5.3. mobiluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistema ELLIPSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 5.6. mobiluri telekomunikaciis sistemebi geostacionaruli Tanamgzavrebis gamoyenebiT 178 5.6.1. Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis sistemis Gomsat-is ganviTarebis koncefcia . . . . . . . 181 literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
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S e s a v a l i ukanasknel periodSi msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSi Catarebuli samuSaoebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom dReisaTvis mimdinareobs intensiuri gamokvlevebi msoflio masStabis sainformacio sivrcis SeqmnisaTvis. amasTan, misi Seqmnisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebis gzaze konceptualuri da praqtikuli Rirebulebebis mqone gamokvlevebis ZiriTad nawilebs warmoadgenen: sainformacio sivrcis subieqtebi da samsaxurebi; infokomunikaciuri industria, romelic uzrunvelyofs sainformacio sivrcis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebas obieqturad warmoqmnili axali moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. Tvisebrivad axali sainformacio sivrcis Seqmnis gzaze mis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens mobiluri telekomunikaciis miwispira Tanamgzavruli radiokavSiris sistemebi da Sesabamisad, saWiroa maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi prioritetebis gansazRvra. zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT mobiluri telekomunikaciis miwispira Tanamgzavruli sistemebi Tanamedrove etapze viTardeba daCqarebuli tempebiT, swrafad izrdeba SemoTavzebuli momsaxurebebis moculoba da xarisxi, ris gamoc igi SedarebiT masiuri da xelmisawvdomia. amasTan, maqsimaluradaa SenarCunebuli momxmarebelTa individualuri moTxovnebis maqsimalurad dakmayofilebis princi pi. axali SesaZleblobebis realizacia xdeba, erTis mxriv, arsebuli telekomunikaciis sistemebisa da qselebis srulyofisa da modernizaciis safuZvelze, xolo meores mxriv, iseTi axali teqnikuri gadawyvetilebebis realizaciiT, romlebic dakavSirebulia globaluri qseluri infrastruqturis SeqmnasTan.
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winamdebare wignis amocanaa gaacnos telekomunikaciis specialistTa farTo wres telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli da mobiluri fiWuri radiokavSiris ganviTarebis etapebi da im axali teqnologiebis da realizaciebis gansakuTrebulobebi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT aigeba mobiluri telekomunikaciis miwispira da Tanamgzavruli da mobiluri fiWuri radiokavSiris perspeqtiuli sistemebi. avtorTa koleqtivi madlieri iqneba yvelasi, vinc gagviziarebs TavianT winadadebebs da saqmian SeniSvnebs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba wignis Semdgom gadamuSavebul gamocemebSi.
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Tavi I.
mobiluri telekomunikaciis miwispira fiWuri sistemebis agebis ZiriTadi princi pebi
1.1. mobiluri kavSiris istoria da misi ganviTarebis etapebi. mobiluri radiokavSiris sistemebi da standartebi.
radiosatelefono kavSiris pirveli sistema, romlis momsaxurebiT sargebloba SeeZlo nebismier msurvels, amoqmedda aSS-Si (q. sent-luisSi) 1946 wels. am sistemaSi gamoiyeneboda Cveulebrivi fiqsirebuli arxebi. Tu kavSiris arxi dakavebuli iyo, maSin Tavisufal arxze gadarTva xdeboda xeliT. rasakvirvelia aparatura iyo didi gabaritebis, xolo misi eqsploatacia _ rTuli da mouxerxebeli. teqnikis ganviTarebis paralelurad radiosatelefono kavSiris sistemebic ufro srulyofili xdeboda: mcirdeboda maTi gabaritebi, izrdeboda gamoyenebul sixSireTa diapazonebis ricxvi, umjobesdeboda rogorc sabazo, aseve sakomutacio sadgurebi. kerZod, gaCnda axali _ Tavisufali arxis avtomaturad amorCevis funqcia (Trunking). magram radiosatelefono momsaxurebis moTxovnis zrdis kvalobaze izrdeboda problemaTa arealic. maT Soris, sixSireTa resursis SezRuduloba, vinaidan fiqsirebul arxTa ricxvi gansazRvrul sixSirul diapazonSi ar SeiZleba usasrulod gaizardos, amitom radiotelefonebi, romelTa sixSiris diapazonebi mezobladaa ganlagebuli, qmnida urTierTxelSeSlebs. mecnierebi da inJinrebi cdilobdnen am problemis gadaWras. 40-iani wlebis bolos amerikuli kompaniis AT&T-s samecniero centris Bell Laboratory-s mier SemoTavazebul iqna idea momsaxurebis mTeli
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teritoriis garkveul ubnebad dayofis Sesaxeb, romelTac Semdgom ewodaT `fiWebi~ (inglisuri sityvidan Cell–ujredi, fiWa). am ideis Tanaxmad yoveli fiWis momsaxureba unda ganxorcielebuliyo moqmedebis SezRuduli radiusis mqone fiqsirebuli sixSiris gadamcemiT. Sedegad, yovelgvari urTierTzegavlenis gareSe, SesaZlebeli iqneboda imave sixSiris gamoyeneba sxva ujredSi (fiWaSi). am ideis aparaturul realizacias 30 weliwadze meti dasWirda. 70-ian wlebSi 5-ma Crdiloevropulma saxelmwifom (Sveciam, fineTma, islandiam, daniam da norvegiam) Seqmna erTiani standarti NMT-450 (Nordic Mobile Telephone-samuSao diapazoniT _ 450 mhc). am standartis fiWuri sistemebis eqsploatacia daiwyo 1981 wels, 1983 wels ki aSS-Si funqcionireba daiwyo fiWuri kavSiris qselma AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phome Service-perspeqtiuli mobiluri satelefono sistema) standartis gamoyenebiT. 1985 wels NMT-450 standartis bazaze SemuSavebul iqna standarti NMT-900. 1985 wels did britaneTSi miRebul iqna standarti TACS (Total Access Communication Sistem _ kavSiris sistema sruli SeRweviT), amerikuli AMPS-is bazaze, xolo 1987 wels misi modifikacia _ ETACS (Enhanced TACS-gafarToebuli TACS). safrangeTSi 1985 wels miRebuli iqna standarti Radiocom-2000. yvela zemoaRniSnuli 8 standarti aris analoguri da miekuTvneba pirvel Taobas. analoguri am sistemebs ewodeba imitom, rom maTSi gamoiyeneba informaciis gadacemis analoguri meTodebi Cveulebrivi sixSiruli (sm) da fazuri (fm) modulaciiT.
analoguri sistemebis mTavari naklovanebebia: sxva abonentebis mier saubris mosmenis SesaZlebloba; signalebis miyuCebis winaaRmdeg efeqturi meTodebis gamoyenebis SeuZlebloba; fiWuri kavSiris sxvadasxva standartis arseboba da gamoyenebuli sixSireebis didi gadatvirTva, ris gamoc ar moxda am sistemebis ganviTareba. 900 mhc diapazonSi erTiani evropuli fiWuri kavSiris standartis SemuSavebis mizniT evropis fostisa da telekomunikaciis administraciebis gaerTianebam (CEPT-Conference of European Post and Telecommunication Administrations), romelic aerTianebs 26 qveyanas, 1982 wels Seqmna specialuri jgufi GSM. igi safuZvlad daedo axal standarts mTel msoflioSi. abreviatura _ GSM standartTan mimarTebaSi niSnavs Semdegs _ Global Sistem of Mobile _ mobiluri kavSiris globaluri sistema. 1990 wels jgufis mier gamoqveynebul iqna moTxovnebi GSM standartis fiWuri sistemebis mimarT. maT Soris ZiriTadia: arxebis droiTi gancalkeveba; informaciis cifrul formaSi gadacema; abonentis monacemTa dacva; blokuri da xvevadi kodirebis, axali modulaciis _ GSMK-s (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keyng – gausis mani pulacia minimaluri sixSiruli daZvriT) gamoyeneba. 1989 wels, GSM-is mimarT teqnikuri moTxovnebis Camoyalibebamde britaneTis vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis departamentma (DTI-Departament of Trade and Industry) gamoaqveyna koncefcia `mobiluri telefonebi~, romelsac Semdeg ewoda `personaluri kavSiris qselebi~ (PCN-Personal Communication Networks). amave periodSi aSS-ma gamoaqveyna analogiuri koncefcia _
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`personaluri kavSiris momsaxureba~ (PCS-Personal Communication Service). am koncefciis realizaciis mizniT, aSS-is telekomunikaciis federalurma komisiam gamoyo sami sixSiruli ubani 1,9-2,0 ghc diapazonSi (farTozolovani PCS) da erTi sixSiruli ubani 900 mhc diapazonSi (viwrozolovani PCS). 1900 wels aSS-is telekomunikaciis sferoSi samrewvelo asociaciam (TIA-Telecommunication Industry Association) daamata erovnuli standarti IS-54 cifruli fiWuri kavSirisaTvis. es standarti ufro cnobilia Semdegi abreviaturiT D-AMDS (Digital AMPS) an ADC. evropisagan gansxvavebiT aSS-Si am standartisaTvis ar gamoiyo axali sixSiruli diapazonebi, amitom sistemebi muSaobs AMPS standartis sistemebis sixSirul diapazonSi. 1991 wels evropaSi GSM standartis bazaze Seiqmna standarti DCS-1800 (Digital Celluar System-1800 mhc). didma britaneTma umalve miiRo es standarti Tavisi koncefciis PCN-is realizaciisaTvis, ramac Tavis mxriv xeli Seuwyo am standartis swraf gavrcelebas mTel msoflioSi. iaponiaSi 1991 wels miRebul iqna standarti JDC (Japanese Digital Cellular), romelic Tavisi parametrebiT axloa amerikul D-AMPS standartTan. 1992 wels germaniaSi eqspluataciaSi Sevida GSM standartis pirveli sistema. 1993 wels did britaneTSi eqspluataciaSi Sevida DCS-1800 standartis qseli. 1993 wels amerikis samrewvelo asociaciam telekomunikaciis sferoSi (TIA) miiRo standarti CDMA (Code Division Multiphe Access _ mravlobiTi SeRweva koduri gancalkevebiT). zemoaRniSnuli cifruli mobiluri sistemebi miekuTvneba meore Taobas.
dReisaTvis fiWuri sistemebis ganviTareba xorcieldebaP mesame Taobis sistemebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. maTSi gamoiyenebian radioSeRwevis unificirebuli sistemebi, sadac erTiandeba arsebuli fiWuri, `ugamtaro~ kavSiris sistemebi da XXI saukunis sainformacio samsaxurebi. evropaSi am koncefcias ewoda UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – mobiluri kavSiris universaluri sistema), romelic gulisxmobs arsebuli cifruli sistemebis SesaZleblobebis gaerTianebas mesame Taobis erTian sistemebSi – FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telephone System). am SemTxvevaSi abonentebs miewodebaT mobiluri kavSiris standartizebuli momsaxurebebi. saerTo sargeblobis saerTaSoriso mobiluri kavSiris sistemis (FPLMTS) Seqmnis samuSaoebs xelmZRvanelobs telekomunikaciis saerTaSoriso kavSiri (tsk) (ITU – International Telecommunication Union). am sistemisaTvis gamoyofilia sixSiruli diapazoni 1-3 ghc, romelSic stacionaruli sadgurebisaTvis gamoiyofa sixSiruli zoli siganiT 60 mhc, xolo mobilurisaTvis 170 mhc (nax. 1.1).
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1990 1991
1992
Ppirveli Taobis sistemebi
1993
1994
1995
meore Taobis sistemebi
CT2 inglisuri sistema Telepoint
NMT-450 NMT-900 AMPS TACS ETACS Radiocom 2000
1996
1997
Pmesame Taobis sistemebi
DECT
GSM telekomunikaciis saerTo evropuli cifruli fiWuri sistema JDC telekomunikaciis iaponuri cifruli fiWuri sistema
FPLMTS
LMSS amerikuli cifruli sistema ADS mobiluri kavSirisAamerikuli cifruli sistema
nax. 1.1. mobiluri fiWuri sistemebis ganviTarebis etapebi
1. 2.
personaluri radiogamoZaxebis sistemebi
didi teritoriis momsaxurebisaTvis iqmneba iseTi peijinguri qselebi, romlebic agebulia peijinguri kavSiris sistemebis agebis radiosatelefono fiWuri qselebis analogiurad. fiWuri princi pi uzrunvelyofs signalebis miRebis saimedobas da saSualebas iZleva gafarTovdes momsaxurebis zona axlad dadgmuli gadamcemi mowyobilobebis racinaluri ganlagebis safuZvelze. fiWur princi pze agebuli peijinguri qselebis mtavari mtvar problemas warmoadgens mezobeli radiosadgurebis signalebis urTierTgavlena (interferencia) (nax. 1.2). am efeqtis gamosaricxad gamoiyeneba an sinqronuli (Simuclast) mauwyebloba, an gadamcemi Setyobinebebis droiTi gancalkeveba. ganvixiloT es meTodebi awvrilebiT. sinqronuli mauwyeblobis qselebSi gadamcemi musaobs erTdroulad, magram peijeri `ver amCnevs~ maT urTierTzemoqmedebas da rebulobs signals erTi gansazRvruli gadamcemidan. am dros aparaturis fasi SedarebiT SedarebiT maRalia da metad mkacri moTxovnebi waeyeneba kavSiris arxebs. arsebobs sinqronuli mauwyeblobis qselebis agebis sxva variantic, rodesac gadamcemebis marTva xdeba sasamsaxuro (daatebiT) sixSireze. aseT SemTxvevaSi mcirdeba pirdapiri radiokavSiris manZili, rac ZiriTadad ganixileba centraluri gadamcemi sadguris moqmedebis radiusiT, romelic gamoasxivebs signalebis sasamsaxuro sixSireze. msgavsi sistemebis gamoyenebis areali dReisaTvis sakmaod SezRudulia, radgan ufro didi gavrceleba hpoves sistemebma signalebis droiTi gancalkevebiT, rodesac TiToeuli gadamcemi muSaobs misTvis gamoyofili drois
monakveTSi (drois fanjara). amis gamo, ramdenime gadamcemis moqmedebis zonaSi, peijeri drois mocemul momentSi iRebs signals mxolod erT-erTi maTganidan. es niSvnelovnad amcirebs wayenebul moTxovnebs aparaturisa da kavSiris arxebis mimarT, magram amasTan mcirdeba abonentebis ricxvi, rac ori droiTi fanjaris SemTxvevaSi Seadgens - 10000 abonents da 6500 abonents sami fanjris SemTxvevaSi. arsebobs agreTve did teritoriul qselebSi signalebis dayofis mesame meTodi. igi efuneba peijinguri repitorebis gamoyenebas. am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli sabazo sadguri Setyobinebebis mimRebiTaa, romlebic muSaobs erT sixSireze. mezobeli sadgurebidan signalebis gadacemis Setyobinebebi miiReba mimRebis mier da grovdeba specialur buferul mowyobilobaSi. amis Semdeg mocemuli sabazo
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nax. 1 .2. radiogadamcemebis signalebis urTierTzegavlenis gamartivebuli sqema
sadgurebisaTvis gamoyofili garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi (droiTi fanjara) gadaicema (nax. 1.2). ganvixiloT mokled fiWur princi pebze agebuli ormxrivi peijinguri qselebis agebis principebi. fiWuri kavSirisa da personaluri radiogamoZaxebis sistemebs Soris konkurenciam ganapiroba peijinguri kavSiris iseTi axali standartis SemuSaveba, romelic gulisxmobs Setyobinebebis urTierTgacvlas 1930-1990 mhc sixSirul diapazonSi. ormxrivi peijinguri kavSiri pirvelad organizebul iqna amerikuli korporacia `Sky Tel Corp~ -is mier. am qselSi gamoyenebulia axali Taobis peijerebi. vinaidan ormxrivi peijinguri sistemebi uzrunvelyofs Setyobinebebis ara marto gadacemas, aramed maTze pasuxis miRebas, saWiroa standartuli peijingur mimRebs gaCndes mcire simZlavris gadamcemi. aseTi peijerebis gamoyenebisas, romlebic saSualebas iZleva dadasturdes Setyobinebebis miReba, SesaZlebelia mniSvelovnad Semcirdes fiWuri sabazo sadgurebis gadacemebis simZlavre. dasasrul, ganvixiloT deisaTvis msoflioSi danergili peijinguri radiokavSiris standartebi. erTmxrivi peijinguri kavSiris yvelaze gavrcelebul standarts warmoadgens peijerebisaTvis signalebis gadacemis standarti POSAG (Post Office Code Standartization Advisory Group) es standarti SemuSavebul iqna didi britaneTis safosto uwyebis mier da 1982 wels damtkicebul iqna didi britaneTis safosto uwyebis mier da 1982 wels damtkicebul iqna tsk-is mier, rogorc protokoli RPCN1 (Radio paging Code N1). 1992 wels telekomunikaciis sferoSi standartizaciis evropuli institutis mier damtkicebuli iqna saerToevropuli standarti ETS 300-133, anu sxvagvarad ERMES (European Radio Message System), romelic 1994 wels tsk-s mier rekomendebul iqna
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nax. 1 .3. informaciis gadacema peijinguri repitorebis gamoyenebiT
rogorc saerTaSoriso standarti msoflios sxavadasxva qveynebisTvis. mis mTavar dadebiT Tvisebas warmoadgens is, rom igi srulad SeTavsebadia evropul GSM standartebTan. 1993 wels Motorola-s specialistebis mier SemuSavda maRalxarisxuli peijinguri standarti FLEX radioarxebis gamtarunarianobis gazrdis mizniT. 1983 wels evropis radiomauwyeblobis kavSirma (EBU) miiRo mraalmiznobrivi standarti RDS (Radio Data sistem). 1983 wels Motorola-m SeimuSava standarti - GSC Golay Seguential Code -goleis mimdevrobiTi kodis safuZvelze. dReisaTvis agreTve SemuSavebulia ormxrivi peijinguri standarti, Nexus, israelis firma Nexus-is mier. (tavidan igi Semusavda samxedro programisaTvis, magram Semdgom moxda mis sxva miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba).
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1.3.
mobiluri telekomunikaciis fiWuri sistemebi. momsaxurebis teritoriis fiWebad dayofis arsi. sixSireTa ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis princi pebi
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, fiWuri telekomunikaciis erT-erT ZiriTad princi ps warmoadgens momsaxurebis teritoriis fiWebad dayofa. ganvixiloT es sakiTxebi dawvrilebiT. momsaxurebis teritoriis ujredebad (fiWebad) dayofa SesaZlebelia ori meTodiT: _ kavSiris sistemaSi signalebis gavrcelebis statistikuri maxasiaTeblebis gazomvis safuZvelze; _ konkretul raionSi signalis gavrcelebis gazomvis an gaTvlebis safuZvelze. pirveli meTodis realizaciisas momsaxurebis teritoria iyofa erTiani formis zonebad, statistikuri radiofizikis meTodebis gamoyenebiT ganisazRvreba maTi zomebi, da Sesabamisad, is minimaluri manZili maT Soris, romlis drosac uzrunveliyofa urTierTgavlenis dasaSvebi doneebi. teritoriis optimaluri dayofisaTvis, e.i. imgvarad dayofisaTvis, rodesac adgili ar aqvs ubnebis gadafarvas an maT gamotovebas, fiWis formisaTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod sami tipis geometriuli figura: samkuTxedi, kvardati da eqvskuTxedi, radganac Tu maT centrSi ganvaTavsebT wriuli mimarTulobis diagramis mqone antenas, faqtobrivad miiRweva SeRwevadoba fiWis yvela kidemde.
16
pirveli meTodis gamoyenebisas im zonebs Soris intervali, romelebSic gamoiyeneba erTnairi muSa arxebi, rogorc wesi, aris imaze meti, rac aucilebelia urTierTxelSeSlebis dasaSveb doneze SenarCunebisaTvis. iTvleba, rom ufro misaRebia fiWebad dayofis meore meTodi. am SemTxvevaSi zustad izomeba an iangariSeba sistemis parametrebi, raTa ganisazRvros bazuri sadgurebis is minimaluri ricxvi, romelic uzrunvelyofs mTel teritoriaze abonentebis damakmayofilebel momsaxurebas; ganisazRvreba maTi ganlagebis optimaluri adgilebi reliefis Taviseburebebis gaTvalisiwnebiT; dgindeba mimarTuli antenebis, retransliatorebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba da sxv. yovel fiWas emsaxureba Tavisi gadamcemi mcire gamosasvleli simZlavriT da kavSiris arxebis SezRuduli raodenobiT. es saSualebas iZleva, igive sixSireebi gamoyenebul iqnes sxva, daSorebiT ganlagebul fiWebSi da, amasTan, adgili ar hqondes urTierTxelSeSlebs. Teoriulad, erTnairi sixSireebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mezobel fiWebSic, magram praqtikaSi momsaxurebis zonebi SeiZleba gadaifaros sxvadasxva faqtorebis zegavleniT, magaliTad, radiotalRebis gavrcelebis pirobebis Secvlis gamo. amitom mezobel fiWebSi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sixSireebi. nax. 1.4-ze mocemulia fiWebis agebis magaliTi sami F1-F3 sixSiris gamoyenebiT.
17
F1, F2,F3 - bazuri sadgurebis sixSireebi
D R F1 F2
F1 F2
F2
F3 F1
F1
F3 F1
F3
nento radiosadgurs SesaZloa Seeqmnas xelSeSlebi misgan sxvadasxva mimarTulebT ganlagebuli sabazo sadgurebidan. sabazo sadgurebi, sadac daiSveba sixSireTa ganmeorebiTi gamoyeneba, daSorebulia erTmaneTisagan D manZiliT, romelsac `damcavi intervali~ ewodeba. sixSireTa ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba gansazRvravs fiWur princi pze agebuli telekomunikaciis sistemebis maRal efeqturobas.
F1
R F2 F3
F2 F3
D
F2
R
F3
F6 F5
F7
F6
nax. 1.4. fiWebis agebis magaliTi sam sixSireze F1
F5
F7
fiWebis jgufs, sxvadasxva sixSireebis nakrebiT, ewodeba klasteri. mis ganmsazRvrel parametrs warmoadgens mezobel fiWebSi gamoyenebul sixSireTa raodenoba. magaliTad, nax. 1.2-ze klasteris ganzomileba tolia 3-is, magram, praqtikaSi es ricxvi SeiZleba aRwevdes TxuTmets. ZiriTadi idea, rasac efuZneba kavSiris fiWuri princi pi, mdgomareobs aramomijnave fiWebSi sixSireebis xelmeored gamoyenebaSi. pirveli Taobis analogur fiWur sistemebSi (analogur sistemebSi) gamoiyeneboda mimarTulobis wriuli diagramis mqone antenebi (nax. 1.5). aseTi principi gulisxmobs erTnairi simZlavris signalebis gadacemas yvela mimarTulebiT. amitom mocemul fiWaSi mdebare saabo-
momijnave sabazo sadgurebi, romlebSic gamoiyeneba sixSirul arxTa sxvadasxva nakrebebi, qmnian jgufs C sadgurisagan. Tu TiToeul sabazo sadgurSi gamoiyeneba m arxis nakrebi da erTi arxis
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19
F4
F2
F1
F3
F4
F2 F3
nax. 1 .5. araSeuRlebul fiWebSi sixSireTa meoradi gamoyenebis modeli
sixSiruli zolis sigane aris Fk, maSin fiWuri sistemis saerTo sixSiruli zolis sigane toli iqneba Fc = Fk mC. amgvarad, C sidide araa damokidebuli nakrebSi arxTa raodenobaze da igi gansazRvravs sistemaSi arxebis minimalur ricxvs. mas sistemis sixSiruli parametri an sixSireTa ganmeorebis koeficienti ewodeba. eqvskuTxedis formis fiWebis gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva moxdes aucilebel sixSireTa diapazonis siganis minimizacia, vinaidan aseTi forma uzrunvelyofs optimalur Tanafardobas C-sa da D-s Soris. xelSeSlebis donis Semcirebis erT-erT meTods warmoadgens iseTi seqtoruli antenebis gamoyeneba, romelTac gaaCnia mimarTulobis viwro diagrama. dReisaTvis sixSireTa gameorebis gavrcelebul meTods warmoadgens sabazo sadgurebSi 3-seqtoriani antenebis da sami mezobeli sadgurisaTvis fiqsirebuli 9 sixSirisgan Sedgenili jgufis gamoyeneba (nax. 1.6). am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba antenebi, romelTa mimarTulobis diagramis sigane Seadgens 120ď‚°-s. yvelaze efeqturia aSS-is firma Motorola-s mier SemoTavazebuli sixSireTa ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis meTodi. am meTodis realizaciisas (nax. 1.7) TiToeuli sixSire klasteris farglebSi (romelic 4 ujredisagan Sedgeba) gamoiyeneba orjer. TiToeuli maTganis sabazo sadgurs SeuZlia imuSaos 12 sixSireze 60ď‚°-iani siganis mimarTulobis diagramis mqone antenis gamoyenebiT.
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1 4 1
7
2
4
5
7
2
6
8
3 8
5
6
4
7
2
4
9
7
2 7
9
1
1 4
1
3
3 8
5
6
3 8
5
9
1 9
6
4
7
nax. 1.6. sam seqtorian fiWebSi sixSiris meoradi gamoyenebis modeli 2
9
11
4
3
10
12
1
5
7 2
10
12
4
6 2
9 5
7 2
10
6
11
3
12 3
9
11
1
10
8 11
1
2
9
12
1
2
10
12
4
3
9
11
1
8
11
4
6
3
10
12
1
9
11
4
3
10
12
1
5
8 12
4
3
9
11
1
5
8
5
7 6
8
5
7 6
10
6 7
2 7
2
5
7 6
9
6 3
5
7
4
8 4
8
8
nax. 1.7. or mezobel fiWaSi sixSiris meoradi gamoyenebis modeli
21
Catarebuli analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba ganisazRvros sixSireTa ganmeorebiT gamoyenebis safuZvelze agebuli telekomunikaciis mobiluri fiWuri radiokavSiris sistemis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilebi. kerZod, kavSiris fiWuri sistemis yovel ujreds (fiWas) emsaxureba mravalarxiani mimReb-gadamcemi, romelsac ewodeba sabazo sadguri. igi garkveulwilad warmoadgens interfeiss fiWur telefonsa da mobiluri kavSiris centrs Soris. sabazo sadguris arxTa raodenoba, rogorc wesi, 8is jeradia, mag. 8, 16, 32... sabazo sadguris erT-erTi arxi aris mmarTveli (Control Channel). zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba igi iwodos gamoZaxebis arxad (Calling Channel). am arxis meSveobiT xdeba mobilur obieqtTan SeerTeba gamoZaxebisas, xolo laparaki iwyeba mas Semdeg, rac moiZebneba im momentisaTvis Tavisufali arxi da moxdeba masze gadarTva. yvela es procesi mimdinareobs swarfad da amitom SeumCnevelia abonentisaTvis. fiWuri kavSiris nebismieri arxi dupleqsuria da iyenebs sixSireTa wyvils, e.i. sabazo da mobiluri sadguris sixSireebi sxvadasxvaa. yvela sabazo sadguri mierTebulia mobiluri kavSiris komutaciis centrTan (komutatorTan) da gamoyofilia gamtariani an radiosareleo kavSiris arxebiT. komutaciis centri MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center) _ es aris fiWuri sistemis avtomaturi satelefono sadguri, romelic asrulebs qselis marTvis yvela funqcias. kerZod, igi mudmivad afiqsirebs mobiluri sadgurebis gadaadgilebas, axorcielebs maT estafetur gadacemas da sxv.
1 .4. farTozoluri sistemebis
agebis princi pebis analizi zemoT ganxiluli iyo telekomunikaciis mobiluri fiWuri radiokavSiris sistemebSi sixSireTa ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis princi pebi, romlebic saSualebas iZleva SedarebiT efeqturad iqnas gamoyenebuli sixSireTa speqtri. miuxedavad amisa sixSireTa speqtris gamoyenebis efeqturobis Semdgomi gazrda warmoadgens aqtualur amocanas. es gamowveulia imiT, rom dReisaTvis msoflioSi aris 3 ghc sixSiremde speqtris mwvave deficiti. aRniSnuli problemis gadaWris erT-erTi gzaa farTozoluri sistemis gamoyeneba, romlebic efuZneba CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access _ mravlobiTi SeRweva koduri gancalkevebiT) teqnologiis gamoyenabas. CDMA teqnologiis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba rTuli signalebi. rogorc cnobilia, rTuli ewodeba signalebs, romelTa xangrZlivobis namravli speqtris siganeze gacilebiT metia erTze. B = T F, B>>1, sadac B, Т da F - Sesabamisad baza, xangrZlivoba da signalis speqtris siganea. rTuli signalebis teqnologiis ZiriTadi idea mdgomareobs viwrozolovani f signalebis gardaqmnaSi farTozolovan F signalebad ucvleli E energiiT, rogorc naCvenebia nax.1.8-ze. energiis simkvrive SeiZleba Sefasebul iqnas E/ f fardobiT. farTozolovani gadacemis gamoyenebisas eTerSi asxiveben signals winaswar gansazRvruli gafarToebuli F zoliT, ase rom gamosasvleli signalis energiis speqtraluri simkvrive mcirdeba F/
f-jer da Seadgens E/ F..
22
23
2.6. naxazidan Cans, rom miRebul rTul signals, martiv sawyis signalTan SedarebiT aqvs xmaurisebri saxe sixSiris F intervalSi. gasagebia, rom rac ufro `gaWimulia~ F rTuli signalis zoli mudmivi E energiis dros, miT ufro naklebia signalis energiis speqtraluri simkvrive. signalebi didi baziT xasiaTdebian mTeli rigi upiratesobebiT. aseTebia: kavSiris sistemebis maRali xelSeSlamdgradoba; kavSiris arxebSi signalebis damaxinjebebTan efeqturi brZolis SesaZlebloba; mravali abonentis erTdrouli muSaoba sixSiris saerTo zolSi arxebis koduri dayofis xarjze; sixSiris speqtris ufro efeqturi gamoyeneba SezRudul teritoriaze.
sistemis xelSeSladaculoba - xelSeSlebis zemoqmedebasTan dapirispirebis saSualebaa. radiokavSiris arxSi damaxinjeba mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebulia signalebis mravalsxivuri gavrcelebiT, rodesac signali modis miRebis wertilSi sxvadasxva gziT. mravalricxovani dabrkolebebidan areklebs mivyavarT miRebis wertilSi sxivebis interferenciasTan, rac mniSvnelovnad arTulebs kavSiris sistemis muSaobas. milevis kompensaciisaTvis Cveulebriv zrdian sabazo sadguris gadacemis simZlavres 10...20 db-mde. rTuli signalebis gamoyeneba iZleva mravalsxivianobasTan brZolis ufro efeqtur saSualebas. rTuli signalebis gamoyenebisas SesaZlebelia calkeuli sxivebis signalebi gamoiyos saerTo interferenciuli suraTidan miRebis dros korelaciuli damuSavebis xarjze. nax.1.9,a-ze gamosaxulia kompleqsuri fazamani pulirebuli rTuli signali T xangrZlivobiT. nax.1.9,b-ze gamosaxulia signali koreliatoris gamosasvlelze _korelatoris gamoZaxili. es gamoZaxili Seesabameba signalis avtokorelaciur funqcias, romelsac aqvs 2T xangrZlivoba. masSi SeiZleba gamovyoT ori mkveTrad gansxvavebuli struqtura: 1) signalis avtokorelaciuri funqciis centrSi wvrili impulsis saxiT mkveTri naxtomi _ wodebuli centralur pikad, romlis amplitudaa R 0 , xolo xangrZlivoba ukuproporciulia signalis speqtris siganisa: τ0 =1/ F..
nax. 1.8. signalis speqtris gardaqmna
24
25
nax. 1.9. rTuli signalebi da mravalsxivianobasTan brZola
2) avtokorelaciuri funqciis darCenili nawili, romelic warmoadgens gverdiTi furclebis erTobliobas maqsimaluri doniT Ra . nax. 1.9.g-ze gamosaxulia koreliatoris gamoZaxili ramdenime signalze. Tu sxivebs Soris dayovneba t metia centraluri pikis xangrZlivobaze, maSin sxivebi SeiZleba gamoiyos. mravalsxivianobasTan brZolis aseTi princi pi iqna gamoyenebuli pirvelad farTozolovani signalebiT kavSiris sistemaSi.
26
a) rTuli signalebis damuSavebis ZiriTadi pr in c i pe bi cnobilia sistemebSi rTuli signalebis damuSavebis ramodenime xerxi, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia ganxorcieldes: signalis bazis gafarToeba kodis meSveobiT; gadamcemi da mimRebi mxareebis koduri sinqronizacia; sistemaSi urTierTxelSeSlebis donis SenarCuneba dasaSveb farglebSi; optimaluri koduri mimdevrobebis gamoyeneba sistemis maxasiaTeblebis gaumjobesebis mizniT. arsebobs ori ZiriTadi xerxi signalebis bazis gafarToebisaTvis: gadamtani sixSiris swrafi naxtomiseburi cvlileba; sixSiris speqtris pirdapiri gafarToeba. gadamtani sixSiris naxtomiseburi cvlilebis dros Setyobinebis yovel simbolos gadascemen diskretul sixSireTa nakrebis meSveobiT. meore xerxis SemTxvevaSi viwrozolovan signals amravleben fsevdoSemTxveviT mimdevrobaze, romelic Sesdgeba N elementiani jgufebisagan (Ci pebisagan), romelTa ganmeorebis periodi Т = N , sadac erTi elementis xangrZlivobaa. am SemTxvevaSi signalis baza B ricxobrivad fsevdoSemTxveviTi mimdevrobis periodSi elementebis N raodenobis tolia. praqtikaSi xSirad iyeneben binarul fsevdoSemTxveviT mimdevrobas, romlis Semadgeneli elementebi pirobiTad SeiZleba aRiniSnos `+1~ da `-1~ simboloebiT. aseT mimdevrobebs aqvT mTeli rigi saWiro Tvisebebi: fsevdoSemTxveviT mimdevrobaSi `-1~ da `+1~ elementebis raodenoba daaxloebiT Tanabaria;
27
ganmeorebis N periodis mqone fsevdo-SemTxveviTi mimdevrobis nebismieri r sigrZis CamonaWeri, romelic Sedgeba `+1~ an `-1~ elementebisagan, mimdevrobaSi warmoiqmneba saSualod N-jer; aseTi mimdevrobebis avtokorelaciuri da urTierTkorelaciuri funqciebi uzrunvelyofen optimalur korelaciur gadamuSavebas miRebis dros. signalis bazis gafarToebis princi pi sixSiris speqtris pirdapiri gafarToebis meTodiT SeiZleba aixsnas nax.1.10-is b,g,d fragmentis meSveobiT, sadac erTeuli biti Seesabameba `+1~ elements, xolo nulovani _ `-1~ elements. a)
informaciuli signal i D(t)
rTuli signali S (t) D(t)
T
2T
3T
t
S (t) 1 0
t
S (t) d)
D(t)
1 0
t U(t)
e)
t
v)
a
i
S 0 (t iΔ) aris diskretuli sig-
i
nalis kompleqsuri momvlebi. signalis i-uri impulsis kompleqsuri amplituda:
sadac a i da arg(a i ) Sesabamisad diskretuli sig-
D(t) 1 0
g)
sadac S{t}
a i a i exp[ j arg( a i )] ,
Kkoduri mimdevroba S (t) b)
gadamcemis gamosasvlelze fazamani pulirebuli U(t) signali warmoadgens radioimpulsebis mimdevrobas, romelTa sawyisi fazebi (0 da 180) icvleba mocemuli kanoniT. gadamtani f 0 sixSiris diskretuli signali kompleqsur formaSi SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas ase: S{t} Re [S {t} exp(j 2π f0 t)] ,
V(t) 1 t
-1
nax. 1.10. sixSiris pirdapiri gafarToebis meTodi a) b) g) d)
k oduri m odulat ori ; informaciuli signali ; k oduri m imdevr oba ; kodiT mani pulirebuli informaciuli signali; e) fazamani pulireb uli rTuli signali ; v) kompleqsuri fazamani pulirebuli signali .
28
nalis i-uri impulsis namdvili amplituda da sawyisi fazaa; S o (t i ) - standartuli radioimpulsis kompleqsuri momvlebia. {a i }={a: i=…,-1,0,1,…} mimdevrobas ewodeba koduri mimdevroba anu kodi. Tu kodur mimdevrobas aqvs gameorebis N periodi (a= a, i=…,-1,0,1,…), maSin S{t}-s ewodeba perioduli diskretuli signali, xolo N ricxvs _kodis sigrZe. nebismieri perioduli diskretuli signali (pds) SeiZleba miviRoT, impulsuri finituri N signalis gameorebiT T=N periodiT, amitom pds-saTvis marTebulia Semdegi toloba: N 1
S{t}=
a S t i rN Δ i
0
r i 0
diskretul signals, romlis koduri mimdevroba binaluria (ai =0,1,…,N-1, anu icvleba sawyisi fazebi,
29
xolo amplitudebi mudmivi rCeba) ewodeba binaluri fazamani pulirebuli signali (bfms). Tu bfms-is elementarul impulsebs warmoadgenen xangrZlivobis sworkuTxovani Ci pebi, maSin impulsis kompleqsuri amplituda tolia: a= A exp j γ i ,
γ i 0, π misi sawyisi fazaa. aseTi impulsis kompleqsuri momvlebi: t [0, Δ] t ] ,0[ ; t ] Δ , [
diskretul formaSi sasargeblo informaciis signals aqvs Semdegi saxe: d r (0, π ).
D=1*exp ( j d r ) ,
amitom kodiT mani pulirebuli gadamtani sixSiris sainformacio signali iqneba:
S(t)=Re{[
N 1
D r
r
va energetikuli mogebis saSualebas miRebis dros. b) koduri Tanmimdevrobebis kriteriumebis
sadac A = const _ impulsis mudmivmoqmedi amplitudaa,
S0 t { 1,0,
Tozolovani signalis speqtris SekumSvas sixSiruli speqtris Semdgomi filtraciiT. rTuli signalebis korelaciuri damuSaveba iZle-
a i S0 t i rN Δ exp j2π f 0 t }
i 0
N1
r
i 0
=Re{[A} . exp j dr exp j yi S0 t i rNΔ]exp j2π f 0 t signalis miReba xorcieldeba optimaluri mimRebis meSveobiT, romelic iTvlis korelaciur integrals signalisaTvis: T
Z= x t S0 n t dt ,
0
sadac x(t) Semavali signalia, romelic Sedgeba sasargeblo signalisa da xmauris narevisagan; S(t)samisamarTo mimdevrobis sayrdeni aslia; T-kodis periodi. koreliatori axorcielebs Semavali far-
30
amorCeva koduri Tanmimdevrobebis arCeva CDMA sistemisaTvis damokidebulia arxis ti pze: pirdapiri an uku. kavSiris pirdapir arxSi upiratesoba eniWeba muSa arxebis taqtur da kadrul sinqronizacias. mobiluri sadguris mimRebis Sesasvlelze narCundeba muSa arxebis samisamarTo mimdevrobebis taqturi da kadruli sinqronizaciis reJimi. arxebsSorisi xmauris minimizaciisaTvis kavSiris pirdapir arxSi gamoiyeneba orTogonaluri signalebis ansambli. am dros mimRebis korelatori reagirebs mxolod am samisamarTo mimdevrobebze. mezobeli arxebis signalebze korelatoris gamoZaxili unda iyos nulis toli. uku arxSi situacia sxvagvaria. aq saWiroa signalebis ansambli kargi korelaciuri TvisebebiT. M abonentian sistemaSi iyeneben N sigrZis samisamarTo mimdevrobebs. SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi: a ik _ kuri mimdevrobis i-uri simboloa, i=0,1,…,N-1; k=1,2,…M. maSin k da l mimdevrobebis urTierTkorelaciuri funqcia:
R kl(m)
1 N 1 k l ai ai , N i0
k l,
31
sadac m aris erTi mimdevrobis droiTi biji meoris mimarT. aqedan gamomdinare CamovayaliboT urTierTkorelaciuri funqciisadmi moTxovnileba Semdegi saxiT: R b max k l R kl m min . urTierTkorelaciuri funqciis amonavardnis maqsimaluri done unda iyos rac SeiZleba mcire; avtokorelaciuri funqciis gverdiTi furclebis maqsimaluri done unda iyos rac SeiZleba mcire. CDMA sistemebSi farTo gamoyeneba aqvT N mimdevrobaze dafuZnebul binarul kodebs. es ganpirobebulia perioduli avtokorelaciuri funqciebis mqone iseTi kodebiT, romlebisTvisac: R na m
1, 1 / N ,
m mod N m mod N
.
yoveli muSa arxisaTvis gamoiyofa samisamarTo mimdevroba. CDMA sistemebs SeswevT unari imuSaon sxva radioteqnikuri saSualebebis diapazonSi. kavSiris aseTi sistemebi uzrunvelyofen usafrTxoebis maRal xarisxs da gadacemuli informaciis konfidencialurobas. CDMA sistemebma farTo gamoyeneba hpoves kavSiris Sida sistemebSi, ris Sedegadac farTozolovani signalebi ganicdian nakleb danakargebs maTi gavrcelebis gzaze da iZlevian damaxinjebebTan efeqturi brZolis SesaZleblobas.
saxazo traqtSi. korelatoris gamosasvlelze s/x 2 fardoba q
2E Ni N 0 ;
sadac N i / 2 _ aris xmauris simZlavris ormxrivi speqtraluri simkvrive da Sesabamisad arxebsSorisi xmauri; E—informaciuli gzavnilis erTi simbolos energia (nax. 1.11). xmauris simZlavris da urTierTdabrkolebaTa speqtraluri simkvriveebi tolia: Tburi xmauris simZlavris speqtruli simkvrive N 0 KbTx=KbT 0 w 1 , s ad ac K b =1 .3 8 10 23 _ bo lc m an i s m u dm i v aa; Tx=T 0 w 1 _ mimRebis saxazo traqtis xmauris temperatura; T 0 =290K, w _ mimRebis saxazo traqtis xmauris koeficienti. urTierTxelSeSlebis simZlavris speqtraluri simkvrive:
M s 1 Prx min BS
N0
F
M s PrxBS min
,
F
signalis xelSeSlasTan fardoba uku arxSi mimReb mxareze dabrkolebebisa da mezobeli arxebis signalebis zemoqmedeba iwvevs xmaurs mimRebis
s a d a c M s 1 Prx min _ a m a v e f i W i s a q t i u r i abonentebidan momdinare urTierTxelSeSlebis BS simZlavrea; M s Prx min _ urTierTxelSeSlebis simZlavrea, romelic momdinareobs mezobeli fiWis aq t i u r i ab o n e n t e bi s ag a n , _ k o e fi c i e n t i a; M s _mocemuli fiWis aqtiuri abonentebis ricxvia; BS F_signalis speqtris siganea; Prx min _ signalis minimaluri moTxovnili simZlavrea mimRebis saxazo traqtis Sesasvlelze. informaciuli gzavnilis erTi simbolos energia
32
33
g) signalis xelSeSlasTan fardoba kavSiris arxebSi
BS
PrxBS min B E= , sadac B-signalis bazaa. F simboloebis gadacemis siCqare fasdeba C/R fardobiT, sadac C _ informaciis gadacemis siCqarea, xolo R_gamoyenebuli xelSeSlamdgradi kodis siCqare. informaciis gadacemis siCqare C dakavSirebulia rTuli signalis speqtris siganesTan Semdegi gamosaxulebiT: C=
FR . B
aRniSnuli formuliT miviRebT s/x fardobis gamosaxulebas simboloze ukukavSiris arxSi:
B M s PrxBS min 2 F q M s 1PrxBS min F . K bT0 w 1 F 2 PrxBS min
. S( j f )
B
E f
f
N1 F F
N0
f
mocemuli gamosaxuleba asaxavs s/x fardobis damokidebulebas sabazo sadguris (BS) mimReb mowyobilobaze. CDMA sistemaSi fiWebis seqtorizacia saSualebas iZleva, rom gavzardoT qselis gatarebis unari— aqtiuri abonentebis ricxvi fiWaSi: M=M s ma , sadac M_ aqtiuri abonentebis ricxvia fiWis erT seqtorSi; m_ seqtorizaciis koeficienti. seqtorizaciis koeficienti Tavis maqsimalur SesaZlo mniSvnelobas aRwevs mxolod erTseqtorian fiWaSi: m=1. samseqtorian fiWaSi m realuri moqmedi mniSvneloba Seadgens maqsimumidan 85%: m=2,55. ganvsazRvroT mosazRvre fiWebis wvlili saerTo
34
F
nax. 1.11. energetikuli Tanafardoba CDMA sistemaSi
xelSeSlebis fonze. movaxdinoT erTseqtoriani fiWis analizi ma 1, M M s . miRebuli Sedegi samarTliani iqneba mravalseqtoriani fiWisTvisac. CavTvaloT, rom qseli Sesdgeba erTnairi zomis fiWebisagan, abonentebi ganlagebulni arian Tanabarzomieradi qselis teritoriaze. Sefaseba movaxdinoT eqvsi fiWisTvis. nax. 1.12-ze R—warmoadgens fiW e b i s r a d i u s s ; S= R 2 _ f i W i s f a r T o b i a ; D=2Rcos 300 _fiWebis centrebs Soris manZilia (BS-
is antenebs Soris); (r, ) _ mobiluri abonentebis
35
mimdinare koordinatebia.
D
2
r 2 2 D r cos
_ mezobeli fiWebis abo-
nentebs da BS 0 -is antenebs Soris mimdinare manZilia. movaxdinoT mxolod erTi fiWis analizi, ramdenadac am analizis Sedegi analogiuri iqneba danarCeni fiWebisTvisac. abonentebi fiWaSi ganTavsebulia Tanabarzomierad. abonentebis raodenobis albaTobis simkvrive fiWis mocemul wertilSi koordinatebiT (nax. 1.10)
mezobeli fiWebis aqtiuri abonentebidan:
PRXBS 6 MPRXBS . Tu vivaraudebT, rom sistemis gatarebis unari SezRudulia mxolod urTierTdabrkolebebiT, maSin ukuarxSi s/x-is SefadebisTvis gveqneba:
q2
r ,
1
W r , { πr 2 , , r R ; 0
Tu gavavrcelebT miRebul Sedegs eqvsi mosazRvre fiWis SemTxvevaze, miviRebT urTierTdabrkolebaTa simZlavris jamur sidides, romelic momdinareobs
rR
signalis simZlavre, romelic miRebulia mezobeli fiWis erTi aqtiuri MS-dan, saSualod Seadgens
PRXBS1 W r , PRXBS X dS . S
2B 1 75M S 1 ;
imisaTvis, rom CDMA sistemis potencialuri SesaZleblobebi maqsimalurad iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli, CavTvaloT, rom sasaubro pauzis dros informacias ar gadascemen. Tu _ albaTobaa imisa, rom abonenti drois mocemul momentSi laparakobs, xolo (1- ) – albaTobaa imisa, rom is Cumadaa, maSin albaToba imisa, rom fiWis seqtoris Ms aqtiuri abonentebidan mocemul momentSi laparakobs i abonenti, xolo (Ms-i) Cumadaa, binomuri ganawilebis kanonis Sesabamisad qveqneba:
M M p(i) S i 1 S i . i maSasadame, saSualod sistemaSi s/x-is Sefardeba seqtorSi Ms aqtiur abonentebTan: Ms
q i p(i) . 2
i o
sabolood miviRebT: nax. 1.12. mezobeli fiWebis MS abonentebis urTierTxelSeSlebis gaangariSebisaTvis
36
Ms M 2B q 2 s i (1 ) M s i 1,75M s 1 i 1 i
37
s/x-is fardoba pirdapir arxSi pirdapir arxebSi s/x fardobis Sefasebisas unda gamovideT imave mosazrebidan, romelic gvqonda uku arxebis SemTxvevaSi. pirdapir arxSi urTierTxelSeSlebi iqmneba mxolod mezobel fiWebTan. aviRoT qselis nawili, romelic Sesdgeba 12 fiWisagan, ganvixiloT yvelaze ufro araxelsayreli SemTxveva, rodesac abonenti imyofeba sami fiWis sazRvarze (nax. 1.13) am naxazidan gamomdinare R aris fiWis radiusi; BSo _ BS-i, romelic mocemul momentSi inarCunebs kavSirs mobilur MS sadgurTan; BS1, BS2, BS3 _ mezobeli fiWebis sabazo BS sadgurebia.
BS1, BS2 da BS3 sadgurebis antenebi daSorebulia gansaxilveli MS-dan Sesabamisad 1R, 2R da 7 R manZiliT. aSkaraa rom aditiuri urTierTxelSeSlebis jamuri simZlavre proporciulia mezobeli BS fiWebis ricxvisa. gansaxilvel 12 fiWisagan Semdgar jgufSi zemoaRniSnuli sadgurebis raodenoba aris: BS1 _ 2, BS2 _ 3, BS3 _ 6. jamSi s/x-is fardoba simboloze pirdapir arxSi iqneba: 2E q N0 Ni 2
E ; 2PRXMS (R) 3PRXMS (2R) 6PRXMS ( 7 R) KT0 (w - 1) M s ΔF MS 2PRXmin
MS sadac, PRXmin aris MS mimRebis Sesasvlelze arsebuli sasargeblo signalebis simZlavris minimaluri MS done; PRXmin (X) _ MS-is mimRebis Sesasvlelze signalis simZlavrea; X _ MS da BS-s Soris manZilia. Tu abonentebi Tanabarzomierad arian fiWis teritoriaze ganlagebulni, maSin urTierTxelSeSlebis saSualo simZlavre iqneba dabali, xolo s/x-s fardoba _ maRali. d) gamtarunarianoba pirdapir da uku arxebSi s/x-is fardobis meSv e o b i T S e i Z l e ba S e fa s d e s CDMA s i s t e m i s gamtarunarianoba. trafikis arxebis maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli ricxvi SeiZleba ganisazRvros, Tu davuSvebT s/x-is fardobis garkveul mniSvnelobas, romelic aucilebelia kavSiris xarisxis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. rodesac sistemaSi MS-is gadamcemebs aqvT simZlavris avtomaturi regulireba, s/x-is Sefardeba
nax. 1.13. sami fiWis sazRvarze myofi moZravi sadguri
38
pirdapir arxSi iqneba:
39
2 qpir 0,87
B ; Ms
2B 1 M s int 2 1 1,75 . quku
xolo uku arxSi
q
2 uku
2B B 1,14 1,75M s 1 M s - 0,57 .
aqtiuri abonentebis fiqsireuli raodenobis SemTxvevaSi s/x-is Sefardeba pirdapir arxSi mcirea, vi2 2 dre uku arxSi q pir q uku . trafikis arxebis raodenoba, romelic Semodis fiWis seqtorSi, am SemTxvevaSi tolia:
0,87B Ms int 2 , qpir sadac int[x] _ x ricxvis mTeli nawilia. Tu simZlavris avtomaturi regulirebis sistema moqmedebs rogorc MS_ze, aseve BS-ze, maSin s/x-is fardoba pirdapir arxSi iqneba, 2 qpir 2,16
2B Ms ;
xolo uku arxSi 2 quku
2B 1,75M s - 1 ;
aqtiuri abonentebis fiqsirebuli raodenobis SemTxvevaSi s/x-is Sefardeba ukuarxSi ufro 2 2 mcirea, vidre pirdapirSi ( q uku q pir ). trafikis arxebis raodenoba, romlebic Semodian fiWis seqtorSi, am SemTxvevaSi:
40
fiWis seqtorze trafikis arxebis Ms raodenobis da gamoZaxebebis blokirebis Pb albaTobis dros, SeiZleba gaviangariSoT fiWis seqtorSi satelefono As datvirTva erlangis formulis gamoyenebiT:
Pb
As
Ms
Ms
A ( M s !) s i o i!
i
cxr. 1.1-Si mocemulia CDMA sistemaSi erTseqtoriani da samseqtoriani fiWebis trafikis parametrebis angariSis Sedegebi Semdegi monacemebisTvis: informaciis gadacemis siCqare C = 9600 kbit/wm. makoreqtirebeli kodis siCqare R = 1/2; signalis baza B = 64; samisamarTo mimdevrobebis taqturi sixSire F = 1,2288 mCi p/wm. s/x-is zRvruli Sefardeba q2 = 7 db; gamoZaxebis blokirebis albaToba 0.01. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac BS-is erTi nawili gadatvirTulia, xolo meore ara. swored aseT situaciebSi CDMA-s aqvs kidev erTi Rirseba: Tu erTi an ramodenime gadatvirTuli fiWis irgvliv arian naklebad datvirTuli fiWebi, maSin centraluri fiWebis gatarebis unari izrdeba. es xdeba naklebad datvirTuli fiWebis mxares urTierTxelSeSlebis Semcirebis Sedegad.
41
cxr. 1.1. erTseqtoriani da samseqtoriani fiWebis
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebis yovelmxrivi analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom mesame (3G) da Semdgomi Taobis
sistemebisaTvis optimalurs warmoadgens teqnologia CDMA. cnobilia, rom am teqnologiis gamoyenebisas qselis moculoba Semoifargleba Sidasistemuri xelSeSlebiT, romlebic gamowveulia sistemaSi gamoyenebuli rTuli signalebis (xmaurismagvari signalebis) urTierTkovaraciuli funqciebis obieqturad ganpirobebuli araidealurobiT. am xelSeSlis Semcirebis erT-erTi efeqturi meTodia bazur sadgurTan axlos mdebare mobiluri abonentis telefoniT gamosxivebuli simZlavris Semcireba. rogorc cnobilia arsebobs sxvadasxva maTematikuri modeli, romlebic saSualebas iZlevian ganisazRvros simZlavris saWiro medianuri mniSvneloba sabazo sadgursa da mobilur abonents Soris cnobili manZilisas. Tu davuSvebT, rom bazur sadgurze drois nebismieri momentisaTvis aris informacia misgan mobiluri abonentis daSorebis Sesaxeb, aseve bazur sadgurs SeuZlia TiToeul kodur arxSi daayenos saSualo simZlavre mobiluri aparatis mimRebSi C/I (signali/interferencia) fardobis saWiro mniSvnelobis uzrunvelsayofad. aseTi daSveba marTebulia mocemuli bazuri sadguris lokaluri fiWis yvela abonentisaTvis, miuxedavad misi adgilmdebareobisa fiWaSi da aseve marTebulia qselis yvela bazuri sadgurebisaTvis, romlebic moicaven msgavs fiWaTa usasrulo raodenobas gansaxilveli teritoriis farglebSi. am pirobebSi fiWis TiToeuli abonentisaTvis uzrunvelyofilia C/I fardobis saWiro mniSvneloba da
42
43
trafikis parametrebi
parametri erTseqtoriani fiWis trafikis arxebis odenoba (ma = 1; 1 / 0,375) samseqtoriani fiWis trafikis arxebis raodenoba (ma =2,55; 1 / 0,375) satelefono datvirTva erTseqtorian fiWaze (ma =1; 1 / 0,375) , erl. satelefono datvirTva samseqtorian fiWaze (ma = 2,55; 1 / 0,375) , erl.
simZlavris avtomaturi regulireba uku arxSi
simZlavris avtomaturi regulireba pirdapir arxSi
11/22
15/30
28/56
38/77
5,8/14,9
8,9/21,8
20,2/45,5
29,1/65,7
unda aRiniSnos, rom erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari Tviseba CDMA sistemisa aris muSa arxebis sixSirul-droiTi resursis srulyofili gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. cdmaOne sistemis speqtraluri efeqturoba 3-4-jer metia GSM-Tan SedarebiT.
e) CDMA-s bazaze agebuli sistemebis moculobis miaxloebiTi Sefaseba fiWaSi abonentis SemTxveviTi mdebareobisas
SesaZlebelia abonentTa maqsimaluri ricxvis Sefaseba. aseTi Sefaseba SeiZleba napovni iqnas qselebisaTvis gamosxivebuli simZlavris rogorc marTviT, aseve marTvis gareSe. msgavsi amocanebi garkveulwilad gadawyvetilia cnobili specialistebis mier. qvemoT mocemuli Sefasebebi aris miaxloebiTi (asimptoturi), imitom rom ganxilulia SemTxvevebi, roca lokaluri fiWa garSertymulia Teoriulad SeuzRudavi didi raodenobis analogiuri fiWebiT. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom realur qselebSi fiWaTa raodenoba SezRudulia, magram mainc sakmaod didia. zogadad, miRebuli Sedegebi SeiZleba gavrceldes Sida fiWebze, maSin roca mimdebare fiWebisaTvis, romlebic axlomdebarea momsaxurebis sazRvarTan, isini SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas rogorc Sefaseba qvemodan, anu rogorc Sefasebis miaxloeba `uxeSad~. rogorc cnobilia, C/I fardoba ganisazRvreba radioarxis zolSi da cifruli modulaciis nebismieri meTodisas SeiZleba gamoisaxos, rogorc erTi bitis gadacemaze daxarjuli signalis Eb energiis fardoba, xelSeSlis simZlavris speqtralur I simkvrivesTan:
E Z 1 E R C Ps E s 1 b b b . I PI Ts I 0 B s I 0 Tb ZBs I 0 B s
romelic gadaaqvs erT saarxo simbolos); Rb _ gadacemis siCqarea erT radioarxSi. cifrul sistemebSi mravlobiTi SeRweviT arxebis sixSiruli (FDMA) an droiTi (TDMA) gancalkavebiT R b R s , xolo fardoba E b /I 0 yovelTvis metia erTze. ase magaliTad, GSM standartSi moTxovnili standartisaTvis xmis signalis gadacemisaTvis saWiroa (aucilebelia) uzrunvelyofil iqnas Semdegi Tanafardobis Sesruleba, mokled rom vTqvaT, C/I aucileblad erTze meti unda iyos. sistemebSi sadac gamoiyeneba arxebis koduri gancalkeveba Rs mniSvnelovnad unda aRematebodes Rb-s. am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, Tanafardobis E b /I 0 -is saWiro mniSvneloba SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnas roca . ase magaliTad, cifrul formaSi gadacemuli xmis signalis xarisxi SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnas maSin, roca, E b /I 0 =7 db, da koderis siCqarisas R b 8 kbit/wm. Tu CDMA sistemaSi sixSiris zolia Bs=1,25 mhc, maSin E b /I 0 -is saWiro fardoba uzrunvelyofili iqneba, roca C/I=0,032.
(1.1.)
sadac, Bs _ radioarxis sixSiruli zolia; Ts _ arxuli simbolos gacvlis droa; Z - modulaciis gamoyenebuli meTodis jeradobaa (bitebis ricxvi,
44
45
fiWis moculoba simZlavris marTvisas . Tu davuSvebT rom qselis yvela sabazo sadgurisaTvis: _ TiToeul fiWaSi SesaZlebelia trafikis M arxis gamoyeneba; _ gavrcelebis rTuli pirobebis gamo miRebuli signali damokidebulia mobilur abonentsa da sabazo sadgurs Soris daSorebis m-ur xarisxze; _ PR simZlavre, romelsac asxivebs sabazo sadguri erT kodur arxSi, SeirCeva imdagvarad, rom uzrunvelyos miRebuli signalis saWiro done fiWis sazRvarze; sabazo sadgurebis antenebi moqmedeben horizontalur sibrtyeSi. maSin, nebismieri mobiluri abonentebisaTvis lokaluri fiWis SigniT SesaZlebelia Caiweros gamosaxuleba (2.1) garemomcveli mezobeli fiWebis sxvadasxva ricxvisa da fiWaSi abonentis ganlagebis sxvadasxva SemTxvevisaTvis. SemTxveva, rodesac abonenti ganlagebulia Tavisi fiWis sazRvarze, mocemulia literaturaSi. ganvixilod ufro zogadi SemTxveva. vTqvaT lokaluri fiWis j-uri abonenti imyofeba fiWis SigniT nebismier adgilze da mis kodur arxs eniSneba simZlavre Semdegi wesis Sesabamisad:
Pj PR (r j / R) ,
(1.2) sadac rj _ manZilia bazuri sadguridan (bs) j-iur abonentamde. cxadia, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi romeliRac dadebiTi ricxvia. maCvenebeli arsebiTad damokidebulia gavrcelebis pirobebze da icvleba 2-dan (praqtikulad Tavis-
46
ufali sivrce) 6-mde (pirdapiri xilvadobis ar arseboba Senobis SigniT). konkretuli Sedegebis misaRebad davuSvaT, rom β =2. vaCvenoT, rom simZlavris marTvisas qselSi jamuri interferenciis saSualo mniSvneloba fiWebis usasrulo ricxvisas arsebiTad mcirea mniSvnelobaze, romelic miiReba simZlavriT marTvis sqemis gamoyenebis gareSe. es saSualebas iZleva gaizardos abonentTa dasaSvebi ricxvi TiToeul fiWaSi. davuSvaT, rom M mobiluri abonenti, romliTac mocemuli bazuri sadguris lokaluri fiWis M arxi emsaxureba, SemTxveviT da Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli fiWaSi. viRebT ra, rom fiWas aqvs wris forma, davyoT igi rgolebad saSualo radiusiT rq, 0 < rq < R, q=1,2,...Q, sadac Q _rgolebis ricxvia, romelic mTlianad faravs lokaluri fiWis farTobs. abonentebis saSualo ricxvi Mq, romelic q nomris rgolSi aRmoCndeba:
M q γ rq , 0 rq R, sadac γ _ proporciulobis koeficientia da Q
M Mq . q 1
Tu davuSvebT, rom yvela abonentebs, romlebic imyofebian rgolSi q nomriT, simZlavris marTvis kanonis Sesabamisad eniWebaT simZlavre Pq, maSin jamuri simZlavre Pt, gamosxivebuli lokaluri fiWis bs-is mier: R
r3 R2 . dr P γ R R2 4 0
Pt PR γ
47
(1.3)
amasTan, abonentTa saerTo ricxvi fiWaSi:
R2 M Mq γ . 2 q 1
lokalur
l =3
Q
(1.4) 5
CavsvaT (2.3) (2.4)-Si miviRebT: 4
Pt M
PR . . 2
6 0 r0
(1.5)
C (n,k) 1
3
Tu simZlavris marTva ar xdeba, maSin TiToeul kodur arxs eniSneba erTi da igive simZlavre PR . am SemTxvevaSi bs-is jamuri gamosxivebuli simZlavre:
2
r(n,k,l)
an
b
C B
Pt MPR .
(1.6)
(2.5) da (2.6) gamosaxulebebis Sedarebidan gamomdinareobs, rom simZlavris marTvis kanonis Sesabamisad, β 2 dros, jamuri simZlavre, gamosxivebuli erTi bs-is mier, mcirdeba 2-jer. Tu ugulvebelvyofT interferencias mezobeli fiWebidan, maSin bs-idan r0 manZilze ganlagebuli mobiluri sadgurisTvis signalis interferenciul xelSeSlebTan fardobis miaxloebiTi mniSvneloba:
PR (r0 / R) 2 r0 (r0 / R) 2 C . I PR (M 1) / 2 r0 M /2
48
A l=0
nax.1.14. dabrkolebebis donis gamosaTvlelad mezobeli fiWebidan, magaliTad, nax. 1.14-ze mesame rgolSi ganlagebulebidan (ma-is mdebareoba am naxazze miTiTebulia mcire rgoliT eqvskuTxa fiWaSi nomriT 0), SemovitanoT Semdegi aRniSvnebi: n -iT aRvniSnoT im fiWebis rgolis nomeri, romlebic gars ertymian lokalur fiWas nomriT 0, n=1,2,..., (magaliTad, rgolSi nomriT 1 ganlagebulni arian fiWebi nomrebiT 1-6); a 2 -iT aRvniSnoT manZili eqvskuTxedis mwvervals, romlis gverdebi aerTeben mesame rgolis (nax. 1.12-ze gamosaxulia punqtiriT) da lokaluri
49
fiWis centrs (fiWebis rgolisaTvis nomriT n es manZili aRvniSnoT simboloTi an, n=1,2,..., ); k _ men-e eqvskuTxa rgolis gverdis gaswvriv rigSi ganTavsebuli fiWis nomeria, k=0,1,2,...,n-1 (magaliTad, A da B fiWebs mesame rgolSi eqnebaT nomrebi 0 da 1); aseve aucilebelia rigebi dainomros simboloTi , =0,1,2,3,4,5 nebismieri rgolisaTvis (magaliTad, mesame rgolis A da B fiWebi warmoqmnian rigs nomriT =0); b k _ manZilia punqtiruli eqvskuTxedis wverodan fiWis centramde nomriT k me-n-e rgolis erT rigSi (mag., A fiWisaTvis b0=0, xolo B fiWisaTvis b1=R 3 ). nax. 1.12-dan gamomdinareobs, rom
an nR 3 , n 1,2,...; bk kR 3 , k 0,1,...n 1.
(1.7)
imyofeba r0 manZilze Tavisi sabazo sadguridan, da fiWebis centrebs Soris, romlebic rigSi arian j- nomriT me-n-e rgolSi: r( n ,k ,l ) 3R 2 (n 2 k 2 nk ) r02 2 R r0 3( n 2 k 2 nk ) cos( ( n , k ) l ).,
aq Φ Φ 0
π l _ kuTxea an da r0-s Soris, l =0,1,2,...,5, 3
0 , maSin fardoba C/I 6 6
ma-s mimRebSi
romelic imyofeba r0 manZilze bs-is fiWidan, Caiwereba Semdegi saxiT:
C I
(r0 / R) 2 r04
( M 1) / 2r
4 0
lokaluri
,
n 1 5
M / 2 r
4 ( n ,k ,l )
n 1 k 0 l 0
axla ganvixiloT fiWebis erTi rigi rgolSi nomriT n (mag., fiWebi A, B rgolSi nomriT n=3). manZili bs-is lokalur fiWasa da am rigis bazur sadgurebs Soris TiToeuli rgolis yvela fiWisaTvis ganisazRvreba tolobebiT (kosinusebis Teorema): C ( n,k ) R 3(n 2 k 2 nk ) , sadac, k 0,1,..., n 1, n 1,2,..., . Semdeg, cnobili igiveobis gamoyenebiT (sinusebis Teorema iribkuTxa samkuTxedisaTvis), SeiZleba moinaxos kuTxe ( n ,k ) , an da C( n ,k ) :
3 ( n ,k ) arc sin bk C (n1, k ) . 2 am gamosaxulebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gamoiTvalos manZili gansaxilvel ma-s, romelic
50
sadac M _ aqtiur abonentTa dasaSvebi ricxvia erT fiWaSi SeuzRudavi fiWisas. gavyoT ukanaskneli gamosaxulebis mricxveli da mniSvneli R-4 -ze da aRvniSnoT ( n,k ,l )
r( n ,k ,l ) R
da
n 1 5
S (n4,k ,l ) , maSin miviRebT n 1 k 0 l 0
(r0 / R) 2 (r0 / R) 4 C , I ( M 1) / 2 (r0 / R) 4 ( M / 2 )S
(1.8)
aqedan, aqtiuri abonentebis dasaSvebi ricxvi.
M
2(r0 / R) 2 ( r0 / R) 4 . (C / I ) S (r0 / R) 4 S (r0 / R) 4
kerZod, fardobisas C/I=0,32
51
9n 2 3(n k nk ) . 4 2
62,5 (r0 / R) 2 (r0 / R) 4 (r0 / R) 4 . M S (r0 / R ) 4
(1.9)
2
(1.15)
Tu (2.15)-s CavsvamT (2.14)-Si, miviRebT: 2
r 3n r 3n 3(3n2 K 2 nk) 2 0 3(n2 K 2 nk) cos(n,k, ) 0 1 R 2 R 2
ganvixiloT kerZo SemTxveva, rodesac rigebis ricxvi SezRudulia da tolia N-is. maSin
MN
62,5 (r0 / R) 2 (r0 / R) 4 (r0 / R) 4 S N (r0 / R) 4
.
(1.10)
0 M N M 63,5( S S N ),
(1.111)
sadac,
n 1 5
(n4,k ,l ) .
(1.12)
n N 1 k 0 l 0
n 1 5
4 ( n ,k ,l )
.
(1.13) dasawyisisaTvis SevafasoT (2.13) gamosaxulebis mniSvneli: (n4, k , l ) 1 / 3(n 2 k 2 nk ) (r0 / R )2 2(r0 / R ) 3(n 2 k 2 nk ) cos( n , k , l ) l )
r r 3(n 2 k 2 nk ) 0 2 0 3(n 2 k 2 nk ) R R r l ) 3(n 2 k 2 nk ) 0 , R
xolo Semdgom:
52
(1.17)
0 M N M
170 . (3 / 2 N 1) 2
(1.18)
amrigad M -is gamosaTvlelad sizustiT unda SeirCes iseTi ricxvi N, rom (1.19)
2
2
2
8 . 3(3 / 2 N 1) 2
170 . (3 / 2 N 1) 2
axla SevafasoT
cos(( n , k , l )
Tu (2.17)-s CavsvamT (2.11)-Si miviRebT Semdeg utolobas
Sedegad gvaqvs utoloba:
Tu bolo utolobas CavsvamT (2.12)-Si gveqneba:
n N 1 k 0 l 0
M N M (S S N ) (62,5 1)(S S N ) .
S S N
1 . (3n / 2 1) 4
S S N
SevafasoT sxvaoba
(1.16.)
Tu (2.16)-s CavsvamT (2.13)-Si miviRebT.
(n4,k ,l )
(1.9)-is Sesabamisad:
2
(1.14)
amovxsnaT utoloba (1.19):
170 2 170 . N 1 (3 / 2 N 1) 2 3
(1.20)
kerZod, ε 1 cTomilebis arCevisas N 9,35 <10. aqedan miviRebT N=10. (2.20) gamosaxulebis gamoyenebiT miRebulia erTi fiWis aqtiuri abonentebis dasaSvebi ricxvis damokidebulebebi interferirebuli fiWebis rgolebis ricxvze da fiWis normirebul manZilze, dawyebili N=1-dan C/I fardobis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobisas (nax. 1.15), xolo nax.1.16-ze
53
warmodgenilia ma-is mimRebSi C/I fardobis damokidebuleba fiWis normirebul manZilze (2.15)-is gamoyenebiT miRebuli sxvadasxva M-Tvis.
Tavi
II. mobiluri telekomunikaciis analoguri fiWuri sistemebi (1G)
simZlavriT marTvis ganxiluli xerxi saSualebas iZleva daaxloebiT orjer SevamciroT qselSi saerTo interferencia fiWebis ganusazRvreli raodenobisas, rac uzrunvelyofs dasaSvebi aqtiuri abonentebis ricxvis 2-jer gazrdas aramarTvadi simZlavris analogiur sistemasTan SedarebiT. ZiriTadi wvlili qselis jamur interferenciaSi SeaqvT pirveli rgolis fiWebs. meore rgolis fiWebiT Seqmnili interferenciis gaTvaliswinebas mivyavarT lokalur fiWaSi aqtiuri abonentebis dasaSvebi ricxvis Semcirebisaken mxolod erTeuliT.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mobiluri radiokavSis fiWuri sistemebis ganviTareba msoflioSi daiwyo gasuli saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSi. misma danergvam gadawyvita radiosixSiruli speqtris ekonomiis problema gamoyofili radisixSiruli resursis mravaljeradi gamoyenebis gziT. amasTanave, qselis agebis fiWurobis topologiam saSualeba misca operatorebs, mravaljeradad gazrdiliyo telesakomunikacio qselebis tevadoba, kavSiris xarisxis gauaresebis gareSe, radialuri struqturis mqone qselebTan SedarebiT. cnobilia mobiluri radiokavSiris analoguri fiWuri sistemebis cxra standarti (ix. cxrili 2.1). magram mobiluri fiWuri radiokavSiris analoguri sistemebi dRes ukve veRar akmayofilebs sainformacio teqnologiebis Tanamedrove dones maTi uaryofiTi mxareebis gamo, romelTagan SeiZleba gamoiyos ZiriTadad Semdegi: _ standartebis SeuTavsebloba; _ moqmedebis SezRuduli zona; _ kavSiris dabali xarisxi; _ gadacemuli Setyobinebebis gasaidumloebis SeuZlebloba; _ integraluri momsaxurebis cifrul (ISDN-Integrated Services Digital Network) da monacemTa gadacemis paketur qselebTan (PDN-Packet Data Network) urTierTqmedebis SeuZlebloba. zemoaRniSnulis gamo es sistemebi ukanasknel periodSi TiTqmis ar inergeba, magram miuxedavad amisa,
54
55
simZlavris marTviT
simZlavris marTvis gareSe
nax. 2.15
nax. 2.16
nax. 1.17
Cveni azriT, mizanSewonilia, ganvixiloT mokled im sistemebis agebis ZiriTadi princi pebi, rac gaadvilebs wignSi Semdeg mocemuli masalis obieqtur analizs. qvemoT cxr. 2.1-Si mocemulia analogur mobiluri fiWuri sistemebis standartebis ZiriTadi parimetrebi. cxr. 2.1. analoguri mobiluri fiWuri sistemebis standartebis ZiriTadi parametrebi
standartis maxasiaTeblebi
AMPS aSS
HCMTS iaponi a
1 eqsploataciaSi gaSvebis
2
3
1983
1979
dro
NMTNMT450 900 skandinaviis qveynebi 4 5 1981
1986
C-450 germania
TACS
ETACS
inglisi
RTMS 10 IH italia
6
7
8
9
1985
1985
1987
1985
sixSiruli diapazoni gadacemaze (mhc): _ bazuri sadguri
870-890
870-885 463-467.5
935-960
461.3-465.74 935-950 917-933
460-465
_ mobiluri sadguri
825-845
925-940 453-457.5
890-915
451.3-455.74 890-905 872-888
450-455
dacileba
dupleqsur
arxebs Soris (mhc) arxebs Soris dacileba (khc) dupleqsuri
arxebis
ricxvi
45
55
10
45
10
45
45
10
30
25/12,5
25/20
12,5
20/10
25
25
25
222
600
---
200
666
600-1200 180-225 1000-1999
bazuri sadgurebis maqsimaluri efeqturi gamosxivebis simZlavre,
100
50/25
50
100
100
100
100
25/2,5
3
5/1
15/2
6/1
15
2-20
2-20
10/1
250
800
1250
270
300
290
290
---
10
17
15
---
---
10
10
---
2-20
5-10
1-40
0,5-20
2-30
2-20
2-10
5-20
vt mobiluri sadguris gadamcemis nominaluri simZlavre, vt arxebis gadarTvis dro fiWebis sazRvarze, mwm
2.1. mobiluri telekomunikaciis NMT-450 (NMT-900) standartis fiWuri sistemebi NMT-450 (NMT-900) _ standartis sistema aRWurvilia oTxi ti pis saabonento sadgurebiT: _ Cveulebrivi mobiluri sadgurebi; _ mobiluri sadgurebi prioritetiT; _ portatuli mobiluri sadgurebi; _ mobiluri sadgurebi _ taqsafonebi. sistema uzrunvelyofs: _ kavSirSi Sesvlas da laparakis Rirebulebis registracias rogorc mobiluri sadguridan, ise piriqiT, avtomatur reJimSi; _ mobiluri sadguris kavSiris organizacias rogorc mobilurTan, ise fiqsirebuli satelefono qselis nebismier abonentTan da piriqiT; _ mobiluri abonentis avtomatur Zebnas gaerTianebuli qselebis farglebSi (mag., skandinaviis qveynebis teritoriaze). sistemis muSaobis princi pebi dafuZnebulia fiqsirebul satelefono qselebTan urTierTqmedebaze. sistemis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis (nax. 3.1): _ MSC (Mobile Services Switching Centre) - mobiluri kavSiris komutaciis centri; _ BTS (Base Transmission Station) - sabazo (bazuri) sadgurebi; _ MS (Mobile Station) - mobiluri sadgurebi.
signali/xmauri Semavali Sefardebis minimaluri sidide, db fiWis radiusi, km
56
57
nax.2.1. NMT standartis ti piuri qselis struqturuli sqema
58
MSC uzrunvelyofs sistemis marTvas da warmoadgens damakavSirebel rgols (interfeiss) mobilur sadgurebsa da fiqsirebul satelefono qsels Soris. NMT-450 standartis ti piuri qselis struqturuli sqema mocemulia nax. 3.1-ze. TiToeuli MSC emsaxureba mobiluri sadgurebis jgufs. bazuri sadgurebis erToblioba, romelic emsaxureba erTi MSC _s, qmnis momsaxurebis zonas. cxr. 2.2-Si naCvenebia NMT-450 da NMT-900 standartis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi. cxr. 2.2. analoguri fiWuri sistemebis NMT-450 da NMT-900 standartebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebl e bi # 1
2
maxasiaTeblebis dasaxeleba
NMT-450
NMT-900
sixSiruli diapazoni:
420-490 mhc
890-960 mhc
gadacema _ mobiluri sadguri-bazuri sadguri
453-457,5 mhc
890-915 mhc
miReba-bazuri sadguri-mobiluri sadguri
463-467,5 mhc
935-960 mhc
25(20) khc
25khc (12,5khc
arxebis sixSiruli dacileba
gadaSorisebiT)
3
gadacemis da miRebis dupleqsuri arxebis
10 mch
45 mhc
dacileba 4
arxebis raodenoba
180(225)
999(1999-mde gadaSorisebiT)
5
fiWis radiusi
6
bazuri sadguris gadamcemis simZlavre
7
mobiluri sadguris gadamcemis simZlavre
59
15-40 km
2-20 km
50 vt
25 vt
15 vt
6 vt
1,5 vt
1 vt
0,15 vt
0,1vt
2.2.
mobiluri telekomunikaciis AMPS standartis fiWuri sistema
2.3. mobiluri telekomunikaciis TACS standartis sistema
AMPS standartis sistema aSS-Si eqspluataciaSi Sevida 1979 wels. sistema muSaobs 825-890 mhc diapazonSi da gaaCnia 666 dupleqsuri arxi. TiToeuli arxis sixSiruli zolis sigane tolia 30 mhc-is. sabazo sadguris gadacemis simZlavrea 45 vt, saavtomobilo mobiluri sadguris _ 12 vt, xolo gadasatani aparaturisa _ 1 vt. standartSi gamoyenebulia rigi originaluri teqnikuri siaxleni, romlebic uzrunvelyofs maRalxarisxovan kavSirs aparaturis nonimaluri Rirebulebisas. am standartis bazaze SemuSavebulia ori standarti analoguri N-AMPS da cifruli D-AMPS. AMPS standartis fiWur sistemaSi gamoiyeneba bazuri sadgurebi antenebiT, romelTa mimarTulobis diagramis sigane aris 1200 da romlebic fiWebis kuTxeebSi montaJdeba. sabazo sadgurebi sakomutacio centrebTan mierTebulia gamtariani xazebiT, maTi meSveobiT gadaicema rogorc salaparako signalebi, aseve sasamsaxuro informacia. abonentisaTvis gadacemuli mmarTveli Setyobinebis sigrZe Seadgens 463 bits. sistemaSi gamoyenebulia SetyobinebaTa miRebis gancalkevebuli meTodi da amis gamo Seicavs or antenas da Sesabamis zolur filtrebs. mimRebi orarxiania, sixSireTa ormagi gardaqmniT TiToeul arxSi. sakontrolo bloki asrulebs sadguris mdgomareobis diagnostikis funqcias.
TACS standartis fiWuri mobiluri kavSiris sistema (didi britaneTi) igeba radialuri princi piT, amasTan, gamoiyeneba sabazo sadgurebis mcire ricxvi. am standartis sistemebSi TiToeuli sabazo sadguri uSualod uerTdeba sakomutacio centrs, romelsac aqvs gadasasvleli saerTo sargeblobis satelefono qselTan (PSTN). agebis princi piT, marTvis sistemis organizaciiTa da sadgurebs Soris SeuRlebiT TACS standartis sistemebi faqtobrivad identuria AMPS standartis sistemisa. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba mdgomareobs arxebis mier dakavebuli sixSireebis zolis siganeSi da sixSiris pikur deviaciaSi. kerZod, Tu AMPS standartis sistemebSi arxis sigane aris 30 khc da sixSiris pikuri deviacia 12 khc, TACS sistemaSi es sidideebi Sesabamisad tolia 25 khc-is da 9,5 khc-is. am sistemaSi gamoiyeneba 1000 dupleqsuri arxi, romelTagan 956 aris salaparako, xolo danarCeni warmoqmnis or jgufs 21 arxiT TiToeulSi, romlebic warmoadgens marTvis arxebs. salaparako arxebSi informaciis (Setyobinebis) gadasacemad gamoiyeneba viwrozolovani sixSiruli modulacia. xolo im arxebSi sadac gadaicema monacemebi, cifruli informaciis analogur signalad gardaqmnisaTvis gamoiyeneba orobiTi sixSiruli mani pulacia. cxrilSi 3.3. mocemulia TACS standartSi miRebul sixSireTa deviaciis mniSvnelobebi.
60
61
cxr. 2.3. TACS sistemebis sixSireTa deviacia signalis saxeoba
modulaciis saxeoba
sixSiris deviacia, khc
salaparako
sixSiruli modulacia
9,5
tonaluri
monacemTa signalebi
orobiTi sixSiruli manipulacia orobiTi sixSiruli manipulacia
+1,7(~1~) _ 1,7 (~0~)
+ 6,4(~1~) _ 6,4(~0~)
Tavi III. mobiluri telekomunikaciis cifruli fiWuri sistemebi cifruli fiWuri mobiluri kavSiris sistemebi warmoadgenen am ti pis sistemebis meore Taobas. analogur sistemebTan SedarebiT isini uzrunvelyofen abonentebisaTvis momsaxurebis farTo speqtrs da kavSiris maRal xarisxs. amasTan, aRniSnuli standartis gamoyenebisas SesaZlebelia urTierTqmedeba ISDN (Indegrated service Digital Network-cifruli qselebi momsaxurebis integraciiT) da PDN (Packet Date Network-paketuri gadacemis qseli) qselebTan. am sistemebs Soris yvelaze didi gavrceleba hpova im qselebma, romlebic agebulia GSM (DCS-1800), D-AMPS (ADC), JDC, CDMA standartebze. maTi SedarebiTi maxasiaTeblebi mocemulia cxr. 3.1. sadac: GMSK-Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying _gausis mani pulaciaa minimaluri sixSiruli daZvriT; QPSK-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying _kvadraturuli fazuri mani pulaciaa, romelSic gamoiyeneba gadamtani sixSiris 4 elementi; DQPSK-Differential QPSK- diferencialuri QPSK; RPE-LTR, VSELP-salaparako signalebis kodirebis algoriTmebia.
3.1. mobiluri telekomunikaciis GSM standartis fiWuri sistema zogadad GSM standartis fiWuri kavSiris sistema gankuTvnilia komerciul sferoSi gamoyenebisaTvis. momxmarebels am standartis sistemebSi miewodeba momsaxurebis farTo speqtri da aqvs SesaZlebloba
62
63
cxr. 3.1. cifruli standartebis maxasiaTeblebi maxasiaTeblebi SeRwevis meTodi salaparako arxebis raodenoba erT gadamtanze
sixSireTa muSa diapazoni, mhc
arxebis daZvra, khc erTi salaparako arxis eqvivalenturi sixSiruli zoli, khc modulaciis saxeoba informaciis gadacemis siCqare, kb/wm laparakis gardaqmnis siCqare, kb/wm laparakis gardaqmnis algoriTmi fiWis radiusi, km
GSM (DSC 1800) TDMA
D-AMPS (ADC) TDMA
JDC
CDMA
TDMA
CDMA
8(16)
3
3
32
890-915 935-960 (1710-1785) (1805-1880)
824-840 869-894
200
30
810-826 940-956 1429-1441 1447-1489 1453-1465 1501-1513 25
25(12,5)
10
8,3
-
0,3 GSMK
n/4 DQPSK
n/4 DQPSK
OQPSK
270
48
42
13(6,5)
8
11,2(5,6)
824-840 869-896
1250
8,55; 4,0; 2,0; 0,8
RPE-LTR
VSELP
VSELP
CELP
0,5-35,0
0,5-20,0
0,5-20,0
0,5-25,0
gamoiyenos rogorc salaparako signalebis da monacemTa gadacemis sxvadasxva mowyobilobebi, aseve gamoZaxebis da saavario signalebis gadacemis mravalferovani mowyobilobebi. am sistemiT SesaZlebelia agreTve mierTeba saerTo sargeblobis satelefono qselebTan (PSTN), monacemTa gadacemis qselebTan (PDN) da cifrul qselebTan momsaxurebis integraciiT (ISDN). zemoT aRniSnul sxva cifrul sistemebTan SedarebiT, GSM standarti uzrunvelyofs ukeTes energetikul maxasiaTeblebs, kavSiris maRal xarisxs, mis usafrTxoebasa da konfidencialobas.
64
miRebuli signalebis damakmayofilebeli xarisxi miiRweva mimRebis Sesasvlelze signali/xmauri fardobis 9 db-isas (magaliTad, D-AMPS-Si es sidide tolia 16 db-is), xolo energetikuli danakargebi realur arxebSi (signalis miyuCebisas) 6-10 db-iT naklebia vidre D-AMPS-Si. garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, GSM standartSi gaTvaliswinebulia iseTi momsaxurebebi, romlebic ar aris (an arasruladaa) sxva cifrul standartebSi. esenia: _ kavSiris arxebSi da momsaxurebaSi SeRwevisaTvis inteleqtualuri SIM baraTebis gamoyeneba (SIM-Subscriber Identity Module-abonentis identifikaciis moduli); _ mosmenisagan daculi radiointerfeisi; _ gadamcemSi Setyobinebis cifrul formaSi gardaqmna; _ abonentis autentifikacia da saabonento mowyobilobebis identifikacia kri ptografiuli algoriTmebis mixedviT; _ mokle Setyobinebis samsaxurebis gamoyeneba signalizaciis arxebSi gadacemisaTvis; _ erovnuli da saerTaSoriso masStabiT sxvadasxva GSM qselebis abonentebis avtomaturi roumingi; _ GSM abonentebisa da sxva standartebis DCS1800, PCS-1900, DECT da personaluri Tanamgzavruli
65
radiokavSiris qselebis abonentebis urTierTSoris qseluri roumingi. CEPT-is 1980 wlis rekomendaciis Sesabamisad, saerTo evropuli fiWuri sistemebis miwiszeda mobiluri kavSirisaTvis GSM standartSi gaTvaliswinebulia gadacemebis muSaoba or sixSirul diapazonSi: gadacema mobiluri sadguridan sabazo sadgurSi xorcieldeba _ 890-915 mhc-ze, xolo sabazo sadguridan mobilur sadguramde (abonentamde) _ 935960 mhc-ze. amasTan, kavSiris seansis dros arxebis gadarTvisas, am sixSireebs Soris sxvaoba konstantaa da toli 45 mhc-is. mezobel arxebs Soris sixSireTa sxvaoba (daZvra) aris 200 khc-is toli. amrigad, miReba/ gadacemisaTvis gamoyofil sixSireTa zolSi (25 mhc) SeiZleba ganTavsdes kavSiris 124 radioarxi. GSM standartSi gamoiyeneba TDMA (Tiame Division Multiplexing Access _ mravlobiTi SeRweva arxebis droiTi gancalkevebiT), rac saSualebas iZleva erT gadamtan sixSireze ganTavsdes 8 salaparako arxi erTdroulad. gardaqmnis mowyobilobad gamoiyeneba salaparako kodeki RPE-LTR regularuli impulsuri agznebiT da gadacemis siCqariT 13 kbit/wm-Si. salaparako signalebis damuSaveba aRniSnul standartSi xdeba salaparako signalebis wyvetili gadacemis DTX-(Discontinuous Transmission) sistemebSi miRebuli wesiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs gadacemis CarTvas mxolod maSin, roca momxmarebeli iwyebs laparaks da gamorTvas pauzebSi da laparakis dasrulebisas (nax. 3.1.).
DTX sistema imarTeba laparakis aqtiurobis deteqtoriT VAD (Voice Activity Detector), romelic uzrunvelyofs rogorc xmauriani laprakis, ise laparakis gareSe xmauris intervalebis aRmoCenas da gamoyofas im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca xmauris done laparakis donis Tanazomadia. radioarxebSi Secdomebisagan dacvis mizniT gamoiyeneba blokuri da xvevadi kodireba SenacvlebiT. kodirebisa da Senacvlebis efeqturobis amaRleba mobiluri sadgurebis mcire siCqariani gadaadgilebisas miiRweva seansis procesSi muSa sixSireeb-
66
67
VAD dabalsixSiruli Sesasvleli gamaZlierebeli
salaparako signalis koderi
DTX marTva da muSaoba
komfortuli xmauris maformirebeli
salaparako signalis eqstrapolacia
DTX marTva da muSaoba
salaparako signalis koderi
gamaZlierebeli
komfortuli xmauris maformirebeli
nax. 3.1. GSM standartSi laparakis damuSavebis procesis struqturuli sqema
is neli gadarTviT (wamSi 217 naxtomiseburi gadarTva). qalaqis pirobebSi radiosixSireebis mravalsxivuri gavrcelebiT gamowveuli interferenciuli miyuCebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gamoiyeneba ekvalaizerebi, romlebic uzrunveluofs im impulsuri signalebis gaTanabrebas, romelTa dayovnebis drois saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris mniSvneloba ar aRemateba 16 mkwm-s. mowyobilobis sinqronizaciis sistema gankuTvnilia signalebis absoluturi dayovnebis drois kompensaciisaTvis (223 mkwmmde). es ganapirobebs kavSiris maqsimalur manZils 35 km-s (fiWis maqsimaluri radiusi). radiosignalebis modulaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba gausis sixSiruli mani pulacia minimaluri sixSiruli daZvriT (GMSK). mani pulacias ase ewodeba imitom, rom modulatoramde informaciuli bitebis Tanmimdevroba gadis dabali sixSiris filtrs gausis amplitudur-sixSiruli maxasiaTebliT, rac saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes gamosxivebuli signalis sixSireTa zolis sigane. GMSK radiosignali formirdeba imgvarad, rom erTi bitis Sesabamis droiT intervalSi gadamtanis faza icvleba 900-iT. es aris fazis umciresi cvlileba, romelic SeiZleba aRmoCndes mocemuli ti pis mani pulaciisas. gamosasvleli signali fazis uwyveti cvlilebiT analogiu-ria im signalisa, romelic miiReba sixSiris diskretuli cvlilebisas sixSiruli modulaciis dros. GMSK signalis formirebis zogadi princi pi naCvenebia nax. 3.2-ze (a, b).
68
nax. 3.2.a. GMSK modulatoris zogadi struqturuli sqema
nax. 3.2.b. GMSK modulatoris droiTi da fazuri maxasiaTeblebi
69
GSM standartSi gamoiyeneba modulacia sixSiruli zolis normirebuli sididiT _ BT=0,3. sadac B â&#x20AC;&#x201C; filtris zolis siganea 3 db-ze, xolo T _ erTi bitis gadacemis droa. GMSK signalis formireba xorcieldeba I/Q kvadraturuli modulatoriT, romelic Sedgeba ori gamamravlebelisagan da erTi amjamvelisagan. GMSK modulacia xasiaTdeba Semdegi TvisebebiT: _ donis mixedviT mudmivi momvlebiT, romelic saSualebas iZleva gamoyenebul iqnes C klasis gamaZliereblebis Semcveli gadamcemi mowyobilobebi; _ viwro speqtriT gadamcemi mowyobilobebis gamosasvlelze, rac uzrunvelyofs zolgareTa gamosxivebis dabal dones; _ kavSiris arxis xelSeSlebis mimarT maRali mdgradobiT.
3.1.1. GSM qselebis arqiteqtura da misi struqturuli elementebi
(ix. cxrili 3.2). mobiluri da sabazo sadgurebi erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelia.
nax. 3.3. GSM qselis zogadi struqturuli sqema
cxr. 3.2 moZrav sadgurTa klasifikacia modelis klasi
gadacemis maqsimaluri
dasaSvebi gadaxrebi,
simZlavre, vt
db
1
20
1,5
2
8
1,5
3
5
1,5
4
2
1,5
5
0,8
1,5
GSM qselebi (iseve, rogorc msgavsi qselebi) Sedgeba mobiluri (radiotelefonebi) da sabazo sadgurebisagan, cifruli komutatorebisagan, marTvisa da momsaxurebis centrisagan, sxvadasxva damatebiTi sistemebisa da mowyobilobebisagan. sistemis elementebis funqcionaluri SeuRleba xorcieldeba rigi interfeisebis meSveobiT. GSM sistemebis agebis princi pebi da Sesabamisi interfeisebi mocemulia nax. 3.3-ze. mobiluri sadgurebi MS (Mobil Station) Sedgeba rigi specifikuri mowyobilobebisagan. GSM standartis farglebSi miRebulia mobiluri sadgurebis 5 klasi
Setyobinebebis gadacemisas gaTvaliswinebulia gadacemis simZlavris adapturi regulireba, rac uzrunvelyofs kavSiris aucilebel xarisxs. TiToeul mobilur sadgurs aqvs sakuTari saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio nomeri (IMSI-International Mobile Subscriber Identity), romelic Cawerilia mis maxsovrobaSi. TiToeul mobilur sadgurs eniWeba kidev
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erTi saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio nomeri (IMSEI-International Mobile Station Equipment Identity-mobiluri sadguris mowyobilobis saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio nomeri), romelic gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom ar moxdes SeRweva GSM-is qselSi im sadgurebidan romlebic moparulia an ara aqvs miniWebuli aseTi ufleba. sabazo sadguris qvesistemis mowyobilobebi (BSSBase Station Sistem) Sedgeba sabazo sadgurebis kontrolerisagan (BSC-Base Station Controler) da TviT sabazo sadgurisagan _ BTS. erTma kontrolerma SeiZleba marTos ramdenime sadguri. igi asrulebs Semdeg funqciebs: marTavs radioarxebis ganawilebas; akontrolebs SeerTebebs da aregulirebs maT rigiTobas. es uzrunvelyofs: e.w. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;mxtunavi~ sixSiris reJimSi muSaobas; signalebis modulaciasa da demodulacias; Setyobinebebis kodirebasa da dekodirebas; salaparako signalebis kodirebas; salaparako signalebis gadacemis siCqaris adaptacias; gansazRvravs personaluri gamoZaxebebis Setyobinebebis gadacemis rigiTobas. komutaciis qvesistemebis (SSS-Switching SubSystem) SemadgenlobaSi Sedis mobiluri kavSiris sakomutacio centri _ MSC, mdgomareobis registri _ HLR; gadaadgilebis registri _ VLR; autentifikaciis centri _ AUC (Autentication Center) da mowyobilobebis identifikaciis registri _ EIR. mobiluri kavSiris komutaciis centri momsaxurebas uwevs fiWebis garkveul jgufs da uzrunvelyofs SeerTebebis yvela im saxeobebs, romelTa aucilebloba warmoiSveba mobilur sadgurebSi maTi
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muSaobis procesSi. igi princi pSi warmoadgens interfeiss mobiluri kavSiris qselsa da fiqsirebuli kavSiris qsels Soris, iseTebs, rogorebicaa PSTN, ISDN, PDN qselebi da uzrunvelyofs gamoZaxebebis marSrutizacias da maT marTvas. garda zemoaRniSnulisa MSC-s eniWeba im radioarxebis komutaciis funqcia, romlebic uzrunvelyofen estafetur gadacemas da fiWaSi muSa arxebis gadarTvas xelSeSlebisa da dazianebebis SemTxvevaSi. komutaciis centri uzrunvelyofs mobiluri sadgurebis gadaadgilebis kontrols mdgomareobis registris (HLR) gadaadgilebis (VLR) registris meSveobiT. mdgomareobis registris maxsovrobaSi inaxeba mobiluri sadgurebis Sesaxeb informaciis is nawili, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba gamoZaxebis ganxorcieleba. am registrebSi mocemulia informacia abonentis Sesaxeb (IMSI), romelic gamoiyeneba mobiluri obieqtebis amosacnobad, Semdgom miewodeba AUC-s, aseve sxva saWiro informaciebi, romlebic aucilebelia GSM qselis funqcionirebisaTvis. am monacemTa nusxa mocemulia nax. 3.4-ze. gadaadgilebis registri (VLR) aris meore ZiriTadi mowyobiloba, romelic uzrunvelyofs kontrols mobiluri sadguris obieqtis erTi fiWidan meoreSi gadaadgilebisas. misi daxmarebiT xorcieldeba mobiluri sadguris funqcionireba mdgomareobis registris mier kontrolirebadi zonis farglebs gareT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mobiluri sadguri gadadis erTi sabazo sadguris kontroleris moqmedebis zonidan meore kontroleris moqmedebis zonaSi, igi registrirdeba am ukanaskneliT da gada-
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adgilebis registrSi Seiyvaneba informacia kavSiris axali aris nomris Sesaxeb, romelic uzrunvelyofs mobiluri sadgurisaken gamoZaxebaTa warmarTvas. mdgomareobisa da gadaadgilebis registrebSi arsebuli monacemebis SenarCunebisaTvis wyvetebis dros, gaTvaliswinebulia am registrebis damamaxsovrebeli mowyobilobebis dacva. nax. 3.5ze mocemulia is droebiTi monacemebi, romlebic inaxeba HLR-sa da VLR-Si. imisaTvis, rom aRvkvecoT kavSiris fiWuri sistemis resursebis arasanqcirebuli gamoyeneba, masSi Setanilia autentifikaciis meqanizmi _ abonentis namdvilobis dadastureba. autentifikaciis centi (AUC) Sedgeba ramdenime blokisagan da aformirebs gasaRebebs da algoriTmebs autentifikaciisaTvis. misi meSveobiT mowmdeba abonentis sruluflebianoba da xorcieldeba misi SeRweva kavSiris qselSi. AUC-Si miiReba gadawyvetileba da ganisazRvreba daSifvris gasaRebebi monacemTa bazis safuZvleze, romelic Tavmoyrilia mowyobilobis identifikaciis registrSi (EIR). yoveli mobiluri abonenti sistemiT sargeblobisas Rebulobs abonentis identifikaciis moduls (SIM-baraTs), romelic Seicavs saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio nomers (IMSEI), autentifikaciis sakuTar individualur gasaRebs (Ki), autentifikaciis algoriTms (A3)-s. am informaciis meSveobiT, monacemTa urTierTgacvlis safuZvelze (mobilur sadgursa da qsels Soris) xdeba autentifikaciis sruli ciklis dasruleba da abonents neba erTveba qselSi SeRwevisaTvis.
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nax. 3.4. mdgomareobis registrSi Senaxuli xangrZlivi monacemebi
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eZleva miuerTdes qsels, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ara. saidumloebis dacvis mizniT gamoZaxilis gamoTvla warmoebs farulad (SIM-baraTiT).
nax. 3.6 abonentis Semowmebis procedura nax. 3.5. droebiTi monacemebi, romlebic inaxeba
HLR-Si da VLR-Si
abonentis namdvilobis Semowmebis procedura xorcieldeba Semdegnairad (nax. 3.6). qselidan mobilur sadgurze gadaicema raRac SemTxveviTi sidide (RAND-Randon Number_abonentis SemTxveviTi nomeri). fiWur telefonSi individualuri gasaRebis Ki da autentifikaciis algoriTmis A3-is meSveobiT miRebuli ricxvebi (maTematikuri gamoTvlebis safuZvelze) gardaiqmneba da gamoiTvleba axali ricxvi _ SRES. am ricxvs mobiluri sadguri agzavnis ukan qselSi, sadac xdeba miRebuli ricxvis Sedareba TviT qselSi gamoTvlil ricxvTan. Tu es ori ricxvi erTmaneTs daemTxva, maSin mobilur sadgurs neba
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momsaxurebisa da marTvis centri (OMC) uzrunvelyofs funqciebis ganawilebasa da MSC-sa da BSSs Soris urTierTqmedebebs. misi funqciebi emTxveva Cveulebrivi kavSiris qselSi Semavali msgavsi centrebis funqciebs. gansxvaveba mxolod imaSia, rom GSM standartSi OMC uzrunvelyofs radioqvevsistemis marTvas. 3.1.2. signalebis struqtura da formireba GSM standartSi GSM standartis agebis sxvadasxva variantis analizis Sedegad SeirCa am sistemebisaTvis optimaluri
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mravalsadguriani SeRweva arxebis droiTi gancalkavebiT (TDMA-Time Division Multiple Access). zogadad signalebis droiT struqturas aqvs nax.3.7-ze naCvenebi saxe. Tavdapirvelad analoguri salaparako signali gardaiqmneba cifrul TanmimdevrobaSi, romelsac ukeTdeba daSifvra da kodireba, rac aucilebelia informaciis Secdomebisagan dacvisaTvis gadacemisa da miRebis procesSi. am mizniT gamoiyeneba: _ blokuri kodireba _ miRebisas Secdomebis swrafi aRmoCenisaTvis; _ xvevadi kodireba _ erTeulovani Secdomebis gasworebisaTvis; _ Senacvleba _ paketuri Secdomebis erTeulovan SecdomebSi gardaqmnisaTvis. am gardaqmnebis Sedegad TiToeuli anaTvali warmodgeba daSifruli Setyobinebis saxiT, romelic Sedgeba 114 bitisagan _ ori 57 bitiani damoukidebeli bloki (nax. 4.7), romlebic erTmaneTisagan gamoyofilia etalonuri mimdevrobiT (26 biti). am mimdevrobis miRebisas ganisazRvreba damaxinjebis xasiaTi signalis ganawilebis traqtSi da Sedegad mimRebis maxasiaTeblebi formirdeba drois mocemul momentSi muSa pirobebis Sesabamisad. kavSirisa da marTvis arxebiT informaciis gadacemisaTvis, agreTve, gadamtani sixSiris SewyobisaTvis, droiTi sinqronizaciis uzrunvelyofisaTvis da kavSiris arxSi SeRwevisaTvis gamoiyeneba 5 ti pis droiTi intervali _ `fanjara~: _ NB (Normal Burts)-normaluri droiTi intervali; _ SB (Synchronisation Burts)-droiTi sinqronizaciis intervali;
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_ DB (Dummy Burts)-dasayenebeli intervali; _ FCB (Frequency Correction Burts) _ sixSiris Sewyobis droiTi intervali. GSM standartSi erT salaparako arxSi gadacemisaTvis gamoyeneba normaluri droiTi intervali NB (paketi) 0,577 mwm-is xanrgZlivobiT, romelic Seicavs: daSifruli informaciis 114 bits; or napira kombinacias (TB-Tail Bits) 3-3 biti TiToeulisaTvis; or sakontrolo bits, romelic yofs erTmaneTisagan Setyobinebis daSifrul bitebsa da etalonur mimdevrobas; dacvis intervals GP (Guard Period) 2,25 bitis gadacemis drois intervaliT. es niSnavs, rom NB intervali Seicavs 156,25 bits, xolo erTi bitis xangrZlivoba Seadgens 3,69 mkwm-s.
nax. 3.7. GSM standartSi kadrebis struqtura da signalebis formireba
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sixSiris Sewyobis droiTi ganmeorebadi intervalebi qmnis sixSiris dayenebis arxs (FCCH-Freguenc Correction Channel). droiTi sinqronizaciis intervali SB mobilur sadgurSi gamoiyeneba aparaturis muSaobis sinqronizaciisaTvis. igi Sedgeba 64 bitiani sinqronuli mimdevrobisagan da ori 39 bitiani daSifruli blokisagan, romelTac gadaaqvs informacia TDMA _ kadrisa da sabazro sadguris saidentifikacio kodis Sesaxeb. am intervalis Sesabamisi Setyobineba (bitebSi) gadaicema sixSiris dayenebis intervalis Sesabamis SetyobinebasTan erTad. sinqronizaciis ganmeorebadi intervalebi qmnis e.w. sinqronizaciis arxs (SCH). dasayenebeli intervali DB uzrunvelyofs arxis dayenebasa da testirebas. Tavisi struqturiT igi ZiriTadad emTxveva normalur droiT intervals NB-s. maT Soris gansxvaveba mxolod imaSia, rom intervali DB Seicavs 26 bitian dasayenebel mimdevrobas da saWiroebs sakontrolo bitebis gamoyenebas. SeRwevis intervali AB uzrunvelyofs mobiluri sadguris SeRwevas axal sabazo sadgurSi. igi Seicavs 252 mkwm xangrZlivobis (68,25 biti) did damcvel intervals GP-s, or napira kombinacias (TB-33 biti), 41 bitian sinqromimdevrobas da 36 daSifrul bits. didi damcveli intervali (252 mkwm) uzrunvelyofs kavSirs mobilur obieqtebamde fiWebSi, romelTa radiusi 35 km-mdea, radgan igi metia im droze, romelic saWiroa radiosignalis pirdapir da ukumimarTulebiT gavrcelebisaTvis t-233,3 mkwm-s (t=2R/C). informaciis gadacema arxebis droiTi gancalkevebisas xorcieldeba TDMA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; kadris SigniT. am kadris TiToeuli intervali aRiniSneba nomrebiT 0-dan 7-
mde, e.i. erT TDMA-kadrSi erTdroulad funqcionirebs 8 salaparako arxi. im droiTi intervalebis fizikuri arsi, romlebic iwodeba `fanjrebad~, aris is, rom es aris dro, romlis ganmavlobaSi xdeba gadamtani rxevis modulacia salaparako an monacemTa signalebiT. cifruli sainformacio nakadi warmoadgens paketebis mimdevrobas, romlebic ganTavsebulia am droiT intervalebSi (`fanjrebSi~). paketebis xangrZlivoba odnav mcirea intervalebis xangrZlivobaze da tolia 0,546 mkwm-is. TDMA â&#x20AC;&#x201C;kadris saerTo xangrZlivoba tolia 4,615 mwm-is. TDMA-kadrebisagan iqmneba multikadrebi. kavSirisa da marTvisaTvis GSM standartSi gamoiyeneba multikadris ori saxeoba: _ 26 TDMA kadris Semcveli; _ 51 TDMA _ kadris Semcveli. pirveli saxeobis erTi multikadris xanrgZlivoba tolia 129 mwm-is, meoris _ 235,385 mwm-is. pirveli saxeoba 51 multikadris (TiToeuli 26 kadri) an meore saxis 26 miltikadris (TiTeouli 51 kadri) saSualebiT iqmneba superkadri 6,12 wm-is xangrZlivobis (1326 TDMA kadri). 2048 superkadri qmnis 1 hi perkadrs, romelic Seicavs, 2715648 TDMA kadrs. erTi hi perkadris xangrZlivoba tolia 2715648X4,615 mwm=3 sT. 53 wT. 760 mwmis. hi perkadris aseTi didi xangrZlivoba ganpirobebulia GSM-Si gamoyenebuli kriptografiuli dacvis meTodis moTxovnebiT, roca kadris nomeri gamoiyeneba, rogorc daSifrvis Sesasvleli parametri. GSM standartSi signalebis erT-erT gansakuTrebulobas warmoadgens kavSiris seansis procesSi
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sixSiris neli naxtomebis gamoyeneba SFH (Slow Fregueney Hopping). maTi ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa sixSiruli ganawilebis uzrunvelyofa radioarxebSi, romlebic funqcionirebs radiotalRebis mravalsxivuri gavrcelebis pirobebSi. sixSiris neli naxtomebi gamoiyeneba yvela mobilur qselebSi, rac saabonento sadgurebis neli moZraobisas amaRlebs kodirebisa da Senacvlebis efeqturobas.
nax. 3.8. GSM standartSi kavSiris arxebis kombinirebuli TDMA/FDMA sqema
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neli naxtomebis formirebis princi pi sixSiruli TvalsazrisiT mdgomareobs SemdegSi: Setyobineba, romelic gadaicema abonentisTvis gamoyofili drois intervalSi TDMA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; kadrSi 0,577 wm, yovel momdevno kadrSi gadaicema (miiReba) axal fiqsirebul sixSireze (nax. 4.8). kadrebis struqturis Sesabamisad sixSiris gardaqmnisaTvis saWiro dro Seadgens daaxloebiT 1 mwm-s. sixSiris naxtomebis procesSi mudmivad SenarCunebulia sxvaoba miRebisa da gadacemis arxebs Soris (nax. 3.8). yvela aqtiur abonents, romlebic erT fiWaSi mdebareobs, eniWeba sixSireTa gadarTvis gadaukveTavi mimdevrobebi, rac gamoricxavs xarvezebs abonentebs Soris Setyobinebis miRebisas. sixSireTa gadarTvis mimdevrobis parametrebi (sixSirul-droiTi matrica da sawyisi sixSire) moiniSneba yoveli mobiluri sadgurisaTvis damyarebis procesSi. kavSiris arxebi GSM standartSi SeiZleba davyoT fizikur da lokalur arxebad. fizikuri arxi iqmneba signalebis droiTi da sixSiruli dayofis kombinirebis gziT da ganisazRvreba rogorc radiosixSiruli arxebisa (sixSireTa SesaZlo naxtomebiT), ise TDMA-kadris droiTi intervalebis mimdevroba. yoveli gadamtani Seicavs 8 fizikur arxs, ganTavsebuls TDMA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; kadris 8 droiTi intervalis sazRvrebSi. yoveli fizikuri arxisaTvis yovel TDMA-kadrSi gamoiyeneba erTi da igive droiTi intervali.
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fizikuri arxis formirebamde cifrul formaSi warmodgenili Setyobinebebi da monacemebi jgufdeba da erTiandeba ori ti pis arxebSi: _ kavSiris arxi _ kodirebuli saubrisa da monacemebis gadacemisaTvis; _ marTvis arxi _ marTvisa da sinqronizaciis signalebis gadacemisaTvis. logikuri arxebis Sesabamisi kombinaciisaTvis erTi da imave fizikur arxze SeiZleba moTavsdes erTze meti logikuri arxis ti pi. kavSiris logikuri arxebi SeiZleba iyos: _ SetyobinebaTa sruli siCqariT gadacemis arxi (22,8 kbit/wm-TCH/F (Full Rate Traffic Channel); _ SetyobinebaTa naxevari siCqariT gadacemis arxi (11,4 kbit/wm â&#x20AC;&#x201C; TCH/H (Half Rate Traffic Channel). logikur kadrebSi gamoiyeneba 26 kadriani multikadri. FAC CH-(Fast Associated Control Channel) marTvis Cqari SeTavsebuli logikuri arxi gamoiyeneba gankargulebaTa gadacemisaTvis mobiluri sadguris fiWidan _ fiWaSi gadasvlisas, e.i. estafeturi gadacemisas. marTvis neli SeTavsebuli logikuri arxi _ SAC CH (Slou Associated Control Channel) gamoiyeneba pirdapir arxSi im signalebis gadacemisaTvis, romlebic saWiroa mobiluri sadguris gadamcemis gamosasvleli donis simZlavris dayenebisaTvis, xolo piriqiT ki _ dayenebuli simZlavris donis Sesaxeb monacemTa gadacemisaTvis. kavSiris srul sixSirul arxSi multikadris yovel me-13 TDMA kadrSi gadaicema SACCH arxis informaciis paketi, amasTan, yoveli 26-e TDMA kadri Tavisufalia. naxevarsiCqariani kavSiris arxSi informaciis igive paketi gadaicema multikadris yovel me-13 da 26-e TDMA-
kadrSi (nax. 4.9), ramdenadac srulsiCqariani arxis multikadrSi laparakisa da monacemTa gadacemisaTvis gamoiyeneba 24 TDMA kadri 26-dan da multikadris xangrZlivobaa 120 mwm, amdenad, sainformacio SetyobinebaTa gadacemis siCqare am arxSi Seadgens 22,8 kbit/wm-s.
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T,t-TDMA kadri arxebis gadacemisaTvis ( TCH); CA-TDMA kadri SACCH/T-s gadacemisaTvis; ` A~ carieli TDMA kadri. nax. 3.9. kavSiris arxebis gaerTianebis sqema
3.1.3. informaciis dacva da usafrTxoeba aRniSnul standartSi termini `usafrTxoeba~ gulisxmobs sistemis arasanqcionirebuli gamoyenebis dauSveblobas da abonentTa saubrebis gasaidumloebis uzrunvelyofas. GSM standartSi am moTxovnaTa dasakmayofileblad gaTvaliswinebulia Semdegi meqanizmebi: _ autentifikacia; _ monacemTa gadacemis gasaidumloeba; _ abonentis gasaidumloeba; _ gamoZaxebis mimarTulebis gasaidumloeba.
marTvis signalebisa da momxmareblis monacemTa dacva xorcieldeba mxolod radioarxiT gadacemisas. standartSi gamoiyeneba daSifrvis algoriTmi RSA Ria gasaRebiT (avtorebis gvarebis pirveli asoebi Rivest, Shamir, Adleman), romelic uzrunvelyofs salaparako SetyobinebaTa maRali xarisxis usafrTxoebas. kavSiris sistemis resursebis arasanqcirebuli moxmarebis gamoricxvis mizniT standartSi Seyvanili da gansazRvrulia autentifikaciis meqanizmi _ abonentis piradobis dasturi. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, sistemiT sargeblobis SemTxvevaSi yoveli abonenti iRebs abonentis namdvilobis moduls _ SIM baraTs, romelic Seicavs:
nax. 3.10. a . autentifikaciis princi pi
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_ mobiluri abonentis saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio nomers _ IMSI; _ autentifikaciis sakuTar-individualur gasaRebs _ Ki; _ autentifikaciis algoriTms _ A3. radioarxiT informaciis gasaidumloebis uzrunvelsayofad ukanaskneli maTgani iSifreba, daSifrvis gasaRebebis A8-is formirebis algoriTmi inaxeba SIM baraTSi. gamoZaxilis daTvlasTan erTad mobiluri sadguris ERES aparatura gansazRvravs daSifrvis gasaRebasac Kc. es gasaRebi ar gadaicema radioarxiT, aramed gamoiTvleba qseliT da saabonento terminaliT erTdroulad (nax. 3.10a). SemTxveviTi ricxvis garda mobilur sadgurs egzavneba ricxviTi mimdevroba gaSifvris gasaRebTan erTad. es ricxvi dakavSirebulia Kc-s faqtiur mniSvnelobasTan da xels uSlis araswori gasaRebis formirebas. ricxvi inaxeba mobilur sadgurSi da igi Sedis yovel pirvel SetyobinebaSi, romelic qselSi gadaicema. daSifrvis reJimis damyarebisaTvis qseli mobilur sadurs gadascems gankargulebas CMC (Ciphering Mode Command) daSifvris reJimSi gadasvlaze, romlis miRebis Semdeg, sadguri, misive arsebuli gasaRebis gamoyenebiT, axorcielebs daSifvrasa da gasaRebis gaxsnas. Setyobinebebis gadacemuli monacemTa nakadi axdens daSifrvas `biti-biti~ an nakaduri SifriT, daSifris A5 algoriTmisa da Kc gasaRebis gamoyenebiT. daSifrvis reJimis damyarebis procedura warmodgenilia nax. 3.10 b.
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debareobis koreqtirebis procedura TvalnaTliv aris warmodgenili nax. 3.11-ze.
nax. 3.10. b. cifrul formaSi gardaqmnis procedura
radioarxiT gadacemul SetyobinebaTa gamovlenis gziT abonentis gamoaSkaravebis gamosaricxad fiWuri kavSiris sistemebis yovel abonents eniWeba droebiTi saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio momxmareblis nomeri _ TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subsriber Identity), romelic ZalaSia mxolod ganTavsebis aris zRvrebSi LAI (Location Area Idenfication). ganTavsebis sxva zonaSi abonents mieniWeba axali TMSI. Tu mobiluri sadguri ganTavsebis sxva zonaSi gadadis, misi TMSI unda gadaices im LAI zonis saidentifikacio nomerTan erTad, romelSic TMSI mieniWeba abonents. adgilmdebareobis koreqtirebis proceduris Sesrulebisas MS mobilur sadgursa da BTS sabazo sadgurs Soris marTvis arxebiT xorcieldeba im samsaxureobriv SetyobinebaTa ormxrivi gacvla, romlebic Seicaven abonentis TMSI droebiT nomrebs. am SemTxvevaSi radioarxSi aucilebelia TMSI_ebis Secvlis da maTi konkretul abonentebze mikuTvnebis saidumloobis uzrunvelyofa. adgilm-
detalurad ganvixiloT adgilmdebareobis koreqtirebis SemTxveva estafeturi gadacemis momentSi. am SemTxvevaSi mobiluri sadguri ukve registrirebulia VLR gadaadgilebis registrSi droebiTi TMSI nomriT, romelic Seesabameba mdebareobis yofil zonas. abonentis axal zonaSi Sesvlis dros sruldeba amocnobis procedura, romelic radioarxSi daSifrul Zveli TMSI-iT sruldeba da gadaicema adgilmdebareobis LAI zonis nomerTan erTad. es ukanaskneli awvdis informacias komutaciis cen-
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nax. 3.11. adgilmdebareobis koreqcia
trsa da marTvis centrs mobiluri sadgurebis gadaadgilebis mimarTulebis Sesaxeb da iZleva saSualebas adgilmdebareobis yofili zonisagan gamorkveul iqnas abonentis statusi da misi monacemebi, gamoricxavs ra amiT am samsaxureobrivi Setyobinebebis marTvis radioarxebiT mimocvlas. amasTan, kavSiris arxSi Setyobineba gadaicema, rogorc daSifruli sainformacio teqsti Setyobinebis SewyvetiT `estafeturi gadacemis~ procesSi 100-150 mwiT.
3.2. mobiluri telekomunikaciis D-AMPS standartis fiWuri sistema D-AMPS fiWuri mobiluri kavSiris standarti SemuSavebul da miRebul iqna aSS-Si. misi Seqmnis aucilebloba ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom AMPS standartis erovnuli analoguri fiWuri kavSiris sistema veRar pasuxobda gazrdil moTxovnebs: mobiluri kavSirebis sistemebis mimarT. kerZod, dabali gamtarunarianobis; kavSiris arasakmarisi xarisxis; momsaxurebaTa SezRuduli raodenobis; gadasacem SetyobinebaTa gasaidumloebis SeuZleblobis da sxvaTa gamo. evropis qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac GSM standartis axlad SemuSavebuli sistemisaTvis gamoyofil iqna axali sixSiruli diapazoni, aSS-Si ver moxerxda sixSireTa axali zolis gamoyofa. amitom fiWuri kavSiris mrewvelobis asociacia (CTIA) da kavSiris mrewvelobis asociaciis (TIA) mier miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba erT sixSirul zolSi ori standartis sistemis erToblivi funq-
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cionirebisaTvis analoguri AMPS da axali cifruli D-AMPS-is. amasTan, analogur sistemaSi arsebul arxebs Soris sixSireTa sxvaoba, romelic tolia 30 khci-sa SenarCunebul iqna. cifruli fiWuri mobiluri kavSiris standarti D-AMPS SemuSavebul iqna 1990 wels AMPS-is bazaze. swored amis safuZvelze miiRo kavSiris sistemam dasaxeleba D-AMPS (ADC). eqsperimentuli gamocdis Semdeg TIA da CTIA asociaciebis mier miRebul iqna sami Sida standarti: IS-54 _ mobiluri kavSiris DAMPS sistemaze; IS-55_or-modian mobilur sadgurze, romelic uzrunvelyofs kavSirs rogorc analoguri (AMPS), ise cifruli (D-AMPS) arxebiT; IS56 _ bazur sadgurebze. rogorc Semdgom aRmoCnda, am standartebis danergva drouli nabiji iyo aSS-is mobiluri kavSiris bazarze cifruli teqnologiis danergvis procesSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom standarti IS-54 ar iTvaliswinebs srulad cifrul formaze gadasvlas, igi aris ufro progresuli winamorbedi AMPSTan SedarebiT da dReisaTvis ramdenime milionze meti abonenti msoflios bevr qveyanaSi iyenebs mas. 1994 wels aSS-Si miRebul iqna axali erovnuli standarti IS-136 mobiluri kavSiris srul cifrul sistemaze, romelic warmoadgens IS-54 standartis srulyofil variants. Tavisi funqcionaluri SesaZleblobebiT igi uaxlovdeba GSM standarts. D-AMPS standarti ar miiRes evropul qveynebSi garda ruseTisa, sadac igi orientirebulia regionul gamoyenebaze. standartis teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi mocemulia cxrilSi 4.1 (ix. zemoT).
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mowyobilobaTa Semadgenloba da funqcionirebis princi pebi TiTqmis mTlianad emTxveva GSM standarts. D-AMPS standartis fiWuri kavSiris sistemis struqturuli sqema naCvenebia nax. 3.12-ze. am standartSi analoguri salaparako signalis gardaqmnisaTvis cifrul formaSi gamoiyeneba VSELP koderi. salaparako diapazonis analoguri signali iyofa 20 mwm-is xanrgZlivobis segmentebad, romlebic gardaiqmneba 159 kodirebul bitad da romlebic Semdeg gadaicema 7,95 kbit/wm siCqariT. amis Semdeg es monacemebi ganicdis saarxo kodirebas, risTvisac gamoiyeneba xvevadi kodi siCqariT R=1/2. amasTan salaparako koderisagan wamosuli paketebi, romelic, rogorc aRiniSna, Sedgeba 159 bitisagan iyofa 2 jgufad: pirveli moicavs 77 bits; meore _ 82 bits. pirvel jgufSi xorcieldeba zemoT aRniSnuli xvevadi kodireba. amasTan 7 biti gamoiyeneba Secdomebis aRmosaCenad.
meore jgufis bitebi gadaicema kodirebis gareSe. Sedegad, saarxo koderSi gardaqmnili 20 mwm xanrgZlivobis fragmenti warmodgenilia 260 bitiT, rac Seesabameba gadacemis siCqares 13 kbit/wm-s. saarxo koderis gamartivebuli struqturuli sqema warmodgenilia nax. 3.13-ze. gamosasvleli siCqare (TDMA) kadris formirebis Sedegad Seadgens 16,2 kbit/wm-s 1 abonentze. 260 kodirebuli bitiT Sedgenili paketi Semdgom ganicdis Senacvlebas, romlis princi pic mocemulia nax.3.14-ze. nebismieri salaparako fragmenti iyofa 2 Tanatol nawilad. erTi im nawilTagani gadaicema fragmentis sawyis fanjaraSi, xolo meore _ sami fanjariT gadanacvlebul fanjaraSi. SetyobinebaTa radioarxSi gadacemisaTvis gamoiyeneba speqtrul-efeqturi ď ° / 4 DQPSK modulacia, romelic realizdeba kvadraturuli sqemiT gadamtan sixSireze pirdapiri gadacemiT.
nax. 3.12. D-AMPS (ADC) mobiluri fiWuri radiokavSiris gamartivebuli struqturuli sqema
nax. 3.13. D-AMPS (ADC) standartis saxazo kodirebis struqturuli sqema
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3.3. telekomunikaciis JDC standartis mobiluri fiWuri sistema
nax. 3.15 naxevarsiCqariani salaparako arxis kadrebis struqtura
iaponuri cifruli mobiluri fiWuri kavSiris Seqmna ZiriTadad xorcieldeboda NNT kompaniis mier, romelic uzrunvelyofda analoguri fiWuri mobiluri kavSiris momsaxurebebs iaponiaSi, dawyebuli 1979 wlis dekembridan. kavSiris cifrul sistemaze specifikaciebis SemuSavebisas savaldebulod iTvleboda: _ sixSireTa speqtris ekonomiis uzrunvelyofa: speqtrul efeqturi cifruli modulaciis gamoyenebis, dabalsiCqariani da maRalxarisxiani bgeriTi kodekebis arCevis da radioarxebSi marTvis protokolebis gaumjobesebis xarjze; _ sistemis aparatul saSualebaTa Rirebulebis Semcireba arxebis droiTi dayofis gamoyenebis xarjze; _ momsaxurebaTa kompleqsis gafarToeba OSI Ria sistemebis arqiteqturis gamoyenebis, funqcionalurad damTavrebuli aparaturuli da programuli modulebis xarjze. JDC standartis sistemis Taviseburebebs unda mivakuTvnoT ISDN qselebTan pirdapiri kavSiri; gadasacem SetyobinebaTa daSifrvis SesaZlebloba, dabalsiCqaruli bgeriTi kodekis VSELP-is gamoyeneba, sixSirul arxTa dayofa 25 khc-is SualediT. JDC mobiluri kavSiris qselisa da standartis SemuSavebisas kompania NNT yuradRebas amaxvilebs Semdegi ZiriTadi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaze: _ kavSiris fiqsirebul qselebTan urTierTqmedebis uzrunvelyofa (PSTN, ISDN);
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nax. 3.14. D-AMPS (ADC) standartSi paketebis kodirebuli bitebis monacvleobis organizacia
TDMA kadrebis struqtura wina da ukuarxebSi naxevarsiCqariani salaparako arxis standartebisaTvis naCvenebia nax.3.15-ze.
_ mobilur abonentTa da sxvadasxva fiWuri qselebis abonentTa Soris ueTierTqmedebis uzrunvelyofa; _ mobiluri (fiWuri) da fiqsirebuli qselebis SeerTeba ubralo interfeisiT. JDC standartis mobiluri kavSiris fiWuri qselis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis sami ZiriTadi funqcionaluri elementi: _ MCC mobiluri kavSiris marTvis sadguri (Mobile Communications Control Station); _ BS bazuri sadgurebi (Base Station); _ MS mobiluri abonenturi sadgurebi (Mobile Station). JDC kavSiris qselebis struqturuli sqema naCvenebia nax. 3.16-ze. MSS mobiluri kavSiris marTvis sadguri warmoadgens GSM standartSi MSC mobiluri kavSiris komutaciis centris analogs. igi moicavs: G-MCC (Gate Mobile Communication Control Counterâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;mobiluri abonentebis kavSiris marTvisa da fiqsirebuli satelefo no q seli s abonen tebTan maTi See rTebis qvesistemas); V-MCC (Visit Mobile Communications Counter _ abonentTa gadaadgilebis kontrolis qvesistemas, romelic uzrunvelyofs abonentTa adgilmdebareobis registraciasa da maT dakavSirebas); aseve HLR (Home Location Register) mdgomareobis registrs, romelic axorcielebs mobilur abonentTa identifikaciasa da kavSiris zonis registracias. marTvis MCC sadgursa da mis ZiriTad elementebs Soris samomsaxureo kavSirisa da marTvis organizebisaTvis gamoiyeneba signalizaciis sistema SS N7. (nax.3.16-ze naCvenebia wyvetili xaziT).
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nax. 3.16. JDC kavSiris qselis struqturuli sqema
JDC standartSi kavSiris fizikuri arxis formireba xdeba TDMA kadris samidan erT-erT fanjaraSi. kavSiris fizikuri arxis struqtura naCvenebia nax. 3.17.
nax. 3.17. JDC standartSi kavSiris fizikuri arxis struqtura
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3.4. mobiluri telekomunikaciis meore Taobis (2G) CDMA standartis fiWuri sistemebi mobiluri fiWuri radiokavSiri s sistema CDMA-s agebis princi pi. CDMA standartSi, arxebis koduri dayofisaTvis gamoiyeneba uolSis orTogonaluri kodebi. uolSis kodebi formirdeba uolSis matricis striqonebisagan: 00 00 01 01 WL 001 1 011 0
am matriciis gansakuTrebuloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom misi yoveli striqoni orTogonaluria nebismieri striqonis mimarT, romelic miRebulia logikuri uaryofis operaciis meSveobiT. IS-95 standartSi gamoiyeneba 64-e xarisxis matrica. mimRebis gamosasvlelze signalebis gamosayofad gamoiyeneba cifruli filtri. orTogonaluri signalebis SemTxvevaSi filtri SeiZleba aiwyos imdagvarad, rom mis gamosasvlelze yovelTvis iqneba logikuri nuli, im SemTxvevis gamoklebiT, roca miiReba is signali, romelzec isaa awyobili. uolSis mixedviT kodireba gamoiyeneba pirdapir arxSi (sabazo sadguridan saabonento terminalisaken) momxmarebelTa gamoyofisaTvis. im sistemebSi, sadac gamoiyeneba IS-95, yvela saabonento sadguri muSaobs erTdroulad, erTi da igive sixSireTa zolSi. CDMA standartis sistemis gamartivebuli struqturuli sqema mocemulia nax. 3.18-ze. informaciu-
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li signali kodirdeba uolSis mixedviT da Semdgom erTiandeba gadamtanTan, romlis speqtri winaswar farTovdeba fsevdoSemTxveviTi mimdevrobis wyaros signalze gadamravlebiT. yovel informaciul signals eniWeba uolSis sakuTari kodi, Semdgom isini erTiandeba gadamcemSi da filtris gavliT xmauris signalis msgavsad miewodeba gadamcem antenas. amrigad, mimRebis Sesasvlels miewodeba sasargeblo signali-mezobeli fiWebis sabazo sadgurebis fonuri xmauri da sxva mobiluri abonentebis xelisSemSleli signalebi. maRalsixSiruli filtraciis Semdeg signali miewodeba korelators, sadac xdeba speqtris SekumSva da cifrul filtrSi sasargeblo signalis gamoyofa winaswar mocemuli uolSis kodis gamoyenebiT. xelSeSlis speqtri izrdeba da korelatoris gamosasvlelze miiReba xmauri. praqtikulad, mobilur sadgurebSi gamoiyeneba ramdenime korelatori
nax. 3.18. CDMA standartis sistemis muSaobis princi pi
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CDMA-s princi pze agebul sistemebSi, fsevdoSemTxveviTi xmauris wyaros sinqronizaciis Secvlis safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia qselis yvela fiWaSi erTi da igive sixSiris gamoyeneba. arsebul sixSireTa resursis aseTi 100%-iani gamoyeneba, aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic gansazRvravs CDMA qselis maRal moculobas da misi organizaciis simartives. CDMA-s bazaze agebul sistemebs gaaCnia dinamikuri saabonento moculoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Teoriulad aris uolSis 64 kodi, realur pirobebSi es zRvari ar miiRweva sistemis Sida interferenciiT, romelic gamowveulia mezobel fiWebSi sabazo da mobiluri signalebis erTdrouli muSaobiT. nax. 3.19-ze mocemulia sistemis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis urTierTzemoqmedebis ilustracia. es maxasiaTeblebi urTierTdakavSirebulia da Sesabamisad SeuZlebelia yvela maTganis erTdroulad optimizacia. princi pSi, es urTierTkavSiri uzrunvelyofs moqnilobas misi daproeqtebisas. nax. 3.20-ze magaliTisaTvis mocemulia sabazo sadgurze datvirTvis ganawileba.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, CDMA sistemis fiWis saabonento moculoba optimizdeba regulirebis im rTuli algoriTmis gamoyenebiT, romelic zRudavs TiTeouli saabonento terminalis mier gamosxivebul simZlavres. sistemaSi gaTvaliswinebulia simZlavris regulirebis sami meqanizmi:
nax. 3.20. CDMA standartis qselis datvirTvis ganawileba
nax. 3.19. CDMA standartis sistemis dinamikuri moculoba
_ pirdapir arxSi _ gawyvetili maryuJi; _ pirdapir arxSi _ Sekruli maryuJi; _ ukuarxSi. amasTan, `pirdapiri arxis~ cnebaSi igulisxmeba informaciis gadacema sabazo sadguridan da misi miReba mobiluri sadguris mier, xolo â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;ukuarxis cnebaSi~ _ arxi, sadac mobiluri sadguris gadacemul Setyobinebebs iRebs sabazo sadguri. ganvixiloT gadamcemi mowyobilobebis simZlavreTa marTva ukuarxSi. TiToeuli mobiluri sadguri gadascems informacias miRebul signalSi Secdomebis donis Sesaxeb. am informaciis safuZvelze saba
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zo sadguri anawilebs abonentebis simZlavreebs imgvarad, rom miRweul iqnes salaparako signalebis miRebis damakmayofilebeli done. rogorc pirdapir, aseve ukuarxebSi simZlavreTa marTvis zemoT aRniSnuli princi pi, ra Tqma unda, moqmedebs mobiluri sadgurebis akumulatorebis gamoyenebis vadaze. gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom (nax. 3.21) CDMA sistemebSi gamosxivebuli saSualo simZlavre naklebia vidre sxva SeRwevis meTodebis gamoyenebiT agebul sistemebSi. nax. 3.22. pirdapir arxSi simZlavris marTva
pirdapir arxSi simZlavris regulireba xdeba zemoT ganxilulisagan gansxvavebulad. am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia regulirebis ori varianti: Ria ciklisas (gawyvetili maryuJi) da Sekruli ciklisas (Sekruli maryuJi), rogorc es naCvenebia nax. 3.22-ze.
gavaanalizoT simZlavris regulirebis Ria cikli. mobiluri sadguri CarTvis Semdeg eZebs sabazo sadguris signals. am signalTan sinqronizaciis Semdeg xdeba misi simZlavris gazomva da aRiricxeba gadacemuli signalis simZlavre. aRricxvebi efuZneba imas, rom gamosxivebuli signalis savaraudo simZlavrisa da miRebuli signalis simZlavris doneebis jami unda iyos mudmivi da -73 db-is toli. Tu miRebuli signalis done, mag., tolia -85 db-is, maSin gamosxivebuli simZlavris done toli unda iyos 12 db-is. es procesi meordeba yovel 20 mwm-Si, magram igi mainc ver uzrunvelyofs sasurvel sizustes simZlavris regulirebaSi, imdenad, ramdenadac pirdapiri da uku arxebi muSaoben sxvadasxva sixSirul diapazonebSi (sixSireTa Zvra 45 mhc-ia) da, aqedan gamomdinare, aqvT milevis sxvadasxva done gavrcelebisas da sxvadasxvagvarad ganicdian xelSeSlebis zemoqmedebas. ganvixiloT simZlavris regulirebis daxuruli cikli. simZlavris regulirebis meqanizmi am dros
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nax. 3.21. mobiluri sadgurebis gamosxivebuli simZlavris cvlileba
gadacemuli signalis simZlavris zustad daregulirebis saSualebas iZleva: sabazo sadguri mudmivad afasebs Secdomis albaTobas yovel miRebul signalSi. Tu igi aWarbebs programulad dadgenil zRvars, sabazo sadguri ubrZanebs Sesabamis mobilur sadgurs gamosxivebis simZlavris gazrdas, regulireba xorcieldeba 1 db bijiT. es procesi meordeba yovel 1,25 mwm-Si. aseTi regulirebis procesis mizani mdgomareobs imaSi, rom yovelma mobilurma sadgurma gamoasxivos minimaluri simZlavris signali, romelic sakmarisia laparakis misaRebi xarisxis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. imis gamo, rom yvela mobiluri sadguri gamoasxivebs normaluri muSaobisaTvis saWiro simZlavris signalebs (da ara umetes), maTi urTierTqmedeba minimumamde dadis da Sesabamisad sistemis saabonento tevadoba izrdeba. mobilurma sadgurebma unda uzrunvelyos gamosasvleli signalis simZlavris regulireba farTo dinamikur diapazonSi _ 85 db-mde. iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa momxmarebelTa raodenoba da sabazo sadguridan manZili, zemoqmedebs maqsimaluri gamosxivebuli simZlavris mniSvnelobaze. zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvalisiwnebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gadamcemis simZlavris gamaZliereblis wrfivobisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi (Semavali signalis 20 db-is zRvrebSi cvlilebisas) uaRresad maRalia. gamosxivebuli CDMA signalis speqtri, romelic miiReba uolSis mixedviT kodirebuli mravali sabazo signalis gaerTianebiT, axloa xmauris signalis speqtrTan. amasTan, pikuri mniSvnelobis fardoba saSualo mniSvnelobasTan tolia 11 db-is. sxva-
dasxva standartis sabazo sadgurebSi simZlavris gamaZliereblisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebis ilustracia mocemulia nax. 3.23-ze.
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nax. 3.23. moTxovnebi sabazo sadguris simZlavris gaZlierebaze
imisaTvis, rom ufro gasagebi iyos CDMA standartis sistemebis muSaobis Cvens mier gaanalizebuli zogadi princi pebi, mokled ganvixiloT mobiluri sadguris muSaobis princi pi. CarTvis Semdeg mobiluri sadguri iwyoba qselis muSa sixSireze da eZebs sabazo sadguris signals. rogorc wesi, igi aRmoaCens sxvadasxva sabazo sadguris ramdenime signals, romelTa gamorCeva SesaZlebelia mokle kodSi droiTi daZvriT. mobiluri sadguris SeirCevs didi donis signals da amgvarad, iRebs koherentul sayrdens sinqronizaciis signalis Semdgomi demodulaciisaTvis. am signals Seesabameba uolSis 32-e kodi. masSi gadaicema informacia 42 Tanrigiani daZvris registris Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb, romelic gamoiyeneba grZeli kodis formirebisaTvis. es informacia igzavneba sainformacio arxSi gadacemul
Setyobinebaze 320 mwm-iT adre. amitom, mobilur sadgurs aqvs sakmarisi dro Setyobinebis dekodirebisaTvis da informaciis gadatvirTvisaTvis registrSi. amrigad, miiRweva misi sinqronizacia qselur drosTan. amis Semdeg mobiluri sadguri iwyebs gamoZaxebis erT-erTi arxis monitorings. CDMA standartis mowyobilobis Semadgenloba ZiriTadad igivea, rac GSM standartis, misi struqturuli sqema mocemulia nax. 3.24-ze.
nax. 3.25. rbili estafeturi gadacemis princi pi
rogoc zemoT aRiniSna, CDMA standartSi gamoiyeneba mravalobiTi SeRweva arxebis koduri gancalkevebiT, romelic efuZneba farTozolovani signalebis gamoyenebas. am standartSi miiRweva laparakis ufro maRali xarisxi vidre GSM standartSi, amasTan, analoguri salaparako signalebis cifrul formaSi gardaqmnisaTvis gamoiyeneba vokoderi kodirebis cvladi siCqariT, romelic efuZvneba koduri agznebiT wrfivi winaswarmetyvelebis algoriTmis gamoyenebas _ CELP (Code Excited Linear Predictive). es algoriTmi iyenebs adamianis laparakis Taviseburebebs. vokoderis saSualebiT salaparako signalis sawyisi 64 kbiti/wm cifruli nakadidan miiReba 8 an 13 kbiti/wm nakadi.
CDMA standartis mimRebebSi gaTvaliswinebulia ramdenime korelatoris gamoyeneba erTdroulad. mimRebebma, miRebisa da damuSavebis ramdenime arxiT miiRes dasaxeleba _ `Rake-mimRebi~. maT gaaCniaT miRebis 4 arxi, romelTagan samSi erTdroulad muSavdeba sami yvelaze Zlieri signali (meoTxe arxSi mudmivad midis Zebna im signalisa, romelsac aqvs samis Semdeg ufro maRali done). es signalebi aijameba da amrigad sistemaSi realizdeba miRebis droiTi daZvris princi pi. es princi pi ilustrirebulia nax. 3.25-ze. CDMA standartis sistemebSi gamoiyeneba kodirebis sxvadasxva meTodebi nax. 3.26-ze da 3.27-ze mocemulia Sesabamisad kodirebis sqemebi pirdapir da ukuarxSi. pirdapir arxSi monacemTa gadacemis sabazo siCqare Seadgens 9,6 kbiti/wm-s (rac miiReba 8,55 kbiti/wm siCqaris cifrul nakadze damatebiTi makoreqtirebeli orobiTi simboloebis damatebiT).
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nax. 3.24. CDMA standartis qselis konfiguracia
mimReb mxareze Secdomebis pirdapiri koreqciisaTvis gamoiyeneba siWarbiani kodirebis meTodi
Tavi IV. telekomunikaciis IMT-2000 sistemebis agebis ZiriTadi princi pebi
ukuarxSi gamoiyeneba kodirebis sxva meTodi, vinaidan mobilur sadgurSi ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes sayrdeni signalebis translaciis upiratesobebi. ukuarxSi, iseve, rogorc pirdapir arxSi gamoiyeneba vokoderi da xvevadi kodirebis meTodi siCqariT 1/3.
4.1. mobiluri telekomunikaciis mesameTaobis (3G) saerTo sargeblobis sistemebi mesame Taobis saerTo sargeblobis mobiluri radiokavSiris sistema 3G (winamorbedi dasaxeleba: PLMTS-Future Public Land Mobile Telephone System _ saerTo sargeblobis mobiluri kavSiris sistema; dReisaTvis: IMT-2000-International Mobile Telecommunications – (after the year-2000 – mobiluri telekomunikaciis saerTaSoriso sistema – 2000 wlis Semdeg), moicavs ramdenime saerTaSoriso regionalur da nacionalur sistemebs msoflio masStabis roumingiT. mesame Taobis sistemebi uzrunvelyofen: _ momsaxurebis iseTive farTo speqtrs romelsac uzrunvelyofs telekomunikaciis fiqsirebuli qselebi (saerTo sargeblobis satelefono qselebi, cifruli qselebi momsaxurebis integraciiT da a.S.); _ momsaxurebebs, romlebic specifikuria mobiluri abonentebisaTvis. ITM-2000-is saabonento damaboloebeli (terminaluri) mowyobilobebi uzrunvelyofen SeRwevas qselis rogorc miwiszeda, aseve Tanamgzavrul segmentTan. ITM-2000-is SemuSavebisa da danergvis aspeqtebis g an x i l v a _ ITU-s (International Telecommunication Union_telekomunikaciis saerTaSoriso kavSiri) farglebSi daiwyo 1985 wlidan. evropaSi mesame Taobis sistemebis standartis SemuSaveba daiwyo 1990 wlidan ETSI-is (European Telecommunications Standards Unstitute – satelekomunikacio standartebis evropuli
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nax. 3.26. kodireba pirdapir arxSi
nax. 3.27. kodireba ukuarxSi
instituti) egidiT. ETSI-is farglebSi mesame Taobis sistemebma miiRes dasaxeleba UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mobiluri telekomunikaciis universaluri sistema), xolo miwiszeda segmentis radio interfeisma - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Acces (UTRA). 1999 wlidan dawyebuli mTeli msoflios ZiriTadi regionaluri da nacionaluri standartizaciis organizaciebma globaluri harmonizaciis mizniT gaaerTianes TavianTi Zalisxmeva standartizaciis erTian organoSi _ partnioruli proeqti mesame Taobis (3G) sistemebisaTvis (3rd Generation Partnership Project-3GPP). mobiluri radiokavSiris me-3 Taobis sistemebs gaaCniaT Semdegi ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebani: _ globalur masStabSi gamoyenebuli aparaturis unifikaciis maRali xarisxi; _ IMT-2000-is farglebSi arsebuli momsaxurebis stacionaruli qselebis momsaxurebebTan SeTavsebadoba; _ msoflio masStabiT sargeblobisaTvis gankuTvnili mosaxerxebeli portatuli saabonento mowyobilobebi; _ qselebis moqnilobis maRali xarisxi axlad warmoqmnili momsaxurebebis uzrunvelsayofad; _ multimediis momsaxurebebis uzrunvelyofis SesaZlebloba. ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobeben me2 Taobis saxmeleTo mobiluri radiokavSiris sistemebis evolucias me-3 TaobaSi, aris Semdegi: _ monacemTa maRalsiCqarul gadacemebze moTxovnaTa zrda;
_ radiosixSiruli speqtris gamoyenebis efeqturobis amaRlebis aucilebloba. ukanasknel periodamde laparakis gadacema saxmeleTo mobiluri radiokavSiris sistemebSi warmoadgenda momsaxurebis ZiriTad saxeobas da Seadgenda sistemuri CatvirTvis upirates nawils. vinaidan dReisaTvis daCqarebuli teqnologiuri progresi saSualebas iZleva telekomunikaciis damatebiTi saxeobebis realizaciisa stacionarul qselSi, logikuria rom izrdeba abonentTa moTxovnebi analogiur momsaxurebis saxeobebze mobiluri telekomunikaciis qselebSic. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, me-3 Taobis mobiluri telekomunikaciis qselebSi uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes monacemebis maRalsiCqariani gadacemis farTo speqtri: laparakis gadacemis siCqaris gazrda; multimedia; SeRweva Internet-is globalur kompiuterul qselSi; videogamosaxulebebis gadacema; videokonferenckavSiris signalebis gadacema da sxva. dasmuli amocanidan gamomdinare dReisaTvis me-3 Taobis mobilur radiokavSiris sistemebSi informaciis gadacemis siCqare aris 2,048 mbiti/wm-mde. informaciis gadacemis siCqarisadmi aseTi moTxovnebi Camoyalibda B-ISDN qselisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebis bazaze. B-ISDN-Si gadacemis siCqare 144 kbiti/wm gamoiyeneba 2B+D arxebis (2X64 kbiti/wm monacemTa gadacemis da 16 kbiti/wm signalizaciis) organizaciisaTvis, IMT-2000-is qselebSi gadacemis siCqare 144 kbiti/wm-Si gamoiyeneba makro fiWebis doneze, romlebSic uzrunvelyofilia 100%-iani gadafarva da momsaxureba im abonentebisaTvis, romlebic moZraoben maRali siCqariT (250 km/sT-mde). gadace-
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111
mis siCqare 384 kbiti/wm B-ISDN-Si gankuTvnilia ISDN arxebis (6X64 kbiti/wm monacemTa gadacemis arxi) organizaciisaTvis, xolo IMT-2000-Si mikrofiWebisaTvis, sadac moTxovna datvirTvaze maRalia da emsaxureba im abonentebs, romlebic gadaadgildebian mcire da saSualo siCqariT (10 km/sT da meti). siCqare 2,048 mbiti/wm B-ISDN-Si gankuTvnilia ISDN arxebis (30X64 kbiti/wm monacemebTa gadacemis arxi) organizaciisaTvis, xolo IMT-2000-is qselebSi pikofiWebis donisaTvis Senobebis SigniT calkeuli nawilebis dafarvisaTvis da aseve im momsaxurebebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, romelic gankuTvnilia stacionaruli an Senobis SigniT moZravi abonentebisaTvis. me-2 Taobis arsebul qselebSi gaTvaliswinebulia evoluciuri gadasvla monacemTa gadacemis maRali siCqareebisaken. ase magaliTad, GSM qselebSi aseTi gazrda efuZneba monacemTa gadacemis teqnologias arxebis komutaciiT _ HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) (57,6 kbit/wm-mde); monacemTa paketur gadacemas GPRS (General Packet Radio Servis) (115 kbit/wmmde) da monacemTa gadacemis gaumjobesebuli teqnologiis gamoyenebas EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Clobal Evolution) (384 kbit/wm-mde). IS-95 standartis CDMAs qselebSi xdeba IS-95B standartze gadasvla siCqariT 115,2 kbiti/wm. nax. 4.1.-ze mocemulia monacemTa gadacemis siCqareebis damokidebuleba abonentTa gadaadgilebis siCqareze meore da mesame Taobis mobiluri radiokavSiris sistemebSi.
112
2 mbiti/wm
monacemTa gadacemis siCqareebi
384 kbiti/wm
144 kbiti/wm meore Taobis evolucia 10 kbiti/wm meore Taobis sabazo standartebi mobiluri/maRali siCqariT gadaadgileba
stacionaruli/ dabali siCqariT gadaadgileba
nax. 4.1. monacemTa gadacemebis siCqareTa Tanafardobebi me-2 da me-3 Taobis qselebSi
rogorc mobiluri radiokavSiris meore Taobis sistemebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam aCvena, msgavsi sistemebi ver uzrunvelyofen momsaxurebebis mimarT wayenebul gazrdil moTxovnebs. Sesabamisad es momsaxurebebi SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnan mxolod mesame Taobis sistemebSi. kerZod: _ multimediis momsaxurebebi globaluri sainformacio infrastruqturis farglebSi; _ monacemTa gadacemisaTvis erTi da igive pirobebis Seqmna radioarxebis da fiqsirebuli telekomunikaciis qselebisaTvis (radioarxSi gadacemis siCqariT 2,048 mbiti/wm-mde); _ trafikis simetriulobis SenarCuneba arxebisaTvis `zeviT~ da `qveviT~; _ usadeno internetis momsaxurebebis sruli moculobis uzrunvelyofa.
113
1885...1980 mhc,…2010...2025 mhc da 2110...2170 mhc ganekuTvna miwis zeda segments, xolo 1980...2010 mhc da 2170...2200 mhc _ Tanamgzavrul segments. nax. 4.2-ze mocemulia sixSireTa `Zireul~ zolTa ganawileba msoflioSi miRebuli standartebiT.
tsk-is ganawileba
nax. 4.3-ze zemoTaRniSnulidan gamomdinare mocemulia mobiluri telekomunikaciis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi. TD-CDMA
GSM NМТ-450,900 AMPS C-450 TACS, ETACS RTMS 101 H (1G)
GPRS EDGE TDMA W-CDMA
(IS-136) CDMA one (IS-95A) (2G)
CDMA one (IS-95 B) (2,5 G)
CDMA 2000 (IMT-2000) (3 G)
IS (Interim Standard -droebiTi standarti); W-CDMA-Wideband CDMA - farTozolovani _ CDMA.
evropa
CineTi
nax. 4.3. mobiluri telekomunikaciis ganviTarebis etapebi
iaponia
4.2. muSa sixSireT gamoyofili zolebi da maTi gamoyenebis princi pebi CrdiloeT amerika
nax.4.2. `Zireul~ zolTa ganawileba radiokavSiris msoflio administraciuli konferencia 92is (rmak) gadawyvetilebiT
MSS (Mobile Serellite Service) mobiluri Tanamgzavruli samsaxuri; PHS (Personal Handyphone System) personaluri portatuli kavSiris sistema; PCS (Personal Communication System) personaluri telekomunikaciis sistema; MDS (Mobile Communication Service) monacemTa gadacemis bobiluri samsaxuri.
114
radiokavSiris msoflio administraciuli konferenciis (rmak) gadawyvetileba ERC 97/07-iT gansazRvrulia `Zireuli~ sixSireebis zolebi: 1920...1980 mhc _ xazi `zeviT~ (signalebis gadacema saabonento sadguridan sabazo sadgurze; 2110...2170 mhc _ xazi `qveviT~ (signalebis gadacema saabonento sadgurze). miRebisa da gadacemis sixSireTa Soris minimaluri Zvra Seadgens 134,8 mhc-s, xolo maqsimaluri _ 245,2 mhc-s dawyvilebul (simetriul) diapazonSi muSaobisas. UTRA/FDD-2 aparatura uzrunvelyofs sixSiruli daZvris SenarCunebas rogorc fiqsirebuli, ise moZravi momsaxurebisaTvis.
115
IMT-2000 (UMTS) gamoyofil sixSireTa speqtris ganawilebis ZiriTadi princi pebi. `Zireul~ sixSireTa zolebi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebsa da regionebSi telekomunikaciis saerTSoriso kavSirSi (tsk-ITU) mobiluri telekomunikaciis mesame Taobis sistemebisaTvis ganixileboda 80-iani wlebis Sua periodidan. Sedegad, 1992 wlisaTvis tsk-ma moamzada rekomendacia ITU-R M.672-2, romelic reglamentirebas ukeTebs sixSireTa ganawilebas 3G sistemebisaTvis. am rekomendaciebis safuZvelze radiokavSiris msoflio administraciebis konferenciam (rmak) 1992 wels gaanawila siSireTa zolebi 1885...2025 mhc ( F1 140 mhc) da 2110...2200 mhc ( F2 90 mhc) saerTo siganiT F1 F2 20 mhc ITM-2000 sistemisaTvis. aseTi ganawileba dadasturda cxril S.5.388_is SeniSvnebSi da radiokavSiris reglamentis 212 rezoluciaSi. muSa sixSireTa zolebi 1885...1900 mhc da 2010...2025 mhc gankuTvnilia mobiluri sistemebisTvis droiTi dupleqsirebiT. amasTan, UMTS-is saabonento mowyobilobebis yvela saxeoba (modifikacia) uzrunvelyofs gadacemis da boloebis miRebis sixSireTa daZvras 190 mhc-iT. a) arxTaSorisi daZvra. arxTaSorisi normaluri daZvra Seadgens 5 mhc-s, magram mocemuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba Seicvalos ganTavsebis konkretuli pirobebis optimizaciisas. b) sixSireTa zrdis biji. sixSireTa badis (saarxo rastris) biji Seadgens 200 khc-s, anu arxis centraluri sixSiris mniSvneloba unda iyos 200-is jeradi. g) radiosixSiruli arxis absoluturi nomeri.
UMTS-is radioeleqtronuli saSualebebis gadamtani sixSiris mniSvneloba ganisazrvreba radiosixSiruli arxis absoluturi nomriT, romelic Semdegi gamosaxulebiT (cxrili 4.1) gaiangariSeba: cxrili 4.1
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117
1920,2 mhc Fuplink 1979,8 mhc, zeviT
Nu=5 (Fuplink-1885,2 mhc)
sadac
Fuplink-gadamtani
absoluturi
sixSiris
mniSvnelobaa
xazSi
`zeviT~ mhc-Si 2110,2 mhc Fdownlink 2169,8 mhc, qveviT
Nd=5 (Fdownlink-2075,2 mhc)
sadac
Fdownlink-gadamtani
absoluturi
mniSvnelobaa
sixSiris xazSi
`qveviT~ mhc-Si
4.3. mobiluri fiWuri telekomunikaciis IS-95 (cdmaOne) standartis evolucia cdma2000 standartSi a) standarti cdmaOne(IS-95) zogadi daxasiaTeba da misi funqcionirebis princi pebi teqnikuri moTxovnebi sistemis mimarT Camoyalibebulia satelekomunikacio mrewvelobis asociaciis mier (TIA-Teleccommunication Industry Association) ZiriTad standartebSi. ganixileba: IS-95 _ sahaero intefeisi (radiointerfeisi); IS-96 _ salaparako momsaxureobis interfeisi; IS-97 _ mobiluri sadguris interfeisi; IS-98 _ sabazo sadguris interfeisi; IS-99 _ monacemTa gadacemis momsaxureobis interfeisi. sistema IS-95 gankuTvnilia 800 mghc sixSirul diapazonSi samuSaod. pirdapiri arxisaTvis gamoyofilia 869,04...893,97 mhc sixSiruli zoli. kavSiris arxis zolis sigane Seadgens 1,25 mghc-s, amitom fi-
Wuri kavSiris sistemis gardaqmnisas IS-95 operatorebs SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon sixSiruli dagegmva gamomdinare miTiTebuli zolidan. dadgenilia, rom erT operators SeiZleba hqondes gamoyofili maqsimaluri sixSiruli diapazoni araumetes 12,5 mhc-isa, rogorc pirdapiri, aseve uku mimarTulebisaTvis, rac Seesabameba 10 sixSirul radioarxs zoliT 1,25 mhc. CDMA sistema agebulia sixSiruli speqtris pirdapiri gafarTovebis meTodiT. arxebSi gamoyenebulia xelSeSlamdgradi kodireba. CDMA sistemis signali, romelic vrceldeba eTerSi, aris farTozolovani da xmauris msgavsi. farTozolovani imitom, rom ikavebs sixSiris farTe zols, xmauris msgavsi imitom, rom roca eTerSi erT sixSireze, erTidaigive dros muSaobs ramdenime abonenti, signalebi erTmaneTze edebian. xelSeSlamdgradi imitom, rom farTe sixSiris zolSi (1,23 mhc) viwrozolovani (<150 khc) xelSeSlebis warmoSobisas, signali miiReba TiTqmis daumaxinjeblad. xelSeSlebisadmi mdgradi kodirebis xarjze sistema dakargul monacemebs aRadgens. IMT-2000 ojaxSi Semavali cdma2000 standartma TavisTavSi ganasaxiera cdmaOne sistemebis maqsimalurad gamarTuli evoluciis idea mesame Taobis sistemebSi. unda iTqvas, rom IS-95 standartis sabaziso gadawyvetilebebi aRmonda sicocxlis unariani da moqnilni ganviTarebisa da srulyofis Semdgom etapebze, rac xorcieldeba UMTS sistemebis ideologiaSi. koduri dayofis sistemebis gadacemis siCqareebis gazrdisaTvis danakargebis gareSe, aucilebelia speqtris Semdgomi gafarToveba. 3G koncefciiT gaTvaliswinebul 5 mhc sixSirul zolSi, 3GPP2 specifikaciis Tanaxmad SeiZleba visargebloT ori
paraleluri variantiT: speqtris tradiciuli pirdapiri gafarTovebiT (DSSS) da mravalgadamtaniani (multi-carrier _ MC) gafarTovebiT. speqtris pirdapiri gafarTovebisas Ci pebis siCqare, romelic miRebulia IS-95 standartSi, Seadgens 3X1,2288=3,6864 mCi p/ wm. mravalgadamtanian variantSi gamoiyeneba gadacema erTmaneTisgan 1,25 mhc-iT daZrul sam gadamtanze. signali, romelic gadaicema TiToeul gadamtanze, msgavsia IS-95-is signalisa. e.i. gamoisaxeba pirdapiri gafarTovebis safuZvelze miRebuli Ci pebis nakadiT _ 1,2288 mCi p/wm da aqvs 1,25 mhc sixSiruli zoli. magaliTisaTvis nax. 4.4 a.b.-ze naCvenebia signalis speqtrebi radiointerfeisis mowyobis variantisaTvis. cdma2000_Si SemoTavazebulia speqtris gafarTovebis xuTi varianti: 1X, 3X, 6X, 9X da 12X, sadac X = 1,25mhc.
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119
nax. 4.4. cdma 2000 signalebis speqtrebi
CDMA2000 qseli absoluturad Seesabameba CDMAone_s (IS-95), rac uzrunvelyofs ubralo da iaf gadasvlas umavTulo kavSiris axal Taobaze. amiT uzrunvelyofs saoperatoro kompaniis kapitaldabandebis aTvisebas. CDMA2000 qseli gvTavazobs bgeris xarisxis mniSvnelovan gaumjobesebas da xmovani arxebis tevadobis gazrdas, multimediis da monacemebis gadacemis maRal siCqares. CDMA2000-sken evoluciis periodi iyofa or fazad 1X da 3X. imisaTvis rom realizeba gavukeToT evoluciis periods IMT-2000-sken 1,25 mhc sixSiris zolSi ganixileba kidev erTi faza 1XEV standartis ganviTareba, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs gavafarTovoT CDMA2000-is SemWidrovebebi 1X-is zeviT. b) CDMA-2000 1X CDMA2000 1X qselebi funqcionireben imave sixSiris zolSi, romlebSic CDMAOne qselebi, magram isini floben 2-jer meti xmovani arxebis gatarebis SesaZleblobebs; monacemebis gadacemis siCqares 1444kbit/wm-Si. CDMA2000 1X da CDMA One mTlianad SeTavsebadia, isini unda ganvixiloT rogorc erTi qselis meorisaken Semdgomi srulyofa. ITA-m gamoaqveyna CDMA2000 1X rogorc IS-2000 standarti. saxelwodeba 1X warmodgeba teqnikuri terminisagan 1XRTT, romelic Seexeba 1,25 mhc sixSiris zolSi momuSave CDMA2000 qsels. 1X aRniSnavs 1,25 mhc zolSi radiogadacemis teqnologias.
izrdeba monacemebis gadacemis SesaZlebloba. miiRweva informaciis gadacemis umaRlesi siCqare 2dan 5 mbit|wm igive 1,25 mhc sixSirul zolSi. operatoris gansazRvruli moTxovnebi miuTiTebs srulyofas me-2 etapze. informaciis gadacemis ufro efeqturi saSualebisaTvis pirvel etapze saWiroa 2,4 mbit|wm-ze meti siCqaris miRweva monacemebis gadacemisas. meore etapis realizaciisas xdeba bgeris monacemebis gadacemis siCqaris miRweva drois realur masStabSi. d) CDMA 3X CDMA-2000 3X aris CDMA-2000 standartis meore faza. mocemuli fazis srulyofas uzrunvelyofen informaciis gadacemis siCqaris gazrdiT mas zemoT, rac miRweulia 1X-Si, 2bit|wm-mde gadacemis siCqaris maRalxarisxiani sistemis gamoyenebiT. 3Xis dasaxeleba warmodgeba terminisagan 3XRTT, e.i. gamoiyeneba 1,25 mhc-iani 3 sixSiruli zoli 36 momsaxurebis warmodgenisaTvis. rogorc es gamosaxulia nax. 5.5-ze.
g) CDMA-2000 1XEV mocemuli standarti warmoadgens 1X standartis Semdgom srulyofas. misi daxmarebiT miiRweva sixSiruli speqtris SedarebiT efeqturi gamoyeneba,
e) CDMA 2000 sistemis mowyobis MC da MS variantebi sixSiris 3-ze meti gadamtanis SemTxvevaSi. nax. 4.5-ze mocemulia qselis agebis is SemTxveva, rodesac saqme gvaqvs sixSiris sam gadamtanTan mravalsixSiruli meTodis SemTxvevebSi. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, qselSi gamoiyeneba MS da MC meTodebi. mravalsixSirul CDMA vatiantSi modulirebuli simboloebi mWidrovdeba ramodenime qvegadamtanze speqtris siganiT 1,25 mghc TiToeul maTganze. qvegadamtanebis ricxvi N SeiZleba Seicva-
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121
los speqtris siganisagan damokidebulebiT. (N=1,3,6,9 da 12). yovel qvegadamtanze informacia gadaicema Ci puri siswrafiT 1,2288 mCi p|wm. cdma 2000 –is agebis aseTi princi pi iZleva SesaZleblobas, rom efeqturad iqnas gamoyenebuli mTeli muSa diapazoni zolis siganiT 5, 10, 15 da 20 mhc. nax. 5.5-ze mocemulia sixSiruli zolis gamoyenebis sami xerxi cdma 2000 sistemis mowyobis gansxvavebuli variantebis dros.
nax . 4.5. 1 0 m h c si x Si rul i z oli s g am oye neb is variantebi sistemis agebis gansxvavebuli variantebis dros: a) MC-CDMA (N=7); b) DS-CDMA (1X+3X+3X) sadac X=1,25mhc; g) DS-CDMA (1X+6X).
rogorc naxazidan Cans 10 mhc sixSirul zolSi SeiZleba moTavsdes 7 arxi TiToeulis sixSiruli zoliT 1.25 mhc (DS-CDMA varianti) an kidev 1 arxi sixSiruli zoliT 1,25 mhc da erTi arxi sixSiruli zoliT 7,5 mhc (DS-CDMA varianti). xolo dacviTi intervalebi Seadgens 625 khc-s. meore variantSi signali gadaicema gafarTovebuli speqtriT erT qvegadamtanze Cipuri siCqariT 1,2288 mCi p/wm. amis gamo SeiZleba miviRoT siCqareebis Semdegi rigi R=NX1,2288 mCip/wm, roca N=1, 3, 6, 9, 12. Cdma2000Si bazur siCqared miRebulia R=3,6864 mCip/wm. v) CDMA-2000-s da WCDMA-s SedarebiTi analizi adre ukve iTqva konkurentuli brZolis Sesaxeb, romelic ganviTarda CDMA2000 da WCDMA proeqtebis harmonizaciis etapze da riTac damTavrda kompania Ericsson-sa da Qualcomm-s Soris dapirispireba. 1999 wels miRebulma kompromisulma gadawyvetilebam me-3 Taobis teqnologiebs gza gauxsna. samxreT amerikuli CDMA2000 proeqti srulyofilad SemuSavda IMT-MC (MC-CDMA varianti) standartis farglebSi, xolo muSaoba WCDMA da UTRA-s mxriv gaiyo ori mimarTulebiT. pirveli starti IMT-DS bazirdeba WCDMA FDD da UTRA FDD teqnikur gadawyvetilebebze (sixSiris wyvili zolisaTvis), xolo meore IMT-TC (arawyvili zolisaTvis), dafuZnebulia evropuli proeqtis UTRA TDD-s da iaponuri proeqtis TD-SCDMA-s teqnikur gadawyvetilebebze. CDMA2000-is da WCDMA-s sawyisi gansxvaveba, romelic gaxda cxare polemikis sagani iyo gansxvavebuli Cipuri siCqareebi 3,6884 da 3,84 mCi p|wm. sabazo sadgurebis signalebis dayofisaTvis CDMA2000Si gamoiyeneba mokle kodebi sigrZiT 215 gansxvavebu
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123
1,25 mhc
f1
Δf
a) 0
f2 2
1
3
4
f6
f5
f4
f3 5
6
f7 8
9
7
8
9
7
8
9
7
Δf
f mhc
10
3,75 mhc
0
f2
f1
Δf
b)
2
1
3
4
5
6
Δf
f mhc
10
7,5 mhc
0
f2
f1
Δf
g)
1
2
3
4
5
f mhc
Δf 6
10
li cikluri wanacvlebiT, rac moiTxovs maT urTierT sinqronizacias. CDMA2000 sistemaSi sawyisi sinqronizacia uzrunvelyofilia saerTo pilotsignaliT, romelic gamosxivdeba yoveli sabazo sadguridan. WCDMA-Si sawyisi Ziebis procedura gacilebiT rTulia. ganxilul teqnologiebSi bevri ramaa saerTo, amas garda, gatarebis unaris gazrdisaTvis maTSi gamoiyeneba multikoduri gadacema. orive standarti iTvaliswinebs simZlavris dinamiur marTvas kavSiris pirdapir da uku arxebSi. CDMA-2000 -is da WCDMA-s ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi mocemulia cxr.4.2-Si. cxr.4.2. sistema sixSiris diapazoni sixSiruli zoli mghc
CDMA2000
WCDMA
824-849/869-894 da 1900
1920-1980; 2110-2170
3,75(3X1,25)-sabazo; 1,25XN, sadac N=1, 6, 9, 12
5-sabazo; 1,25; 10 da 20
SeRwevis meTodi
MC - CDMA
DS - CDMA
SeTavsebadoba
CDMAOne-Tan ukuSeTavsebadoba
GSM-Tan SeTavsebadi eqspluatacia da hendoveris uzrunvelyofa
Cipuri siswrafe mCip/wm
3,6864(3X1,2288) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sabazo; Nx1,2288, sadac N=1, 6, 9, 12
3,84(sabazo); 7,78 da 15,56
kodireba
xvevadi kodi (K=9; R=1/2, 1/3, 1/4), turbokodi (k=4)
xvevadi kodi (K=9; R=112, 113)+ rid-solomonis kodi, turbokodi (k=3)
sabazo sadgurebis sinqronizacia
sinqronuli muSaoba
asinqronuli muSaoba
orTogonaluri kodebi
uolSis funqciebi da kvaziorTogonaluri kodebi
cvalebadi sigrZis orTogonaluri kodebi OVSF gafarTovebebis koeficientebiT 1-512 (4-256 UTRA-Si)
gafarTovebuli mimdevrobebi fiWebis Zebnis sqema kadris sigrZe mw pird. monacemTa arxi modulacia uku. arxi pird. gafarTove- arx. buli mod. ukuar. arxebis avtomaturi gadarTvis meTodi
mokle kodebi sigrZiT 2 15 da grZeli kodebi sigrZiT (2 42-1)
simZlavris marTva
goldis kodebi
5,20
samseqtoriani Zebna (goldis kodis Zebna) 10
QPSK
QPSK
pilot signaliT
BPSK
BPSK
QPSK
QPSK
OPSK
QPSK an MPSK (OCOPSK) rbili, xisti (sixSireTaSorisi an sistemaTaSorisi) siswrafe 1,6 kbit/wm marTvis biji 0,25-1,5
rbili, xisti (sixSireTaSorisi) siswrafe 0,8 kbit/wm, marTvis biji 0,25; 0,5 da 1,0
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Tavi V. mobiluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistemebi 5.1. momsaxurebebi, romlebsac uzrunvelyofen mobiluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistemebi
telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistemebi maT mier gaweuli momsaxurebis mixedviT pirobiTad SeiZleba daiyos sam ZiriTad jgufad: _ monacemTa gadacemis paketuri sistemebi, romlebic moicavs: cirkularuli Setyobinebebis mowodebas, sxvadasxva obieqtebis (maT Soris satransporto) mdgomareobaze avtomaturad, monacemis Segrovebas da sxv. _ salaparako (radiosatelefono) telekomunikaciis sistemebi; _ momxmarebelTa adgilmdebareobis (koordinatebis) gansazRvris sistemebi. amasTan, zemoaRniSnulTagan monacemTa gadacemis sistemebi gankuTvnilia nebismieri monacemis (teqsturi, faqsimiluri Setyobinebis, kompiuteruli monacemebis da sxv.) gadacemisaTvis. monacemTa paketuri gadacemis siCqare telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavrul sistemaSi Seadgens asobiT mbt/wm-s. msgavs sistemaSi, rogorc wesi, ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli momsaxurebis uwyvetoba. aseve ar aris mkacri moTxovnebi Setyobinebebis operatiu lad mowo debaze. aseT reJi mSi muSaobs `eleqtronuli fosta~ am SemTxvevaSi mowodebul informacias imaxsovrebs Tanamgzavris bortis kompiuteri da igi korespondents miewodeba dRe-Ramis gansazRvrul monakveTSi.
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radiosatelefono telekomunikaciisas Tanamgzavrul sistemaSi gamoiyeneba SetyobinebaTa gadacemis cifruli forma. amasTan, aucileblad unda Sesruldes saerTaSoriso standartiT miRebuli moTxovnebi. aseT sistemebSi signalis dayovneba gavrcelebis trasaze ar unda aRematebodes 0,3 wm-s da saubrebi abonentebs Soris ar unda wydebodes telekomunikacis seansis dros, e.i. abonentTa momsaxureba unda iyos uwyveti da unda xorcieldebodes drois realur masStabSi. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare radiosatelefono telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli qselis agebisas gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas Semdegi: _ Tanamgzavrebi aRWurvilni unda iqnan orientacis zemaRali sizustis sistemebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen maTi antenebis mier radiotalRebis winaswar dadgenili mimarTulebidan miRebas; _ Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis sistemaSi Tanamgzavrebi unda iyos sakmarisi, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnas momsaxurebis zonis uwyveti da sruli dafarva; _ kavSiris sakmarisi raodenobis arxebiT uzrunvelyofisaTvis gamoyenebuli unda iqnes mravalarxiani saanteno sistemebi, romlebic muSaoben maRal sixSireebze (1,5 ghc da meti), rac mniSvnelovnad arTulebs antenebis da kosmosuri aparatebis konstruqcias; _ mravalarxiani saanteno sistemebiT aRWurvili Tanamgzavris meSveobiT radiosatelefono telekomunikaciis uwyvetobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis aucilebelia meti sakvanZo (sarabo) sadgurebi ZviradRirebuli sakomutacio mowyobilobebiT.
umravles SemTxvevaSi abonents surs icodes Tavisi adgilmdebareoba (koordinatebi) dedamiwaze. am mizniT dReisaTvis gamoiyeneba ori ti pis aparatura: _ standartuli sanavigacio GPS (Global Positioning System _ pozicionirebis globaluri sistema) sistemebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen momxmareblis koordinatebis gansazRvras maRali sizustiT; _ specialuri sanavigacio aparatura, romelic personaluri telekomunikacis Tanamgzavris da sakvanZo sadgurebis signalebis meSveobiT saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros adgilmdebareoba SedarebiT dabali sizustiT. meore ti pis aparaturis gamoyenebisas, SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros abonentis adgilmdebareoba (koordinatebi) sami meTodiT: _ personaluri telekomunikaciis 4 Tanamgzavris signalebis meSveobiT; _ dedamiwis sakvanZo sadgurebis signalebis meSveobiT; _ personaluri Tanamgzavrebisa da dedamiwis telekomunikaciis sakvanZo sadgurebis meSveobiT.
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5.2. mobiluri telekomunikaciis kosmosuri aparatebis orbitebi zogadad, kosmosuri aparatebis orbitebis klasifikacia SeiZleba moxdes: misi orbitis formis, dedamiwis zedapiris konkretul wertilebze gavlis (gadavlis) periodulobiT da orbitis daxrilobiT. ganvixiloT es parametrebi cal-calke.
formis mixedviT ganasxvaveben Semdegi ti pis orbitebs: _ wriuli, romelic praqtikaSi rTulad realizebadia da moiTxovs kosmosuri aparatebis makoreqtirebeli mowyobilobebis meSveobiT xSir koreqcias; _ wriulTan miaxloebuli orbitebi. aseTi orbitebi princi pSi yvelaze metadaa gavrcelebuli. msgavsi orbitebisaTvis apogeisa da perigeis simaRleebis umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan (ramdenime aTeuli kilometriT); _ elifsuri. am SemTxevaSic simaRleebi Ha (apogea) da Hp (perigea) mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan (Ha=38000...40000 km-s, Hp=400..500 km-s). aseTi orbitebi, zogadad, xSirad gamoiyeneba Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis sistemebSi (nax. 5.1); _ geostacionaruli. igi warmoadgens wriul ekvatorul orbitas, rodesac dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamzavris brunvis periodi emTxveva dedamiwis brunvis periods (T=23 sT. 56 wT.). am orbitaze Tanamgzavri ganTavsebulia simaRleze: Ha=Hp=36000 km-s, mudmivad mdebareobs dedamiwis ekvatoris gansazRvruli wertilis zeviT. geostacionarul orbitaze ganlagebuli Tanamgzavridan Cans dedamiwis zedapiris didi nawili da amitom isini farTod gamoiyenebian kosmosuri telkomunikacis sistemebSi (nax.2.2). _ paraboluri da hi perboluri. isini rogorc wesi gamoiyeneba mzis sistemebis planetebis dasxivebisas. kosmosuri aparatebis dedamiwis zedapiris wertilebze gavlis periodulobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben Semdegi ti pis orbitebs:
_ sinqronuls. isini Tavis mxriv iyofa sinqronul-izomarSrutul da sinqronul-kvaziizomarSrutul orbitebad; _ izomarSrutuli orbitebi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom kosmosuri aparatebis proeqciebi dedamiwis zedapirze (trasaze) yovelTvis erTmaneTs emTxveva; _ kvaziizomarSrutuli orbitebi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom kosmosuri aparatebis proeqciebi dedamiwis zedapirze erTmaneTs emTxveva ramdenime dReRameSi erTxel; _ arasinqronuli orbitebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian imiT, rom nebismieri kosmosuri aparatis ori nebismieri bruni dedamiwis garSemo ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. orbitis daxrilobis (nax. 5.1.) cnebis qveS igulisxmeba kuTxe dedamiwis ekvatoris sibrtyesa da kosmosuri aparatis orbitas Soris. daxriloba aiTvleba ekvatoris sibrtyemde saaTis isris brunvis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. igi SeiZleba icvlebodes 0-dan 1800-mde. daxrilobis mixedviT ganisazRvreba Semdegi tipis orbitebi: _ pirdapiri (orbitis daxriloba i<900); _ Seqceuli (Sebrunebuli) (orbitis daxriloba i>900); _ polaruli (orbitis daxriloba i=900);
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damokidebulia dedamiwis gravitaciuli velis daZabulobaze. daZabulobis gazrda iwvevs orbitis `gasworebas~ ekvatoris maxloblobaSi ekvatoris mimarTulebiT kosmosuri aparatis moZraobis siCqaris gazrdis xarjze. amasTan, kosmosuri aparati, romelic moZraobs pirdapir orbitaze, iwyebs gadaxras marcxniv (moZraobis mimarTulebidan), xolo is kosmosuri aparati romelic moZraobs Seqceul orbitaze _ iwyebs gadaxras marjvniv (moZraobis mimarTulebidan).
nax. 5.1. Tanamgzavris elifsuri orbita
_ ekavtoruli (orbitis daxriloba tolia 00-is an 1800-is). maSin roca i=00-s kosmosuri aparati moZraobs dedamiwis brunvis mimarTulebiT aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken, xolo roca i=1800-s, kosmosuri aparati moZraobs dedamiwis brunvis sawinaaRmdegod aRmosavleTidan dasavlTisaken. daxrilobis kuTxes i=00-s, Seesabameba geostacionaruli (wriuli ekvatoruli) orbitebi (nax. 5.2.). dedamiwis formis arasferuloba da misi araTanabroba ganapirobebs kosmosuri aparatebis sibrtyis cvlilebas (procesias), rac saboloo jamSi iwvevs orbitis apsidis xazis cvlilebas. amasTan, orbitis sibrtyis procesia iwevs aRmavali da daRmavali kvanZebis daZvras sawyisi mdgomareobis mimarT (kosmosuri aparatis orbitaze gayvanis momentisaTvis). kosmosuri aparatis orbitis procesia
amrigad, pirvel SemTxvevaSi orbitis sibrtye procesirdeba dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ aRmosavleTiT. polaruli orbitebis sibrtyeebi (romelTa daxriloba i=900-s) ar procesirdeba. ganvixiloT mokled telekomunikaciis kosmosuri aparatebis orbitebis simaRlis sakiTxi calke, vinaidan igi metad mniSvnelovania kosmosuri aparatebis daproeqtebisas, orbitaze gaSvebisas da
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nax.5.2. Tanamgzavr-retranslatoris geostacionaruli orbita
ganTavsebisas. kosmosuri aparatebis simaRle SeirCeva mravali faqtorebis analizis safuZvelze, romelTagan ZiriTadia: radioarxebis energetikuli maxasiaTebeli; dayovneba radiotalRebis gavrcelebisas; orbitis siaxlove van alenis radiaciul sartyelebTan da momsaxurebis teritoriebis ganlageba. garda aRniSnulisa orbitis simaRleze moqmedebs agreTve telekomunikaciis organizaciis meTodi da moTxovnebi kosmosuri aparatebis adgilmdebareobis saWiro kuTxeze. Tu gavaanalizebT sxvadasxva dabalorbitiani kosmosuri sistemebis jgufebs, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom am jgufebis kosmosuri aparatebis orbitebis simaRle ganTavsebulia 700-dan 1500-mde km-is diapazonaSi. es ganpirobebulia Semdegi faqtorebiT: _ orbitebze, romlebic ganTavsebulia 700 km-is qvemoT, atmosferos simkvrike sakmarisad maRalia da amitom es garemoeba praqtikulad gamoricxavs eqscentrisitetisa da apogeis simaRlis TandaTanobiT Semcirebas. orbitis simaRlis Semdgomi Semcireba iwvevs saTbobis xarjvisa da manevrebis sixSiris zrdas gansazRvruli orbitis SenarCunebis mizniT; _ 1500 km-ze met simaRleebze arsebuli Tanamgzavrebi ganTavsebulia iq sadac aris van alenis pirveli radiaciuli sartyeli da sadac SeuZlebelia bortis eleqtronuli aparaturis muSaoba. saSualosimaRliani orbitebi (5000_15000km dedamiwis zedapiridan) ganTavsebulia van alenis pirvel da meore radiaciuli sartyelebs Soris. im sistemebSi, romlebic iyenebs am orbitebs, signalebis gavrcelebis dayovneba Tanamgzavri-retransliatoris gavliT Seadgens daaxloebiT 130 mwm-s, rac praqtkulad SeumCnevelia adamianis mier da Sesa-
bamisad, aris SesaZlebloba msgavsi Tanamgzavrebi gamoyenebul iqnas radiosatelefono telekomunikaciisaTvis. geostacionarul kosmosur sistemebs Tanamgzavrebis orbitebis simaRliT daaxloebiT 36000 km aqvT ori ZiriTadi upiratesoba: _ Tanamgzavrebi yovelTvis mdebareoben dedamiwis gansazRvruli wertilis Tavze; _ sistema, romelic Sedgeba sami geostacionaruli Tanamgzavrisagan praqtikulad uzrunvelyofs dedamiwis zedapiris globalur mocvas. orbitaluri jgufebisaTvis, romlebic Sedgeba geostacionaruli Tanamgzavrebisagan, damaxasiaTebelia erTi ZiriTadi nakli _ radiosignalebis gavrcelebis didi dro, rasac mivyavarT radiotelefonuri telekomunikaciis dros signalebis gadacemebis SeferxebasTan. sistemebi, romlebic iyeneben Tanamgzavrebs orbitebis simaRliT 700_1500 km, floben radioxazebis ukeTes energetikul maxasiaTeblebs, vidre sistemebi TanamgzavrTa orbitebis simaRliT daaxloebiT 10000 km, magram isini uTmobs maT kosmosuri aparatebis aqtiuri arsebobis xangrZlivobaSi. saqme imaSia, rom kosmosur aparats mimoqcevis periodiT _ 100 wT (dabali orbitebisaTvis), daaxloebiT 30 wT uwevs dedamiwis daCrdilur mxareze mdebareoba. amitom, saborto akumuliatorebi mzis batareebis mxridan ganicdian damuxtva/ganmuxtvis daaxloebiT 5000 cikls weliwadSi. 10000 km simaRlis wriuli orbitebisaTvis mimoqcevis dro Seadgens daaxloebiT 6 sT-s, romlis ganmavlobaSic kosmosuri aparati mxolod ramdenime wuTs imyofeba dedamiwis daCrdilul mxareze. unda aRniSnos isic, rom kosmosuri aparati, romelic mdebareobs dabal orbitaze, abonentis pirdapi-
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ri xedvis zonaSia mxolod 8-12 wT-is ganmavlobaSi. e.i. uwyveti kavSiris uzrunvelsayofad sWiroa bevri kosmosuri aparati, romelTa erTobliobac Tanamimdevrulad (TanamgzavrTaSorisi kavSiris daxmarebiT) unda uzrunvelyofdes uwyvet kavSirs. amgvarad, orbitis simaRlis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba momsaxurebis zonis dro da zomebi; maSasadame, saWiroa TanamgzavrTa ufro naklebi raodenoba erTi da igive teritoriis asaTviseblad.
5.3.
mobiluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistemebis struqtura da ganviTarebis strategia
personalur telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavrul sistemebs, momxmarebelTa momsaxurebis saxis-da mixedviT, aqvT mravali saerTo niSani da aseve gaaCniaT bevri saerTo miwiszeda fiWur sistemebTanac. maT Soris ZiriTadia is rom telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavrul sistemebSi yvela saxis informacia gadaicema cifrul formaSi (1200-9600 biti/wm-is siCqariT). Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis nebismier sistemaSi (nax. 2.3) Sedis Semdegi Semadgeneli nawilebi: _ kosmosuri segmenti, romelic Sedgeba ramdenime Tanamgzavruli retransliatorisagan; _ miwiszeda segmenti, romelic Sedgeba sistemis marTvis centrisagan; kosmisuri aparatis gaSvebis centrisgan; mmarTvel-gamzomi sadgurebisagan; kavSiris marTvis centrisagan; sakvanZo sadgurebisagan;
_ momxareblis (abonentis) segmenti, romelic axorcilebs kavSirs TanamgzavrTa personaluri terminalebis daxmarebiT; _ miwiszeda kavSiris qslebi, romlebTanac kavSiris interfeisis gavliT erTdeba kosmosuri telekomunikaciis sakvanZo sadgurebi. kosmosuri sistemebis swrafma ganviTarebam saWiro gaxada rigi saerTaSoriso konvenciebis, xelSekrulbebis da normebis SemuSaveba da miReba. teqnikuri sakiTxebi, dakavSirebuli sixSireTa gamoyenebasTan da orbitebze Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebis mdebareobasTan, romelTa mowesrigebac uzrunvelyofs urTierTSeferxebis ararsebobas, wydeba telekomunikaciis saerTaSoriso kavSiris radiostandartizaciis jgufis ITU-R-is farglebSi. Tanamgzavruli sistemebisaTvis gamoyofili sixSireTa zolebi warmodgenilia cxr.5.1.-Si.
nax. 5.3. personaluri kavsirgabmulobis Tanamgzavruli sistemis struqtura
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nax. 5.3-ze naCvenebia miTiTebuli diapazonebidan zogierTis praqtikuli gamoyenebis magaliTi. Tumca zogierT Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis sistemaSi (rogorc SemdgomSi iqneba naCvenebi) siSiris diapazonebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba yovelTvis ar emTxveva ganxiluls. cxrili 5.1. #/#
diapazonis dasaxeleba
1
L
1,452 – 1,500 da 1,61 – 1,71
sixSireTa zoli, ghc
2
S
1,93 – 2,70
3
C
3,40 – 5,25 da 5725 _ 7,075
4
Ku
10,70 _ 12,75 da 12,75 _ 14,80
5
Ka
14,40 _ 26,50 da 27,00 _ 50,20
6
K
84,00 _ 86,00
nax.5.4. kosmosuri aparatis saerTo struqturuli sqema
a) kosmosuri segmenti kosmosuri segmenti Seicavs ramdenime Tanamgzavr-retransliators, romlebic Seadgens kosmosur jgufebs. Tanamgzavri-retransliatorebi, rogorc wesi, Tanabrada ganlagebuli gansazRvrul orbitebze. nebismieri damakavSirebeli kosmosuri aparatis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis Semdegi damakavSirebeli elementi (nax. 5.4): _ centraluri procesori; _ bortis radioeleqtronuli mowyobiloba; _ saanteno sistemebi; _ orientaciisa da stabilizaciis sistemebi; _ moZraobis danadgarebi;
_ eleqtronuli kvebis sistema (akumulatorebi da mzis batareebi). nebismier kosmosur aparats _ (nax.5.5) wayenebuli aqvs gansazRvruli moTxovnebi simaRlis, elenergiis gamoyenebis, orientaciis, stabilizaciis da a.S. mimarT. ramdenime ganmarteba orbitalur jgufebSi TanamgzavrTa aucilebeli raodenobis Sesaxeb. dabalorbituli Tanamgzavri mdebareobs daaxloebiT 1000 km simaRleze da moZraobs daaxloebiT 7 km/wm-Si siCqariT. dro, romlis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba Tvalyuris devneba dedamiwis zedapiris garkveuli wertilidan 14 wT-s ar aWarbebs. amis Semdgom Tanamgzavri midis horizontis xazs iqiT. uwyveti kavSiris SenarCunebisaTvis (mag. satelefono laparakis dros) aucilebelia, rom im momentSi, roca pirveli Tanamgzavri tovebs momsaxurebis zonas, mis Sesacvlelad movides meore, Semdeg _ mesame da a.S. globalur Tanamgzavrul sistemebs gamudmebiT unda ekavos Tavisi antenebis ganxilvis arealSi planetis mTeli zedapiri. es gvagonebs fiWuri satelefono telekomunikaciis pronci ps, oRond sabazo sadgurebis rols aq asruleben Tanamgzavrebi.
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ganvixiloT Tanamgzavruli telekomunikacis Semadgeneli nawilebi cal-calke.
urebis sasurvel moculobas da meore mxriv - personaluri Tanamgzavruli terminalis simartives, fass Soris. es gaTvaliswinebulia ama Tu im telekomunikaciis sistemaze orientaciis dros.
imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelvyoT telekomunikaciiT abonentebi, aramarto erTi kosmosuri aparatis xedvis zonaSi, aramed deamiwis mTel teritoriaze, mezobeli Tanamgzavrebi unda ukavSirebodes erTmaneTs da gadascemdes informacias specifikurad, manam sanam is ar miva adresatamde. dedamiwis teritoriis saimedod mocvisaTvis aucilebelia Tanamgzavrebis didi raodenoba (rogorc wesi ramdenime aTeuli). Tumca, cnobilia proeqti Teledisc, romelSic maTi ricxvi aTass uaxlovdeba. orbitis simaRlis zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba TanamgzavrTa aucilebeli raodenoba, radgan izrdeba xedvis dro da zona. amasTan erTad aucileblad rTuldeba da ufro Zviri xdeba personaluri Tanamgzavruli terminalebi (`dedamiwa-kosmosi-dedamiwa~ kavSiris siSoris zrdis gamo). amrigad, orbitalur jgufebSi TanamgzavrTa raodenoba da satelekomunikacio momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofis moculoba Sedegia kompromisisa, erTi mxriv -sistemis Rirebulebas, satelekomunikacio momsax-
b) dedamiwiszda segmenti dedamiwiszeda segmenti Sedgeba: sistemis marTvis centrisagan; telekomunikaciis marTvis centrisagan; sakvanZo sadgurebisagan; kosmosuri aparatebis gaSvebis centrisagan; momxmareblis personaluri segmentisagan. ganvixiloT isini cal-calke. sistemis marTvis centri uzrunvelyofs kosmosur aparatze Tvalyuris devnebas; maTi koordinatebis gaTvlas; drois damowmebas da koreqcias; saborto aparaturis diagnostikas; damxmare informaciis (brZanebis) gadacemas da a.S. aRniSnuli marTvis funqciebi sruldeba telemetriuli informaciis safuZvelze, romelic mas miewoda orbitaluri jgufis yoveli kosmosuri aparatidan. kosmosuri jgufis marTvisaTvis kosmosuri aparatis muSaobis sxvadasxva reJimebis dros gamoiyeneba rogorc telekomunikaciis saStato arxebi (gadajvaredinebuli Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis gaTvaliswinebiT), ise teritoriulad ganTavsebuli sabrZanebo _ gamzomi sadgurebis rigi. amis gamo arxebs sistemis marTvis centri uzrunvelyofs sakmaod maRali operatiulobiT, radgan igi uzrunvelyofs: _ kotrols gaSvebaze da sizustes kosmosuri aparatis gayvanaze mocemul orbitaze; _ yoveli kosmosuri aparatis mdebareobis kontrols;
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nax. 5.5. Tanamgzavri-retransliatorebi a) dabalorbituli; b) saSualoorbituli; g) geostacionaruli
_ calkeuli kosmosuri aparatis mier orbitis marTvasa da kontrols; _ kontrols da marTvas kosmosuri aparatis arasaStato muSaobis reJimSi; _ kosmosuri aparatis gayvanas orbitaluri jgufebis Semadgenlobidan. kosmosuri jgufebis marTva xorcieldeba marTvis da analizis specialistebis mier. damxmare informaciis gadacemas axorcieleben sabrZanebogazomvis sistemis teritoriulad ganlagebuli ZiriTadi da sarezervo sadgurebis meSveobiT. g) kosmosuri aparatis gaSvebis centri kosmosuri aparatis gaSvebis centri gansazRvravs gaSvebis programas, anxorcielebs xomald-matareblis awyobas, mis Semowmebas, agreTve (kosmosuri aparatis) sasargeblo datvirTis mowyobas da wina sastarto Semowmebisa da gamocdebis Catarebas. xomald-matareblis gaSvebis Semdeg axdenen frenis aqtiuri monakveTis traeqtoriul gazomvas, sadac Sualeduri orbitis formirebisaTvis koreqtirdeba gaTvlili traqetoriuli monacemebi. kosmosuri aparatis Semdgomi marTva xorcieldeba sistemis marTvis centris mier sabrZanebo-gazomvis sadgurebis daxmarebiT Semdegi programiT: _ brundeba (ixreba) kosmosuri aparatis mzis batareebi; _ xdeba makoreqtirebeli Zravebis xanmokle CarTva ZiriTad kosmosur orbitaze gadasayvanad; _ iqmneba telemetruli informacia kosmosuri aparatis saborto mowyobilobebis mdgomareobis kotrolisaTvis.
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d) telekomunikaciis marTvis centri telekomunikaciis marTvis centri uzrunvelyofs Tanamgzavris resursis gamoyenebas, axdens ra am operaciis koordinirebas sistemis miRebis centrTan. telekomunikaciis marTvis centri erovnuli sakvanZo sadgurebis saSualebiT axdens telekomunikaciis analizs da kontrols, agreTve marTvas. orbitalur_Tanamgzavruli jgufebis saStato muSaobis pirobebSi telekomunikacia sakvanZo sadgurebTan da terminalebTan sruldeba avtonomiurad. arasaStato situaciebSi (calkeuli kosmosuri aparatis jgufebidan gayvanis SemTxvevaSi, an sakvanZo sadguris elementebis mwyobridan gamosvlis dros) telekomunikaciis marTvis centri gadadis telekomunikaciis SenarCunebis reJimSi gaZlierebuli datvirTviT. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebulia qselis rekonfigrirebis SesaZleblobac. e) sakvanZo sadgurebi sakvanZo sadguri (rabi) Sedgeba ramdenime mimReb-gadamcemi kompleqsisagan (rogorc wesi araumcires samisa), romelTagan TiToeulSi aris Tvalyuris madevnebeli paraboluri antena. ramdenime mimReb-gadamcemi kompleqsis gamoyeneba gvaZlevs praqtkulad uwyveti teleomunikaciis ganxorcielebis saSualebas erTi kosmosuri aparatidan meoreze Tanmimdevrulad gadasvlisas. mimReb-gadamcemi kompleqsebi Semdegnairad funqcionirebs:
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_ pirveli kompleqsi Sedis kavSirSi i-ur kosmosur aparatTan; _ meore kompleqsi Sedis kavSirSi i+1 kosmosur aparatTan; _ Semdeg, pirveli kompleqsi, i+1 uri aparatis xedviTi zonidan gasvlis Semdeg Sedis kavSirSi i+2 kosmosur aparatTan; _ meore kompleqsi i+2 kosmosuri aparatis zonidan gasvlis Semdeg Sedis i+3 kosmosuri aparatTan da a.S.; _ mesame kompleqsi, rogorc wesi, TadarigSia da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia Secvalos pirveli an meore kompleqsi. didi informaciis marTvisaTvis sakvanZo sadguris SemadgenlobaSi CarTulia swrafadmoqmedi egm-bi, romlebic aris personalur terminalTa mnecemebis banki. sakvanZo sadgurebis SemadgenlobaSia agreTve sakomutacio mowyobilobebi (telekomunikaciis interfeisebi) sxvadasxva dedamiwiszeda telekomunikaciis sistemebTan SeerTebisaTvis. nebismieri sakvanZo sadguris ZiriTad amocanas Seadgens dupleqsuri satelefono telekomunikaciis organizeba; faqsimaluri informaciis gadacema da didi moculobis monacemTa gadacema. v) personaluri momxmareblis segmenti personaluri Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis sistemebi gankuTvnilia momsaxurebis Semdegi saxeobebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis (nax. 5.6): _ personaluri Tanamgzavruli terminalebis mflobelTa urTierTkavSiri; _ personalur Tanamgzavruli terminalebis
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nax. 5.6. personaluri Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis sistemis momxmareblebi
mflobel abonentTa dupleqsuri kavSiri; _ saerTo sargeblobis satelefono qselis abonentebTan, agreTve peijinguri da fiWuri qselis abonentebTan, aseve kerZo kavSiris arxebis abonentebTan (Tu ukanaskneli qselebi CarTulia sakvanZo sadgurebis interfeisTan) kavSiri; _ personaluri Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis abonentebis adgilmdebareobis (koordinatebis) gansazRvra. Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis organizebisaTvis gamoiyeneba personaluri gadamtani Tanamgzavruli terminalebi (daaxl. 700 gr woniT) da mobiluri terminalebi (daaxloebiT 2,5 kg-mde woniT) aRniSnuli terminalebiT SesaZeblia damyardes
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telekomunikacia abonetebs Soris 2 sT-is ganmavlobaSi. iseve rogorc fiWuri telekomunikaciis sistemebSi, dReisaTvis msoflioSi wamyvani kompaniebi sTavazob momxmarebels Tanamgzavruli terminalebis Semdeg saxeobebs: _ portatiuli terminalebi (Tanamgzavruli telefoni); _ persoaluri profesionaluri terminalebi; _ mobiluri telefonebi avto, avia da sazRvao saSualebebisaTvis; _ mciremoculobiani peijinguri terminalebi; _ terminalebi koleqtiuri moxmarebisaTvis. telekomunikacis mobiluri personaluri Tanamgzavruli terminalebi muSaobs 137-900 da 19702520 mhc sixSiris diapazonSi, romlebic faqtiurad ar gansxvavdeba fiWuri telekomunikaciis sixSiris diapazonisagan (450-1800 mhc). gadamcemis saSualo simZlavre araa didi da Seadgens, mag., Iridium-is Tanamgzavruli terminalisaTvis 15-40 mvt-s. es niSanvs, rom terminalis mflobels SeuZlia ar inerviulos Tavis janmrTelobaze. Tanamgzavruli terminali Cveulebriv, fiWur radiotelefonze ufro usafrTxoa. momxmarebelTaTvis gansakuTrebul interess warmoadgens portatuli da personaluri terminalebi. unda avRniSnoT, rom dReisTvis personaluri terminalebis sawarmoo nimuSebi araa bolomde optimizebuli. mimdiareobs muSaoba maT srulyofaze da SemoTavazebuli momsaxurebis speqtris gafarToebaze. miuxedavad amisa, iseTi teminalebis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi ukve gansazRvrulia.
Iridium-is Tanamgzavruli telefoni, warmoadgens mcremoculobian konstruqcias mierTebuli anteniT, romelic ar moiTxovs Tanamgzavrze orientacias. woniT is daxloebiT 800 gr-is, e.i. ramdenjerme ufro metia, vidre Cveulebrivi fiWuri telefoni. Tanamgzavruli telefonebi telekomunikacias fiWur mobilur qselebTan axorcieleben damatebiTi Sim-baraTiT. jer-jerobiT aseTi baraTebi SemuSavebulia GSM-is da D-AMPS-is standartis telefonebisaTvis. Tanamgzavruli telefonebis kveba avtonomiuria (batareebisagan). Tanamgzavrul telefons aqvs marTvis martivi sistema. nomeris akrefa xdeba Rilakuri velis meSveobiT. sistema avtomaturad poulobs Tavisufal arxs da aerTebs masze abonents laparakis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc wesi, aseT telefonebSi gamoiyeneba arxebis droiTi an sixSiruli SemWidroeba. bolo dros ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba Tanamgzavrul sistemaTa telekomunikaciis Seqmnas VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) teqnologiis safuZvelze, romelic qarTulad iTargmneba, rogorc `patara Tanamgzavrul terminalebTan telekomunikacis sistema~. mocemuli teqnologia saSualebas iZleva damzaddes Tanamgzavruli terminalebi antenis mcire diametriT. dReisaTvis mTel msoflioSi aRiricxeba milimflobel abonentTa dupleqsuri kavSiri;onze meti Tanamgzavruli terminali. mxolod erTma firmam Hughes Network Systems-ma (aSS) gayida 85-aTasze meti VSAT _ terminali. praqtikulad yvela msxvil banks, sawarmoo kompanias da dawesebulebebs aqvT amJamad sakuTari korporaciuli qseli, romlebSic Tanamg-
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zavrul telekomunikacias uzrunvelyofs VSAT _ terminalebi. yvelaze mTavari isaa rom Tanamgzavruli terminali, rogorc wesi, yendeba momxmareblis samuSao adgilis uSualo siaxloves da arsebiTad warmoadgens telekomunikaciis personalur saSualebas. Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis sistemebis momxmarebelTa umetesobas esaWiroeba ara informaciis gadacemis maRali siCqare, aramed terminalis mierTebis (CarTvis) saSualeba sxvadasxva periferiul aparaturasTan. globaluri Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis yvela sistema moicavs momsaxurebis daaxloebiT erTi da igive nakrebs: _ laparakis gadacema (satelefono kavSirSi); _ faqsimilur monacemTa gadacema; _ monacemTa gadacema; _ personaluri radiogamoZaxeba (peijingi); _ abonentis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra; _ globaluri roumingi. es momsaxurebebi realizdeba moTxovnis mixedviT arxis gamoyofiT. amasTan, misi miwodebis dro yvelaze ufro srulyofil Tanamgzavrul sistemebSi Seadgens araumetes 2 wT-s. zogierT sistemaSi arsebobs garkveuli gansxvavebebi informaciis gadacemis siCqareSi. ase, magaliTad, Iridium-is da Inmarsat-D-s sistemebis siCqare Seadgens 2,4 kbits/w-Si, xolo sistemaSi Globalstar _1,2-9,6 kbits/wm-Si. aseTi maxasiaTeblebis SemTxvevaSi momxmarebels SeuZlia miiRos: met-naklebad xarisxiani satelefono kavSiri; faqsimilur monacemTa gadacema da monacemebis dabalxarisxiani gadacema. personaluri teleko-
munikaciis Tanamgzavruli terminalidan mierTebisas SesaZlebeli iqneba failebis gacvla drois realur masStabSi 0,5-1 teqsturi gverdi wamSi. Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis sistemebi uzrunvelyofs sakmarisad maRal sizustes abonentis adgilmdebareobis (koordinatis) gansazRvrisas, romelic Seadgens daaxloebiT 300 m-s (dReRamis drois, amindis pirobebis da a.S. miuxedavad). uaxloes wlebSi Tanamgzavruli kavSiris sitemebi yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba, xolo maTi xarisxi fiWuri qselebis mobiluri fiWuri telekomunikaciis momsaxurebis xarisxis Sesabamisi iqneba.
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5.4. mobiluri telekomunikaciis dabalorbituli Tanamgzavruli sistemebi
dReisaTvis msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSi inergeba personaluri telekomunikaciis mravali Tanamgzavruli sistema. qvemoT cxrilSi (cxr. 5.2) mocemulia am sistemebis SedarebiTi analizi. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis ganviTarebis erT-erTi uaxlesi mimarTuleba gaxda ksmosuri aparatis dabali orbitis bazaze agebuli telekomunikacis sistemebis danergva. dabalorbitul Tanamgzavrebs _ LEO (Low Earth Orbit) ganekuTvneba kosmosuri aparatebi, romelTa orbitis simaRle mdebareobs 700-1500 km-is farglebSi. dabalorbituli jgufebi SeiZleba Sedgebodes erTidan ramdenime aTeulamde patara Tanamgzavrebisagan woniT 500 kg-mde. dedamiwis didi teritoriis telekomunikaciiT mocvisaTvis gamoiyenes orbitebi (sadac SeiZleba ramdenime kosmosuri aparati mdebareobdes), romlebic ganlagebuli
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cxrili 5.2 (gagrZeleba)
cxrili 5.2
sxvadasxva sibrtyeebSi. dabalorbituli Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis sistemebis mimarT mzardi interesi aixsneba personaluri telekomunikaciis momsaxurebebis uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebiT radio-satelefono kavSiris CaTvliT da SedarebiT iafi, mciregabaritiani Tanamgzavruli terminalebis gamoyenebiT. dabalorbituli sistemebi iZleva uwyvet terminalebTan (romlebic ganlagebulia dedamiwis nebismier wertilSi) uwyvet kavSirs, da praqtikulad ar gaCniaT alternativa telekomunikaciis uzrunvelsayofad sustad ganviTarebuli infrastruqturis mqone qveynebSi da mosaxleobis dabali simWidrovis regionebSi telekomunikaciis organizaciaSi. erT-erT mTvar upiratesobas romelic xels uwyobs dabalorbituli Tanamgzavruli telekomunikacis sistemebis ganviTarebas, warmoadgens biologiuri faqtori. ase, magaliTad, zemaRali sixSiruli dasxivebisagan adamianis biologiuri dacvis moTxovnilebis uzrunvelsayofad radiotelefonis uwyveti gamosxivebis rekomendirebuli simZlavris done unda Seadgendes araumetes 50 mvt-s. aseTi simZlavris signalis miRebis SesaZlebloba, magaliTad, geostacionaruli TanamgzavriT, ganpirobebulia kosmosuri aparatis mniSvnelovani garTulebebiT, antenebis didi gaSliT, maTi zusti pozicionirebiT. dabalorbituli Tanamgzavruli sistemebisaTvis radioxazebis sigrZe ramodenimejer ufro naklebia da mravalsxiviani antenebis Seqmnis problemac naklebad mwvavea. am sistemebs ganekuTvneba, pirvel rigSi, Iridium-is da Clobastar-is sitemebi, romlebic agebulia mowinave konsorci-
umebis mier. mTavar rols aq Sesabamisad TamaSobs iseTi msxvili mwarmoebeli kompaniebi rogorebicaa Motorola/Lockeneed da Zualcomm/Loral. dabalorbituli sistemebi specialistebis mier ganixileboda jer kidev Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis Seqmnis sawyis etapze. magram uaxles dromde ar sargeblobda didi popularobiT. amas gaaCnda rigi mizezebi, romelTa Soris erT-erTi pirvelia Sexedulebebisa da mosazrebebis garkveuli inercia, romlis Tanaxmadac `Tanamgzavri unda Candes didxans da uwyvetad~, an umjobesia, rom `damkvirveblisaTvis iyos umoZrao~, e.i. unda mdebareobdes geostacionalur orbitaze. Tumca, ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi Seiqmna ramdenime dabalorbituli sistema, magram gansazRvruli (viwro) daniSnulebiT, rac dakavSirebulia, ZiriTadad, mokle da SedarebiT iSviaTi gancxadebebis gadacemasTan. mxolod globaluri personaluri telekomunikaiis mimzidvelma ideam, romelic efuZneba Tanamedrove teqnologias, warmoSva interesi dabalorbituli Tanamgzavruli sistemebis mimarT. Iridium-is sistemis proeqtSi kosmosuri segmenti Tavis SemadgenlobaSi unda flobdes 66 Tanamgzavr-retransliators, romlebic ganlagebulia orbitebze 780 km simaRleze. Clobalstar-is sistemaSi gaTvaliswinebuli 48 Tanamgzavr-retransliatori, romlebic mdebareobs orbitaze daxloebiT 1400 km simaRleze. TanamgzavrTa aseTi ricxvi aucilebelia uwyveti kavSiris SenarCunebisaTvis romelic aqvs nebismier abonents dedamiwis mTel teritoriaze, radgan dabalorbituli TanamgzavrretranslatorTagan TiToeuli mdebareobs abonen-
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tis xedvis zonaSi sul ramdenime wamis ganmavlobaSi. TanamgzavrTa erTimeoreze miyolebiT da maTi sxvadasxva sistemebSi ganlagebiT uzrunvelyofili xdeba dedamiwis zedapiris sruli gadafarva, mimoxilvis zonebis da Tanamgzavrebis uwyveti xedva miwiszeda sadgurebidan. amasTan erTi Tanamgzavrdan meoreze gadarTva teqnikis saqmea, xolo maTi ricxvis gazrda kompensirdeba mocemul orbitaze maTi gaSvebis (ramdenime Tanamgzavri erT gaSvebaze) xarjebis SemcirebiT. amJamd telekomunikacis bazarze iseTi situaciaa, rom telekomunikaciis ganviTarebuli infrastruqturis qveynebSic momsaxurebis miaxloebiT 35% ganekuTvneba dabalorbitul Tanamgzavrul sistemebs. bolo dros kerZo kompaniebis mier wardgenilia daaxloebiT 40 sxvadasxva proeqti dabalorbituli sistemebis Seqmnaze, romlebic savsebiT realizebadia. qvemoT ganxilulia dabalorbitiani telekomunikacis is sistemebi romlebic miRebis an ganviTarebi stadiaSia.
SemuSavebul proeqtSi dasawyisisaTvis 77 Tanamgzavris gamoyeneba iyo gaTvalsiwinebuli. swored TanamgzavrTa pirvelad arCeul raodenobas unda umadlodes proeqti Tavisi saxelwodebis miRebaSi, radgan mendeleevis cxrilis 77-e elementis saxelwodebaa iridiumi. Tumca Semdgom, rigi mizezebis gamo orbitalur dajgufebaSi TanamgzavrTa raodenobaa 66-mde Semcirda, magram proeqtis saxelwodeba igive darCa (nax. 5.7). orbitaluri jgufebis ZiriTadi parametrebia: _ kvazi polaruli orbitebi daxriT i=86,4; _ sibrtyeebis ricxvi _ 6; _ kosmosuri aparatis ricxvi erT sibrtyeSi _ 11; _ erT sibrtyeSi mdebare kosmosur aparatebs Soris kuTxuri daSoreba _ 32,7 gradusi; _ orbitebis simaRle _ 780 km; _ kosmosuri aparatebis dedamiwis garSemo mimoqcevis periodi 100 wT.
5.4.1. mobiluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistema Iridium 1987 wels kompania Motorola Inc. Seudga Iridium-is dabalorbituli Tanamgzavruli telekomunikacis sistemis SemuSavebas. Iridium-is proeqti efuZneba farTo saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas. Iridium Inc.is saerTaSoriso konsorciumSi kompania Motorola Inc.-is partiorebia iseTi wamyvani kompaniebi, rogorebicaa DDI (iaponia), Sprint-i, Lockheed-i da Paytheon-i (aSS), m.v. xruniCevis saxelobis saxelmwifo kosmosuri samecniero-sawarmoo centri (ruseTi) da sxv.
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nax. 5.7. sistema Iradium-is 66 Tanamgzavri 6 orbitaze
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Iridium-is sistema gaTvalisiwnebulia globaluri moZravi personaluri telekomunikaciisTvis princi piT `TiToeuli-TiToeuls~ TanamgzavrTaSorisi kavSiris safuZvelze. Iridium-is sistema gansazRvrulia telekomunikaciis da momsaxurebis Semdegi saxeobebisTvis: telekomunikaciis saxeobebi: _ dupleqsuri radiosatelefono telekomunikacia; _ faqsimiluri telekomunikacia; _ monacemTa gadacema, momsaxurebebis saxeobebi: _ personaluri terminalebis mflobel abonentebs Soris kavSiri; _ saerTo satelefono qselis abonentebis kavSiri personaluri Tanamgzavruli terminalebis momxarebel-abonentebTan; _ Setyobinebebis signalebis gadacema peijerze; _ abonentTa adgilmdebareobis (koordinatebis) gansazRvra. zemoT CamoTvlili momsaxurebis saxeebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis kompania Motorola gvTavazobs sxvadasxva gadasatan mciregabaritian (700 gr-mde wonis) da mobilur (2,5 kg-de woniT) personalur terminalebs. TiToeuli samomxmareblo terminali registrirdeba erovnul sakvanZo sadgurSi, sadac mas eniWeba grifuli nomeri da Tanxmdeba sawyisi teritoriuli mdebareoba.
48 sxivis SerwymiT iqmneba Tanamgzavrqveda 4 zona daaxloebiT 4500 km-is diametriT. mTeli orbitaluri dajgufebiT yalibdeba kvazimTliani Tanamgzavrqveda zona, romelic faravs dedamiwis mTel zedapirs. Tanamgzavrqveda zonis Camoyalibeba xdeba TiToeul kosmour aparatze ganTavsebuli eqvsi fazirebuli saanteno meseris meSveobiT. TiToeuli aseTi meseris saSualebiT yalibdeba rva sxivi. mravalsxiviani antenebi da momsaxurebis fiWuri principi Iridium sistemaSi muSa sixSireebis mravaljeradi gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva. amasTan, SeuRlebul fiWebSi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sixSire, xolo yovel merve fiWaSi, romelic orbitaluri dajgufebis mieraa organizebuli, SesaZloa sixSireTa ganmeoreba. amis Semdeg 1616,0_1626,5 mhc diapazonis sixSireebi gamoiyeneba 150-ze metjer. komerciuli radioxazebis sixSiruli diapazoni iyofa: _ `abonenti-kosmosuri aparati~. ayalibebs 64 sixSirul arxs, romelTa Soris gatareba tolia 160 khc-is (TiToeuli arxis sixSiruli zolia 126 khc); _ `kosmosuri aparati-abonenti~ ayalibebs 29 arxs maT Soris gatareba 350 khc-is tolia (yoveli arxis sixSiruli zolia 280 khc).
a ) radioxazebis sixSireebis diapazonebi da zolebi orbituli jgufis nebismieri kosmosuri aparatiT (nax. 5.7) 48 sxivi yalibdeba. yoveli sxivi dedamiwais zedapirze warmoiqmnis 640 m diametris fiWs.
b) SeRwevis meTodebi radioxazebSi `abonenti-kosmosuri aparati~ da `kosmosuri aparati-abonenti~ gamoiyeneba arxebis droiTi gancalkeveba. mravasadguriani SeRwevis formati akavSirebs arxebis droiT gancalkevebas TiToeuli fiWisaTvis da sixSirul gancalkevebas momijnave fiWisaTvis. fazuri mani pulaciis FM-4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; is meSveobiT sruldeba informaciis kodireba,
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romelic zrunvelyofs salaparako informaciis SemWi drvebas ci frul form aSi. infor macia SemWidrovebaze, agreTve cikluri da taqturi sinqronizaciis signalebi gadaicema marTvis arxiT, risTvisac radioxazSi `kosmosuri aparati-abonenti~ moqmedebs 4 radioarxi. informaciis SemWdiroebis ( Se ku mS vi s) k oe fi ci en ti ( 2, 21 1) r ad io xazS i `kosmosuri aparati-abonenti~ 55 sasaubro arxis gadacemis saSualebas iZleva 25 sixSireze. Secdomis albaToba TiToeul bitze araumetes 10-3, cifruli monacemebis gadacemisas ki 10-6 ia. kosmosuri aparatebis orbitaluri dajgufebebis gamoyenebiT yalibdeba dedamiwis zedapirze daaxloebiT 2150 fiWa, TiToeuli kosmosuri aparatis meseris 48 sxivis gamoyenebiT. ase, rom 1616,0-1626,5 mhc sixSiruli zolis gamoyenebisas sistemis gamtarunarianoba Seadgens 3835 dupleqsur satelefono kavSiris arxs. g) TanamgzavrTaSorisi kavSiris radioxazi orbitaluri jgufebis yovel kosmosur aparats aqvs kavSiris radioxazebi or im mezobel kosmosur aparatTan, romlebic imave orbitalur sibrtyeSi mdebareobs da or mezobel (marcxniv da marjvniv) orbitalur sibryeebSi ganTavsebul kosmosur aparatTan. TanamgzavrTaSorisi kavSiris SenarCunebisaTvis yovel kosmosur aparatze aris oTxi jvriani saanteno meseri 36 db gaZlierebis koeficientiT. yoveli antenis mimarTulebis diagramis sigane Seadgens ď&#x201A;ť 50 -s. gamoiyeneba sixSiruli zoli 200 mhc 23,18-23,38 ghc sixSirul diapazonSi. urTierT xelSeSlebis gamosaricxavad TanamgzavrTaSoris kavSiris arxebSi sixSiris zoli 200 mhc siganiT day-
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ofilia 8 sxvadasxva sixSirul zolad, romlebic warmoqmnis kavSiris damoukidebel arxebs. informaciis gadacemis siCqare yovel arxSi Seadgens 25 mbit/wm-s. modulaciis meTodi da kodireba igivea, rac radioxazze `kosmosuri aparati-abonenti~. Secdomis SesaZlebloba 1 bit informaciaze Seadgens ara umetes 10-6-s. TanamgzavrTaSorisi kavSiris yoveli arxi moicavs 600 satelefono arxs SemWidroebis gareSe (1300 arxs informaciis SemWidroebis koeficiantiT _2,211). d) sakvanZo sadgurebi sakvanZo sadgurebi Sedegba 3 mimReb gadamcemi kompleqsisagan. TiToeul kompleqss gaaCnia swrafmoqmedi kompiuteri (romelSic inaxeba personalur terminalebze monacemTa banki) da sakomutacio mowyobiloba saerTo sargeblobis satelefono qselTan kavSirisaTvis. uwyvet reJimSi muSaobs ori mimReb-gadamcemi kompleqsi, romlebic morigeobiT asrulebs kosmosur aparatTan (romelic pirdapiri xedvis areSi mdebareobs) kavSris. mesame mimRebgadamcemi kompleqsi saTadarigoa. saWiroebis SemTvevaSi mas SeuZlia Secvalos pirveli an meore kompleqsi. 5.4.2. mobiluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistema Globastar personaluri kavSiris dabalorbituli globaluri Tanamgzavruli sistema Globastar-i SemuSavebulia korporaciebis Qualcom-is, Loral-is da agreTve mTeli rigi satelekomunikacio mowyobilobebis industriis sxva cnobili warmomadgenlebis mier.
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a) kosmosuri segmenti orbitaluri jgufis Globalstar-is SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 48 dabalorbituli Tanamgzavr-retransliatori, romlebic ganlagebulia 8 wriul orbitaze (TiToeulze eqvsi TanamgzavriT) orbitis simaRle dedamiwis zedapiridan 1414 km-s Seadgens. orbitis parametrebi (maTi daxra i=520) isea arCeuli, rom SeZlon saSualo ganedebze abonentTa momsaxureba maqsimalur siSoreze. polarul areebs (700Cg-ze da 700sg-ze zeviT) kosmosuri segmenti ar emsaxureba. (nax. 5.8).
kavSirebi, samagierod is gaTvlilia dedamiwis zedapiris uwyvet ormag gadafarvaze ( 700Cg-dan da 700sgmde CarTul sartyelSi), romelic saSualebas iZleva: _ uzrunvelyofil iqnas uwyveti kavSiri abonentis erTi sxivis moqmedebis zonidan meore sxivis moqmedebis zonaSi gadasvlisas (erTi da igive Tanamgzavris SemTxvevaSi) da erTi Tanamgzavris moqmedebis zonidan meore Tanamgzavris moqmedebis zonaSi gadasvlisas; _ mniSvnelovnad gaizardos moZrav abonentebTan telekomunikaciis saSualeba, abonentis terminalis dabnelebis efeqtis gamoricxvis meSveobiT ramdenime Tanamgzavris signalebis koherentuli gamravlebis xarjze, agreTve signalebiT, romlebic airekleba dedamiwiszeda sxvadsxva winaaRmdegobebidan.
nax. 5.8. sistema Globalstar 48 Tanamgzavri 8 orbitaze
Globalstar-is TiToeuli Tanamgzavris funqcionirebis vada metia 7,5 weliwadze (nax. 5.9). Globalstar-is sitemaSi araa gaTvaliswinebuli TanamgzavrTaSorisi
nax. 5.9. Globalstar-is kosmosuri aparatis gare xedi
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sistemas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos rogorc samomsaxuro (brZanebebis) informaciis signalebis gadacema agreTve uzrunvelyos momsaxurebis ori saxeoba: _ satelefono, faqsimiluri da peijinguri telekomunikacia; _ abonentis adgilmdebareobis (koordinatis) gansazRvra. kavSiris kargi xarisxi miiRweva xmauris msgavsi farTzolovani siganlebis saSualebiT arxebis koduri dayofiT. es saSualebas iZleva gamoyenebuli iqnas sixSiris erTi da igive diapazoni yovel 16 sxivSi romlebic yalibdeba mravalsxivuri saborto antenis meSveobiT. xmauris msgavsi farTozolovani siganlebis CamoyalibebisaTvis uolSis Tanmimdevroba gamoiyeneba. yvela signali yalibdeba erTi wyarodan, magram TiToeuls aqvs Tavisi gansazRvruli droiTi Zvra pilot-signalTan mimarTebaSi. polit-signali uolSis funqciis nulovani mimdevrobiT gadaicema (yvela niSani 0-ia). xmauris msgavsi farTzolovani signalebis gamoyenebisas sxva ucxo obieqtebidan areklili signalebi jamdeba ZiriTad signalTan mravalmxriani mimRebebis daxmarebiT, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis sistemis mdgradobas xelSeSlis mimarT. es SesaZlebels xdis agreTve uzrunvelvyoT abonentis e.w. rbili gadasvla erTi sxivis moqmedebis zonidan meore sxivis moqmedebis zonaSi telekomunikaciis daukargavad (nax. 5.10)
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am SemTxvevaSi arxebis droiTi an sixSiruli dayofis sitemebisagan gansxvavebiT gadasvlis procesSi abonentTan kavSiri narCundeba orive sxivis mxridan manam, sanam erT-erTi maTganis signalis done gansazRvrul mniSvnelobaze dabali ar gaxdeba. amgvari alogriTmi abonentis terminalSi gadarTvis xmauris gamoricxvis saSualebas iZleva. es faqtori sxva sistemebSi SeiZleba iyos smenadi. am SemTxvevaSi komunikaciis gawyvetis albaTobac Semcirebulia. signalebis koduri dayofisa da cifruli nakadis gadacemis cvladi siCqaris (1200-9699 bit/wm-Si) gamo yoveli arxis gamtanurianoba Zalian maRalia. cifruli nakadis gadacemis cvladi siCqare laparakis pauzebSi samosamsaxuro signalebis (brZanebebis) gadacemis saSualebas iZleva.
nax. 5.10. sistema Globalstar-is mravalsxiviani anteniT dedamiwis zedapiris dafarvis struqtura
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abonentis koordinatebis gansazRvris sizuste sakvanZo sadgurebis monawileobis gareSe Seadgens 10 km-s, xolo sakvanZo sadgurebisa da Tanamgzavrretransliatorebis erToblivi gamoyenebiT abonentis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvris sizustem SeiZleba miaRwios 300 m-s. a) saabonento terminalebi dReisaTvis SemuSavebulia sabonento terminalebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs rogorc kavSiriT momsaxurebas, ise obieqtis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras. saaboento terminalebi ori ti pisaa: mobiluri da stacionaruli. mobiluri saabonento terminalebi, rogorc wesi, portatulia da SeTavsebulia fiWuri kavSiris moZrav sadgurebTan. SesaZlebelia saabonento terminalebis Semdegi variantebi: _ ormoduliani varianti _ Globalstar (GS) da AMPS; _ ormoduliani varianti _ GS da GSM; _ sammoduliani varianti _ GS, AMPS da CDMA; _ standartuli saabonento terminali _ mxolod GS-sTvis. portatiuli saaboneto terminalis simZlavre Seadgens 0,6 vt-s, stacionarulisa â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3 vt-s. g) sakvanZo sadgurebi sakvanZo sadgurebi Sedgeba oTxi identuri mimReb-gadamcemi kompleqsisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli aRWurvilia midevnebis paraboluri anteniT 3,4 m-is diametriT.
TanamgzavrTaSorisi komunikacis uqonloba Globalstar-is sistemaSi iwvevs sakvanZo sadgurebis ricxvis mniSvnelovan zrdas (ramdenime aseulamde). sakvanZo sadgurebis ZiriTadi amocanebia: satelefono da peijinguri arxebis, monacemTa gadacemis arxebis organizeba da mxardaWera, agreTve moZravi (mobiluri) obieqtebis koordinatebis gansazRvris samsaxuris uzrunvelyofa. sakvanZo sadgurebis sxva funqciebs Soris unda gamoiyos saabonento termnalebis simZlavris donis regulireba. sakvanZo sadgurebis mimRebebiT izomeba TiToeuli saabonento terminalisagan miRebuli signalis done da dardeba zRurblurTan, Semdgom saabonento terminals gadaecema brZaneba misi simZlavris gazrdaze an Semcirebaze. es procedura sSualebas iZleva gaTanabrdes signalis done Tanamgzavr-retransliatoris Sesasvlelze da gaizardos saabonento terminalebis batareebis muSaobis vada. arsebuli Tanamgzavruli sistemis aqtiuri eqsploataciis vadaa _ 1997-2012 ww. kompiuteruli modelirebis Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom Globalstar-is sistemis saorbito nagebobani optimaluria aSS-is da dasavleT evropis teritoriisaTvis.
5.5. mobiluri telekomunikaciis saSualorbituli Tanamgzavruli sistemebi saSualorbituli telekomunikacis Tanamgzavrebs (MEO-Mean Earth Orbit) ganekuTvneba kosmosuri aparate-
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bi 5-15 aTas km simaRleze. saSualorbitul jgufebSi SeiZleba iyos 12 Tanamgzavri, romelTa wona 1000 kg-mde aRwevs. aseTi orbitebis SemTxvevaSi erTi Tanamgzavrretranslatoris xilvadobis dro ramdenime saaTs aRwevs, rac TanamgzavrTa ricxvis 10-12-mde Semcirebis saSualebas iZleva da amasTanave iZleva saabonento terminalebidan maTi `Tvalyuris devnebis~ kuTxeebis gazrdis saSualebas. msgavsi proeqtebidan yvelaze cnobilia Inmarsat, ICO da Odyssey, romlebic sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis da koncernebis mieraa damuSavebuli. sistemebis arqiteqtura, garda kosmosuri da samomxmareblo segmentebisa (Tanamgzavrebis orbituli jgufebi da sabonento terminalebi) moicavs kvanZuri sadgurebis radiosixSirul, xazur, komutaciur mowyobilobaTa kompleqsebs, romlebic gankuTvnilia personaluri Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis mobiluri an uZravi abonentebis saerTo sargeblobis satelefono qselis da sxva miwiszeda qselebis da samsaxurebis, maT Soris radiokavSiris fiWuri sistemis abonentebTan dasakavSireblad. saSualorbituli Tanamgzavruli sistemebis ganviTarebas ganapirobebs is faqtoric, rom kosmosuri aparatis jgufebi mdebareobs bunebrivad warmoSobil ori sxvadasxva simaRlis radiaciul sartyels Soris, rac iZleva eqsploataciis drois gazrdis saSualebas (10 wlamde). es Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan saSualo simaRlis orbitaze TanamgzavrTa gayvana, dabal orbitasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro Zviri jdeba. kosmosur aparatTa jgufebis
ganlagebis simaRlis mixedviT signalis gavrcelebis dayovneba meryeobs 40-dan 140 mwm-de, rac SeumCnevelia laparakis smeniTi aRqmisaTvis. saimedo telekomunikaciis uzrunvelsayofad dedamiwis umetes regionebze sakmarisia TanamgzavrTa SedarebiT mcire raodenoba _ 9 (maTi ricxvis 12-mde gazrdis SemTxvevaSi xdeba globaluri momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa).
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5.5.1. mobiluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistema Inmarsat pirveli globaluri mobiluri telekomunikacis Tanamgzavruli sistema Inmarsat-A saeqspluataciod Seyvanil iqna 1982 w-s, sazRvao Tanamgzavruli telekomunikacis organizaciis Inmarsat-is (International Maritime Satelite Telecommunications Organization) mier. dasawyisisaTvis sitemis daniSnuleba iyo curvaSi myof sazRvao xomaldebTan saimedo telekomunikaciis uzrunvelyofa. mogvianebiT misi gamoyeneba daiwyes saxmeleTo da sahaero samsaxurebmac. magram maSinve cxadi iyo, rom imis gamo, rom gamoiyeneboda ZviradRirebuli specialuri aparatura, am sistemis komerciul gamomyenebelTa ricxvi SezRuduli iqneboda. dReisaTvis saerTaSoriso organizacia Inmarsat komerciul safuZvelze gvTavazobs globalur radiosatelefono, satelefaqso, faqsimiluri kavSiris, monacemTa da specialuri radiogamoZaxebis gacvlis momsaxurebebs. organizacia Inmarsat-s gaaCnia saerTaSoriso statusi. sistemis mier SeTavazebuli momsaxurebebi farTod gamoiyeneba mraval qveyanaSi mxolod da mxolod mSvidobiani miznebisaTvis.
saerTaSoriso organizacia Inmarsat-Si Semavali qveynebis interesebs warmoadgenen mTavrobis mier uflebamosili mowinave saxelmwifo organizaciebi. 1993 wlis ivlisSi saerTaSoriso organizacia Inmarsat-ma gadawyvita aeSenebina satelekomunikacio sistema MEO-sa da GEO-s gamoyenebiT. gadawyvetileba efuZneboda Semdegi faqtorebis fundametaluri gamokvlevebis Sedegebs: Rirebuleba, sistemasTan urTierTqmedeba, SedarebiTi sirTule da riski, romelic dakavSirebulia TanamgzavrTa didi ricxvis warmoeba-danergvasa da marTvasTan. 1994 wlis maisSi, yovelmxrivi analizis Semdeg, miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba satelekominikacio sistemis safuZvelSi CaedoT koncefcia da CaetarebinaT gamokvlevebi perspeqtiuli sistemis InmarsatP-s SemuSavebis mizniT, romelic eqspluataciaSi Sevida 2000 w-s. dReisaTvis sistema Inmarsat moicavs 6 mudmivmoqmed Tanamgzavr-retransliators, romelic ganTavse-
bulia geostacionarul orbitaze, rac atlantis, wynari da indoeTis okeaneebis ekvatoriebis srulad momsaxurebis saSualebas iZlevva. (nax. 5.11). a) sistemaSi uzrunvelyofili momsaxurebebi rogorc aRiniSa, dReisaTvis moqmedebs telekomunikacis 6 sistema, romlebic gamoiyenebs geostacionalur kosmosur aparatebs sazRvao da saxmeleTo moZravi obieqtebis komerciuli momsaxurebis uzrunvelsayofad: Inarsat-A, B, C, D, P. sistema InmarsatP sruliad integrirebulia miwiszeda fiWur racxrili 5.3. SemoRebis weli 1982 1991 1993 1994-95
1996-97 1996 1999-2000
telekomunikaciis saSualeba
sistmeuri standarti
monacemTa gadacemis saxomaldo terminalebi monacemTa gadacemis gadasatani portatiuli terminali cifruli satelefono kavSiris gadasatani prtatuli terminali cifruli satelefono kavSiris da monacemTa nakadTa gadacemis saxomaldo terminalebi gadasatani Laptop-is tipis cifruli telefoni peijeri xelis cifruli telefoni `pocet-siceâ&#x20AC;? da abonentis adgilmdebareobis ganmsazRvreli terminali
Inmarsat-A Inmarsat-C Inmarsat-M Inmarsat-B
Inmarsat-M (min) Inmarsat-D Inmarsat-P
diosistemebSi, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis kosmosuri segmentis gamoyenebis moqnilobas. personaluri saSualebebis ganviTarebis perspeqtiva Inmarsat-is sistemaSi naCvenebia cxr. 5.3-Si.
nax. 5.11. Inmarsat-is perspeqtiuli da momqmedi sistemebi
b) sistema Inmarsat-A sistema Inmarsat-A, rogorc globaluri sistema 1982 wlidan muSaobs. amJamad sistema uzrunvelyofs 17 aTasze met saxomaldo sadgurs satelefono, sateleqso da faqsimiluri kavSiriT, agreTve
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uzrunvelyofs monacemTa gadacemis maRal siCqares. Inmarsat-A-s terminalebs gamoiyeneben naklebad moZrav obieqtebze (xomaldebze da komerciul TviTmfrinaveze) agreTve stacionarul obiqtebze, romlebic mdebareoben monacemTa gadacemis mwiszeda samsaxurebis moqmedebis zonis gareT. g) sistema Inmarsat-C sistema Inmarsat-C komerciul eqsploataciaSi Seyvanilia 1991 wlidan. is uzrunvelyofs monacemTa da sateleqso SetyobinebaTa gadacemas Sualeduri SenaxviT SF (Store an Forward) mcire zomis da msubuqi terminalebis saSualebiT. dReisaTvis muSaobs Inmarsat-C-s 10 aTasamde terminali, romlebic ganlagebulia sxvdasxva moZrav obieqtebze. sistema Inmarsat-C iTvleba mniSvnelovan saSualebad globaluri sazRvao telekomunikacis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, ubedurebis (katastrofis) SemTxvevaSi, aseve maTi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. d) sistema Inmarsat-M sistema Inmarsat-M komerciul eqsploataciaSi Sesulia 1993 wels da ormxrivi cifruli satelefono kavSiris garda, uzrunvelyofs monacemTa da sateleqso informaciebis gadacemas iaffasiani da msubuqi terminalebis saSualebiT (siCqare 2,4 kbit/ wm). sistema Inmarsat-M uzrunvelyofs agreTve interfeiss eleqtronuli fostis paketuri komunikacis qselebSi monacemTa gadacemisaTvis. dReisaTvis moqmedebs Inmarsat-M-is 1000-ze meti terminali, romlebic ganTavsebulia sxvadasxva moZrav obieqtebze. sistemaSi gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove cifruli
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teqnologia, rac gamoyofili sixSiris diapazonis da bortuli gadamcemis gamoyenebis efeqturobis gazrdis sSualebas iZleva. terminali Inmarsat-M portatul SesrulebaSi Tavsdeba keisSi. am terminals damatebiT SeuZlia CarTos portatuli Notebook-is ti pis kompiuteruli an mcire gabarituli printeri. Inmarsat-M-is (mini) terminalebi warmoadgens cifrul telefonebs daaxloebiT 700 gr. woniT. romelic Tavisi formiT gvagonebs mciregabaritian radiosadgurebs. e) sistema Inmarsat-B sistema Inmarsat-B Sesulia eqsploataciaSi 1994-95 ww-Si da gaTvaliswinebulia sistema Inmarsat-A-s SecvlisaTvis. is gvTavazobs analogiur momsaxurebas (telefoni, teleqsi, faqsi, monacemaTa gadacema), magram ufro dabali tarifebiT, rac miiRweva Tanamgzavr-retranslatorebis ufro efeqturi gamoyenebiT. 1994 wlis dasawyisisaTvis eqsploataciaSi Seyvanil iqna sistema Inmarsat-B-s 11 sanapiro sadguri, romlebic axorcielebs interfeiss saerTo gamoyenebis satelefono qselebTan. maTi, raodenoba swrafad izrdeba. seriuli warmoeba aTvisebulia msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis mravali firmis mier. v) sistema Inmarsat-D sistema Inmarsat-D _ abonentebisagan SetyobinebaTa gadacemis calmxrivi samsaxuri _ warmoadgens peijinguri qslebis bunebriv gafarToebas. aq gaTvalswinebulia peijerebis ramdenime varianti: _ peijeri informaciis printerze dokumentirebuli gamosasvleliT;
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_ ori peijeri, romlebic CaSenebulia keisSi mis sigrZeze ganlagebiT, moZraobis dros miRebis xarisxis gazrdisaTvis da momxmareblis sxeulis mier blokirebisagan dacvisaTvis; _ peijeri, romelic gaerTianebulia Laptop-is tipis Inmarsat-M (mini)-s terminalTan; _ peijeri avtomobilisaTvis, yovelmxrivi mimarTulobis antenasTan CarTviT; _ stacionaluri peijeri koleqtiuri gamoyenebisaTvis. z) sistema Inmarsat-P sistema Inmarsat-P XXI saukunis saerTaSoriso proeqtia, romelic organizacia Inmarsat-is yvela monawilis TanamSromlobas da gamoyenebebs efuZneba, agreTve kosmosuri warmoebis da satelekomunikacio mowyobilobebis damamzadebeli kompaniebis eqspertebis daskvnebs. proeqtis koncefcia warmoadgens sistema Inmarsat-is Tanamgzavruli satelekomunikacio samsaxuris personalur terminalebis mTeli ojaxis swrafad danegvis strategias. eqspertebis SefasebiT Inmarsat-is sistemebis (strategiuli moZravi telekomunikacia) gamomyeneblebis ricxvi aWarbebs 25 mln-s. XXI saukuneSi maTi ricxvi mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba. sistema Inmarsat-P viTardeba, pirvel rigSi, rogorc samsaxuri, romelSic ufro farTo gavrcelebas poulobs Tanamgzavruli telefonebi. misi saSualebiT agreTve SesZlebelia cifruli telekomunikacis erovnul fiWur sistemebTan integracia: GSM, DAMPS da sxv.
5.5.2. mobiluri telekomunikaciis T anamgz avr u l i si st ema Odyssey saSualoorbituli personaluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistema Odyssey SemuSavebulia firmebis TRW da Teleglobe Inc-is mier, romlebmac kosmosur sistemaSi 12 Tanamgzavr-retrasliatori CarTes da isini wriul orbitazea ganlagebuli. orbitaTa simaRle Seadgens 10,4 aTas km-s. dedamiwis globaluri mocvis uzrunvelsayofad Tanamgzavrebi ganlagebulia sam sibrtyeSi i=550-is daxriT. TiToeul orbitaze mdebareobs 4 Tanamgzavri (nax. 5.12), rac dedamiwis zedapiris metad saWiro regionebis teritoriidan (momsaxurebis bazris TvalsazrisiT) erTdroulad ori kosmosuri aparatis xedvis uzrunvelyofis saSualebas iZleva. erTdroulad ori Tanamgzavris xedvis saSualeba miwiszeda terminalebs nebas rTavs imuSaos adgi-
nax. 5.12. sistema Odussey 12 Tanamgzavri 3 orbitaze
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lis maRali kuTxiT (450-ze meti) dedamiwis TiTqmis nebismier wertilSi. es movlena mniSvnelovnad zrdis radiokavSiris saimedobas, radgan maRlivi Senobebi da sxva winaaRmdegobebi praqtikulad ver moqmedeben signalebis gavrcelebaze. sistemaSi gamoiyeneba farTozolovani signalebi da mravalsadguriani SeRwevis meTodi arxebis koduri dayofiT. gadacemis oqmi mTlianad Seesabameba fiWuri radiotelefonebis satelekomunikacio sistemis oqms. sistema Odyssey-is proeqtirebisas gaTvaliswinebuli iyo personaluri terminalebis potenciuri gamomyeneblebis Semdegi ZiriTadi moTxovnebi: _ dupleqsuri satelefono telekomunikaciis uzrunvelyofa laparakis maRalxarisxovani kodirebis gamoyenebiT; _ dedamiwis nebismieri wertilidan sistemaSi pirdapiri SeRwevis uzrunvelyofa; _ SeTavsebadobis uzrunvelyofa miwiszeda fiWur sistemebTan (miwiszeda terminalebis muSaobis ori rejimis uzrunvelyofa); _ peijinguri telekomunikaciis momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa asoiT monacemTa cifrul gadacemebTan erTad; _ ekologiuri normebis da standartebis uzrunvelyofa.
aseTi sadgurebis SemadgenlobaSia 4 mimdevni antena 3,3 m diametriT, romlebic SeiZleba dacilebul iqnas ZiriTadi mowyobilobisgan 30 km-iT. 3 antena gamoiyeneba TanamgzavrebTan operatiuli telekomunikaciisTvis, xolo meoTxe-Tanamgzavrze samomsaxuro (damxmare) informaciis gadacemisaTvis. radganac Odyssey-is sistemaSi ar gamoiyeneba TanamgzavrTaSorisi telekomunikacia, amitom, zona, romelsac emsaxureba TiToeuli Tanamgzavri, mkacradaa mibmuli dedamiwis zedapiris gansazRvrul adgilebTan. amis uzrunvelyofa xdeba imiT, rom Tanamgzavris antenebi warmoqmnis 10 sxivs mimarTulobis diagramis siganiT 50, romelTagan TiToeuli mimarTulia dakvirvebis Sesabamisi zonisaken. radganac sagamomyeneblo terminali yovelTvis mdebareobs dakvirvebis erT-erT zonaSi, telekomunikacia sxvadasxva antenebTan xorcieldeba Tanamgzavrisa da kvanZuri sadguris saSualebiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs saerTo momsaxurebis satelefono qselSi SeRwevas. mosalodnelia, rom sistemis ZiriTadi momxmarebeli iqneba saxelmwifo samsaxurebi da marTvis organoebi, romlebic saWiroebs garkveul mobilur telekomunikacias, agreTve mosaxleobis is nawili, romelic cxovrobs SedarebiT moSorebul teritoriaze, sadac cudadaa ganviTarebuli miwiszeda satelefono qselebi.
kvanZuri sadgurebi mobiluri abonetebis saerTo momsaxurebis miwiszeda satelefono qselebis abonentebTan kavSiris uzrunvelsayofad, iseve rogorc sxva sistemebSi, gamoiyeneba kvanZuri sadgurebi. yoveli
5.5.3. mobiluri telekomunikaciis Tanamgzavruli sistema ELLIPSO sistema ELLIPSO SemuSavebulia korporacia ELLIPSAT Corp (aSS)-is mier israelis, kanadis, meqsikis da avstraliis kompaniebTan erTad. sistema ELLIP-
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SO-s daniSnulebaa ganaviTaros satelekomunikacio samsaxuri im momxmarebelTa sasargeblod, romlebic cudad arian uzrunvelyofilni mobiluri da satel eko mu ni kac i o sams axu r ebi T . ami s aT vi s 1995 wl i d an Sei qmna ko smo su r i segment i , r o mel i c Sed geba T anamgz avr -r et r ansl i at o r ebi sagan, r o ml ebi c ganl agebu l i a s aSu al o s i maRl i s (8 aT asi km) el i f s u r o r bi t ebz e d a abo nent ebi s si st emaSi pi r d api r i SeRwevi s mi wi sz ed a saSu al ebebi sagan. a) orbituli jgufebis ganlagebis Tavisebu re be bi sistema ELLIPSO unikaluria momsaxurebis TiTqmis globaluri zonis dayofis mxriv. dedamiwis zedapiris CrdiloeT da samxreT nawilebad pirobiTi dayofis dros SemmuSaveblebma gaiTvaliswines, rom CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi (400 Cg) mosaxleobis simWidrove gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre samxreTSi. CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi 400 C.g-is zeviT ganlagebulia TiTqmis mTeli evropa, aSS-s naxevari, iaponiis nawili da mTlianad yofili ssrk da kanada. samxreT naxevarsferoSi mosaxleoba Tavmoyrilia, ZiriTadad, 0-dan 400sg-mde teritoriaze. zemoT aRniSnuli Taviseburebebi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sistemebis proeqtirebisas, ramac ganapiroba kosmosuri aparatis orbitaluri jgufebis Seqmna. orive orbitaluri jgufis kosmosuri aparatis orbitebis parametrebi mocemulia cxr. 5.4-Si. sistema ELLIPSO-s kosmosuri segmenti dedamiwis zedapiris globaluri mimoxilvisaTvis Sedgeba kosmosuri aparatis ori orbitaluri jgufisaTvis.
cxrili 5.4 orbitebis parametrebi
Or Barealis
Or Concordia
apogeis simaRle, km.
7840
7840
perigeis simaRle, km.
520
7840
daxra, grad.
116,6
0
2
1
4
6
3
4,67
sibrtyeTa ricxvi kosmosuri
aparatebis
ricxvi erT orbitaze mimarTvis periodi, sT.
kosmosuri aparatis pirveli orbitaluri jgufi (Or Borealis) Sedgeba 8 Tanamgzavrisagan, romlebic ganlagebulia or daxril (i=116,60) elifsur orbitaze da gaTvaliswinebulia naxevarsferos momsaxurebisaTvis. orbitebis apogeas da perigeas Sesabamisad gaaCniaT simaRleebi 7840 da 520 km, amasTan Tanamgzavris Semovlis dro Seadgens daaxloebiT 3 sT-s. meore orbitaluri jgufi (Or Concordia) Sedgeba Tanamgzavrebisagan, romlebic ganlagebulia wriul ekvatorul orbitaze 8 aTas km simaRleze da emsaxureba umTavresad dedamimiwis samxreT naxevarsferos, mTlianad moicavs ra CrdiloeTis da samxreTis subzonebis tropikebs (nax. 5.13).
nax. 5.13. sistema Elipso 14 Tanamgzavri 3 orbitaze
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momavlisaTvis dagegmilia CrdiloeT naxevarsferos momsaxurebisaTvis TanamgzavrTa ricxvis 12mde gazrda. isini ganlagdeba or elifsur orbitaze. 3 damatebiTi Tanamgzavris gayvana saSualebas iZleva uzrunvelyofil iqnas CrdiloeT naxevarsferos mTeli moculobis da nawilobriv samxreT naxevarsferos momsaxurebis realizeba. ekvatoriul orbitaze 6 Tanamgzavris ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba uwyveti telekomunikaciis uzrunvelyofa orive naxevarsferos tropikul zonaSi. TanamgzavrTa ricxvis 9-mde gazrda mogvcems 400 sg-s da 400 Cg-s Soris regionebis ormagi dafarvis realizebis saSualebas. sistemis Tanamgzavrebs gaaCniT SedarebiT patara wona (688-730 kg). Tanamgzavris antena ayalibebs 8 sxivs, romlebic abonentTan kavSirisaTvis muSaoben L da S diapazonebSi. saborto gadamcemis gamosxivebis simZlavre Seadgens 20-25 vt-s. TanamgzavrTa (5mde) samuSao orbitebze gayvanisaTvis SesaZlebelia erTi raketamatareblis gamoyeneba.
izaciis Secvlis saSualeba, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis telekomunikaciis arxebis raodenobas. farTozolovani signalebis parametrebi arCeulia koduri dayofiT momuSave miwiszeda fiWuri qselebis rekomendirebul standartebTan miaxloebaSi. aseTi midgoma moiTxovs minimalur danaxarjebs saabonento terminalebis damuSavebisas maTi radiosatelefono telekomunikaciis fiWur qselebSi gamoyenebisaTvis. telekomunikacia Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebTan xorcieldeba, rogorc kvanZuri sadgurebis, ise saabonento terminalebis (romlebsac SeuZliaT or reJimSi muSaoba) meSveobiT. pirvel reJimSi xorcieldeba telekomunikaca Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebTan, xolo meore reJimSi xdeba miwiszeda fiWuri telekomunikaciis sistemebSi muSaobis uzrunvelyofa.
b) saabonento sadgurebi. sistema ELLIPSO gamiznulia ara marto mobiluri personaluri telekomunikaciis momsaxurebisaTvis, aramed telefaqsebis gadacemisaTvis peijinguri da eleqtronuli fostis telekomunikaciisaTvis. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sistemas SeuZlia momsaxurebis gaweva abonentTa adgilmdebareobis dasadgenad. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba fsevdoSemTxveviTi Tanmimdevrobebi, romelbic ayalibeben farTozolovan signalebs L da S-diapazonebSi (nax. 5.14). farTozolovani signalebis gamoyenebis cnobili upiratesobebis garda Elipso-s sistemaSi arsebobs saabonento antenis sxvadasxva sxivebSi signalebis polar-
nax. 5.14. sistema Elipso-s kavSiris struqtura
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Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebis eqspluataciaSi Seyvanis procesi moicavs ramodenime ti ps. pirvel etapze gaSvebuli iqneba 8 Tanamgzavri eli ptikur orbitaze dedamiwis CrdiloeT naxevarsferos telekomunikaciiT mocvis mizniT. meore etapze ekvatorul orbitaze gayvanili unda iqnes 6 damatebiTi Tanamgzavri. TanamgzavrTa Semdgomi gaSvebebi ganxorcieldeba bazris moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. yvela qveyanaSi, sadac dagegmilia Ellipso-s sistemis gamoyeneba, aucilebelia ara nakleb erTi kvanZuri sadguris da regionaluri qseluri centris dadgma, raTa ganxorcieldes urTierTqmedeba fiWur da saerTo sargeblobis satelefono qselTan. 5. 6.
mobiluri telekomunikaciis sistemebi geostacionaruli Tanamgzavrebis gamoyenebiT personaluri telekomunikaciis realizeba SesaZlebelia im Tanamgzavr-retransliatorTa daxmarebiT, romlebic ganTavsebulia geostacionarul orbitaze GEO (Geostationary earth Orbit) da romlebic `dakidulia~ dedamiwis winaswar arCeuli wertilebis Tavze. aseTi `dakidva~ uzrunvelyofilia orbitis simaRliT (35 875 km), romelzedac kosmosuri aparatis gadaadgilebis siCqare emTxveva dedamiwis brunvis siCqares. geostacionaruli Tanamgzavrebis gamoyenebiT agebuli sistemebi (dedamiwis zedapiris gansazRvruli wertilebis Tavze maTi mdebareobis mudmivobis gamo) ganapirobebs rig upiratesobebs globaluri telekomunikaciis dros. esenia:
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_ telekomunikaciis Seferxebis ar arseboba kosmosuri aparatisa da momxmareblis terminalis erTdrouli gadaadgilebis gamo telekomunikaciis seansis dros; _ dedamiwis zedapiris 95%-is telekomunikaciiT mocva im sistemebis mier, romlebic mxolod 3 geostacionaruli Tanamgzavrisagan Sedgeba; _ TanamgzavrTaSorisi telekomunikaciis ganxorcielebis aucileblobis ar arseboba, mag. dabalorbituli sistemebisagan gansxvavebiT. cnobilia, rom Tanamgzavruli saabonento terminalebis umetesobas, romlebic gamoiyeneben VSAT-is teqnologias, emsaxureba Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebi, romelbic geostacionarul orbitaze mdebareobs. geostacionaruli orbitis simaRle sakmaod didia, amitom aseT Tanamgzavrul sistemebs gaaCnia erTi didi nakli-signalis gadacemasa da miRebas Soris didi dayovneba. amas garda damatebiTi dayovneba Seaqvs atmosferos da VSAT terminalebis da Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebis mimReb-gadamcem aparaturas. dayovnebis warmoSobas praqtikaSi mivyavarT imasTan, rom ori mosaubris satelefono saubris dros gamudmebiT warmoiSoba pauzebi, rac Zalian aRizianebs abonentebs. dayovnebis arsebobam SeiZleba migviyvanos satelefono telekomunikaciis gamoyenebis winaaRmdegobasTan, radgan amis Sedegad SesaZlebelia urTierTqmedeba monacemTa gadacemis sxva qselebTan. sinamdvileSi vinaidan geostacionaruli orbita mdebareobs dedamiwis zedapiridan 36000 km-is manZilze, amitom dayovneba, radiosignalis gavrcelebis siCqaris SezRudulobis gamo, Seadgens daax-
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loebiT 520 mwm-s. Tu signali erTxel gaivlis gzas Tanamgzavr-retransliatoramde da ukan (2X260=520 mwm). Seferxebis sxva CamoTvlili mizezebi did rols ar TamaSobs. monacemTa gadacemis dros dayovneba sruliad SeumCnevelia da SeiZleba gamoixatos urTierTgacvlis siCqaris mcire vardniT. am naklis ugulvebelsayofad gamoiyeneba specialuri oqmebi. rac Seexeba satelefono telekomunikacias, signalis dayovneba igrZnoba Zalian Zlierad da satelekomunikacio arxis mimarT maRali moTxovnebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba miuRebeli iyos. ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze SemuSavebulia Tanamgzavruli GEO sistemis ramdenime proeqti, personaluri telekomunikaciis uzrunvelsayofad es aris proeqtebi: APMT (Asia Pacific Mobil Telecommunications), ASC (Afro-Asian Satellite Communications), ACS (Asia Cellular Satellite) da sxva. maTi ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebaa mravalsxiviani antenebiani (diametriT 12 m da meti) Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebis gamoyeneba. personaluri telekomunikaciis sistemebs geostacionaruli Tanamgzavrebis safuZvelze potencialurad SeuZliaT im momsaxurebebis miniWeba, romlebic dabalorbituli sistemebis momsaxurebebis tolfasia, Tu dedamiwis zedapirze Camoyalibebuli fiWebi daaxloebiT erTnairi iqneba. amasTan kosmosuri aparatis saabonento antenis zomebi, romlebic aucilebelia mimarTulobis viwro diagramis CamoyalibebisaTvis, unda iyos didi, magram Tanamedrove teqnologiis SesaZleblobis farglebSi. aseTi rTuli antenis kosmosSi gaSla (Semotrialeba) da geostabilizacia dakavSirebulia did teqnologiur riskTan, rac ganmsazRvreli faqtoria SemuSavebadi proeqtebis ekonomikuri efeqtu-
robis Sefasebis dros. mocemul monakveTSi Semotanilia saTanamgzavro personaluri telekomunikaciis sistemebis rigi proeqtebi geostacionaruli Tanamgzavrebis gamoyenebiT.
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5.6.1. Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis sistemis Comsat-is ganviTarebis koncefc ia firma Comsat Laboratories (aSS) gamokvlevebi personaluri Tanamgzavruli telekomunikaciis sistemis agebis Semqnis saSualebas iZleva geostacionaluri Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebis safuZvelze. SemoTavazebuli Tanamgzavruli jgufi Sedgeba 3 kosmosuri aparatisagan da gankuTvnilia dedamiwis zedapiris kvaziglobaluri aTvisebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis (nax.5.15).
nax. 5.15. sistema Comsat 3 geostacionalur orbitaze
kosmosuri aparatis Tanamgzavruli qveda zona yalibdeba erTmaneTTan Serwymuli eqvswaxnagovani fiWebis Seqmnis gziT. amasTan yoveli fiWis forma ganisazRvreba Sesabamisi bortuli saanteno sistemis sxivis diagramiT. imisaTvis,rom Camoyalibdes dedamiwis zedapirze erTmaneTTan Serwymuli eqvswaxnagovani fiWebi kosmosuri aparatis bortuli antena unda iyos didi. nax. 5.16-ze mocemulia eqvskuTxa (gegsagonaluri) fiWebis Serwymis (erTobliobis) fragmenti da maTi Sesabamisi garemocva, wertilebSi, sadac signalis Sesustebis done (centrTan SedarebiT) Seadgens 4 da 3 db-s.
nax. 5.17. fiWis formireba erTeuli sxiviT
nax. 5.17-ze warmodgenilia momsaxurebis zonis fragmenti antenis mimarTulobis diagramis siganiT 1,10, romlis sxivic skanirebas axdens adgilis kuTxiT 140 ekvatoridan CrdiloeT polusisaken. dedamiwis zedapirze sxivis gadaadgilebisas iqmneba 600 dan 19200 km-mde zomis fiWebi. bortuli saanteno sistemis konstruqciuli gadawyvetilebebis gasamartiveblad da regionebis momsaxurebaSi zedmetobis SemcirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba Tanamgzavris mimoxilvis qveda zonis kontinentebis da okeaneebis dayofa da maTTvis sxvadasxva zomis fiWebis Camoyalibeba. xmeleTis zemoT yalibdeba mimarTulobis diagrama 10 siganiT, xolo okeanis zemoT _ 30-iT.
nax. 5.16. eqvskuTxa fiWebis erToblioba
Tanamgzavris mimoxilvis qveda zonaSi fiWuri struqturis gamoyeneba ganapirobebs sixSireebis mravaljerad gamoyenebas. fiWis forma da zoma ganisazRvreba antenis mimarTulobis diagramis erTi sxiviT.
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sistemaSi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT arxebis droiTi dayofis meTodi 7 droiTi kadris gamoyenebiT, Sesabamisad fiWebisaTvis indeqsiT A-dan G-mde. amasTan, arxebis droiTi da sixSiruli dayofis safuZvelze SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnas telekomunikaciis maRali saimedoba.
nax. 5.18. xmeleTis, atlantikis da wynari okeaneebis akvatoriis Tanamgzavrsqveda fiWuri struqtura
b) bortuli antenis SemuSavebis teqnkuri aspeqtebi pirdapir da uku radioxazebSi gamoiyeneba L diapazoni. 10-iani mimarTulobis diagramis gaangariSebuli farTisaTvis L diapazonis bortuli antenis zoma Seadgens daaxloebiT 14 m-s. ufro viwro sxivebisaTvis (0,50 da naklebi) antenis zoma mk veTr ad izrd eba da aWarbe bs praq tiku li realizaciis saSualebebs uaxloesi momavlisaTvis.
nax. 5.18-ze warmodgenilia atlantikis da wynari okeaneebis akvatoriebis fiWuri struqtura. a) sixSireebis mravaljeradi gamoyeneba arxebis dayofisaTvis mravaljeradi gamoyenebadi sixSireebis ricxvi GEO-s sistemaSi damokidebulia interferenciuli xelSeSlebis dasaSveb doneze, romelic warmoiqmneba im sxivebs Soris, romlebic Serwymul fiWebs emsaxureba. am sxivebis Sesabamisi fiWebi aRiniSneba asoebiT A-dan G-mde. sixSiruli diapazonis gamoyenebis efeqturoba telekomunikaciis sistemaSi damokidebulia SeRwevis meTodze, sixSiruli arxebis ricxvze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganisazRvreba moTxovnebiT, romlebsac telekomunikaciis xarisxs uyeneben.
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ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT
gadaeca
warmoebas
28.05.2009.
xelmowerilia
dasabeWdad
15.06.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 12. tiraJi 100 egz.
sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77
gamomcemloba `momavlidan~, q. Tbilisi, 26 maisis moedani #1