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/$ &2081,7$Âˇ &5,67,$1$ ', )5217( $//( )5$*,/,7$Âˇ )$0,/,$5, ( $//( 6,78$=,21, ', 6(3$5$=,21( ',925=,2 2 1829$ 81,21( Il desiderio di mettersi in ascolto In questi anni vi sono stati diversi interventi del Papa o dei Vescovi su questi argomenti, soprattutto dal punto di vista pastorale. Di fronte a tali interventi oggi piĂš frequenti che nel passato, potrebbe insorgere la critica che si tratta di gesti di una Chiesa che, secondo lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;opinione di tanti, in passato ha ignorato o peggio tartassato i separati, divorziati o risposati ed ora, investita dallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;aumento di queste situazioni, Ă¨ come costretta a venire a patti per non perdere una grande fetta dei suoi fedeli; qualcuno potrebbe anche giungere a dire che Ă¨ troppo semplice fare ora discorsi dolci o accomodanti, ma che poi in realtĂ non risolvono i problemi, almeno come si vorrebbe. La prima cosa da fare Ă¨ quella di aprire un dialogo piĂš pacato e sereno dentro la Chiesa con queste persone, senza veli o barriere che travisino o deformino il volto reale delle persone; cercare cioĂ¨ di guardarsi come persone che valgono proprio in quanto persone, come fratelli che condividono lo stesso progetto umano, come ďŹ gli dello stesso Dio che ama sempre e ciascuno in modo incommensurabile. Ă&#x2C6; importante sciogliere quei piccoli o grandi grumi interiori che impediscono il dialogo, ostacolano lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;incontro: certo, da entrambe le parti. Deposti giudizi o pregiudizi, condanne o recriminazioni occorre lasciare il posto alla comprensione ďŹ duciosa e alla ricerca di ciĂ˛ che autenticamente puĂ˛ essere oggi il bene e la felicitĂ dei singoli e della comunitĂ tutta. Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altra parte questo fu lo stile di GesĂš nellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;incontrare le persone: entrava nelle loro case, parlava con loro senza guardare in faccia a nessuno o meglio guardando nel loro cuore, preoccupato solo di portare a tutti il dono della sua salvezza; e davvero chi si lasciava incontrare da Lui si sentiva avvolto da una dolcezza che trasformava tutta la sua vita. Avviare un dialogo con spirito cristiano, cioĂ¨ in uno spirito di condivisione e di comunione, signiďŹ ca riconoscere la presenza dello Spirito di GesĂš in tutti i fedeli, non solo nei pastori ma anche in quei separati, divorziati o risposati che pur con sofferenza stanno cercando di lasciarsi animare e guidare dalla Parola di Dio, perchĂŠ â&#x20AC;&#x153;il Signore Ă¨ vicino a chi ha il cuore feritoâ&#x20AC;? (Sal34,19). Regola fondamentale nel dialogo Ă¨ che, prima di parlare, vi sia un ascolto attento dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altro; e questo vale anche nei confronti di chi si trova in situazioni matrimoniali particolari: chi magari sta ancora vivendo in un subbuglio di sentimenti per la separazione da poco avvenuta; chi Ă¨ alle prese con una faticosa riorganizzazione della propria vita, una volta rimasto solo; chi Ă¨ immerso nelle tensioni per la gestione dei ďŹ gli (loro che sono parti innocenti di ogni divisione familiare); chi con impegno Ă¨ riuscito a rimettersi in piedi con una seria rielaborazione del proprio vissuto, o chi al contrario sta ancora vagando a destra e a sinistra alla ricerca di qualcosa che riempia il vuoto interiore e che ridia senso alla sua vita, per non lasciarsi sopraffare dalla depressione o dalla disperazioneâ&#x20AC;Ś; chi, in ďŹ ne, ha fatto la scelta, come si dice, di rifarsi una vita con unâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altra persona da cui magari ha avuto dei ďŹ gli: nuove unioni, a volte piĂš riuscite delle prime, a volte con gli stessi problemi, a volte piĂš fragili e complicate. La conoscenza delle situazioni di vita non si puĂ˛ dare per scontata, soprattutto quando Ă¨ variegata e complessa. CiĂ˛ che si sente con insistenza Ă¨ â&#x20AC;&#x153;perchĂŠâ&#x20AC;?: perchĂŠ mi Ă¨ capitato questo? perchĂŠ proprio a me? perchĂŠ non ho potuto o saputo realizzare il progetto piĂš bello e importante della mia vita? perchĂŠ mi ha tradito o tradita? perchĂŠ devo vivere in questa solitudine? perchĂŠ la vita Ă¨ cosĂŹ difďŹ cile e complicata? perchĂŠ gli altri non mi capiscono, anzi mi giudicano e mi condannano? perchĂŠ non posso avere unâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altra possibilitĂ ? perchĂŠ gli altri non accettano le mie nuove scelte?â&#x20AC;Ś E cosĂŹ tanti altri perchĂŠ, ďŹ no ad arrivare anche alla Chiesa e persino a Dio: perchĂŠ Lui ha permesso lo sfascio del mio matrimonio, anzi del matrimonio che Lui stesso ha benedetto? perchĂŠ non Ă¨ intervenuto quando lo invocavo con tutto il cuore? perchĂŠ la Chiesa non mi Ă¨ stata di aiuto? perchĂŠ non la sento vicina ed anzi mi sento come emarginato e penalizzato?â&#x20AC;Ś Non Ă¨ facile nĂŠ immediato rispondere a queste domande, a vicende di vita cosĂŹ cariche di sofferenza, cosĂŹ complesse da interpretare, cosĂŹ gravide di responsabilitĂ o di corresponsabilitĂ ; non Ă¨ facile dare una risposta nĂŠ per chi Ă¨ direttamente coinvolto nĂŠ per chi, come sacerdoti, e non solo, vorrebbero dallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;esterno offrire una consolazione o un incoraggiamento. Forse alcune di queste domande sono destinate a rimanere senza risposta o forse le risposte arriveranno piĂš tardi; rimane comunque il dovere nella Chiesa di cercare di avviare un dialogo, con pazienza e cordialitĂ , lasciandosi illuminare da una Parola piĂš grande, lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;unica che puĂ˛ raggiungere la profonditĂ del cuore e saziarlo, rasserenarlo e rappaciďŹ carlo. I nodi cruciali: essere capiti, capire, capirsi; essere accettati, accettare, accettarsi. Ritengo che oggi i nodi cruciali attorno a cui si intrecciano le relazioni con i cristiani separati, divorziati o risposati siano i seguenti: da una parte, il desiderio di queste persone di essere capiti e accettati nella loro situazione e dallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altra la richiesta della Chiesa di essere lei pure capita e accetta nella sua dottrina. Ognuno vorrebbe essere compreso; ma ciĂ˛ non puĂ˛ avvenire se non câ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ă¨ insieme la capacitĂ di comprendere lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altro, avendo come meta ďŹ nale quella di â&#x20AC;&#x153;capirsi e accettarsiâ&#x20AC;?. Se uno si Ă¨ sposato in chiesa vuol dire che credeva in quel progetto, vi aveva messo la sua speranza; e allora certamente non Ă¨ stato piacevole dover interrompere quel sogno, vederlo andare in pezzi; câ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ă¨ dolore grande in ogni separazione: sia per chi la procura che per chi la subisce. Forse proprio per questo chi Ă¨ separato chiede anzitutto di essere capito: se si Ă¨ giunti ad una separazione signiďŹ ca che si sono inceppati o compromessi i dinamismi di una relazione coniugale in sĂŠ splendida ma anche tanto delicata; signiďŹ ca che Ă¨ saltata la comunicazione col coniuge o si sono intorbiditi i rapporti coi parenti e con gli amici; signiďŹ ca che forse non câ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ă¨ stata comprensione neppure da parte di sacerdoti o altri aiuti esterni a cui ci si era di rivolti. Occorre capire come la vita non Ă¨ sempre lineare, non Ă¨ mai tutta bianca o 26

SDVWRUDOH IDPLOLDUH H GL FRSSLD SDVWRUDOH IDPLOLDUH H GL FRSSLD SDVWRUDOH IDPLOLDUH H GL FRSSLD tutta nera, ma ha degli sviluppi a volte positivi e a volte negativi; capire che in un progetto d’amore si possono insinuare dei tarli che piano piano lo corrodono o dei monsoni che improvvisamente lo travolgono; capire che le responsabilità ci sono, ma sono spesso intrecciate, condizionate. La comprensione va però anche nella direzione della Chiesa. Occorre capire la Chiesa, quella Chiesa che, dopo aver introdotto alla fede cristiana le persone, le ha accompagnate nella preparazione al matrimonio, mettendoci più impegno possibile, e poi ha offerto la sua casa per celebrare le loro nozze, riponendo in quelle famiglie tante aspettative, non solo per il bene dei coniugi e dei loro figli, ma anche della comunità tutta, corroborata dalla testimonianza di amore proveniente dal matrimonio. E allora si può capire quale dispiacere grande la Chiesa prova di fronte al naufragio di un matrimonio; e per Chiesa si devono intendere concretamente i figli di quei coniugi e poi i loro genitori e anche il sacerdote che ha celebrato le nozze o gli altri preti della parrocchia, come pure agli operatori pastorali che prima o dopo le nozze si sono dedicati a quella coppia; insomma tutti coloro che in famiglia o in parrocchia sono stati vicini alla coppia. La Chiesa, chiamata ad annunciare anche per le nuove generazioni il valore e la bellezza del matrimonio e della famiglia come parte essenziale del Vangelo di Gesù, sente un profondo dispiacere quando vi è stridore fra ciò che si annuncia e ciò che a volte capita nelle famiglie; e ne prova dolore perché la potenza di grazia e di salvezza contenuta nel sacramento nuziale non ha potuto esprimere tutta la sua potenzialità. L’interruzione di una vita matrimoniale è un insuccesso non solo per i coniugi, ma anche per gli altri membri della comunità cristiana, che gioisce con chi è nella gioia e soffre con chi è nel pianto, dimostrando in ciò gli stessi sentimenti di Gesù, la sua stessa compassione, il suo stesso dolore per quello stupendo progetto di amore che era stato avviato e che poi si è inaridito o peggio ancora si è trasformato in un peso insopportabile e forse in odio, e per le conseguenze disastrose che quel male produce nella Chiesa, oltre che nella società. Capirsi non è questione solo di intelligenza, ma è anzitutto questione di cuore: è capacità di entrare in sintonia, è comunicazione vitale. Ed è proprio ciò che generalmente viene meno in una crisi coniugale: a un certo punto i coniugi non si sono più capiti, ognuno hapensato a suo modo, si è fatto un suo giudizio; è venuto meno il confronto e il dialogo, e così le strade si sono divaricate; e quando è scoppiata la crisi i due si sono scoperti ormai lontani… Ripensare, sia pur dopo la separazione, a quei momenti non significa rimescolare nella piaga per il gusto di farsi del male o di farsi prendere da un rimorso infinito; ma può essere utile per una maturazione personale, per una seria revisione, per capire come ciò è potuto accadere e quindi per attivare una reazione positiva che può rendere il presente e il futuro migliori. Questi sono i primi passi per giungere a capirsi e la Chiesa può offrire una preziosa ed utile mediazione; ognuno ha delle piaghe da rimarginare, ma da soli è difficile; una cordiale fraternità può aiutare; quanto meno non ci si sentirà soli. In diverse comunità ecclesiali stanno sorgendo iniziative per e con persone separare, divorziate o risposate: gruppi di incontro, di preghiera, di formazione, di aiuto. È il tentativo della nostra Chiesa di creare luoghi e momenti adatti per un cammino di seria e serena rielaborazione del proprio vissuto, anche in ambito matrimoniale. Si tratta di segni tangibili di una Chiesa che vuol essere vicina a tutti, nei diversi momenti della loro vita, gioiosi o dolorosi. L’avvio o lo sviluppo di tali iniziative esigono coraggio da parte dei pastori e degli altri operatori pastorali; ma comportano anche fiducia di adesione da parte di chi è in queste situazioni matrimoniali. Strettamente legato e di fatto conseguente al desiderio di comprensione c’è il bisogno di “accettazione”. Per chi è in tali situazioni matrimoniali si manifesta, sia pur in diverso modo, la richiesta di essere accettati proprio nella situazione di separati o divorziati, senza etichettature o penalizzazioni; oppure di essere accettati nella situazione di un nuovo legame affettivo o di un nuovo matrimonio civile. Ma, accanto a queste richieste, vi è d’altra parte l’esigenza che la Chiesa ha di tener conto della dottrina cristiana e della disciplina ecclesiale: anche qui viene chiesto di accettare, e in particolare di accettare delle verità e delle regole, legate alla Parola di Gesù e alla sapienza della Chiesa maturata in tanti secoli di vita. La cosa difficile, ma necessaria, è di mettere in dialogo queste richieste, individuando delle vie concrete e rispettose per giungere ad accettarsi vicendevolmente, nella verità, nella carità enella libertà autentica. Se è doloroso accettare di veder andare in frantumi un progetto matrimoniale, è senz’altro altrettanto doloroso accettare poi di vivere da separati o divorziati. Per un coniuge ormai diviso dall’altro è faticoso accettare di vivere in queste condizioni, di accettarsi così, ormai solo; come pure è difficile per i figli accettare di essere figli di separati, di vivere ora con un genitore e ora con l’altro, di non avere più una famiglia unita. Ma è difficile anche per la Chiesa accettare di avere famiglie cristiane divise, di non essere riusciti ad evitare la spaccatura, di doversi relazionare separatamente con i diversi membri della famiglia. E così, quasi ineluttabilmente, si creano negli animi, da una parte e dall’altra, risentimenti o indisponibilità ad accogliersi: sembra di trovarsi di fronte a dei muri inamovibili o a delle lontananze incolmabili. Allora, la domanda pastorale, urgente è come poter superare queste barriere, come giungere a capirsi ed accettarsi senza scadere in ambigui compromessi o soluzioni semplicistiche che non tengano veramente conto di tutti i valori in gioco. Separazione: scelta inevitabile? Proprio il profondo dolore vissuto da tante persone di fronte ad una separazione porta alla convinzione che non bisogna scadere in un atteggiamento di rassegnazione: anche dopo una separazione vi possono essere spazi e modalità per rivedere le scelte fatte ed analizzare con più pacatezza i problemi sorti, magari con l’aiuto di qualcuno esperto, dei Consultori, di qualche centro specializzato. Non bisogna cadere nel fatalismo o nella superficialità, seguendo le mode o la mentalità del tempo. A volte potrebbe risultare opportuno interrompere temporaneamente la vita coniugale, così da abbassare i toni della tensione e ricostituire i canali comunicativi; la separazione però dovrebbe essere un tempo affinché ognuno ritrovi se stesso, i suoi valori, i suoi convincimenti, il suo equilibrio; e inoltre potrebbe essere un tempo per analizzare meglio il rapporto di coppia, le dinamiche che non hanno funzionato, i progetti che non hanno collimato, e così via. Certamente questo cammino è faticoso e la tentazione è quella di dare un taglio definitivo al passato, soprattutto quando i coniugi sono arrivati alla separazione ormai al colmo della esasperazione; e tuttavia occorre invitare coloro che ancora lo possono fare a prendere in considerazione questa via: non si deve pensare solo all’impegno che questo comporta, ma piuttosto al fatto che spesso l’aver affrontato e superato un ostacolo produce una qualità di vita e di amore più grande, a beneficio dei coniugi e dei figli. La grazia di Dio, operante nel sacramento del matrimonio, può produrre anche questi frutti. Non solo i coniugi hanno il dovere di dare la disponibilità a questi cammini di revisione; ma devono dare la loro collaborazione anche coloro che si trovano a trattare con famiglie in crisi o con coniugi che intendono separarsi: parenti, amici, vicini, comunità parrocchiali, operatori pastorali, professionisti in ambito sociale e giuridico; affinché vengano offerti tutti gli aiuti possibili per gestire al meglio questi momenti molto delicati e a volte drammatici. Un pensiero particolare va agli 27

SDVWRUDOH IDPLOLDUH H GL FRSSLD SDVWRUDOH IDPLOLDUH H GL FRSSLD SDVWRUDOH IDPLOLDUH H GL FRSSLD avvocati, chiamati a fornire non solo un supporto tecnico, ma spesso anche un sostegno umano, unâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;opera di consiglio: forse proprio il loro modo di impostare lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;intervento potrebbe evitare la separazione o aiutare a gestirla senza ulteriori traumi o quanto meno a far sĂŹ che rimangano aperti dei canali comunicativi tra i coniugi per il bene loro e dei ďŹ gli. A questo proposito risultano molto utili i consultori o quegli organismi, religiosi o laici, che offrono una buona mediazione familiare; infatti, spesso i genitori separati hanno difďŹ coltĂ a trovare da soli il giusto rapporto per continuare lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;accudimento e lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;educazione dei ďŹ gli; si chiudono in ripicche o contrasti inutili, quasi dimenticando che i ďŹ gli hanno sempre bisogno di entrambi i genitori. E allora, per il loro bene, occorre ristabilire quei canali comunicativi che sono saltati con la crisi matrimoniale. Questi richiami a non disperare in una riconciliazione o almeno a un ripensamento non vogliono essere ingenui; si sa che quando nel nostro contesto sociale si arriva ad una separazione spesso la situazione Ă¨ sostanzialmente compromessa. Ma si vuol solo richiamare lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;importanza di non lasciarsi andare in modo troppo facile e superďŹ ciale ad una mentalitĂ che inclina ad arrendersi alle prime difďŹ coltĂ , a porre sullo stesso piano lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ipotesi di continuare la vita matrimoniale e la soluzione di passare ad unâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altra storia: lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;amore, quello vero e profondo, non si accende o si spegne in un attimo, ma ha in sĂŠ una carica, una forza, una promessa che va oltre la passione, il sentimento, lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;emozione del momento. Ă&#x2C6; comprensibile che quando uno vive interiormente in uno stato di grave ariditĂ sentimentale o di pesante amarezza spirituale anela solo ad avere qualche goccia di sollievo; ma non bisogna confondere lo spessore di un amore costruito per anni, magari anche con ďŹ gli, sia pur oggi in profonda crisi, con la piacevolezza di una nuova relazione, piĂš libera, piĂš leggera, ma forse anche piĂš fragile, senza basi, spesso impostata su compromessi piĂš o meno inconsapevoli. Detto questo, non si vuol negare che in alcune circostanze la separazione potrebbe essere una scelta inevitabile o a volte necessaria per evitare mali maggiori. A volte il rispetto e la tutela della dignitĂ delle persone, sia dei coniugi che dei ďŹ gli, richiedono che si interrompa la vita coniugale; e questo potrebbe anche esigere un certo coraggio. CiĂ˛ potrebbe essere richiesto anche per la difesa della dignitĂ del matrimonio: di fronte a un tradimento continuato o ad altre gravi mancanze riguardo agli impegni assunti nel matrimonio lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;interruzione della vita familiare potrebbe essere un segnale forte di denuncia di una situazione intollerabile dal punto di vista morale e religioso. Per questo lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;insegnamento della Chiesa prevede motivi e procedure per una legittima separazione: infatti, se da una parte la Chiesa condanna con fermezza lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;atteggiamento dei coniugi che causano il dissesto del matrimonio, dallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altra riconosce la legittimitĂ del ricorso o dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;accettazione della separazione (ed anche del divorzio) per i coniugi che subiscono la frattura familiare e che attraverso i mezzi legali possono meglio tutelare i propri legittimi interessi o quelli dei ďŹ gli; tutto ciĂ˛, tuttavia, mantenendo la consapevolezza che la separazione non signiďŹ ca la cancellazione o la ďŹ ne del matrimonio, ma solo lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;interruzione della vita coniugale, cioĂ¨ la presa dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;atto della necessitĂ , quantomeno per il momento, di modiďŹ care la modalitĂ di relazione fra coniugi, mantenendo aperta la via del perdono e della riconciliazione. In questo contesto vale la pena ricordare anche la possibilitĂ di rivolgersi a consulenti canonici per appurare la presenza o meno di presupposti per avviare una causa di nullitĂ del proprio matrimonio: non si tratta di cancellare nulla, ma solo di rileggere in profonditĂ il modo con cui si Ă¨ affrontato un matrimonio e di appurare se esso Ă¨ partito davvero come matrimonio. Saranno poi i tribunali ecclesiastici a pronunciare un giudizio, con lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;autorevolezza che viene dalla competenza umana e insieme dallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;assistenza dello Spirito del Signore. I separati e la croce della fedeltĂ Da un punto di vista generale, di fronte a diverse condizioni in cui un separato o un divorziato possono venire a trovarsi Ă¨ utile fare un poâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; di chiarezza. A chi ha avuto delle responsabilitĂ nella separazione lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;insegnamento della Chiesa rivolge un severo monito di fare quanto puĂ˛ per rimediare al male fatto alla sua famiglia e in realtĂ anche a se stesso, cioĂ¨ di attuare un serio cammino di revisione e di conversione: solo cosĂŹ potrĂ ritrovare la propria dignitĂ di fronte agli uomini e soprattutto di fronte a Dio; la misericordia di Dio Ă¨ sempre spalancata ed anzi anticipatrice di cammini di pentimento e di conversione. E la Chiesa Ă¨ chiamata ad accompagnare il cammino di revisione di queste persone, fornendo loro itinerari spirituali adatti e i mezzi di grazia che GesĂš ha posto nelle sue mani, compresi i sacramenti lĂ dove ve ne siano le condizioni e cioĂ¨ un sincero pentimento e lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;assenza di altre relazioni affettive di tipo coniugale. In comunitĂ nessuno deve essere pessimista o risentito se qualche fratello, che ha sbagliato, ha poi la forza di ritornare sui suoi passi, di ammettere i suoi errori e di cambiare la sua vita. Si puĂ˛ intuire quanto sia difďŹ cile perdonare soprattutto per i coniugi che sono stati traditi, malmenati e riďŹ utati; ma solo il perdono libera il cuore dal peso del male e del dolore; un perdono da coniuge Ă¨ un atto di vero amore e forse anche di un nuovo amore. Dalla puriďŹ cazione del perdono puĂ˛ scaturire un amore che magari non sarĂ piĂš quello passionale e sentimentale di prima, ma che avrĂ ancor piĂš la connotazione della gratuitĂ e della fraternitĂ cristiana. Anche se spesso Ă¨ difďŹ cile dividere nettamente le responsabilitĂ , Ă¨ legittimo riconoscere che vi possa essere un coniuge che maggiormente ha subito il disfacimento della relazione matrimoniale o che si Ă¨ maggiormente impegnato per salvare il matrimonio o che forse ha perdonato tante volte lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altro coniuge ma senza esito, anzi rimanendo deluso e sempre piĂš solo. Forse ancor piĂš per questi Ă¨ difďŹ cile accettare la situazione di separato: separato dal coniuge nel quale aveva riposto tutta la sua ďŹ ducia, ma soprattutto separato dallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;amore nel quale aveva riposto tutta la sua speranza. Quante volte si sente dire: â&#x20AC;&#x153;che colpa ne ho io?â&#x20AC;?, â&#x20AC;&#x153;perchĂŠ non posso realizzare la vocazione familiare a cui mi sento portato?â&#x20AC;?, â&#x20AC;&#x153;che senso ha adesso vivere da solo (o da sola) una vita matrimoniale che di fatto ,/ 6$/872 '(/ 126752 9(6&292 Âł0LHL FDUL ÂżJOL VRUHOOH H IUDWHOOL LQ &ULVWR SDFH H EHQH YRL H DL YRVWUL IDPLOLDUL /D YLWD GL WXWWL QRL q FRPH XQ SHOOHJULQDJJLR SLHQR GL JLRLH H GL GRORUL FRQ XQ VLFXUR FRPSDJQR GL YLDJJLR H YHUVR OD SLHQH]]D GL FRPXQLRQH FRQ 'LR 1RQ VLDPR VROL PD OD IDWLFD ULPDQH &RQRVFR L PRPHQWL GLIÂżFLOL H VSHVVR GRORURVL FKH VWDWH YLYHQGR YL VRQR YLFLQR H YL HVRUWR D FDPPLQDUH QHOOD YLWD FULVWLDQD VHFRQGR OH SRVVLELOLWj FKH OD &KLHVD DEERQGDQWH PHQWH YL PHWWH D GLVSRVL]LRQH RJQL JLRUQR 0L UHQGR FRQWR SHUz FKH VRQR DQFRUD WDQWH OH GRPDQGH FKH UHVWDQR LQHYDVH H QRQ WURYDQR XQD ULVSRVWD FKH YL VRGGLVID 6L UHQGH QHFHVVDULR DQFKH XQ TXDOFKH SHUFRUVR VSHFLÂżFR PLUDWR SHU OH VLQJROH VLWXD]LRQL SHUVRQDOL H IDPLOLDUL 3HU TXHVWH UDJLRQL OH QRVWUH GLRFHVL GL /RPEDUGLD VL YR JOLRQR GRWDUH GL XQ XOWHULRUH VWUXPHQWR FRPXQLFDWLYR DJLOH H VLFXUR 9HULWj H DFFRJOLHQ]D IUDWHUQD VRQR OH QRWH FKH OR FRQWUDGGLVWLQJXRQR YL DXJXUR FKH VLDQR DQFKH L YRVWUL SDVVL QHO VHQWLHUR GL VDQWLWj FRPXQH D WXWWR LO SRSROR GL 'LRÂ´ /XFLDQR 0RQDUL 28

SDVWRUDOH IDPLOLDUH H GL FRSSLD SDVWRUDOH IDPLOLDUH H GL FRSSLD SDVWRUDOH IDPLOLDUH H GL FRSSLD non câ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ă¨ piĂš?â&#x20AC;?â&#x20AC;Ś E cosĂŹ, come guardandosi ad uno specchio che impietosamente mostra tutti i segni e le ferite di una separazione, uno non riesce a riconoscersi e ad accettarsi, fa fatica ad accettare una vita cosĂŹ,â&#x20AC;Ś una vita che rimanga per sempre cosĂŹ. Certamente sono situazioni che mettono in croce, sia chi le vive sia chi Ă¨ loro vicino. Si puĂ˛ essere ancora marito o moglie di uno che ti ha abbandonato e che magari Ă¨ giĂ con unâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altra persona? Ha senso amare ancora questo coniuge? E come si puĂ˛ amarlo ancora? E poi la domanda forse piĂš cruciale: che valore ha continuare ad essergli fedele? Di fronte a tali domande qualcuno suggerisce di non farsi troppi scrupoli, di riprendere ciĂ˛ che Ă¨ stato rubato, di avere il diritto di rifarsi una vita; e non si tratta solo di chi Ă¨ lontano dalla Chiesa, ma anche di qualche cristiano praticante che, in buona fede, pensa di dare un buon suggerimento. Di fronte a tali questioni persino gli apostoli, in un contesto simile, arrivarono a dire a GesĂš, quasi con unâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;amara ironia: se cosĂŹ stanno le cose â&#x20AC;&#x153;allora non conviene neanche sposarsiâ&#x20AC;?; se un matrimonio puĂ˛ portare a situazioni cosĂŹ dolorose e assurde, allora che senso ha sposarsi? Ma GesĂš, dopo aver ribadito con radicalitĂ il valore originario dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;indissolubilitĂ del matrimonio, rispose: â&#x20AC;&#x153;non tutti possono capirlo, ma solo coloro ai quali Ă¨ stato concessoâ&#x20AC;?, cioĂ¨ coloro che accettano e dirigono la loro vita nellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;orizzonte del â&#x20AC;&#x153;regno dei cieliâ&#x20AC;? (Mt 19,10-12). Due cose emergono da queste parole di GesĂš; la prima: le risposte alle nostre domande possono venire solo da Dio, si riuscirĂ a capire solo se ci si farĂ aiutare da Lui; la seconda: câ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ă¨ un orizzonte piĂš grande in cui anche la realtĂ del matrimonio va collocata, quello della relazione con Dio, dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;opera di salvezza che Egli sta realizzando nel mondo e in ogni persona. Ă&#x2C6; proprio di fronte alle situazioni-limite, umanamente assurde o incomprensibili, che si manifesta tutta la relativitĂ delle cose: la sofferenza dei bambini, il dolore degli innocenti, le disgrazie dei giusti, una separazione subita, â&#x20AC;Ś la morte, qualsiasi morte (ďŹ sica o spirituale). Ă&#x2C6; allora che si Ă¨ posti come di fronte a un bivio: perdere la ďŹ ducia in ogni regola o convinzione (religiosa o razionale) oppure riconoscere di essere di fronte ad un Mistero piĂš grande di noi. Ed Ă¨ proprio questo che GesĂš vuol rivelare: la nostra vita, anche quella matrimoniale, ha il suo senso piĂš profondo nel disegno di Dio, un disegno misterioso (proprio perchĂŠ Ă¨ divino) ma promettente (proprio perchĂŠ Ă¨ amoroso); solo in unâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ottica di fede possiamo cogliere e vivere in profonditĂ le realtĂ terrene, compresa la vita matrimoniale: nei suoi momenti felici ed anche nei suoi momenti difďŹ cili o dolorosi! E, allora, a coloro che giustamente chiedono il senso di una vita da coniugi separati o divorziati la Chiesa propone, con tutta la delicatezza e la fermezza possibile, di afďŹ darsi ad un cammino di fede nel quale il Signore senzâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altro farĂ capire ed accettare il valore della â&#x20AC;&#x153;fedeltĂ â&#x20AC;?; una fedeltĂ al proprio coniuge (in un nuovo modo di amarlo), ma soprattutto una fedeltĂ a Dio (in un nuovo modo di rispondere alla sua FedeltĂ ). Dicendo questo, câ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ă¨ tutta la consapevolezza di essere di fronte a situazioni che mettono in croce, appunto a questioni cruciali: Ă¨ infatti proprio la croce di GesĂš il punto piĂš alto in cui si manifesta e si realizza il mistero amoroso di Dio. Noi cristiani non abbiamo altro segno in cui leggere e compiere la nostra vita: un segno che per tanti Ă¨ stoltezza o assurditĂ , ma che per chi crede nel Signore e si afďŹ da a Lui diventa sapienza e potenza di vita. Quel giorno, davanti allâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altare, il sĂŹ detto dagli sposi non era rivolto solo allâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altro coniuge, ma anzitutto a Dio: da quel giorno la relazione con Dio trova in quel sĂŹ un suo punto di riferimento importante. Ma anche Dio quel giorno ha pronunciato un sĂŹ per gli sposi, un sĂŹ a cui Lui sarĂ sempre fedele! Ecco, perchĂŠ ha senso e valore accettare di rimanere fedeli: perchĂŠ Ă¨ a Dio anzitutto che i coniugi sono chiamati a rimanere fedeli, al suo amore che anche dentro una condizione di croce continua ad essere intenso e fecondo, come solo la potenza misteriosa dello Spirito sa fare. Certamente si tratta di una strada non facile, di una porta stretta da cui passare, di un cammino serio di fede da assumere. Per questo la Chiesa non deve lasciare soli questi coniugi, ma deve percorrere con loro itinerari spirituali che ravvivino questa fede; in tal senso, per esempio, si stanno muovendo alcune iniziative ecclesiali di gruppi per persone separate o divorziate che hanno il loro momento forte soprattutto nella preghiera, mettendo al centro lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ascolto e la meditazione della Parola di Dio: Ă¨ la strada giusta, che va sostenuta da parte di sacerdoti e laici preparati. Davvero questi itinerari spirituali possono essere il luogo adatto in cui sentire piĂš vicina la presenza di Dio, piĂš forte la sua cura amorosa e piĂš chiara la sua volontĂ sulla nostra vita. Attraverso questi cammini, uniti alla vita ordinaria vissuta con tutta la comunitĂ cristiana, le persone separate potranno scoprire continuamente la gioia di una rinnovata scelta di fedeltĂ e la serenitĂ di una solitudine accettata giorno per giorno non per forza ma per convinzione. PerciĂ˛, alle persone che vivono in una condizione di separazione occorre ribadire lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;invito di non allontanarsi o isolarsi dalla Chiesa, la quale davvero puĂ˛ offrire ciĂ˛ di cui esse hanno bisogno ed aiutarle a ritrovare il senso vero e fecondo della vita, sia come uomini che come cristiani. E alle comunitĂ cristiane bisogna ricordare di non allontanarsi dai fratelli e dalle sorelle separate o divorziate, di non isolarle, ma di essere per loro una rete di accoglienza e di sostegno, segno e strumento concreto dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;amore che Dio continua ad avere per loro. In tal modo gli stessi separati, riconosciuti e valorizzati per il loro impegno di fedeltĂ e per la loro sensibilitĂ verso chi si trova nelle medesime situazioni, saranno nella comunitĂ una forte testimonianza della fedeltĂ stessa di Dio e un valido aiuto nella pastorale matrimoniale e familiare. Attraverso unâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;autentica ed efďŹ cace comprensione ed accettazione reciproca, queste persone si sentiranno membri vivi di una Chiesa dal volto materno.

QXPHUR YHUGH GD QXPHUR ÂżVVR GD FHOOXODUH

Le nuove unioni: una questione di testimonianza Se il discorso fatto Ă¨ faticoso (ma possibile!) per separati o divorziati che non intraprendono altre relazioni sentimentali, ancora piĂš difďŹ cile e complesso diventa per coloro che invece hanno deciso di avviare un nuovo legame e magari sono giĂ giunti a nuove nozze civili, avendo anche dei ďŹ gli. Queste situazioni, nel pensiero comune, sono quelle di solito piĂš discusse o problematiche. Forse nella Chiesa si consuma qui lo scontro piĂš forte: da una parte chi rileva in questi casi una grave mancanza contro il matrimonio cristiano e la sua indissolubilitĂ e dallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altra chi reclama lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ineludibilitĂ di accettare queste nuove situazioni di vita ormai insanabili. Soprattutto in questo ambito gioca un ruolo decisivo la domanda di accettare e di essere accettati: accettare il messaggio cristiano permanente sul matrimonio, ma anche essere accettati per quel che si Ă¨ oggi senza possibilitĂ di cambiamento. Vi Ă¨ cioĂ¨, da una parte, la volontĂ di ribadire che, nonostante i cambiamenti epocali, rimane pienamente vera ed efďŹ cace la realtĂ del matrimonio cosĂŹ come proposta nella rivelazione cristiana e che Ă¨ autentico e possibile solo quellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;amore che Ă¨ unico, totale e per sempre. E invece, dallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altra, vi Ă¨ la sottolineatura 29

SDVWRUDOH IDPLOLDUH H GL FRSSLD SDVWRUDOH IDPLOLDUH H GL FRSSLD SDVWRUDOH IDPLOLDUH H GL FRSSLD del fatto che alcune nuove relazioni, nonostante non siano matrimoni sacramentali, tuttavia spesso presentano i tratti di una buona relazione interpersonale, con effettivo rispetto, collaborazione, trasporto amoroso, comunione e feconditĂ di vita tra i partner. Anche a questo riguardo le osservazioni proposte cercano di suggerire alcune argomentazioni di indole pastorale, rimandando ad autorevoli documenti del magistero o della riďŹ&#x201A;essione teologica per approfondimenti piĂš articolati e completi. Qui si vorrebbe solo cercare di mettere in dialogo le diverse istanze che si incrociano e a volte si scontrano nella vita concreta delle comunitĂ cristiane; si vorrebbe ascoltare lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;una e lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altra voce, dando ad esse la giusta considerazione, ma soprattutto provando ad individuare un punto di incontro secondo lo stile evangelico. In particolare, si ritiene che al fondo dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;una e dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altra istanza, pocâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;anzi richiamate, vi sia proprio un questione di â&#x20AC;&#x153;testimonianzaâ&#x20AC;?. Infatti, da una parte vi Ă¨ la preoccupazione di non sminuire il valore del sacramento del matrimonio appunto come testimonianza forte e originale dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;amore di Dio per gli uomini, di Cristo per la Chiesa: un amore unico, fedele, indissolubile, come ce lo presentano tanti testi biblici, sia del nuovo e che dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;antico Testamento. Dallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altra vi Ă¨ il desiderio di mostrare come la testimonianza di tale amore divino si gioca nella concretezza della vita, cioĂ¨ guardando la qualitĂ effettiva dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;amore umano vissuto: ci sono infatti diversi matrimoni cristiani che di fatto non danno buona testim nianza di amore; ci sono altre unioni invece che, benchĂŠ non sacramentali, sembrano offrire la testimonianza di un amore piĂš solido. A prescindere dal fatto che vi sono ancora tanti matrimoni cristiani ben vissuti e che quindi, sia pur con tutti i limiti umani, danno in comunitĂ una buona testimonianza dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Amore, come pure al contrario vi sono nuove unioni costituite dopo la separazione o il divorzio che ben presto manifestano la loro fragilitĂ e problematicitĂ , la questione va svincolata dalla considerazione del semplice e attuale risultato: chi puĂ˛ dire infatti che unâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;unione che oggi sembra promettente o al contrario disastrosa domani non abbia a mutare? Invece occorre considerare la natura e la qualitĂ di unâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;unione, dal punto di vista della sua portata testimoniale, in base al legame inscindibile di due fattori: le coordinate di fondo dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;unione e lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;esplicitamento o sviluppo di tali coordinate di fondo. Le coordinate su cui si basa lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;unione, cioĂ¨ le sue radici, precedono lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;unione stessa, nel senso che sono riconosciute e fatte proprie nel momento stesso in cui due persone accettano di lasciarsi condurre da esse. Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;esplicitamento di tali coordinate, che si dĂ nellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;effettivo sviluppo dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;unione a partire dalle sue radici, non Ă¨ mai dato una volta per tutte, ma Ă¨ in continua e creativa crescita e plasmazione. Nel matrimonio cristiano le coordinate di fondo o le radici non sono inventate dallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;uomo, ma ,O *UXSSR *DOLOHD q XQÂˇRSSRUWXQLWj provengono dal disegno creaturale e redentivo di Dio: â&#x20AC;&#x153;lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;uomo lascerĂ suo padre e sua madre e GL FDPPLQR GL FKLHVD SHU FRORUR FKH YLYRQR si unirĂ a sua moglie e i due saranno una carne sola; â&#x20AC;Ś quello dunque che Dio ha congiunto, VLWXD]LRQL IDPLOLDUL GLIĂ&#x20AC;FLOL R LUUHJRODUL HV lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;uomo non lo separiâ&#x20AC;? (Mt 19,5-6); â&#x20AC;&#x153;Questo mistero Ă¨ grande â&#x20AC;&#x201C; dice S. Paolo -; lo dico in riferimento a Cristo e alla Chiesaâ&#x20AC;? (Ef 5,32). Per questo la Chiesa ha riconosciuto che tali coordinate GLYRU]LDWL ULVSRVDWL /D FRPXQLWj FULVWLDQD VD GL QRQ SRWHU ODVFLDUH stanno precisamente nellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;amore unico, fedele e inesauribile di Dio per il suo popolo, amore da VROL TXHVWL IUDWHOOL H SHU TXHVWR VL YLHQH DG RI cui il matrimonio trae la sua origine e di cui nel contempo Ă¨ chiamato ad essere concreta e viva IULUH XQR VSD]LR DGHJXDWR H FRQIRUWHYROH LQ testimonianza; ecco cosa signiďŹ ca â&#x20AC;&#x153;sposarsi nel Signoreâ&#x20AC;? (1 Cor 7,39), celebrare nella Chiesa XQ OXRJR FHQWUDOH H VXIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQWHPHQWH GLVFUHWR unâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;unione sacramentale. Poi la vita matrimoniale Ă¨ chiamata a crescere su queste radici, a far ,O &HQWUR SDVWRUDOH 3DROR 9, q XQÂˇRDVL GL YLWD germogliare ciĂ˛ che Ă¨ stato seminato nel patto nuziale celebrato nel Signore; e certamente qui HG DWWLYLWj HFFOHVLDOH FDSDFH GL UHVSLUDUH ci potrĂ essere una crescita diversiďŹ cata a seconda del terreno e del lavoro svolto, come indicato FRQ L SROPRQL GL WXWWD OD GLRFHVL XVFHQGR FRVu nelle parabole di GesĂš che senzâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altro possiamo applicare anche alla realtĂ del matrimonio (cfr. GDJOL VWUHWWL FRQĂ&#x20AC;QL SDUURFFKLDOL 7XWWL L IHGHOL Mt 13,3-9. 24-30). Ogni coniuge, sposato nel Signore, potrĂ rileggere qui la natura e la qualitĂ VRQR SHQLWHQWL H FLDVFXQR SHUFRUUH LO SURSULR della sua testimonianza matrimoniale, sia coloro che stanno continuando la vita coniugale sia SHOOHJULQDJJLR WHUUHQR VHPSUH GLHWUR OD FUR coloro che lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;hanno interrotta, nella consapevolezza perĂ˛ che comunque i germi buoni seminati FH ,Q TXHVWD SURVSHWWLYD GL YLVLRQH DPSLD nella celebrazione nuziale rimangono buoni perchĂŠ seminati dal Signore, anche se il loro sviluppo DQFKH TXHJOL VSRVL FULVWLDQL VHJQDWL GD IHUL puĂ˛ essere stato diversiďŹ cato e quindi anche la portata testimoniale risentirne. Per questo la Chiesa deve tutelare e promuovere nella veritĂ il valore testimoniale del matrimonio cristiano, WH LQGHOHELOL SRVVRQR VHQWLUVL DQFRUD FKLHVD H senza misconoscere altri tipi di testimonianza di amore, ma neppure senza cadere nel pericolo di FRQWLQXDUH D FKLHGHUH OD JUD]LD GHO 6LJQRUH atteggiamenti o messaggi confusi e ambigui. ,Q FRQFUHWR OD SURSRVWD VL DUWLFROD LQ LQFRQWUL PHQVLOL VWUXWWXUDWL DWWRUQR DOOD 3DUROD GL 'LR FRQ DPSL VSD]L GL DVFROWR Â˛ ULĂ HVVLRQH FRQ GLYLVLRQH e XQ SHUFRUVR GL IHGH LQ VRVWDQ]D FKH WLHQH VHPSUH IHUPD OÂˇDWWHQ]LRQH VXO QRQ LVRODUVL GDOOH FRPXQLWj ORFDOL H QHO SDUWHFLSD UH LO SL SRVVLELOH DOOD YLWD GHOOD FKLHVD WXWWD $VFROWR GHOOD 3DUROD GL 'LR YLWD GL FDULWj H GL DJJUHJD]LRQH FDPPLQR SHQLWHQ]LDOH VRQR L FDSLVDOGL GHO *UXSSR *DOLOHD *OL LQFRQWUL VL WHQJRQR GD FDOHQGDULR DQQXDOH SUHVVR LO &HQWUR 3DVWRUDOH Â´3DROR 9,Âľ VLWXDWR LQ YLD *H]LR &DOLQL %UHVFLD XQ VDEDWR DO PHVH GDOOH RUH DOOH RUH *XLGD H DFFRPSDJQDWRUH GHO *UXSSR q GRQ *LRUJLR &RPLQL GLUHWWRUH GHOOÂˇ8IĂ&#x20AC;FLR 'LRFH VDQR GL 3DVWRUDOH )DPLOLDUH

I divorziati risposati e la croce dei sacramenti Senza voler esprimere un giudizio morale sulla vita delle persone, si puĂ˛ allora cercare di considerare la natura delle nuove unioni, nella luce appunto della testimonianza cristiana. Dobbiamo riconoscere che in veritĂ le coordinate di fondo su cui poggiano tali unioni non sono le stesse del matrimonio cristiano, come prospettato nel disegno divino, poichĂŠ per uno dei partner o per entrambi tali coordinate sono invece alla base di una precedente e incancellabile unione, coordinate cosĂŹ originali e uniche che, al di lĂ dei casi di giusta nullitĂ o di legittimo scioglimento, si danno una volta sola ďŹ nchĂŠ vivono i coniugi. Per questo tali unioni (al di lĂ della loro concreta consistenza) non possono sviluppare gli stessi germi di un matrimonio cristiano, cioĂ¨ non possono esplicitare la stessa testimonianza afďŹ data allâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;amore coniugale celebrato nel Signore, testimonianza dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;amore divino come unico, fedele e indissolubile: sarebbe sbagliato e infruttuoso aspettarsi dalla Chiesa un tale riconoscimento; sbagliato, perchĂŠ non conforme alla veritĂ , ma anche infruttuoso nel senso che questo genere di unione potrebbe dare invece un altro tipo di testimonianza, piĂš conforme alla sua effettiva natura. La Chiesa infatti, da una parte ha il dovere di indicare la presenza di situazioni matrimoniali irregolari (cioĂ¨ non conformi allâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;insegnamento del Signore), invitando quindi a cammini di penitenza e di conversione, nella continua ďŹ ducia nella misericordia di Dio; ma dallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;altra puĂ˛ 30

SDVWRUDOH IDPLOLDUH H GL FRSSLD SDVWRUDOH IDPLOLDUH H GL FRSSLD SDVWRUDOH IDPLOLDUH H GL FRSSLD anche riconoscere il tipo particolare di testimonianza che da queste unioni spesso rifluisce sia riguardo alla qualità della relazione tra i partner, che riguardo alla serietà nell’impegno di educazione dei figli, alla disponibilità nella collaborazione con la comunità cristiana o sociale, alla generosità nelle opere caritative o missionarie, alla serietà ed onestà nella vita professionale, all’intensità del proprio cammino spirituale. E questo vale sia per il divorziato che per il nuovo partner, libero da altro vincolo coniugale ma che spontaneamente ha ritenuto di condividere questa esperienza, con le conseguenze positive o negative che essa comporta. Certamente nella considerazione di queste situazioni sono molti gli elementi in gioco e non facilmente conciliabili. Ma proprio da questo intreccio di elementi, su cui si fonda e si produce la nuova unione, si configura la particolare presenza nella Chiesa delle persone divorziate risposate; una presenza non di serie B, sminuita o penalizzata, ma una presenza particolare e tipica, cioè corrispondente in verità all’insieme di scelte di vita compiute dai partner. Solo accettando di essere guidati dall’insegnamento del Signore e dalla varietà dei cammini di conversione e di testimonianza che nella Chiesa vengono proposti, le persone che compongono queste nuove unioni possono trovare il vero e fruttuoso modo di essere accettati nella Chiesa per quello che sono, per la dignità di figli di Dio e di cristiani che permane sempre insieme ai limiti oggettivi che la propria condizione di vita comporta. Da qui deriva allora la ricerca, dentro la Chiesa e con la Chiesa, degli itinerari di fede, dei mezzi di grazia e dei ruoli ecclesiali che sono adatti a queste persone, cioè che in profondità rispondono e corrispondono al loro tipo di unione. In questo discernimento è indispensabile una buona guida spirituale, capace di ascoltare, di consigliare e di accompagnare; per questo ai sacerdoti in particolare spetta il compito di informarsi e di prepararsi nel miglior modo possibile a questo tipo di accompagnamento spirituale oggi particolarmente urgente. In questo ampio e vario orizzonte, che non va mai dimenticato, va collocato e interpretato anche il tema particolare della Confessione e della Comunione: ai divorziati risposati è chiesta la fiducia e l’umiltà di accettare l’insegnamento cristiano che non ritiene possibile per loro l’accesso a questi sacramenti; ai pastori incombe il dovere di illuminare i fedeli, sapendo di non essere padroni dei mezzi di grazia, ma solo amministratori di un’azione di salvezza che solo del Signore. Anche riguardo al discorso sacramenti occorre tener conto, oltre ad altri elementi dogmatici o morali, della dimensione ecclesiale che essi comportano; cioè, come il sacramento del matrimonio, così anche quelli dell’Eucarestia e della Riconciliazione comportano ed esigono uno specifico valore testimoniale: essi sono stati dati alla Chiesa per significare e attualizzare la riconciliazione, che Dio offre a tutti gli uomini che sono disposti a conformare pienamente la loro vita al suo insegnamento, e la comunione, che Dio desidera realizzare con coloro che lo amano dentro e sopra ogni cosa. Per essere fedele al mandato ricevuto da Gesù, la Chiesa deve dunque amministrare questi sacramenti tenendo conto della loro natura e della loro qualità testimoniale, in relazione alle concrete situazioni di vita dei suoi fedeli e alle modalità adatte attraverso cui essi possono beneficiare della grazia divina di cui essa è dispensatrice. In una tradizione forse troppo appiattita sulla dimensione individuale, occorre rivalutare questa dimensione ecclesiale e testimoniale dei sacramenti: essi, e in particolare l’Eucarestia, sono ciò che fanno della Chiesa la comunità di Gesù, vero e unico sacramento di salvezza; pertanto, dalla vita sacramentale della Chiesa rifluisce una sorgente di grazia che può giungere a tutti, direttamente o indirettamente, parzialmente o pienamente, a seconda della disposizione, della responsabilità, della condizione di ognuno. La Chiesa è solo strumento, è poi il Signore a effondere il suo dono di salvezza ai suoi fedeli, Lui che solo vede nel profondo dei cuori. Per questo ai pastori e ai fedeli è chiesto di celebrare e di vivere cammini di riconciliazione e di comunione con un’intensità e una creatività tali che tutti possano beneficiare, nel modo loro adatto, della grazia che rifluisce dal mistero pasquale di Gesù: siamo tutti infatti un popolo che cammina in una conversione continua, verso la pienezza della comunione con Dio, in una profonda condivisione e comunicazione spirituale fra fratelli nella fede. Proprio questo modo di accettare e di accettarsi nella Chiesa, da veri fratelli, guardandosi con fiducia e benevolenza, darà anche ai divorziati risposati la possibilità di sperimentare una partecipazione viva alla vita della Chiesa; ma ancor di più darà loro la possibilità di realizzare un’accoglienza che più in profondità essi desiderano e cioè quella di Dio. Conclusione: un messaggio di speranza Quanto esposto non vuol misconoscere la sofferenza di chi nelle attuali condizioni non può vivere pienamente e completamente la vita sacramentale; come neppure vuol dimenticare la sofferenza di chi, pur sentendosi chiamato alla vita familiare, si sta sforzando di vivere comunque la fedeltà al suo matrimonio cristiano nonostante la separazione. Nell’uno e nell’altro caso c’è una grande sofferenza e dove c’è sofferenza la Chiesa non può non essere presente. Ma qual è il senso profondo di queste sofferenze nell’ottica della testimonianza cristiana? Per coloro che, magari abbandonati ingiustamente, decidono ogni giorno di rimanere fedeli al proprio matrimonio, si può dire con forza che attraverso la loro sofferenza possono testimoniare in modo ancora più incisivo e radicale la grandezza del matrimonio cristiano, cioè testimoniare quasi eroicamente che ciò che riempie e realizza in pienezza la vita umana è solo l’amore di Dio: un amore così grande, fedele e fecondo per il quale vale la pena sacrificare anche la propria vita. Per coloro che, vivendo in una nuova unione magari con dei figli accettano il sacrificio di non poter accedere ai sacramenti della Riconciliazione e della Comunione eucaristica, si può dire con altrettanta forza che anche questa loro sofferenza può testimoniare, sia pur indirettamente, la grandezza del matrimonio cristiano e cioè la grandezza sopra ogni cosa dell’amore di Dio che nel matrimonio è significato e donato, un amore al quale anch’essi continuano ad anelare attraverso cammini di sincera conversione e di intensa carità. In realtà, sia pur con accentuazioni e modi diversi, il dolore e la sofferenza che si danno in tutte queste particolari situazioni matrimoniali, se vissuti in quest’ottica di fede, possono anch’essi testimoniare la finalità verso cui tendono tutte le realtà umane, compresa quella del matrimonio e della famiglia, e cioè il compimento del Regno di Dio: dove l’amore di Dio è tutto in tutti. Questo è l’importante servizio che separati, divorziati o risposati possono svolgere attivamente nella Chiesa; questa è l’autentica testimonianza cristiana che la Chiesa attende da loro e di cui essa ha bisogno, unitamente a quella offerta, per grazia di Dio, da tante famiglie cristiane. Gli interventi del Magistero, ma anche le tante iniziative pastorali che stanno sorgendo nelle nostre diocesi riguardanti persone che vivono in situazione di separazione, divorzio o nuova unione, sono il segno di una Chiesa che cerca concretamente di essere vicina a questi fedeli e di prendere sulle spalle un po’ della loro sofferenza, nella convinzione che la loro croce portata insieme e vissuta nella luce della croce di Gesù porterà certamente frutti di vita e di vita eterna. Infatti solo dall’amore e da un amore sofferto può scaturire la Vita. La comprensione e l’accettazione costruite attorno alla Parola e alla Vita di Gesù possono far rifiorire in tutti una “speranza” che darà senso e vigore ad ogni esistenza terrena, pur nella sua complessità e nel suo dolore, e che darà quella pienezza di vita, di felicità e di amore a cui tutti, in un modo o nell’altro, aneliamo. In questo clima di ascolto, di dialogo e di condivisione la Chiesa è chiamata a camminare secondo ciò che lo Spirito anche oggi le suggerisce. 31

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