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Report on good and adverse practices - animal welfare concerns in relation to slaughter practices from the viewpoint of veterinary sciences Table of Contents: 1 2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.7 2.8 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2 3.3 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.3 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6 7
Introduction .................................................................................................................... 4 Physiological basics ....................................................................................................... 4 Pain ................................................................................................................................. 4 Expression of pain .......................................................................................................... 6 Physiological indices for pain ........................................................................................ 6 Fear ................................................................................................................................. 7 Expression of fear........................................................................................................... 7 Distress ........................................................................................................................... 8 Suffering ......................................................................................................................... 8 Stress............................................................................................................................... 8 Consciousness and unconsciousness .............................................................................. 9 Assessment of consciousness / unconsciousness ......................................................... 10 Measurement and interpretation of brain electrical activity......................................... 13 Death............................................................................................................................. 13 Physiology of exsanguination or bleeding out ............................................................. 14 Loss of blood volume, loss of blood pressure .............................................................. 14 Cerebral perfusion after neck cutting ........................................................................... 16 Impacts on bleed-out or exsanguination....................................................................... 18 Principles of restraint and requirements for restraining ............................................... 20 Restraining for slaughter without stunning .................................................................. 22 Restraining of cattle for slaughter without stunning ................................................... 22 Restraining of sheep and goats for slaughter without stunning.................................... 26 Restraining of poultry for slaughter without stunning ................................................. 27 Restraining for stunning prior to neck cutting.............................................................. 28 Restraining for post neck cut stunning ......................................................................... 29 Slaughter methods (Principles and concerns)............................................................... 30 Neck cutting without stunning...................................................................................... 30 The cut .......................................................................................................................... 30 Time to loss of consciousness ...................................................................................... 33 Clinical signs during the post cut period ...................................................................... 35 Stunning prior to neck cutting ...................................................................................... 39 Electrical stunning ....................................................................................................... 40 Mechanical stunning - penetrating captive bolt stunning ............................................ 46 Mechanical stunning – non-penetrative captive bolt stunning (concussive stunning) 50 Gas stunning (poultry) .................................................................................................. 52 Post neck cut stunning .................................................................................................. 53 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 55 Conclusions with regard to neck cutting without stunning .......................................... 55 Conclusions with regard to stunning prior to neck cutting .......................................... 57 Conclusions with regard to post neck cut stunning ..................................................... 58 Overall conclusions ...................................................................................................... 59 References .................................................................................................................... 61 Glossary................................................................................................................... ‌.78