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ant e rograd e ¬
not from a sense of chauvinism but to avoid prenatal spiritual contagion by an evil spirit. The singers are consulted∞ˇ especially in the case of illness, and one of their first tasks is to establish the cause of the disease or illness. For the Navajo, all things exist in balance governed by reciprocity (1983 [1952]: 15). Illness, misfortune, and most problems in life stem∞ˇ from a loss of this balance, and the job of the singer is to recognize precisely what forces must be set into order through the performance of a particular rite. Broadly divided into holyway rites and ghostway rites, numerous different rites with songs and paintings unique to that rite address different causes of imbalance. There are, for example, a waterway, used to cure diseases arising from the effects of nearly drowning or from injury by water; and a beautyway, linked to infection by snakes, causing rheumatism, kidney and bladder illness, and dreams of snakes (1983 [1952]: 57). >>> Once the etiology of the situation is discerned, a particular rite will be planned and will be announced to the supernatural and to humans by placing certain objects outside the hogen (the dwelling place) of the affected person; this is the ‘setting out’.
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