Growth of world milk production and consumption has been far less buoyant. Until recently, per capita growth was largely stagnant, remaining unchanged for several decades. Per capita consumption in developing countries continues to be well below that in industrial countries, partly reflecting consumption habits as well as low incomes and poverty, but the gap is gradually closing, especially in Eastern and Southern Asia. For example, in Eastern Asia, per capita dairy intake has more than doubled in the past decade.
Africa
Asia
Oceania
Americas
Europe
World
60
million tonnes
Feed demand for cereals is often considered a dynamic element that conditions the growth of the cereals sector, especially in developed countries. Recently, however, particularly in developing regions, this dynamism has been largely absent and growth in livestock production has by far outstripped growth in compound feed demand. Therefore, the world is obtaining more meat, milk and eggs per kilogram of cereal-based feed, which points to productivity gains in livestock production. Some of these improvements are linked to changes in the composition of livestock production, as poultry requires far smaller quantities of cereal feed per kilogram of meat than, for instance, beef. Other forces have also led to the reduced grain–meat ratios. Among these is the growing use of oilmeals in livestock feeding. World output of soybeans, which are mainly processed into oil and highprotein oilmeal, grew by more than 4 percent per annum in the last decade and by 5 percent in the 1990s. By implication, the production and consumption of soybean meal as feed has risen by the same levels, suggesting a relative increase in the feed use of oilmeals at the expense of feedgrains. A principal factor has been the expansion of livestock production systems in developing countries with lower average grain–meat ratios.
CHART 73: Egg production (2000-2010)
40
20
0 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Source: FAO, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT).
CHART 74: Cheese production (2000-2010)
The continued growth of developing countries’ share in world livestock output is associated with a shift from grazing and “backyard” production to stall-fed systems, relying on concentrated feeds. Consequently, changes in production systems tend to raise the average grain–meat ratios of these developing countries, thus compensating for the opposite trends that result from improvements in productivity.
Africa
Asia
Oceania
Americas
Europe
World
20
million tonnes
15
10
5
Further reading • FAO Animal Production and Health Division (www.fao.org/
0 2000
2002
2004
2006
ag/portal/aga-index/en/)
• The State of Food and Agriculture 2009: Livestock in the balance (www.fao.org/publications/sofa-2009/en/)
144
Source: FAO, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT).
2008
2010