S
S T R AT E G I E S F O R S Y N E R G I S M
a conceptual toolkit for planners and designers a g u i d i n g m o d e l f o r f l o w s a n d u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t
WATER
L
DELTA / RIVER • •
sea
•
inlet
•
salt water fresh water
•
storm flood barrier
•
bypass & gully model !
• •
•
bypass
•
river gully
A •
A
L
R
N
river
Purpose: drainage, (rainwater)flood protection, water conservation Working with nature: peak- and seasonal storage in surface water, wetland purification Synergy of water system, green structure and green edges in urban and rural landscapes
•
gully
•
river
super dike model !
Purpose: (river)flood protection / reducing the risk of bursting Working with nature: imitating natural levees Synergy: urban land use
•
river
super dike
Purpose: conditions for good water quality Working with nature: water flows from clean to polluted / use of pure sources, wetland purification Synergy: water flows + land use: D-drinking water, N-nature, Fforestry, L-leisure, R-residential, I-industrial, A-agricultural
A
I
L
R F N D
•
Infiltration model •
urban drains / canals
pump
•
•
peak/seasonal storage
Greenway model bypass
•
•
N
Purpose: first storage of rainwater runoff Working with nature: fluctuating water table for storage of rainwater in surface water / natural banks with water plants (purification) / water depth enough for cooling in summer and not freezing to the bottom in winter Synergy: water storage and greenways; conditions for aquatic diversity and dry to wet gradients for biodiversity
Purpose: drainage, (rainwater) flood protection, water conservation Working with nature: peak- and seasonal storage in ground water, wetland purification. First storage in ‘wadis’, gradual infiltration Synergy of water system, green structure and green edges in urban and rural landscapes
Wadi model • • •
Purpose: first storage of rainwater run-off Working with nature: infiltration to phreatic groundwater, wetland purification Synergy: water storage and green spaces / biodiversity
•
river
‘wadis’ / swales pure source
•
L
R
•
Circulation model •
Purpose: (river)flood protection Working with nature: increasing river flow capacity as an alternative for building higher dikes Synergy: water management and mining (gravel, sand, clay) / floodplains with nature and recreation
A
Purpose: conditions for good water quality Working with nature: water flows from clean to polluted / use of pure sources, wetland purification Synergy of water flows and land use: N-nature, L-leisure, R-residential, A-agricultural
river
Higher dikes ?
URBAN
Upland connection model
Lowland connection model
seasonal storage
UPLANDS
pure source
E
Purpose: (sea) flood protection, freshwater supply Working with nature: using sand and other sediment flows / seasonal storage of fresh water Synergy of dunes and nature, recreation and drinking water supply / polders: agricultural and urban land use
Models for floodplains •
D
LOWLANDS / POLDERS
Estuary model
•
• •
peak storage
• •
•
Purpose: prevention of run-off nuisance / avoidance combined sewers Working with nature: slowdown rainwater run-off, starting on roofs or using rainwater inside buildings Stepwise retention of rainwater: buildings, streets, parks, urban fringe, river Synergy: rainwater and green roofs, water storage and water use inside buildings, water and green spaces, parks / blue-green quality in urban fringes Purpose: first storage of rainwater run-off in densely urbanised situations Working with nature: open gullies that carry rainwater to surface water (reduce underground drains) Synergy: rainwater drainage and street design / water storage and green spaces
Cascade model
‘Gracht’ model
AREAS
ENERGY
O
S . P. T j a l l i n g i i J . F. J o n k h o f 0 1 - 0 7 - 1 2
Bio-CHP heat model
TWO NETWORKS STRATEGY
blue-green heating&cooling model •
•
M
•
Purpose: Use blue-green network in the city to create conditions for energy and climate strategies Working with nature: Cooling the urban heat island in hot summers through blue-green corridors, starting with natural valleys in urban landscape / heat extraction from (circulating) surface water Synergy between urban climate strategy, urban landscape structure, parks and greenspaces
regional carriers model
koeling uit oppervlaktewater
wind
wind wind
urban heat network model •
•
•
Purpose: Saving energy use, using sustainable resources Working with nature: cascading, exergy principle, use of residual heat flows and residual biomass flows / use of geothermy, wind, solar and water energy / underground heat and cold storage Synergy: Combined Power Heat (CHP) systems at district level / synergy of activities by using residual heat and residual biomass
electricity network rk
wo
et at n
he
water
bio-CHP
TWO NETWORKS STRATEGY activities model
biogas
heat&cold storage
energy
windpark
G
FOOD food
urban agriculture model
global world market large scale bulk production
N
national industrial agriculture
TWO NETWORKS STRATEGY urban structure model
logistic centre
agro-park model
regional
I
traffic
large scale bulk production
agro-parks
urban agriculture
u r b a n fringe
synergism
supermarkets
D
c
i
t
local and streetmarkets
y
TRAFFIC randlengte
I
b
U
•
G
•
• •
Purpose: Reducing transport need for commuters who want to live ‘in the green’ and work in the city / Keeping ring-roads at distance from the green edge of the city Working with nature: Creating space for use of landscape ecological potential for creating attractive green edges Synergy between outer ring at distance from the edge and industrial/commercial areas synergy between inner rings in tunnels and built and green programmes on their roofs
•
outer ring
randlengte
abc cluster model •
inner ring
PHASE 3 outer ring
•
Purpose: Improving the regulation of traffic flows / reducing congestion and creating conditions to overcome traffic barriers Working with nature: Concentrating traffic axes to concentrate investment in noise and pollution control and in bridges and tunnels for green connectivity Synergy by separating traffic flows functionally and concentrating them spatially
• •
Purpose: Reducing transport need and promoting public transport by clustering activities that require optimal access for people (a), people and goods (b) and goods transport (c) Working with nature: Creating space and rest outside the clusters Synergy between offices, (agro) industrial and commercial activities and their traffic needs
green bike path model • •
•
Purpose: Creating attractive conditions for the use of bicycles in urban areas. Working with nature: Using blue-green structure of the city as a basis of an attractive bike path network. Synergy of traffic flows: bike parking facilities and rental bikes at key parking spaces and train stations / synergy between streets and bike lanes, parks and bike lanes
CS park- and bike bike path network train network
motorway
bike path network
T R A N S P O R TAT I O N M AT K E T
c
PHASE 2
ringroad model
inner ring
•
TRAFFIC MARKET
PHASE 1
C O M M U T I N G M A R K E T
a
corridor model