TURKISH NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
THE STRUCTURE OF THE TURKISH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
Turkey's educational services are organized to meet the social needs and requirements of a contemporary society. The Turkish educational system bears democratic, modern, secular and co-educational characteristics. The aims of the system are to increase prosperity and happiness of Turkish citizens and society; to support and accelerate the economic, social and cultural development in accordance with national unity and integrity, and to makeTurks constructive, creative and distinguished participants of a contemporary civilization.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE TURKISH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
The Turkish National Educational System is regulated according to: A. Education and Training Laws B. Development Plans C. National Education Councils D. Government Programs
THE STRUCTURE OF THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL EDUCATION The Ministry of National Education consists of central, provincial and overseas structures, in addition to related establishments. The Ministry of National Education assumed its present structure under Law No. 3797 dated 30.04.1992
Central Organizations; Ministry Office Board of Education Basic Service Units Consultancy and Inspection Units Auxiliary Units and Permanent Committees
Provincial; Provincial Directorates and District Directorates of National Education
Overseas; Education Counselors Educational AttachĂŠ and Turkish Cultural Centers Related Establishments National Education Academy General Directorate of Higher Education Loans and Dormitories Directorate of Education Technologies
SCHOOL SYSTEM According to the Basic Law on National Education No 1739, the Turkish educational system consists of two main divisions: a. Formal Education b. Non-formal Education
FORMAL EDUCATION The school system, classed as formal education, is divided into four levels: -
Pre-school Education
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Primary Education
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Secondary Education
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Higher Education
Pre-school Education Pre-school education is optional. Children who have not yet reached school age, may attend preschool. In this connection, 0-36 month (0-2 years-old) Day Nursery 36-72 month (3-5 years-old) Kindergarten and Preschool In the 7th Five-Year Development Program the rate of children attending school was 8.9%. There are 434.771 pupils attending these schools during the 2010-2011 scholastic year.
Primary Education In Turkey, children ranging in age from 6 to 13 must attend primary school. All state schools are free. Primary Education consists of eight year schools. At these schools, education is uninterrupted for a period of eight years and graduates are given primary school diplomas. Primary education anticipates a process which takes into consideration interests, maturation, talents and vocational values in accordance with the aims of Turkish National Education and contemporary education. At the end of the 7th Five-Year Development Program, the schooling rate in primary schools was 97.4 %. The aim is that this figure will reach 100% at the end of the 8th FiveYear Development Program.
Secondary Education Secondary Education covers vocational and technical high schools which provide at least a three-year education for graduates of primary school. The aim of secondary education is to provide students, through various programs, with general culture and to prepare them for higher education, life and business according to their interests and talents. The total student attending at these schools is 2.724.676 except open high school students.
General High Schools The aim of these schools is to prepare students to contribute to the country's economic, social and cultural development and, to prepare them for higher education. These schools offer a three-year education program.
Vocational and Technical High Schools Vocational and technical high schools are institutions which train young people in commercial and vocational fields and prepare them for higher education. These schools are; l. Technical Education schools for boys 2. Technical Education schools for girls 3. Religious education schools. 4. Commercial and Tourism Education schools Total student number in these schools is 1.102.394
Special Education School Special training is conducted by qualified personnel using special programs in an atmosphere which is suitable for handicapped (exceptional) children. As such, special education applies to children between the ages of 0 and 18 who display certain handicaps from other children because of their physical, mental, psychological, emotional or social characteristics and cannot, therefore, benefit from regular education services. The education of handicapped children is followed up with great interest by the Ministry of National Education, according to the principle of "Equal Opportunities in Education".
Guidance and Research Centers (GRCs) The duties of guidance research centers consist of carrying out research into special education, determining the number of children in need of such training, providing them with proper guidance, offering special therapy to children who cannot socially harmonize with their surroundings and related coordination activities.
Private Educational Institutions Private Education Institutions cover various types and levels of private schools, and courses and training centers which operate under law no 625. The activities of these institutions are controlled by the Ministry.
Higher Education Institutions of Higher Learning, the course of which is at least two years, is based on secondary education. These educational institutions aim to meet the requirements of society for skilled personnel at various levels. Today, a country's development is determined according to its level of education, science and technology. Turkey's basic aim is to reach world standards of higher education both in quality and quantity. Significant developments have occurred in higher education since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. In 1933 the "Darulf没nun" was transformed into Istanbul University. During the 2003-2004 scholastic year, the number of universities reached 77 and 1.946.442 students are educated at these universities.
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION Non-formal education, which constitutes one of the two basic divisions of the national education system, covers education, training, guidance and applied activities, which are not included in the formal education system. Non-formal education applies to those individuals who have never had a formal education, or who are currently at a particular stage. Non-formal education aims at providing adults with literacy skills and basic knowledge and also to further develop acquired knowledge and skills and to create new opportunities for improving their standards of living. Non-formal education includes two main parts, which comprise general and vocational-technical education.
Non-formal education institutions include Public training centers Apprenticeship training centers Practical schools of art for girls Maturation institutes Vocational education centers Technical training centers for adults Education and application schools Private classes Private courses Industrial practical schools of art Science and art centers Open primary education Open high schools Vocational and technical open schools
CURRENT SITUATION IN EDUCATION ABROAD For the cultural exchange programs prepared in compliance with bilateral agreements to which our country is a party, studies are being conducted and coordinated by the Foreign Ministry. The mixed educational experts’ children living abroad and solutions to them are being discussed and which are required by the cultural exchange programs are being conducted by the Ministry of National Education.
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION Parallel to the rapid changes in society, the notion that the essential education is given in schools is also changing. In line with that notion, the Ministry of National Education is making rearrangements in the goals, programs and organizations of the school system, focusing on the development, expansion and restructuring of the non-formal learning and education system within continuing education and shifting the focus of education from formal to continuing education.
Measurement and Evaluation Studies The main goal of the measurement of learning is not to measure failures, but on the contrary to measure achievements. The basic points in the evaluation of learning are; 1. To acquire written and oral skills, 2. To increase problem solving skills, and 3. To provide citizens with a certain level of education and awareness.
The Date of the Start and End of the Scholastic Year The academic year begins in the second week of September and terminates at the end of the second week of June. School is open approximately between 10th September and 20th June. One School Year One school year comprises 180 working days. Holidays consist of 185 days. These are summer vocations, and mid-term, national, religious and weekend holidays.
The Age For Each Level of Education * Pre-school Day-nursery : 0 Kindergarten : 3-5 * Pre-school : 4-5 * Primary Education : 6-13 * High School : 14-16 * Higher Education : 17 After compulsory education is completed, individuals may attend non-formal education classes.
EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKISH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM A European Union Desk was formed within the scope of the Ministry of National Education which is aimed at the harmonization of the Turkish educational system with the educational systems of EU countries. The activities are being carried out with the following aims: -To provide Turkish citizens and their children with the best educational services -To improve the exchange of educational information between EU countries and Turkey -To gather data and documents about the educational system of EU countries and Turkey
EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKISH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM -To cooperate with the EU in higher education -To spread foreign language education all over Turkey -To sustain equal accession conditions for all educational institutions -To prepare children for work life -To eliminate unemployment
STATUS OF EDUCATION AT THE BEGINNING OF 2011 TOTAL SCHOOLS CLASSES INSTITUTIONS :53.556 TOTAL STUDENTS (BOYS)
:9.525.641
TOTAL STUDENTS (GIRLS)
:7.965.483 + :17.491.124
TOTAL TEACHERS
:633.835
PRESENTATION BY: DUYGU KOCA