! example,!implementation!of!EPA’s!Natural!Gas!STAR!Best!Management!Practices,!reduced\ emission!completions,!creation!of!a!leak!detection!and!repair!program,!and!on\demand! reporting!under!the!EPA’s!GHG!reporting!rule.183! ! Colorado!regulations!require!that!condensate!tanks,!crude!oil!tanks,!and!produced!water!tanks! with!the!potential!to!emit!at!least!five!tons!of!VOCs!per!year!must!capture!95!percent!of!their! VOCs!when!these!tanks!are!located!within!a!quarter!mile!of!facilities!such!as!schools,!nursing! homes,!and!jails!within!certain!counties.184!!Glycol!dehydrators!and!pits!under!similar!conditions! must!capture!90!percent!of!their!VOC!emissions.185!!Colorado’s!regulations!also!require!green! completion!practices!(that!capture!methane!and!other!air!emissions)!be!implemented!for!wells! that!are!likely!to!emit!500,000!cubic!feet!per!day!(500!MCFD);!specific!green!completion! practices!that!are!required!are!specified!in!the!regulations.186! ! Besides!New!York!and!Colorado,!most!states!reviewed!here!have!taken!minimal!action!to!limit! air!emissions!from!shale!gas!development!sites.!!Texas!and!Pennsylvania!have!implemented! monitoring!programs.!!The!Texas!Commission!on!Environmental!Quality!has!implemented!an! extensive!emissions!monitoring!program!in!the!Barnett!Shale!and!Pennsylvania!conducted!a! more!limited!monitoring!program!over!three!months!in!2010.187!!Oklahoma!requires!that!rigs! have!a!“suitable”!stack!height!for!flaring!in!order!to!“prevent!a!hazard!to!people!or! property.”188! ! Withdrawing+Water+for+Hydraulic+Fracturing+ High\volume!hydraulic!fracturing!requires!significant!quantities!of!water!be!injected! underground!to!fracture!the!shale!and!release!the!trapped!natural!gas,!allowing!it!to!flow!up! the!well!to!the!surface.!!The!water!is!mixed!with!fracturing!fluids!and!proppants,!but!the!vast! majority!of!the!solution!that!is!injected!underground!is!water.!!Each!fracturing!treatment! typically!requires!between!2.4!and!7.8!million!gallons!of!water,!varying!due!to!differences!in! geology!between!different!shales.189!!Although!this!volume!of!water!per!fracturing!treatment,! even!when!multiplied!across!the!many!wells!that!may!be!dug!in!a!given!area,!represents!only!a! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 183
!Ibid.,!7–116–117.! !2!COLO.!CODE!REGS.!§!404\1:805(b)(2).! 185 !Ibid.! 186 !2!COLO.!CODE!REGS.!§!404\1:805(b)(3).! 187 !Texas!Commission!on!Environmental!Quality,!“Barnett!Shale!Emissions”;!Pennsylvania!Department!of! Environmental!Protection,!Northcentral(Pennsylvania(Marcellus(Shale(ShortZTerm(Ambient(Air(Sampling( Report.! 188 !OKLA.!ADMIN.!CODE!§!165:10\3\15.! 189 !N.Y.!Dept.!of!Environmental!Conservation,!“Revised!Draft!SGEIS!on!the!Oil,!Gas!and!Solution!Mining! Regulatory!Program,”!8.! 184
Chapter!3!–!State!Regulations!
48!