New Step on It 2 - Sample

Janet Harmer

2 new STEP ON IT

•

Phrasal verbs

• Relative clauses

Defining relative clauses / Relative pronouns who, which, that, whose, whom, where / Non-defining relative clauses

• Reported speech

STEP IT UP 24 hours late for an interview

• The -ing form

• The infinitive or the -ing form

• Verb + object + infinitive • Compound nouns

•

• Unless, in case, as long as/so long as, provided/providing (that)

IT UP If they weren’t famous…

• Adjectives

• Order of adjectives

in -ing or -ed

• Special forms of comparatives

• So / Neither/Nor…

• Embedded

•

• Thanking and replying

• Reacting to bad news / Expressing sympathy

• Encouraging

Inviting and accepting/refusing

• Apologising / Replying to apologies

by Elizabeth Ferretti

Wales!Wonderful

Hi! Summer’s here again! And here I am to help you with your summer homework! Well, my name’s Rhys Davies, I’m 16 and I’m Welsh – I live in the capital city, Cardiff, in the south of Wales. It’s a great place to live and in my podcasts you’ll learn lots of stuff about Wales which I bet you didn’t know! Listen to my first podcast and do the exercises below!

BEFORE YOU LISTEN

1 Match the words with their definitions.

1 a large amount of

2 to have many things to choose from

3 obligatory

mandatory

to broadcast c to be spoilt for choice

4 to send out a programme on TV or the radio 5 to learn something very well

to master

loads of

2 1 Listen to the podcast. True (T) or false (F)? Correct the false statements. 1 Rhys has lived in Cardiff since he was born.

5 It is a well-known fact that many Welsh words derive from English.

© Casa Editrice G. Principato SpA

MASTERING ENGLISH

1 Find an example of the following.

1 a homonym

2 phonetic script

3 slang

4 a tongue twister

5 an acronym

6 a proverb

7 onomatopoeia

2 Find two examples of the following in the box.

comma • T • -ment • ir- • -tion • pronoun • give up • battery • travel • read • fast • il- • semi colon • C • happily • take off • adverb • ipods

1 capital letter:

2 phrasal verb:

3 noun:

4 adverb:

5 parts of speech:

6 punctuation:

7 verb:

8 prefix:

9 suffix:

3 Match the words in exercise 1 to their definitions.

1 a group of words that are difficult to articulate quickly, usually because the sounds are similar:

2 words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings:

3 a short, traditional saying that expresses something obvious:

4 a word formed from the first letter(s) of a series of words: _______________

a PIN

b hiss

c row

d No big deal

f All that glitters is not gold

g /i:/

h Fresh fried fish

5 the system of symbolisation of the sounds in spoken language:

6 words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to:

7 informal speech, often fresh and humorous:

4 2 Fill in the gaps with a suitable word. Then listen and check.

1 I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream is a t__________ t__________.

2 Get on with, bring up and look out for are p__________ v__________.

3 AI, BBC and IBM are all a__________.

4 row, fair and train are h__________.

5 Boo, bang and smack are examples of o________.

6 Adjectives, verbs, nouns and pronouns are all p__________ o__________ s__________.

7 “Actions speak louder than words” and “Beggars can’t be choosers” are famous p__________.

8 Commas, exclamation marks and inverted commas are examples of p__________.

9 Common p__________ are ir-, un- and dis-.

10 Mate, cool and the tube are all examples of s__________.

FUN WITH ENGLISH

1 Find examples from the comics below.

1 Three homonyms

2 Three words with irregular plurals

3 Three onomatopoeic words

4 Three tongue twisters

5 Three words that are a combination of two words (eg breakfast+ lunch = brunch)

6 Three US spellings

7 Three acronyms

8 Three proverbs

9 Three palindromes (words that are spelt the same backwards and forwards)

2

Skills & Culture

ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ! GET YOUR TONGUE

There’s no doubt about it, English pronunciation doesn’t follow logical rules. The big question though, is: Why is it so confusing?

English spellings and pronunciation are so strange because the language is really a mix of lots of different languages: Latin, Greek, French and German, and also bits and pieces of other local languages like Celtic and Gaelic. It has also picked up words from countries that used to be part of the British Empire, including India –and we tend to borrow words we like the sound of from Spanish, Italian, Arabic…

Even though English is not a Romance language like Italian or French, 60% of English words have Latin or Greek roots. For example, words that have “para” in them (like parachute or paragraph), “tele” (e.g. telephone), or “cyclo” (e.g. encyclopaedia or bicycle) come from Ancient Greek words. And thousands of words come from Latin, including picture, village, long, famous, pirate, quiet, priest and even the word language. Then there were the Angles and Saxons who spoke Germanic languages, so many English words today look or sound similar to German like boot, night, apple, so, good, ground, crystal, God. In fact, most of the “common” words English speakers use have German roots.

READING ROUND

1 Read about English pronunciation and decide if the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false sentences.

1 English spelling follows logical rules. T F

2 Many English words have Greek or Latin roots because English is a Romance language. T F

3 The majority of everyday words used in English have German roots. T F

4 The Saxons brought the French language to Britain. T F

5 English pronunciation is influenced by the pronunciation of many other languages. T F

Next, there are French words. The Normans took over England in the year 1066, and for hundreds of years French was used in all important situations. Many French words became part of the English language like: person, fruit, order, lion, captain, art, paint, November, etc. All these different languages had very different systems for spelling and punctuation, so when they were all mixed up together to make English, they didn’t follow one single set of rules.

So, remember: the next time you get confused by English words, or English pronunciation seems to make no sense, remember that it’s because you’re really speaking Latin, Greek, German, French and many other languages, all at the same time!

2 3 Listen to the poem Chaos by Gerard Nolst Trenité: the following words rhyme, true (T) or false (F)?

1 heard and beard T F

2 great and straight T F

3 fear and bear T F

4 cork and sword T F

THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE FORM

I / You / We / They + have + past participle

Henry has bought a new tablet.

He / She / It + has + past participle

Tom has passed his driving test.

INTERROGATIVE FORM

Have + I / you / we / they + past participle

Have you tidied your bedroom?

Has + he / she / it + past participle

Has Cathy gone out?

• Il past participle dei verbi regolari si forma aggiungendo -ed alla forma base del verbo; le variazioni ortografiche sono le stesse che si applicano per la formazione del simple past. Per quanto riguarda i verbi irregolari si utilizza la terza voce del paradigma.

• Il present perfect simple si usa:

– per parlare di un’esperienza avvenuta in un momento non definito del passato

David has lived in many countries.

– per parlare di un’azione avvenuta in un momento non definito nel passato, i cui effetti hanno un’implicazione nel presente

My dad has won a medal for running a marathon.

– con ever (“mai”, nelle domande) e never (“non… mai”)

“Have you ever been to Rome?” “No, I’ve never been to Rome.”

– con il superlativo relativo

Florence is one of the most beautiful cities I’ve ever visited

– con just (“appena”) e already (“già”)

They have just bought tickets for the Champions League final.

Rob has already left for Rome.

– con (not)… yet e still… not (“non… ancora”; still implica che l’azione si sarebbe già dovuta fare)

NEGATIVE FORM

I / You / We / They + haven’t + past participle

We haven’t been on holiday this year yet.

He / She / It + hasn’t + past participle

She hasn’t read that book.

INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE FORM

Haven’t + I / you / we / they + past participle

Haven’t you already seen this film?

Hasn’t + he / she / it + past participle

Hasn’t mum been shopping yet?

I haven’t had breakfast yet.

I still haven’t had breakfast.

– con recently, lately (“ultimamente”), so far (“finora”) e before (“prima d’ora”)

I haven’t been to the gym recently/lately

How many pages have you read so far?

We’ve never done free climbing before

– con today, this morning/evening/afternoon/ week/month/year ecc., per indicare un momento o periodo di tempo non ancora concluso

I’ve rung the school five times this morning, but it’s always engaged!

– con for o since, con i verbi di stato (be, know, have, like, love, hate, understand, ecc.); for si usa per specificare il periodo della durata dell’azione, mentre since si usa per precisare il momento d’inizio dell’azione. Nota che in italiano si usa il presente indicativo seguito dalla preposizione “da”.

We’ve had this car for five years.

Sam has known Harry since they were at Primary School.

NOTA BENE

Con i verbi live, work, study e learn si puo usare sia il present perfect simple che il present perfect continuous con for e since

– con How long…?, Since when…?, for ages, for a long time

How long have they been in Sardinia?

Since when have you had that motorbike? He hasn’t done any physical exercise for ages They’ve been good friends for a long time.

1 Complete the sentences using the present perfect simple of the verbs in the box.

lose • go • buy • see • take • break

1 Katy _____________ to the library with her friends – she’ll be back at about 6.

2 _____________ (you) my purse? It was on the kitchen table a few minutes ago.

3 My brother _____________ his phone again. He can’t find it anywhere!

4 Wow – _____________ (you) a new TV?

5 Where’s Anne? She _____________ the cat to the vet.

6 Jess can’t go to ballet classes for a few months –she _____________ her ankle.

2 Complete the sentences using already, yet, just, still, ever or never.

1 “Hasn’t Regan arrived _____________?” “No, her plane is late…”

2 “Have you _____________ eaten Indian food?” “No, _____________.”

3 I asked my brother to buy some meat for the barbecue but he _____________ hasn’t been to the supermarket!

4 It’s only the beginning of July and I’ve _____________ finished my summer homework! Now I can relax for the rest of the summer!

5 “Would you like some tiramisù?” “No, thanks, I haven’t had lunch _____________!”

6 “Why don’t we go to the new water park tomorrow!” “I’ve _____________ been there! I went last week!”

7 It’s September and Nicolò hasn’t started his summer homework _____________!

8 “Is the lifeguard here? I need to speak to him.” “Sorry! You’ve _____________ missed him – he finished his shift 10 minutes ago!”

– con It’s/This is the first/second/third ecc. time… This is the first time I’ve been to this restaurant.

• Il simple past, invece, si usa per parlare di azioni o situazioni collocate in un preciso momento nel passato

My dad broke his leg last week.

3 Complete the following sentences using the expressions in the box. how long (x2) • recently • for (x3) • ever • yet • since (x2)

1 “Have you heard from Anna __________?” “No, I haven’t had a message from her _________ ages.”

2 I really must go to the gym… I haven’t done any exercise _____________ years!

3 “Have you _____________ played badminton?” “No, never… this is the first time.”

4 “_____________ have you and your boyfriend been together?” “Almost two years – on and off!”

5 “Have you had dinner _____________?” “No, not yet, but I’m really hungry. I haven’t had anything to eat _____________ midday!”

6 “_____________ have you known Oliver?” “_____________ I was at Primary School, so I’ve known him _____________ about 10 years.”

4 Right (R) or wrong (W)? Correct the wrong sentences.

1 “When did you go on holiday?” “I’ve been to Florence two weeks ago.” R W

2 I’ve never been canyoning, but I’d love to try it! R W

3 My sister just went to live in Glasgow. She loves it! R W

4 It’s the best film I’ve never seen! R W

5 Jan has just decorated her bedroom. R W

6 Did you start your new job yet? R W

7 Have you taken out the rubbish yet? R W

8 “Have you ever gone to Liverpool?” “Yes, I’ve been there last year.” R W

9 Where have you lived before you came to Italy? R W

10 Mrs Dodds taught history for 20 years. Then she retired. R W

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THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE FORM

I / You / We / They + have been + -ing form

They have been cooking all afternoon for the party

He / She / It + has been + -ing form Fiona has been tidying the house all day.

INTERROGATIVE FORM

Have + I / you / we / they + been + -ing form

Have you been working here long?

Has + he / she / it + been + -ing form

Has he been playing football in the living room again?

• Il present perfect continuous si usa per esprimere azioni che hanno avuto inizio nel passato e sono ancora in corso nel presente o sono appena terminate. L’attenzione è sull’attività svolta.

“You look very tired!”

“Yes, I’ve been looking after my little brothers!”

• Come il present perfect simple, il present perfect continuous si usa con how long, for e since ma con i verbi di azione, non quelli di stato (in questi casi si usa il present perfect simple).

“How long has Victor been playing Fortnite?

“He’s been playing since ten o’clock this morning.

It’s been raining for 24 hours.

• Il present perfect continuous di solito non si usa nella forma negativa, tranne:

– per contraddire un’affermazione

“You’ve been watching television all afternoon!”

“I haven’t been watching television all afternoon.

I’ve been doing my homework!”

NEGATIVE FORM

I / You / We / They + haven’t been + -ing form

We haven’t been playing on the PS!

He / She / It + hasn’t been + -ing form

He hasn’t been sleeping!

INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE FORM

Haven’t + I / you / we / they + been + -ing form

Haven’t they been working abroad?

Hasn’t + he / she / it + been + -ing form

Hasn’t she been studying oriental languages?

– quando il not nega l’espressione di tempo e non il verbo

“Sorry I’m late.”

“It’s ok. I haven’t been waiting long.”

In questo caso la persona aspetta, ma non da tanto. Invece si usa il present perfect simple per dire che l’azione non si è svolta per niente

ATTENZIONE!

Il present perfect continuous non si usa per esprimere la quantità o la frequenza (“quanto”, “quanti” o “quante volte”). Si usa invece il present perfect simple.

I’ve written three e-mails this afternoon.

e non I’ve been writing three e-mails this afternoon. She’s seen two films at the cinema this week.

e non She’s been seeing two films at the cinema this week.

How much homework have you done?

e non How much homework have you been doing?

5 Use the words to make sentences using the present perfect continuous.

1 “Your face is very red! What / you / do?” “I / sunbathe.”

2 Sorry I’m late, my car broke down! I hope / you / not wait / long.

3 I can smell cigarette smoke! You / smoke / again!

4 “What is the matter with Alex?” “He has got a headache. He / read / in / bedroom / and the light isn’t very good.”

5 “You’ve got chocolate on your face!” “Have I? Oh dear, I / make / a chocolate cake!”

6 I / study the present perfect continuous / all afternoon – it’s quite difficult!

7 Read the text and choose the best answer.

6 Complete the sentences using the correct form of the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous.

1 Zoe ___________ (work) in a café since the beginning of July.

2 You ___________ (play) beach volleyball since 11 o’clock. Aren’t you tired?

3 Your brother ___________ (chat) on the phone for hours! ___________ (he / not / finish) yet?

4 I’m really tired! I ___________ (work) all morning in the vegetable garden... and I ___________ (only / plant) the tomatoes and the lettuce!

5 “I ___________ (think) a lot lately and I ___________ (decide) I’d like to change schools.” “But you ___________ (only / be) at this school for 6 months!”

Step it UP

WHY STUDY LANGUAGES?

There are so many reasons why we should all learn a foreign language! I (1) have been studying / studied Italian now for 5 years now and I (2) have been noticing / have noticed that it (3) has helped / helped me understand my own language much better! I understand “what I know” or to be honest “what I don’t know” about my first language. I also speak a bit of French because I (4) have lived / lived in France for 6 months when I (5) was / have been at University.

Of course, being able to speak another language is really important when you’re looking for work. For example, I (6) got / have been getting a job in a tourist office last year because loads of Italians tourists come here every year and of course, I speak Italian. And my sister (7) has just found / has just been finding a job working as a tour guide in York because she speaks three languages fluently.

Studies (8) have also shown / also showed that learning a foreign language may contribute to a better memory. Children who know more than one language show a better capacity for memory tasks. And apparently it could even delay the onset of disorders such as Alzheimer’s!

Let’s connect!

Hi there! We all love social media, right? And I’m no exception… I go on Instagram and WhatsApp a lot, maybe too much? It can be very addictive so I try to limit the amount of time I spend online, though it’s not always easy! Listen to what I have to say about social media in my podcast and answer the questions!

BEFORE YOU LISTEN

1 Complete the definitions using the words in the box. downfalls • lonely • relatives • aware • meals • benefits

1 Things that are advantageous or good are ____________________.

2 ____________________ are members of your family.

3 You are ____________________ if you have depressing feeling caused by being alone.

4 Breakfast, lunch and dinner are ____________________.

5 ____________________ are things that are the cause of failure.

6 You are ____________________ of something if you are conscious of it.

NOW LISTEN!

2 4 Listen to the podcast. True (T) or false (F)? Correct the false statements.

1 Rhys does not agree with what many experts say about social media. T F

2 What Rhys likes most about social media is that he can keep in touch with people who live far away. T F

3 Rhys’s podcasts are more varied thanks to social media.

4 He discovered a new place to eat thanks to social media.

5 Rhys is vegan.

6 When he is out he prefers not to post photos online.

F

SPEAK SOCIAL!

1 Use the words and expressions to complete the sentences.

1 ____________________ are people that leave annoying, offensive messages on the internet, in order to upset someone.

2 When something is a ____________________ it means that it is extremely popular at that moment.

3 ____________________ is getting a large number of people to give small amounts of money to provide finance for a project.

4 An ____________________ is a piece of software that you can download onto a mobile phone or other mobile device.

5 ____________________ is a virtual space where all your saved files can be accessed from anywhere! Examples are Apple iCloud and Dropbox.

6 ____________________ are simple web pages that can be edited by other users.

7 A set of mathematical instructions or rules that will help to calculate an answer to a problem is an ____________________.

8 The symbol # on a phone or computer keyboard is a ____________________.

9 ____________________ is the number of users who visit a website or page.

10 ____________________ is articles, photographs etc on the internet designed to make readers want to click on a link.

11 A____________________ on social media is a private message sent directly to a user’s inbox.

12 ____________________ is a computer program designed to simulate conversation with human users, especially over the internet.

2 Match the text abbreviation to the Italian translation and then write the English.

1 BFF a devo andare BFF = ________________________________________

2 ASAP b secondo me ASAP = _______________________________________

3 FYI c mi manchi

4

5 TTYL e amici per sempre

6

7 JK g appena possibile

8 IMY h sto scherzando

FUN WITH ENGLISH

Social Crossword

1 Read the clues and solve the crossword.

ACROSS

5 Referring to a post, video, or content that spreads rapidly and extensively on social media platforms.

6 To remove someone from one’s list of friends or contacts on social media platforms.

9 A person who expresses strong opinions, often in a confrontational or aggressive manner, through online comments or posts.

10 An instant messaging app.

11 You take this using the reverse camera screen on a smartphone.

DOWN

1 Members post tweets on this social network.

2 A feature that allows users to send a request to connect with another user and become “friends”.

3 An online journal or informational website.

4 A person with a significant following on social media who has the ability to influence the opinions, behaviour, or purchasing decisions of their audience.

7 Symbols used instead of words to communicate feelings and emotions.

8 You pin things on this social network.

CHAT GPT AND THE AI REVOLUTION

Who hasn’t heard of ChatGPT?

GPT (which stands for Generative Pre-trained Performer) was created by OpenAI — the first version of what eventually became ChatGPT — in 2018. GTP-2 and GPT-3 were released in subsequent years, followed by ChatGPT in November 2022. Among the founders of ChatGPT are Elon Musk, Sam Altman, Peter Thiel and Reis Hoffman. In just 5 days it had over one million users.

Chat GPT uses “deep learning” to generate human-like text — it is trained to generate coherent and relevant responses based on the input it receives. It’s very easy to use: just go to the website, create an account… and use it for free! You can ask it a question or ask it to write an essay or a short story. Press the paper airplane button to submit and it’s done!

Sounds great, right? However, while in fact it has made life a lot easier in the workplace, if you’re thinking about using it for school essays and documents, well… think again…

AI detection tools for teachers are getting more and more sophisticated. For example, Content at Scale is a tool where teachers can simply upload their students’ work directly to the input box and then select “Check for AI content” and they’ll see whether the content was their own or written by AI. So be warned!!

READING

1 True (T) or false (F)? Correct the false statements.

1 ChatGPT was created by OpenAI and released in 2018.

2 Elon Musk is among the founders of ChatGPT.

3 Nearly one million people had used ChatGPT within one day of its launch.

4 ChatGPT uses deep learning to generate human-like text.

5 Content at Scale can be used to write essays or documents.

Grammar ZONE

THE PASSIVE

• In inglese, come in italiano, la forma passiva si rende con l’ausiliare “essere” (to be) seguito dal participio passato del verbo

The school is cleaned every afternoon.

The church was built in the14th century.

• Nel passaggio dalla forma attiva alla forma passiva:

– l’oggetto della frase attiva diventa il soggetto della frase passiva;

– il soggetto della frase attiva diventa il complemento d’agente e viene preceduto da by

1 Complete the table.

/ Verb forms

Simple present

Over 1,000,000 people visit the museum every year. The museum is visited by over 1,000,000 people every year.

• La forma passiva viene usata quando si vuole sottolineare l’azione piuttosto che il soggetto che la compie oppure quando non si conosce il soggetto dell’azione.

The robbers were arrested yesterday.

My purse was stolen on Tuesday.

(1) ____________________ is played

Present continuous is playing (2) ____________________

Simple past

(3) ____________________ was played

Past continuous was playing (4) ____________________

Present perfect (5) ____________________ has been played

Past perfect had played (6) ____________________

Future will

(7) ____________________ will be played

Future be going to is going to play (8) ____________________

Conditional (present)

(9) ____________________ would be played

Conditional (past) would have played (10) ____________________

Infinitive

(11) ____________________ to be played

2 Write sentences using the passive form of the verb.

1 My computer repair / at the moment.

2 This website for learning English / create / 2022.

3 The tennis match / postpone / if it rains.

4 Not enough money / spend /on health and education nowadays.

5 Let’s hope / a drama course / organise / next year!

6 Plastic waste / collect / every day by the council

7 The students / tell / their exam results / as soon as possible.

8 Our holiday /cancel / in 2020 / because of the pandemic.

3 Rewrite the following sentences using the passive.

1 The teachers are marking our exams this week.

2 They make amazing chocolate ice cream in that new ice cream shop.

3 The company would offer her the job if she spoke English.

4 Where will they hold the next Olympic Games?

5 They have to pay for the holiday before the end of the week.

6 They had put off the match twice before they decided to cancel it.

7 While they were showing a film in the lecture theatre there was a blackout!

4 Complete the sentences using the passive form of the verbs in brackets.

1 Don’t worry! I’m sure you _____________________ (accept) by the Polytechnic.

2 Alice _____________________ (select) for the artistic swimming team if she trained harder.

3 Mike _____________________ (offer) the job if he hadn’t turned up late for the interview!

4 This is the third time the students _____________________ (tell) to stop talking.

5 Last night the suspect _____________________ (question) by the police

6 The school chemistry lab _____________________ (clean) every afternoon.

7 We didn’t have to paint the house when we moved in. It __________________ (already, paint).

8 We would have gone to the dinner party if we _____________________ (invite).

9 The museum was closed because it _____________________ (renovate).

10 I think I _____________________ (test) on the passive tomorrow at school!

HAVE SOMETHING DONE

• La costruzione have + object + past participle corrisponde all’italiano “farsi fare qualcosa (da qualcuno)”.

5 Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences.

1 My knee really hurts. I think I _____________________ (it, see to).

2 I must go to the dentist’s… I ____________________ (not, teeth, check) for ages!

3 “Did your dad repair your scooter?” “No, I _____________________ (it, fix) at the local garage.”

4 “Wow! I love your new haircut!” “Thanks! I _____________________ (just, it, cut) at the new hairdresser’s in town.”

PHRASAL VERBS

• I phrasal verbs sono composti da un verbo e uno o più avverbi o preposizioni che ne modificano il significato. In alcuni casi si può intuire il significato conoscendo le parti che lo compongono, ma in molti altri il verbo assume un significato diverso e difficilmente riconoscibile.

My dad had his car repaired yesterday. Sue is having the garden landscaped. I think I’ll have my room painted red and black.

5 “Is your tablet broken again?” “Yes, I’m furious. This is the second time I _____________________ (it, repair) this month!”

6 Sorry about the mess – we_____________________ (kitchen, refurbish) at the moment.

7 My grandparents _____________________ (their medicines, bring) to them every week by the local pharmacy.

8 “Let’s go out for a pizza.” “I’m a bit tired, why don’t we _____________________ (one, deliver)?”

• Ci sono tre categorie di phrasal verbs: 1 intransitivi, quando non sono seguiti da un complemento oggetto, per esempio to take off. The plane took off on time.

© Casa Editrice G. Principato SpA

Grammar ZONE

2 transitivi di tipo 1, quando l’oggetto del verbo può cambiare posizione, per esempio to turn sth on Switch the radio off please. / Switch off the radio please.

Ma quando l’oggetto è un pronome (me, you, him, her, it, us, them), questo deve stare prima della preposizione.

Switch it off please.

e non Switch off it, please.

6 Which category do the following phrasal verbs belong to? Write 1, 2 or 3.

a be off (“andare via”)

b break down (“guastarsi”)

c bring sb up (“allevare, crescere”)

d call sth off (“annullare”)

e pick sb up (“andare a prendere”)

f do without sth (“fare a meno di”)

g get by (“cavarsela”)

h hand sth in (“consegnare”)

i look forward to sth (“non vedere l’ora di”)

j look sth up (“cercare su un vocabolario”)

k make sth up (“inventare una storia”)

l put sb up (“ospitare qualcuno”)

m set off (“partire per un viaggio”)

n take sth off (“togliersi gli abiti”)

7 Complete the sentences using one of the verbs in the box in the correct form.

pick • break • look • get • take • make • do • look

1 “Why don’t we go to the cinema this evening!” “Good idea, I’ll ______________ you up at 8.00.”

2 If you haven’t got enough money to buy a new pair of sneakers you’ll have to _________ without!

3 ___________ your jacket off! It’s really hot in here!

4 He’s really ______________ forward to starting his new job!

5 She ______________ up some excuse about not feeling well.

6 I don’t know how he ______________ by on such a low salary.

3 transitivi di tipo 2, quando l’oggetto del verbo non cambia posizione, per esempio to look after sb

I’m looking after my little brother this evening. e non I’m looking my little brother after this evening.

7 “What does ‘rehearse’ mean?” “No idea! ______________ it up in a dictionary!”

8 The bus ______________ down in the middle of nowhere. It took hours to fix the problem.

8 Complete the sentences using an adverb or preposition.

1 My boyfriend picked me ______________ from the airport and we went for something to eat.

2 We decided to set ______________ early in the morning to beat the traffic.

3 I’m really looking forward ______________ the weekend so I can relax and unwind.

4 I’m going to New Zealand for the summer. My aunt and uncle live there so they’re going to put me _______________.

5 The picnic was called_______________ due to the sudden thunderstorm.

9 Complete the sentences using a phrasal verb in exercise 6.

1 She did her best to ______________ her children with a sense of responsibility.

2 During hard times we had to ______________ many luxuries.

3 Don’t forget to ______________ your essays on Friday morning.

4 It’s getting warm in her – I think I’ll ______________ my jacket ______________.

5 If you’re not sure about the definition of a word you can ______________ it ______________ in a dictionary.

10 Read the text and choose the correct adverb or preposition.

LIFE

OFFLINE

One day while I was cleaning out the loft I came across my grandfather’s diaries, and I found (1) ____________________ a lot of interesting things about his life.

He was brought (2) ____________________ in Sicily by his grandparents. Unfortunately, his parents split (3) ____________________ when he was just a child because they didn’t get (4) ____________________. He started to work in a factory at the age of 16 but just two years later he gave it (5) ____________________ because he wanted to see America. He set (6) ____________________ with very little money and a few clothes. When he finally reached the USA, he got a job washing (7) ____________________ in a restaurant. He didn’t speak English, not even enough just to get (8) ____________________ when he arrived but he soon picked it (9) ____________________.

While he was there, he fell in love with one of the waitresses, and one day he showed

1 a out b off c in

2 a out b for c up

3 a in b up c to

4 a on b in c with

5 a away b for c up

6 a off b in c away

(10) ____________________ at her flat with a bunch of roses and asked her to marry him. Surprisingly, she agreed, and he moved (11) ____________________ with her in New York, where they had 3 children. My dad moved back to Italy when he was 20 and next summer I’m going to America to meet my cousins, I’m really looking forward (12) ____________________ it!

11 5 Translate the following sentences. Then listen and check.

1 Lyra si è fatta controllare la vista e deve usare gli occhiali.

2 I miei vicini stanno facendo costruire una casa sull’albero per i loro figli.

3 A mio fratello è stato detto che verrà selezionato per la squadra nazionale.

4 “Hai sentito? Quel ladro è stato dichiarato innocente!” “Lo so, ci è stato detto circa mezz’ora fa.”

5 Quando è l’ultima volta che ti sei fatto tagliare i capelli? Sono lunghissimi!

6 A che ora viene tua mamma a prenderci?

7 “Non vedo l’ora di andare in Scozia ma non parlo l’inglese molto bene.” “Non ti preoccupare, te la caverai!”

8 “Silvia ha detto che ha vinto la gara.” “Non è vero! Ha inventato tutto!”

©

Casa Editrice G. Principato SpA

Get a job!

Hey! How are things? Are you enjoying your summer holidays? Bet you are! Do you ever work during the summer? This year I’ve decided to go and work in a summer camp. To find out what I do, listen to my podcast and answer the questions!

BEFORE YOU LISTEN

1 Match the definitions to the words.

1 A group of people who work for an association.

2 Instructing, teaching.

3 Where tennis is played.

4 Divided, separated.

5 Running with a ball.

6 An organisation which helps the poor.

7 In a foreign country.

8 The ability or right to use.

a dribbling b abroad c coaching d charity e courts f split g access h staff

NOW LISTEN!

2 6 Listen to the podcast. True (T) or false (F)? Correct the false statements.

1 Rhys has worked at King’s Summer Camp before.

2 This year Rhys will work with the under 8s.

3 The children play in football and tennis tournaments.

4 Stepping Stones International is a school in Botswana.

5 Not all the children who attend Kings Camps have to pay.

KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK

1 Match the pictures to the jobs below.

graphic designer

personal trainer

2 7 Choose the best word to complete the following sentences. Then listen and check.

1 My mum has got a ___________ in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Manchester. a degree b diploma c certificate

2 Victoria finished university last year. Now she’s doing ___________ with a law firm in Bristol. a an internship b practice c a stage

3 A nurse’s life can be very hard. They often have to work ___________. a turns b night c shifts

4 Lily was often late to work and never got her work done on time. In the end the boss __________ her.

licensed

5 I’ve just written a letter of ___________ for a job in New Zealand. a application b question c demand

6 My granddad stopped working last year. Now he’s a ___________. a old ager b pensioner c retired

7 Harry is a/an ___________ plumber. He hopes to work in London when he finishes his course. a student b apprentice c trainer

© Casa Editrice G. Principato SpA

FUN WITH ENGLISH

Work in progress

1 Work out the meaning of the idioms from the context. Match each idiom with one of the expressions from the box.

working her fingers to the bone to finish the project on time.

I’m snowed under with schoolwork – I have no time for myself.

2 Choose the correct idiom to complete the sentences.

1 After Stefan called in sick with a fake excuse he ___________ immediately.

a was sacked b was thrown in at the deep end

2 I have ___________ cleaning the garden, but now it looks beautiful!

a sat on the fence b worked my fingers to the bone

3 Kathy isn’t coming out tonight – she’s ___________ at the office.

a snowed under with work b sacked

a working very hard

b think creatively

c work for a low salary

d job with no chance of promotion

e have too much work

f not given any support

g is unable to make a decision

h dismissed

When I started my job I was thrown in at the deep end – I had no idea what to do!

4 If we want to impress the teacher with our project we have to ___________! a think outside the box b work for peanuts

5 Even good jobs can sometimes ___________. a think outside the box b be dead end jobs

6 In my first job I was ___________ – I had no idea what to do!

a thrown in at the deep end b in a dead end job

Skills & Culture

Wave WATCHERS

LISTENING

1 8 You will hear an interview with a boy called Christopher Burton who works as a lifeguard at the Eisenhower Aquatic Centre. For questions 1-6, choose the best answer (a, b or c).

1 Who encouraged Chris to be a lifeguard?

a his father

b his coaches

c his brother

2 What did Chris find most difficult about the course?

a the swimming

b the written test

c learning about the different saves

3 When does Chris get a rest?

a every 20 minutes

b every hour

c at 6 o’clock

4 What piece of equipment is used if somebody has hurt their neck?

a a backboard

b a lifeguard buoy

c a first aid kit

5 What does Chris enjoy most about his job?

a the fact that he can have a career in life-saving

b the fact that he is an example to younger children

c working with other people

6 What did the man who Chris rescued do after being saved?

a he taught his children to swim

b he had swimming lessons

c he became a lifeguard

Grammar ZONE

RELATIVE CLAUSES

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

RELATIVE PRONOUNS PERSON ANIMAL / THING PLACE

Subject who / that which / that where Object who(m) / that which / that

Possessive whose whose

• Una defining relative clause fornisce informazioni essenziali per definire l’identità della persona, dell’animale o della cosa a cui si fa riferimento.

The girl who / that you saw outside that shop is a famous influencer.

The dog which / that you see in the photo is Daisy.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHO, WHICH, THAT

• I pronomi relativi who e that si riferiscono a persone, mentre which e that si riferiscono a cose o animali.

The boy who / that works in that pizzeria is my friend’s brother.

Carlo works in a shop which / that sells video games.

• Quando i pronomi relativi who, that e which vengono usati con funzione di complemento possono essere omessi. Se sono preceduti da una preposizione, questa va in fondo alla frase.

These are the students (who/that) I videochat with. The film (which/that) I saw last Saturday was excellent.

The kitten (that/which) I found in the street was my English teacher’s!

What’s the name of the castle (that/which) you visited on the school trip?

RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHOSE, WHOM, WHERE

• Whose si usa per esprimere possesso.

What’s the name of the lady whose cat you rescued?

• Whom è usato quando il pronome relativo ha funzione di complemento, ma il suo uso è limitato al linguaggio formale; nella lingua parlata si preferisce usare who.

The woman who / whom you saw with my mum is a famous writer.

• Where si usa quando si vuole indicare un luogo. Home is where the heart is.

1 Complete the sentences using who, whom or which. Put brackets around the pronouns which can be omitted.

1 The singer ________________ won the MTV music award is only 23 years old!

2 What is the name of the famous swimmer ________________ you saw yesterday?

3 Have you got the money ________________ I lent you last weekend?

4 The bus ________________ takes you to the airport is always on time.

5 The people _________ we invited for dinner didn’t come. Their car broke down on the way here.

6 The video ________________ you put on TikTok was really funny!

7 Most of the children ________________ did the summer camp really enjoyed themselves.

8 The train ________________ leaves Liverpool at 15.50 arrives in Manchester at 16.40.

2 Choose from column A and column B to make sentences using whose, who(m), where when necessary.

A

1 Miss Wignall is one of the worst teachers

2 The swimming pool

3 This is the restaurant

4 Most of the people

5 Do you know the man

6 This school is only for children

7 That’s the girl

8 Do you know the name of that pub

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

B

a first language is not English.

b brother plays for Liverpool!

c Camilla’s talking to?

d my brother trains is closed for repairs.

e Anna’s is going to have her 21st birthday party.

f came had not been invited.

g they make amazing food?

h I’ve ever had.

Subject who which

Object who(m) which where

Possessive whose whose

• Una non-defining relative clause è una frase che fornisce delle informazioni aggiuntive, non indispensabili all’identificazione della persona o della cosa di cui si parla. Questa frase è sempre racchiusa tra virgole e il pronome relativo non può mai essere omesso. I pronomi who, whom e which non possono mai essere sostituiti da that.

My friend Elisa, who lives in Bari, is a tour guide.

Yann, who(m) I met at the party, is a French guy.

This smartwatch, which I only bought six months ago, isn’t working properly.

His girlfriend, whose mum is from Munich, speaks perfect German.

This year I’m going to Melbourne, where my aunt and uncle live.

3 Decide whether the underlined clauses are defining (D) or non-defining (ND). Use commas where necessary.

1 The bank robber whose mask slipped ran out of the bank.

2 The person who won the diving competition is my cousin.

3 Polly helped me do this exercise about relative clauses which was very kind of her

4 Edinburgh which is the capital of Scotland is famous for the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo.

5 That’s the high school where my parents went.

6 John Lennon who was a famous musician wrote many classic songs

7 The cat that lives next door always scratches me!

8 I thought that Michelle’s sister who is 15 was much older.

ND

ND

ND

© Casa Editrice G. Principato SpA

REPORTED SPEECH

• In inglese, come in italiano, si usa il discorso indiretto (reported speech) per riportare le parole dette da qualcuno. Per fare ciò si usa un verbo introduttivo come say o tell seguito da that (che spesso viene omesso, soprattutto nel linguaggio informale).

“I’m not feeling very well.”

Cathy said (that) she was not feeling very well.

SAY – TELL

• Say è seguito da una proposizione oggettiva. Jim said (that) he wanted to go to Japan.

• Quando è presente il complemento di termine, say viene seguito da to. Jim said to his mum (that) he wanted to go to Japan.

• Tell è seguito dal complemento di termine senza to Jim told his mum (that) he wanted to go to Japan.

DISCORSO DIRETTO ➝ DISCORSO INDIRETTO

• Quando si passa dal discorso diretto al discorso indiretto spesso è necessario modificare alcuni elementi del messaggio originale. Osserva queste trasformazioni:

“I work in Glasgow.”

➝ She said (that) she worked in Glasgow.

“I’m watching YouTube.”

➝ She said (that) she was watching YouTube.

“I’ve been to Canada twice.”

➝ She said (that) she had been to Canada twice.

“I lost my umbrella on the bus last month.”

➝ She said (that) she had lost her umbrella on the bus the month before.

“I’m going to buy a new lamp for my desk.”

➝ She said (that) she was going to buy a new lamp for her desk.

“I’ll call you.”

➝ She said (that) she would call me.

• Anche se in generale il simple past si modifica in past perfect e il past continuous in past perfect continuous, spesso i verbi rimangono invariati.

“I went to England last summer.”

➝ He said (that) he went to England last summer.

“When I was working in Italy I often went skiing.”

➝ She said that when she was working in Italy she often went skiing.

• Non subiscono modifiche:

– must (quando esprime deduzione o divieto)

“They must be at home.”

➝ He said (that) they must be at home.

“You mustn’t make a noise.”

➝ They said (that) I / we mustn’t make a noise.

– could, might, ought to, should, would

“When I was little I could swim very well.”

➝ She said (that) when she was little she could swim very well.

“I would love to spend a year abroad.”

➝ He said (that) he would love to spend a year abroad

• Altri cambiamenti nel discorso indiretto sono i seguenti: this ➝ that these ➝ those here ➝ there today ➝ that day yesterday ➝ the day before, the previous day tomorrow ➝ the day after, the next / following day ago ➝ before, previously next week / month ➝ the following week / month, the week / month after last week / month ➝ the previous week / month, the week / month before

4 Complete the sentences using the correct form of to say or to tell.

1 Maisy him not to say anything to anybody.

2 Charlie _______________ me that he is going to study in Milan next year.

3 Where is Tom? He _______________ he’d be here at six o’clock.

4 us all about your new girlfriend!

5 Sofia _______________ she had her PET exam at the end of the month.

6 Why don’t you something? You’re so quiet!

5 Write reported speech using the prompts.

1 “I looked for the computer store you told me about but I couldn’t find it.” Sue said ___________________________________

2 “We’ve just arrived in Lisbon.” Janet said __________________________________

3 “Alice isn’t going to study next year. She’s going to take a gap year in South Africa.”

Marcus told his dad __________________________

4 “I’m not going to the supermarket again. I went this morning!”

My mum said _______________________________

5 “My daughter’s really happy because she has found a job as a babysitter for the summer.”

Mrs Arnold told her friend ____________________

6. “I can’t come tomorrow because I have got to go to the doctor’s.”

He said ____________________________________

7 “There is no training this evening. It’s raining and the ground is muddy.”

The coach told us ____________________________

8 “I would like something to eat and drink.”

Joe said____________________________________

9 “We’ll probably look for a summer job.”

Gill and Kim said____________________________

10 “I read that book last summer but it’s a bit boring.”

Pam said __________________________________

6 Read the text and choose the best option.

24 HOURS LATE FOR AN

Step it UP

INTERVIEW!

A few years ago, I received an invitation to attend an interview for a job (1) which / who I really wanted for the following Wednesday. On the Tuesday I received a phone call asking if I (2) was coming / am coming to the interview. I said I (3) was that I (4) would be / will be there the following day. Imagine how I felt when the person calling said the interview (5) was / is that day and that I had got the date wrong! Luckily, she said that I (6) can attend / could attend an interview the next day, (7) which / that was really kind of them. So, (8) the following day / tomorrow I walked into the interview room and I said that I (9) have been / had been five minutes late, half an hour late but never 24 hours late. All my answers were totally honest as I did not think I had a chance. To my surprise I was offered the job and they asked me if I (10) would like / want to start (11) the next day / today! Three years later, I was at a ceremony receiving an award for our innovative work with young people. The person who had interviewed me leaned over and said that even if I (12) had arrived / was arriving a day late for the interview he knew that I (13) was / am the right person for the job!

B1 Preliminary (PET)

THE CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH: B1 PRELIMINARY (PET)

See www.cambridgeenglish.org/exams-and-tests/preliminary

parts / 2 questions

Paper

PAPER 1 Reading

Part 1 (Multiple choice) Read five real-word notices, messages and other short texts for the main message. Each text has a three-option multiple-choice question. One mark for each correct answer.

Part 2 (Matching) Match five descriptions of people to eight short texts on a particular topic, showing detailed comprehension. One mark for each correct answer.

Part 3 (Multiple choice) Read a longer text for detailed comprehension, gist, inference and global meaning, as well as writer’s attitude and opinion. The text has five three-option multiple-choice questions. One mark for each correct question.

Part 4 (Gapped text) Read a longer text from which five sentences have been removed. Show understanding of how a coherent and well-structured text is formed. One mark for each correct question.

Part 5 (Multiple choice cloze)

Read a shorter text and choose the correct vocabulary items to complete six gaps. One mark for each correct question.

Part 6 (Open cloze) Read a shorter text and complete six gaps using one word for each gap. One mark for each correct question.

PAPER 2 Writing

Part 1 (Writing an email)

Write about 100 words, answering the email and notes provided. The question has a maximum of 20 marks available.

Part 2 (Choice between an article or a story) Choose one question from a choice of two. Write about 100 words. The question has a maximum of 20 marks available.

PAPER 3 Listening

Part 1 (Multiple choice) Identify key information in seven short monologues or dialogues and choose the correct visual. One mark for each correct answer.

Part 2 (Multiple choice) Listen to six short dialogues and understand the gist of each. One mark for each correct answer.

Part 3 (Gap fill) Listen to a monologue and complete six gaps. One mark for each correct question.

Part 4 (Multiple choice) Listen to an interview for a detailed understanding of meaning and identify attitudes and opinions. One mark for each correct question.

PAPER 4 Speaking

Part 1 (Interview) Respond to questions, giving factual or personal information. (2 minutes)

Part 2 (Extended turn) Describe one colour photograph, talking for about 1 minute.

Part 3 (Discussion) Respond to suggestions, discuss alternatives and negotiate agreement. (4 minutes)

Part 4 (General conversation) Discuss likes, dislikes, experiences, opinions, habits etc. (3 minutes)

QUESTIONS 1-5

• For each question, choose the correct answer.

To: Dana From: Emma

Dear Emma,

There’s no volleyball practice tonight because the sports centre is closed. See you next week as usual at half past seven instead of seven o’clock.

See you Dana

Hi Keith

We’re thinking of going for a pizza at eight o’clock this evening. Do you want to come? Let me know if you do so I can book a table!

A The volleyball practice is in a different place tonight.

B The volleyball practice has been cancelled.

C The volleyball practice is at a different time tonight

A Keith invites Jim to go for a pizza

B Jim wants Keith to tell him if he wants to go out

C Jim wants to meet Keith at eight o’clock

You can visit the museum

A any day after 9.00

Museum open daily except Monday 9.00 – 18.30

Jim 09:25 Milly! Remember my English book? I need it urgently – I’ve got the PET exam on Saturday. Leave it in the staff room – tomorrow at the latest!

B on any weekday

C six days a week

What does Fran want?

A to take her English exam

B to meet Milly tomorrow

C to get her book back

A You are not allowed to drive until the morning

B Tomorrow morning driving conditions will be very dangerous

C Be careful of icy conditions during the night

1 PAPER

QUESTIONS 6-10

READING PART 2

• The people below want to go on a short break. Read the descriptions of eight places to visit and decide which place would be the most suitable for the people.

Mr and Mrs Halton

Mr and Mrs Halton would like to go away for a weekend with their two children aged 10 and 13. They all like doing sport, especially water sports and they would all like a break from cooking.

Kris and Sarah

Kris and his girlfriend, Sarah would like to go somewhere special to celebrate Kris’s birthday. They are both keen musicians, and particularly like jazz. Kris would like to go for long walks in the countryside whereas Sarah is interested in history.

Mr and Mrs O’Connor

Mr and Mrs O’Connor would like to go away for a week with their three young children. They prefer a self-catering holiday. The children are keen swimmers and they love the outdoor life. Mrs O’Halloran would like to play padel.

Samuel

Samuel is doing a project on saving the environment for school. He’d like to go somewhere where he can learn about how to look after the world’s resources. He is also passionate about transport, especially trains.

Lizzie

Lizzie would like to get away from the city for a few days and relax in a small village. She’d like to go on long walks and she’s a keen ornithologist.

A EWE PHORIA SHEEPDOG CENTRE

Come to the heart of rural Wales in Corwen to the Ewe Phoria sheepdog centre. You can see how shepherds and their sheepdogs work together. Great fun for all the family. You can watch sheepdog demonstrations, see the sheep being sheared and meet the lambs and the puppies.

B CENTRE FOR ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY

Have a super day out at the Centre for Alternative Technology in Pantperthog. This centre is dedicated to creating a zero carbon world. You can see houses with amazing energy-saving ideas, hands-on exhibits and a railway line powered by water. There’s a fantastic restaurant with vegan and vegetarian dishes too!

C BRECON

Brecon is a small farming town, famous for its beauty, scenic walks, historic buildings and its highly acclaimed Jazz Festival held every year in August. Walk around the streets, halls and cathedrals and enjoy listening to traditional and modern jazz. There are over 100 concerts to choose from!

D TYF ADVENTURE CENTRE

Great place to go if you’re into sport! Come and try out rock-climbing, bushcraft, coasteering, snorkelling and surfing. Two nights full board accommodation costs £450. Special discounts for children under 16. Open from Easter to September.

E PEMBROKESHIRE NATIONAL PARK

Walk along the coastal pathway and admire the beautiful scenery. Follow the coastline form bay to bay where you can picnic and do some bird-watching. The path travels from north to south and is over 186 miles long!

F LLANFAIRFECHAN

Stay in a guest house in this quiet Victorian seaside town on the north west coast of Wales. The resident population counts just 3.500 and there is a selection of essential shops and services. It’s a wonderful starting point for walks, to admire the beautiful woodlands, mountain scenery and seascapes. Wonderful place for bird watchers.

G ANGLESEY

Heaven for beach enthusiasts. The beaches are huge, quiet, wild and empty. Even on a hot summer’s day there is plenty of space. There are over 125 miles of coastline with six of the beaches being named as some of the best in Wales. One of the most beautiful is Aberffraw in the south west for its secluded picnic spots.

H IVY TOWER VILLAGE

Come and stay at one of the cottages in this fantastic holiday village – once a dairy estate – and admire the beautiful scenery while preparing a barbecue. There’s loads to do, from an indoor swimming pool, a gym, tennis courts and padel courts. A week for a cottage sleeping six will cost around £800.

© Casa Editrice G. Principato SpA

QUESTIONS 11-15

•Read the text and questions below. For each question, choose the correct answer.

COMPETITIVE ORIENTEERING

Have you ever tried competitive orienteering? Some of my friends had told me about it and I must admit I was a bit sceptical but I thought I’d give it a go! I was surprised to discover that it’s really exciting – a bit unconventional but great fun, and it’s becoming very popular among teenagers and outdoor enthusiasts seeking adventure, physical activity and mental stimulation. Unlike more traditional sports like football or basketball, orienteering challenges participants to combine navigation skills with physical endurance in a unique, fun way.

What exactly is it? Well, orienteering is about using a map and compass to navigate through a designated course, often set in unfamiliar and diverse terrains such as dense forests, sprawling parks or even urban areas. You have to locate and visit a series of control points marked on the map in the shortest time possible. Competitive orienteering is not just about physical

11 What is orienteering primarily about?

A playing team sports

B physical endurance

C teamwork in urban areas

D mental stimulation and navigation skills

12 Which of the following is NOT a terrain mentioned for orienteering courses in the text?

A dense forests

B sprawling parks

C desert landscapes

D urban areas

13 What is one of the mental challenges associated with competitive orienteering?

A making decisions quickly and problem-solving

B solving maths problems

C memorizing the course map

D keeping calm

fitness; it’s a mental challenge that demands quick decisionmaking, problem-solving and adaptability. Participants must assess the terrain, select the best routes and make split-second navigational choices. Orienteering encourages outdoor exploration, teamwork (in relay events) and a profound connection with the natural environment.

This sport offers a sense of adventure and discovery. It’s an ideal choice for teenagers like me, looking to step outside their comfort zones, develop valuable life skills and embrace the beauty of the great outdoors. So, whether you’re a budding explorer or simply seeking an exhilarating sporting challenge, a youngster or an adult, orienteering provides an exciting and well-rounded experience – give it a go. You’ll love it!

14 What is a key strategy in orienteering?

A staying on marked trails at all times

B following other competitors closely

C choosing the shortest and fastest route between control points

D collecting as many control points as possible

15 Why is orienteering considered an inclusive sport?

A because it is for elite athletes

B because it can be enjoyed by people of all ages and fitness levels

C because it requires expensive equipment

D because it is an activity that can be enjoyed both individually and in teams

QUESTIONS 16-20

•Five sentences have been removed from the text below. For each question, choose the correct answer. There are three extra sentences which you do not need to use.

Max,the Lifeguard Dog A Tale of Heroism by the Sea

In the quiet coastal town of Seaview, between the hills and the ocean, Max the Newfoundland was a local legend—a four-legged hero with a wagging tail. 16

Max’s journey into lifeguarding began in his early days as a puppy. His owner, Jake, worked as a lifeguard on Seaview Beach.

17 Whenever Jake ventured into the sea for training, Max was right there by his side, paddling with remarkable strength and determination.

As Max grew, so did his swimming skills. Jake decided to enrol Max in a specialized lifeguard training program. 18

Max’s moment to shine arrived on a sunny summer afternoon when the beach was full of holidaymakers. As the waves grew stronger, a powerful current formed, sweeping a young girl named Sarah away from the safety of the shore. 19

Without a moment’s hesitation, Max sprang into action. He dashed through the waves, reaching Sarah within minutes. With a firm, yet gentle grip, Max took hold of her life jacket with his powerful jaws.

20 The crowd cheered loudly for Max, who had proven himself as a true hero among heroes—a lifeguard dog without equal.

A After 18 months of basic training, only dogs who successfully complete the required steps are ready to move on to the more intensive aspects of lifesaving techniques.

B An average of 20-30 lives are saved yearly by these amazing dogs.

C Max was not a lifeguard by profession, but he had become one through his remarkable abilities and incredible courage.

D With each stroke, he pulled Sarah to safety on the beach.

E Through rigorous training, Max perfected his abilities and learned to identify signs of distress in swimmers.

F Moreover the emotional component they bring to their work cannot be underestimated.

G The crowd panicked as Sarah’s cries for help pierced the air.

H It was during those sunny days of playing on the shore that Jake noticed Max’s extraordinary affinity for the water.

QUESTIONS 21-26

• For each question, choose the correct answer.

SPIDER SUPERPOWERS

Spiders may be small, but they have some incredible superpowers. One of their coolest tricks is (21)__________________ silk. This silk is extremely light, but it’s stronger than steel! With it, spiders build intricate webs to (22)__________________ their prey.

Spiders are also great climbers. They can go up walls and even walk on water! They have tiny hairs on their legs that help them do these amazing tricks. When it comes to hunting, spiders have venomous fangs. They use their venom to catch and paralyse their prey without getting (23)__________________ themselves.

Spiders are like super-sensors too. They can feel tiny vibrations through their silk threads, sense changes in the air, and even smell chemicals in the air. This helps them find food and (24)__________________ safe. (25)__________________, spiders are super agile. They can jump and pounce with great accuracy, surprising their prey.

QUESTIONS 27-32

These little arachnids may seem ordinary, but they have superpowers that make 26)__________________ of the coolest creatures in the animal kingdom!

21 A building B do C making D composing

22 A hold B take C pick D catch

23 A damaged B injured C wounded D hurt

24 A remain B stay C stand D continue

25 A Lastly B Last C Conclusively D Eventually

26 A any B many C some D little

READING PART 6

• For each question, write the correct word. Write ONE word in each gap.

There’s a special girl (27)____________ the world of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA): my sister! She’s young and full of courage. Even (28)____________ some people might think fighting is just for boys, she doesn’t care. She trains really hard and learns different fighting styles (29)____________ Jiu-Jitsu and Muay Thai. When she steps into the ring, she’s showing everyone that girls can be strong fighters (30)____________. She’s breaking the old rules and proving that anyone, whether they’re a girl or a boy, can be great in sports. Her story is like a superhero’s, reminding us that bravery has (31)____________ limits. She teaches us to follow our dreams and be strong, no (32)____________ who we are.