The Book of Numbers, 2nd Edition Preview

The Book of NUMBERS

Second Edition

Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

4035 Park East Court SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546 www.eerdmans.com

© 1993, 2022 Timothy R. Ashley

All rights reserved

First edition 1993 Second edition 2022 Printed in the United States of America

28 27 26 25 24 23 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ISBN 978 0 8028 7202 9

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Ashley, Timothy R., 1947– author.

Title: e book of numbers / Timothy R. Ashley.

Description: Second edition. | Grand Rapids, Michigan : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, [2022] | Series: e new international commentary on the Old Testament | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “An updated and revised edition of a biblical commentary on the Book of Numbers that explores the book’s history and its meaning and use as Christian Scripture today”—Provided by publisher.

Identi ers: LCCN 2022002591 | ISBN 9780802872029 (hardcover)

Subjects: LCSH: Bible. Numbers—Commentaries

Classi cation: LCC BS1265 3 .A845 2022 | DDC 222/.1407—dc23/eng/20220224 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022002591

To Dr. R. Glenn Wooden student, colleague, iend and Reverend Maxine F. Clark Ashley life partner and best iend

Contents

List of Excursuses xi General Editor’s Preface xiii Preface to the Second Edition xv Preface to the First Edition xvii List of Abbreviations xx Select Bibliography xxvii

INTRODUCTION 1

I. Title and Contents 1 II. Structure 2

III. Authorship, Composition, and Interpretation of the Text 3

IV. Theological Themes 10

V. Text and Versions 14

VI. A nalysis of Contents 17

TEXT AND COMMENTARY 21

I. P reparation for D eparture ( 1 : 1 10 : 10 ) 21

A. Matters concerning the People and the Camp (1:1 6:27) 22

1. e Censuses and the Arrangements of the March (1:1 4:49) 22

a. First Lay Census (1:1 54) 22 (1) e Leaders (1:1 16) 22 (2) e Census Itself (1:17 47) 32

(a) Introduction (1:17 19) 32

(b) e Census Lists (1:20 47) 33

(3) e Levites Are Excepted (1:48 54) 45 b. Placement of the Camp and Marching Order (2:1 34) 48 c. e Levitical Censuses (3:1 4:49) 52

(1) General Census (3:1 39) 52 (a) Introduction of the Family of Aaron (3:1 13) 52 (b) e Census Itself (3:14 39) 57 (2) e Levites for the Firstborn (3:40 51) 67 (3) e Census of Working Levites (4:1 49) 71

2. Various Legal Enactments (5:1 6:27) 82 a. e Camp Must Be Kept Free from ose with Serious Skin Disease (5:1 4) 83 b. Restitution When ere Is No Kinsman (5:5 10) 85 c. e Jealous Husband (5:11 31) 91 d. e Law of the Nazirite (6:1 21) 109 e. e Aaronic Benediction (6:22 27) 121

B. Various Matters concerning the Tabernacle (7:1 10:10) 126

1. O erings by Tribal Leaders (7:1 89) 127

2. Lamps in the Tabernacle (8:1 4) 136

3. Consecration of Levites (8:5 22) 138

4. e Levites’ Work (8:23 26) 145

5. Supplement to the Passover Law (9:1 14) 147

6. Preparations to Depart (9:15 10:10) 153

a. Fiery Cloud (9:15 23) 153 b. Silver Trumpets (10:1 10) 156

II. The Journey from Mt. Sinai to K adesh barnea ( 10 : 11 12 : 16 ) 160

A. Departure from Mt. Sinai (10:11 36) 160

B. Crises of Authority along the Way (11:1 12:16) 169

1. At Taberah (11:1 3) 169

2. At Kibroth-hattaavah (11:4 35) 172

3. At Hazeroth (12:1 16) 188

III. In and A round K adesh barnea ( 13 : 1 19 : 22 ) 198

A. e Leaders’ Reconnaissance (13:1 14:45) 198

1. Leaders Are Selected (13:1 16) 200

2. Leaders Go and Return (13:17 33) 203

3. Responses to the Leaders’ Reports (14:1 45) 212

a. Responses by People and Leaders (14:1 10a) 212

b. Yahweh Responds (14:10b–38) 219

c. e People Attempt to Enter Canaan (14:39 45) 236

B. Cultic Legislation (15:1 41) 240

1. Supplementary Laws of the O erings (15:1 16) 240

2. First of the Dough (15:17 21) 247

3. Puri cation O ering (15:22 31) 249

4. Case Law on Capital Punishment for Sabbath Violation (15:32 36) 255

5. Tassels on Garments for Remembrance (15:37 41) 258

C. Legitimation of Aaron’s Priesthood (16:1 17:13 [16:1 17:28]) 261

1. Rebellions of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram (16:1 35) 263

2. A ermath of Rebellions (16:36 50 [17:1 15]) 283

3. Aaron’s Budding Rod (17:1 13 [17:16 28]) 290

D. Further Cultic Legislation (18:1 19:22) 297

1. Rede ned Role for Priests and Levites (18:1 32) 297

a. Responsibilities of Priests and Levites (18:1 7) 298

b. Support of Priests (18:8 20) 304

c. Support of Levites (18:21 24) 311

d. Tithe of the Tithe (18:25 32) 315

2. e Red Cow (19:1 22) 318

a. Making the Waters of Impurity (19:1 10) 320

b. Using the Waters of Impurity (19:11 22) 325

IV. The Journey from K adesh barnea to the P lains of Moab ( 20 : 1 22 : 1 ) 332

A. Death of Miriam and Disaster at Meribah (20:1 13) 333

B. Request to Pass through Edom (20:14 21) 343

C. Death of Aaron (20:22 29) 348

D. Second Battle of Hormah (21:1 3) 352

E. Fiery Serpents (21:4 9) 356

F. Travel Itinerary (21:10 20) 360

G. Wars Against Sihon and Og (21:21 22:1) 369

V. O n the P lains of Moab ( 22 : 2 36 : 13 ) 384

A. Story of Balaam (22:2 24:25) 384

1. Encounter between Balak and Balaam (22:2 40) 392

a. Messengers Find Balaam (22:2 21) 392

b. Balaam and the Donkey (22:22 35) 401

c. Balak Meets with Balaam (22:36 40) 410

2. First and Second Oracles (22:41 23:26) 412 a. Introductory Preparations (22:41 23:6) 412 b. First Oracle (23:7 12) 416 c. Second Oracle (23:13 26) 421

3. ird, Fourth, and Final Oracles (23:27 24:25) 430

a. ird Oracle (23:27 24:13) 430 b. Fourth Oracle (24:14 19) 443

c. Final Oracles (24:20 25) 450

B. Incident of Baal-peor (25:1 18) 457

C. e Second Census (26:1 65 [25:19 26:65]) 469

D. Daughters of Zelophehad (27:1 11) 483

E. Joshua Named as Moses’s Successor (27:12 23) 488

F. Further Legislation (28:1 30:16 [28:1 30:17]) 496

1. Cultic Calendar (28:1 29:40 [28:1 30:1]) 496

2. Women’s Vows (30:1 16[2 17]) 510

G. War with Midian (31:1 54) 520

H. Transjordanian Inheritance (32:1 42) 536

I. Travel Itinerary (33:1 49) 553

J. Regulations for Living in Canaan (33:50 36:13) 565

1. Introduction: Canaanites Must Be Expelled (33:50 56) 566

2. Borders of the Land (34:1 15) 568

3. Leaders to Draw Israel’s Borders (34:16 29) 573

4. Cities of the Levites (35:1 8) 574

5. Cities of Refuge (35:9 34) 577

6. Additional Legislation for Daughters of Zelophehad (36:1 13) 585

Index of Authors 589

Index of Subjects 599

Index of Scripture and Other Ancient Texts 603

General Editor’s Preface

Long ago St. Paul wrote: “I planted, Apollos watered, but God gave the growth” (1 Cor. 3:6 NRSV). He was right: ministry indeed requires a team e ort—the collective labors of many skilled hands and minds. Someone digs up the dirt and drops in seed, while others water the ground to nourish seed lings to growth. e same team e ort over time has brought this commentary series to its position of prominence today. Professor E. J. Young “planted” it more than y years ago, enlisting its rst contributors and himself writing its rst published volumes. Professor R. K. Harrison “watered” it, signing on other scholars and wisely editing everyone’s nished products. As General Editor, I now tend their planting, and, true to Paul’s words, through ve decades God has indeed graciously “[given] the growth.”

Today the New International Commentary on the Old Testament en joys a wide readership of scholars, priests, pastors, rabbis, and other se rious Bible students. ousands of readers across the religious spectrum and in countless countries consult its volumes in their ongoing preaching, teaching, and research. ey warmly welcome the publication of each new volume and eagerly await its eventual transformation from an emerging “series” into a complete commentary “set.” But as humanity experiences a new century of history, an era commonly called “postmodern,” what kind of commentary series is NICOT? What distinguishes it from other similarly well- established series?

Its volumes aim to publish biblical scholarship of the highest quality. Each contributor writes as an expert, both in the biblical text itself and in the rel evant scholarly literature, and each commentary conveys the results of wide reading and careful, mature re ection. Ultimately, its spirit is eclectic, each contributor gleaning interpretive insights from any useful source, whatever its religious or philosophical viewpoint, and integrating them into his or her interpretation of a biblical book. e series draws on recent methodolog ical innovations in biblical scholarship: for example, canon criticism, the

so- called new literary criticism, reader-response theories, and sensitivity to gender-based and ethnic readings. NICOT volumes also aim to be irenic in tone, summarizing and critiquing in uential views with fairness while de fending their own. Its list of contributors includes male and female scholars from a number of Christian faith- groups. e diversity of contributors and their freedom to draw on all relevant methodologies give the entire series an exciting and enriching variety.

What truly distinguishes this series, however, is that it speaks from within that interpretive tradition known as evangelicalism. Evangelicalism is an in formal movement within Protestantism that cuts across traditional denom inational lines. Its heart and soul is the conviction that the Bible is God’s inspired Word, written by gi ed human writers, through which God calls humanity to enjoy a loving personal relationship with its Creator and Savior. True to that tradition, NICOT volumes do not treat the Old Testament as just an ancient literary artifact on a par with the Iliad or Gilgamesh. ey are not literary autopsies of ancient parchment cadavers but rigorous, reverent wrestlings with wonderfully human writings through which the living God speaks his powerful Word. NICOT delicately balances “criticism” (i.e., the use of standard critical methodologies) with humble respect, admiration, and even a ection for the biblical text. As an evangelical commentary, it pays particular attention to the text’s literary features, theological themes, and implications for the life of faith today.

Ultimately, NICOT aims to serve women and men of faith who desire to hear God’s voice afresh through the Old Testament. With gratitude to God for two marvelous gi s—the Scriptures themselves and keen- minded scholars to explain their message—I welcome readers of all kinds to savor the good fruit of this series.

Robert L. Hubbard Jr .

Preface to the Second Edition

I published the rst edition of this commentary in 1993, fairly early in my career as a minister and scholar, although I started work on it in the mid 1980s. Now, as I complete the second edition, I am past the age of academic retirement, and, indeed, beyond the “three-score years and ten” from Psalm 90. is means I have been thinking about and studying the book of Num bers much of my life. When Bob Hubbard, then editor of the NICOT series, approached me to provide a second edition of Numbers, it took some e ort to carve out time in teaching and pastoral work in order to undertake the project. I began by looking over what I had done in the rst edition. As I have pored over what I wrote in the rst preface (and in the rst edition of the commentary proper), I have discovered that I still agree with a good deal of what I wrote (I encourage readers of this edition to read the preface to the rst edition below). I note at the beginning that this volume is a second edition, not a brand-new work. However, I have made some changes along the way, some of which might be worth highlighting.

First, I have looked carefully at the footnotes and bibliography and have updated these. ere have been many works on Numbers (and the Penta teuch) published in the past quarter- century, and I have tried to include a fair sample of these in the second edition, though I make no claim to a complete survey.

More importantly, I have noted a tendency in the earlier work to argue against the so- called documentary hypothesis. I have, over the years, come to appreciate more and more the work of the scholars who were and are committed to thinking about the putative sources of the Pentateuch. eir work will not be undone, although scholarly readers are less and less asking the questions to which such an approach provides answers. I have tried to reduce or eliminate the apologetic concerns that took up quite a bit of space in the rst edition. I am still sure that the compilation of the book of Numbers is more complex than anyone can know. In this edition I have intentionally

attempted to pull the reader back to the nal form of the text and the story it tells. It is likely that this nal form dates from the late-sixth or early- h centuries BCE. It is impossible to know how much of the content of this nal form goes back to earlier times, perhaps even near to the time of Moses (who I still take to be a historical individual of the thirteenth century BCE). e Moses we see in this text, though he be Moses, is Moses as seen from centuries later and from a di erent perspective. Again, it is the story about God, Moses, and Israel that is most important. Reading the text holistically allows us to read it again today from our own perspectives. Our own wilder ness sojourns are di erent than Israel’s, but there are lessons in this ancient story that speak to our contemporary stories, as we allow ourselves to enter into the story and make it our own.

I conclude this second preface with thanks to many people: to all my colleagues and students over many years at Acadia Divinity College (1982 2003), Central Baptist eological Seminary, Wisconsin (2005 2018), and First Baptist Church, La Crosse, Wisconsin (2003 2019), and to Matthew Hitchcock and Glenn Wooden of Acadia Divinity College for the indexes. Here as before, I also thank my wife and colleague in ministry for nearly y years, the Rev. Maxine F. Ashley. She has been a great encouragement in this and much else.

Timothy R. A shley Onalaska, Wisconsin June 2022

Preface to the First Edition

e book of Numbers will never replace the Psalms at the heart of Christian devotion nor the Gospel of John and the Epistle to the Romans at the heart of Christian theology, nor should it. e book of Numbers tells a story. e story has two main characters, God and Israel. e way the story is told sounds odd and o entimes harsh to modern ears. For example, I suspect that the opening four chapters with all their names and numbers have de feated many folk who have decided to read through the whole Bible and have just emerged from the rigours of Leviticus. I suspect, as well, that the brutal nature of such passages as the end of the Korah story (ch. 16), the story of Phinehas (ch. 25), and the war with Midian (ch. 31) are repellent to many.

In spite of all these di culties, and others, that confront modern readers, the point of the book of Numbers is important for God’s people in any age: exact obedience to God is crucial. Numbers makes the point most espe cially through examples of disobedience such as those found in chs. 11 21. Although it is clear that God punishes disobedience, at the heart of the book of Numbers is the God who, while demanding exact obedience, is constantly revealing ways in which Israel can render that obedience through new torah (i.e., teaching; see chs. 5 9, 15, 17 19, 27 30, 32 36). It is notable that the invitations to new obedience o en come right in the midst of Israel’s failure and rebellion. Israel thought that the story of its disobedience and failure was important enough to tell. By claiming the Bible (including Numbers) as our standard of faith and conduct, Christians have implicitly said that the story of Numbers is worth re-telling. It is important that God’s people re-learn the fact that their rebellion will still lead to “death in the wilderness.” Numbers is the story of a people who did what they ought to have known better than doing and su ered for it (see also Paul’s lament in Rom 7:15). e failure of others may be salutary for us all. e book of Numbers has been my companion now for the better part of a decade. It has been a comfort, a judgment, a joy, and a frustration all at the

reface to the First E dition

same time. rough the years many resources have come across my desk. Never far away has been George Buchanan Gray’s great commentary. Al though it is now nearly seventy years old and, in many respects, out- of- date, Gray’s grasp of Hebrew philology is indispensable. He is still “the” commen tator on Numbers with whom one agrees or disagrees. If I have done a con siderable amount of the latter, it is no sign of disrespect. Quite the contrary, it is a mark of Gray’s erudition that long a er his death his work should still be used. e commentary by Philip Budd in the Word Biblical Commentary has also been indispensable because of its discussions of the (supposed) re dactional history of the various sections of the book. ese discussions really form a summary of most critical work on the book from the middle of the last century to the early 1980s. e reader of the present work will note how little these redactional histories are discussed here. e reason is not that such matters are unimportant, but that I am quite sure that no one knows these things nor really can know them. I am, therefore, committed to explaining the nal form of the text as the primary job of a commentary for the church. No one knows better than I do now how di cult it is to explain the text. e reader is directed to Budd if she/he wishes to read on these critical matters as a primary concern. e many articles and, in the last stages of this work, the commentary by Jacob Milgrom have also been of assistance to me in matters of research on the sacri cial system and much more. e manuscript of this commentary was submitted to the publishers in August 1990. During a delay in publication due to editorial changes at least three major commentaries on Numbers have appeared. Milgrom’s (in the Jewish Publication Society Torah [1990]), R. K. Harrison’s (in the Wycli e Exegetical Commentary [1990]), and R. B. Allen’s (in the Expositor’s Bible Commentary, vol. 2 [also 1990]). I have only been able to use these works in the proofreading stage, and, so, in a less thorough way than they deserve. In the case of Milgrom, this problem is partially o set by the many articles of his that have been available.

Only those who have tried to write commentaries know the di culties involved. Commentaries are never wholly satisfactory documents (this one is certainly no di erent). I would thank my colleagues and students at Acadia Divinity College and Acadia University for their understanding. Craig and Jacqueline Hiebert deserve thanks for compiling the indexes. Special thanks goes to the principal of the Divinity College, the Rev. Dr. Andrew D. Mac Rae, for his willingness to release me from some teaching and administrative duties in the interests of research and writing. Last of all, I thank my wife and colleague in ministry, the Rev. Maxine F. Ashley, for encouragement in untold ways while enduring the long hours of my preoccupation with the book of Numbers. ese contributions and many others make her help the most precious of all.

P reface to the First E dition

It is hoped, however, that, with its weaknesses, the commentary will be of some use to those who wish better to hear and re-tell the story of exact obedience in the book of Numbers.

Timothy R. A shley Wolfville, Nova Scotia August 1992

Abbreviations

AASOR Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research

AB Anchor Bible

ABD Freedman, D. N., ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992

ABR Australian Biblical Review

ADAJ Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan AfO Archiv für Orientforschung

AIL Ancient Israel and Its Literature

AJSL American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures Akk. Akkadian

AmJT American Journal of eology

AnBib Analecta Biblica

ANET Pritchard, J. B., ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969

AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament

AOTC Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries

Arab. Arabic Aram. Aramaic Assyr. Assyrian

ASTI Annual of the Swedish eological Institute

ATANT Abhandlungen zur eologie des Alten und Neuen Testa ments

ATDA Ho ijzer, J., and G. van der Kooij, eds. Aramaic Texts om Deir ʿAlla. With Contributions by H. Franken, V. R. Mehra, J. Voskuil, J. A. Mosk. Preface by P. A. H. de Boer. Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui 19. Leiden: Brill, 1976

AV Authorized (King James) Version

A bbreviations

BA Biblical Archaeologist

BAR Biblical Archaeology Review

BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

BDB Brown, F., S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament

BETL Bibliotheca Ephermeridium eologicarum Louvanien sium

BHK Kittel, R., et al., eds. Biblia Hebraica. Stuttgart: Württem bergische Bibelanstalt, 1937

BHS Elliger, K., and W. Rudolph, eds. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgar tensia. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelsti ung, 1967 77

Bib Biblica

BJS Brown Judaic Studies

BK Bibel und Kirche

BKAT Biblischer Kommentar, Altes Testament

BR Biblical Research

BT e Bible Translator

BTB Biblical eology Bulletin

BWANT Beiträge zur Wissenscha vom Alten und Neuen Testament BZ Biblische Zeitschri

BZAW Beihe e zur Zeitschri für die alttestamentliche Wissen scha

CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly

COS Hallo, W. W., ed. e Context of Scripture. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1997 2002

DCH Clines, D. J. A., ed. Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. 9 vols. She eld: Phoenix, 1993 2016.

DJD Discoveries in the Judaean Desert

DOTT omas, D. Winton, ed. Documents om Old Testament Times. Repr. New York: Harper & Row, 1961

EBC Expositor’s Bible Commentary

EncJud Skolnik, F., and M. Berenbaum, eds. Encyclopedia Judaica. 2nd ed. 22 vols. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007 Eng. English

EvT Evangelische eologie ExpTim Expository Times

FAT Forschungen zum Alten Testament

FOTL Forms of the Old Testament Literature

GKC Genesius’ Hebrew Grammar. Edited by E. Kautzsch. Trans lated by A. E. Cowley. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910

GNB Good News Bible (Today’s English Version)

HACL History, Archaeology, and Culture of the Levant

xxi

HALOT

Baumgartner, W., et al. e Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated and edited under the super vision of M. Richardson. 4 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1994 1999

HDB Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible Heb. Hebrew

HKAT Handkommentar zum Alten Testament

HSM Harvard Semitic Monographs

HTR Harvard eological Review

HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual

IB Buttrick, G. A., et al., eds. Interpreter’s Bible. 12 vols. New York, 1951 1957

IBHS Waltke, B. K., and M. O’Connor. An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990

ICC International Critical Commentary

IDB Buttrick, G. A., ed. e Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible. 4 vols. New York: Abingdon, 1962

IDBSup Crim, K., ed. Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible: Supple mentary Volume. Nashville: Abingdon, 1976

IEJ Israel Exploration Journal

Int Interpretation

ISBE Orr, J., et al., eds. International Standard Bible Encyclope dia. 2nd ed. 5 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1939. Rev. ed. Edited by G. W. Bromiley et al. 4 vols. 1979 1988

ITC International eological Commentary

JANES Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society

JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society

JB Jerusalem Bible

JBL Journal of Biblical Literature

JCS Journal of Cuneiform Studies

JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies

Joüon Joüon, P. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Translated and revised by T. Muraoka. 2 vols. Rome: Ponti cal Biblical Institute, 1991

JPOS Journal of Palestine Oriental Society

JPST e JPS Torah Commentary

JQR Jewish Quarterly Review

JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series

JSS Journal of Semitic Studies

JTS Journal of eological Studies

KBL Koehler, L., and W. Baumgartner. Lexicon in Veteris Testa menti Libros. 2nd ed. Leiden, 1958

LS Louvain Studies

LSJ Liddell, H. G., R. Scott, H. S. Jones. Greek-English Lexicon. 9th ed. with revised supplement. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996

LXX Septuagint Mish. Mishnah

Mo att James Mo att, e Mo att Bible ms(s). manuscript(s)

MT Masoretic Text

NASB New American Standard Bible

NBD Douglas, J. D., et al., eds. New Bible Dictionary. 2nd ed. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House, 1987

NCBC New Century Bible Commentary

NEB New English Bible

NIB Keck, Leander E., et al., eds. e New Interpreter’s Bible. 12 vols. Nashville: Abingdon: 1994 2002

NICOT New International Commentary on the Old Testament

NIDB Sakenfeld, K. D., et al., eds. e New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible. 5 vols. Nashville: Abingdon, 2006 2009.

NIDNTT Brown, C., et al., eds. New International Dictionary of New Testament eology. 4 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1975 78

NIV New International Version

NJPS New Jewish Publication Society Version

NKJV New King James Version

NRSV New Revised Standard Version

OBT Overtures to Biblical eology

OTL Old Testament Library

OtSt Oudtestamentische Studiën

PEFQS Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement

PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly Pesh. Peshitta

PJ Palästina-Jahrbuch

Proceedings, 1989 Ho ijzer, J., and G. van der Kooij, eds. e Balaam Text om Deir ‘Alla Re- evaluated: Proceedings of the Inter national Symposium Held at Leiden, 21 24 August 1989. Leiden: Brill, 1990

RB Revue biblique

REB Revised English Bible RevQ Revue de Qumran

RSV Revised Standard Version

RV Revised Version

Sam. Pent. Samaritan Pentateuch SB Sources bibliques

SBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series

SBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph Series

SBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers

SBOT Sacred Books of the Old Testament

SBT Studies in Biblical eology

ScrHier Scripta Hierosolymitana

SEÅ Svensk Exegetisk Årsbok Sem Semitica

SHBC Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary

SJLA Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity

SJT Scottish Journal of eology

SNTSMS Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series

SOTSMS Society for Old Testament Studies Monograph Series

Syr. Syriac Targ(s). Targum(s)

T. B. Babylonian Talmud

TBT e Bible Today

TDNT Kittel, G., and G. Friedrich, eds. eological Dictionary of the New Testament. Translated by G. W. Bromiley. 10 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964 76

TDOT Botterweck G. and H. Ringgren, eds. eological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Translated by D. Green et al. 6 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974 1990

TGUOS Transactions of the Glasgow University Oriental Society

TLOT Jenni, E., and C. Westermann, eds. eological Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated by M. E. Biddle. 3 vols. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1997

TNIV Today’s New International Version

TLZ eologische Literaturzeitung

TOTC Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries

TPQ eologisch-praktische Quartalschri

TWOT Harris, R., et al., eds. eological Wordbook of the Old Tes tament. 2 vols. Chicago: Moody, 1980

TynBul Tyndale Bulletin

UF Ugarit-Forschungen

Ugar. Ugaritic

VT Vetus Testamentum

VTSup Supplements to Vetus Testamentum

Vulg. Vulgate

WBC Word Biblical Commentary

WEC e Wycli e Exegetical Commentary

WMANT Wissenscha liche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament

WO Die Welt des Orients

ZAW Zeitschri für die alttestamentliche Wissenscha

ZDMG Zeitschri der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellscha

ZDPV Zeitschri des deutschen Palästina-Vereins

ZPEB Tenney, M., et al., eds. Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible. 5 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1975 1976

ZTK Zeitschri für eologie und Kirche

Select Bibliography

Abba, R. “ e Origin and Signi cance of Hebrew Sacri ce.” BTB 7 (1977): 123 38.

. “Priests and Levites in Deuteronomy.” VT 27 (1977): 257 67.

. “Priests and Levites in Ezekiel.” VT 28 (1978): 1 9.

Aberbach, M., and L. Smolar. “Aaron, Jeroboam, and the Golden Calves.” JBL 86 (1967): 129 40.

Aharoni, Y. “ e Province List of Judah.” VT 9 (1959): 225 46.

. “ e Solomonic Temple, the Tabernacle and the Arad Sanctuary.” AOAT 22 (1973): 1 8.

Aharoni, Y., and R. Amiran. “Arad: Its Inscriptions and Temple.” BA 31 (1968): 1 32.

Albright, W. F. “ e Administrative Divisions of Israel and Judah.” JPOS 5 (1925): 17 54.

. “From the Patriarchs to Moses 2. Moses out of Egypt.” BA 36 (1973): 48 76.

. “ e Home of Balaam.” JAOS 35 (1915): 386 90.

. “Jethro, Hobab and Reuel in Early Hebrew Tradition.” CBQ 25 (1963): 1 11.

. “ e List of Levitic Cities.” Pages 49 73 in Louis Ginzberg: Jubilee Volume on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday. New York: American Academy for Jewish Research, 1945.

. “Midianite Donkey Caravans.” Pages 197 205 in Translating and Under standing the Old Testament: Essays in Honor of Herbert Gordon May. Edited by H. Frank and W. Reed. Nashville: Abingdon, 1970.

. “ e Oracles of Balaam.” JBL 63 (1944): 207 33.

. e Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and eir Decipherment. Harvard eolog ical Studies 22. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969

Allegro, J. M. “ e Meaning of the Phrase šetūm hāʿayin in Num 24:3, 15.” VT 3 (1953): 78 79.

Allen, R. B. “Numbers.” Pages 657 1008 in e Expositor’s Bible Commentary with the New International Version: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, vol. 2. Edited by F. E. Gaebelein. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990. . “ e eology of the Balaam Oracles.” Pages 79 119 in Tradition and Testament: Essays in Honor of Charles Lee Feinberg. Edited by J. S. Feinberg and P. D. Feinberg. Chicago: Moody, 1981.

Allis, O. T. e Five Books of Moses. Nutley, NJ: Presbyterian & Reformed, 1941. Alter, R. e Art of Biblical Narrative. New York: Basic Books, 1981. Ap- omas, D. R. “Some Notes on the Old Testament Attitude to Prayer.” SJT 9 (1956): 422 29.

Arden, E. “How Moses Failed God.” JBL 76 (1957): 50 52. Arnold, Bill T. “Necromancy and Cleromancy in 1 and 2 Samuel.” CBQ 66 (2004): 199 213.

Aster, S. Z. “‘Bread of the Dungheap’: Light on Num. 21:5 from the Tell Kekherye Inscription.” VT 61 (2011): 341 58.

Auerbach, E. “Die Feste im alten Israel.” VT 8 (1958): 1 18. . “Die Herkun der Sadokiten.” ZAW 49 (1931): 327 28.

Auld, A. G. “Cities of Refuge in Israelite Tradition.” JSOT 10 (1978): 26 29. . Joshua, Moses, and the Land: Tetrateuch, Pentateuch, Hexateuch in a Gen eration Since 1938. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1980. Avi-Yonah, M. e Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. 4 vols. London: Oxford University Press, 1975. Awabdy, Mark A. “ e Holiness Composition of the Priestly Blessing.” Bib 99 (2018): 29 49.

. Immigrants and Innovative Law: Deuteronomy’s eological and Social Vision for the Gēr. FAT 2/67. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014 Baden, J. S. “ e Structure and Substance of Numbers 15.” VT 63 (2013): 351 67. Baentsch, B. Exodus–Leviticus–Numeri. HKAT 2. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1903. Bailey, Lloyd. Leviticus–Numbers SHBC. Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2005 Bamberger, B. J. “Revelations of Torah a er Sinai.” HUCA 16 (1941): 97 113. Barkay, G. “ e Divine Name Found in Jerusalem.” BAR 9 (1983): 14 19.

. Ketef Hinnom: A Treasure Facing Jerusalem’s Walls. Jerusalem: Israel Mu seum, 1986. . “ e Priestly Benediction on the Ketef Hinnom Plaques.” Cathedra 52 (1989): 37 76.

. “ e Priestly Benediction on Silver Plaques from Ketef Hinnom in Jerusalem.” Tel Aviv 19 (1992): 139 92.

Barkay, G., Andrew G. Vaughan, Marilyn J. Lundberg, and Bruce Zuckerman. “ e Amulets from Ketef Hinnom: A New Edition and Evaluation.” BASOR 334 (2004): 41 71.

Barnouin, M. “Les Rscensements du Livre des Nombres et l’Astronomie Baby lonienne.” VT 27 (1977): 280 303.

. “Tableaux numériques du Livre des Nombres.” RB 76 (1969): 351 64. Bartlett, J. R. “ e Brotherhood of Edom.” JSOT 4 (1977): 2 27.

. “ e Conquest of Sihon’s Kingdom: A Literary Re- examination.” JBL 97 (1978): 347 51.

. “ e Historical Reference of Numbers 21:27 30.” PEQ 101 (1969): 94 100.

. “ e Land of Seir and the Brotherhood of Edom.” JTS 20 (1969): 1 20.

. “ e Moabites and Edomites.” Pages 229 58 in Peoples of Old Testament Times. Edited by D. J. Wiseman. Oxford: Clarendon, 1973.

. “ e Rise and Fall of the Kingdom of Edom.” PEQ 104 (1972): 26 37.

. “Sihon and Og, Kings of the Amorites.” VT 20 (1970): 257 77.

. “ e Use of the Word rōʾš as a Title in the Old Testament.” VT 19 (1969): 1 10.

. “Zadok and His Successors at Jerusalem.” JTS 19 (1968): 1 18. Baumgartner, A. I. “ e Paradox of the Red Heifer.” VT 43 (1993): 442 51. Begrich, J. “Das priesterliche Heilsorakel.” ZAW 52 (1934): 81 92. Beltz, W. Die Kaleb-Traditionen im Alten Testament. BWANT 98. Stuttgart: Kohl hammer, 1964. Ben-Barek, Z. “Inheritance by Daughters in the Ancient Near East.” JSS 25 (1980): 22 33.

Bennett, C. “Excavations at Buseirah, Southern Jordan.” Levant 5 (1973): 1 11

. “Tawilân.” RB 76 (1969): 386 90.

. “Tawilân.” RB 77 (1970): 371 74.

. “Ummel-Biyara-Pétra.” RB 71 (1964): 250 53.

. “Ummel-Biyara-Pétra.” RB 73 (1966): 372 403.

Bergmann, A. “ e Israelite Tribe of Half Manasseh.” JPOS 16 (1936): 224 54.

Bertman, S. “Tasseled Garments in the Ancient East Mediterranean.” BA 24 (1961): 119 28.

Bewer, J. A. “ e Literary Problems of the Balaam Story in Numbers, Chapters 22 24.” AmJT 9 (1905): 238 62.

Binns, L. E. e Book of Numbers: With Introduction and Notes. Westminster Commentaries. London: Methuen, 1927.

. “Midianite Elements in Hebrew Religion.” JTS 31 (1930): 337 54.

Bird, P. “‘To Play the Harlot’: An Inquiry into an Old Testament Metaphor.” Pages 75 94 in Gender and Di erence in Ancient Israel. Edited by P. Day. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1989. Blank, S. H. “ e Curse, the Blasphemy, the Spell, and the Oath.” HUCA 23/1 (1950 1951): 73 95

. “Men against God—the Promethean Element in Biblical Prayer.” JBL 72 (1953): 1 14.

. “Some Observations concerning Biblical Prayer.” HUCA 32 (1961): 75 90.

Bodenheimer, F. W. “ e Manna of Sinai.” BA 10 (1947): 1 6.

Boeker, H. J. Law and the Administration of Justice in the Old Testament and the Ancient East. Translated by J. Moiser. Minneapolis: Augsburg For tress, 1980.

Bowman, J. “Did the Qumran Sect Burn the Red Heifer?” RevQ 1 (1958): 73 84.

Brenner, A. Colour Terms in the Old Testament. JSOTSup 21. She eld: JSOT Press, 1982.

Brichto, H. C. “ e Case of the Śōṭā and a Reconsideration of Biblical Law.” HUCA 46 (1975): 55 70

. “Kin, Cult, Land and A erlife: A Biblical Complex.” HUCA 44 (1973): 1 54.

. e Problem of “Curse” in the Hebrew Bible. Philadelphia: Society of Bib lical Literature and Exegesis, 1962.

Brin, G. “ e Firstlings of Unclean Animals.” JQR 68 (1977): 1 15.

. “ e Formula ‘From . . . and Onward/Upward.’” JBL 99 (1980): 351 54.

. “Numbers XV 22 23 and the Question of the Composition of the Pentateuch.” VT 30 (1980): 351 54.

Brueggemann, W. “From Hurt to Joy, from Death to Life.” Int 28 (1974): 3 19.

Buchanan, G. W. “Eschatology and the ‘End of Days.’” JNES 20 (1961): 188 93.

Budd, P. J. Numbers. WBC 5. Waco, TX: Word, 1984.

Buis, P. “Les Con its entre Moise et Israël dans Exode et Nombres.” VT 28 (1978): 257 70

. “Qadesh, un Lieu Maudit?” VT 24 (1974): 268 85.

Buit, M. du. “Quelques contacts bibliques dans les archives royales de Mari.” RB 66 (1959): 576 81.

Burns, R. J. Has the Lord Indeed Spoken Only through Moses? A Study of the Bib lical Portrait of Miriam. SBLDS 84. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987. Burnside, J. “‘What Shall We Do with the Sabbath- Gatherer?’ A Narrative Approach to a ‘Hard Case’ in Biblical Law (Numbers 15:32 36).” VT 60 (2010): 45 62.

Burrows, E. e Oracles of Jacob and Balaam. London: Burns, Oates, and Wash bourne, 1938.

Canney, M. A. “Numbers 22:21 31.” ExpTim 27 (1917): 568.

Cassuto, U. e Documentary Hypothesis. Translated by I. Abrahams. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1961 Cazelles, H. “David’s Monarchy and the Gibeonite Claim.” PEQ 87 (1955): 165 75.

. “La Dîme Israélite et les Textes de Ras Shamra.” VT 1 (1951): 131 34.

. Les Nombres. 2nd ed. La Sainte Bible. Paris: Les Éditiones du Cerf, 1958. Cheyne, T. K. “Some Critical Di culties in the Chapters on Balaam.” ExpTim 10 (1898 1899): 399 402.

Childs, B. S. “ e Etiological Tale Re- examined.” VT 24 (1974): 387 97.

Christensen, D. L. “Num 21:14 15 and the Book of the Wars of Yahweh.” CBQ 36 (1974): 359 60.

Clark, R. E. D. “ e Large Numbers in the Old Testament.” Journal of the Trans actions of the Victoria Institute 87 (1955): 82 92.

Clines, D. J. A. e eme of the Pentateuch. JSOTSup 10. She eld: JSOT Press, 1978.

Coats, G. W. “Balaam: Sinner or Saint?” BR 18 (1973): 21 29.

. “Conquest Traditions in the Wilderness eme.” JBL 95 (1976): 177 90.

. “An Exposition of the Wilderness Traditions.” VT 22 (1972): 288 95.

. “Legendary Motifs in the Moses Death Reports.” CBQ 39 (1977): 34 44

. “Moses in Midian.” JBL 92 (1973): 3 10.

. e Murmuring Motif in the Wilderness Traditions of the Old Testament: Rebellion in the Wilderness. Nashville: Abingdon, 1968.

. “ e Way of Obedience: Traditio- Historical and Hermeneutical Re ections on the Balaam Story.” Semeia 24 (1982): 53 79.

. “ e Wilderness Itinerary.” CBQ 34 (1972): 135 52. Coats, G. W., and R. Kneirim. Numbers. FOTL. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2005. Cody, A. A History of the Old Testament Priesthood. AnBib 35. Rome: Ponti cal Biblical Institute, 1969. Cook, F. C., and T. E. Espin. e Fourth Book of Moses Called Numbers. e Holy Bible according to the Authorized Version. Vol. 1/2. London: Murray, 1871. Coppens, J. “Les Oracles de Bileam: Leur Origine Littéraire et leur Portée Prophétique.” Pages 67 80 in Mélanges Eugene Tisserant . Edited by P. Hennequin et al. Vol. 1. Cittá del Vaticano: Bibliotheca Apostolica Vat icana, 1964.

Cox, S. Balaam: An Exposition and a Study. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, 1884. Craigie, P. C. “ e Conquest and Early Hebrew Poetry.” TynBul 20 (1969): 76 94.

Cross, F. M. Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973. . “ e Priestly Tabernacle in the Light of Recent Research.” Pages 169 80 in Temples and High Places in Biblical Times: Proceedings of the Colloquium in Honor of the Centennial of Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Reli gion. Jerusalem: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, 1981. . “ e Tabernacle.” BA 10 (1947): 1 68.

Cross, F. M., and G. E. Wright. “ e Boundary and Province Lists of the King dom of Judah.” JBL 75 (1956): 202 26. Daiches, S. “Balaam, a Babylonian bārû: e Episode of Num 22:2 24:24 and Some Babylonian Parallels.” Pages 60 70 in Assyriologische und Archaeol ogische Studien Hermann von Hilprecht gewidmet. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1909 David, M. “Die Bestimmungen über die Asylstädte in Jos. 20.” OtSt 9 (1951): 30 48. Davidson, A. B. Hebrew Syntax. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1901.

xxxi

Davies, E. W. “Inheritance Rights and the Hebrew Levirate Marriage.” VT 31 (1981): 138 44.

. “A Mathematical Conundrum: e Problem of the Large Numbers in Numbers I and XXVI.” VT 45 (1995): 449 69.

. Numbers. NCBC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.

Davies, G. I. e Way of the Wilderness: A Geographical Study of the Wilderness Itineraries in the Old Testament. SOTSMS 5. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni versity Press, 1979.

. “ e Wilderness Itineraries.” TynBul 25 (1974): 46 81.

Dever, W. G. “ e EB IV–MB I Horizon in Transjordan and Southern Palestine.” BASOR 210 (1973): 37 63.

De Vries, S. J. “ e Origin of the Murmuring Tradition.” JBL 87 (1968): 51 58. Digges, M. L. “Balaam: A Man in a Corner.” Bible Today 13 (1964): 869 74.

Dillmann, A. Die Bücher Numeri, Deuteronomium und Joshua. Kurzgefasstes ex egetisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament. 2nd ed. Leipzig: Hirzel, 1886. Douglas, C. E. “ e Twelve Houses of Israel.” JTS 37 (1936): 49 56.

Douglas, M. In the Wilderness: e Doctrine of De lement in the Book of Numbers. JSOTSup 158. She eld: JSOT Press, 1993.

. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. Dozeman, T. “Numbers.” NIB 2. Nashville: Abingdon, 1990.

Driver, G. R. “Two Problems in the Old Testament Examined in the Light of Assyriology.” Syria 33 (1956): 70 78

Driver, G. R., and J. C. Miles. “Ordeal by Oath at Nuzi.” Iraq 7 (1940): 132 38.

Driver, S. R. Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament. 12th ed. New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1906.

. A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew and Some Other Syntactical Questions. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1881.

Dumbrell, W. J. “Midian—a Land or a League?” VT 25 (1975): 323 37.

Dus, J. “Herabfahrung Jahwes auf die Lade und Entziehung der Feuerwolke.” VT 19 (1969): 290 311.

Eichrodt, W. eology of the Old Testament. Translated by J. A. Baker. 2 vols. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1961 1967.

Eising, H. “Balaams Eselin.” BK 13 (1958): 45 47.

Eissfeldt, O. Hexateuch-Synopse: Die Erzälung der fünf Bücher Mose und des Buches Josua mit dem Anfange des Richterbuches. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1922

. “Die Komposition der Bileam-Erzählung.” ZAW 57 (1939): 212 41.

. e Old Testament: An Introduction. Translated by P. Ackroyd. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.

. “Protektorat der Midianiter über ihre Nachbarn im letzten Viertel des 2 Jahrtausends v. Chr.” JBL 87 (1968): 383 93.

. “Sinai Erzählung und Bileamsprüche.” HUCA 32 (1961): 179 90.

Elhorst, H. J. “Das Ephod.” JBL 30 (1910): 154 76.

Elliger, K. “Sinn und Ursprung der Priesterliche Geschichtserzählung.” ZTK 49 (1952): 121 43.

Emerton, J. A. “Priests and Levites in Deuteronomy.” VT 12 (1962): 129 38.

Engnell, I. “Methodological Aspects of Old Testament Study.” Pages 13 30 in Congress Volume Oxford 1959. Edited by G. W. Anderson et al. VTSup 7. Leiden: Brill, 1960. . “ e Pentateuch.” Pages 50 67 in Critical Essays on the Old Testament. Translated by J. T. Willis. London: SPCK, 1970. . “ e Traditio-Historical Method in Old Testament Research.” Pages 3 11 in Critical Essays on the Old Testament. Translated by J. T. Willis. London: SPCK, 1970.

. “Wilderness Wandering.” Pages 207 14 in Critical Essays on the Old Tes tament. Translated by J. T. Willis. London: SPCK, 1970.

Erdman, C. R. e Book of Numbers: An Exposition. Westwood, NJ: Revell, 1952. Feinstein, E. L. “ e ‘Bitter Waters’ of Numbers 5:11 31.” VT 62 (2012): 300 306. Fensham, F. C. “Malediction and Benediction in Ancient Near Eastern VassalTreaties and the Old Testament.” ZAW 74 (1962): 1 9.

Fichtner, J. “Die etymologische Ätiologie in den Namengebungen der geschicht lichen Bücher des Alten Testament.” VT 6 (1956): 372 96.

Finesinger, S. B. “Musical Instruments in the Old Testament.” HUCA 3 (1926): 21 76. . “ e Shofar.” HUCA 8 9 (1931 1932): 193 228

Fisch, S. “ e Book of Numbers.” Pages 793 987 in e Soncino Chumash: e Five Books of Moses with Haphtaroth. Edited by A. Cohen. London: Son cino, 1947.

Fishbane, M. “Accusations of Adultery: A Study of Law and Scribal Practice in Numbers 5:11 31.” HUCA 45 (1974): 25 46.

Fisher, L. R. “A New Ritual Calendar from Ugarit.” HTR 63 (1970): 485 501.

Flack, E. E. “Flashes of New Knowledge, Recent Study and the Book of Num bers.” Int 13 (1959): 3 23.

Flanagan, J. W. “History, Religion and Ideology: e Caleb Tradition.” Horizons 3 (1976): 175 85.

Fohrer, G. Introduction to the Old Testament. Translated by D. Green. Nashville: Abingdon, 1968.

Foote, T. C. “ e Ephod.” JBL 21 (1902): 1 47

Frankel, D. “ e Deuteronomic Portrayal of Balaam.” VT 46 (1996): 30 42.

Franken, H. J. “Texts from the Persian Period from Tell Deir ʿAlla.” VT 17 (1967): 480 81.

Freedman, D. N. “ e Aaronic Benediction.” Pages 229 42 in Pottery, Poetry, & Prophecy. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1980. . “Archaic Forms in Early Hebrew Poetry.” ZAW 72 (1960): 101 7.

. “Pottery, Poetry, and Prophecy: An Essay on Biblical Poetry.” JBL 96 (1977): 5 26.

Fretheim, T. E. “ e Priestly Document: Anti-Temple?” VT 18 (1968): 313 29.

Frevel, C., T. Pola, and A. Sibert, eds. Torah and the Book of Numbers. FAT 2/62.

Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013

Frick, F. S. e City in Ancient Israel. SBLDS. Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1977.

Fritz, V. “Arad in der biblischen überlieferung und in der Liste Schoschenk I.” ZDPV 82 (1966): 331 42.

. “Erwägungen zur Siedlungsgeschichte des Negeb in der Eisen 1-Zeit (1200 1000 v.Chr.) im Lichte der Ausgrabungen auf der Ḥirbet el-Mšaš.” ZDPV 91 (1975): 30 45.

. Israel in der Wüste: Traditionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen der Wüstenüberlieferung des Jahwisten. Marburg: Elwert, 1970.

Frymer-Kensky, T. “ e Strange Case of the Suspected Sotah (Numbers V 13 31).” VT 34 (1984): 11 26.

Gaster, T. H. “ e Name lē wî.” JTS 38 (1937): 250 51.

Gemser, B. “Der Stern au Jacob (Num 24:17).” ZAW 45 (1925) 301 2.

Gibson, J. C. L. Canaanite Myths and Legends. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1978. . Davidson’s Introductory Hebrew Grammar—Syntax. 4th ed. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1994.

Gillischewski, E. “Die Geschichte von der ‘Rotte Korah’ Num 16.” AfO 3 (1926): 114 18.

Glanville, M. Adopting the Stranger as Kindred in Deuteronomy. AIL 33. Atlanta: SBL Press, 2018. . “ e Gēr (Stranger) in Deuteronomy: Family for the Displaced.” JBL 137 (2018): 599 623

Glueck, N. “ e Boundaries of Edom.” HUCA 11 (1936): 141 57. . “ e Civilisation of the Edomites.” BA 10 (1947): 77 84.

Golka, F. W. “ e Aetiologies in the Old Testament.” VT 26 (1976): 410 28. . “ e Aetiologies in the Old Testament.” VT 27 (1977): 36 47.

Gottwald, N. K. e Tribes of Yahweh: A Sociology of the Religion of Liberated Israel, 1250 1050 BCE. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1979.

Goudoever, J. van. Biblical Calendars. Leiden: Brill, 1959. Gowan, D. E. “ e Use of yaʿan in Biblical Hebrew.” VT 21 (1971): 168 85.

Gradwohl, R. “Das ‘fremde Feuer’ von Nadab und Abihu.” ZAW 75 (1963): 288 96.

Gray, G. B. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Numbers. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1903. . “ e Nazirite.” JTS 1 (1899 1900): 201 11. . Sacri ce in the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1925.

Gray, J. “ e Desert Sojourn of the Hebrews and the Sinai Horeb Tradition.” VT 4 (1954): 148 54.

. e Legacy of Canaan: e Ras Shamra Texts and eir Relevance to the Old Testament. VTSup 5. 2nd ed. Leiden: Brill, 1965.

Green, W. H. e Higher Criticism of the Pentateuch. New York: Scribner, 1895. Greenberg, M. “ e Biblical Conception of Asylum.” JBL 78 (1959): 125 32.

. “Idealism and Practicality in Numbers 35:4 5 and Ezekiel 48.” JAOS 88 (1968): 59 66.

. “A New Approach to the History of the Israelite Priesthood.” JAOS 70 (1950): 41 46.

Greenstone, J. H. Numbers, with Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1948

Gressmann, H. Mose und Seine Zeit. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1913. Gross, W. Bileam: Literar- und Formkritische Untersuchung der Prosa im Num 22 24. Munich: Kösel, 1974.

. “‘Ein Zepter wird sich erheben aus Israel’ (Num 24:17): Die messianische Ho nung im Alten Testament.” BK 17 (1962): 34 37.

Guillaume, A. “A Note on Num 23:10.” VT 12 (1962): 335 37.

Gunn, D. M. “ e ‘Battle Report’: Oral or Scribal Convention.” JBL 93 (1974): 513 18.

Gunneweg, A. H. J. Leviten und Priester. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1965.

. “Mose in Midian.” ZTK 61 (1964): 1 9.

Guyot, G. H. “Balaam.” CBQ 3 (1941): 235 42.

. “ e Prophecy of Balaam.” CBQ 2 (1940): 330 40

Hackett, J. e Balaam Text om Deir ʿAllā. HSM 31. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1980.

. “Some Observations on the Balaam Text at Deir ʿAllā.” BA 49 (1986): 216 22.

Halpern, B. “Levitic Participation in the Reform Cult of Jeroboam I.” JBL 95 (1976): 31 42.

Hanson, H. E. “Num XVI 30 and the Meaning of bārāʾ.” VT 22 (1972): 353 59.

Haran, M. “From Early to Classical Prophecy: Continuity and Change.” VT 27 (1977): 385 97.

. “ e Levitical Cities: Utopia and Historical Reality.” Tarbiz 27 (1957 1958): 421 38.

. “ e Nature of the ‘ʾohel moʿedh’ in Pentateuchal Sources.” JSS 5 (1960): 50 65

. “ e Passover Sacri ce.” Pages 86 116 in Studies in the Religion of Ancient Israel. VTSup 23. Leiden: Brill, 1972.

. “ e Priestly Image of the Tabernacle.” HUCA 36 (1965): 191 226.

. “Studies in the Account of the Levitical Cities.” JBL 80 (1961): 45 54

. Temples and Temple Service in Ancient Israel. Oxford: Clarendon, 1978.

. “ e Uses of Incense in the Ancient Israelite Ritual.” VT 10 (1960): 113 29.

Harrelson, W. “Guidance in the Wilderness: e eology of Numbers.” Int 13 (1959): 24 36.

Harrison, R. K. Introduction to the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1969.

. Numbers. WEC. Chicago: Moody, 1990.

Heinisch, P. Das Buch Numeri, übersetzt und Erklärt. Die Heilige Schri des Al ten Testament. Bonn: Hanstein, 1936.

Heinzerling, R. “On the Interpretation of the Census Lists by C. J. Humphreys and G. E. Mendenhall.” VT 50 (2000): 250 52.

Hempel, J. “Die israelitischen Anschauungen von Segen und Fluch im Lichte altorientalische Parallelen.” Pages 30 113 in Apoxsymata: Vorarbeiten zu einer Religionsgeschichte und eologie des Alten Testaments. Festgabe J. Hempel. Edited by W. Baumgartner et al. BZAW 81. Berlin: Töpel mann, 1961.

Henke, O. “Zur Lage von Beth Peor.” ZDPV 75 (1959): 155 63.

Hertz, J. H. “Numbers 23:9b, 10.” ExpTim 45 (1933 1934): 524.

Ho ijzer, J. “ e Prophet Balaam in a 6th Century Aramaic Inscription.” BA 39 (1976): 11 17.

Holzinger, H. Numeri, Erklärt. Kurzer Hand- Commentar zum Alten Testament 4. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1903.

Homan, Michael. To Your Tents, O Israel: e Terminology, Function, Form, and Symbolism of Tents in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East. Vol. 12 of Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Edited by B. Halpern et al. Leiden: Brill, 2002.

Hooke, S. H. “ eory and Practice of Substitution.” VT 2 (1952): 2 17.

Horn, S. H. “ e Excavations at Tell Hesban, 1973.” ADAJ 18 (1973): 87 88.

Horst, F. “Recht und Religion im Bereich des A. T.” EvT 16 (1956): 49 75.

Hort, G. “ e Death of Qorah.” ABR 7 (1959): 2 26. Humphreys, C. J. “ e Number of People in the Exodus from Egypt: Decoding Mathematically the Very Large Numbers in Numbers I and XXVI.” VT 48 (1998): 196 213.

. “ e Numbers in the Exodus from Egypt: A Further Appraisal.” VT 50 (2000): 323 28.

Hurvitz, A. “ e Evidence of Language in Dating the Priestly Code: A Linguistic Study in Technical Idioms and Terminology.” RB 81 (1974): 24 56.

A Linguistic Study of the Relationship between the Priestly Source and the Book of Ezekiel. Paris: Gabalda, 1982.

Jacob, E. eology of the Old Testament. Translated by A. W. Heathcote and P. Allcock. New York: Harper & Row, 1958.

James, E. O. e Ancient Gods: e History of the Di usion of Religion in the An cient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1960.

Jeon, J. “Two Laws in the Sotah Passage (Num. V 11 31).” VT 57 (2007): 181 207. Jirku, A. “Wo Stand Ursprünglich die Notiz über Hebron in Num 13:22?” ZAW 39 (1921): 312.

Jobling, D. “ e Jordan a Boundary: A Reading of Numbers 32 and Joshua 22.” Pages 183 207 in SBLSP 19. Edited by P. J. Achtemeier. Chico, CA: Schol ars Press, 1980.

Johnson, A. R. e Cultic Prophet in Ancient Israel. Cardi : University of Wales, 1962.

Joines, K. R. “ e Bronze Serpent in the Israelite Cult.” JBL 87 (1968): 245 56.

. “Winged Serpents in Isaiah’s Inaugural Vision.” JBL 86 (1967): 410 15 Judge, H. G. “Aaron, Zadok, and Abiathar.” JTS, n.s., 7 (1956): 70 74. Kallai-Kleinmann, Z. “ e Town Lists of Judah, Simeon, Benjamin, and Dan.” VT 8 (1958): 134 60. Kapelrud, A. “How Tradition Failed Moses.” JBL 76 (1957): 242. . e Ras Shamra Discoveries and the Old Testament. Oxford: Blackwell, 1962.

Kaufmann, Y. “Der Kalendar und der Priester-Kodex.” VT 4 (1954): 307 13.

. e Religion of Israel. Translated and abridged by M. Greenberg. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.

Keil, C. F. e Book of Numbers. Biblical Commentary. Translated by J. Martin et al. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1869.

Kellermann, D. “ʾas̆ām in Ugarit?” ZAW 76 (1964): 319 22.

. “Bermerkungen zum Sündopfergesetz in Num 14:22 .” Pages 107 14 in Wort und Geschichte: Festschri für Karl Elliger zum 70. Geburtstag. Edited by H. Gese and H. P. Rüger. Neukirchen: Kevelaer, 1973.

. Die Priesterschri von Numeri 1, 1 bis 10, 10. BZAW 120. Berlin: de Gruy ter, 1970. Kennedy, A. R. S. Leviticus and Numbers. NCBC. London: Caxton, n.d. Kennett, R. H. “ e Origin of the Aaronic Priesthood.” JTS 6 (1905): 161 86.

. “ e Origin of the Aaronic Priesthood.” JTS 7 (1906): 620 24. Kislev, I. “ e Census of the Israelites on the Plains of Moab (Numbers 26): Source and Redaction.” VT 63 (2013): 236 60.

. “ e Investiture of Joshua (Numbers 27:12 33) and the Dispute on the Form of the Leadership in Yehud.” VT 59 (2009): 429 45.

Knohl, I. e Divine Symphony: e Bible’s Many Voices. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2003

. “ e Guilt O ering of the Holiness School (Num. V 5 8).” VT 54 (2004): 516 26.

. e Sanctuary of Silence: e Priestly Torah and the Holiness School. Min neapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1995

Kooij, A. van der. “Book and Script at Deir ʿAlla.” Pages 239 62 in Proceedings, 1989.

xxxvii

Kosmala, H. “Form and Structure in Ancient Hebrew Poetry.” VT 14 (1964): 423 45.

Kraus, H.-J. “Zur Geschichte des Passah-Massot-Festes im AT.” EvT 18 (1958): 47 67.

Kselman, J. S. “A Note on Numbers XII 6 8.” VT 26 (1976): 500 504.

Kuschke, A. “Die Lagervorstellung der priesterschri lichen Erzählung.” ZAW 22 (1951): 74 105.

Kutsch, E. “Erwägungen zur Geschichte der Passafeier und des Massotfestes.” ZTK 55 (1958): 1 35.

Lagrange, M. J. “L’Itinéraire des Israélites.” RB 9 (1900): 63 86

Latley, C. “Vicarious Solidarity in the Old Testament.” VT 1 (1951): 267 74.

Laughlin, J. C. H. “ e Strange Fire of Nadab and Abihu.” JBL 95 (1976): 559 65.

LaVerdiere, E. A. “Balaam Son of Peor.” TBT 89 (1977): 1157 65.

Lee, W. W. Punishment and Forgiveness in Israel’s Migratory Campaign. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.

Lehmann, M. R. “Biblical Oaths.” ZAW 81 (1969): 74 92.

Lehming, S. “Versuch zu Num 16.” ZAW 74 (1962): 291 321.

Leiman, S. Z. “ e Inverted Nuns at Num 10:35 36 and the Book of Eldad and Medad.” JBL 93 (1974): 348 55.

Lemaire, A. “Le ‘Pays de Hépher’ et les ‘Files de Zelophehad’ à la lumière des ostraca de Samarie.” Sem 22 (1972): 13 20.

Leveen, A. Memory and Tradition in the Book of Numbers. Cambridge: Cam bridge University Press, 2008

Levine, B. “ e Descriptive Tabernacle Texts of the Pentateuch.” JAOS 85 (1965): 307 18.

. In the Presence of the Lord: A Study of Cult and Some Cultic Terms in An cient Israel. SJLA 5. Leiden: Brill, 1974.

. “More on the Inverted Nuns of Num 10:35 36.” JBL 95 (1976): 122 24.

. Numbers 1 20. AB 4. New York: Doubleday, 1993.

. Numbers 21 36. AB 4A. New York: Doubleday, 2000.

. “ e Plaster Inscriptions from Deir ʿAllā: General Interpretation.” Pages 58 72 in Proceedings, 1989.

Liebreich L. J. “ e Songs of Ascents and the Priestly Blessing.” JBL 74 (1955): 33 36.

Lindblom, J. “Lot- casting in the Old Testament.” VT 12 (1962): 164 78.

Lipiński, E. “bʾḥryt hymym dans les textes préexiliques.” VT 20 (1970): 445 50

. “ʾŪrîm and Tummîm.” VT 20 (1970): 495 96.

Liver, J. “Korah, Dathan, and Abiram.” Pages 189 217 in Studies in the Bible. ScrHier 8. Edited by C. Rabin. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1961.

Lock, W. “Balaam.” JTS 2 (1901): 161 73

Loewe, H. “Numbers 22:6.” ExpTim 26 (1914 1915): 378.

Loewenstamm, S. E. “ e Death of Moses.” Tarbiz 27 (1957 1958): 142 57.

xxxviii

Loh nk, N. “Die Ursünden in der priesterlichen Geschichtserzählung.” Pages 38 57 in Die Zeit Jesu. H. Schlier Festschri . Edited by G. Bornkamm and K. Rahner. Freiburg: Herder, 1970. Löhr, M. “Bileam, Num 22:2 24:25.” AfO 4 (1927): 85 89. Long, B. O. “ e E ect of Divination upon Israelite Literature.” JBL 92 (1973): 489 97. . e Problem of Etiological Narrative in the Old Testament. BZAW 108. Berlin: Töpelmann, 1968.

Loretz, O. “Die Herausführungsformel in Num 23:22 und 24:8.” UF 7 (1975): 571 72 Lucas, A. “ e Number of Israelites at the Time of the Exodus.” PEQ 76 (1944): 164 68.

Lutzky, H. J. “ e Name ‘Cozbi’ (Numbers XXV 15, 18).” VT 47 (1997): 546 86. Mackay, C. “ e North Boundary of Palestine.” JTS 35 (1934): 22 40. Mackensen, R. S. “ e Present Form of the Balaam Stories.” Pages 275 92 in e MacDonald Presentation Volume: A Tribute to Duncan Black MacDonald, Consisting of Articles by Former Students, Presented to Him on His Seventieth Birthday, April 9, 1933. Princeton: Books for Libraries Press, 1933.

MacRae, G. W. “ e Meaning and Evolution of the Feast of Tabernacles.” CBQ 22 (1960): 251 76.

Maier, J. “Urim und Tummim. Recht und Bund in der Spannung zwischen Königtum und Priestertum im alten Israel.” Kairos NF 11 (1969): 22 38. Malina, B. J. e Palestinian Manna Tradition. Leiden: Brill, 1968. Mann, T. W. “ eological Re ections on the Denial of Moses.” JBL 99 (1979): 481 94.

Marcus, D. From Balaam to Jonah: Anti-prophetic Satire in the Hebrew Bible. BJS 301. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995

Margaliot, M. “ e Transgression of (Moses and) Aaron at Mey Merivah.” Beth Mikra 58 (1974): 375 400, 456.

Marquis, L. M. “ e Composition of Numbers 32: A New Proposal.” VT 63 (2013): 408 32

Marsh, J. “Exegesis of the Book of Numbers.” Pages 137 308 in IB 2. New York: Abingdon, 1953. Martin-Achard, R. Essai biblique sur les fêtes d’Israël. Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1974. Maston, B. “What Do miqneh and behēmâ Mean in Genesis XXXIV 23, XXXVI 6; Numbers XXXI 9, XXXII 26?” VT 45 (1995): 491 515.

Mauchline, J. “ e Balaam-Balak Songs and Saga.” Pages 73 94 in Studia Semit ica et Orientalia. Vol. 2: Presentation Volume to William Barron Stevenson. Edited by J. C. Mullo-Weir. Glasgow: Glasgow University Oriental Soci ety, 1945. . “Gilead and Gilgal: Some Re ections on the Israelite Occupation of Palestine.” VT 6 (1956): 19 33.

May, H. G. “ e Relation of the Passover to the Feast of Unleavened Cakes.” JBL 55 (1936): 65 82.

Mays, J. L. e Book of Leviticus, the Book of Numbers. Layman’s Bible Commen tary. Richmond: John Knox, 1963.

Mazar, B. “ e Cities of the Priests and Levites.” Pages 193 205 in VTSup 7. Leiden: Brill, 1960.

. “ e Sanctuary of Arad and the Family of Hobab the Kenite.” JNES 24 (1965): 297 303.

McCarthy, D. J. “Further Notes on the Symbolism of Blood and Sacri ce.” JBL 92 (1973): 205 10

. “An Installation Genre?” JBL 90 (1971): 31 41.

. “ e Symbolism of Blood and Sacri ce.” JBL 88 (1969): 166 76.

McEntire, M. “A Response to Colin J. Humphreys’s ‘ e Number of People in the Exodus from Egypt: Decoding Mathematically the Very Large Numbers in Numbers I and XXVI.’” VT 49 (1999): 262 64.

McEvenue, S. E. e Narrative Style of the Priestly Writer. AnBib 50. Rome: Pon ti cal Biblical Institute, 1971.

McKeating, H. “ e Development of the Law on Homicide in Ancient Israel.” VT 25 (1975): 46 68.

McNeile, A. H. e Book of Numbers in the Revised Version. Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911.

Meek, T. J. “Aaronites and Zadokites.” AJSL 45 (1929): 149 66.

. “Moses and Levites.” AJSL 56 (1939): 113 20

. “Some Emendations in the Old Testament.” JBL 48 (1929): 167 68.

Mendenhall, G. E. “ e Census Lists of Numbers 1 and 26.” JBL 77 (1958): 52 66.

. “‘Change and Decay in All Around I See’: Conquest, Covenant, and e Tenth Generation.” BA 39 (1976): 152 57.

. “ e Hebrew Conquest of Palestine.” BA 25 (1962): 66 87.

. e Tenth Generation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973. Meshel, Z., and C. Meyers. “ e Name of God in the Wilderness of Zin.” BA 39 (1976): 6 10, 148 51. Meyers, C. L. e Tabernacle Menorah: A Synthetic Study of a Symbol om the Biblical Cult. AASOR 2. Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1976. 2nd ed. Pist cataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2003. Milgrom, J. “Akkadian Con rmation of the Meaning of the Term tĕrûmâ.” Tar biz 44 (1974/1975): 189. Repr. in Milgrom, Studies in Cultic eology and Terminology, 171 72.

. “ e Alleged Wave- O ering in Israel and the Ancient Near East.” IEJ 22 (1972): 33 38. Repr. in Milgrom, Studies in Cultic eology and Termi nology, 133 38

. “ e Biblical Diet Laws as an Ethical System.” Int 17 (1963): 288 301. Repr. in Milgrom, Studies in Cultic eology and Terminology, 104 18.

. “Concerning Jeremiah’s Repudiation of Sacri ce.” ZAW 89 (1977): 274

75. Repr. in Milgrom, Studies in Cultic eology and Terminology, 119 21.

. Cult and Conscience: e asham and the Priestly Doctrine of Repentance. SJLA 18. Leiden: Brill, 1976.

. “ e Cultic Šegāgāh and Its In uence in Psalms and Job.” JQR 58 (1967): 115 25. Repr. in Milgrom, Studies in Cultic eology and Terminology, 122 32.

. “Israel’s Sanctuary: e Priestly ‘Picture of Dorian Gray.’” RB 83 (1976): 390 99. Repr. in Milgrom, Studies in Cultic eology and Terminology, 75 84

. e JPS Torah Commentary: Numbers. Philadelphia/New York: e Jew ish Publication Society, 1990.

. Leviticus 1 16: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB 3. New York: Doubleday, 1991.

. Leviticus 17 22: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary.

AB 3A. New York: Doubleday, 2000.

. Leviticus 23 27: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB 3B. New York: Doubleday, 2002.

. “ e Literary Structure of Numbers 8:5 22 and the Levitic kippûr.” Pages 205 9 in Perspectives on Language and Text: Essays and Poems in Honor of Francis I. Andersen’s Sixtieth Birthday, July 28, 1985. Edited by E. Conrad and E. Newing. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1987.

. “ e Paradox of the Red Cow (Num. Xix).” VT 31 (1981): 62 72. Repr. in Milgrom, Studies in Cultic eology and Terminology, 85 95.

. “ e Priestly Doctrine of Repentance.” RB 82 (1975): 186 205. Repr. in Milgrom, Studies in Cultic eology and Terminology, 47 66.

. “Priestly Terminology and the Political and Social Structure of PreMonarchic Israel.” JQR 69 (1978): 65 81. Repr. in Milgrom, Studies in Cultic eology and Terminology, 1 17.

. “A Prolegomenon to Lev 17:11.” JBL 90 (1971): 149 56. Repr. in Milgrom, Studies in Cultic eology and Terminology, 96 103.

. “Šattĕ nûpâ.” Pages 93 110 in Zer Li’ gevurot. Festschri for Z. Shazar. Edited by B. Z. Luria. Jerusalem: Kiryat Sepher, 1972. Repr. in Milgrom, Studies in Cultic eology and Terminology, 139 58.

. “ e Šôq hattĕrûmâ: A Chapter in Cultic History.” Tarbiz 42 (1972 1973):

1 14. Repr. in Milgrom, Studies in Cultic eology and Terminology, 159 70

. “Sin- O ering or Puri cation- O ering?” VT 21 (1971): 237 39. Repr. in Milgrom, Studies in Cultic eology and Terminology, 67 69.

. Studies in Cultic eology and Terminology. SJLA 36. Leiden: Brill, 1983. Studies in Levitical Terminology. Vol. 1. University of California Pub lications, Near Eastern Studies 14. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970.

. “Two Kinds of ḥaṭṭāʾt.” VT 26 (1976): 333 37. Repr. in Milgrom, Studies in Cultic eology and Terminology, 70 74.

Miller, P. D. “ e Blessing of God: An Interpretation of Numbers 6:22 27.” Int 29 (1975): 240 51.

Mitchell, T. C. “ e Meaning of the Noun ḥtn in the Old Testament.” VT 19 (1969): 93 112.

Mittmann, S. “Num 20:14 21—eine radaktionelle Kompilation.” Pages 143 49 in Wort und Geschichte: Festschri für Karl Elliger zum 70. Geburtstag. Edited by H. Gese and H. P. Rüger. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 1973. Möhlenbrink, K. “Die levitischen überlieferungen des Alten Testament.” ZAW 52 (1934): 184 231.

Monroe, L. A. S. “Phinehas’ Zeal and the Death of Cozbi: Unearthing a Human Scapegoat Tradition in Numbers 25:1 18.” VT 62 (2012): 211 31.

Moore, M. e Balaam Traditions: eir Character and Development. SBLDS 113. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990.

Morgan, D. F. “ e So- Called Cultic Calendars in the Pentateuch (Exod 23:10 19, 34:18 26, Lev 23, Num 28 29, Deut 16:1 17): A Morphological and Typological Study.” PhD diss., Claremont School of eology, 1974. Morgenstern, J. “Additional Notes on ‘ e ree Calendars of Ancient Israel.’” HUCA 3 (1926): 77 107.

. e Ark, the Ephod, and the “Tent of Meeting. ” Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1945.

. “A Chapter in the History of the High Priesthood.” AJSL 55 (1938): 1 24, 360 77.

. “Supplementary Studies in the Calendars of Ancient Israel.” HUCA 10 (1935): 1 148.

. “ e ree Calendars of Ancient Israel.” HUCA 1 (1924): 13 78.

. “Trial by Ordeal among the Semites in Ancient Israel.” HUCA Jubilee Volume (1925): 113 43.

. “Two Ancient Israelite Agricultural Festivals.” JQR 8 (1917 1918) 39 50. Mowinckel, S. Tetrateuch—Pentateuch—Hexateuch. Die Berichte über die Land nahme in den drei altisraelitischen Geschichtswerken. BZAW 90. Berlin: Töpelmann, 1964.

. “Der Ursprung der Bileamsage.” ZAW 48 (1930): 233 71. Müller, H.-P. “Die aramäische Inschri von Deir ‘Allā und die älteren Bileam sprüche.” ZAW 94 (1982): 214 44

. “Einige alttestamentliche Probleme zur aramäische Inschri von Deir ʿAllā.” ZDPV 94 (1978): 56 67.

Mullen, E. T. e Assembly of the Gods: e Divine Council in Canaanite and Early Hebrew Literature. HSM 24. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1980 Murtonen, A. “ e Use and Meaning of the Words Leḇarek and Berakah in the Old Testament.” VT 9 (1959): 158 77.

Nestlé, E. “Num 23:19.” ZAW 28 (1908): 228 29.

Neusner, J. e Idea of Purity in Ancient Israel. Leiden: Brill, 1973. Newing, E. G. “ e Rhetoric of Altercation in Numbers 14.” Pages 211 28 in Perspec tives on Language and Text: Essays and Poems in Honor of Francis I. Andersen’s Sixtieth Birthday, July 28, 1985. Edited by E. Conrad and E. Newing. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1987. Nielsen, E. “ e Levites in Ancient Israel.” ASTI 3 (1964): 16 27. Noordtzij, A. Numbers. Bible Student’s Commentary. Translated by E. van der Maas. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1983. North, F. “Aaron’s Rise in Prestige.” ZAW 66 (1954): 191 99 Noth, M. A History of Pentateuchal Traditions. Translated by B. W. Anderson. Englewood Cli s, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981. . “Israelitische Stämme zwischen Ammon und Moab.” ZAW 60 (1944): 11 57.

. Die Israelitischen Personennamen im Rahmen der Gemeinsemitischen Namengebung. BWANT 3/10. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1928.

. e Laws in the Pentateuch and Other Essays. Translated by D. R. Apomas. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1967.

. “Num 21 als Glied der ‘Hexateuch’ Erzählung.” ZAW 58 (1940 1941): 161 89.

.

Numbers: A Commentary. Translated by J. D. Martin. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968.

Das System der zwölf Stämme Israels. BWANT 4/1. Stuttgart: Kohlham mer, 1930.

. “Der Wallfahrtsweg zum Sinai.” PJ 36 (1940): 5 28. Nyberg, H. S. “Korahs Upror (Num 16f.).” SEÅ 11 (1946): 214 36. Olávarri, E. “Fouilles a ʿArôʿer sur l’Arnon: Les Niveaux du Bronze.” RB 76 (1969): 230 59.

. “Sondages à ʿArôʿer sur l’Arnon.” RB 72 (1965): 77 94. Olson, D. T. e Death of the Old and the Birth of the New: e Framework of the Book of Numbers and the Pentateuch. BJS 71. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1985.

. Numbers. Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preach ing. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1996. Orlinsky, H. M. “Numbers XXVIII 9, 12, 13.” VT 20 (1970): 500. . “R ābas for Šākab in Num 24:9.” JQR 35 (1944 1945): 173 77 Pákosdy, L. M. von. “ eologische Redaktionsarbeit in der Bileam-Perikope.” Pages 161 76 in Von Ugarit nach Qumran. Festschri for O. Eissfeldt. Ed ited by J. Hempel and L. Rost. BZAW 77. Berlin: Töpelmann, 1958. Paradise, J. “A Daughter and Her Father’s Property at Nuzi.” JCS 32 (1980): 189 207. Parker, I. “ e Way of God and the Way of Balaam.” ExpTim 17 (1905): 45.

Parker, S. B. “Possession Trance and Prophecy in Pre-exilic Israel.” VT 28 (1978): 271 85.

Paterson, J. A. Book of Numbers. SBOT. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1900.

Patrick, D. Old Testament Law. Atlanta: John Knox, 1985.

Pedersen, J. Israel: Its Life and Culture. 4 vols. Repr. in 2 vols. London: Oxford University Press, 1926 1940.

Perles, F. “Zu Numeri 24:23.” ZAW 29 (1909): 73.

Péter, R. “L’imposition des mains dans l’Ancien Testament.” VT 27 (1977): 48 55.

Petrie, W. M. F. Egypt and Israel. New York: Macmillan, 1923 . Researches in Sinai. London: Murray, 1906. Phillips, A. “ e Case of the Woodgatherer Reconsidered.” VT 19 (1969): 125 28.

Pitk änen, P. A Commentary on Numbers: Narrative, Ritual and Colonialism. Routledge Studies in the Biblical World. London: Routledge, 2018. Ploeg, J. van der. “Studies in Hebrew Law.” CBQ 12 (1950): 248 59.

. “Studies in Hebrew Law: II. e Style of the Laws.” CBQ 12 (1950): 416 27.

. “Studies in Hebrew Law: III. Systematic Analysis of the Contents of the Collections of Laws in the Pentateuch.” CBQ 13 (1951): 28 43.

. “Studies in Hebrew Law: IV. e Religious Character of the Legislation.” CBQ 13 (1951): 164 71.

. “Studies in Hebrew Law: V. Varia. Conclusions.” CBQ 13 (1951): 296 307. Porter, J. R. “ e Role of Kadesh-barnea in the Narrative of the Exodus.” JTS 44 (1943): 139 43. Press, R. “Das Ordal im alten Israel.” ZAW 51 (1933): 121 40, 227 55. Pressler, C. Numbers. AOTC. Nashville: Abingdon, 2017. Propp, W. H. C. Exodus 1 18. AB 2. New York: Doubleday, 1999. . Exodus 19 40. AB 2A. New York: Doubleday, 2006. Rabe, V. W. “ e Origins of Prophecy.” BASOR 221 (1976): 125 28. Rackman, E. “Jewish Philosophy of Property.” JQR 67 (1976 1977): 65 89. Rad, G. von. Old Testament eology. Translated by D. Stalker. 2 vols. New York: Harper & Row, 1962, 1965.

. “ e Story about Balaam.” Pages 36 39 in God at Work in Israel. Trans lated by J. Marks. Nashville: Abingdon, 1980. Rainey, A. F. “ e Order of Sacri ces in Old Testament Ritual Texts.” Bib 51 (1970): 485 98

Ramsay, G. W. “Speech Forms in Hebrew Law and Prophetic Oracles.” JBL 96 (1977): 45 58.

Reif, S. C. “A Note on a Neglected Connotation of ntn.” VT 20 (1970): 114 16.

. “What Enraged Phinehas?” JBL 90 (1971): 100 106

Reis P. T. “Numbers XI: Seeing Moses Plain.” VT 55 (2005): 207 31.

Rendsburg, G. A. “An Additional Note to Two Recent Articles on the Number

of People in the Exodus from Egypt and the Large Numbers in Numbers I and XXVI.” VT 51 (2001): 392 96.

Rendtor , R. Die Gesetze in der Priesterschri : Eine Gattungsgeschichtlichen Un tersuchung. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1954. e Problem of the Process of Transmission in the Pentateuch. Translated by J. Scullion. JSOTSup 89. She eld: JSOT Press, 1990. (Orig. Das über lieferungsgeschichtliche Problem des Pentateuch. BZAW 147. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1977.)

. “Traditio-historical Method and the Documentary Hypothesis.” Proceed ings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies 5 (1969): 5 11. . “ e Yahwist as eologian: Dilemma of Pentateuchal Criticism.” JSOT 3 (1977): 2 45.

. “Zur Lage von Jaser.” ZDPV 76 (1960): 124 35.

Richter, G. “Die Einheitlichkeit der Geschichte von der Rotte Korah.” ZAW 39 (1921): 123 37.

Riggans, W. Numbers. Daily Study Bible. Philadelphia: Westminster John Knox, 1983.

Roach, C. C. “ e Camp in the Wilderness: A Sermon on Numbers 2:2.” Int 13 (1959): 49 54.

Robertson, E. “ e ʾūr īm and tummīm: What Were ey?” VT 14 (1964): 67 74.

Robinson, G. “ e Prohibition of Strange Fire in Ancient Israel.” VT 28 (1978): 301 17.

Rofé, A. e Book of Balaam (Hebrew). Jerusalem: Simor, 1979.

Römer, T., ed. e Books of Leviticus and Numbers. BETL 215. Leuven: Peeters, 2008.

Roskop, A. R. e Wilderness Itineraries: Genre, Geography, and the Growth of Torah. HACL 3. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2011.

Rost, L. “Fragen um Bileam.” Pages 377 87 in Beiträge zur alttestamentlichen eologie: Festschri für Walther Zimmerli zum 70. Geburtstag. Edited by H. Donner et al. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1977 . “Zu den Festopfervorschri en von Numeri 28 u. 29.” TLZ 83 (1958): 329 34.

Rouillard, H. “L’ânesse de Balaam.” RB 87 (1980): 5 36. Rowley, H. H. “Zadok and Nehushtan.” JBL 58 (1939): 113 41.

Ruppert, L. “Das Motiv der Versuchung durch Gott in vordeuteronomistischer Tradition.” VT 22 (1972): 55 63. Sabourin, L. “ e Biblical Cloud: Terminology and Traditions.” BTB 4 (1974): 290 311.

Sakenfeld, Katherine. Numbers: Journeying with God. ITC. Grand Rapids: Eerd mans, 1995. . “ e Problem of Divine Forgiveness in Num 14.” CBQ 37 (1975): 317 30.

Sasson, J. M. “A ‘Genealogical Convention’ in Biblical Chronography?” ZAW 90 (1978): 171 85.

. “Nu. 5 and the Waters of Judgment.” BZ 16 (1972): 249 51. Saydon, P. P. “Sin- O ering and Trespass- O ering.” CBQ 8 (1946): 393 98.

Scharbert, J. “Fluchen und Segnen im Alten Testament.” Bib 39 (1958): 1 26.

Schedl, C. “Biblische Zahlen unglaubwürdig?” TPQ 107 (1959): 58 62.

Schmidt, L. “Die alttestamentliche Bileamüberlieferung.” BZ 23 (1979): 234 61. Schmidt, W. “miškan als Ausdruck Jerusalemer Kultsprache.” ZAW 75 (1963): 91 92.

Schottro , S. Der altisraelitische Fluchspruch. WMANT 30. Neukirchen: Kreis Moers, 1969. Schulz, H. Leviten im vorstaatlichen Israel und im Mittleren Osten. Munich: Kai ser, 1987.

. Das Todesricht im Alten Testament. BZAW 114. Berlin: Töpelmann, 1969. Schunk, K.-D. Benjamin: Untersuchungen zur Entstehung und Geschichte eines israelitischen Stammes. BZAW 86. Berlin: Töpelmann, 1963.

. “Ophra, Ephron und Ephraim.” VT 11 (1961): 188 200. Seebass, H. “Edom und seine Umgehung nach Number XX–XXI: zu Numeri XXI 10 13.” VT 47 (1997): 255 62.

. “‘Holy’ Land in the Old Testament: Numbers and Joshua.” VT 56 (2006): 92 104.

. Numeri. BKAT IV/1. Neukirchen Vluyn: Neukirkener Verlag, 2012. Numeri BKAT IV/2. Neukirchen Vluyn: Neukirkener Verlag, 2003 . Numeri. BKAT IV/3. Neukirchen Vluyn: Neukirkener Verlag, 2007. .“Num xi, xii und die Hypothese des Jahwisten.” VT 28 (1978): 214 23.

. “Zu Num X 33f.” VT 14 (1964): 111 13.

Segal, J. B. “ e Hebrew Festivals and the Calendar.” JSS 6 (1961): 74 94. . e Hebrew Passover. London: SPCK, 1963.

. “Intercalation and the Hebrew Calendar.” VT 7 (1957): 250 307.

Segal, M. H. e Pentateuch: Its Composition and Its Authorship and Other Studies. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1967.

. “ e Settlement of Manasseh East of the Jordan.” PEFQS 50 (1918) 124 31.

Sellin, E. O. “Zu Efod und Tera m.” ZAW 55 (1937): 296 98. Seybold, K. “Das Herrscherbild des Bileamorakels, Num 24:15 19.” BZ 29 (1979): 1 19

Sherwood, S. K. Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. Berit Olam: Studies in He brew Narrative and Poetry. Washington DC: Michael Glazier, 2002. Simons, J. Geographical and Topographical Texts of the Old Testament. Leiden: Brill, 1959

. “Two Connected Problems Relating to the Israelite Settlement in Transjordan.” PEQ 79 (1947): 27 39, 87 101.

Simpson, C. A. e Early Traditions of Israel. Oxford: Blackwell, 1948.

xlvi

Sivan, H. Z. “ e Rape of Cozbi.” VT 51 (2001): 69 80.

Smick, E. B. “A Study of the Structure of the ird Balaam Oracle (Num 24:5 9).” Pages 242 52 in e Law and the Prophets: Old Testament Studies in Honor of Oswald T. Allis. Edited by J. Skilton. Nutley, NJ: Presbyterian & Reformed, 1974. Smith, W. R. e Religion of the Semites. 2nd ed. London: Black, 1907. Snaith, N. H. “ e Daughters of Zelophehad.” VT 16 (1966): 124 27.

. e Hebrew New Year Festival. London: SPCK, 1947.

. Leviticus and Numbers. NCBC. London: Nelson, 1967.

. “A Note on Numbers XVIII 9.” VT 23 (1973): 373 75

. “Numbers XXVIII 9, 11, 13.” VT 19 (1969): 374.

. “Sacri ces in the Old Testament.” VT 7 (1957): 308 17.

. “ e Sin O ering and the Guilt O ering.” VT 15 (1965): 73 80. Snijders, L. A. “ e Meaning of ‘zar’ in the Old Testament.” OtSt 10 (1954): 1 154. Sonsino, R. Motive Clauses in Hebrew Law. SBLDS 45. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1980. Speiser, E. A. “Census and Ritual Expiation in Mari and Israel.” Pages 171 86 in Biblical and Oriental Studies. Edited by J. J. Finkelstein and M. Greenberg. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1967.

. “Unrecognized Dedication.” IEJ 13 (1963): 69 73.

Stade, B. “Die Eiferopferthora.” ZAW 15 (1895): 166 78. St. Clair, G. “Israel in Camp: A Study,” JTS 8 (1907): 185 217 Stephens, F. J. “ e Ancient Signi cance of Ṣiṣith.” JBL 50 (1931): 59 71.

Stern, P. D. “ e Origin and Signi cance of ‘ e Land Flowing with Milk and Honey.’” VT 42 (1992): 554 57.

Stevenson, W. R. “Hebrew Olah and Zebach Sacri ces.” Pages 488 97 in Festschri für A. Bertholet. Edited by W. Baumgartner et al. Tübingen: Mohr, 1950. Strack, H. L. Die Bücher Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus und Numeri. Kurzgefasster Kommentar zu den Heiligen Schri en Alten und Neuen Testamentes sowie zu den Apokryphen. Nordlingen: C. H. Beck, 1894. Sturdy, J. Numbers. Cambridge Bible (NEB). New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Sumner, W. A. “Israel’s Encounters with Edom, Moab, Ammon, Sihon, and Og according to the Deuteronomist.” VT 18 (1968): 216 28

Sutcli e, E. F. “De Unitate Litteraria Num 22.” Bib 7 (1926): 3 39. . “A Note on Num 22.” Bib 18 (1937): 439 42.

Talmon, S. “Divergencies in Calendar Reckoning in Ephraim and Judah.” VT 8 (1958): 48 74 iersch, H. “Ependytes und Ephod.” ZAW 53 (1935): 180 85. omas, D. W. “Some Further Remarks on Unusual Ways of Expressing the Su perlative in Hebrew.” VT 18 (1968): 120 24.

xlvii

. “ e Word rōḇaʿ in Numbers 23:10.” ExpTim 46 (1934 1935): 285.

ompson, H. C. “ e Signi cance of the Term ʾāsham in the Old Testament.” TGUOS 14 (1953): 20 26. ompson, H. O. “ e Ammonite Remains at Khirbet al-Hajjar.” BASOR 227 (1977): 27 34

ompson, R. J. Moses and the Law in a Century of Criticism Since Graf. Leiden: Brill, 1970.

. Penitence and Sacri ce in Early Israel Outside the Levitical Law: An Examination of the Fellowship eory of Early Israelite Sacri ce. Leiden: Brill, 1963.

Toorn, K. van der. “Ordeal.” ABD 5:40 42.

Tosato, A. “ e Literary Structure of the First Two Poems of Balaam (Num 23:7 10, 18 24).” VT 29 (1979): 98 106.

Tucker, G. M. “Covenant Forms and Contract Forms.” VT 15 (1965): 487 503

Tunyogi, A. C. “ e Rebellions of Israel.” JBL 81 (1962): 385 90.

. e Rebellions of Israel. Richmond, VA: John Knox, 1969.

Tushingham, A. D. “ e Excavations at Dibon (Dhiban) in Moab, the ird Campaign 1952 53.” AASOR 40 (1972): 93.

Urie, D. “O cials of the Cult at Ugarit.” PEQ 80 (1948): 42 47.

Valentin, H. Aaron. Eine Studie zur vorpriesterschri lichen Aaron überlieferung. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978.

Van Seters, J. “ e Conquest of Sihon’s Kingdom: A Literary Examination.” JBL 91 (1972): 182 97

. “Once Again: e Conquest of Sihon’s Kingdom.” JBL 99 (1980): 117 19.

. “Recent Studies on the Pentateuch: A Crisis in Method.” JAOS 99 (1979): 663 72.

. “ e Terms ‘Amorite’ and ‘Hittite.’” VT 22 (1972): 64 81.

Vaulx, J. de. Les Nombres. SB. Paris: J. Gabalda, 1972. Vaux, R. de. Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions. Translated by J. McHugh. 2 vols. London: Darton, Longman and Todd; New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961.

. “Ark of the Covenant and Tent of Reunion.” Pages 136 51 in e Bible and the Ancient Near East. Translated by D. McHugh. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971.

. e Early History of Israel. Translated by D. Smith. Philadelphia: West minster, 1978.

. “Le Pays de Canaan.” JAOS 88 (1968): 23 30

. “L’Itinéraire des Israéliens de Cadès aux Plaines de Moab.” Pages 136 51 in Hommages à André Dupont-Sommer. Edited by A. Caquot and M. Philonenko. Paris: Librairie d’Amerique et d’Orient, 1971.

. “Notes d’histoire et de topographie transjordaniennes.” RB 50 (1941): 16 47.

. “Re ections on the Present State of Pentateuchal Criticism.” Pages 31 48

in e Bible and the Ancient Near East. Translated by D. McHugh. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. . Studies in Old Testament Sacri ce. Translated by J. Bourke and R. Potter. Cardi : University of Wales Press, 1964. Vermes, G. “ e Story of Balaam: e Scriptural Origin of Haggadah.” Pages 127 77 in Scripture and Tradition in Judaism. Leiden: Brill, 1955. Vetter, D. Seherspruch und Segensschilderung: Ausdruckabsichten und sprachliche Verwirklichungen in den Bileam-Sprüchen von Numeri 23 und 24. Stuttgart: Calwer Verlag, 1975. Wagner, S. “Die Kundscha ergeschichten im Alten Testament.” ZAW 76 (1964): 255 69. . “O enbarungsphänomenologische Elemente in der Bileam- Geschichte von Num 22 24.” eologische Versuche 5 (1975): 11 31.

Walsh, J. T. “From Egypt to Moab: A Source Critical Analysis of the Wilderness Itinerary.” CBQ 39 (1977): 20 33. Walters, S. D. “Prophecy in Mari and Israel.” JBL 89 (1970): 78 81. Wanke, G. Die Zionstheologie der Korachiten. BZAW 97. Berlin: Töpelmann, 1966.

Waterman, L. “Some Determining Factors in the Northward Progress of Levi.” JAOS 57 (1937): 375 80.

Watson, J. Leviticus-Numbers. Expositor’s Bible. New York: Armstrong, 1903. We ng, S. “Beobachtungen zum Ritual mit der roten Kuh (Num 19:1 10a).” ZAW 93 (1981): 341 64

Weinberg, J. P. “Das Bēit ʾĀbōt im Jh. v. u. Z.” VT 23 (1973): 400 414.

Weingreen, J. “ e Case of the Daughters of Zelophehad.” VT 16 (1966): 518 22. . “ e Case of the Woodgatherer (Numbers XV 32 36).” VT 16 (1966): 361 64.

Weippert, H. “Das geographische System der Stämme Israels.” VT 23 (1973): 76 89.

Weippert, M. e Settlement of the Israelite Tribes in Palestine. SBT 2/21. London: SCM, 1971. . “ e Balaam Text from Deir ʿAllā and the Study of the Old Testament.” Pages 151 84 in Proceedings, 1989.

Weisman, Z. “ e Biblical Nazirite, Its Types and Roots.” Tarbiz 36 (1967): 207 20.

Wellhausen, J. Prolegomena to the History of Ancient Israel. Translated by J. S. Black and A. Menzies. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1973.

Wenham, G. J. Numbers: An Introduction and Commentary. TOTC. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1981.

Wenham, J. W. “Large Numbers in the Old Testament.” TynBul 18 (1967): 19 53

Westphal, G. “Aaron und die Aaroniden.” ZAW 26 (1906): 201 30.

Wharton, J. A. “ e Command to Bless: An Exposition of Numbers 22:41 23:25.” Int 13 (1959): 37 48.

xlix

Whybray, R. N. e Making of the Pentateuch: A Methodological Study. JSOTSup 53. She eld: JSOT Press, 1987.

Williams, R. J., and J. C. Beckman. Hebrew Syntax. 3rd ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.

Wilson, R. R. “Between ‘Azel’ and ‘Azel,’ Interpreting the Biblical Genealogies.” BA 42 (1979): 11 22.

. “Early Israelite Prophecy.” Int 32 (1978): 3 16.

. Genealogy and History in the Biblical World. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.

. “ e Old Testament Genealogies in Recent Research.” JBL 94 (1965): 169 89.

Wiseman, D. J. “Flying Serpents.” TynBul 23 (1972): 108 10.

Wright, G. E. “ e Levites in Deuteronomy.” VT 4 (1954): 325 30. Wright, G. R. H. “ e Bronze Age Temple at Amman.” ZAW 78 (1966): 350 56.

Wüst, M. Untersuchungen zu den siedlungsgeographischen Texten des Alten Testa ments. Vol. 1: Ostjordanland. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1975.

Yahuda, A. S. “ e Name of Balaam’s Homeland.” JBL 64 (1945): 547 51.

Yardeni, Ada. “Remarks on the Priestly Blessing on Two Ancient Amulets from Jerusalem.” VT 41 (1991): 176 185.

Zannoi, A. E. “Balaam: International Seer/Wizard Prophet.” St. Luke’s Journal of eology 22 (1978): 5 19.

Zohar, N. “Repentance and Puri cation: e Signi cance and Semantics of ḥṭʾt in the Pentateuch.” JBL 107 (1988): 609 18

Zuckschwerdt, E. “Zur literarischen Vorgeschichte des priesterlichen NazirGesetzes (Num 6:1 8).” ZAW 88 (1976): 191 205.

Introduction

I. TITLE AND CONTENTS

e title of the book in English comes through the Vulgate from the LXX, which used the title “Numbers” (Vulg. Numeri, LXX Arithmoi). ere are two variant Hebrew titles. e less common comes from the rst word of the text (wayədabbēr, “and he spoke”). e second and by far more common comes from the fourth word (bəmidbar, “in the wilderness [of]”).1 “In the wilderness” describes the contents of the book much better than “numbers,” which is derived from the censuses of chs. 1 4, 26. e story is rather simple. Israel is counted by Moses, Aaron, and the leaders in order to prepare for the march to Canaan and life in the land fol lowing the displacement of the indigenous inhabitants (chs. 1 4). A er fur ther exhortations to holy living and preparations to depart from Mt. Sinai (5:1 10:10), Israel leaves the holy mountain for Canaan (10:11 12:13). Leaders (o en called “spies”) are sent out from the oasis of Kadesh-barnea to recon noiter. When they return to Moses and the people, their report is not unan imous. e majority say that the land and its inhabitants are too mighty to be taken. e minority (Caleb and Joshua) say that God had promised victory and would bring victory for Israel, despite the strength of the land and its people. e people of Israel choose to believe the majority and are ready to go back to Egypt (thus rebelling against the leadership of Yahweh as well as that of Moses and Aaron) when God intervenes and punishes their disbelief and disobedience. Because of their sin, every person over the age of twenty would wander and die in the wilderness between Mt. Sinai and Canaan with

1. Counting ʾel-mōšeh (“to Moses”) as one word, since they are joined by a maqqep, which deprives the rst word of its independent accent.

out coming into possession of the land of promise. ey would wander forty years, until the whole older generation was dead (chs. 13 14). e Israelites decide to try to make things better on their own. Unassisted by God (or Moses), they attempt to conquer the land but are humiliated in defeat (14:40 45). So for nearly forty years the people wander around Kadesh-barnea in the wilderness until all that generation dies (chs. 16 19).

ey then return to Kadesh-barnea and are told to set out once again for Canaan. ey depart from Kadesh-barnea and travel to the plains of Moab, just outside the land of promise (chs. 20 21). Along the way, they win some battles, showing that the tide is turning in their favor (21:1 4, 21 35). Just outside Canaan (and apparently unknown to the Israelites), Balaam, a for eign seer, blesses the people (chs. 22 24). A er his blessing, however, they sin further at Peor and are punished again (ch. 25). On the plains of Moab a new census is taken to mark a new beginning (ch. 26). e people wait for further instructions for life in the land of Canaan, which only Joshua and Caleb have actually seen and where Joshua will lead them a er the death of Moses (chs. 27 36).

II. STRUCTURE

One may analyze the structure of any book in several ways. e kind of struc ture one sees depends on the questions one asks. Most commentators have structured Numbers in three sections related to geographic locale: section I at Mt. Sinai (1:1 10:10); section II at and around Kadesh-barnea (10:11 19:22), and section III on the plains of Moab (20:1 36:13). is kind of structure in volves two transitional travel sections: the rst from Sinai to Kadesh-barnea (10:11 12:16), and the second from Kadesh-barnea to the plains of Moab (20:1 21:35). e venue of section I is the same as that for Exod 20–Lev 27 and hence links Numbers with the central books in the Pentateuch.2

D. T. Olson proposed an alternate structure that divided the book into two sections of unequal length: section I ( e Death of the Old Generation): the rst exodus generation fails in the wilderness (1:1 25:19); and section II ( e Birth of the New): the second exodus generation prepares to take the land of Canaan (26:1 36:13). In his view the two census documents (chs. 1 and 26) form the pillars of the book’s structure. Its theme is the failure of

2. For discussion and criticism of this structure for Numbers see D. T. Olson, e Death of the Old and the Birth of the New: e Framework of the Book of Numbers and the Pentateuch, BJS 71 (Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1985), 31 37. See also Olson’s summary in his Numbers commentary (Interpretation: A Commentary for Teaching and Preaching [Louisville: West minster John Knox, 1996], 3 7).

the rst generation and the promise of another.3 Section I is broken down into a cycle of preparation for departure and its inauguration (1:1 10:36), and a cycle of rebellion, death, and deliverance, ending in ultimate failure (11:1 25:19). Section II is broken down into a large and disparate group of passages dealing with preparation and organization of the second exodus generation as it prepares to enter the land of Canaan (26:1 36:13). e fate of that second generation is le open at the end of the book, and it is a matter of conjecture whether the book promises great future success or sounds a warning of great future danger.4

Although Olson’s analysis has much to recommend it, the more traditional analysis of Numbers connects the book more closely with the Pentateuch, in which it is, a er all, set. With most commentators on the book, I follow such an analysis here.

III. AUTHORSHIP, COMPOSITION, AND INTERPRETATION OF THE TEXT

e book of Numbers does not name its author. Post-biblical tradition has it that Moses is the author of the book and the rest of the Pentateuch. e only reference to Moses’s authorship of Numbers is in 33:2 where he is said to have written down the “starting points” of the Hebrews’ journey, “stage by stage,” which probably indicated at least the framework for the itinerary of ch. 33. Whether the tradition is ancient and revered or not, it rests upon a very narrow foundation. It is arti cial to discuss the question of the au thorship and composition of Numbers in isolation from that of the other books of the Pentateuch, especially Exodus and Leviticus. Before we start, however, we need to underline the fact that we do not have the data to make a de nitve, objective decision as to how or when the Pentateuch (and the book of Numbers) came to be. e history of pentateuchal criticism is too lengthy to rehearse here and can be found in any Old Testament/Hebrew Bible introduction.5 us the briefest words of a few representative positions are in order. e traditional conclusion that Moses wrote the Penateuch was met in the eighteenth century by various theories that attempted to show

3

. Olson, Death of the Old, 83 124

4

. Olson, Death of the Old, 123 24.

5

. See the comment of R. E. Friedman in e Exodus (New York: HarperOne, 2017), 240n17: “the bibliography on this subject is now so large that no one work can list it all.” Friedman himself has written a number of books dedicated to the topic from a particular point of view.

that he had nothing to do with it. e Pentateuch was rather an amalgam of later sources or documents.

ose who adopted the tradition that Moses played a dominant role in the composition and formation of the Pentateuch have made the following points. First, the text itself claims that Moses wrote some of the material of the Pentateuch.6 Second, the Pentateuch refers hundreds of times to Moses’s receiving communications from Yahweh.7 ird, many claim that much of the material in the book of Numbers makes better sense in the Mosaic age than in the postexilic age (see further below).8 ose who espouse this view sometimes maintained the theological proposition that the Bible is authori tative (some would say inerrant) in all that it says. When the text of the Bible claims that Moses wrote parts of the Pentateuch, it is taken as a historical fact. Even if one accepts this last point, the book of Numbers itself only attributes a small amount of material to Moses.

e position that most commonly has stood over against the so- called traditional theory of Mosaic authorship has been associated with the name of J. Wellhausen, who, in his Prolegomena to the History of Ancient Israel, defended and re ned earlier views that the Pentateuch was made up of a series of written documents: J (Jahwist or Yahwist), E (Elohist), D (Deuter onomist), P (Priestly Writer), originating from the early monarchy (J) to the postexilic period (P).9 e editing of the whole of the Pentateuch is said to have occurred at the hands of a Priestly redactor (not necessarily the same Priestly author as the P source) in the postexilic age (perhaps h century BCE). ere have been other “minor” documents proposed (such as G and H), but JEDP are at the bedrock of the theory.

e criteria scholars used to divide the sources were, rst, the alternation between the divine names (Yahweh and Elohim especially); second, di er ent names for the same reality (such as Horeb/Sinai); third, double or triple narratives of the same event (e.g., passing o one’s wife as one’s sister; Gen 12:10 13:1; 20:1 18; 26:6 11); and, fourth, vocabulary that occurs only in one document or another (e.g., the word kind, Heb. mîn, is said to occur only in P).10 ese scholars also assumed that all institutions, writings, and other

6. In addition to Num 33:2, see Exod 17:14; 24:4; 34:27; Deut 31:9, 22.

7. E.g., see the clause “Yahweh said/spoke to Moses (and Aaron),” which occurs over 60 times in the book of Numbers alone (1:1; 2:1; 3:1, 5, 11, 14, 40, 44; 4:1, 17, 21; 5:1, 5, 11; 6:1, 22; 7:4; 8:1, 5, 23; 9:1, 9; 10:1; 11:16, 23; 12:4; 13:1; 14:11, 20, 26; 15:1, 17, 37; 16:20, 36[17:1], 44[17:9]; 17:1[16]; 18:1, 8, 25; 19:1; 20:7, 12, 23; 21:8, 34; 25:4, 10, 16, 19; 26:52; 27:6, 12, 18; 28:1; 31:1, 25; 34:1, 16; 35:1, 9). e same clause occurs in Exodus 63 times.

8. See the discussion in R. K. Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1969), 614 22

9

. See J. Wellhausen, Prolegomena to the History of Ancient Israel, trans. J. S. Black and A. Menzies (repr., Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1983).

10. For discussions of these criteria, see, e.g., S. R. Driver, Introduction to the Literature of

manifestations of human civilization moved along a unilinear evolutionary scale from simple to complex. For example, if an institution was simple, free, and anthropomorphic, it was judged early; if it was complex, institutional, liturgical, and less anthropomorphic, it was late.

Although scholars have continued to re ne and modify the basic scheme,11 it stands today on these same four criteria. us even scholars who developed new approaches, such as G. von Rad, whose form- critical approach empha sized the oral transmission of smaller textual units, and M. Noth, whose socalled traditio-historical approach emphasized the shaping and reshaping of larger units of traditions rather than written documents, assumed the basic correctness of the documentary hypothesis in its main outlines.12

Other scholars, like R. Rendtor , claimed that the traditio-historical ap proach is irreconcilable with the documentary hypothesis and have aban doned the latter in favor of a scheme based on the editing together of the larger units of the Pentateuch (i.e., the patriarchal material in Gen 12 50 or the Balaam stories in Num 22 24). e whole was given its de nitive stamp by an editor more or less closely aligned to the viewpoint of Deuteronomy.13

Another challenge to this view is connected with the name of Y. Kaufmann, and was carried forward by such scholars as M. Weinfeld, A. Hurvitz, J. Mil grom, and (for the most part) R. E. Friedman.14 While not denying the exis

the Old Testament, 12th ed. (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1906), esp. 116 59; C. A. Simpson, e Early Traditions of Israel (Oxford: Blackwell, 1948); O. Eissfeldt, e Old Testament: An Introduction, trans. P. Ackroyd (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 158 212, esp. 182 88; G. Fohrer, Introduction to the Old Testament, trans. D. Green (Nashville: Abingdon, 1968), 103 95

11. See, e.g., the di erences between the charts on the formation of the Pentateuch in the 2nd and later eds. of B. W. Anderson, Understanding the Old Testament, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cli s, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1966), 382; 3rd ed. (1975), 424; 4th ed. (1986), 22, 453. See also R. E. Friedman, Who Wrote the Bible? (New York: Summit Books, 1987); R. E. Friedman, e Bible with Sources Revealed (New York: Harper One, 2003); R. E. Friedman, e Hidden Book in the Bible (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1998); R. E. Friedman, e Exile and Bib lical Narrative, HSM 22 (Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1981) and sources cited in all of these.

12. See G. von Rad, “ e Form- Critical Problem of the Hexateuch,” in e Problem of the Hexateuch and Other Essays, trans. E. W. Trueman Dicken (London: Oliver & Boyd, 1966), 1 78; M. Noth, A History of Pentateuchal Traditions, trans. B. W. Anderson (Englewood Cli s, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1972), esp. 5 62. e traditio-historical approach is also assumed in Noth’s commentary on the book of Numbers.

13. See R. Rendtor , e Problem of the Process of Transmission in the Pentateuch, trans. J. Scullion, JSOTSup 89 (She eld: JSOT Press, 1990), esp. 11 42, 90 94, 101 206. A con venient summary of Rendtor ’s view may be found in R. Rendtor , e Old Testament: An Introduction, trans. J. Bowden (London: SCM, 1985), 160 63.

14. Y. Kaufmann, e Religion of Israel, trans. and abridged by M. Greenberg (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), 153 211, esp. 175 200 on the antiquity of the Priestly Code on such matters as the chosen site for worship, the festivals, the tent of meeting, the high priest and congregation, the clergy generally, as well as a discussion of priests and

tence of written documents behind the text, these scholars have attempted to show that the so- called Priestly materials in the Pentateuch are preexilic rather than postexilic. ey have also thoroughly criticized the unilinear evo lutionary theory as a criterion for dating documents. ese scholars have shown interest in the legal and cultic materials of the Pentateuch, and have attempted to demonstrate that many of the laws and institutions discussed in the Priestly legislation and narrative do not t the postexilic age.15 Spe ci c studies of Priestly vocabulary also show that words long thought to be postexilic may more probably be dated in the preexilic period.16 Also, these scholars have shown that Deuteronomy, which they date in the seventh cen tury, cites material from P, but that P does not cite Deuteronomy.17

In the 1990s the Israeli scholar I. Knohl issued a major challenge to the documentary hypothesis, at least as commonly understood, in his book e Sanctuary of Silence (1995).18 One of the so-called minor documents in the Pentateuch is called the Holiness Code (H, Lev 17 26), which is normally considered as related to P but dated earlier (perhaps closer to the time of Ezekiel). It has been common to consider the H document as absorbed by and edited into P. Knohl turned all of this on its head and held that H (which he calls the Holiness School [HS]) is the nal editor of P (which he calls the Priestly Torah [PT]) and, indeed, of the Torah (Pentateuch) as a whole. As with some of the other Jewish scholars mentioned above, Knohl proposed the date of P as seventh century and the origins of H as early as the mid-tenth, about the time usually assigned to the source J. Knohl holds that the HS was active for centuries. Whereas PT idealizes the cult and spends little time on

Levites. See, e.g., A. Hurvitz, “ e Evidence of Language in Dating the Priestly Code: A Lin guistic Study in Technical Idioms and Terminology,” RB 81 (1974): 24 56; A Linguistic Study of the Relationship between the Priestly Source and the Book of Ezekiel (Paris: Gabalda, 1982). See also the work of J. Milgrom, e.g., in “Priestly Terminology and the Political and Social Structure of Pre-Monarchic Israel,” JQR 69 (1978): 65 81; “ e Term ʿāboda,” in Studies in Levitical Terminology, vol. 1, University of California Publications, Near Eastern Studies 14 (Berkeley: University of California, 1970), 60 87; “ e Priestly Doctrine of Repentance,” RB 82 (1975): 186 205 ese three articles were reprinted in Studies in Cultic eology and Terminology, SJLA 36 (Leiden: Brill, 1983), ix–66. See also Milgrom’s Numbers, JPST (Phil adelphia/New York: Jewish Publication Society, 1990), xxxii–xxxv et passim. On Wein eld see below.

15. See, e.g., Hurvitz, “Evidence of Language in Dating the Priestly Code.”

16. See, e.g., J. Milgrom, Studies in Cultic eology, ix–66.

17. See M. Weinfeld, Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School (Oxford: Clarendon, 1972), 180 81.

18. I. Knohl, e Sanctuary of Silence: e Priestly Torah and the Holiness School (Minne apolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1995). See also Knohl’s follow-up volume that places the Priestly Torah in its broader context; e Divine Symphony: e Bible’s Many Voices (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2003).

ethics, etc., the HS has “warmed up” PT and, in Knohl’s words, “we . . . nd a moral re nement of the purely cultic conception, stemming from Priestly circles themselves, under the in uence of the prophetic critique.”19 ere have been quite a number of studies published in Europe on the books of Leviticus and Numbers in the last few years, most of them keeping the documents JEDP (mostly in their classical order, and with their classical dates). ese scholars have mainly dedicated themselves to close re nement of the sources and redactions in order to uncover a more detailed history of the development of the Pentateuch. eir conclusions, while o en intriguing to specialists, have yielded less fruit when it comes to o ering general help for a holistic reading of the text.20

Of more general help to such a holistic reading are the approaches of schol ars such as G. Wenham, J. Milgrom, M. Douglas, and P. Pitkänen.21 All four, in various ways, look for literary features that structure the text. Chiasms, repetitions, and recapitulations of various types are but some of these liter ary features. Each of these authors also attempts to tie the book of Numbers thematically and literarily to the books around them. None of these scholars eliminates the possibility of a combination of sources of one kind or another to construct the book of Numbers as we have it today.22 All, however, do insist on the cogency of the nal form of the text. Some of their proposals for these literary structures (especially the various levels of chiasms) are less convinc ing than others, but all underscore the main point that the book of Numbers is tied together into a cogent whole. As will become clear in what follows, this commentary follows to a greater or lesser extent such a model.

19

. Knohl, Sanctuary of Silence, 216. For a summary of Knohl’s work, see G. J. Wenham, “Pondering the Pentateuch: e Search for a New Paradigm,” in e Face of Old Testament Studies: A Survey of Contemporary Approaches, ed. D. Baker and B. Arnold (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1999), 134 38

20. See, e.g., the essays in T. Römer, ed., e Books of Leviticus and Numbers, BETL 215 (Leuven: Peeters, 2008); C. Frevel, T. Pola, and A. Sibert, eds., Torah and the Book of Numbers, FAT 2. Reihe 62 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013). To be included here is the three volume Biblischer Kommentar written by H. Seebass, Numeri, BKAT IV/1, IV/2, IV/3 (Neukirchen Vluyn: Neukirkener Verlag, 2012, 2003, 2007), e.g., 1:*1–*38, et passim.

21. See G. J. Wenham, Numbers: An Introduction and Commentary, TOTC (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1981), 14 21; Milgrom, xiii–xxxvii; M. Douglas, In the Wilder ness: e Doctrine of De lement in the Book of Numbers, JSOT 158 (She eld: JSOT Press, 1993), esp. 83 126; P. Pitkänen, A Commentary on Numbers: Narrative, Ritual and Colonial ism, Routledge Studies in the Biblical World (London: Routledge, 2018), 16 33

22. All of these scholars, except Douglas, would date the classical P-source to a time before the postexilic age. Although Douglas was not a biblical scholar and did not show detailed familiarity with the discipline of pentateuchal criticism, she held that the book of Numbers was carefully edited and composed in the postexilic period by a priestly hierarchy; see M. Douglas, In the Wilderness, 83 95.

ese are but a few of the proposals that have been put forward in recent times. ey all have a certain cogency as regards the ways in which the Pen tateuch (of course, including the book of Numbers) came into being. And there are many more views, of greater or of lesser cogency, but there is no way of verifying one as over against the other. All these scholars, and many others, have, in the main, rejected traditional authorship of the Pentateuch by Moses. Scholars from many perspectives have brought forth a vast vari ety of challenges both to traditional Mosaic authorship and, equally, to the classical documentary hypothesis.23 Nonetheless it appears to me that the least likely option will be a return to the traditional position of Mosaic au thorship in any meaningful way. Many would conclude that there is too much evidence for a long period of transmission standing behind the present text to return to such a theory, traditional or not. e present author includes himself in this group of many. Although the gure of Moses is one of the major unitive literary factors in the book of Numbers (and the Pentateuch as a whole) and without this gure the Pentateuch (and Numbers) falls apart, these two statements are literary rather than historical statements. ey are statements about the nal text of Numbers (and the Pentateuch). Moses is the lens through which readers see the narratives, laws, etc. e lens through which readers see Moses is not necessarily either the same lens all the way through Numbers (and certainly not through the Pentateuch), nor is it a lens contemporary with Moses himself, but with the nal form of the text. ere is no reason to deny the origins of a good deal of the tradition behind the book of Numbers in ancient days (how ancient is unknown, but well before the exile). ere is also no reason to deny that, the form in which we nd the

23. From the traditional theological position see, long ago, W. H. Green, e Higher Criticism of the Pentateuch (New York: Scribner, 1895); O. T. Allis, e Five Books of Moses (Nutley, NJ: Presbyterian & Reformed, 1941); and Harrison, Introduction, 19 82, 351 61, 495 541. From the so-called Uppsala School, see I. Engnell, “Methodological Aspects of Old Testament Study,” in Congress Volume Oxford 1959, ed. G. W. Anderson et al., VTSup 7 (Leiden: Brill, 1960), 13 30; I. Engnell, “ e Traditio-Historical Method in Old Testament Research,” in Critical Essays on the Old Testament, trans. J. Willis and H. Ringgren (London: SPCK, 1970), 3 11; I. Engnell, “ e Pentateuch,” in Critical Essays on the Old Testament, 50 67. See also U. Cassuto, e Documentary Hypothesis, trans. I. Abrahams (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1961); M. H. Segal, e Pentateuch: Its Composition and Its Authorship and Other Studies (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1967), 1 170. An interesting study of one part of the Pentateuch is I. M. Kikawada and A. Quinn, Before Abraham Was: e Unity of Genesis 1 11 (Nashville: Abingdon, 1985). R. N. Whybray made a trenchant critique of both a documentary and traditio-historical approach in e Making of the Pentateuch: A Methodological Study, JSOT Sup 53 (She eld: JSOT Press, 1987). Whybray himself opts for a single sixth-century author for the whole Pentateuch who used earlier source materials. Although Whybray (p. 240) views the Pentateuch as a work of ction, which seems an unnecessary conclusion, many of his points concerning the documentary approach seem on target.

text was probably edited (and, perhaps, re-edited) until the postexilic period. e traditions comprising most of the book of Numbers presuppose a time later than the conquest and particularly materials from ch. 22 on point to a time signi cantly later.24 e book of Numbers and the whole Pentateuch probably went through a more complex history of transmission than is recoverable. e majority of the material in Numbers is connected with the cult, the priest, the ritual, and especially the Levites. ere is a minority of material the subject matter of which is not primarily priestly but carries through with other themes (e.g., the Balaam material in chs. 22 24). Sometimes the Priestly and non-Priestly material is closely related and interwoven. ese two kinds of material will be noted here and there throughout the text of the commentary without nec essarily drawing chronological conclusions, which I believe are inescapably subjective. e nal form of the text, as has been said, is probably postexilic, though re ecting much more ancient traditions.

It is, therefore, most reasonable and practical to approach the speci c texts in Numbers by explaining what they mean as they stand in the nal form of the text, without dissecting the nal text into documents or redactions that may or may not lie behind them. e book was intended to be read as a whole, with passages related to their contexts. e book did not simply fall together on its own, and does make sense as it stands. Demonstration that the text makes literary sense will, of course, be more di cult in some cases than in others. While there is little doubt that there are sources of one kind or another behind the present text, it is unnecessary to make the historical assumption that these sources remain more or less unrelated parts that were not made into a cogent text. It is also reasonable and practical to approach the narratives, laws, etc., that form the book of Numbers as more than the imaginings of much later tradents. e texts probably depend, in many cases, on historical remembrance.25 e purpose of the present commentary is to aid those who study the Bible to read the nal form of the text as a piece of literature that tells the story of several episodes in ancient Israel’s life together. When the texts pres ent literary di culties, I will attempt to nd literary solutions from within the text itself and the story it tells, having to do with the function of the text, rather than simply positing a combination of sources by an editor who

24. E.g., the Balaam stories (chs. 22 24) would take some time to come into Israelite hands and, if they were genuinely non-Israelite, to be translated into Hebrew. Chapter 26 discusses clans of people rather than individual families, which suggests some time later than Moses. Chapter 36 assumes 27:1 11, etc. (see the commentary below on these chapters); M. Douglas, In the Wilderness, 216 34.

25. On the historicity of the exodus event, which gave rise to the stories and laws of the book of Numbers, see, e.g., Friedman, Exodus.

may have had little appreciation for their logic, cogency, and literary style.26 While it is possible and valuable to read the text in a search for its sources, it is also valuable to read it as a whole, with minimal attention to these possible anterior documents, redactions, and sources.

I believe that, through all the complexities of the transmission of the text of Numbers, God was at work to bring to his people the nal form of the text. Inspiration should not be limited to any one stage in the composition of the biblical text (e.g., the earliest) as opposed to other stages. e church and the synagogue confess the whole Old Testament text as God’s Word, not just one stage in its composition.

IV. THEOLOGICAL THEMES

e themes of obedience/disobedience, holiness, and the presence of God are keys to understanding the book of Numbers. For purposes of thematic discussion it will be helpful to break the book into three constituent parts: Orientation (1:1 10:10), Disorientation (10:11 22:1), and New Orientation (22:2 36:13).27 e travel sections within them (10:11 12:16; 20:1 22:1) are transitional. Another way of putting these themes is the bringing of order and structure to chaos. e opening section of Numbers sets out God’s ideal structure and order for the people and the camp. e second section sets out the disintegration of order to chaos, and the third the remaking of a structured society through reestablishing, in modi ed ways, the order that had been lost.28

e opening section (1:1 10:10) stresses the importance of exact obedi ence to Yahweh in the census (cf. 1:54), the camp (2:34), the presentation

26. See G. J. Wenham, “Method in Pentateuchal Source Criticism,” VT 41 (1991): 84 109 for a discussion of the probability of many of the criteria of pentateuchal source criticism in the Genesis ood story. He concludes that unitary authorship (he does not mention Moses) is more likely. He applies similar techniques to the book of Numbers in his Tyndale Commentary (1981). Pitkänen is similar to Wenham (and the present approach), although he adds sociological/anthropological readings to the text.

27. ese categories were originally drawn from W. Brueggemann’s work on the Psalter, e.g., in “Psalms and the Life of Faith,” JSOT 17 (1980): 3 32; cf. J. Goldingay, “ e Dy namic Cycle of Praise and Prayer,” JSOT 20 (1981): 85 90; W. Brueggemann, “Response to John Goldingay’s ‘ e Dynamic Cycle of Praise and Prayer,’” JSOT 22 (1982): 141 42 e scheme was also worked out in Brueggemann’s Praying the Psalms (Winona, MN: St. Mary’s Press, 1982), and e Message of the Psalms: A eological Commentary, Augsburg Old Testament Studies (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1984). I am not applying these terms exactly as Brueggemann did.

28. ese are the social implications of M. Douglas’s work In the Wilderness.

of o erings (ch. 7), and Israel’s encampment/decampment (9:23). Yahweh’s will is that Israel be oriented toward God as a holy people, separated from the uncleanness of the rest of the world, as seen in the separation of the Levites (chs. 3 4) and the Nazirites (ch. 6) from the people and the priests from the wider tribe of Levites (ch. 8). Yahweh’s camp is also a place where no unclean ness (e.g., leprosy) is allowed (5:1 4). Wrongs that are not atoned for (5:5 10) and suspicions between husbands and wives (5:11 31) also bring uncleanness to Yahweh’s holy people. e rst section concludes with the recognition that uncleanness will in fact exist, but it also shows Yahweh’s gracious provision that feasts (e.g., Passover) may be postponed until cleanness is regained (9:1 14). e camp as ideally constituted will have the numinous presence of Yah weh with his people as they move toward their destiny in Canaan (9:15 22).

A er the command to depart is given (10:11 13), the people leave the sacred mountain in exact obedience to the instructions in ch. 2 (10:14 36). is obedience to Yahweh is the way for Israel to maintain holiness and ori entation. What happens next, however, is almost instantaneous complain ing and disobedience. In three scenes the complaints involve the people in general (as a paradigm for what follows), the rabble (the non-Israelites who had come along with them; cf. Exod 12:38), and even the family of Moses itself. Each disobedience brings Yahweh’s judgment (11:1, 3; 12:9 12). In this transitional section the paradigm of the central section of the book is set: painful disorientation for God’s people.

e story of the leaders who reconnoiter the land of Canaan (chs. 13 14) is extremely important to understand the disorientation of the Israelites. In these chapters the people decide that Moses and Aaron (God’s chosen lead ers) are not to be trusted to lead. en, through fear, the people decide that, in spite of God’s promise to give them Canaan, they are not strong enough for the task, and, further, that they need to select a new leader who will take them back to Egypt. In e ect they choose to go back to a time before Yahweh had revealed himself to them at Sinai, when they were choosing “other gods,” and God sees this act as rebellion. God’s response to this rebellion is to pro nounce a curse on the entire generation. e old generation had been afraid to go forward; now they would not go forward at all. ey had been afraid that their children would die in the wilderness; now, they would die there. Not one of the exodus generation over twenty years of age (except Caleb and Joshua) would go into Canaan. It was not possible to go back to Egypt. Rebellion against Yahweh would, instead, lead to forty years’ wandering in the wilderness, making no progress toward the goal of God’s promise of land in Canaan (14:20 35), but it could not lead back to Egypt. e people were God’s in spite of their disobedience/rebellion.

In ch. 15 God shows his continued care for Israel by giving supplementary laws for cereal and drink o erings, rst fruits, and puri cation o erings. God

is still working with the people in spite of their rebellion, but that the sup posedly holy people are by this time truly disoriented is seen in the further rebellions of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram (ch. 16). ese men are not satis ed with the leadership as God had given it; they want more power. e result is tragic and fatal (16:31 35; 16:41 50 [17:6 15]). Yahweh’s presence brings awful judgment in the narratives of the leaders sent to look over Canaan and of Korah, in contrast to the cloudy pillar, which was to provide leadership on the way to Canaan in 1:1 10:10. In spite of the judgment, however, God a rms that the people are God’s own people (chs. 17 18). Once again Yahweh appoints the tribe of Levi in general and the family of Aaron in particular to stand as leaders of the people and intercessors between God and Israel (17:1 13 [17:17 28]). Also, in response to the people’s terror, God changes the duties of both the priests and the Levites (as a lay- group of people from the wider tribe of Levi) so as to protect the people from future outbreaks of divine wrath. God moves to work with Israel in their disorientation in order to reorient their lives.

In 20:1 22:1 the people begin moving back toward Canaan, and so toward a new orientation to God’s will for them. At the beginning of this transi tional section is the note of Miriam’s death (20:1), followed immediately by a situation in which both Moses and Aaron commit a fatal sin (20:2 13). Following the announcement of the impending doom of the exodus leaders Moses and Aaron, the situation begins to move toward a better day. e king of Edom denies a request to pass through his land, but Israel su ers no defeat (20:14 21). When Aaron the high priest dies at Mt. Hor (20:22 29), it is the end of an era.29

A er his death Israel gains a victory at Hormah (21:1 3) in contrast to the old and painful defeat there in 14:39 45 at the beginning of the period of disorientation. e incident of the ery serpents shows that, although the people continue to complain and rebel, intercession is now quick and e ec tive, and the presence of God is both for judgment (21:6) and for salvation (21:8 9). e travel itinerary (20:10 20) sees even the wilderness wandering as making progress toward a goal; that is, God is involved in the process to bring about his purposes even in the face of human rebellion. Further evidences that the people are moving toward a new orientation are the two victories over Sihon the Amorite (21:21 32) and Og of Bashan (21:33 35).

As the Israelites arrive on the plains of Moab (22:1), they are on the thresh old of a new orientation. e dominant theme in the last section of the book becomes the blessing of God in Canaan. e paradigm for this blessing is set by a non-Israelite seer named Balaam, who is hired (foolishly as it turns out)

29. See the discussion on the death of the high priest in the commentary below on 35:25 28.

to curse the Israelites by Balak of Moab (with the complicity of the Midian ites). Instead, he blesses them four times (22:7 12, 13 26; 23:27 24:13; 24:14 19) and outlines God’s promise for the future of this people (24:20 25).30 It has been apparent in chs. 13 19 that Israel can bring a curse upon themselves, but in spite of that curse, if the people obey, the future will lay open to them. None of their enemies could curse them, for Yahweh was intent on blessing a newly oriented Israel. Whom God has chosen to bless no human (including famous seers) may curse.

e incident concerning the Baal of Peor (ch. 25) is the last disorienta tion narrative in the book. Because of idolatry, once again, God’s presence becomes a consuming re in the form of a plague (25:1b–5). e plague is stemmed when Phinehas acts in zeal to defend Yahweh’s honor (25:6 9). e response of God is the future establishment of Phinehas’s priestly line (25:10 15), thus showing, again, the future orientation of the whole last sec tion of Numbers.

Evidently the plague killed the last of the cursed exodus generation. It was now time for a new beginning in earnest. A new census (26:1 51) reasserts the people’s exact obedience to Yahweh’s command through Moses. is is not, however, a simple return to the old orientation, but a new orienta tion because it is a new generation, although the scars of old rebellion and disobedience persist.

From this point on the vast majority of material concerns the new land and points toward the good future that Yahweh will give there. e new orientation shapes everything: the matters of daughters’ inheritance rights (27:1 11; 36:1 13), the commissioning of Joshua as leader for the new day (27:12 23), the calendar of feasts for regular celebration of Yahweh’s presence in the new land (28:1 29:40), vows (30:1 16), the division of certain parts of the Transjordan (32:1 42) and Canaan proper (34:1 49), the ideal boundar ies of Canaan (34:1 29), the Levites’ cities (35:1 8), and the cities of refuge (35:9 34). e punishment of Midian (31:1 54) and destruction of the other Canaanites (33:50 56) are rea rmations of the importance of orientation toward Yahweh and Yahweh alone. e long list of campsites (33:1 49) puts the whole journey from Egypt to Canaan under the direction of Yahweh, who has guided even through the rebellions of Israel. e obvious fact is that Numbers ends on the plains of Moab with Moses alive. e death of Moses is postponed until Deut 34, which serves to link Numbers with Deuteronomy. e story of Numbers is a story without a con clusion. e future is open to God’s people, but it is unsure. It will depend on whether God’s people maintain their orientation toward God alone. Every

30. See the commentary below on these chapters, which contain many problems of interpretation.

new generation of God’s people faces the same uncertainty, but also has the same promise of blessing.31

Minor themes in the book of Numbers will be discussed as they are met in the commentary proper (e.g., the theme of leadership in 11:4 35; 16:1 17:13 [16:1 17:28]; etc.).

V. TEXT AND VERSIONS

Because of the importance of the Torah to Judaism, the Hebrew text of the Pentateuch, including that of the book of Numbers, is on the whole well pre served and free from problems.32 Most of the textual di culties arise in the poetic bits of ch. 21 and in the Balaam oracles of chs. 22 24. 33 Since neither the Samaritan Pentateuch nor the LXX renders much help in reconstructing the original text of these passages, these textual problems are probably older than either of these versions (see below).

e Masoretes produced a text (MT) that, with the exception of the above-named passages, shows little signi cant variation among the extant manuscripts. At several points in the text of Numbers the Masoretes inserted readings or notes that are signi cant. e so- called special points (puncta ex traordinaria) mark particular words in the text to show Masoretic awareness of textual or doctrinal reservations about that word (or passage) in the tradi tion of their community.34 e inverted nuns that mark o 10:35 36 probably show that these verses were considered to be out of place.35 e Sebir notes

31. On the theology of the book, see esp. Olson, Death of the Old, 179 98.

32. See P. K. McCarter, Textual Criticism: Recovering the Text of the Hebrew Bible, Guides to Biblical Scholarship, Old Testament Series (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1986), 88. On general textual criticism, in addition to McCarter, see the following: for an introduction to BHS, E. Würthwein, e Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to Biblia Hebraica, 3rd ed., rev. and exp. by A. Fischer, trans. E. Rhodes (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2014), 22; E. Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, 3rd ed. (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2012), 77 78; more brie y, see E. Tov, “Textual Criticism (OT),” ABD 6:393 412; S. K. Soderlund, “Text and MSS of the OT,” ISBE, rev., 4:798 814; B. K. Waltke, “ e Textual Criticism of the Old Testament,” in EBC vol. 1: General Articles (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1979), 211 28; and IBHS §§1 5 6

33. See the commentary below on Num 20:14 15, 17 18, 27 30; 23:7 10, 19 24; 24:3 9, 15 19, 20 24

34. E.g., the point at 3:39 shows Masoretic awareness of the di erence between the number of Levites given in the text itself (22,000) and the actual sum of the gures found in ch. 3 (22,300). See the commentary below on 3:39. e special points occur in BHS at Gen 16:5; 18:9; 33:4; 37:12; Num 3:39; 9:10; 21:30; 29:15; Deut 29:28; 2 Sam 19:20; Isa 44:9; Ezek 41:20; 46:22; Ps 27:13.

35. Some scholars think that these verses came from another source or were themselves another source. On these inverted nuns, see S. Z. Leiman, “ e Inverted Nuns at Num 10:35

(Aram. Səbîr, “supposed”) occur over twenty times in the book (and o en elsewhere) and seem to be used as a sign that the marginal reading is the more usual or commonly occurring form.36

e Samaritan Pentateuch is a di erent Hebrew recension from the MT, written in a special Hebrew script.37 e date of this recension is unknown; estimates range from the fourth to the rst century BCE.38 e Samaritan Pentateuch di ers from the MT some 6,000 times, 1,900 of these in agree ment with the LXX. It tends to expand on the MT, not only in the direction of giving special place to the theology of the Samaritan sect, but also in the direction of incorporation of readings from similar texts elsewhere in the Old Testament into the text. In the book of Numbers the longest and per haps most signi cant variants are additions from Deut 1 3 (e.g., Deut 1:6 8 is inserted a er Num 10:10; Deut 1:20 23a a er Num 12:16).39 Especially interesting are the interpolations from Deut 2 into the travel narrative of Num 21. 40 ese add bits of dialogue to the rather colorless MT, but none of these readings should be considered original.

e Pentateuch of the LXX (or Old Greek version) is usually dated in the third century BCE.41 In Numbers, as in the rest of the Pentateuch, the 36 and the Book of Eldad and Medad,” JBL 93 (1974): 348 55; for a critique of Leiman, see B. Levine, “More on the Inverted Nuns at Num 10:35 36,” JBL 95 (1976): 122 24. e LXX has 10:35 36 before 10:34.

36. Sebir notes occur in BHS at Num 4:3, 19, 36; 7:3; 8:4, 16; 11:10, 21; 13:22; 14:25; 18:23; 22:5, 12; 23:18; 26:51; 31:50, 52; 32:23, 25, 32; 33:8; 34:2; 35:5. For more on the special points and Sebir notes, as well as other Masoretic notes, see Würthwein, Text of the Old Testa ment, 19 24. See also the notes to the translations of each of the passages listed above in the commentary.

37 e primary edition of the Samaritan Pentateuch is A. von Gall, ed., Der hebräischer Pentateuch der Samaritaner, 5 vols. (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1914 1918; repr. 1965). On this recen sion see Würthwein, Text of the Old Testament, 79 85; B. Waltke, “ e Samaritan Pentateuch and the Text of the Old Testament,” in New Perspectives on the Old Testament, ed. J. B. Payne (Waco: Word, 1970), 212 39; and also B. Waltke, “Samaritan Pentateuch,” ABD 5:932 40; J. D. Purvis, e Samaritan Pentateuch and the Origins of the Samaritan Sect, HSM 2 (Cam bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968); and more brie y, “Samaritan Pentateuch,” IDBSup, 772 75; Tov, Textual Criticism, 77 78.

38. See Würthwein, Text of the Old Testament, 79; Purvis, “Samaritan Pentateuch,” 775

39. See G. B. Gray, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Numbers, ICC (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1903), xl.

40. Deuteronomy 2:9 is inserted a er Num 21:11; Deut 2:17 19 a er Num 21:12; Deut 2:24 25 a er Num 21:20; Deut 2:28 29a a er Num 21:22; and Deut 2:31 a er Num 21:23a. For more, see G. B. Gray, xli.

41. On the LXX see H. B. Swete, An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek, rev. R. Ot tley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1902; repr. New York: Ktav, 1968); S. Jellicoe, e Septuagint and Modern Study (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968); Jellicoe, Studies in the Septua gint: Origins, Recensions and Interpretations (New York: Ktav, 1973); R. Klein, Textual Crit

LXX o ers for the most part a translation of the MT into idiomatic Greek.42 Most of the variant readings in the LXX are in the spellings of names; in a few cases the LXX order of verses di ers from that of the MT.43 e LXX is quite frequently longer than the MT, but occasionally it is shorter.44 While it is possible that some LXX readings preserve a di erent (perhaps older) text tradition than the MT, each LXX reading must be assessed to determine this. e number and weight of these changes are here judged not to be so weighty as to depart from the MT in any signi cant way. e Qumran materials do not yield much in the way of signi cant textual variants.45 Most of what has been published consists of scattered words and lines of text, some of which show a nity with the Samaritan Pentateuch and LXX readings.46 A single manuscript found in Cave 4 gives portions of 3:30 4:14 in a Greek version that generally follows the LXX text, but with some variants.47

e Vulgate on the book of Numbers was translated by St. Jerome sometime between AD 390 and about 405. Although Jerome undertook to translate the Hebrew Old Testament rather than the LXX into Latin, he also admitted to using the LXX as well as the other Greek Versions (Aquila, Symmachus, and eodotion) in the process. Scholars have also detected

icism of the Old Testament: From the Septuagint to Qumran, Guides to Biblical Scholarship, Old Testament Series (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1974); more brie y, R. A. Kra , “Septuagint,” IDBSup, 807 15; S. K. Soderlund, “Septuagint,” ISBE, rev., 4:400 409; M. K. H. Peters, ABD 5:1093 104; L. Greenspoon, NIDB 5:170 77. Speci cally, on the book of Numbers, see J. W. Wevers, Notes on the Greek Text of Numbers, Septuagint and Cognate Studies 46 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998).

42. See McCarter, Textual Criticism, 88; Klein, Textual Criticism, 1.

43. A di erent order occurs as follows: LXX 1:26 37 = MT 1:26 37, 24 25; LXX 26:15 47 = MT 26:19 27, 15 18, 44 47, 28 43 (these two passages show a di erent order of the tribes in the two census documents); LXX 6:22 26 = MT 6:22 23, 27, 24 26

44. e LXX is longer, e.g., in 2:7; 3:10; 7:88; and shorter, e.g., in 9:20 23. For more examples, see G. B. Gray, xli.

45. e texts from Qumran are: 1QLev (fragments of 1:48 50 and possibly 36:7 8), published in D. Barthélemy and J. T. Milik, Qumrân Cave I, DJD 1 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1955), 51 54; MurNum (fragments of 34:10 and about 8 partial lines from 36:7 11), published in P. Benoit, J. T. Milik, and R. de Vaux, eds., Les grottes de murabbaʿat, DJD 2 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1961), 78. e interesting 2QNuma (3:38 41; 3:51 4:3), along with 2QNumb (33:47 53), 2QNumc (7:88), and 2QNumd (18:8 9), is published in M. Baillet, J. T. Milik, and R. de Vaux, eds., Les “petites grottes” de Qumrân, DJD 3 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1962), 57 60. For the preliminary publication of 5/6 ḤevNum (20:7 8) see Y. Yadin, “Expedition D— e Cave of the Letters,” IEJ 12 (1962): 229. e preliminary publication of parts of 4QLXXNum (fragments of 3:38 4:14) is found in P. W. Skehan, “ e Qumran Manuscripts and Textual Criticism,” in VTSup 4 (Leiden: Brill, 1957), 155 57.

46. See Skehan, “Qumran Manuscripts,” 149

47. Skehan, “Qumran Manuscripts,” 155 57.

traces of the conclusions of some rabbinic exegesis in the translation. Long ago, B. J. Roberts concluded his summary of the nature of the Vulgate Old Testament in the following way: “Our conclusion, then, regarding the nature of Jerome’s translation is that, when due allowance is made for all external in uences, it must be admitted that his method was neither straightforward nor consistent.”48

In sum, the MT is generally preferable to the variant readings of Samaritan Pentateuch, LXX, Vulgate, or the Qumran materials. e translation in the commentary below is based on the MT and adheres to it as far as possible, although variants will be mentioned in the notes.

VI. ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS

I. Preparation for Departure (1:1 10:10)

A. Matters Concerning the People and the Camp (1:1 6:27)

1. e Censuses and the Arrangements of the March (1:1 4:49)

a. e First Lay Census (1:1 54) (1) e Leaders (1:1 16) (2) e Census Itself (1:17 47) (a) Introduction (1:17 19) (b) e Census Lists (1:20 47) (3) e Levites Are Excepted (1:48 54)

b. Placement of the Camp and Marching Order (2:1 34) c. e Levitical Censuses (3:1 4:49) (1) General Census (3:1 39) (a) Introduction of the Family of Aaron (3:1 13) (b) e Census Itself (3:14 39) (2) e Levites for the Firstborn (3:40 51) (3) e Census of Working Levites (4:1 49)

2. Various Legal Enactments (5:1 6:27)

a. e Camp Must Be Kept Free from ose with Serious Skin Dis ease (5:1 4)

b. Restitution When ere Is No Kinsman (5:5 10)

c. e Jealous Husband (5:11 31)

d. e Law of the Nazirite (6:1 21)

e. e Aaronic Benediction (6:22 27)

48. B. J. Roberts, e Old Testament Text and Versions: e Hebrew Text in Transmission and the History of the Ancient Versions (Cardi : University of Wales, 1951), 258; the whole section on the Vulgate (247 65) may be consulted with pro t. See also Würthwein, Text of the Old Testament, 140 45. Especially helpful is J. Gribomont, IDBSup, 527 32.

B. Various Matters concerning the Tabernacle (7:1 10:10)

1. O erings by Tribal Leaders (7:1 89)

2. Lamps in the Tabernacle (8:1 4)

3. Consecration of Levites (8:5 22)

4. e Levites’ Work (8:23 26)

5. Supplement to the Passover Law (9:1 14)

6. Preparations to Depart (9:15 10:10)

a. Fiery Cloud (9:15 23)

b. Silver Trumpets (10:1 10)

II. e Journey from Mt. Sinai to Kadesh-Barnea (10:11 12:16)

A. Departure from Mt. Sinai (10:11 36)

B. Crises of Authority along the Way (11:1 12:16)

1. At Taberah (11:1 3)

2. At Kibroth-hattaavah (11:4 35)

3. At Hazeroth (12:1 16)

III. In and around Kadesh-Barnea (13:1 19:22)

A. e Leaders’ Reconnaissance (13:1 14:45)

1. Leaders Are Selected (13:1 16)

2. Leaders Go and Return (13:17 33)

3. Responses to the Leaders’ Reports (14:1 45)

a. Responses by People and Leaders (14:1 10a)

b. Yahweh Responds (14:10b–38)

c. e People Attempt to Enter Canaan (14:39 45)

B. Cultic Legislation (15:1 41)

1. Supplementary Laws of the O erings (15:1 16)

2. First of the Dough (15:17 21)

3. Puri cation O ering (15:22 31)

4. Case Law on Capital Punishment for Sabbath Violation (15:32 36)

5. Tassels on Garments for Remembrance (15:37 41)

C. Legitimation of Aaron’s Priesthood (16:1 17:13 [16:1 17:28])

1. Rebellions of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram (16:1 35)

2. A ermath of Rebellions (16:36 50 [17:1 15])

3. Aaron’s Budding Rod (17:1 13 [17:16 28])

D. Further Cultic Legislation (18:1 19:22)

1. Rede ned Role for Priests and Levites (18:1 32)

a. Responsibilities of Priests and Levites (18:1 7) b. Support of Priests (18:8 20) c. Support of Levites (18:21 24) d. Tithe of the Tithe (18:25 32)

2 e Red Cow (19:1 22)

a. Making the Waters of Impurity (19:1 10) b. Using the Waters of Impurity (19:11 22)

A nalysis of Contents

IV. e Journey from Kadesh-Barnea to the Plains of Moab (20:1 22:1)

A. Death of Miriam and Disaster at Meribah (20:1 13)

B. Request to Pass through Edom (20:14 21)

C. Death of Aaron (20:22 29)

D. Second Battle of Hormah (21:1 3)

E. Fiery Serpents (21:4 9)

F. Travel Itinerary (21:10 20)

G. Wars against Sihon and Og (21:21 22:1)

V. On the Plains of Moab (22:2 36:13)

A. Story of Balaam (22:2 24:25)

1. Encounter between Balak and Balaam (22:2 40)

a. Messengers Find Balaam (22:2 21)

b. Balaam and the Donkey (22:22 35)

c. Balak Meets with Balaam (22:36 40)

2. First and Second Oracles (22:41 23:26)

a. Introductory Preparations (22:41 23:6)

b. First Oracle (23:7 12)

c. Second Oracle (23:13 26)

3. ird, Fourth, and Final Oracles (23:27 24:25)

a. ird Oracle (23:27 24:13)

b. Fourth Oracle (24:14 19)

c. Final Oracles (24:20 25)

B. Incident of Baal-Peor (25:1 18)

C. Second Census (26:1 65 [25:19 26:65])

D. Daughters of Zelophehad (27:1 11)

E. Joshua Named as Moses’s Successor (27:12 23)

F. Further Legislation (28:1 30:16 [28:1 30:17])

1. Cultic Calendar (28:1 29:40 [28:1 30:1])

2. Women’s Vows (30:1 16 [30:2 17])

G. War with Midian (31:1 54)

H. Transjordanian Inheritance (32:1 42)

I. Travel Itinerary (33:1 49)

J. Regulations for Living in Canaan (33:50 36:13)

1. Introduction: Canaanites Must Be Expelled (33:50 56)

2. Borders of the Land (34:1 15)

3 Leaders to Draw Israel’s Borders (34:16 29)

4. Cities of the Levites (35:1 8)

5. Cities of Refuge (35:9 34)

6. Additional Legislation for Daughters of Zelophehad (36:1 13)