Interface Vol. 28, No. 4, Winter 2019 by The Electrochemical Society

VOL. 28, NO. 4, Wi n t e r 2 0 1 9

2019 NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY WINNERS “for the development of lithium-ion batteries”

M. Stanley Whittingham

Photo: Asahi Kasei

Photo: Robb Cohen Photo & Video

Photo: The University of Texas at Austin

John B. Goodenough

Akira Yoshino

VOL. 28, NO. 4 Winter 2019

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor: Irreplaceable

7 From the President: Much to Celebrate

8 And the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Goes to...

23 236th ECS Meeting

Highlights Atlanta, Georgia, USA

43 Looking at Patent Law 49 Tech Highlights 51 Nanocarbons Division: The Past, The Present, The Future

53 Exploring the Inner and

Outer Spaces of Fullerenes

61 Carbon Nanotube

Optical Probes and Sensors

67 Synthesis and Nano-

Characterization of Graphene Singleand Few-Layer Films

Nanocarbons Division: The Past, The Present, The Future

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

FROM THE Editor

Irreplaceable

y oldest brother, Tom, became a computer guy in the early 1970s. As with many of his ilk, he promised me how much better off we would all be as computers increased in their capabilities and reach. Through the years, we would talk and his enthusiasm for computing never waned, but intensified, if anything. Of course, my mother was always complaining that the “paperless world” he promised was not showing any sign of appearing anytime soon. And in a shocking development, he was mostly right. I still shake my head when I think of what a pain it was to type out documents, using copious amounts of correction fluid, nearly getting high on the fumes. Then, in the 1980s, we college students were given access to mainframes that let us edit our manuscripts “electronically” before printing them. Of course, there was only one printer, and it was always in a building halfway across campus. However, arriving there and seeing your neat little pile of pages was a thrill (as you can see, my college years were nothing like Animal House.) Before I knew it, not only did I have my own “personal” computer, I could connect to something called the “Internet” and use “electronic mail” to communicate all around the world. Crazy. Next came cellular phones, further advances in the electronics in everything, and the creation of “screenagers.” (Yes, I am looking at you, children of mine.) Then came the pièce de résistance: videoconferencing. Although first introduced at the World’s Fair in New York in 1964, it had what might be considered a long incubation period as the quality and extent of the technology were developed. Spouses everywhere rejoiced; no longer would their scientist spouse have to go to the far reaches of the globe to have a geekout with other similar creatures for days on end, never bringing back appropriate gifts for the kids. They could stay home, conference during the day, and still take the trash out and walk the dog at night. Perfect. It just hasn’t worked out that way. Although it has been great for from two to several people to share information and discussions, I have not seen a conference successfully use it as a full replacement, though heavens knows I have seen it tried. At some level it seems counterintuitive; we in the sciences are comfortable using computers and the technology is good, I must admit. We could gain as much information from talks broadcast over the Internet. (How do you think I figured out how to change my wiper blades?) What we miss is all the other stuff that goes on at conferences—sidebars where we catch up with colleagues on current work or their family, the chance to follow up with a speaker, or meet new colleagues or vendors. That said, we do a lot of that electronically perfectly well, thank you. Most people are good about answering emails, and web pages allow some of us to convince people that we have not aged in the 20 years since the photo was taken. So why do we still go to conferences? Hint: it is not the rubber chicken served at Divisional Business Meetings. Face-to-face contact is simply irreplaceable for picking up on body language, for instantly correcting statements that if said in an email or text could be misinterpreted, engendering silence at the very least, and most likely sharp words. We also tend to be civil, I think, during technical discussions when we are in close proximity without the Internet between us. (For a counter example, see any discussion board on any subject anywhere.) The rapport built into these face-to-face meetings can serve as the foundation for future collaborations and much stronger connections. The breakfasts, lunches, receptions, and dinners give us a chance to get to know the person better, though sometimes that familiarity occurs just a little bit at a time over many meetings. I think this topic struck me after I had traveled eight of the last 13 weeks. Relieved that Heather had not changed the locks, I wondered if it was worth it. In thinking about my conference experiences, I realized that although my brother got all the brains in the family, on this topic he was way off base. Face-to-face scientific conferences are irreplaceable, although they could work on the rubber chicken. Until next time, be safe and happy.

Rob Kelly Editor rgk6y@virginia.edu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-0978

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Published by: The Electrochemical Society (ECS) 65 South Main Street Pennington, NJ 08534-2839, USA Tel 609.737.1902, Fax 609.737.2743 www.electrochem.org Editor: Rob Kelly, rgk6y@virginia.edu Guest Editors: Slava V. Rotkin, vvr5@psu.edu Contributing Editors: Donald Pile, Donald.Pile@gmail. com; Alice Suroviec, asuroviec@berry.edu Director of Publications: Beth Craanen, Beth.Craanen@electrochem.org Production Editor: Mary Beth Schwartz, MaryBeth.Schwartz@electrochem.org Print Production Manager: Dinia Agrawala, interface@electrochem.org Staff Contributors: Beth Craanen, Mary Hojlo, John Lewis, Frances Chaves, Shannon Reed, Mary Beth Schwartz Advisory Board: Brett Lucht (Battery), Dev Chidambaram (Corrosion), Durga Misra (Dielectric Science and Technology), Philippe Vereecken (Electrodeposition), Jennifer Hite (Electronics and Photonics), A. Manivannan (Energy Technology), Cortney Kreller (High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes), John Weidner (Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering), Uwe Happek (Luminescence and Display Materials), Slava Rotkin (Nanocarbons), Jim Burgess (Organic and Biological Electrochemistry), Andrew Hillier (Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry), Ajit Khosla (Sensor) Publications Subcommittee Chair: Eric Wachsman Society Officers: Christina Bock, President; Stefan De Gendt, Senior Vice President; Eric Wachsman, 2nd Vice President; Turgut Gür, 3rd Vice President; James Fenton, Secretary; Gessie Brisard, Treasurer; Christopher J. Jannuzzi, Executive Director & CEO Statements and opinions given in The Electrochemical Society Interface are those of the contributors, and ECS assumes no responsibility for them. Authorization to photocopy any article for internal or personal use beyond the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 is granted by The Electrochemical Society to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). Copying for other than internal or personal use without express permission of ECS is prohibited. The CCC Code for The Electrochemical Society Interface is 1064-8208/92. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608 Canada Returns to be sent to: Pitney Bowes International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2 ISSN : Print: 1064-8208

Online: 1944-8783

The Electrochemical Society Interface is published quarterly by The Electrochemical Society (ECS), at 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839 USA. Subscription to members as part of membership service; subscription to nonmembers is available; see the ECS website. Single copies $10.00 to members; $19.00 to nonmembers. © Copyright 2019 by The Electrochemical Society. Periodicals postage paid at Pennington, New Jersey, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Electrochemical Society, 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839. The Electrochemical Society is an educational, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization with more than 8,500 scientists and engineers in over 75 countries worldwide who hold individual membership. Founded in 1902, the Society has a long tradition in advancing the theory and practice of electrochemical and solid state science by dissemination of information through its publications and international meetings. 3 All recycled paper. Printed in USA.

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Nanocarbons Division: The Past, The Present, The Future by Slava V. Rotkin

Vol. 28, No. 4 Winter 2019

the Editor: 3 From Irreplaceable the President: 7 From Much to Celebrate The U.S. Senate 18 Q&A: Hearing on Grid-Scale Energy Storage

20 Candidates for Society Office ECS Meeting 23 236th Highlights Atlanta, Georgia, USA

53 61 67

Exploring the Inner and Outer Spaces of Fullerenes by Muqing Chen, Chuang Niu, Jiaxin Zhuang, Guan-Wu Wang, Ning Chen, and Shangfeng Yang Carbon Nanotube Optical Probes and Sensors by Merav Antman-Passig, Tetyana Ignatova, and Daniel Heller Synthesis and NanoCharacterization of Graphene Single- and Few-Layer Films by Mark H. Rümmeli, Huy Q. Ta, and Slava V. Rotkin

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

27 Society News 38 People News Media Platforms 41 Social for Electrochemistry 43 Looking at Patent Law 49 Tech Highlights 72 Section News 75 Awards Program 77 New Members 2019 Summer 82 ECS Fellowship Reports 86 Student News 2020 93 PRiME Call for Papers On the Inside Front Cover: Controlled chemical vapor deposition synthesis of twisted graphene and methods of nanoscale optical characterization of the twist angle in 2D materials. (See article on page 51.) Inside front cover illustration design by Mark H. Rummeli, Huy Q. Ta, and Slava V. Rotkin. Cover design by Dinia Agrawala.

Accuracy & Precision

Reference 600+ 5 MHz EIS Measure impedances up to TOhm Fast CV, ultra-low current 20 aA resolution Electrically isolated

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

From The President

Much to Celebrate

foster the dissemination of results. IOPP’s goals align much uch has happened since my with our mission. You can expect to see many positive impacts last column published only of working with IOPP. Authors and reviewers can expect an half a year ago, and indeed, improved website experience via the usage of their tools. our community has much to celebrate. In addition, users will be able to promote articles with high The exciting announcement of this year’s Nobel Prize winners downloads. Take for instance the recent article published in the reached us just prior to our biannual meeting in Atlanta. Within Journal of The Electrochemical Society by Jeff Dahn’s group. a short time period, ECS members knew that our colleagues, “A Wide Range of Testing Results on an Excellent LithiumJohn B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Ion Cell Chemistry to be used as Benchmarks for New Battery Yashino, received the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the Technologies” reached an impressive 21,610 downloads in “development of lithium-ion batteries.” We all know that this the month of September alone. Submissions to our journals prize is well deserved. The fact that many of us believe that continue to grow, evidence of the value the scientific the awarding of this prize was overdue did not take anything community places on the Society’s rigorous peer review away. The excitement was palpable and further enhanced process. It is this commitment during our meeting in Atlanta to the quality and integrity of with the presence of a beaming the content we publish that is Prof. Stan Whittingham the foundation on which Free who tirelessly shook hands the Science is built. and graciously agreed to Indeed, one of our Society’s Simultaneously, we are take a countless number of working to improve all our photographs. many strengths is the interdisciplinary programs and meetings. We The announcement of the continue to build symposia that 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry approach and bringing our colleagues are interdisciplinary and span came only four years after the all divisions of our Society, 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics from different disciplines together such as the Electrochemical was awarded for the “the Energy Summit (E2S). invention of the blue-emitting to move R&D forward and provide Indeed, one of our Society’s diode.” This 2014 Nobel was solutions to societal needs. many strengths is the awarded to members of our interdisciplinary approach and community—Isamu Akasaki, bringing our colleagues from Hiroshi Amano, and Shuji different disciplines together Nakamura. The 2019 and to move R&D forward and 2014 Nobel Prize winners provide solutions to societal needs. are no strangers to us, and indeed, they have been actively By the time you read this column, our spring meeting in contributing to content of ECS meetings and journals. See, Montreal will be approaching, and of course, I hope to see for example, the interview by ECS Past President Yue Kuo many of you there. J’espère vous accueillir à Montréal. with Prof. Isamu Akasaki, published in Interface, Vol. 26 (1) 2017, 9-11 making reference to the “First Blue-LED” research results presented at an ECS meeting. This spring, our Society also entered into a relationship with Christina Bock IOP Publishing (IOPP). IOPP is a society-owned scientific ECS President publisher and a subsidiary of the Institute of Physics directing president@electrochem.org any profit made back to the Institute to support scientists and https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9737-8701

“

”

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

And the

2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Goes to…

by Marca M. Doeff

t was the week after the announcement of the winners of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and we were gathered together in Atlanta for the 236th meeting of The Electrochemical Society. Given that the prize was awarded to three scientists who performed seminal work leading to the development of the lithium-ion battery—John Goodenough, Stan Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino, the Atlanta Hilton was buzzing with excitement. After all, ECS meetings have been and still are the best settings for hearing about and discussing all things “battery.” One of the winners of the award, Stan Whittingham, was attending the meeting, and was stopped in his tracks constantly by people wanting to shake his hand and offer congratulations or to take selfies with him. That got me to thinking (after taking my own selfie with Prof. Whittingham) about the long journey from these initial discoveries, made in the 1970s and 80s, to where we are today.

The Lithium-Ion Battery Market Today

Lithium-ion batteries enabled the revolution in consumer electronics starting in the late 20th century; there is no doubt that cell phones, tablets, and laptop computers are great conveniences that have made a positive impact on how we conduct our lives and do business in the 21st century. Lithium-ion batteries now are widely used in power tools, cameras, toys, and medical devices as well. The lithium-ion battery market was estimated to be about 37.4 billion USD in 2018, and is projected to grow to 92.2 billion USD in 2024, as demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) increase.1 The stellar performance and decreasing cost of lithium-ion batteries have transformed EVs from a niche market only for enthusiasts to products attractive to the average driver. Automobiles like the Tesla Model 3, the Nissan Leaf, and the Chevrolet Bolt are readily available to the public for purchase at affordable prices, and nearly every large automaker has EVs or HEVs for sale or under development. Lithium-ion batteries also are being used for behind-the-meter storage (e.g., Tesla’s PowerWall). Another application where lithium-ion batteries will make an impact is grid storage, although they not only have to compete with other types of batteries such as redox flow systems, but other types of energy storage such as pumped hydro. Still, the ever-dropping price of lithium-ion batteries and their excellent reliability make them a natural choice for society’s energy storage needs. 8

Initial Discoveries that Led to Lithium-Ion Batteries Whittingham’s insight that intercalation chemistry (specifically, lithium insertion into TiS2) could be exploited for use in batteries with lithium metal anodes set the stage. Goodenough discovered LiCoO2, another classical intercalation compound, which undergoes reversible insertion/de-insertion of lithium ions at higher potentials vs. Li+/ Li than TiS2, improving energy density. However, as Goodenough described it, “battery manufacturers at that time could not conceive of assembling a cell with a discharged cathode.”2 The lithium metal anode was, however, unreliable, to say the least. Upon repeated cycling, highly reactive mossy deposits or dendrites of the metal formed, leading to sudden shorts or, worse yet, explosions. When Yoshino revealed that carbons with certain physical characteristics could function as anodes without the drawbacks of lithium metal, the modern version of the lithium-ion battery was born. The system could be cycled much more reliably than lithium metal batteries, and using a pre-lithiated cathode like LiCoO2 was actually an advantage, because cells could be easily assembled in the discharged state and then charged before use.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

About the Author

References 1. https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/lithiumion-battery-market-49714593.html. 2. John Goodenough, Acc. Chem. Res., 46, 1053 (2013). 3. Z. Ogumi, R. Kostecki, D. Guyomard, and M. Inaba, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 25 (3), 65 (2016). 4. Bloomberg New Energy Finance Report, https://about.bnef. com/electric-vehicle-outlook/#toc-viewreport.

Marca M. Doeff is a senior scientist in the Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and is currently chair of the Battery Division of The Electrochemical Society. Her main research interests focus on materials for electrochemical energy storage. She may be reached at mmdoeff@lbl.gov. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2148-8047

In 1991, Sony commercialized the first lithium-ion batteries.3 These cells, made with petroleum coke as the anode and LiCoO2 as the cathode, had practical energy densities of about 200 Wh/L and specific energies of about 80 Wh/Kg, less than half that of state-ofthe-art lithium-ion batteries today. Researchers from many different scientific disciplines and countries, in industry, national labs, and academia, worked to advance lithium-ion battery technology, ultimately resulting in a more than doubling of practical energy density as well as a dramatic drop in cost (from more than $1,000/ kWh a decade ago to about $175/kWh today).4 While LiCoO2 is still the cathode of choice for small batteries, low or no-cobalt alternatives such as LiFePO4, variants of LiMn2O4 spinels, and layered transition metal oxides containing multiple metals such as NMCs (LiNixMnyCozO2) and NCA (LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2) are preferred in devices intended for automotive applications or largescale energy storage because of cost and sustainability concerns. The original petroleum coke anodes have been replaced with graphite or graphite/silicon composites, which offer higher capacities and better first cycle efficiencies. Optimization of electrolytic solutions resulted in improved performance, as did work on binders and separators, and advances in design of electrodes, cells, and battery packs. While improvement and better understanding of these devices and the materials within them are still high priorities today, research has expanded to include “beyond lithium-ion batteries,” many of which are based on the intercalation concept, but with ions like Mg2+ or Na+. Most of these next-generation systems are still in their infancy, but the remarkable success story of lithium-ion batteries provides a roadmap for their development as well. In short, the pioneering work of Goodenough, Whittingham, and Yoshino so many years ago, will continue to have positive repercussions for years to come. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F01194IF.

The Journey from Initial Discoveries to Lithium-Ion Batteries Today

Akira Yoshino

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

John Bannister Goodenough

“ J

”

I like to think that part of my heritage is that I contributed to the wedding of physics and chemistry. I didn’t do it alone, of course. We are moving inevitably, inexorably, to interdisciplinarity between material physic and material chemistry.

(ECS Masters—John B. Goodenough; The Electrochemical Society: Pennington, 2016.)

Photo: The University of Texas at Austin

ohn Bannister Goodenough is internationally recognized as one of the key minds behind the development of the first commercial lithium-ion battery. The ECS Fellow and honorary member was born on July 25, 1922, in Jena, Germany, to American parents who soon thereafter returned to the United States.1 He completed his BS in math and graduated summa cum laude from Yale University in 1943.2 After serving in World War II as a meteorologist, he completed his PhD in physics at the University of Chicago (1952).3 As a research scientist at the Lincoln Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1952-1976), he developed the SAGE air defense computer’s memory cores—the first random access memory (RAM).4 In 1976, Goodenough moved

to the University of Oxford as professor and head of the Inorganic Chemistry Lab.5 In 1979-1980, Goodenough improved on the first lithium-ion battery invented by M. Stanley Whittingham in 1976.6 Whittingham’s battery used an anode of metallic lithium, and a cathode of lithium ions between layers of titanium disulfide. It had a potential of 2.5 volts. To produce a higher voltage battery, Goodenough and collaborators used a cathode of lithium ions between layers of cobalt oxide. The new battery had a potential of 4 volts. Goodenough became a professor at the University of Texas at Austin in 1986 in the departments of mechanical engineering and electrical and computer engineering.7 He now holds the Virginia H. Cockrell Centennial Chair of Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. Goodenough continues to work on lithium-ion breakthrough technology, determined to make the batteries stronger, cheaper, and safer, and the world less dependent on fossil fuels.8 P © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F02194IF.

LITHIUM ION

ELECTRON

COBALT OXIDE ELECTROLYTE BARRIER ©Johan Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

John B. Goodenough’s lithium-based battery using LixCoO2 as the cathode. Credit: Johan Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 10

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Awards P 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry P ECS Fellow (2016) P Fellow, National Academy of Inventors (2016) P Member, U.S. National Academy of Science (2012) P Foreign member, Royal Society, England (2010) P Member, National Societies of France, Spain, and India P Member, National Academy of Engineering (1976) P Royal Society’s Copley Medal (2019) Goodenough was among 12 researchers to receive the National Medal of Science from President Obama. “I am proud to honor these inspiring American innovators,” President Obama said. “They represent the ingenuity and imagination that has long made this nation great, and they remind us of the enormous impact a few good ideas can have when these creative qualities are unleashed in an entrepreneurial environment.” Photo: Ryan K. Morris, National Science & Technology Medals Foundation

P The Benjamin Franklin Award in Chemistry (2018) P The Welch Award in Chemistry (2017) P C. K. Prahalad award, Corporate EcoForum (2017) P The Eric and Sheila Samsun Prime Minister’s Prize for Innovation in Alternative Fuels for Transportation (2015) P Thomson Reuters Citation Laureate (2015) P Stark Draper Prize of the National Academy of Engineering (2014) P Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies (2012) P National Medal of Science (2011) P Presidential Enrico Fermi Award (2009) P Japan Prize (2001) P ECS Olin Palladium Award (1999)

References Goodenough posing with his research equipment in his laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin. Photo: The University of Texas at Austin

Prof. Goodenough takes time to consult with inspired students in his office. Photo: The University of Texas at Austin

1. E. Gregerson, John B. Goodenough | Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-B-Goodenough (accessed Nov 5, 2019). 2. E. Gregerson, John B. Goodenough | Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-B-Goodenough (accessed Nov 5, 2019). 3. E. Gregerson, John B. Goodenough | Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-B-Goodenough (accessed Nov 5, 2019). 4. Dr. John B. Goodenough | National Academy of Engineering https://www.nae.edu/105796/John-B-Goodenough (accessed Nov 5, 2019). 5. E. Gregerson, John B. Goodenough | Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-B-Goodenough (accessed Nov 5, 2019). 6. Lithium-ion Batteries | The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/advancedchemistryprize2019.pdf (accessed Nov 5, 2019). 7. John Goodenough | The University of Texas at Austin, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering https://www.me.utexas.edu/faculty/facultydirectory/goodenough (accessed Nov 5, 2019). 8. J. Ortiz, John Goodenough: Royal Society’s Newest Copley Medal Recipient. The ECS Blog, 2019.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

M. Stanley Whittingham

“ M

”

We have to look after the planet for our children and our grandchildren. So we have to move the technology forward, but not by using more energy, but by using less energy, and not by messing up the environment. As electrochemists we can do that. And we’ve got to do that.

(ECS Masters—M. Stanley Whittingham; The Electrochemical Society: Pennington, 2015.)

Photo: Robb Cohen Photo & Video

ichael Stanley Whittingham was born in Nottingham, England on December 22, 1941.1 He received his BA (1964), MA (1967), and PhD (1968) in chemistry from the University of Oxford.2 He was at Stanford University as a research associate (1968-1972) before joining the Exxon Research and Development Company in Linden, New Jersey.3 At Exxon, Whittingham studied titanium disulfide and its superconductive properties. Using intercalation, he created the first rechargeable lithium-ion battery in 1976.4 He used metallic lithium as the anode and titanium disulfide intercalated with lithium ions as the cathode. The battery had an electromotive force of 2.5 volts.

Together with John Goodenough, Whittingham published Solid State Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage in 1977. Whittingham founded the journal Solid State Ionics in 1981. He served as its editor for 20 years.5 Whittingham joined Schlumberger-Doll Research in Ridgefield, Connecticut, as director of physical sciences in 1984.6 He was then named distinguished professor of chemistry and materials sciences and engineering at Binghamton University, New York, in 1988.7 He is also director of the Northeastern Center for Chemical Energy Storage (NECCES), a Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) at Binghamton. There Whittingham continues his research on finding new materials for advancing energy storage. P © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.2.F03194IF.

LITHIUM ION ELECTRON

CATHODE

ANODE METALLIC LITHIUM

TITANIUM DISULPHIDE

ELECTROLYTE BARRIER ©Johan Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

M. Stanley Whittingham’s lithium-based battery using LixTiS2 as the cathode. Credit: Johan Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 12

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Awards P 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry P ECS Fellow (2004) P JSPS Fellow, Tokyo University Physics Department (1993) P Member, National Academy of Engineering (2018) P Fellow, Materials Research Society (2013) P Turnbull Award (Materials Research Society, 2018) P International Society for Solid State Ionics Senior Scientist Award (2017) P Thomson Reuters Citation Laureate (2015) Whittingham during one of his in-depth student lectures. Photo: Jonathan Cohen, Binghamton University

P IBA Yeager Award for Lifetime Contribution to Lithium Battery Materials Research (2012) P ACS NERM Award for Contributions to Chemistry (2010) P GreentechMedia Top 40 Innovators for Contributions to Advancing Green Technology (2010) P SUNY Research Foundation Outstanding Research Award (2007) P Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Scholarship and Creative Activities (2006-2007) P ECS Battery Division Research Award (2002) P ECS Young Author Award (1971) P Gas Council Scholar, Oxford University (1964-1967)

M. Stanley Whittingham pictured here in one of his Science II laboratories. Photo: Jonathan Cohen, Binghamton University

Whittingham in another Binghamton University lab setting. He has been a professor of chemistry and materials sciences and engineering there since 1988. Photo: Jonathan Cohen, Binghamton University

References 1. E. Gregerson, M. Stanley Whittingham | Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/M-StanleyWhittingham (accessed Nov 4, 2019). 2. E. Gregerson, M. Stanley Whittingham | Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/M-StanleyWhittingham (accessed Nov 4, 2019). 3. E. Gregerson, M. Stanley Whittingham | Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/M-StanleyWhittingham (accessed Nov 4, 2019). 4. N. Banerjee, Nobel Prize in Chemistry Honors 3 Who Enabled a ‘Fossil-Free World’–with an Exxon Twist. | Inside Climate News https://insideclimatenews.org/news/09102019/nobel-prizechemistry-battery-whittingham-exxon-fossil-fuel-renewableelectric-vehicles (accessed Nov 4, 2019) 5. Battery Pioneers: Stanley Whittingham | Batteries International https://www.batteriesinternational.com/2016/09/22/batterypioneers-stanley-whittingham/ (accessed Nov 4, 2019) 6. Battery Pioneers: Stanley Whittingham | Batteries International https://www.batteriesinternational.com/2016/09/22/batterypioneers-stanley-whittingham/ (accessed Nov 4, 2019) 7. Dr. M. Stanley Whittingham | Binghamton University https:// www.binghamton.edu/chemistry/people/whittingham/ whittingham.html (accessed Nov 4, 2019)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Akira Yoshino

“ A

”

If you hit the wall, you should thank God for placing it in front of you— that’s when something new is born.11

(Yoshino to his students)

Photo: Asahi Kasei

kira Yoshino was born on January 30, 1948, in Suita, Japan.1 He was nine years old when he discovered Faraday’s “The Chemical History of a Candle.”2 The book describes the energy stored in a candle and the chemistry behind it. Reading that book sparked Yoshino’s interest in science and shaped his entire life. He received his BA (1970) and MA (1972) in petro chemistry from Kyoto University.3 In graduate school, he focused on chemistry, submitting research papers to the international journals of chemistry societies. After receiving his MA, Akira joined the Asahi Chemical Industry Company (now Asahi Kasei Corporation) in 1972.4

By combining Goodenough’s cathode with a carbon anode, Yoshino created the first working lithium-ion battery. Yoshino filed a patent on his safer, commercially viable lithium-ion battery in 1985.5 The new lithium-ion battery was commercialized by Sony in 1991, and in 1992 by A&T Battery, a joint venture company of Asahi Kasei and Toshiba.6 In 2005, Yoshino received a doctorate in engineering from Osaka University.7 He became president of the Lithium-ion Battery Technology and Evaluation Center in 2010.8 In 2015, he became a visiting professor at the Research and Education Center for Advanced Energy Materials, Devices, and Systems, Kyushu University, a post he holds today9. Since 2017, he has also served as a professor in the Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meijo University.10 Today, Yoshino is an honorary fellow at the Asahi Kasei Corporation. He continues his research, looking at ways that the lithium-ion battery can address global environmental problems. P © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.2.F04194IF.

LITHIUM ION

ELECTRON

COBALT OXIDE ELECTROLYTE BARRIER PETROLEUM COKE

©Johan Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Akira Yoshino’s ion transfer cell lithium-ion battery configuration. Credit: Johan Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 14

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Awards P 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry P Fellow, Chemical Society of Japan (2012) P European Inventor Award (2019) P Japan Prize (2018) P National Institute for Materials Science Award (2016) P Charles Stark Draper Prize for Engineering, The National Academy of Engineering (2014) P Global Energy Prize (2013) Dr. Yoshino proudly talks about the lithium-ion battery. Today you can find the battery in laptop computers, cell phones, electric cars, and energy storage systems. Photo: Asahi Kasei

P Kato Memorial Prize, Kato Foundation for Promotion of Science (2013) P Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies (2012) P C&C Prize, NEC C&C Foundation (2011) P Yamazaki-Teiichi Prize, Foundation for Promotion of Material Science and Technology of Japan (2011) P Medal with Purple Ribbon, Government of Japan (2004) P Prize for Science and Technology, Development Category, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (2003) P National Commendation for Invention—Invention Prize of the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation (2002) P Kanto-block Commendation for Invention—Encouragement Prize of Invention of the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation (2001) P Ichimura Prizes in Industry—Meritorious Achievement Prize, New Technology Development Foundation (2001) P ECS Battery Division Technology Award (1999)

Akira Yoshino at the corporate headquarters of Asahi Kasei. His specialty is electrochemistry and quantum organic chemistry. He enjoys encouraging new researchers. Photo: Asahi Kasei

P Chemical Society of Japan Fiscal 1998 Chemical Technology Prize (1999)

References 1. E. Gregerson, Yoshino Akira | Encyclopedia Britannica https:// www.britannica.com/biography/Yoshina-Akira (accessed Nov 6, 2019). 2. Akira Yoshino – Lithium-ion battery and its evolution, YouTube Video, posted by EPOfilms, May 7, 2019, https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=M82KU6VlXDQ. 3. E. Gregerson, Yoshino Akira | Encyclopedia Britannica https:// www.britannica.com/biography/Yoshina-Akira (accessed Nov 6, 2019) 4. Profile of Dr. Akira Yoshino | AsahiKasei https://www.asahikasei.co.jp/asahi/en/r_and_d/interview/yoshino/profile.html (accessed Nov 6, 2019). 5. E. Gregerson, Yoshino Akira | Encyclopedia Britannica https:// www.britannica.com/biography/Yoshina-Akira (accessed Nov 6, 2019). 6. Dr. Akira Yoshino | National Academy of Engineering https:// www.nae.edu/105816/Akira-Yoshino- (accessed Nov. 5, 2019).

7. Surprise and gratitude in Japan after Akira Yoshino wins Nobel Prize | The Japan Times https://www.japantimes.co.jp/ news/2019/10/10/national/surprise-gratitude-japan-akirayoshino-nobel-chemistry/#.XcXW9lVKhQI (accessed Nov 6, 2019). 8. Profile of Dr. Akira Yoshino | AsahiKasei https://www.asahikasei.co.jp/asahi/en/r_and_d/interview/yoshino/profile.html (accessed Nov 6, 2019). 9. Profile of Dr. Akira Yoshino | AsahiKasei https://www.asahikasei.co.jp/asahi/en/r_and_d/interview/yoshino/profile.html (accessed Nov 6, 2019). 10. Profile of Dr. Akira Yoshino | AsahiKasei https://www.asahikasei.co.jp/asahi/en/r_and_d/interview/yoshino/profile.html (accessed Nov 6, 2019). 11. Staff. Japan’s Akira Yoshino among trio of scientists awarded Nobel Prize in chemistry | The Japan Times https://www. japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/10/09/national/science-health/ japan-akira-yoshino-chemistry-nobel-prize/#.XcXDblVKhQJ (accessed Nov 6, 2019).

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ECS Nobel Greats

ith John Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino recently winning the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry we were inspired to research our membership for past Nobel laureates. We were able to compile awardees in chemistry, as well as physics. Please enjoy this walk through ECS history. (Note that due to our limitations in digitized content this may not be a complete listing of ECS Nobel winners.) P

Chemistry

Richard E. Smalley Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 (jointly) Prize motivation: “for the discovery of fullerenes.”

Jean-Marie Lehn Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987 (jointly) Prize motivation: “for the development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity.”

Fritz Haber Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918 Prize motivation: “for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements.”

Rudolph Marcus Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992 Prize motivation: “for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems.”

Irving Langmuir Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932 Prize motivation: “for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry.”

Theodore Williams Richards Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1914) Prize motivation: “in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements.”

Photo: Nobel Foundation Archive

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Isamu Akasaki Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 (jointly) Prize motivation: “the invention of efficient blue lightemitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources.”

William D. Phillips Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 (jointly) Prize motivation: “for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.”

Hiroshi Amano Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 (jointly) Prize motivation: “the invention of efficient blue lightemitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources.”

Steven Chu Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 (jointly) Prize motivation: “for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.”

Jack S. Kilby Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 (jointly) Prize motivation: “for basic work on information and communication technology…for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit.”

Gerd Binnig Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 (jointly) Prize motivation: “for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope.”

©Nobel Media AB. Photo: A. Mahmoud

Photo: Nobel Foundation Archive

Physics

The Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize is named for Swedish inventor, entrepreneur, scientist, and businessman Alfred Nobel (1833-1896). In addition to inventing dynamite, Nobel held 355 different patents. Nobel stipulated in his will that his sizable estate fund prizes for those who “shall have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind” in the areas of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Since they were first awarded in 1901, the Nobel Prizes have been considered the most important prize in the world for intellectual achievement. In 1969, Sweden’s central bank funded a sixth prize in economics, the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The winners of the 2019 Nobel Prize for Chemistry join a pantheon of celebrated scientists. Marie Curie was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Linus Pauling was the only person to win two unshared Nobel Prizes, the first in 1954 and the second in 1962. Other celebrated chemistry Nobel laureates include Ernest Rutherford, Aziz Sancar, Fritz Haber, Otto Hahn, and Glenn T. Eabord. The only women to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry are Marie Curie, Irène Joliot-Curie, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Ada E. Yonath, and Frances H. Arnold. Probably the most famous winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics is Albert Einstein. The first physics prize was awarded to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1901. Other Nobel laureates of renown in physics include Richard Feynman, William B. Schockley, Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, Max Planck, Guglielmo Marconi, and Enrico Fermi. Three women have won the physics prize: Marie Curie, Maria Goeppert Mayer, and Donna Strickland. P (https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Q&A:

The United States Senate Hearing on Grid-Scale Energy Storage with George W. Crabtree and Lynn Trahey

n June 4, 2019, George W. Crabtree, Director of the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) at Argonne National Laboratory, and distinguished professor of physics, electrical, and mechanical engineering at University of Illinois-Chicago (UIC), testified before the U.S. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee for a hearing on the expanded deployment of grid-scale energy storage. Senate members in attendance included Ranking Member Joe Manchin (D-WV), Chairman Lisa Murkowski (R-AK), and Bernie Sanders (I-VT). Also present at the hearing were representatives from Brookfield Renewable, Fluence, PJM Interconnection, LLC, and Xcel Energy, Inc. George Crabtree, along with his associate Lynn Trahey, shared with ECS insights for the foundation of the hearing and the importance of electrochemistry to sustainablity. What is the importance of electrochemistry to sustainability? Storing energy so that it can be used on demand is a key component of sustainability. There are many ways to store energy. Filling a gas tank in a car, pumping water uphill, charging a battery or supercapacitor, spinning a flywheel at high speed, compressing air, and heating water or molten salt are all energy storage methods that are in use or under consideration. Each method has advantages and disadvantages. Electrochemical energy storage in batteries is attractive because it is deployable everywhere, controllable, highly flexible, and generally non-polluting. Batteries and electrochemistry allow the most fundamental principles of sustainability—recycle and reuse—to be applied to energy. Electrochemistry makes energy storage far more sustainable than traditional storage technologies. Energy can be stored chemically in fossil and other fuels for long times at low cost with virtually no self-discharge, making it by far the most popular form of storage today. A significant downside of chemical energy storage is its low efficiency, typically on the order of 35% for combustion to retrieve the stored energy as heat and convert it to a more useable form, such as mechanical motion or electricity. The second downside is less obvious and more insidious: combustion of fossil fuels produces carbon emissions that trap heat in the atmosphere and generate climate change, adversely affecting almost every aspect of society. Electrochemical energy storage, in contrast, has high round trip efficiency, typically greater than 80%, and is nearly climate neutral, making it the natural choice for a sustainable energy future. What was your take-away message to the Senate Committee? Electrochemical energy storage is a new player in the electricity grid that eliminates one of its most restrictive constraints—that we must generate electricity at the same rate that we use it. This constraint is expensive and disruptive. It requires that we build the grid to satisfy peak demand, at least 40% greater than average demand, significantly increasing capital and operating cost. Without storage, an outage of generation or transmission due to extreme weather, forest fires, or a malicious hack disables the entire downstream grid, blacking out power for hours, days or, in the worst cases, weeks. Batteries provide a locally stored inventory of electricity that can be tapped at will, eliminating dependence on centralized generation and transmission. Electrochemical energy storage on the grid provides greater reliability, resilience, and flexibility at lower capital and operating cost. Electrochemical energy storage on the grid is still in its infancy. The few large-scale energy storage installations in place demonstrate its value and its viability. To realize the benefit of storage on the grid, we need to accelerate research and development to achieve lower costs and higher performance, and we need to deploy electrochemical energy storage at scale on the grid to master the best practices for utilizing it effectively. Why is it important for the research community and scientists to provide input into policy discussions involving science, or which science can inform, to give policymakers the information needed to act? Energy storage is a fast-developing technology with a host of applications in society, from personal electronics to electric vehicles, long-haul trucks and flight, to electricity delivery on the 18

grid. However, energy storage technology cannot be interfaced with society without innovative policy, regulation, and business plans to guide its deployment. The energy ecosystem must produce many outcomes, including reliability, resilience, low cost, security, and decarbonization. Many players deliver and benefit from these outcomes, spanning grid operators, the business community, the military, and the citizen population. The energy ecosystem cannot advance without a deliberate balance among all the outcomes and players. This is the role of innovative policy and regulation, to encourage the development of new technology and to ensure that it is deployed in the most beneficial way possible. With energy technology developing so rapidly across the board, innovative policy and regulation must advance at an unusually fast pace to keep up. The input of scientists and the research community is essential to create the most advanced, beneficial, and cost-effective energy system of the future. For ECS members (and other scientists), what would the technical take-away be? The main technical take-away from the message for policymakers is that a diversity of batteries is needed to meet the diversity of existing and emerging applications. Lithium-ion batteries have been revolutionary, as evidenced by their ubiquity in our lives and their recognition by this year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry. However, they have limits; lithium ion batteries lack the energy density to efficiently power electric flight or move heavy trucks. They cannot discharge long enough to back up renewable electricity generation on consecutive overcast or calm days. We need different batteries that offer more specialized features, such as extremely high energy density for electric flight and long-haul trucking, long duration, ultrainexpensive batteries for the grid, and in general, batteries with high recyclability. Lower cost is needed for all applications, as batteries are still not cost competitive with many fossil alternatives. Another take-away is that basic, fundamental research has immediate impact on energy storage and the energy ecosystem. We want researchers to know that with so many urgent applications, very basic scientific discoveries and the development of new materials can lead to patents and start-up companies that improve the technologies we use today or spur a new technology that we will use very soon. An example is membrane materials, sometimes referred to as separators. These are critical components to most electrochemical devices, and the research needed to improve these materials boils down to organic chemistry, electrochemistry, physical chemistry, and materials chemistry. What would the Better Energy Storage Technology Act fund? The Better Energy Storage Technology (BEST) Act is a pioneer in many respects. Congress has recognized the value of energy storage, with the establishment of the bipartisan Advanced Energy Storage Caucus and the introduction of over a dozen energy storage bills in the current Congress. BEST collects provisions from several of these bills into a single legislative package covering reduced cost, long duration discharge, grid-scale storage demonstrations, and standards for regulation of storage deployment and cost recovery. BEST has been hailed as a milestone for energy storage technology development, policy and regulation, a refreshing holistic approach uniting all three areas. The bill promotes cooperation between The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

DOE and DoD, which share many of the same performance needs in different application spaces. One notable feature is the creation of a DOE prize for recycling used battery materials, an obvious gap in battery technology that must be addressed quickly as battery production accelerates to meet electric vehicle demand. The BEST bill is a welcome beginning to a longer journey toward full strategic energy storage deployment in the electricity grid. What systems are used for grid-level storage now? In the United States, grid-level energy storage is mostly achieved with pumped hydroelectric storage. The remainder of the energy storage is achieved by batteries and thermal storage, with a small fraction stored by compressed air and flywheels. This information comes from the DOE Global Energy Storage Database, produced by the Office of Electricity. When you look at the grid-level energy storage that is contracted, announced, or currently under construction, the majority of that storage will be achieved by lithium ion batteries. There are a few more pumped hydro projects in the pipeline, but the vast majority of projects are electrochemical because of their maturity, versatility, and competitive costs. The Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) led at Argonne has made important advances over its six-year life. What are some of the highlights? JCESR develops a new dimension to battery R&D—understanding and building the electrochemistry of battery materials and systems “from the bottom up,” atom by atom and molecule by molecule. The space of potential battery materials is so vast that it cannot be explored by traditional Edisonian trial and error. An army of graduate students working a lifetime in the laboratory will not make a dent in analyzing the universe of possible battery electrodes, electrolytes, and interfaces. Instead, JCESR began a massive program of computer simulation of promising materials for electrodes and electrolytes, making the database available to the community on an open source basis. This revealed, for example, that multivalent ions can have high mobility in crystalline hosts, new decomposition pathways for electrolytes during plating of multivalent cations, and the systematic trends of operating voltage, capacity, and mobility of intercalation cathodes for multivalent ions. These datasets, valuable in their own right, are now finding additional use on the frontier of computation as training sets for artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches to accelerate the pace of battery materials discovery. JCESR introduced a new class of materials for flow batteries, redox active oligomers and polymers, or “redoxmers.” Redoxmers offer an enormous design space for active materials in flow batteries, much greater than transition metal ions that are the mainstay of today’s conventional flow batteries. With redoxmers, operating voltage, number of electrons transferred per reaction, solubility, stability, and an entirely new feature, self-healing, can all be designed in at the atomic and molecular level. One notable outcome: using basic machine learning approaches, JCESR has discovered redoxmers that enable flow batteries operating at record voltages. JCESR created the aqueous air-breathing sulfur battery, a new kind of flow battery designed for long-duration discharge and based on the least expensive active materials. The battery uses sulfur, a cheap and abundant byproduct of refining petroleum, water as the electrolyte, and oxygen in the cathode. This battery is designed to discharge for hours to days at a time, enabled by its low materials cost and liquid electrodes that can be stored in tanks and scaled to arbitrarily large volumes. JCESR spun off a startup company, Form Energy, to pursue commercialization of the battery. JCESR focuses on transformative materials, chemistries, and architectures for next generation batteries rather than on the batteries themselves. We learned early on that compelling applications drive successful battery research and development, and the rapid pace of emerging applications means today’s batteries may soon be surpassed by tomorrow’s needs. We focus instead on transformative materials, chemistries, and architectures that can be mixed and matched to produce batteries for any future need in the electricity grid or transportation. This approach has much greater and longer-term impact than focusing on specific battery systems. This work was supported as part of the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), an Energy Innovation Hub funded by

the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences. To wrap up, George, how did you go from the physics of vortices in high-T superconductors and magnetic flux imaging systems to batteries? I first became interested in energy in 2002 when Basic Energy Sciences asked me to help organize a workshop on the basic science needed to develop the energy technologies of the future. This was well before the strong national interest in energy and climate change that is now prominent in our thinking. I found the experience to be very satisfying, exposing a richness and challenge equal to any in basic science. I was privileged to participate in many following workshops, on hydrogen, superconductivity, extreme materials, and compact light sources, among others, and this solidified my background and thinking on energy. When the opportunity to lead the JCESR proposal emerged, I was ready to take it, eager to explore this emerging area and contribute to the energy transformations that storage will enable. Storage touches nearly every part of the energy system, and fits naturally into the drive for more reliable, resilient, lower cost, and decarbonized energy. I like the strong role basic science plays in energy innovation, and especially the opportunity for connected innovations across applications, battery technology, and raw materials supply chains. Energy storage is one of the most exciting frontiers of science and technology today. Lynn, how did you go from fab and application of thermoelectrics to battery research? When researching and developing nanoscale thermoelectric materials, a project funded by the NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program, I became steeped in materials chemistry, electrochemistry, and device application. As my PhD was winding down, I paid attention to what society needed most urgently and matched that with what my skillset afforded me to do. The answer was in renewable energy. I felt I could contribute to the electrochemical storage of energy coming off of solar and wind installations, so I looked for a postdoc where I could learn about batteries. I took a joint postdoc between Northwestern University and Argonne National Lab and have been with Argonne, working on batteries, ever since. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F15194IF

About the Authors George W. Crabtree is Director of the Joint Center for Energy Storage (JCESR) at Argonne National Laboratory, and a distinguished professor of physics, electrical, and mechanical engineering at University of Illinois-Chicago (UIC). He leads research on creating next generation electricity storage technology beyond lithium ion batteries. He has directed workshops for the Department of Energy on energy science and technology and has testified before the U.S. Congress on the hydrogen economy, on meeting sustainable energy challenges, on the prospects for next generation electrical energy storage, and on accelerating energy storage on the electricity grid. He may be reached at crabtree@anl.gov and crabtree@uic.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8494-4468 Lynn Trahey is a materials scientist for Argonne National Laboratory, where she started in the battery group in 2010 researching advanced anode materials for Li-ion batteries, Li-air batteries, and interfacial characterization using synchrotron tomography and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. She has a PhD in chemistry from U. C. Berkeley in 2007 and completed a postdoc jointly between Northwestern University and Argonne in 2010. Now she leads internal and external research integration efforts for the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, the DOE battery hub. She may be reached at trahey@anl.gov.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

candidates for societ y office The following are biographical sketches and candidacy statements of the nominated candidates for the annual election of ECS officers.

Candidate for President

Candidates for Vice President

Stefan De Gendt is a scientific director at IMEC, Belgium (research center in the nano-electronics domain–www.imecint.com), responsible for research on chemistry and physics of exploratory materials. He obtained his doctoral degree from the University of Antwerp, Belgium. In 1996, he joined IMEC as a researcher in the Ultra Clean Processing group. His research topics included cleaning technology and analytical metrology for contamination control in CMOS processing. In 2000, he became group manager at IMEC, and program manager of IMEC Industrial Affiliation Program (IIAP) on high-k and gate metal materials. The goal of this program was the replacement of conventional SiO2 based gate dielectrics (by metaloxide high-k materials) and Si based gate electrodes (by metal materials) to allow further scaling of transistor technologies. In 2005, he took up responsibility for IMEC’s post-CMOS Nanotechnology program. The goal of this program was threefold. Firstly, the exploration of devices using 1D (nanowire-like) architectures; secondly, the synthesis and use of carbon nanotubes for exploratory interconnect applications; and thirdly, the exploration of graphene synthesis and applications. Currently, as a research director, he is responsible for material and process related research on a wide variety of exploratory materials for CMOS and Memory technology. Since 2003, he also is part time associated to the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULeuven) Department of Chemistry. He has been coaching more than 15 postdocs, Phd students (20+ graduated since 2006, 10 currently in progress), and research students (average of three per year). He has coauthored more than 400 technical papers in revered journals and is coinventor of cleaning and gate stack process steps, resulting in several patent applications. He has been actively involved in the organization of international conferences (mostly with The Electrochemical Society; high-k gate stack, Carbon Nanotubes, graphene and III-V materials and Atomic Layer deposition from 2004 until today, but also served in the role of general chair of

Gerardine (Gerri) Botte is a professor and the Whitacre Department Chair in chemical engineering at Texas Tech University with over 21 years of experience in the fundamental understanding and development of electrochemical processes. She is a visionary and a recognized leader in electrochemical science and technology. In 2014, she was named a fellow of the ECS for her contributions and innovation in electrochemical processes and engineering. Previous to Texas Tech, Botte was university distinguished professor and Russ Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Ohio University, the founder and director of the Center for Electrochemical Engineering Research, and the founder and director of the National Science Foundation Consortium for Electrochemical Processes and Technology—an Industry University Cooperative Research Center. She has 189 publications, including 58 granted patents. Botte also is an entrepreneur. She has been involved in the commercialization of technologies and has founded and cofounded companies. She received her PhD in 2000 (under the direction of Ralph White) and ME in 1998, both in chemical engineering, from the University of South Carolina. Prior to graduate school, Botte worked as a process engineer in a petrochemical plant; she was involved in the production of fertilizers and polymers. Botte received her BS in chemical engineering from Universidad de Carabobo (Venezuela) in 1994. Botte has been an active member of the ECS since 1998, where she has served in several leadership roles, including board member, chair of Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering (IEEE) Division, member of the Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee, member of the Honors and Awards Committee, and other ECS committees. She started the outreach program of the ECS IEEE Division. The first activity took place at the 2006 ECS Cancun meeting. Since then, it has been held 16 times at different ECS meetings with at least 847 participants.

Adam Z. Weber holds BS and MS degrees from Tufts University, and a PhD from University of California, Berkeley in Chemical Engineering under John Newman. Dr. Weber is a scientist and leader of the EnergyConversion Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Deputy Director of the Fuel Cell Performance and Durability (FC-PAD) and HydroGen consortia, and Thrust Coordinator at the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP). His current research involves understanding and optimizing fuel cell and electrolyzer performance and lifetime, including component studies using advanced modeling and diagnostics, understanding flow batteries for grid-scale energy storage, and analysis of solar-fuel generators. Dr. Weber has coauthored over 135 peer-reviewed articles (34 in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society), 10 book chapters, 27 ECS Transactions articles, developed many widely used models for fuel cells and their components, and numerous invited talks. His awards include a 2012 Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE), the 2014 Charles W. Tobias Young Investigator Award, the Battery Division student award, and the 2016 Sir William Grove Award from IAHE. He is a fellow of The Electrochemical Society and has served as chair of the Energy Technology Division (and thus ECS Board Member) and San Francisco Section and served on various key committees. He also has been a key organizer for multiple large ECS initiatives, such as the E2S symposia and ECEE meetings. In addition, he has coorganized more than a dozen ECS symposia and coedited various ECS Transactions volumes. Weber has guest edited four special issues of JES.

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Statement of Candidacy

Electrochemical and solid state science is poised as the next generation foundation of our energy and chemical lives. While The Electrochemical Society is an agent of that transition, influence is being eroded by other societies and publishers. If elected, I will work to reinvest in key ECS tenets and energize the society towards sustainable Free

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Candidates for Secretary Marca M. Doeff is a senior scientist in the Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where she is a principal investigator in electrochemical energy storage programs funded by the U. S. Department of Energy. She earned a BA in chemistry from Swarthmore College in 1978, and a PhD in inorganic chemistry from Brown University in 1983. She is a fellow of The Electrochemical Society and the Royal Society of Chemistry, and is currently chair of the Battery Division of ECS. Her main research interests concern materials for rechargeable lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and solid state batteries. She has published approximately 140 peer-reviewed papers on these and related subjects, many in ECS journals.

Statement of Candidacy

Electrochemistry has never been more relevant than today to solving the world’s grand challenges, such as global climate change and water scarcity. This presents a wonderful opportunity for ECS to reach out to the increasing numbers of researchers all around the world interested in solving these problems. While ECS has been my intellectual home since 1991, and ECS meetings and publications the first resources I tap into to keep up with my field, some researchers may not be aware of all that our Society has to offer. It’s my goal to help ECS reach out to electrochemists of every stripe—young and old, those in industry, academia, and national labs, everywhere around the world. The Free the Science campaign, with the ultimate goal of making ECS journals platinum open access (i.e., with no author processing charges), is a step in the right direction. We should continue to modernize our approach to make ECS journals appealing places to publish to all members and those contemplating membership. Likewise, the programs at ECS meetings have always been excellent and attendance is growing. To continue this upward arc, we should assess what gaps there are and try to fill them; for example, how can we generate content that appeals to industry as well as academia? Many (continued on next page)

Stefan De Gendt Sannakaisa Virtanen is professor of surface science and corrosion at the Department of Materials Science of the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nür nberg (FAU), Germany. She studied metallurgy at the Helsinki University of Technology, Finland (MS), and then joined the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Zurich. After receiving her PhD from ETH, she was employed as a senior scientist at the ETH, with research stays at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA, and at McMaster University, Canada. In 1997, she was elected assistant professor at the ETH-Z, Department of Materials, and then joined FAU Erlangen as professor in 2003. In 2006, she was visiting professor at the University of Helsinki (Finland), and in 2008 visiting professor at the Institute of Advanced Energy of the Kyoto University (Japan). Sannakaisa Virtanen has published more than 240 peer-reviewed publications. She is the 2008 recipient of the H.H. Uhlig Award of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE). She was elected chair of the Gordon Research Conference on Aqueous Corrosion in 2016. She was elected a fellow of The Electrochemical Society in 2018. Prof. Virtanen is an active member of ECS and has served the Society in a number of committees, including service in the executive committee of the European section and the Corrosion Division. As chair of the Corrosion Division, she was member of the ECS Board of Directors. She has co-organized numerous symposia at ECS meetings. Her research areas include elucidation of reaction mechanisms at solid/liquid- and solid/gas-interfaces: passivity, oxidation, corrosion, and degradation behavior of advanced metallic materials, as well as their surface modification and functionalization. For this, advanced electrochemical and surface analytical tools are being employed. A strong focus of her recent research activities is on the corrosion behavior of metallic materials used in biomedical applications, including biodegradable metals. (continued on next page)

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IEDM (www.ieee-iedm.org). He is member of ECS DS&T and E&P committees and has been technical editor for the Journal of Solid State Science and Technology from October 2011 until he took up the role of Society Vice President in 2017.

Statement of Candidacy

Advancing science and technology is not just the mission of The Electrochemical Society—it should be the goal of every scientifically educated individual. In the past century, ECS has achieved its goals through encouraging research, dissemination of knowledge, and the education of its members. Education in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) of generations to come is a crucial pillar of our societal responsibility. With a network of over 8,000 scientists and engineers, ECS is invaluable for enriching people’s scientific and professional career. Expanding this membership base on a global level, leaving many opportunities for active participation by young, as well as established researchers from traditional and emerging countries should be our target. We should use our tools for dissemination of knowledge efficiently. Our vibrant conferences should further expand globally and bring science to the people, such that the world has access to updated knowledge and international experience. It is important to maintain and strengthen our publication pillar by raising the impact factor through definition of focus areas, critical reviews, and contributions by the leaders in technological domains. Pivotal in this are our publications and the pioneering role played by Free the Science. Only by opening and democratizing research can science more rapidly advance society. Sustaining further growth in ECS membership is crucial, yet it is equally important to make sure that our members feel engaged with the Society. Encouraging members to participate in conference organization, rewarding outstanding achievements, and bringing together technical experts to discuss emerging and established research will maintain the Society at the forefront of electrochemical and solid state science and technology for many years to come. Strong leadership is a prerequisite to develop content and innovativeness in a changing world, and if elected president, I will serve ECS and its members to the fullest of my capacities. Thank you for your consideration of my candidacy. 21

candidates for societ y office candidates for societ y office (continue d) Gerardine (Gerri) Botte (continued from page 20)

Statement of Candidacy

One of the things that makes me most excited about electrochemical and solid state science and technology is that it is a core platform that has applications in different aspects of our life. While exciting, there is still a lag in education about what electrochemical technologies can do. I believe that the ECS, being the premier solid state and electrochemical science and technology society in the world, will lead a paradigm change mitigating such an educational gap while enabling sustainable education in the field. If elected, I will lead the ECS to expand into programs that can explain to different audiences the importance and the fundamental principles of electrochemistry. For example, programs targeted to the next generation of scholars (STEM), industry, policy makers, and investors. During the biannual meetings, we could find opportunities for all this. Outreach programs can become a continuous event in our ECS biannual meetings to attract the next generation into electrochemical science. Such programs could include our ECS student chapters. Forums and sessions that discuss commercialization aspects of electrochemical-based technologies can become part of our programs and can help reach out to funding agencies, policy makers, and investors. I will help facilitate joint collaborations between the ECS, federal funding agencies, and industry to organize and sponsor symposia on topics regarding frontiers and opportunities for electrochemical technologies. I am fully committed and supportive of the ECS Free the Science effort. If elected, I will work with the ECS and members to raise the resources to minimize the costs burden of open access. It is important to continue to attract young authors to submit their best papers to our journals and to support rising stars in electrochemical and solid state science. If elected, I will help generate resources to increase the number of awards for young authors. In addition, I think it is essential to consider dissemination of knowledge to attract the next generation and to engage industrial and policy makers. With that respect, education-based apps can play a significant role. I will seek partnerships with our members and industrial sponsors to develop such opportunities. I applaud the ECS diversity statement; the symposium on diversity and inclusion at the ECS Atlanta is an example of many other initiatives that can continue. I will lead the ECS to implement the best practices in diversity and inclusion and to seek collaboration with other professional organizations to support these efforts.

The ECS is an integral part of my professional career, it is my family, in which I was accepted and welcomed since I was a student, interacting since then with many distinguished scientists all over the world that today have become my peers and friends. It is an honor for me to be nominated for this position. I am looking forward to growing the ECS family and serving all of you. Adam Z. Weber (continued from page 20)

the Science. Such efforts include increased recognition, publicity, and visibility of member accomplishments (including student chapters); creation of defined honorary symposia; formation of opportunities related to industrial interactions and career guidance with technical and nontechnical masterclasses; and outreach towards the younger scientists across the globe, where an award symposium will be established. We are at a crossroads in terms of metricdriven research and short-term technology versus sustained scientific innovation and open access. I plan to enhance the Journals’ trends of focus issues, perspectives, opinions, and reviews by launching a series of ECS branded publications (including possibly dynamic publishing through ECSArXiv that leverages today’s internet resources) to emphasize those aspects upon which we have core domain knowledge and expertise. I have a deep love for The Electrochemical Society, as it is not only my scientific home, but also a family. It is a rare institution that knows no strong discipline boundaries and involves a melding of industrial, laboratory, and academic researchers. If elected, it is my intention to expand upon this strength by welcoming and increasing diversity throughout our ranks. This is something that I believe in strongly as witnessed by my own research group. I plan to grow the membership of younger scientists and others through leveraging our strong reviewer pool and meeting attendees. Being a National Laboratory scientist and working at leadership positions within different large research efforts affords me a perspective of the opportunity presented when one crosses between science and engineering and academia and industry. These are key traits of ECS that should be heralded and emphasized. Having served on various ECS committees and symposia and speaking to the membership candidly, I understand what needs to be done. It is an honor for me to be nominated for the vice president position, and if elected, I plan to serve ECS and its membership to the best of my abilities.

Marca M. Doeff (continued from previous page)

professional societies now have overlapping interests with those of The Electrochemical Society, but only we are the one-stop shop for electrochemical science—everything from water/energy nexus, batteries and fuel cells, photovoltaics, semi-conductors, corrosion, electrodeposition, and so on. This puts us in a very strong position. It’s an honor and a privilege for me to run for office of secretary of this venerable society, and, if elected, I’ll do my best to ensure the continuing success of ECS. Sannakaisa Virtanen (continued from previous page)

Statement of Candidacy

It is an honor to be nominated for the position of secretary of ECS. As an engaged, long-term member of this prestigious society, it would be a pleasure to further serve the Society and be actively involved in its future development. Since my first ECS experience in Chicago 1988, the yearly ECS meetings became a standard entry in my calendar. Attending first as a speaker, then later as symposium organizer, section and division officer, as well as member of different committees, I had ample opportunity to interface with colleagues from different fields of electrochemistry. In turn, ECS had a strong impact on my professional development: the Society easily gives access to active participation and integration on virtually all society levels, allowing for the development of a strong, international professional network. For me, ECS stands for electrochemistryrelated research and education in energy, sustainability, environment, and health— and other fields of key societal challenges. Therefore, I would be glad to contribute to the near future of ECS in further promoting electrochemical research and education. As a past ECS division chair and member of the Board of Directors, but also as a university professor, I am convinced that professional networks, which trigger and foster critical scientific discussions, are the key for the progress of science. As secretary of ECS I would do my best to serve its members, to maintain and nourish a platform to drive science at the forefront of electrochemical science and technology to tackle the grand challenges of our future.

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236th ECS Meeting Atlanta

October 13-17, 2019

236th Meeting Highlights

ver 2,525 people from 52 countries attended the 236th ECS Meeting in Atlanta, GA, October 13-17, 2019. Attendees chose from 52 symposia, with over 1,900 oral talks and 550 posters, of which 1,026 were student presentations.

Opening Reception The opening reception kicked off the meeting. Held in the Atlanta Hilton, the well-attended Sunday evening social event featured light snacks and an open bar. The lively event offered attendees many opportunities to network.

Plenary Session ECS President Christina Bock welcomed attendees to the meeting during Monday evening’s plenary session, an event that wrapped up the day’s technical sessions, honored award winners, and featured the meeting’s ECS Lecture. Among those award winners, Bock congratulated distinguished Society award winners Shimshon Gottesfeld, recipient of the Olin Palladium Award of the Electrochemical Society, and John W. Weidner, recipient of the Carl Wagner Memorial Award of the Electrochemical Society. Gottesfeld was recognized for over 35 years of work in the field of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), which led to the production of outstanding R,D&E work by several teams of scientists and engineers. “I believe ECS is recognizing the impressive advancements in this field of electrochemistry and, particularly, the scientists and engineers who enabled these advancements culminating in reduction to practice of 100 kW level PEFC power sources for electric vehicles (FCEVs),” said Gottesfeld. “I feel I am receiving this award for the community of key contributors to this field of electrochemistry, and I am honored to represent them here.” Weidner was recognized for the development of mathematical models that predict the behavior of electrochemically active materials, fuel cells, electrolyzers, and batteries, which aid in the design and operation of electrochemical systems, particularly to better understand the effect of volume change on the behavior of batteries.

ECS President Christina Bock presented the opening remarks at the 236th ECS Meeting.

“There are many models in the literature that can predict the electrochemical performance of batteries (e.g., voltage versus time) under a variety of operating (e.g., current) and design (e.g., electrode thickness) conditions. However, existing models do not consider how stresses can build up in the system as the expanding porous electrode is being constrained by the battery casing,” said Weidner, whose predictions show the dimensional and porosity changes in a porous electrode caused by volume changes in the active material during intercalation. Bock and ECS Executive Director and CEO Christopher Jannuzzi went on to present awards to the 2019 Class of ECS Fellows: Joseph Wang, Yushan Yan, Paul J. A. Kenis, Hubert Girault, Masayoshi Watanabe, Alison J. Davenport, Yang-Kook Sun, Takayuki Homma, Vito Di Noto, Thomas J. Schmidt, Larry Nagahara, Mike Perry, Flavio Maran, Jun Liu, and Alok M. Srivastava. Bock thanked the meeting sponsors and ECS’s institutional members for their continued support and commitment to ECS.

The ECS Lecture Valerie Browning has served as the director of DARPA’s Defense Sciences Office (DSO) since December 2017. She has over 35 years of experience in managing and executing defense-related research and development (R&D). Her ECS Lecture, “DARPA Advances in Electrochemistry and Solid State Science and Technology,” provided insight on how DARPA programs—created to produce breakthrough technologies and capabilities for national security—are generated and future areas of interest that might be on the horizon. “DARPA’s relationship with the R&D community has been and will continue to be crucial in achieving breakthrough innovations. It is important that researchers interested in supporting the DARPA mission understand how the agency works and how to engage our program managers in order to continue to build and support a healthy R&D ecosystem for national security,” said Browning. (continued on next page)

Valerie Browning delivered the ECS Lecture during the plenary session.

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(continued from previous page) She highlighted past and current DSO investments in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology, which have led to the improved performance of energy storage, propulsion, structural and functional materials, platform survivability in harsh environments, and other applications. As for the future, Browning says DARPA is looking to develop the next generation of artificial intelligence technologies that will help transform machines from human tools to collaborative human partners; as well as innovative new materials, coatings, and architectures to improve platform operation and survivability in harsh environments and conditions; among others.

40 Years After: A Symposium on Diversity Forty years ago, Joan Berkowitz became the first female president of The Electrochemical Society. In honor of the groundbreaking milestone, ECS hosted, “40 Years After: A Symposium on Diversity,” which not only celebrated the past, but also looked towards the future, encouraging conversations and examining ways to promote the continued support of not only women in the sciences, but diversity and inclusiveness overall. The symposium offered a platform for researchers of all backgrounds to share technical information as well as their experiences in academia, industry, and national laboratories. A panel session included speakers from a variety of backgrounds as well, who shared their personal experiences and work they have done to advance diversity in science. Panelists included: Ester Takeuchi, Jesus Soriano Molla, Kathy Ayres, Roque Calvo, and Carrie G. Shepler. In addition, the symposium consisted of several invited guest speakers and talks, including: • R. Rincon from the Society of Women Engineers: “National Science Foundation Innovation Programs” • J. S. Molla from the National Science Foundation: “Gender Bias in STEM Workplaces” • E. S. Takeuchi from Brookhaven National Lab, K. J. Takeuchi from Stony Brook University, and A. C. Marschilok from Brookhaven National Lab: “Batteries to Power Implantable Medical Devices: Development and Inspiration” • K. J. Hanson from AT&T (retired): “Finding Creativity and Balance in a Technical Career” • R. Calvo, The Electrochemical Society (retired): “Four Decades of Diversification and Progress at ECS.”

Joan Berkowitz, the first female ECS president, with current ECS president, Christina Bock. 24

ECS Data Science Showcase The 236th ECS Meeting featured the ECS Data Science Showcase, an event that highlighted new electrochemical and solid state research, and the open-source software and datasets that underpin the work. The event was led by the University of Washington team that brought you ECS Data Sciences Hack Day (fall 2017) and ECS Data Sciences Hack Week (spring 2018): Daniel Schwartz, the BoeingSutter Professor of Chemical Engineering and director of the Clean Energy Institute at the University of Washington; David Beck, senior data scientist with the eSciences Institute at the University of Washington and associate director of the NSF Data Intensive Research Enabling CleanTech PhD training program; and Matthew Murbach, past president of the ECS University of Washington Student Chapter and advanced data sciences PhD trainee. Talks were accompanied by demonstrations on how others can access, use, modify, and improve the open-source tools and data associated with research projects.

Matthew Murbach presents during the Data Science Showcase.

Award Highlights Two Society awards were presented during the plenary session. The Carl Wagner Memorial Award of the Electrochemical Society was presented to John W. Weidner. Weidner is the dean of the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences at the University of Cincinnati. The Carl Wagner Memorial Award of the Electrochemical Society was established in 1980 to recognize mid-career achievement, excellence in research areas of interest to the Society, and significant contributions in the teaching or guidance of students or colleagues in education, industry, or government. The award address, “Mathematical Modeling of Electrochemical Systems,” highlighted the development of mathematical models that predict the behavior of electrochemically active materials, fuel cells, electrolyzers, and batteries, which aid in the design and operation of electrochemical systems, particularly to better understand the effect of volume change on the behavior of batteries. Weidner has received countless other Society awards. As a graduate student, Weidner received an ECS Energy Research Summer Fellowship and the ECS Battery Division Student Research Award for his dissertation work on the nickel electrode. In 2010, he received the ECS Energy Technology Division Research Award for his work on his patented PEM electrolyzer for the large-scale production of hydrogen from gaseous SO2 as part of the hybrid sulfur process. Weidner has been active in ECS for over 30 years, including as past chair of the Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering (IE&EE) Division and as a member-at-large of the IE&EE, Energy Technology, and Battery Divisions. He currently The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

John W. Weidner, recipient of the Carl Wagner Memorial Award of The Electrochemical Society.

Shimshon Gottesfeld, recipient of the Olin Palladium Award of The Electrochemical Society.

serves on the Interface Advisory Board. He was the inaugural editor of ECS Transactions and technical editor for the electrochemical engineering topical interest area for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. He is a fellow of ECS and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). Weidner has published 113 refereed journal articles and contributed to over 200 technical presentations in the field of electrochemical engineering. His research group created novel synthesis routines for battery materials and electrocatalysts, and used a variety of electroanalytical techniques and developed sophisticated mathematical models to advance the fields of electrochemical reactors, advanced batteries, electrochemical capacitors, fuel cells, and electrolyzers. The Olin Palladium Award of The Electrochemical Society was presented to Shimshon Gottesfeld. Gottesfeld is an adjunct professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering of the University of Delaware and founder of Fuel Cell Consulting, LLC. He has 30 years of experience in leading fuel cell technology projects, resulting in world-wide recognized contributions to the science and state-of-theart polymer electrolyte and direct methanol fuel cells. The Olin Palladium Award of The Electrochemical Society was established in 1950 to recognize distinguished contributions to the field of electrochemical or corrosion science. The award address, “Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells: Recognition of a Field of Electrochemistry for Technical Contributions Made by Outstanding Technical Teams,” highlighted Gottesfeld’s work in the field of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), which led to the production of outstanding R,D&E work by several teams of scientists and engineers. His talk also offered a brief survey of PEFC technology highlights over the past 35 years, as well as commentary on the dynamics of PEFC science and technology development. Gottesfeld obtained his DSc in chemistry in 1970 from the Technion–Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, Israel, and joined the staff of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Tel Aviv in 1972. He spent an extended sabbatical leave between 1977 and 1979 at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey. In 1984, he came to Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) on sabbatical leave, and in 1987, he became the technical project leader for the LANL Fuel Cell Research Project. Gottesfeld also initiated and directed LANL R&D work on ultracapacitors. In 1999, Gottesfeld was appointed Laboratory Fellow at LANL. Gottesfeld became an ECS fellow in 1999. In 2007, he coinitiated a new start-up, Cellera (Israel), targeting the development of hydroxide conducting membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs). Additionally, he received several awards, including the Grove Medal for Fuel Cell Science and Technology (2006) and the George Schuit Lectureship Award from the Catalysis Center at the University of Delaware (2014).

Gottesfeld has published over 150 articles and several book chapters and holds 40 patents, with 10 more pending. He served as officer and chair of the division formerly known as the ECS Physical Electrochemistry Division (now known as the ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division). In conclusion, nine division awards were presented throughout the meeting: • The Battery Division Research Award was presented to Khalil Amine of Stanford University and Argonne National Laboratory. • The Battery Division Technology Award was presented to Yi Cui of Stanford University. • The Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award was presented to Linqin Mu of Virginia Tech and Minghao Zhang of the University of California, San Diego. • The Battery Division Student Research Award was presented to Léo Duchêne of Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Peter Attia of Stanford University. • The Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award was presented to Alison J. Davenport of the University of Birmingham. • The Corrosion Division Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award was presented to Aria Kahyarian of the Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Flow Technology. • The Electrodeposition Division Research Award was presented to Krishnan Rajeshwar of the University of Texas at Arlington. • The Electrodeposition Division Early Career Investigator Award was presented to Myung Jun Kim of Duke University. • The High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes Division J. Bruce Wagner, Jr. Award was presented to Nicola H. Perry of Kyushu University.

Z01 General Student Poster Session There was a great turnout this year for student posters. The Z01 General Student Poster Session featured 111 posters. The winners of the Society-sponsored poster session are listed below. • 1st Place ($1,500 cash award): Ramchandra Gawas, Drexel University, “Ionic Liquid Composite Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction.” • 2nd Place ($1,000 cash award): Thomas Lee Spencer, Georgia Institute of Technology, “Optimal BioInspired Sniffing for Improved E-Nose Detection.” • 3rd Place ($500 cash award): Junpei Koike, Green Hydrogen Research Center, Yokohama National University, “The Effect of Flow Field Property in Toluene Direct Electro-Hydrogenation Electrolyzer.” (continued on next page)

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(continued from previous page) The following ECS division members served as student poster judges. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Andreas Bund, Technische Universitat Ilmenau Vimal Chaitanya, New Mexico State University Stefan De Gendt, K U Leuven, imec Dong Ding, Idaho National Laboratory Vito Di Noto, Deptartment of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova Andrew Campion Hillier, Ames Laboratory Yoshinao Hoshi, Tokyo University of Science Adriana Ispas, Technische Universität Ilmenau Hemanth Jagannathan, IBM Corporation Research Center Shrisudersan Jayaraman, Corning Incorporated Xingbo Liu, U.S. DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory Milad Navaei, Georgia Tech Research Institute Yaw Obeng, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Michelle Rasmussen, Lebanon Valley College Diane Smith, San Diego State University John Staser, Ohio University Eiji Tada, Tokyo Institute of Technology Gang Wu. University at Buffalo, the State University of New York Kang C. Xu, United States Army Research Laboratory

Z01 General Student Poster Session winners (left to right): Ramchandra Gawas, Thomas Lee Spencer, and Junpei Koike.

ECS thanks the faculty advisors and divisions for their support of the session.

Sponsors ECS thanks our meeting sponsors for the generous and continued support! Gold

Silver

Bronze

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SOFC-XVI International Symposia on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells The SOFC-XVI International Symposia took place in Kyoto, Japan, on September 8-13, 2019. The Electrochemical Society HighTemperature Energy, Materials, and Processes Division and The Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) Society of Japan have organized the international SOFC symposia together since 1989. Over 400 participants gathered to discuss cutting-edge SOFC-SOEC (solid oxide electrolysis cells) technology, making it the largest scientific and technological SOFC-SOEC symposium series in the world. Koichi Eguchi, Kyoto University, and ECS Fellow Subhash Singhal, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, chaired the meeting. The 290+ papers presented at SOFC-XVI are published in ECS Transactions. At SOFC-XVI, H-Temp Division’s Subhash Singhal Award was presented to Singhal himself. Singhal is a founder of the international SOFC symposia series, which he has organized for more than 30 years. The award recognizes and honors his seminal and long lasting contributions to the science and technology of solid oxide fuel cells. At the SOFC-XVI banquet, Singhal presented a plaque from ECS to Masayuki Dokiya’s widow, Yukiko, thanking the family for their generous contribution in Masayuki’s memory. The gift made possible the creation of the ECS Dokiya Fund in 2004. From 2004 to 2019, 128 students and early career scientists received Dokiya Fund Travel Grants to attend ECS and other related meetings around the world in pursuit of electrochemical science and technology to benefit mankind.

SOFC-XVII will take place from July 18-23, 2021 in Stockholm, Sweden. The chairs are Eric Wachsman, University of Maryland, and Teruhisa Horita, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). A larger number of papers and participants are expected. Participants are welcome to SOFC-XVII to advance SOFC-SOEC science and technology, and to facilitate the market introduction of technology.

Caption: Japanese traditional dancers at the SOFC-XVI banquet with (left to right) Tatsumi Ishihara, Mark C. Williams, Subhash Singhal, Eric Wachsman, and Teruhisa Horita. Photo: Teruhisa Horita

Next Generation Electrochemistry 2019: Diversity in Electrochemistry The Electrochemistry Society Chicago Section and the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) hosted the fourth edition of Next Generation Electrochemistry (NGenE) from June 3-7, 2019. Nine worldrenowned experts and 37 advanced graduate students and postdocs discussed research frontiers in electrochemistry. NGenE faculty delivered a high-level overview of the current body of knowledge and highlighted critical gaps preventing transformative advances. Applications of electrochemistry in scientific fields from batteries to the detection of neurological processes were covered. The overarching message was that solving certain fundamental questions could impact a notable number of diverse fields and create opportunities for crosspollination of approaches between fields. They also discussed the

most modern approaches to understanding electrochemistry. Lectures were supplemented by demonstrations of cutting-edge tools such as UIC’s in situ electron microscopy, and a one-day visit to the Argonne National Laboratory. Participants networked at social events, a discussion of careers in electrochemistry, and a poster session. Working in teams, students developed a document and presentation describing their perception of the most crucial question facing future generations of electrochemists. NGenE 2019 was sponsored by BioLogic USA and Garmy Instruments, and endorsed by ECS and the Materials Research Society. The organizing team is looking ahead and planning NGenE 2020, scheduled at UIC from June 1-5, 2020. Contact the program director at jcabana@uic.edu to provide your input in shaping the critical features of the program, which focuses on fundamental aspects of electrochemical science.

Participants from NGenE 2019. Photo: Thomas Lipsmeyer The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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The ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowship The ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowship—a partnership between The Electrochemical Society and Toyota Research Institute of North America, a division of Toyota Motor North America— was founded in 2014. The program’s goal is to encourage young professors and scholars to pursue innovative electrochemical research in green energy technology. Through this fellowship, ECS and Toyota hope to see further innovative and unconventional technologies borne from electrochemical research. Since the program’s founding, almost $750,000 in fellowships has been awarded to 16 scientists.

“

ECS thanks Toyota for its support and visionary investment in green energy technology innovations. For more information, please contact: Shannon C. Reed, MBA Director of Community Engagement ECS – The Electrochemical Society Shannon.Reed@electrochem.org

”

The ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowship has helped me to not only fund the work, but the support has been both motivating and rewarding. —Kimberly See, 2018-2019 ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellow

The ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowship Recipients 2019–2020 Jennifer L. Schaefer “Use of Liquid-Free, Deformable Electrolytes in Lithium Metal Batteries with Porous Anodes”

Neil Dasgupta “Multi-Modal Operando Analysis of LithiumSolid Electrolyte Interfaces”

Nemanja Danilovic “Emerging Interfacial Phenomena at Pt@C/ ionomer Interface at 120C and Anhydrous Conditions”

Kelsey Hatzell “Tracking Ion Transport Pathways and Hybrid Solid Electrolytes”

Zhenhua Zeng “Towards Overcoming Scaling Rules and Durability Challenges of Low-PGM ORR Catalysts”

2018–2019 Kimberly See “Structural Distortions in Multi-Electron Cathodes for High Capacity Batteries”

Iryna Zenyuk “Addressing the Activation Over-potential in Fuel Cell Cathodes”

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socie t y ne ws 2017–2018 Ahmet Kusoglu “Ionomer Composites with Active SelfReinforcement”

Julie Renner “Self-assembled Templates for Ultra-high Utilization of Noble Metals in Electrolysis Membrane Electrode Assemblies”

Shuhui Sun “Rational Design of Highly Active and Stable Pt-free Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells in Vehicles”

2016–2017 Elizabeth Biddinger “Electrochemical Safety Switch Using Switchable Electrolytes”

Joaquin Rodriguez Lopez “Achieving the Ultimate Performance of Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts via Programmable Electronic Control of Surface Reactivity”

Joshua Snyder “Electrocatalytic Interface Engineering to Address Scaling Relations in MultiIntermediate Electrochemical Reactions”

2015–2016 Patrick Cappillino “Mushroom-derived Natural Products as Flow Battery Electrolytes”

Yogesh (Yogi) Surendranath “Methanol Electrosynthesis at Carbon-Supported Molecular Active Sites”

David Go “Plasma Electrochemistry: A New Approach to Green Electrochemistry”

Request for Proposals for the 2020–2021 ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowships RFP issued in November 2019, with a deadline for proposal submission of January 31, 2020. Candidates will be interviewed in February and March 2020, with the recipients approved in May and June 2020. The fellowship timeframe is September 1, 2020 through August 31, 2021.

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Update on ECS Journals ECS publishes focus issues of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) and the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS) that highlight scientific and technological areas of current interest and future promise. These issues are handled by a prestigious group of technical editors and guest editors, and all submissions undergo the same rigorous peer review as papers in the regular issues. All focus issue papers are published open access at no cost to the authors. ECS waives the article processing charge for all authors of focus issue papers as part of the Society’s ongoing Free the Science initiative.

Current and Upcoming Focus Issues The following issues are currently in production with many papers published online in the ECS Digital Library. • JSS Focus Issue on Recent Advances in Wide Bandgap IIINitride Devices and Solid State Lighting: A Tribute to Isamu Akasaki. [JSS 9(1) 2020] Kailash Mishra, JSS technical editor; Hiroshi Amano, John Collins, Jung Han, Won Bin Im, Michael Kneissl, Tae-Yeon Seong, Anant Setlur, Tadek Suski, and Eugeniusz Zych, guest editors. • JES Focus Issue on Mathematical Modeling of Electrochemical Systems at Multiple Scales in Honor of Richard Alkire. [JES 167(1) 2020] Venkat Subramanian, former JES technical editor and lead guest editor; John Weidner, Perla Balbuena, Adam Weber, Venkat Srinivasan, guest editors; John Harb, JES technical editor. • JES Focus Issue on Sensor Reviews. [JES 167(3) 2020] Ajit Khosla, JES technical editor; Nick Wu, Peter Hesketh, Muthukumaram Packirisamy, Praveen Kumar Sekhar, Aicheng Chen, Shekhar Bhansali, Jessica Koehne, Larry Nagahara, Thomas Thundat, Netz Arroyo, Kumkum Ahmed, Trisha Andrew, Rangachary Mukundan, and Jeffrey Halpern, guest editors. • JES Focus Issue on Heterogeneous Functional Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage. [JES 167(5) 2020] Thomas Fuller, Doron Aurbach, David Cliffel, JES technical editors; Wilson Chiu, Vito Di Noto, Srikanth Gopalan, Nian Liu, and Alice Suroviec, guest editors. • JES Focus Issue on Challenges in Novel Electrolytes, Organic Materials, and Innovative Chemistries for Batteries in Honor of Michel Armand. [JES 167(7) 2020] Doron Aurbach, JES technical editor; Dominique Guyomard, lead guest editor; Vito Di Noto, Maria Forsyth, Philippe Poizot, Teofilo Rojo, and Karim Zaghib, guest editors; Brett Lucht, JES associate editor and guest editor. The following focus issues are open for submissions. Manuscripts may be submitted at www.electrochem.org/submit:

• JSS Focus Issue on Gallium Oxide Based Materials and Devices II. [JSS 9(7) 2020] Fan Ren, JSS technical editor; Steve Pearton, Jihyun Kim, Alexander Polyakov, Holger von Wenckstern, Rajendra Singh, and Xing Lu, guest editors. Accepting submissions on December 26, 2019; submission deadline is March 25, 2020. Upcoming focus issues include: • JSS Focus Issue on Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines, and Supramolecular Assemblies in Honor of Karl M. Kadish. [JSS 9 2020] Francis D’Souza, JSS technical editor; Dirk Guldi, Robert Paolesse, and Tomas Torres, guest editors. Accepting submissions on March 2, 2020; submission deadline is May 31, 2020. • JSS Focus Issue on Solid-State Materials and Devices for Biological and Medical Applications. [JSS 9(11) 2020] Fan Ren, JSS technical editor; Yu-Lin Wang, Toshiya Sakata, Zong-Hong Lin, and Wenzhuo Wu, guest editors. Accepting submissions on April 2, 2020; submission deadline is July 1, 2020. • JES Focus Issue on Organic and Inorganic Molecular Electrochemistry. [JES 167(15) 2020] Janine Mauzeroll, JES technical editor; John-Paul Lumb, Song Lin, John Harb, and Matthew Graaf, guest editors. Accepting submissions on April 9, 2020; submission deadline is July 8, 2020. • JES Focus Issue on IMCS 2020 [JES 167/168 2020-2021] Ajit Khosla, JES technical editor; Peter Hesketh, Steve Semancik, Udo Weimar, Yasuhiro Shimizu, Joseph Stetter, Gary Hunter, Joseph Wang, Xiangqun Zeng, Sheikh Akbar, Muthukumaran Packirisamy, and Rudra Pratap, guest editors. Accepting submissions on May 4, 2020; submission deadline is August 12, 2020. • JSS Focus Issue on 2D Layered Materials: From Fundamental Science to Applications. Peter Mascher, JSS technical editor.

• JES Focus Issue on Battery Safety, Reliability, and Mitigation. [JES 167(9) 2020] Doron Aurbach, JES technical editor; Bor Yann Liaw and Thomas Barrera, guest editors. Submission deadline is February 12, 2020.

To see the calls for papers for upcoming focus issues, for links to the published issues, or if you would like to propose a future focus issue, visit www.electrochem.org/focusissues. 30

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Editorial Board Appointments for ECS Journals David E. Cliffel recently has been reappointed as a technical editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Cliffel handles manuscripts submitted to the physical and analytical electrochemistry, electrocatalysis, and photoelectrochemistry topical interest area. He is a professor of chemistry and Cornelius Vanderbilt Chair at Vanderbilt University. His specialties include VINSE, analytical chemistry, VICB, chemical biology, electronanalytical chemistry, nanoparticle biomimics, and bioanalytical chemistry. Janine Mauzeroll recently has been reappointed as a technical editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Mauzeroll handles manuscripts submitted to the organic and bioelectrochemistry topical interest area. She is a professor of chemistry at McGill University. Her specialties include electrochemistry, materials science, corrosion, data analysis, and numerical simulation. Rohan Akolkar recently has been appointed as an associate editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Akolkar handles manuscripts submitted to the electrochemical/ electroless deposition topical interest area. He is a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at Case Western Reserve University. His research in electrochemistry and electrodeposition reaches such applications as batteries, corrosion protection, semiconductor devices, and electrometallurgy.

Upcoming ECS Sponsored Meetings In addition to the ECS biannual meetings and ECS satellite conferences, ECS, its divisions, and its sections sponsor meetings and symposia of interest to the technical audience ECS serves. The following is a partial list of upcoming sponsored meetings. Please visit the ECS website (www.electrochem.org/upcoming-meetings) for a list of all sponsored meetings.

2021 • Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 17 (SOFC-XVII), July 18-23, 2021 – Stockholm, Sweden, The Brewery Conference Center

To learn more about what an ECS sponsorship could do for your meeting, including information on publishing proceeding volumes for sponsored meetings, or to request an ECS sponsorship of your technical event, please contact ecs@electrochem.org.

Thierry Brousse recently has been reappointed as an associate editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Brousse handles manuscripts submitted to the batteries and energy storage topical interest area. He is the vice dean in charge of innovation at the University of Nantes, Polytech Nantes/Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel. His specialties include energy storage, materials, electrochemistry, electrical engineering, thin films, cyclic voltammetry, nanocomposites, material characterization, and nanomaterials.

Silver/Silver Sulfate Reference Electrode Stable reference For Chloride Free Investigations

Nae-Lih (Nick) Wu recently has been reappointed as an associate editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Wu handles manuscripts submitted to the batteries and energy storage topical interest area. He is a distinguished professor of chemical engineering at National Taiwan University. His current research is in electrochemical energy materials and nanomaterials.

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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New Division Officers The election results are in for the new ECS division officers. These officials will serve from the fall of 2019 until the spring of 2021.

Electrodeposition

Chair Philippe Vereecken, IMEC Vice Chair Natasa Vasiljevic, University of Bristol Secretary Luca Magagnin, Politecnico di Milano Treasurer Andreas Bund, Technische Universitat Ilmenau Division Past Chair Stanko Brankovic, University of Houston Journals Editorial Board Representative Charles Hussey, University of Mississippi Members-at-Large Rohan Akolkar, Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences Antoine Allanore, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massimo Innocenti, Universita degli Studi di Firenze Toshiyuki Nohira, Kyoto University High-Temperature Energy, Materials and Processes

Chair Paul Gannon, Montana State University Senior Vice Chair Sean Bishop, Redox Power Systems Junior Vice Chair Cortney Kreller, Los Alamos National Laboratory Secretary/Treasurer Xingbo Liu, West Virginia University Past Chair Greg Jackson, Colorado School of Mines Journals Editorial Board Representative Raymond Gorte, University of Pennsylvania Members-at-Large Stuart Adler, University of Washington Mark Allendorf, Sandia National Laboratories Frank Chen, University of South Carolina Zhe Cheng, Florida International University Wilson Chiu, University of Connecticut Dong Ding, Idaho National Laboratory Jeffrey Fergus, Auburn University Fernando Garzon, University of New Mexico Srikanth Gopalan, Boston University

Get your

Turgut Gur, Stanford University Teruhisa Horita, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tatsuya Kawada, Tohoku University Kang Taek Lee, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology Olga Marina, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Torsten Markus, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences Nguyen Minh, University of California San Diego Jason Nicholas, Michigan State University Elizabeth Opila, University of Virginia Nicola Perry, University of Illinois Sandrine Ricote, Colorado School of Mines Jennifer Rupp, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Subhash Singhal, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Hitoshi Takamura, Tohoku University Jianhua Tong, Clemson University Enrico Traversa, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Eric Wachsman, University of Maryland Leta Woo, CoorsTek Sensors Bilge Yildiz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Xiao-Dong Zhou, University of Louisiana at Lafayette

Luminescence and Display Materials

Chair Jakoah Brgoch, University of Houston Vice Chair Rong-Jun Xie, Xiamen University Treasurer Eugeniusz Zych, Uniwersytet Wroclawski Division Past Chair Mikhail Brik, University of Tartu Journals Editorial Board Representative Kailash Mishra Members-at-Large Tetsuhiko Isobe, Keio University Ru-Shi Liu, National Taiwan University Joanna McKittrick, University of California San Diego Kazuyoshi Ogasawara, Kwansei Gakuin University Alan Piquette, OSRAM Opto Semiconductors Dirk Poelman, Universiteit Ghent Alok Srivastava, Srivastava Consulting LLC

ORCID iD today!

Visit orcid.org to register. 32

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ECS Division Contacts High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes

Battery

Marca Doeff, Chair Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory mmdoeff@lbl.gov • 510.486.5821 (US) Y. Shirley Ming, Vice Chair Brett Lucht, Secretary Jie Xiao, Treasurer Doron Aurbach, Journals Editorial Board Representative Corrosion

Masayuki Itagaki, Chair Tokyo University of Science itagaki@rs.noda.tus.ac.jp • 471229492 (JP) James Noël, Vice Chair Dev Chidambaram, Secretary/Treasurer Gerald Frankel, Journals Editorial Board Representative Dielectric Science and Technology

Vimal Chaitanya, Chair New Mexico State University vimalc@nmsu.edu • 575.635.1406 (US) Peter Mascher, Vice Chair Uros Cvelbar, Secretary Zhi David Chen, Treasurer Peter Mascher, Journals Editorial Board Representative Electrodeposition

Philippe Vereecken, Chair IMEC philippe.vereecken@imec.be • +32474173110 Natasa Vasiljevic, Vice Chair Luca Magagnin, Secretary Andreas Bund, Treasurer Takayuki Homma, Journals Editorial Board Representative Electronics and Photonics

Junichi Murota, Chair Tohoku University murota@riec.tohoku.ac.jp • +81.222173913 (JP) Yu-Lin Wang, Vice Chair Jennifer Hite, 2nd Vice Chair Qiliang Li, Secretary Robert Lynch, Treasurer Fan Ren, Journals Editorial Board Representative Jennifer Bardwell, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Paul Gannon, Chair Montana State University Bozeman pgannon@montana.edu • 406.994.7380 Sean Bishop, Senior Vice Chair Cortney Kreller, Junior Vice Chair Xingbo Liu, Secretary/Treasurer Raymond Gorte, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

John Staser, Chair Ohio University staser@ohio.edu • 740.593.1443 (US) Shrisudersan Jayaraman, Vice Chair Maria Inman, Secretary/Treasurer John Harb, Journals Editorial Board Representative Luminescence and Display Materials

Jakoah Brgoch, Chair University of Houston jbrgoch@central.uh.edu • 713.743.6233 Rong-Jun Xie, Vice Chair Eugeniusz Zych, Treasurer Kailash Mishra, Journals Editorial Board Representative Nanocarbons

Slava Rotkin Pennsylvania State University rotkin@psu.edu • 814.863.3087 (US) Hiroshi Imahori, Vice Chair Olga Boltalina, Secretary R. Bruce Weisman, Treasurer Francis D’Souza, Journals Editorial Board Representative Organic and Biological Electrochemistry

Diane Smith, Chair San Diego State University dksmith@mail.sdsu.edu • 619.594.4839 (US) Sadagopan Krishnan, Vice Chair Song Lin, Secretary/Treasurer Janine Mauzeroll, Journals Editorial Board Representative Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

Energy Technology

Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Chair University of Nevada Reno ravisv@unr.edu • 775.784.4686 (US) William Mustain, Vice Chair Katherine Ayers, Secretary Minhua Shao, Treasurer Xiao-Dong Zhou, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Petr Vanýsek, Chair Northern Illinois University pvanysek@gmail.com • 815.753.1131 (US) Andrew Hillier, Vice Chair Stephen Paddison, Secretary Anne Co, Treasurer David Cliffel, Journals Editorial Board Representative Sensor

Ajit Khosla, Chair Yamagata University khosla@gmail.com • 080.907.44765 (JP) Jessica Koehne, Vice Chair Larry Nagahara, Secretary Praveen Sekhar, Treasurer Ajit Khosla, Journals Editorial Board Representative The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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Division News First Golden Prize Award Young Researchers on Dielectric Science and Technology For the first time, the ECS Dielectric Science and Technology (DS&T) Division distributed the Golden Prize Award at a new symposium at the 236th ECS Meeting. Young Scientists on Fundamentals and Applications of Dielectrics is the inaugural symposium in a planned series. The goal is to provide a unique forum for senior PhD students and early career researchers to present papers related to all areas of dielectric science and materials. Of particular interest are new materials and designs, theoretical and experimental aspects of inorganic and organic dielectric materials, growth processes, bulk and inter-facial properties, electric and ionic transport, porous dielectrics, and thin and ultra-thin films. Thomas Kinsey from the University of Tennessee, and Martin Košiček from Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, shared the Golden Prize award for outstanding research achievements. Kinsey’s paper was titled: “A Dielectric and Vibrational Spectroscopy Study of the Confinement Effects on Ion Dynamics in a Methacrylate Based Polymerized Ionic Liquid within Nanoporous Silica Membranes.” Košiček presented “Manipulation of a Single Crystal Nanowire on an Atomic Level.” Abstracts of their talks are included in the online 236th ECS Meeting program. ECS thanks Lam Research for generously sponsoring the award.

The first ECS Golden Prize Award Young Researchers on Dielectric Science and Technology were given at the 236th ECS Meeting. From left to right: Vimal H. Chaitanya, DS&T Chair; Thomas Kinsely, award winner; Martin Kosicek, award winner; and Yaw Obeng, past DS&T Chair. Photo: Uros Cvelbar.

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Read more about the new features of the PAT-Cell at www.el-cell.com

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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Division News Battery Division Celebrates Awards During the 236th ECS Meeting in Atlanta, the Battery Division celebrated quite a few awards. They would like to thank their long-term dedicated sponsors and supporters. In addition, they would like to offer their sincere congratulations to the winners of these awards.

The Battery Division Research Award was presented to Dr. Khalil Amine (Argonne National Lab, USA). Battery Division Chair Dr. Marca Doeff presented the award. Photo: Shirley Meng

The Battery Division Student Research Award Sponsored by Mercedes-Benz Research & Development was presented by Battery Division Chair Dr. Marca Doeff. There were two awardees for this category: Peter Attia (Stanford University, USA, left in photo) and Leo Duchene (EMPA, Switzerland, right in photo). Photo: Shirley Meng

The Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family was presented to two awardees at the Battery Division Business Luncheon: Dr. Minghao Zhang (UC San Diego, USA, left in photo) and Dr. Linqin Mu (Virginia Tech, USA, right in photo). Dr. Xiaoping Jiang (President, MTI) congratulated the awardees. Photo: Shirley Meng

The Battery Division Travel Award Sponsored by Dr. K.M. Abraham was presented to two awardees by Dr. K.M. Abraham (center of photo). He congratulated Yifei Yuan (University of Illinois, Chicago, USA, left in photo) and Graham Leverick (MIT, USA, right in photo). Photo: Shirley Meng

Did

you know? The Battery Division Technology Award was presented to Dr. Yi Cui (Sanford University, USA). Battery Division Chair Dr. Marca Doeff presented the award. Photo: Marca Doeff

You can belong to more than one primary division! Join Additional Primary Divisions!

www.electrochem.org/divisions

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Winter 2019 â&#x20AC;˘ www.electrochem.org

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Staff News Mary Beth Schwartz joined ECS as Publications Specialist/Interface Production Editor in September 2019. In this role, she is responsible for the production and dissemination of Interface consistent with ECS goals, objectives, and policies. She will provide assistance in the management of ECS Publications by performing various duties related to journals/ECST production and data collection and analysis, specifically with respect to publications usage statistics. What inspired Mary Beth to work at ECS was her love of science, writing, and the rich history of the Society. Mary Beth has a strong and varied experience in publishing. It all began with her own class newspaper in elementary school. At Kutztown University, her alma mater, she wrote for the student paper. Soon came a bridal magazine internship, stringing for local newspapers, and a break in corporate communications for New York Life Insurance. She traded the train ride to Manhattan for pumps, valves, and flowmeters with the monthly engineering publication Flow Control. For the next 15 years, Mary Beth managed home and garden magazines, construction industry pubs, and regionals. Today you can find her busy at her desk writing features, blogs, Facebook posts, and web content. Beth Craanen, director of publications said, “We are thrilled to welcome Mary Beth to the ECS team. She brings a background and experience critical to advancing the goals and priorities of our magazine. I’m excited to see what she’ll bring to ECS publications as we look to the future.”

Yue Kuo Visits Cape Town, South Africa Former ECS President (2018-2019) Yue Kuo visited Cape Town, South Africa in August to attend the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) Conference and meet with ECS Cape Town University (CTU) Student Chapter members. At the ISE conference, he met many ECS members—including past and present officers— who are active members of both societies. Many meeting participants were from Eastern and Central European countries. Kuo invited these attendees to join ECS meetings; however, many felt the U.S. was too far of a travel destination. Kuo met CTU Student Chapter members and faculty at the ISE meeting and during his visit to the university campus. CTU has large electrochemistry research centers. The chapter members were very interested in his presentation at the university on ECS’s history and current status. He also discussed his own research, introducing solid state science and technology to members who do not have access to this kind of research, but do have some activities using similar concepts. The participants were excited and appreciated the visit very much. The UCT Student Chapter is planning a topical conference on hydrogen-related electrochemistry. Kuo encouraged them to apply for ECS technical sponsorship, which would allow them to include the ECS name and logo on their program. ECS also would help them promote the event. A lot of excellent South African research is not well known because it is so far from the American continent and Asian countries. For example, their coal-related energy research, metallurgy, and mining work are world class. Electrochemistry is critical to these fields. The world’s first heart transplant was performed at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town. Kuo sees many opportunities for ECS involvement in conferences on related topics—and the opportunity to recruit new members in the region.

Renewal Reminder ECS encourages institutional members to renew their membership before the end of 2019. The institutional membership program provides academic, government, and industry partners access to research and the ECS community. Program benefits also include discounts on subscriptions, along with advertising, sponsorship, and exhibiting discounts for ECS biannual meetings. ECS’s 50 institutional members have more than 300 member representatives. These representatives receive all ECS member benefits, including access to the ECS Digital Library and member pricing.

Yue Kuo with ECS University of Cape Town Student Chapter members. Photo: Rhiyaad Mohamed

Contact Anna.Olsen@electrochem.org

to renew your institutional membership or inquire about the benefits of institutional membership for your organization.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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websites of note by Alice H. Suroviec

Nanowerk • Nanowerk’s goal is to educate, inform and inspire about nanosciences, nanotechnologies, and other emerging technologies. They add over 100 news articles every week. The site also hosts the Nanomaterials Database,™ a free powerful tool for the nanotechnology community to research nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, or quantum dots from over 180 suppliers worldwide. Currently, the database contains over 2,900 nanomaterials. Finally, the site hosts the nanoJOBS free job posting service for employers. www.nanowerk.com

Project Implicit • Project Implicit is a non-profit organization and international collaboration between researchers who are interested in implicit social cognition—thoughts and feelings outside of conscious awareness and control. The goal is to education the public about hidden biases. There are many different Implicit Bias Tests to look at and learn about what hidden bias is and how it can inform choices. www.implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/research/

About the Author

Alice Suroviec is a professor of bioanalytical chemistry and chair of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Berry College. She earned a BS in chemistry from Allegheny College in 2000. She received her PhD from Virginia Tech in 2005 under the direction of Mark R. Anderson. Her research focuses on enzymatically modified electrodes for use as biosensors. She is an associate editor for the physical and analytical electrochemistry, electrocatalysis, and photoelectrochemistry topical interest area of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Suroviec also is the chair of the PAE Division. She may be reached at asuroviec@berry.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9252-2468

In the

issue of

The spring 2020 issue of Interface will be a special issue on Electrochemistry in Space. This commemorative spring issue will be guest edited by Gregory Jackson (Colorado School of Mines) with E. Jennings Taylor (Faraday Technology, Inc.). Four research topics of electrochemistry are scheduled to appear in the spring issue. • Electrochemistry for In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) by Gregory Jackson (lead), with S. Elangovan and Paul E. Hintze. • EChem for Life Support by George J. Nelson (lead), with Carlos R. Cabrera and E. Jennings Taylor. • Electrochemical Sensors by Jessica E. Koehne (lead) and colleagues. • Batteries for Space Applications by Ratnakumar V. Bugga and Erik J. Brandon (co-leads) and colleagues.

ECS Spring 2020 Meeting in Montréal The spring issue will feature a preview of the upcoming ECS meeting. The issue will include the full list of symposia and will provide information about the ECS Lecture, Society, and division award-winning speakers, short courses, as well as other special events. Mark your calendars for the 237th ECS Meeting with the 18th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS 2020), May 10-15, 2020. For more information, visit www.electrochem.org/meetings.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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Siegfried R. Waldvogel Honored with 2020 ECS Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Division Manuel M. Baizer Award Photo by Eric Lichtenscheidt

Siegfried R. Waldvogel received the 2020 ECS Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Division Manuel M. Baizer Award in recognition of his significant contributions to the field of organic electrochemistry. A symposium and reception in his honor will be held at the 237th ECS Meeting with IMCS 2020 in Montréal, Canada. Waldvogel holds a PhD from the University of Bochum/ Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research. A professor at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, he was recently named director of the Gutenberg University Forschungskollegs. His research focuses on organic electrochemistry, oxidative coupling

reactions with MoV-reagents, and supramolecular sensing. He has produced almost 220 publications and patents on anodic and cathodic transformations. An ECS member, Waldvogel presented seminars at ECS meetings and published in ECS journals. The Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Division Manuel M. Baizer Award was established in 1992 to recognize individuals for their outstanding scientific achievements in the electrochemistry of organics and organometallic compounds, carbon-based polymers and biomass, whether fundamental or applied, and including but not limited to synthesis, mechanistic studies, engineering of processes, electrocatalysis, devices such as sensors, pollution control, and separation/recovery. The award is sponsored by The Electrosynthesis Company, Inc. and Monsanto Company.

Mark Orazem and Bernard Tribollet Receive the Claude Gabrielli Award Mark Orazem and Bernard Tribollet were presented with the Claude Gabrielli Award at the 11th International Symposium on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy on June 2 in Lège-Cap-Ferret, France. Claude Gabrielli was the organizer of the First International Symposium on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

held in 1989 and a developer of new transferfunction measurements for electrochemical systems. Orazem is the second chemical engineering professor to receive the prestigious award. He is currently a distinguished professor in the department of chemical engineering at the University of Florida.

Celebrate Your Colleagues in

Do you know an ECS member who has recently received an award? Has an ECS colleague just accomplished something extraordinary?

Let us share the news with the ECS community! Send your People News suggestions to:

interface@electrochem.org Visit www.electrochem.org/interface 38

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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In Memoriam memoriam Robert P. Frankenthal (1930 – 2019)

obert P. Frankenthal passed away on September 18, 2019. On that day, The Electrochemical Society lost one of our best. Bob Frankenthal was born in Berlin, Germany on September 11, 1930. He and his parents left Berlin in December 1938 to start a new life in New York City. Adapting to a different culture with a different language was challenging for his family. Bob’s focus on his education through his youth served him well in the years to come. In 1948, he journeyed to upstate New York to attend the University of Rochester where he received his BS in chemistry in 1952. An early indication of Bob’s good judgement and his willingness to stake out new territory was his decision to become the first graduate student of Professor Irving Shane at the University of Wisconsin. Shane’s research in electroanalytical chemistry and his management skills eventually led him to become the chancellor of the University of Wisconsin. Bob’s doctoral thesis was on diffusion currents at spherical electrodes. I was privileged to hear several lectures by Professor Shane on that work 12 years later when I was a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin. I had no idea at the time who Bob Frankenthal was, but I clearly recall how much I enjoyed those lectures. Years later when I was preparing remarks for a Symposium in Bob’s honor on the occasion of the Centennial Meeting of The Electrochemical Society in Philadelphia, Professor Shane shared with me, “It was a pleasure to have a bright, enthusiastic, creative person as my first graduate student, and he certainly set the bar for all who followed.” Bob loved to share stories with his close friends about his time in Professor Shane’s group. Bob received his PhD in 1956. From Madison, Wisconsin, Bob moved on to Monroeville, Pennsylvania, where he joined the Applied Research Laboratory of U.S. Steel to work on corrosion of tin and tin plate. The success of that work led to his transfer in 1960 to U.S. Steel’s E. C. Bain Laboratory for Fundamental Research. There he carried out pioneering research on the passivity and localized corrosion of ferrous alloys, the mechanisms of electrode reactions, and the application of new surface analytical techniques to corrosion research. He was the first to precisely characterize the potential region of the active-topassive transition of stainless steels and the charge equivalent of the amount of passive film formed as a function of potential and time of passivation. Bob and Howard Pickering carried out original work on the breakdown of passive films and the propagation of pits. They were the first to demonstrate by chemical analysis that hydrogen was evolved from pits even when the surface was potentiostated at +1.2 V(SCE). After joining Bell Laboratories in 1972, Bob expanded his research and engineering work to include atmospheric corrosion, gaseous oxidation, protection of surfaces, and reliability of electronic materials and devices. Much of his outstanding work was related to improving the reliability of materials and devices important to telecommunications equipment. Unfortunately, only those who had the privilege of working directly with Bob where able to appreciate the quality of that work. His ability to find quantitative ways to understand and explain complex phenomena leading to materials

failures was remarkable. In parallel with supporting this engineering work, Bob moved in new directions with his research including: (1) inventing a Cr/Nb duplex coating that prevents natural oxidation that would catastrophically degrade the magneto-optic character of these materials; and (2) showing that processing related corrosion of TiN/ Al/TiN metallization being used in silicon integrated circuits is caused by galvanic effects. Bob’s extensive contributions to science and to Bell Laboratories resulted in his 1983 recognition as a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff for Sustained Achievement. Over Bob’s career his research resulted in over 100 publications and eight patents. He was also editor or co-editor of seven volumes related to corrosion and reliability of materials. For many years following his retirement from Bell Laboratories in 1996, Bob continued his daily routine of coming to work to support his colleagues in whatever way he could. He was always driven to understand a problem, find a practical solution, and enjoy the pleasure of a job well done. The high esteem his colleagues have for his research is evident in the many honors he received including the H. H Uhlig Award in 1989, Fellow of the National Associate of Corrosion Engineers in 1994, Fellow of The Electrochemical Society in 1995, and the Whitney Award in 1997. He also served as the Corrosion Division editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society for 12 years and was chair of the Gordon Conference on Corrosion in 1970. To those who worked with Bob every day, he was much more than an outstanding scientist. It was my good fortune to join the same department at Bell Laboratories as Bob, one week after he did. I may not have been the first young scientist Bob mentored, but I immediately knew he was someone I wanted to be around as much as possible—and it turned out to be for three decades. His thoughts were offered with grace, compassion, and clarity. He cared deeply about all his close colleagues at Bell Laboratories. He made all of us better and improved the quality of our work. He was always ready to serve others no matter the need, including helping with more mundane activities when colleagues were spread too thin. The same qualities that marked Bob’s time at the E.C. Baine Research Laboratory and at Bell Laboratories extended to his love for and support of The Electrochemical Society for over six decades. His many thousands of volunteer hours given to the Society over those years and his legacy gift exemplify how much he cared about the Society. He was the same person whether he was supporting the day to day functioning of the society or providing leadership. His leadership included serving as chair of his local section in 1963, the Corrosion Division in 1980, and numerous committees including the Centennial Meeting Celebration Committee. He was president of the Society in 1993. In recognition of his service, he received the Acheson Award for Science and Service in 2004, and in 2016, he was featured as an ECS Master. Bob lived his life seeking to support others and to contribute to the betterment of every activity he joined. His family, his colleagues, his employers, and The Electrochemical Society were the beneficiaries. He kept his commitments, no matter how challenging, both in his work and in his family life. Thank you, Bob. What a model your life has been for all of us. This notice was contributed by Doug Sinclair.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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In Memoriam memoriam Stanley I. Raider

Jun-ichi Yoshida

(1934-2019)

(1952-2019)

tanley I. Raider passed away in June of 2019. Raider was an ECS member and member at large of the ECS Dielectric Science & Technology Division. He attended ECS meetings from the 1970s through 1990. In 1992, Raider received the DS&T Thomas D. Callinan Award. The award was established in 1967 to encourage excellence in dielectric investigations, the preparation of high-quality science and Courtesy of International Business technology papers and patents, publication in the Machines Corporation, ©International Business Machines Journal of The Electrochemical Society, and to Corporation. recognize outstanding contributions to the field of dielectric science and technology. Raider published 19 papers in JES between 1970 and 1988. He served as an associate editor for the Society and a member of the Solid-State Monograph Committee. While at the Watson Research Center at IBM, Raider was instrumental in developing more effective superconductors, particularly a tunnel-junction superconducting quantum interference device (SQUI) made with superconducting niobium, which exhibited exceptional durability for the time. One of Raider’s primary research areas was the growth and characterization of SiO2 films on Si. He was specifically interested in the oxidation mechanism of Si and in the effect of impurities incorporated during device processing on the electrical properties of capacitors and electronic devices.

un-ichi Yoshida passed away in September of 2019. Prof. Dr. Yoshida was a member of The Electrochemical Society since 1996. He was affiliated with the Japan Section, as well as the Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Division.

Dennis C. Johnson (1941-2019)

Photo Courtesy of Waverly Gardens.

ennis C. Johnson passed away on March 11, 2019. He was born on January 16, 1941. Johnson received his BS from Bethel University and his PhD from the University of Minnesota. He celebrated a 34-year career as a professor at Iowa State University and researcher at Ames Laboratory. Johnson was a past recipient of the Society’s Norman Hackerman Young Author Award.

6 Ways to Give to ECS

1 2 3 4 5 6 In Person at an ECS meeting

Securities/Stock

Online at Electrochem.org

Mail to 65 S Main St., Bldg. D Pennington, NJ 08534

Planned Giving

Automatic Recurring Gifts

Visit www.electrochem.org and click the red DONATE button. Contact development@electrochem.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Social Media Platforms for Electrochemistry

by Edwin Khoo, Matthew J. Lacey, and Steven C. DeCaluwe

hile social media is increasingly used for social interaction and information dissemination, it remains underused by researchers for professional development and networking (science inreach) and science communication (science outreach). This situation is unfortunate because social media can offer a more frictionless way of interacting with other researchers and the general public1 compared to traditional communication tools such as email.

Talking on Twitter Twitter is probably the most common social media platform used by researchers for initiating conversations on research and academia. The barrier to entry to Twitter is low and only involves account creation. Any Twitter user can make public posts (i.e., “tweets”), directly start a conversation with other users using the “@” symbol, and send private direct messages to other Twitter users. Twitter lists and hashtags are effective tools for managing these posts and conversations along common themes. For example, Dr. Matthew Lacey curates a list2 of battery scientists active on Twitter, which, at the time of writing, aggregates tweets from 124 members and has 113 subscribers. At the 235th ECS Meeting in Dallas, Texas, the #235thECSMeeting, #ECS235, and #ECS2019 hashtags were used to organize and facilitate searching of conference-related tweets. Dr. Steven DeCaluwe also used Twitter to share talk details before the conference, “live tweet” (summarize, share highlights, and promote) talks during the conference, and organize an in-person meet-up of roughly 10 conference attendees on one night of the conference.

Conferences present an incredible opportunity for researchers across various career stages to network and share their work; Twitter represents an increasingly powerful way to amplify both of these. Additionally, for those unwilling or unable to attend conferences, social media platforms, such as Twitter, can provide a low-barrier supplement to conference functions. Users can follow and interact with other researchers in the field in a less formal environment, promote and discuss their own and others’ research, form collaborations, and follow live tweets of conference talks, without the financial, social, or environmental pressures, which can sometimes accompany traditional conference participation. Some Twitter accounts, such as @realscientists,3 exclusively focus on science outreach where researchers describe their work and answer questions from Twitter users. For instance, Dr. Matthew Lacey curated tweets under this handle for one week to discuss his battery research at Uppsala University.4 Institutional Twitter accounts, such as ECS’s @ECSorg5, also play an important and synergistic role in communicating news and the latest research to a broad and diverse audience that may be different from the audience that individual authors’ Twitter accounts attract. (continued on next page)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Khoo et al.

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Reaching Out on Reddit Besides Twitter, there are other social media platforms that are useful for science communication. Reddit is a popular content aggregation site that is organized around communities called subreddits that share common interests. For example, the r/science subreddit6, which has about 23 million members and is one of the largest online communities for science outreach, focuses on moderated discussion of the latest peer-reviewed scientific research. It also organizes panel discussions where the community asks questions that are answered by scientific experts. Recently, Dr. Edwin Khoo and several r/science moderators organized a panel discussion7,8 on batteries and energy storage that attracted many high-quality questions that were comprehensively answered by invited experts, namely Prof. Kristin Persson, Prof. Shirley Meng, Dr. Raymond Smith, Dr. Matthew Lacey, Prof. Venkat Viswanathan, and Prof. Daniel Steingart. One possible reason why these social media platforms are not as popular as they should be among researchers is that the metrics for research productivity do not typically include such public outreach activities. However, this outreach is critical to one of the core missions of research to effectively communicate research results to the general public, whose tax money funds a large portion of academic research, and therefore should be highly valued. While there is significant variation in how different communities use social media such as Twitter9, robust Twitter communities have grown organically in the biomedical10, geoscience,11 and chemistry12 fields. In electrochemistry, we the authors feel that Twitter and Reddit have served us well in performing science inreach and outreach. Intangibly, it has directly fostered a sense of community among researchers in the field, and provides another avenue to learn about and share research updates with the public. More tangibly, we have benefitted from the broad audience afforded by social media to connect more directly to journalists, journal editors, and professionals in other sectors. Moreover, services, such as Altmetrics, provide social media and attention scores for a given research work, such as papers and talks. Going forward, it will be of interest to see if and how such metrics correlate with the traditional, citation-based metrics which they complement. ECS has already played a prominent role in rethinking the future of open access publishing with its Free the Science initiative. We feel that the society can similarly take a leadership role in promoting the use of social media for science outreach. Concrete steps, such as allowing authors to publish social media handles along with other contact information and using its social media influence to more directly highlight and connect members on social media platforms (for example, the @ECSorg Twitter account has over 1,900 followers at the time of writing), can help shape the way societies in general use social media to provide value to their members. We hope that the community will continue to embrace social media, and look forward to the ways in which social media can continue to connect researchers and help spread information about the important work of our society’s members. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F14194IF

About the Authors Edwin Khoo completed his PhD in chemical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2019, where he was advised by Prof. Martin Z. Bazant. His PhD research focused on theoretical and numerical analysis of electrodeposition in charged porous media in the context of discovering and exploring new physical mechanisms for enabling nextgeneration high-energy-density metal batteries, such as lithium metal batteries. He is currently a research scientist at the Institute for Infocomm Research in Singapore, where he applies 42

machine learning and deep learning techniques to various domains and applications of industrial interest, such as battery modeling, semiconductor manufacturing, and drug discovery. His Twitter handle is @edwinksl and his Reddit username is u/edwinksl. He may be emailed at edwinksl@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3171-7982 Matthew J. Lacey is currently a development engineer at Scania, working in various internal and external R&D projects related to Li-ion cell electrochemistry. He completed his MChem degree at the University of Southampton in 2008 and his PhD, on electrolytes for so-called “3D microbatteries” in the electrochemistry group at the same university in 2012, under the supervision of Prof. John R. Owen. He then joined the Ångström Advanced Battery Centre at Uppsala University in Sweden as a postdoc in 2012 to work on Li-S batteries, becoming a permanent researcher in 2016, and was admitted as docent in 2019. He joined Scania in 2019. His Twitter handle is @mjlacey. He may be emailed at matt@lacey.se. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0366-7228 Steven C. DeCaluwe is an associate professor of mechanical engineering at the Colorado School of Mines. He received his BS in mathematics and elementary education from Vanderbilt University (2000). After teaching elementary school for three years, he earned a PhD in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland (2009) before serving as a postdoctoral fellow at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (2009–2012). His research employs operando diagnostics and numerical simulation to bridge atomistic and continuum-scale understanding of electrochemical energy devices, with a focus on processes occurring at material interfaces and in reacting flows. Applications include lithium-ion batteries, beyond lithium-ion batteries (Li-O2 and Li-S), and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. His Twitter handle is @DrDeCaluwe. He may be emailed at decaluwe@mines.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3356-8247

References 1. I. M. Côté and E. S. Darling, FACETS, 3, 682 (2018). 2. M. Lacey, Twitter https://twitter.com/mjlacey/lists/batterytweeps. 3. @RealScientists, Twitter https://twitter.com/realscientists. 4. M. Lacey, Matt Lacey (2018) http://lacey.se/2018/11/26/myweek-realscientists/. 5. ECS, Twitter https://twitter.com/ecsorg. 6. r/science, Reddit https://www.reddit.com/r/science/. 7. ScienceModerator and r/Science, The Winnower (2019) https:// www.thewinnower.com/papers/19852-science-discussionseries-batteries-seem-to-power-everything-today-cell-phonescars-homes-even-airplanes-we-are-a-team-of-scientists-andengineers-working-on-batteries-and-energy-storage-let-sdiscuss. 8. r/science, Reddit https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/ bj3fpd/science_discussion_series_batteries_seem_to_power/. 9. K. Holmberg and M. Thelwall, Scientometrics, 101, 1027–1042 (2014). 10. A. Soragni and A. Maitra, Nat. Rev. Cancer (2019) http://www. nature.com/articles/s41568-019-0170-4. 11. E. Klemetti, Wired (2017) https://www.wired.com/2017/01/ follow-earth-scientists-twitter-right-now/. 12. D. Reeser, Chem. Eng. News CEN (2017) https://cen.acs.org/ articles/95/web/2017/11/25-Chemists-should-follow-Twitter. html.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Looking at Patent Law:

Patenting a Process for Making Fullerenes– A Case Study by E. Jennings Taylor and Maria Inman

n this installment of the “Looking at Patent Law” articles, we present a case study of one of the early patented inventions for making fullerenes. We have chosen this invention to align with the focus of this issue of Interface on The Electrochemical Society Nanocarbons Division.

Recall from our previous article,1 the prosecution history of a patent application is publicly available in the file wrapper on the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR) system.2 With the PAIR system as the primary source of information for this case study, we illustrate the prosecution “events” encountered leading to the issuance of U.S. Patent No. 5,227,038, “Electric Arc Process for Making Fullerenes”.3 Richard E. Smalley of Rice University is a coinventor on the ‘038 patent. Three years after the issuance of the patent, Prof. Smalley along with two of his colleagues, received the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their 1985 discovery of 4

individuals. During his Nobel Lecture on December 7, 1996, Prof. Smalley expressed “sadness” that only three of the group could be recognized and noted5 “… Every one of the people in that photograph was critically involved in the discovery (with the exception of the woman walking in the back) …”

During experiments directed towards understanding the formation of long chain carbon molecules in interstellar space, the collaborators discovered an extremely stable spherical carbon structure consisting of 60 atoms. The authors consulted the work of R. Buckminster Fuller to identify spherical shapes which would satisfy the valence “… new forms of the element carbon–called fullerenes–in requirements of the carbon atoms.7 Based on Fuller’s work, the which the atoms are arranged in closed shells …” authors suggested the C60 structure was a truncated icosahedron 5 In Fig. is a picture of the research containing 12 pentagonal faces and 20 hexagonal faces and named that discovered the Fig 1. The Rice1 University research groupgroup that discovered fullerenes. the molecule Buckminsterfullerene. Fuller was a twentieth-century fullerenes on September 11, 1985, the day before they submitted their visionary who worked across multiple fields, such as architecture, manuscript to Nature.6 The collaborators pictured are: standing, R. design, engineering, science, and geometry with the goal of creating F. Curl and kneeling from left to right, S. C. O’Brien, R. E. Smalley, a sustainable planet. He pursued innovative technology that could H. W. Kroto, and J. R. Heath. While the group consisted of five do “more with less.” One of his most intriguing inventions was the collaborators, Nobel prizes may be shared by no more than three geodesic dome, a lightweight structure that can enclose more space without the need for intrusive supporting columns.8 As depicted in the Nature manuscript, this structure may be represented as a soccer ball (Fig.2). In Fig. 3 are key figures from the ‘038 patent depicting C60, C70, and C84 fullerenes. As of September 2019, the ‘038 patent had been cited by 253 subsequently filed patents or patent applications. The 1985 Nature article has been cited 11,670 times.9 In 2006, the Nanocarbons Division of the Electrochemical Society established the Richard E. Smalley Award to recognize contributions to the understanding and applications of fullerenes and “… to encourage excellence in fullerenes, nanotubes and carbon nanostructures research …” (continued on next page) Fig. 1. The Rice University research group that discovered fullerenes. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

er ball

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are defined by their use in the specification. Furthermore, the inventors are permitted to be their own lexicographer16

Upon Richard Smalley’s passing in 2005, the U.S. Senate offered its condolences and passed a resolution crediting him as the “Father of Nanotechnology.”10

“An applicant is entitled to be his or her own lexicographer … [even by] setting forth a definition of the term that is different from its ordinary and customary meaning(s).”

Utility Patent Application

The utility patent application contained claims directed towards one statutory patent class, a method (for making fullerenes).17 An exemplary independent claim18,19 from the patent application illustrating the method statutory class is

On October 4, 1991, a utility patent application titled, “Electric Arc Process for Making Fullerenes” was filed by attorneys representing William Marsh Rice University on behalf of inventors Professor Richard E. Smalley and Robert E. Haufler, a predoctoral fellow. Note, the Nature article used a Nd:YAG laser to form fullerenes by vaporization of carbon from the surface of a graphite disk in a helium atmosphere. The patent application described a process for forming fullerenes by vaporizing carbon using an electrical arc and then recovering the fullerenes from the condensed soot. Recall, in order to establish a filing date, a utility patent application must include, at the time of filing 1. Specification 11 “… a written description of the invention, and the manner and process for making it…to enable any person skilled in the art … to make and use [the invention] …” 2. Minimum of one claim12 “… particularly pointing out … the subject matter … as the invention …” 3. Drawings13 “… where necessary for understanding the subject matter … to be patented …” In order to maintain the filing date, the following additional material must be submitted: 1. Filing fee in accordance with the current USPTO schedule14 2. Inventor oath or declaration asserting15 a. The patent application was authorized by the inventor(s), b. The inventor(s) believe he/she is the original inventor or they are the original joint inventors. The subject patent application included a specification, claims, drawings, and the filing fee. Consequently, the requirements to establish a filing date as described above were met. The specification included a description of the prior art, problems within the prior art, a summary of the invention describing various and description 1985 Naturethearticle. embodiments of thefrom invention addressing prior art problems, and a detailed description of the invention with examples of generating and recovering fullerenes using the apparatus shown in Fig. 4. The meaning of the terms used in the written description of the invention

Fig. 2. Soccer ball and description from the 1985 Nature article. (Description: A football (in the United States, a soccer ball) on Texas grass. The C60 molecule featured in this letter is suggested to have the truncated icosahedral structure formed by replacing each vortex on the seams of such a ball by a carbon atom.) 44

Claim 1 (as issued from ‘038 patent). A process [method] for making fullerenes comprising: a. providing a carbon vapor generation zone which comprises a first electrode and a second electrode, b. maintaining the carbon vapor generation zone in an atmosphere consisting essentially of an atmosphere selected to form fullerene molecules, c. applying sufficient electrical voltage to the first electrode to maintain an electrical arc between the first electrode and the second electrode, d. providing a carbon source in close proximity to the electrical arc, so that the carbon source is heated by the electrical arc to form a carbon vapor, e. passing the carbon vapor to a fullerene condensing zone where the carbon vapor is condensed into a solid carbon soot, and f. recovering fullerenes from the carbon soot. On October 31, 1991, correspondence from the USPTO assigned patent application number 07/771,741 to the utility patent application and issued a “Notice to File Missing Parts of Application/Filing Date Granted” with a two-month response date. The notice was directed towards the inventor oath or declaration as the patent application included all the other requirements to establish and to maintain the filing date. On December 4, 1991, the applicants responded by filing an inventor declaration, power of attorney, and statement claiming small entity status. The declaration included a statement from both inventors stating, “… I believe I am the original, first and joint inventor with the other named inventor(s) of the subject matter which is claimed …” As previously discussed, the “named inventors” must be correctly represented a depicting U.S. patent Fig 3. Figures from ‘038 on patent C60, , and C84 fullerenes. C70Specifically, application.20 inclusion of a colleague as a coinventor who did not participate in the conception of the invention is known as a misjoiner and invalidates an otherwise valid patent. Similarly, exclusion of a coinventor who participated in the conception is known as a nonjoiner and also invalidates an otherwise valid patent. If an inventor is erroneously omitted or erroneously included as an inventor, the misjoiner/nonjoiner may be corrected and the patent remains valid.21 The power of attorney appointed registered patent practitioners from the firm Baker & Botts to “… prosecute this application and to transact all business in the United Fig. 3. Figures from the ‘038 States Patent and Trademark office patent depicting C60, C70, and connected therewith …” C84 fullerenes. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

The treasurer of William Rice Marsh University filed a declaration claiming small entity status as a nonprofit university.22 Additionally, the response included the appropriate small entity filing fees. Finally, the specification indicated that the government may have certain rights in the subject invention, specifically23

Fig 4. Figure from the ‘038 patent depicting the apparatus used in the examples to from fullerenes.

“Due to the inventor’s multiple funding agreements, applicants’ attorney is not, at this time, certain that this invention was made with government assistance … applicants reserve the right to strike the statement so indicating …”

Submission of an Information Disclosure Statement and Duty of Candor The attorneys for the applicants submitted an “Information Disclosure Statement” (IDS) in accordance with US patent laws. The IDS is the submission of relevant background art or information to the USPTO by the applicant. The “Duty of Candor” requires that the inventor submit an IDS within a reasonable time of submission of the patent application disclosing24 “… to the Office [USPTO] all information known to that individual to be material to patentability …” The “Duty of Candor” is specific to any existing claim and requires that the IDS be continually updated while the claim is pending. The “Duty of Candor” ceases only when the claim is allowed and the patent issue fee is paid. As required by the USPTO, additional IDSs were submitted during the prosecution of the patent application as the applicants became aware of additional related prior art. The “Duty of Candor” extends to any individual associated with the filing of the patent application including 1. Inventor(s), 2. Patent Counsel, or 3. Persons who are substantially involved in the preparation or prosecution of the patent application. Substantial involvement could include technical assistants, collaborators, or colleagues. Substantial involvement would generally not extend to clerical workers. Furthermore, the inclusion of a reference in an IDS25 “… is not taken as an admission that the reference is prior art against the claims.” If a finding of a violation of the “Duty of Candor” resulting in “inequitable conduct” regarding any claim in a patent application or patent is determined, then all the claims are rendered invalid.26 Finally, in spite of the requirement of the “Duty of Candor”, the applicant is cautioned not to “bury” the examiner with a long list of non-material references in hopes that the examiner will not notice the relevant material references.

Assignment On January 22, 1992, the inventors assigned their rights in the subject patent application to the William Marsh Rice University.

Non-Final Office Action (NFOA) On March 30, 1992, the USPTO issued a NFOA containing: 1. a notice to correct the drawings to be in compliance with USPTO standards, 2. the examiner’s search strategy for the subject patent application, 3. list of references cited by the examiner, and 4. a non-final rejection of the subject patent application. For USPTO compliant patent drawings, the reader is referred to a guide to patent drawings published by NOLO Press.27

Fig. 4. Figure from the ‘038 patent depicting the apparatus used in the examples to form fullerenes.

The NFOA indicated a three-month period for response with the possibility of up to three months of extension with the payment of additional fees.28 If the response is not filed within this time period, the patent application becomes abandoned29 “… failure of the applicant to prosecute the application within six months after any [office] action … or within such shorter time, not less than thirty days … the application shall be regarded as abandoned by the parties thereto.” All of the claims associated with the patent application were rejected based on anticipation (lack of novelty) in view of the prior30 and/or as being obvious in view of the prior art.31 On June 22, 1992, the attorney of record for the applicants conducted a telephone interview with the USPTO examiner to clarify some of the references cited as prior art in the NFOA.

Response to NFOA On June 30, 1992, the applicants responded to the NFOA and presented arguments regarding the anticipation and obviousness as well as amendments to the originally submitted claims.32 Because the response was filed within three months, an extension of time and payment of applicable fees was not required.33 In addition, the applicants submitted declarations to support the arguments in their response to the NFOA. There are generally three types of declarations/affidavits that may be submitted during the prosecution of a patent application: 1. Rule 130: To disqualify a disclosure as prior art34 “… by establishing that the disclosure was made by the inventor … [or] by establishing that the subject matter disclosed had … been publicly disclosed by the inventor … 2. Rule 131: To disqualify a commonly owned patent or published patent application as prior art35 “… patent owner may … establish invention of the subject matter of the rejected claim prior to the effective date of the reference …” 3. Rule 132: To provide evidence to traverse a rejection36 “When any claim … is rejected … any evidence submitted to traverse the rejection … on a basis not otherwise provided for must be by way of an oath or declaration under this section.” Inventor Richard E. Smalley submitted a Rule 131 Declaration stating that the invention was “… reduced to practice [and hence conceived] in the United States by myself and Mr. Robert E. Haufler at least as of October 4, 1990 …”

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A similar Rule 131 Declaration was submitted by coinventor Robert E. Haufler. Recall, at the time of this invention, the United States patent system (pre-America Invents Act (pre-AIA)) was governed by “first-to-invent” in contrast to the current system governed by “first-inventor-to-file”.37 By asserting a date of conception, prior art references that were published after the conception date were removed as prior art. A declaration of this type is commonly known as “swearing behind” a reference. As noted in the statute, a Rule 131 Declaration requires “The showing of facts … to establish … conception of the invention prior to the effective date of the reference coupled with … exhibits of drawings or records, or photocopies thereof …” To meet the “showing of facts” requirement, the declaration referenced a publication in the Journal of Physical Chemistry that was received by the editorial office on October 4, 1990. Finally, the declaration included an acknowledgement of the penalty for willful false statements “I acknowledge that willful false statements … are punishable by fine or imprisonment or both (18 U.S.C. §1001)and may jeopardize the validity of the application or any patent issuing thereon.” This acknowledgement is required in declarations/affidavits submitted to the USPTO.

Final Rejection On September 15, 1992, the USPTO issued an office action rejecting all of the claims in the patent application. The final rejection was based on the written description requirement stating that the claims must38 “… enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make and use the same …” Specifically, the examiner stated that the specification does not enable the step of selecting the atmosphere in the amended independent claim 1. In addition, the examiner rejected the claims based on the Doctrine of Inherency,39 stating “Because the process of the reference is identical to that claimed, fullerenes are inherently formed [by the process disclosed in the reference] and no distinction between the product … in the instant claim.”

Response to Final Rejection On February 8, 1993, the applicant and attorney of record conducted an interview with the USPTO examiner to discuss the final rejection. During the interview, the applicant discussed proposed declarations to overcome the enabling and inherency rejections derived from the two primary prior art references. The examiner interview was summarized in writing as “… Applicant presented data … showing that the presence of H2 is contrary and inimical to the production of fullerenes … [In addition] Applicant detailed circumstances giving rise to confusion in the art regarding resistive and arc heating processes …” An interview with the examiner40 “… does not remove the necessity to reply to Office actions …” 46

On March 8, 1993, the applicants requested an extension of time to respond to the final rejection and paid the appropriate extension fees. In addition, the applicant filed additional affidavits as discussed during the examiner interview. A Rule 132 Declaration was submitted by Dr. James E. Butler, the Head of the Gas/Surface Dynamics Section in the Chemistry Division of the Naval Research Laboratory. Since Dr. Butler was not an inventor of the patent application, Dr. Butler qualified as a “disinterested party” and his assertions carried the appropriate weight of a non-biased party. Dr. Butler provided “expert” opinion that those skilled in the art would conclude that the prior art references described processes that would include hydrogen. Furthermore, the declaration included an acknowledgement of the penalty for willful false statements. Richard E. Smalley submitted a Rule 132 Declaration with experimental data demonstrating that hydrogen had a detrimental effect on fullerene production. Smalley submitted another Rule 131 Declaration pointing out the erroneous assumptions in the examiner’s arguments that resistive and arc heating are the same processes. Both declarations included an acknowledgement of the penalty for willful false statements. In addition to the declarations, the applicants presented amended claims for consideration by the examiner. On March 16, 1993, the attorney of record for the applicants conducted a telephone interview with the USPTO examiner and authorized the examiner to enter an additional amendment “… to more particularly point out the applicant’s invention.”

Allowance of Patent Application On March 18, 1993, the USPTO issued a notice of allowance for the patent application with the amended claims associated with the invention. After payment of the issue fee, the 07/771,741 patent application issued as U.S. Patent No. 5,227,038 on July 13, 1993. Interestingly, a prior art reference was referred to the examiner by an outside party as permitted by the Code of Federal Regulations. Specifically, during the period of patent enforceability, any person may file with the USPTO a written submission containing41 “Prior art consisting of patents or printed publications which the person making the submission believes to have a bearing on the patentability of any claim of the patent …” The submission may be made anonymously42 and must include a certification that a copy was provided to the owner of the subject patent.43 The reference was in fact already considered by the examiner and had no bearing on the allowability of the patent application. In most cases our synopsis of the prosecution of the ‘038 patent would conclude. However, at the time of this invention, the United States patent system (pre-AIA) was governed by “first-to-invent” and priority was awarded to the first party to conceive the subject invention. Specifically (pre-AIA), the first inventor to conceive, with the caveats herein, is entitled to a patent for the subject invention. In determining the priority of invention, an interference proceeding is conducted by the USPTO considering44 “… not only the respective dates of conception and reduction to practice of the invention, but also the reasonable diligence of one who was first to conceive …” In addition to examining notebook records and other data corroborating the date of conception, the inventors had to present corroborating data demonstrating “reasonable diligence” from conception to reduction to practice in order to maintain the date of conception as the priority date of the invention. In order to demonstrate “reasonable diligence” from conception to reduction to practice the inventor must not have concealed, suppressed or abandoned the invention during the intervening time between conception and reduction to practice. If the first inventor to conceive is found to not have exhibited reasonable diligence after the date of conception, The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

the priority date is moved to the later date when the inventor reestablished reasonable diligence towards reduction to practice. An interference proceeding is conducted on a claim-by-claim basis, and the inventor with the earliest priority date is awarded the patent. The need for corroborating evidence as well as determining “reasonable diligence” added considerable uncertainty to interference proceedings. Consequently, interference proceedings were costly, complex and took a considerable amount of time and effort on the part of the inventors and USPTO. The uncertainty and complexity with the “first-to-invent” patent system were some of the reasons that the Congress passed the American Invents Act (AIA) to award invention priority to the “first-inventor-to-file”.

Patent Interference On October 19, 1994, the applicants were notified that an “… applicant is seeking to provoke an interference with your Patent No. 5,227,038.” The interference was initiated by the inventors of U.S. Patent Application No. 07/930,818 titled “Method and Apparati for Producing Fullerenes” filed on August 14, 1992. Even though this patent application was filed later than the 07/771,741 patent application (October 4, 1991), the question regarding priority at that time (pre-AIA) was based on “first-to-invent”. On December 18, 1996, the USPTO Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (BPAI) ruled that claims 10 to 12 and 14 to 15 of the ‘038 patent were not allowed. The other claims in the ‘038 patent remained valid. The ‘818 patent application subsequently issued as U.S. Patent No. 5,876,684 on March 2, 1999 (Table I). The disallowed claims due to “first-to-invent” priority in the ‘038 patent were dependent on independent claim 1. Specifically, the dependent claims (10 to 12 and 14 to 15) further identified “providing a carbon source” (claim 1 element (d) reproduced above) as “graphite dust.” The corresponding independent claim from the ‘684 patent references the “carbon source” as “particulate carbon” (Fig. 5). The BPAI ruled that “graphite dust” and “particulate carbon” were legally equivalent and awarded “first-to-invent” priority to the inventors of the ‘684 patent. In effect, the ‘684 patent was awarded a dependent claim set from the ‘038 patent. Consequently, independent claim 1 of the ‘684 patent was dominated by claim 1 of the ‘038 patent and the owners of the ‘684 patent were not “free to practice” their invention without obtaining the permission of the owners of the ‘038 patent.45 To our knowledge, neither the ‘038 or ‘684 patents were successful commercially. In fact, most patents are not successful commercially, In addition, the owners of the ‘684 patent allowed it to become abandoned by discontinuing payment of maintenance fees.

Fig 5. Figure from the ‘684 patent depicting the apparatus used in the examples to from fullerenes.

Table I. Patent Applications Involved in Interference Proceedings

Application Application Date No.

Issue Date

Patent No.

Ruling “Adverse”

October 4, 1991

07/771,741

July 13, 1993

5,227,741

August 14, 1992

07/930,818

March 2, 1999

5,876,684 “Favorable”

A final note regarding the ‘038 patent is that it was not patenting the discovery of fullerenes. The discovery of fullerenes was published in the 1985 Nature article. Any patent regarding the discovery would have had to be filed within a year of the publication of the Nature article. In addition, the Nature article disclosed the use of a Nd:YAG laser to form fullerenes by vaporization of carbon from the surface of a graphite disk in a helium atmosphere. The ‘038 patent claimed a method for making fullerenes based on an electric arc.

Summary In this installment of our “Looking at Patent Law” series, we present a case study of the prosecution of U.S. Patent No. 5,227,038, “Electric Arc Process for Making Fullerenes”, invented by Richard E. Smalley and Robert E. Haufler. Smalley would subsequently win the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of fullerenes. Even so, the USPTO prosecuted the subject patent application without deference to reputation. The case study begins with a brief synopsis of the background of the invention followed by 1) filing of a utility patent application, 2) submission of Information Disclosure Statements (IDS), 3) traversing examiner rejection arguments via the submission of inventor and expert declarations/affidavits during the prosecution of the patent application, 4) the allowance of the patent, and 5) results from an interference proceeding. The case illustrates the requirement to submit an “Information Disclosure Statement” (IDS) and the associated “Duty of Candor” in interacting with the USPTO. The case additionally illustrated the use of affidavits to 1) present “new data” supporting the claimed invention to the USPTO (Rule 132 Declaration), 2) swear behind a prior art reference (Rule 131 Declaration), and 3) present expert opinion from “disinterested” parties (Rule 132 Declaration). The use of multiple declarations, examiner interviews, and written arguments with the USPTO indicates that perservance is often critical in the pursuit of patents. In addition, the case illustrated the procedures for third parties to bring prior art to the attention of the USPTO and inventors, as well as a summary of the pre-AIA interference proceedings. With this case study, we hope to demystify the patent prosecution process and better prepare electrochemical and solid state scientists, engineers, and technologists to interact with their patent counsel regarding their inventions. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.2.F07194IF.

About the Authors

Fig. 5. Figure from the ‘684 patent depicting the apparatus used in the examples to form fullerenes.

E. Jennings Taylor is the founder of Faraday Technology, Inc., a small business focused on developing innovative electrochemical processes and technologies based on pulse and pulse reverse electrolytic principles. Taylor leads Faraday’s patent and commercialization strategy and has negotiated numerous via field of use licenses as well as patent sales. In addition to technical publications and presentations, Taylor is an inventor on 40 patents. Taylor is admitted to practice before the United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) in patent cases as a patent agent (Registration No. 53,676) and is a member of the American Intellectual Property Law Association (AIPLA). Taylor has been a member of ECS for 38 years and is a fellow of ECS. He may be reached at jenningstaylor@faradaytechnology.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-0267

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Maria Inman is the research director of Faraday Technology, Inc., where she serves as principal investigator on numerous project development activities and manages the company’s pulse and pulse reverse research project portfolio. In addition to technical publications and presentations, she is competent in patent drafting and patent drawing preparation and is an inventor on seven patents. Inman is a member of ASTM and has been a member of ECS for 21 years. Inman serves ECS as a member of numerous committees. She may be reached at mariainman@faradaytechnology.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-8410

References 1. E. J. Taylor and M. Inman, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 26 (4), 57 (2017). 2. USPTO Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR) https:// portal.uspto.gov/pair/PublicPair 3. R. E. Smalley and R. E. Haufler, U.S. Pat. 5,227,038, July 13, 1993. 4. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 https://www.nobelprize.org/ prizes/chemistry/1996/press-release/ 5. R. E. Smalley “Discovering the Fullerenes” Nobel Lecture, December 7, 1996. https://www.nobelprize.org/ uploads/2018/06/smalley-lecture.pdf 6. H. W. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C. O’Brien, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley, Nature, 318, 162 (1985). 7. R. W. Marks, The Dymaxion World of Buckminister Fuller, Reinhold, New York (1960). 8. Buckminster Fuller Institute https://www.bfi.org/about-fuller/ biography 9. C60:Buckminsterfullerene at https://www.nature.com/ articles/318162a0 10. U.S. Senate honor’s Rice’s Smalley with resolution https:// news.rice.edu/2005/12/08/u-s-senate-honors-rices-smalleywith-resolution/ 11. 35 U.S.C. §112(a) Specification/In General. 12. 35 U.S.C. §112(b) Specification/Conclusion. 13. 35 U.S.C. §113 Drawings. 14. https://www.uspto.gov/learning-and-resources/fees-andpayment/uspto-fee-schedule#Patent%20Fees 15. 35 U.S.C. §115(b)(1)(2) Inventor’s Oath or Declaration/ Required Statements. 16. Manual of Patent Examination Procedure (MPEP) §2111.01 Applicant May Be Own Lexicographer. 17. 35 U.S.C. §101 Inventions Patentable. 18. E. J. Taylor and M. Inman, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 26 (3), 44 (2017). 19. 35 U.S.C. §112(c) Specification/Form. 20. E. J. Taylor and M. Inman, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 26 (2), 45 (2017). 21. Manual of Patent Examination Procedure (MPEP) §1481.02 Correction of Named Inventor. 22. 37 CFR §1.27 (a)(3)(ii) Definition of Small Entities 23. 35 U.S.C. §203 March-in Rights 24. 37 CFR §1.56(a)(c) Duty to Disclose Information Material to Patentability.

25. Riverwood Int’l Corp. v. R.A. Jones & Co., 324 F.3d 1346, 135455, 66 USPQ2d 1331, 1337-38 (Fed Cir. 2003). 26. Manual of Patent Examination Procedure (MPEP) §2016 Fraud, Inequitable Conduct, or Violation of Duty of Disclosure Affects All Claims 27. D. Pressman and J. Lo, How to Make Patent Drawings, 7th Edition, NOLO Press Berkeley, CA (2015). 28. 37 CFR § 1.17(a) Patent Application and Reexamination Processing Fees. 29. 35 U.S.C. §133 Time for Prosecuting Application. 30. 35 U.S.C. §102 Conditions for Patentability; Novelty and Loss of Right to Patent. 31. 35 U.S.C. §103 Conditions for Patentability; Non-Obviousness Subject Matter. 32. 37 CFR § 1.111 Reply by applicant or patent owner to a nonfinal Office action. 33. 37 CFR § 1.136(a) Extensions of Time. 34. 37 CFR § 1.130 Affidavit or Declaration of Attribution or Prior Public Disclosure under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act. 35. 37 CFR § 1.131 Affidavit or Declaration of Prior Invention or to Disqualify Commonly Owned Patent or Published Application as Prior Art. 36. 37 CFR § 1.132 Affidavits or Declarations Traversing Rejections or Objections. 37. E. J. Taylor and M. Inman, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 27 (3), 33 (2018). 38. 35 U.S.C. §112(2nd paragraph)(pre-AIA) Specification. 39. Manual of Patent Examination Procedure (MPEP) §2112 Requirements of Rejection Based on Inherency; Burden of Proof. 40. 37 CFR § 1.133(b) Interviews. 41. 37 CFR § 1.501(a)(1) Citation of Prior Art and Written Statements in Patent Files; Information Content of Submission. 42. 37 CFR § 1.501(d) Citation of Prior Art and Written Statements in Patent Files; Identity. 43. 37 CFR § 1.501(e) Citation of Prior Art and Written Statements in Patent Files; Certificate of Service. 44. 35 U.S.C. §102 (pre-AIA) Conditions for Patentability; Novelty and Loss of Right to Patent. 45. E. J. Taylor and M. Inman, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 26 (1), 41 (2017).

Have you missed any of these educational articles by Taylor and Inman? If so, visit the ECS Digital Library for the complete collection!

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t ech highligh t s The Influence of Electrolyte-to-Sulfur Ratio for Li-S Batteries Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered to be one of the most promising “beyond Li-ion” energy storage solutions for future devices; however, Li–S cells require further optimisation before their widespread commercialization can become a reality. One of the most influential parameters in Li–S battery performance is the electrolyte-to-sulfur (E/S) ratio. The E/S ratio has a strong influence on the polysulfide shuttle mechanism as well as the sulfur utilization percentage. Researchers from the Middle East Technical University and Bogazici University in Turkey have recently presented a 1-D electrochemical model to investigate the effect of E/S ratio on the electrochemical performance of Li–S batteries. The developed model suggests that increasing the electrolyte amount improves the cell voltage by linearly increasing the cathode exchange current density. The specific capacity and energy density are shown to increase in an E/S ratio range from 1 to 9 ml of electrolyte per g of S. However, above 9 ml/g the model predicts that the electrochemical performance of Li–S cells significantly deteriorates. This finding highlights how sensitive the Li–S system is as well as the influence of the E/S ratio on electrochemical performance. From: N. B. Emerce and D. Eroglu, J. Electrochem. Soc., 166, A1490 (2019).

4D Printing of Smart Stimuli-Responsive Polymers In 4D printing, the extra “D” refers to time over which a 3D-printed object transforms itself into another structure upon the influence of external energy input or stimuli. A common class of materials to enable such transformation is shape memory polymers that contain netpoints and switching segments, the former being chemical or physical crosslinks to maintain a temporary shape and the latter being crystalline or glass domains to provide elastic deformability such that a new shape can be achieved upon a stimulus. Many new developments on this new technology were published in a recent JES focus issue on 4D materials and systems. One example is a report by researchers from Politecnico di Milano of Italy. The authors devised a photocurable polymer formulation based on polycaprolactone methacrylates capable of memorizing a temporary shape and restoring to the original one by means of a thermal stimulus. More interestingly, a self-healing behavior was introduced into the system by incorporating ureidopyrimidinone methacrylates capable of forming multiple hydrogen bonds upon heating. The new material was successfully 4D printed with a commercial 3D printer. Both the shape

memory effect and the self-healing feature were demonstrated. From: R. Suriano, R. Bernasconi, et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 166, B3274 (2019).

In Operando Analysis of Passive Film Growth on Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Mo Alloys in Chloride Solutions Passivation studies were recently performed by researchers at the University of Virginia, the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, and Monash University to characterize the effects of single cations on the competing mechanisms of film growth and dissolution in multi-element alloys. Building off previously published literature, the authors utilized inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and single frequency electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (SF-EIS) during anodic polarization to characterize the kinetics of these reactions on Ni-22 Cr and Ni-22 Cr-6 Mo (wt%) in both acidic and alkaline sodium chloride environments. In combination with these techniques, in-situ neutron reflectometry (NR) and ex-situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to validate the film composition as a function of time as determined by ICP-MS and to establish the chemical species present in the film before and after growth. Novel findings from these studies include the following: 1) the rapid formation of Ni and Cr-rich films in acidic solutions; 2) at longer times, the dissolution of Ni2+, which led to greater Cr3+ enrichment in the films; 3) the development of films of non-stoichiometric solid solutions formed via solute-captured cations; and 4) the enrichment of films with Ni2+ in alkaline environments due to the enhanced stability of NiO and Ni(OH)2. From: L. Cwalina, H. Ha, N. Ott, et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 166, C3241 (2019).

Studies of Electrical Characteristics of Reduced Graphene Oxide Using Hybrid Mixture of Green Reducing Agents Graphene may be made via several routes. For industrial scale, the oxidation of graphite, to form graphene oxide (GO), followed by reduction, to form reduced GO (rGO), was developed. Thermal or chemical reduction methods have been employed with differing benefits and outcomes. Seeking alternative chemical reductants that are environmentally friendly yet effective, researchers in Malaysia investigated L-ascorbic acid (LAA) alone and mixed with glucose or trisodium citrate (TSC). The authors characterized the various synthesized rGO samples via field emission scanning electron microscopy, four-point probe current-voltage measurement, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Morphology revealed that the more reduced samples (subjected to LAA) were flake-like aggregates compared

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

to the curved/crumpled sheet shape of GO. All samples having had LAA in the reduction process exhibited absorption peaks centered at 265 nm, indicating full formation of rGO. The sheet resistance of LAA-reduced GO was approximately 10 times less resistive than that of GO, and had a conductance minimum close to 0 V (39 µV). rGO samples made via LAA/TSC and LAA/glucose exhibited the lowest sheet resistances (< 1 kΩ/sq); however, their higher conductance minima (> 60 µV) suggest the presence of functional groups.

From: L. Unjan, F. K. Yam, K. P. Beh, et al., ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 8, M71 (2019).

Low-Temperature Fabrication of SolutionProcessed IGZO Thin-Film Transistors by Three-Layer Gradient Diffusion The use of solution processing techniques within the semiconductor industry is generally focused upon the deposition of lithography resists and large-scale thick coated materials. One of the obstacles to further integration of solution processing techniques into large-scale manufacturing is the capability for more complex active material deposition. New processes are being investigated for the deposition of these active materials for use in modern electronic devices; In-Ga-Zn-O (IGZO) is one such material undergoing research for use in thin film transistors. To form devices with IGZO active materials, Chen et al. developed a solution processing deposition method combined with a threelayer gradient diffusion anneal. Due to this solution-based deposition technique, the formation of high quality IGZO thin films was achieved. The technique developed by these authors is a cost-effective method for the deposition of IGZO with an added benefit of a low temperature anneal. The lower temperature annealing allowed by the gradient diffusion means the thermal budget of the device is decreased. A decreased thermal budget means that the other layers in a device incorporating the IGZO do not see any additional high temperature annealing which could affect performance. From: Y. Chen, X. Li, J. Cheng, et al., ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 8, R97, (2019).

Tech Highlights was prepared by Colm Glynn of Analog Devices International, Mara Schindelholz of Sandia National Laboratories, David McNulty of Paul Scherrer Institute, Zenghe Liu of Abbott Diabetes Care, and Donald Pile of Rolled-Ribbon Battery Company. Each article highlighted here is available free online. Go to the online version of Tech Highlights in each issue of Interface, and click on the article summary to take you to the full-text version of the article.

Highlights

Bringing it Home

The ECS Redcat Blog is now the ECS Blog! Along with the new name, the blog has a new logo. The Redcat Blog was launched in 2014 and it was time for an update. Today, it is a hub of information about ECS, its members, and supporters, as well as what is going on in the solid state, electrochemistry, and corrosion science and technology world. Want to share your thoughts and expertise? We encourage contributions from guest bloggers.

Six More ECS Student Chapters

Million-Mile Battery

ECS member Jeff Dahn published his groundbreaking research on a new battery in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. It should power an electric vehicle for 1,000,000 miles and last at least 20 years in grid energy storage. Two ECS blogs on the new technology were among the top blogs published since the fall issue of Interface. Interested? Get more on this and other news in the ECS Blog!

Open Access Week 2019

ECS participated in its fifth International Open Access Week, taking down the paywall to the entire ECS Digital Library, making over 151,000 articles and abstracts free and accessible to everyone. But that’s not the only time we do it!

Students from universities in the U.S., Canada, Japan, Switzerland, and the Czech and Slovak Republics formed local student chapters and joined the global family of ECS Student Chapters. Welcome! Connect with peers and stay informed on the ECS Blog.

Check the blog for news about #Free the Science, when the paywall comes down again!

Where in the World is ECS?

Meet the Leading Lights of Electrochemistry

Who knows? At your next ECS Meeting, you may rub shoulders with the next Nobel Prize winners. Or you can meet them—and ECS award winners, upand-coming young researchers, ECS Fellows, and more—in the ECS Blog.

ECS biannual and PRiME meetings take place around the world—in 2020 you will find us in Honolulu, Hawaii, and Montréal, Canada. We also participate in other meetings in Chicago, Houston, Philadelphia, Berlin, San Francisco, and Boston. Find out where to find us in our blog. We look forward to seeing you there!

Stay up to date with the ECS Blog at www.electrochem.org/ecsblog.

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Nanocarbons Division: The Past, The Present, The Future by Slava V. Rotkin

The Past

he Nanocarbons (NANO) Division is the youngest in The Electrochemical Society. Its history began with the first symposium on porphyrins and fullerene science, organized in early 1990s by Karl Kadish, Founding Chair of the Division. It was the time of the “gold rush” for carbon clusters: in 1991 the fullerene (a.k.a. buckyball) was named “The Molecule of the Year” and attracted a lot of attention in fundamental and applied science. In 1993 the Fullerenes Group was founded, shortly after the invention of CVD synthesis of buckyballs2,3,4,5—the production method which allowed easy access to this new allotrope of carbon. The long journey into the world of nanomaterials, with flat or curved surfaces, made of pure carbon, with hexagonal lattice similar to what Buckminster Fuller used for his geodomes, had begun. Zero-dimensional (ball-like) fullerenes, discovered in 1985 by Richard Smalley and earning him, Kroto, and Curl a Nobel Prize for this work, quickly became a building block of various composite materials, showed rich chemistry, physics, and optics. In 2006, the NANO Division Research Award named after Smalley was established. Following this cutting-edge science of fullerenes, the Division developed several symposia in the mid-90s. Since 1995, a series of proceedings volumes (20+) on fullerenes and related materials was published by the ECS, each giving a slice of the state-of-the-art research in a certain area of science of nanocarbons. At approximately the same time, another allotrope of carbon— cylindrical shell nanotubes7,8,9,10—was discovered by Sumio Iijima of NEC, the first recipient of the Smalley Award (2008), currently the member of NANO External Advisory Council, and Don Bethune of IBM. Following this new discovery, the Nanotube Symposium was organized and has been held for more than two decades since then. Currently, the nanotubes, fullerenes, and porphyrins are the largest symposia of the NANO Division, attracting scientists from all over the world to annual spring ECS Meetings. By the turn of the millennium, the Fullerenes Group grew and covered a large technical area that justified it becoming a full Division of the ECS with the original name “Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures,” later shortened to Nanocarbons Division. Indeed, nanoscale forms of carbon and related materials are not limited to buckyballs or tubes11,12,13. In the early 2000s, the family of zero-dimensional and one-dimensional carbon allotropes (fullerenes and nanotubes) was enlarged by adding twodimensional (2D) one-atom thick carbon sheets, commonly known as graphene14,15,16. Nowadays, the physics, chemistry, materials science, and applications of graphene and its derivatives are the focus of one of the NANO symposia, co-organized with a few other divisions. This symposium covers also a range of nanomaterials “beyond graphene,” such as transition metal chalcogenides, oxides/nitrides, polar atomic metals, and other 2D materials. All three allotropes of carbon will be discussed in the articles below.

The Present The NANO Division, with its main activity during the spring ECS meetings, brings 400+ abstracts annually that focus on the science and applications of nanomaterials. Six permanent symposia include: “Carbon Nanostructures for Energy Conversion,” “Carbon

Nanostructures in Medicine and Biology,” “Carbon Nanotubes—From Fundamentals to Devices,” “Fullerenes—Endohedral Fullerenes and Molecular Carbon,” “Inorganic/Organic Nanohybrids for Energy Conversion,” and “Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines, and Supramolecular Assemblies;” as well as one mega-symposium (co-sponsored with other divisions): “2D Layered Materials from Fundamental Science to Applications.” In 2018, the Division established a new Focus Symposium series: NANO-Global, which is dedicated to one geographical region each year and presents a cross-national platform for scientists in the area of nanomaterials to exchange the latest results and enable collaboration links. Three forums have been organized thus far that feature NANO science from Republic of Korea, Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, Chile), and La Francophonie (France, Belgium, Switzerland). Since 2019, the Division has held a special symposium, “NANOfor-Industry,” dedicated to practical applications of nanomaterials, bringing speakers from major U.S. funding agencies, and giving a podium to companies that produce or use nanocarbons to connect to the academic community. Currently, several industry representatives serve on the NANO External Advisory Council and provide financial support to strategic initiatives developed at the NANO Division.

The Future In 2018, the NANO Division received a major gift which allowed us to establish a new research prize named after Robert Haddon, the third recipient of the Smalley Award (2011). Annually, the recipients of the Haddon Award or the Smalley Award and the SES Award for Young Scientists, as well as a few keynote speakers of the year, give plenary-style lectures at the spring meeting. In addition, the four parallel sessions bring together a large group of invited speakers to mix with the students and young researchers, fostering the new generation of nanocarbon scientists. Thanks to the generosity of Division sponsors, nine NANO Awards are given every year for Best Posters, as well as multiple NANO travel grants to enable student attendances. The research program of the Division is evolving and growing; in this issue of Interface the reader will find three articles that provide few vignettes of this activity. One article by Chen, Niu, Zhuang, Wang, Chen, and Yang, focuses on recent advances in the functionalization of fullerenes, the first carbon nanostructure, both endohedral (inside the cage) and exohedral (outside) functionalization. This article gives examples of contemporary fullerene science and what applications it can enable. Being concerned with applications, another area of growing interest in the NANO community is the biomedical use of nanocarbons. A second article by Antman-Passig, Ignatova, and Heller focuses on nanotubes as biosensing materials. Unique optical properties of nanotubes enable a rich and interesting physics, including the single photon emission and non-linear optical effects. The functionalized nanotube may become a nanoscale biosensor, being excited and/or emitting in the near-infrared region, where the biological tissue is transparent. These novel materials have been already demonstrated for intracellular sensing and imaging, as well as for in vivo experiments. The third contribution focuses on the abovementioned 2D materials. When 2D layers of same or heterogeneous materials are stacked together, the property of the sandwich structure depends critically on the registry between the layers. Methods of (continued on next page)

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production of multilayered 2D-structures, especially those capable of scalable synthesis of 2D materials, and the characterization tools employed to control the synthesis have gained a significant amount of attention lately. The article by Rummeli, Ta, and Rotkin reviews most recent advances in this field. The papers that constitute this issue cover a very broad area, which still represents just a small fraction of the scientific content to be found in the abstracts of the NANO symposia, available online17. If attending the meetings, besides technical content, one should enjoy other Division events, like the art exhibit, which happened in May, 2019 at the Spring Meeting in Dallas, TX18, presenting the paintings made with nanomaterials by the NY artist Joseph Cohen. The nanoworld opens to an inquisitive eye from different perspectives: take your time to work on it, take your time to enjoy it! © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F08194IF.

About the Author Slava V. Rotkin is Frontier Professor of Engineering Science & Mechanics at Penn State. He received his MSc (Summa Cum Laude) in optoelectronics in 1994 from the Electrotechnical Institute and his PhD in physics and mathematics in 1997 from Ioffe Institute (both in St. Petersburg, Russia). Prof. Rotkin is a recipient of several scientific awards, including: Class of ’68 Fellowship, Libsch Early Career Research Award, Feigl Junior Faculty Scholar, Beckman Fellowship, as well as Hillman Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Student Advising. He authored 150+ journal and proceeding papers. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Electrochemical Society, the chair of the NANO Division of the ECS, and a senior member of IEEE. He may be reached at rotkin@psu.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7221-1091

References 1. J. C. Withers, R. O. Loutfy, and T. P. Lowe, Fullerene Sci. Technol., 5, 1 (1997). 2. M. A. Wilson, L. S. K. Pang, G. D. Willett, K. J. Fisher, and I. G. Dance, Carbon, 30, 675 (1992). 3. A. F. Hebard, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 23, 159 (1993). 4. M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and P. C. Eklund, J. Mater. Res., 8, 2054 (1993). 5. S. V. Kozyrev and V. V. Rotkin, Semiconductors, 27, 777 (1993). 6. http://www.bfi.org/about-fuller/big-ideas/geodesic-domes 7. T. W. Ebbesen, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 24, 235 (1994). 8. P. M. Ajayan and T. W. Ebbesen, Rep. Prog. Phys., 60, 1025 (1997). 9. M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and A. Jorio, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 34, 247 (2004). 10. S. V. Rotkin and S. Subramoney, Applied Physics of Carbon Nanotubes Fundamentals of Theory, Optics and Transport Devices, Springer, Berlin (2005). 11. H. Terrones, M. Terrones, and W. K. Hsu, Chem. Soc. Rev., 24, 341 (1995). 12. M. S. Dresselhaus, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 27, 1 (1997). 13. S. Subramoney, Adv. Mater., 10, 1157 (1998). 14. A. K. Geim, Science, 324, 1530 (2009). 15. C. N. R. Rao, A. K. Sood, K. S. Subrahmanyam, and A. Govindaraj, Angew. Chem.-Int. Ed., 48, 7752 (2009). 16. A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, Rev. Mod. Phys., 81, 109 (2009). 17. http://www.electrochem.org/meetings/ 18. https://www.electrochem.org/ecs-blog/joseph-cohennanocarbons-through-the-artists-lens/

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Exploring the Inner and Outer Spaces of Fullerenes by Muqing Chen, Chuang Niu, Jiaxin Zhuang, Guan-Wu Wang, Ning Chen, and Shangfeng Yang Introduction

Endohedral Functionalizations

he first fullerene, C60, was discovered by the late Kroto, Smalley, and co-workers in 1985, and was named “buckminsterfullerene” based on its structural similarity to the Montreal biosphere designed by Fuller for the United States pavilion for the World Expo in 1967.1 Quite different to previously known allotropes of carbon like graphite and diamond, fullerene is the first molecular form of the elemental carbon with a closed-cage structure composed of a specific number of carbon atoms. Each sp2-hybridized carbon atom is bonded to three neighbors, creating hexagonal and pentagonal building blocks. For a classical fullerene C2n (Fig. 1a,b), the numbers of hexagons and pentagons are (n-10, n≠11) and 12 respectively according to Euler’s Theorem.2 It is the 12 pentagons that determines the curvature of the spherical molecule and thus are crucial for the stability of fullerene. One of the most intriguing structural features of fullerene is its hollow interior, a sub-nanometer inner space offering unique opportunities to entrap atoms, ions, or clusters, creating the possibility of endohedral fullerenes. The first experimental observation of the possible formation of an endohedral metallofullerene (EMF) LaC60 was reported by Smalley et al. in 1985 soon after the discovery of C60,3 for which the lanthanide (La) metal atom was confirmed to be indeed in the endohedral form by the same group in 1991.4 The recognition of the unique electronic configuration of La3+@C823- (Fig. 1c), resulted from a three-electron transfer from the inner La atom to the outer C82 cage, substantially distinguishes EMFs as nondissociating salts from empty fullerenes like C60 with uncharged carbon cages.5 Such an intramolecular electron transfer is dependent on the nature of the metal and the type of entrapped species (metal only or metal clusters), and determines the stability of the EMF molecule. In particular, since in 1999 the serendipitous discovery of Sc3N@C80 containing an otherwise unstable Sc3N metal nitride cluster (Fig. 1d) which transfers formally six electrons to the outer C80 cage. Today, endohedral clusterfullerenes have become the most diverse and attractive subfield of fullerenes.6 In addition to the exploration of the inner space, the outer space of fullerene derived from the conjugated π skeleton is full of challenges and opportunities as well. Because fullerenes have closed-cage structures, on the cage there are no substitutable functional groups, thus the outer chemistry of fullerene is primarily focused on exohedral functionalizations via addition reactions accompanied with the breaking of C-C bonds within the cage.7 Given that there are formally 60 carbon atoms bearing 30 double bonds available for addition, exohedral functionalizations of C60 may potentially generate a large number of fullerene derivatives. Hence, understanding the addition patterns and ideally realizing selective synthesis affording specific major products are the key issues for developing fullerene chemistry. Moreover, some fullerene derivatives, such as [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and bisindene-C60 (bis-ICBA) (Fig. 1 e,f), have been successfully used as organic photovoltaics and in other applications.8-9 Herein, we briefly summarize the recent advances in both endohedral and exohedral functionalizations of fullerenes, demonstrating the mysteries of the inner and outer spaces of fullerenes. At the end we discuss the potential applications of fullerenes in a wide variety of fields.

To prepare EMFs, various synthetic methods have been developed including DC arc-discharging,10 ion bombardment,11-13 high pressure, and so on.14-16 In the most commonly used DC arc-discharging method invented by Krätschmer and Huffman in 1990, metal oxide/graphite composite rods are used as positive electrodes and then are arced in the direct current in a vacuum chamber filled with He and other reactive gas. The EMFs are generated along with carbon soot during this process, and organic solvents and various separation techniques are then used for the extraction and the isolation of the desired EMFs. Initially only metal ions were found to be entrapped inside fullerene cages. Early studies showed that all the rare earth metal ions from Scandium (Sc) to Lutetium (Lu) could be encapsulated inside fullerene cages with different size, in which M@C82 was the most commonly found form of this metallofullerenes.17 Moreover, two to three metal ions could be entrapped inside fullerene cages (Fig. 2). EMFs with metal ions only were categorized as conventional EMFs, and the availability of this type of EMFs remained very limited in 1990s, due to its low product yield compared to the empty fullerenes. A breakthrough of EMFs study occurred in 1999, when the formation of the unprecedented metal nitride clusterfullerenes (NCFs), Sc3N@C80, resulted from an accidental leakage of N2 into the reaction chamber, was discovered and confirmed by Dorn et al.18 Sc3N@C80 can be prepared with high product yield by introducing a small portion of nitrogen gas into the He atmosphere in the Krätschmer-Huffman generator during the arc discharging process. The yield of Sc3N@ C80 is much higher than the conventional EMFs and comparable to the empty fullerene C84. The high stability and unique electronic structure of Sc3N@C80 thus inspired the researcher to further explore the possibilities of stabilizing versatile metal clusters, combined by variable kinds of metal and non-metal atoms, by the fullerene cages. A metal carbide clusterfullerene (CCF), Sc2C2@C84 was then

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(a)

(d)

(b)

(e)

(c)

(f)

Fig. 1. The representative fullerene structures including empty fullerenes such as (a) C60, (b) C70, endohedral metallofullerene (EMF) such as (c) La@C82, (d) Sc3N@Ih-C80, and fullerene derivatives such as (e) PCBM, (f) bis-ICBA.

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identified in 2001 by Shinohara et al.19 Following the success of NCFs and CCFs, a variety of novel endohedral clusterfullerenes (EMFs) have been synthesized and characterized, which have now expanded to include metal oxide clusterfullerenes (OCFs), metal sulfide clusterfullerenes (SCFs), metal cyanide clusterfullerernes (CYCFs), and metal hydrocarbon/carbonitride clusterfullerenes (Fig. 2).20 The molecular structures of representative EMFs and mono-metallofullerenes are presented in Fig. 2. Note that EMFs demonstrate much larger structural variety than conventional EMFs because the cluster structures are also changeable inside each type of EMFs, depending on the variable oxidation state of metal and the different number Fig. 2. Molecular structures of representative NCFs, SCFs, OCFs, CYCFs, CCFs, and mono-metallofullerenes: of the electron transferred from the (a) Sc3N@C2v(9)-C82; (b) Sc2S@Cs(10528)-C72; (c) Sc4O3@Ih(7)-C80; (d) YCN@C2v(19138)-C76; (e) Gd2C2@ encapsulated metal cluster to the outer C1(51383)-C84; (f) U2C@Ih(7)-C80; (g) Yb@C2(5)-C82; and Th@C1(28324)-C80. carbon cage. The structure of pristine empty The free radical reaction is one of the earliest developed methods fullerenes strictly obey the Isolated Pentagon Rules (IPR), which of fullerene derivatization. In recent years, free radical reactions suggest that in a stable fullerene cage, all the pentagons should be initiated by transition metals as copper salt have been reported to isolated by hexagons and adjacent pentagons pairs (APPs) are not afford versatile heterocycle fullerene derivatives.26 Fullerenyl cations stable.21 However, this rule has been broken by many non-IPR include fullerenyl radical cations and organofullerenyl cations, they EMFs, in which the charge transfer from the encapsulated species have received much attention in fullerene chemistry in recent years. In to APPs largely stabilized the non-IPR carbon cages.21 On the other this type of fullerene chemistry, C60 first formed the Fullerenyl cations, hand, novel metal clusters, which otherwise would not be obtained including fullerenyl radical cations and organofullerenyl cations, via by conventional synthetic methods, have been stabilized inside KOtBu or Cu(II) salts, which later were attacked by aryl boronic fullerene cages via the metal-to-cage charge transfer. This unique acids, affording symmetric or unsymmetric adducts.27-28 Palladiuminteraction and mutual stabilization not only largely expands the catalyzed C−H activation toward fullerene functionalization is an available structures of fullerene cages, especially for non-IPR effective strategy to construct novel fullerene derivatives. Since the structures, but also provides an opportunity to study bonding motif discovery of C−H activation used in fullerene chemistry for the first of metallic clusters, which can only be studied in the gas phase with time in 2009, a variety of fullerene derivatives have been synthesized spectroscopic methods before. by the Pd-catalyzed enolate-directed sp2 C−H activation and sp3 C−H functionalization reaction of C60.29-30 Exohedral

Functionalizations of C60 and C70

R2 Cycloadditions are the most R2 O common methods for constructing R1 O O ring-fused fullerene derivatives. R1 O The cycloaddition reactions of fullerenes usually include [2+n]-, [2+2], [2+3]-, and [2+4]-cyclizations. The platinum-catalyzed regio- and 2 1 stereoselective [2+2] cycloaddition EtO2C of C60 with 9-ethynyl-9H-fluoren-9Ar yl carboxylates providing fullereneN fluorene dyads 1 and 2 was reported R2 CO2Et N in 2018.22 C60 or C70 can react with R1 amino acids and their derivatives (Prato reaction) or amines and aldehydes 5 6 via 1,3-dipolar [2+3] cycloadditions of the in situ generated azomethine R1 R2 ylides to form fulleropyrrolidines. Such compounds as 3-8 have been N synthesized recently. Various [2+4] R2 N cycloadditions have been developed O 2S 3 R to afford new fullerene products 9 10 including tetrahydropyridinofullerenes 9,23 fullerotetrahydroquinolines 10,24 and C60-fused dihydrocarbolines 11 (Fig. 3).25 Fig. 3. Representative cycloadducts of C60 and C70.

Ar H F

NH COOMe

COOMe

N R4

N O

N R1 R3

N R1

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Electrochemical functionalization of fullerenes as a novel and powerful synthetic protocol has been widely used in recent years due to its mild reaction conditions, high regioselectivity and good yield. As shown in Fig. 4, in 2017, the bisadducts 12−14 of C6031 as well as bisadducts 15−16 and rare C70 δ-adduct 1732 were facily obtained via electrosynthesis by reaction 14 12 13 of dianionic C60QM2- and C702- with α,α′dibromo-o-xylene, respectively. Later, the Wang group reported the synthesis O of 1, 2, 3, 16-adducts of C60 derivatives N O 18 with different carbonyl groups from H 2 3 16 R a [60]fulleroindoline via regioselective 1 electrosynthesis.33 Subsequently the same group investigated the protonation behavior of the dianionic C60-fused δ-lactones 19 with 18 acetic acid. Unexpectedly, a retro Baeyer– 15 16 17 Villiger reaction, that is, conversion of the R R O C60-fused lactones to C60-fused ketones 20, O R 34 was observed in high yields. More recently, O O O they reported the benzylation of dianionic (a) C60-fused δ- and γ-lactones 19a and 21, achieving unexpectedly three types of ring+ 2e AcOH opened benzylated adducts 22-27.35 Ar Ar In traditional organic chemical reactions, most reactions require the use of a large 19 20 quantity of toxic and harmful solvents, which pose serious harm to the human health and O R' O R' environment. To solve this problem, solventn Ph O n Ph O free mechanochemistry was introduced into Ph Ph organic synthesis. Recently, the Wang group + achieved the reductive cyclization reaction O R' of C60 with enones, in the presence of zinc R' (b) O n n O and water under solvent-free ball-milling 24/25 22/23 conditions, and obtained a series of C60-fused O PhCH2Br + 2e cyclopentanols, which were subsequently O R' Ar Ar dehydrated to provide the corresponding C60-fused cyclopentenes.36 n Ph O H Open-cage fullerene derivatives, also 19a/21 TFA known as molecular containers, have been n = 1, 2 extensively studied for their wide range Ar of potential applications, such as selective capture of reactive intermediates, catalysis 26/27 within the cavity, and molecular transport. The Gan group has been working on the preparation of open-cage fullerenes and Fig. 4. Electrosyntheses of fullerene derivatives. prepared a number of open-cage fullerene derivatives entrapping H2O2 and H2O clusters by the fullerene-mixed peroxide process (Fig. 5a, 5b).37-38 The Murata group reported the synthesis and properties of the paramagnetic molecular complex with the structure traping NO cluster shown in Fig. 5c, which was a stable substance both in solution and in the solid state.39 Very recently, they reported the synthesis of a new endohedral fullerene containing molecular H2O, and observed the olefin-H2O interaction in endohedral fullerene by single-molecule Fig. 5. Open-cage fullerene derivatives containing (a) H O , (b) H O, (c) NO, and (d) H O inside the different 2 2 2 2 geometrical confinement shown in Fig. 5d.40 carbon cavity.

Exohedral Functionalizations of EMFs Recently, the Martín group employed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides on Lu3N@C80 and C60 to get the allfullerene C60-Lu3N@Ih-C80 electron donor–acceptor conjugates (Fig. 6a).37 The Yamakoshi group also used the Prato reaction to obtain

two bis-ethylpyrrolidinoadducts of Gd3N@Ih-C80 (Fig. 6b).41 Hirsch et al. innovatively grafted C60 and endohedral Sc3N@C80 to reduced graphene instead of the commonly used graphene oxide to form the graphene-fullerene hybrid structures (Fig. 6c).42 The hybrid structures unveiled the feature of covalent hybrid by combined measurements of statistical Raman spectroscopy, temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy, as well as TG-MS and TG-GC-MS analysis. The results

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(a)

Oct Oct N H

H N Oct

Oct

H N

(b)

N H

and/or

(d)

N R

N R N

Sc3N@Ih-C80

Fig. 6. The chemical modification of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs): (a)the donor-acceptor conjugate of Lu3N@C80 and C60; (b)the bisadduct of Gd3N@C80; (c)the hybrid of graphene with Sc3N@C80; (d) the hybrid of Sc3N@C80 with single-walled carbon nanotube.

also show that the temperature-derived reversible defunctionalization processes of hybrid Sc3N@C80 and graphene. This research provided evidence that the efficient synthesis of hybrid of Sc3N@C80 with graphene solves the long-lasting puzzle about the construction of carbon allotrope-only hybrid architectures.42 They also reported the covalent hybrid of Sc3N@C80 with the 1D-single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) (Fig. 6d) by reaction of the negatively charged SWCNTs with the diazonium salt of Sc3N@C80.43 The successful covalent hybrid of the two carbon components is dependent on the reductive sidewall employing activated alkali metal nanotubides. More importantly, covalent hybrid architecture was confirmed using a series of characterization similar above for graphene-fullerene hybrid, emphasizing the covalent nature between these two carbon allotropes. This research has widened the scope of inter-carbonallotrope hybrids into the areaway of redox-active metal complexes shielded in a protective all-carbon layer. 43

Summary and Outlook The peculiar electronic and chemical properties of EMFs provide great potential for the application of EMFs in various fields such as biomedicine,44-45 photovoltaic cells,46 and molecular devices, etc.47 Gd-based EMFs have been proved to be an efficient MRI contrast agent for breast cancer,48 and also shows potential for the cancer treatment.49 Recent systematic studies also show that EMFs have outstanding single molecular magnet (SMM) properties, which sheds light on its potential in future magnet storage devices.50-52 Single molecular device studies of Sc3N@C80 revealed that it is the first bi-thermopower material, which demonstrates its potential for application in the construction of functional molecular devices.53-54 Undoubtedly, EMFs present a fascinating molecular world, in which many new compounds with variable applications will continue to be prepared and analyzed. However, despite the great advances in the past three decades, the studies of endohedral fullerenes still 56

face the many questions. In particular, the low product yield and requirement of extensive HPLC processes for purifications remain as the major obstacles for its extensive fundamental materials studies and large-scale applications. Thus, in addition to the further exploration of their novel structures and fascinating electronic states, future research may also need to search for efficient and selective synthetic methods to make large quantities of EMFs available for fundamental studies and applications. The functionalized EMFs not only possess better solubility in a wide range of organic solvents, but also exhibit optimized energy levels and bandgaps by reducing the number of delocalized π bonds, enabling their applications as electron acceptors and electron transport materials used in polymer solar cells and perovskite solar cells.55 For example, [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric hexyl este (Lu3N@C80PCBH) was applied as an electron acceptor combined with P3HT to construct bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells, achieving an open circuit voltage of 890 mV as well as a power conversion efficiency of 4.2 percent.56 The higher PCE of the P3HT/Lu3N@C80-PCBH devices relative to that of P3HT/PC61BM was attributed to the reduced LUMO, facilitating to capture more of the energy associated with each absorbed photon and leading to enhanced OPV performance through the improved Voc shown in Fig. 7a.56 More recently, another EMF derivative [Li+@C60]TFSI− was used as a dopant in spiro-MeOTAD and applied in MAPbI3-based perovskite solar cells, exhibiting comparable performance with that of conventional Li+TFSI−. More importantly, perovskite solar cells with [Li+@C60] TFSI− showed significantly higher stability relative to that of Li+TFSI-based devices, which was ascribed to the hydrophilic nature of the fullerene cage encapsulating Li+ and the antioxidant of Li@C60.57 In addition to the application in the energy fields, endohedral fullerene derivatives with multi-addition patterns have been developed and widely applied in biological and nanomedicine, including as MRI contrast agents, as well as anti-tumor and radiopharmaceutical treaments.58-59 Among them, the water-soluble gadoliniumThe Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

containing endohedral metallofullerenes as Gd@C82(OH)x is the most important one, featuring strong MRI proton relaxation in vitro/ vivo with antineoplastic activity of high efficiency and low toxicity (Fig. 7b).60- 62 Recently, the radical addition reaction of Dy2@C80 with benzyl bromide affords a novel Dy2@C80-(CH2Ph)adduct, in which an unpaired electron is trapped between dysprosium ions form a singleelectron metal-metal bond. Giant exchange interactions between lanthanide ions and the unpaired electron of Dy2@C80(CH2Ph) presents a single-molecule magnetism of record-high 100 s blocking temperature at 18 K (Fig. 7c). Meanwhile, all magnetic moments in Dy2@C80(CH2Ph) are parallel and couple ferromagnetically to form a single spin unit of 21 μB with a dysprosium-electron exchange constant of 32 cm−1.5 © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F09194IF

About the Authors Muqing Chen obtained his PhD from the University of Science and Technology of China in 2012. He later did his postdoc at the Huazhong University of Science and Technology (October 2013 to December 2016). In October 2017, he joined the group of Prof. Shangfeng Yang as an associate professor at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). His research interest is to explore the chemical properties and application of fullerenes including endohedral metallofullerenes in the fields of material science, catalysis, energy storage, and conversion. He may be reached at mqchen@ustc.edu.cn. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7111-1782

Acknowledgments

Chuang Niu received his BS in chemistry from Henan University (China) in 2015. He is currently pursuing his PhD in organic chemistry under the supervision of Prof. Guan-Wu Wang at the University of Science and Technology of China. He has authored/coauthored five journal articles. His current research interest is fullerene chemistry. He may be reached at cniu@mail. ustc.edu.cn. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8475-0196

This work was partially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0402800); National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51572254, 21372211, 51302178, 51602097); National Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20171211); and Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).

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(b)

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O O

Lu3N@C80

Lu3N@C80-PCBH

Gd@C82

Lu3N@C80

22±2

Gd@C82-fullerenol

Dy2@C80(CH2Ph)

Fig. 7. (a) J–V curves of P3HT/Lu3N@C80-PCBH (triangles) PCE=4.2%, Voc=810 mV, Jsc=8.64 mA cm−2 and FF=0.61 and P3HT/C60-PCBM (squares and dashed lines) PCE=3.4%, Voc=630 mV, Jsc=8.9 mA cm−2 and FF=0.61 blend devices. Filled symbols show the dark curves and open symbols show devices under simulated Air Mass 1.5 (100 mW cm-2); (b) T1-weighted MRI of Gd@C82(OH)22±2 nanoparticles and Gd-DTPA in vitro and vivo. (i) Gd@C82(OH)22±2 nanoparticles at ∼0.05 mM at pH2 in vitro. (ii) Gd@C82(OH)22±2 nanoparticles at ∼0.05 mM at pH 7 in vitro. (iii) Gd-DTPA at ∼0.05 mM in vitro. (iv) Gd-DTPA at ∼1 mM in vitro. (v) MRI of mice before i.v. administration of Gd@C82(OH)22±2 nanoparticles. (vi) MRI of mice after administration of Gd@C82(OH)22±2 nanoparticles in doses of 6.5 µmol/kg body weight. (vii) MRI of mice after administration of Gd-DTPA at ∼130 µmol/kg body weight. In (v), (vi), and (vii), kidneys images are indicated by arrows. All MR imaging was carried out at 25°C on a Bruker 4.7 T/30 cm Biospec magnetic resonance imaging scanner; (c)Magnetization curves measured at various temperatures with the field sweep rate of 2.9 mT·s-1 for Dy2@C80(CH2Ph). Figure 7b was reproduced with permission. Copyright 2008, American Chemical Society.

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Jiaxin Zhuang obtained her bachelor’s degree at Soochow University in 2017. She has been studying as a master’s student in Soochow University since 2017 under the supervision of Prof. Ning Chen. Her research interests focus on the synthesis, isolation, and characterization of novel endohedral fullerenes. She may be reached at jxzhuang@foxmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0737-8906 Guan-Wu Wang is currently a full professor at the University of Science and Technology of China. He obtained his BS, MS, and PhD from Lanzhou University in 1987, 1990, 1993, respectively. He then did his postdoctoral work at Fudan University, Kyoto University, University of Kentucky, University of Chicago, and Yale University. In May of 2000 he joined the University of Science and Technology of China as an awardee of the Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (1999). He was awarded a National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (2001). He currently serves as associate editor of Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry and is an editorial board member of Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, Current Organocatalysis, Acta Chimica Sinica, and Current Organic Chemistry. He has published over 220 scientific papers. His research interests include fullerene chemistry, mechanochemistry, and C-H activation reactions. He may be reached at gwang@ustc.edu.cn. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-532X Ning Chen is a professor in the College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University. He obtained his PhD from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, in 2007 under the supervision of Prof. Chunru Wang. He went on to do postdoctoral research with Prof. Lothar Dunsch at Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) from 2007 to 2009. He continued to work with Prof. Luis Echegoyen as a postdoctoral researcher first at Clemson University, then at University of Texas at El Paso from 2009 to 2012. From 2012, he started his independent career at Soochow University. His research interests are focused on novel endohedral fullerenes, fullerene derivatives, and their applications on photovoltaic devices. He may be reached at chenning@suda.edu.cn. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9405-6229 Shangfeng Yang received his PhD from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in 2003. He then joined Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Germany as an Alexander von Humboldt (AvH) Fellow and a guest scientist. In Dec. 2007 he joined University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) as a full professor at the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and has been appointed as department head since Oct. 2014. He was awarded the Hundreds of Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2008, and was evaluated as excellent in 2013. In 2010, he also was awarded Young Faculty Award of USTC Alumni Foundation. His research interests include the synthesis of fullerene-based nanocarbons toward applications in energy conversion and storage. He may be reached at sfyang@ustc. edu.cn. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6931-9613 58

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Carbon Nanotube Optical Probes and Sensors by Merav Antman-Passig, Tetyana Ignatova, and Daniel Heller Photophysical Characteristics of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

ingle-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are pseudo one-dimensional1 (1D) allotropes of carbon; rolled-up sheets of graphene assembled into seamless cylinders. SWCNTs are composed of purely sp2 hybridized carbon atoms, responsible for their unique strength, stability, and electronic properties.2,3 These properties have been studied extensively for use in diverse applications, including composites and electronics/ computing. A smaller contingent of investigators, intrigued by the unique optical properties of SWCNTs, is developing nanotube-based optical sensors and imaging probes for biomedical applications. SWCNT diameters are typically between 0.8 to 2 nm with lengths ranging from 100 nm to several microns long. Due to this large aspect ratio, SWCNTs are considered pseudo one-dimensional materials, an important molecular scale property for surface reactions. SWCNTs exist as different chiral species, pictured as the direction of the imaginary rolled up graphene sheet. The chirality is defined by the chiral vector (Ch) indexed by integers n,m. (Fig. 1.a) This geometry imposes on the nanotube a periodic boundary condition, which leads to quantization of the allowed electronic states. Allowed states can either occupy the Fermi level, leading to the nanotube exhibiting metallic properties, or, if no allowed states occupy the Fermi level, the nanotube will be semimetallic or semiconducting. (Fig. 1.b) This boundary is defined by the (n,m) indices: if n-m is an integer multiple of 3 (n-m=3q, where q is an integer) then the nanotube is metallic, and otherwise it is semi-metallic or semiconducting. The range of electronic states of SWCNTs have led to many promising applications, however, for this review paper, we highlight the electrooptical properties of semiconducting nanotubes for use in biomedical applications. The 1D geometry of SWCNTs results in van Hove singularities in their density of states. Optical transitions are specific to (n,m) chiralities, giving rise to absorption and photoluminescence features of semiconducting nanotubes at various energies. The photoluninescence–fluorescence of dispersed SWCNTs was first described in O’Connell at el.4, and spectroscopic signatures for chiral species were identified soon after.5 SWCNTs can absorb a photon corresponding to the second van Hove transition (E22), and, following non radiative relaxation, emit a photon corresponding to the first van Hove transition (E11). This process is especially important for biomedical applications, as the (E22) absorbance bands of SWCNTs are mainly in the visible range and extend into the near infrared (NIR-I) window of 750-900 nm. The emission bands of most SWCNT species are in either the NIR-I (continued on next page)

Fig. 1. Optical properties of SWCNTs. (a) Schematic representation of a carbon nanotube as a rolled sheet of graphane. The chirality of the nanotube is determined by the roll up vector Ch. (b) The 1D density of states of a semiconducting nanotube. The infrared absorbance and emission here is depicted in the E22 band and E11 respectively. (c) Overlay of SWCNT fluorescence and blood absorbance in the NIR, demonstrating compatibility to tissue imaging, adapted from9 with permission from Wiley. (d) Demonstration of SWCNT photostability compared to a common IR dye (indocyanine green) adapted from9 with permission from Wiley. (e) Narrow emission spectra of SWCNTs, and (f) Imaging of SWCNT (false-colored by chirality derived from spectral data.) Scale bar, 10 μm adapted from8 with permission from Nature. (g) Isolated single chirality SWCNT photograph adapted from76 with permission from American Chemical Society.

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Antman-Passig et al.

window or the 1000-1700 nm (NIRII) window. Both of these windows are promising for imaging and sensing applications in biological samples, due to low absorption and high penetration, reduced scattering and low autofluorescence of tissues in these ranges.6

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Designing Nanoscale Optical Biosensors

Fig. 2. SWCNT biosensor design. (a) Schematic representation of typical biorecognition-based SWCNT sensor design. SWCNTs are typically dispersed with solubilizing reagents and modified non-covalently with a biorecognition element. (b) Molecular recognition concept: a polymer of alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions that adopts a specific conformation upon specific analyte binding, causing a change in SWCNT emission. Adapted from30 with permission from Springer Nature. (c) Antibody-modified SWCNT reporter for specific detection of human epididymis protein 4, an ovarian cancer biomarker, adapted from.44 (d) SWCNT sensor for detecting lipids, adapted from57 with permission from the American Chemical Society. (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.7b04743) (e) Example of an optical reporter composed of SWCNT with peptoid polymers for the detection of wheat germ agglutinin, adapted from48 with permission from the American Chemical Society.

Due to their unique properties, SWCNTs are now under intense investigation as NIR optical biosensors. A molecular biosensor is an analytical tool which integrates a molecular recognition element and a transduction element. The primary goal of a sensor is to measure and produce a quantifiable optical response to an analyte of interest. Key features of ideal sensors include: (1) Quantitative response; a biosensor should produce an optical signal that is proportional to analyte concentrations allowing for accurate distinction between concentrations. (2) High analyte specificity; responses to the analyte of choice and resistance to non-specific responses to interferents. This is especially important in complex biological environments where various biomolecules may interact with the sensor and mask specific binding. Commonly, a sensing element will produce an optical signal triggered by an analyte binding to a bio-recognition element (i.e., antibody, enzymes, proteins receptors). (3) Sensitive response; a biosensor should generate a sufficient dynamic range in rsponse to physiologic concentrations range of the analyte. SWCNTs exhibit important optical properties that may benefit optical sensors; in addition to absorbance and fluorescence within the “biological transparency window.” These include large Stokes shifts and unique photostability with respect to photobleaching.7 Also, in contrast to most NIR organic dyes, there is little fluorescence intermittency (commonly called blinking), a disadvantage of quantum dot probes. Both of these parameters make SWCNTs advantageous for long term measurements.8,9 Additionally, SWCNTs have narrow linewidths, potentially enabling multiplexed sensing of individual SWCNTs simultaneously.8 (Fig. 1.e,f).7 The photoluminescence of carbon nanotubes is highly dependent on their immediate environment,10,11 facilitating the detection of many classes of bioanalytes. SWCNT optical sensors are often designed to include a biorecognition element non-covalently

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adsorbed to the nanotube surface. Analyte binding events on the nanotube sidewall perturb their local electronic structure, yielding measurable changes in emission intensity and/or wavelength due to redox and/or solvatochromic sensitivities, (Fig. 2.a) even observed at the single-nanotube level. Despite major advancements in SWCNT optical sensor development, several challenges remain. Controlling the quality and purity of SWCNTs is still a significant challenge, as well as producing large quantities of isolated nanotubes. Recent protocols for isolating individual SWCNTs have accelerated the development of SWCNT biosensors.12,13 A disadvantage of SWCNT optical probes is low emission efficiency, i.e., low fluorescence quantum yields.14 However, the modification of nanotubes to include controllable defects known as organic color centers has been demonstrated to increase quantum yield.15,16,A Toxicity and biocompatibility are also important issues to address with regard to the use of SWCNTs in biomedicine. Biocompatibility investigations have reached different conclusions, depending on SWCNT purity, physio-chemical properties, routes of exposure, aggregation/bundling, and chemical functionalization used in the studies.17–19,20 Recent investigations show low toxicities upon aqueous dispersion using protocols involving functionalizing SWCNTs with polymers and biomolecules to disperse them individually.21 Singlestranded DNA (ssDNA) has been found to form highly soluble hybrids with SWCNTs,12 and a few separation methods and optical applications have arisen as a result of this discovery.22–24,71,72 Noncovalent attachment of DNA,25 proteins,26 and polymers27 has led to SWCNTs constructs with demonstrable biocompatibility in living cells, plants, and animals.28,29 Non-covalent modification of SWCNTs has been used to first optimize solubilization in biocompatible solutions, and second to immobilize molecular recognition moieties.30–32 In the next section, we describe SWCNT-based nearinfrared optical sensor technologies, particularly in biomedical applications.

Probing Biomolecules Biosensors for biomolecule detection based on SWCNTs most commonly involve spectral changes of nanotube photoluminescence coupled to a molecular binding event. (Fig. 2.a) In most sensor incarnations, emission intensity modulation and/or wavelength shifting events are triggered by absorption of biomolecules on the nanotube surface. However, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), or excitation energy transfer, has been described in SWCNT-based sensors as well.33 Sensors for glucose,34,35 nitric oxide,36 hydrogen peroxide,37 avidin,38 neurotransmitters,39 and DNA conformational polymorphism (changes in DNA conformation)40 have been shown. Notably, hydrogen peroxide is a redox-active molecule that induces quenching of SWCNT fluorescence.41 The detection of nitric oxide (NO) was similarly demonstrated.36 Using non-covalently wrapped SWCNTs has enabled specific recognition of small molecules, often without relying on biological recognition molecules such as antibodies and aptamers.30,41 (Fig. 2.b) This method was developed to detect chemotherapeutic drugs,41 riboflavin,30 fibrinogen,32 and DNA walkers.42 Several investigators have modified the interfacing environment of SWCNTs to include specific moeities to selectively target biomolecules. (Fig. 2.c) Conjugation of biorecognition elements to nanotube polymeric wrappings has demonstrated high selectivity. Antibody-modified SWCNTs have been used to develop biosensors for the detection of cardiac troponin,43 for myocardial infarction, HE4, for early detection of ovarian cancer,44 and urokinase plasminogen activator, for the detection of metastatic prostate cancer.45 Aptamer modified nanotubes have been utilized to detect bacteriophage proteins.46 Additional biofunctionalization to induce specific interactions include peptides,47,48 DNA,49 and enzymes (Fig. 2. d,e).50 A

New Technologies for Imaging and Spectroscopy Technological advancements in imaging and spectroscopy have enabled single SWCNT imaging and micro-spectroscopy. Individual SWCNTs may be spatially resolved using far-field fluorescence microscopy techniques.51 NIR and Raman (discussed in a later section) hyperspectral imaging enables acquisition of spectral data from the emission of individual nanotubes, allowing the resolution of individual species and their spectral modulation on surfaces and in cells. From spectral information data of fluorescence modulation, population parameters can be analyzed.8,52

Imaging Applications NIR fluorescence of SWCNTs has been exploited for imaging applications in living systems. Considering their uniquely photostable emission, narrow emission bandwidths, and over 20 unique photoluminescent species SWCNTS are potentially useful as imaging probes. The monitoring of SWCNTs upon uptake into live 3T3 fibroblast cells allowed their tracking during endocytosis and exocytosis events.53 SWCNT emission also was used to interrogate the permeability of 3D tumor spheroids54 and to map nanoscale organization of the extracellular space in a live mice brain.55 (Fig. 3c) The large number of nanotube species/chiralities were imaged simultaneously using near-infrared hyperspectral microscopy, demonstrating the multiplexed imaging of near-infrared emitters (up to 17 in this work) within live cells and animals.8

Intracellular Sensing NIR imaging and hyperspectral imaging of SWCNTs have opened the door for spatial imaging and measurements of emission modulation, leading to visualization of SWCNT biosensor activity within specific sub-cellular organelles.8,56 DNA-encapsulated SWCNTs are localized specifically within the lumen of the late endosomes/lysosomes, where they reversibly measured lipid accumulation in models of lysosomal storage disorders.57 Intracellular kinesin-1 motor proteins have been dynamically probed via SWCNT biosensors,58 and intracellular probing of nuclear translocation, found to be mediated specifically by importin-beta, was developed with SWCNTs encapsulated by helical polymers.59 In plant cells, the tracking of DNA release from SWCNTs has been visualized.60

In Vivo Applications In vivo studies are a major milestone for expanding SWCNT biosensors for applications as research tools, diagnostics, and therapies. The intrinsic NIR emission of SWCNTs is well suited for in vivo imaging up to centimeters within tissues. Several studies have focused on SWCNT biodistribution and found SWCNTs injected intravenously distributed in mice differently, depending on the functionalization, to the kidneys/bladder, liver, lungs, or spleen.17,61,62 Importantly, non-covalently modified SWCNTs showed no evidence of acute or chronic toxicity.63 Ovarian cancer biomarkers were detected in live mice via an antibody-conjugated SWCNT biosensor.44 (Fig. 3.a) SWCNTs have been utilized for tumor imaging by targeting cancer sites via exploiting high tumor permeability.64 Anatomical imaging with SWCNT NIR fluorescence is another avenue, in which SWCNT emission showed high penetration depth and, combined with principal component analysis, identification of organs was achieved.65 (Fig. 3.b) Vascular and 3-mm deep tissue imaging was achieved with SWCNTs66, as well as through-skull (continued on next page)

M. Kim, X. Wu, G. Ao, X. He, H. Kwon, N. F. Hartmann, M. Zheng, S. K. Doorn, and Y.-H. Wang, Chem, 4, 2180 (2018).

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vascular imaging.67 Using a SWCNT-based sensor for endolysosomal lipids, the lipid content of lysosomes in mouse models of lysosomal storage diseases, atherosclerosis, and fatty liver disease were measured in vivo. Measurements revealed lasting effects of high-fat diet.68 (Fig. 3.d) Work with implantable sensors demonstrated in vivo detection of microRNA in live mice49 and ovarian cancer biomarkers in live mouse models of ovarian cancer44.

band at 1590 cm−1, G′ band at 2630 cm−1, and RBM bands in the lowfrequency region to resolve individual chiralities. The positions of single SWCNTs were resolved in three dimensions. Fast mapping of the cell area (Fig 4.a) identified the position of a nanotube as close to the cell membrane. Figure 4.b shows the high-resolution G-band image of the individual SWCNT (identified by its RBM mode). Panels d-g in Fig. 4 show a sequence of Raman micrographs taken at varying z-location. A hotspot associated with the nanotube moves in and out of focus at different depths inside the cell.

Raman Spectroscopy and Imaging Resonance Raman scattering is one of the primary methods to characterize carbon nanotube properties. Raman scattering utilizes inelastic scattering of light to identify material ‘fingerprints’ (reviewed elsewhere).69 The power of Raman spectroscopy lies in its ability to obtain chemical information, conduct non-destructive measurements, and the lack of photobleaching phenomena. Raman spectroscopic imaging allows for spatial resolution of spectroscopic information, enabling the measurement of low material concentrations within a milieu such as a living cell or tissue. This type of hyperspectral imaging may be conducted by several methods, including pixel-by-pixel mapping via movement of the microscope stage70 or a gimballed mirrorB, or via “global” hyperspectral imaging wherein broadband emission is passed through a turret-controlled volume Bragg grating.C Micro-Raman spectroscopy, as a tool complementary to NIR imaging, can resolve intracellular concentrations of SWCNTs on the order of nanomolar or less. Carbon nanotubes exhibit resonance Raman scattering, allowing a relatively high Raman signal as compared to other Raman active materials. Raman scattering spectroscopy of SWCNTs is chirality/speciesspecific and can also be used to assess aggregation/bundling and defects on the nanotube sidewall.71,72, B Carbon nanotube uptake has been measured via high-speed confocal microRaman microscopy in live macrophages.74 In neural C17.2 stem cells, nanotubes were imaged at the single-particle level. (Fig. 4) Critical Raman spectral features were resolved intracellularly, including the G

Fig. 3. In vivo biomedical applications of SWCNT reporters. (a) In vivo ovarian cancer sensor. (i) Photograph of spectral data acquisition for in vivo measurements. (ii) Image of NIR nanosensor emission from live mouse. (iii) Sensor spectral data collected in vivo, adapted from44 with permission from AAAS. (b) Dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging with SWCNTs processed by principal component analysis, adapted from65 with permission from PNAS. (c) Tracking of SWCNTs following injection to map nanoscale organization of the extracellular space in a live mouse brain, adapted from55 with permission from Springer Nature. (d) In vivo lipid reporter of lysosomal lipids. (i) In vivo image of SWCNT lipid reporter in the liver following IV injection. (ii) Hyperspectral image of resected tissue showing blue-shifting of nanotubes in response to lipid accumulation in the liver of an acid spingomyelinase knockout mouse (Scale bar = 20 μm). Adapted from 68 with permission from AAAS.

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Micro-Raman spectroscopy also provides chemical information from Raman active molecules in the cellular/ tissue milieu, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Signals from these cellular components, although weaker than SWCNT scattering, may be measured simultaneously, providing information from intracellular components.B

Future Prospects The unique photophysical properties of carbon nanotubes continues to inspire the development of research and clinical tools to improve biomedical measurements. The development of SWCNT-based imaging and biosensor technologies has expanded in recent years due in part to improvements in Fig. 4. 3D localization of SWCNTs by confocal Raman imaging. (a) Cell autofluorescence and (b) SWCNT our understanding of their chemical G-band image. (d-g) High-resolution G-band maps taken at 1, 1.5, 2, and 7μm depths inside the cell. Scale bars: and photophysical properties, 10μm in (a), 2μm in (b), and 1μm in (d-g). (c) SWCNT Raman spectrum showing the low frequency RBM modes spectroscopy/imaging instrumentation, (adapted from24 with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry). and increased collaboration between the physical sciences/engineering with life scientists and clinicians. More work is still warranted to better Tetyana Ignatova is an assistant professor in understand and control SWCNT chemistry, optical properties, and the Nanoscience Department at the University of biocompatibility. Recent works have demonstrated promising control North Carolina at Greensboro. Her research is over quantum yield and sensitivity via controlled defect chemistry. focused on the optical and electronic properties Additionally, multiple studies have demonstrated minimal toxicities of low-dimensional materials, such as carbon upon a wide variety of surface functionalization conditions. We nanotubes, graphene, and two-dimensional dienvision that continued investigations and collaboration will succeed chalcogenides. She received her PhD in physics in developing research tools that will have a lasting impact on from Lehigh University, and did her postdoctoral biology research and drug development processes, as well as clinical work at the University of California Irvine. She application. may be reached at t_ignato@uncg.edu. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F10194IF. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3859-6367

About the Authors Merav Antman-Passig is a postdoctoral fellow in Prof. Daniel Heller’s lab in the Molecular Pharmacology Department at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Her work focuses on developing biosensors for detecting brain disorders using carbon nanotubes. Her main interest is in designing early diagnostic tools for neurodegenerative diseases. Merav has received the Bar-Ilan postdoctoral prize for advancing women in scientific careers (2019). Merav completed her PhD in bioengineering at Bar-Ilan University, Israel, in the lab of Prof. Orit Shefi, specializing in neuroengineering (2017) as a Bar-Ilan presidential fellow and Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials fellow. Her doctoral research focused on developing tissue-engineered conduits that enhance neural repair following injury. Merav received a master’s degree working under Prof. Shai Rahimipour from the department of chemistry at Bar-Ilan University (2012) researching photoactive molecules as anti-amyloidogenic agents. She may be reached at antmanpm@mskcc.org. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2102-9139

Daniel A. Heller is head of the Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Bristol-Myers Squibb/James D. Robinson III Junior Faculty Chair, and an associate member in the Molecular Pharmacology Program at Memorial SloanKettering Cancer Center. In addition, he is an associate professor in the Department of Pharmacology at Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University. His work focuses on the development of nanoscale technologies for the research, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. He obtained his PhD in chemistry from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2010, working in the laboratory of Michael Strano. He completed a Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship in the laboratory of Robert Langer at the David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT in 2012. Dr. Heller is a 2012 recipient of the National Institutes of Health Director’s New Innovator Award; a 2015 Kavli Fellow; a 2017 recipient of the Pershing Square Sohn Prize for Young Investigators in Cancer Research; a 2018 American Cancer Society Research Scholar; a 2018 NSF CAREER Awardee; and a 2018 recipient of the CRS Nanomedicine and Nanoscale Drug Delivery Focus Group Junior Faculty Award. He may be reached at hellerd@mskcc.org. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6866-0000 (continued on next page)

J. W. Kang, F. T. Nguyen, N. Lue, R. R. Dasari, and D. A. Heller, Nano Lett., 12, 6170 (2012).

E. Gaufrès, S. Marcet, V. Aymong, N. Y.‐W. Tang, A. Favron, F. Thouin, C. Allard, D. Rioux, N. Cottenye, M. Verhaegen, and R. Martel, J. Raman Spectrosc., 149, 174 (2018).

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Synthesis and Nano-Characterization of Graphene Single- and Few-Layer Films by Mark H. Rümmeli, Huy Q. Ta, and Slava V. Rotkin

Introduction

wo-dimensional materials (2DM)1-4 rapidly gained the attention of material scientists, physicists, and engineers due to the breadth of their electronic properties, often combined with good mechanical and thermal functionality. Among these materials, graphene, certainly, is the best studied material with the most mature applications. Therefore, scalable synthetic technologies for growing at will various graphene materials of different properties are of paramount importance for both industry and academia. There are a number of different approaches in which single- and bi-layer graphene can be created or isolated. At the moment, the most popular process, by far, is chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The CVD method can yield relatively high-quality graphene, and it has the potential to synthesize graphene on a large scale.5 Although the standard CVD process is straightforward for synthesizing graphene with specific desired properties, the process parameters and reactor configuration are crucial. CVD, in essence, is a process by which gaseous reactants are used to deposit material onto a substrate. In the case of graphene, the gaseous precursor undergoes pyrolysis to form carbon species. These carbon species are then carried and deposited onto the surface of the substrate and then form the carbon hexagonal lattice of graphene. To improve the pyrolysis of the precursor usually a catalyst is used to reduce the reaction temperature, but this is not a requirement. The implementation of a so-called plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) can help reduce pyrolysis temperatures as well. In terms of operation pressure, two broad categories exist, namely, atmospheric pressure CVD (APCVD) and low-pressure CVD (LPCVD). Different substrates can be used, however, the most successful are metals, in particular Cu as it serves as a catalyst and also, the low carbon solubility in Cu allows for easier control to form large area of homogeneous mono- or bi-layer graphene. The drawback for growing graphene on Cu is the need to transfer it off the Cu-substrate (e.g., for device fabrication) onto Si or SiO2 as this processing step can incur contamination and/or damage. Thus, a large interest exists to directly grow graphene on non-metal substrates by CVD. The CVD technique also allows graphene doping during growth, including substitutional doping, that is, intercalation of the lattice with hetero-atoms.

CVD over Metal Substrates Solid Metal Substrates

One of most common substrates, Cu, results in homogeneous graphene growth because of its low carbon solubility along with its catalytic properties. Other metals, for example, Ni, while catalytically active, tend to have high carbon solubility. This solubility leads to inhomogeneous graphene layer formation over larger areas due to absorbed carbon precipitation during cooling. This drawback can be overcome by using binary substrates, such as a Ni film over Mo.6 Systematic studies show that during the APCVD process, the Ni and Mo break up, diffuse, and mix as independent islands. Graphene nucleation occurs exclusively over the Ni islands, while the Mo islands around the Ni soak up excess C. In the case of Cu as a substrate, while obtaining homogenous single layer graphene is easier, growth parameters such as gas flow is crucial. Unrestricted gas flows in APCVD lead to inhomogeneity of the number of layers. An alternative configuration in which the gas flow is partially restricted resolves this problem.7 The study showed the number of

layers to depend on the sample placement within the CVD chamber, yielding either homogeneous monolayer or bilayer graphene. Under quasi-static equilibrium gas conditions not only is the layer number stabilized, but also the quality of the graphene improves. In another systematic study8, using Cu as the substrate in APCVD, the roles of the flow rate and relative gas ratio of CH4 to H2 were explored, and two very different growth windows are identified. For relatively high CH4 to H2 ratios, graphene growth is relatively rapid with an initial first full layer forming in seconds. Thereafter new graphene flakes nucleate and then grow on top of the first layer (Fig.1, middle). The stacking of these flakes versus the initial graphene layer is mostly turbostratic. This growth mode can be likened to Stranski−Krastanov growth. While with relatively low CH4 to H2 ratios, the growth rates are reduced due to a lower carbon supply rate. In addition, bi-, tri-, and few-layer flakes form directly over the Cu substrate as individual islands (Fig.1, bottom). Etching studies were conducted, and they showed that in this growth mode subsequent layers form beneath the first layer presumably through carbon radical intercalation. This growth mode is similar to that found with Volmer−Weber growth and produces highly oriented ABstacked graphene. Figure 1 shows examples of the parameters space for the two growth modes.

Doping of Graphene The doping of graphene can be used to change the native materials properties, for example, to open up a band gap or overcome its surface inertness to develop catalytic activity. To open a band gap, single element doping is required, however, for enhancing the catalytic potential of graphene multi-elemental doping is needed for both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic applications. Heteroatom doping can be achieved with both APCVD and LPCVD.9 Evaporating solid powder precursors upstream from the substrate yields hetero-elemental doping of graphene using LPCVD and a hydrogen-rich atmosphere. When nitrophenyl ferrocene was used as the precursor, large area graphene (formed over a Cu substrate) was successfully doped with O and N species. Selectivity between mono-, bi-, and a few-layer graphene could be obtained by adjusting the reactor configuration, temperature, and growth time.9 Using a similar setup, but with the reaction optimized for 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane, doped mono- and fewlayer graphene with covalent C-Br and O-doping was successfully demonstrated.10

Liquid Metal Substrates

One of the disadvantages of metal substrates for large area CVD growth of graphene is the presence of microstructure defects such as grain boundaries. Due to difference in C solubility near the substrate defects during the growth process, it is hard to achieve a uniform large area graphene films due to excess C precipitation in the course of cooling down. In addition, substrate crystal orientation can affect graphene growth kinetics. In the case of a liquid metal substrate, these aspects can be eliminated. In an early demonstration liquid p-block elements (e.g. Ga) were used for the synthesis of monolayer graphene in APCVD.11 The electron mobility of single crystal domains grown on liquid Ga surfaces was as high as 7400 cm2V-1s-1 under ambient conditions, indicating high-quality single crystal graphene flakes. The technique is relatively simple and does not require film deposition or vacuum systems. A later systematic study with liquid metals

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showed they are highly suited for single layer graphene growth.12 During cooling the surface metal solidifies quickly, thus blocking the precipitation of absorbed carbon. As a result, such a growth is a self-limited catalytic process and robust to variations in growth parameters.

CVD over Non-Metal Substrates An early work showed the potential of oxides as non-metal substrates for growing graphene.13 One of the more important substrates is Si wafers (Si/SiOx). Although various studies have been conducted to achieve graphene synthesis directly on the SiOx surface, it was proven that obtaining large-area, homogeneous monolayer graphene is challenging. To overcome this limitation, a confinement technique was proposed in which two Si/SiOx wafers are placed with their oxide faces in contact in a sandwich configuration, which can yield homogeneous single-layer large area graphene.14 The graphene is polycrystalline and the grain boundaries are facetted (Fig. 2) indicating further improvements are needed. Graphene also can be directly grown on Al2O3 wafers, although this typically requires very high temperatures for good quality (poly-crystalline) graphene.15 The potential for graphene CVD growth at low temperatures, 325oC, on an oxide was demonstrated using MgO crystals with acetylene as the precursor.16 Such lowtemperature growth is relevant for BEOL (back-end-of-line) integrated circuit fabrication, to maintain the mechanical integrity of intermetal dielectrics in Sitechnology. In addition, graphene can be grown on a number of traditional glasses which may find applications in technologies beyond transistors. The direct, well-controlled growth of high-quality graphene on insulating solid glasses was demonstrated by APCVD, where the layer thickness was also tunable.17

Fig 1. Relative gas flow windows used to investigate the dependence of graphene growth modes with respect to the CH4 partial pressure (estimated by the flow rate of CH4 divided by the total flow rate) versus the total gas flow (a) (total gas flow includes CH4, H2, and a constant flow 1000 SCCM of Ar). The small dots indicated all the measured points. (b−d) A set of SEM images showing SK-like bilayer graphene growth corresponding to (b−d) red square spots in (a). The graphene flakes irregular in shape in the SK-like mode. (e−g) A set of SEM images showing VW-like bilayer graphene growth corresponding to (e−g) blue triangle spots in (a). The graphene flakes are regular in shape in the VW-like mode. All scale bars are 2 μm. (Reprinted with permission from Reference 8. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society.)

Molten Non-Metal Substrates

It is believed that in using a molten insulator substrate, uniform nucleation and accelerated growth of graphene can occur. This process was demonstrated by APCVD on sodalime glass, which has a low softening point of 620oC. Sodalime glass is inexpensive and already used in various applications.18 Asproduced graphene on soda-lime glass was used for smart heating-devices, with potential applications for transparent defoggers, thermo-chromic displays, and biocompatible cell culture medium.

Fig 2. TEM characterizations of the large-area synthetic monolayer graphene (from sandwich configuration). (a) Low-magnification micrograph of a graphene film transferred onto a holey carbon TEM grid. (b) SAED pattern of the region circled in (a). The inset profile shows the intensity profile of the diffraction spots. (c, d) High-resolution TEM images showing the honeycomb atomic configuration of graphene. (e) False-color composite micrograph image highlighting the different domain (grain) orientations and faceted grain boundaries. (Reprinted with permission from Reference 14. Copyright 2010 American Chemical Society.)

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Characterization of Multi-Layer Graphene The capability to synthesize a breadth of 2DMs, including their advanced heterostructures with complex morphology and electronic properties dependent on the structure, requires appropriate instrumentation to probe such materials properties. Here, we focus on a single technique—confocal Raman microscopy19,20—which has been proven to allow non-destructive materials characterization, while a number of other methods exist that deserve their own review. Raman scattering has been extensively used for characterization of graphene,21,22 as well as other 2D materials.23-25 This use is due to (1) the existence of specific Raman lines for these materials, corresponding to optical phonons and their combinations, (2) the high brightness of these Raman features if excited in resonance with electronic transitions in 2D materials, and (3) most importantly, the strong coupling of these phonon modes to the lattice structure, including strain, defects and layering, the electronic structure, including doping level, and other physical parameters of interest, such as the rotational registry in twisted materials. Figure 3 c, d shows typical Raman spectra of monolayer graphene samples on the different substrates (blue: isolated by hexagonal BN (hBN) films on both sides; red: just coated with hBN on SiO2 substrate). In confocal Raman microscopy, the excitation laser light is tightly focused to a diffraction-limited spot as shown in panel (a), and thus, the Raman scattered signal is collected from a small volume in the focal spot. As a result, a (singlepoint Raman) measurement provides local information from the specimen. Scanning the sample while collecting the Raman data allows one to map the materials properties point by point. Inspection of the graphene sample begins with identifying two major characteristic Raman peaks, denoted as G and 2D, at ~1600 and 2700 cm- 1. Fitting the shape of the Raman peaks with a Lorentzian (for uniform broadening) or Gaussian (for non-uniform broadening) yields, for each line, three main parameters: the peak’s position (frequency), width (broadening), and intensity (oscillator strength). Each of these parameters is specific for the material under investigation: for example, in panel (e) the map of the hBN-peak intensity shows clearly the area with 0-, 1-, and 2-hBN layers. Similar maps (shown in Fig. 4 a,b) of the width of G or 2D-lines also have different contrast in regions I and II. This difference in linewidth is (continued on next page)

Fig. 3. Raman characterization of graphene monolayer. (a) Schematic representation and (b) optical image of the sample: note the different regions I (SiO2-hBN-Gr-hBN sandwiched) and II (SiO2-Gr-hBN coated). Confocal waist of the laser beam, d, is of the order of 0.3-0.5 μm. Scale bar in (b) is 10 μm. (c, d) Single point Raman spectra taken in areas marked as stars in (b) of the same color. (e) Raman map by the intensity of the hBN peak (shown in (d)). (f,g,i) Cross-correlation plots of Raman fit parameters for G and 2D lines (from all points of the map, sorted by color as regions in (e)). (h) Histograms of 2D-width on regions I (blue) and II (red). Adapted from [27] (CC BY license: Copyright 2015 Springer Nature.)

Fig. 4. Quantitative characterization by Raman mapping. (a-b) Sample maps by width of 2D- and G-lines of the same area as in Fig. 3e. Inset shows the scheme of conversion of the correlation data into strain and charge density axis. (Adapted from [27]; CC BY license: Copyright 2015 Springer Nature.) (c) Cross-correlation plot for monolayer graphene before/after doping, converted into (d) strain and charge density. (e-f) Comparison of doping level obtained by IR absorption and from Raman map, respectively. (Adapted from [28] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

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In conclusion, two of the most important techniques to, first, fabricate graphene through CVD, and second, characterize graphene through confocal Raman spectroscopy, have been presented. The tremendous success of these techniques lies in their versatility, ease of use, and accessibility. CVD provides tremendous options for graphene growth over multiple substrates under numerous conditions and can also deliver control in terms of layer number as well as layer stacking configuration. This opens the technique as ultimately being viable for numerous applications. After having synthesized graphene, it is critical to rapidly and easily evaluate the material, and confocal Raman spectroscopy offers this by enabling this Fig. 5. Raman mapping of twist in graphene bi- and tri-layers. (c) Schematic representation and (d) optical single technique to evaluate numerous image of the sample: central part of the island has three layers (dark color) with different twist of the bottom properties such as lattice structure, monolayer with respect to AB-stacked second and third layers, ±10o; the area around it (light color) is a twisted bilayer, ±10o; the rest of the surface is covered with a monolayer (green). (a,b) Intensity of G-line including strain, defects, and layering, and 2D/G-intensity ratio maps of an island show the boundary of the bottom grains, rotationally misoriented the electronic structure, including doping at ~20o. (e) Cross-correlation plot showing the strain distribution of this one and a few similar islands with level, and other physical parameters of different bilayer twist. (Rotkin, unpublished.) interest, such as the rotational registry in twisted materials. Moreover, both these due to the interaction of the 2DM with the SiO2 substrate heavily techniques look set to be key approaches with other 2D materials, influencing the phonon modes as one can see from the histogram further establishing their importance. of the 2D-width in panel (h)—the SiO2 surface induces substantial phonon scattering and greatly decreases its lifetime. Indeed, the Acknowledgments distribution of the 2D-linewidth (see correlation plot in panel (g)) with a flat bottom edge is due to the width of Raman line being Slava V. Rotkin acknowledges NSF grant (ECCS-1509786). Mark limited by the inverse of the natural lifetime of the phonon mode. H. Rümmeli thanks the Czech Republic under the ERDF program From this one measurement, one can conclude that the lifetime is less “Institute of Environmental Technology—Excellent Research” for the SiO2 substrate as compared to the hBN-sandwiched sample. (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000853). More quantitative information is obtained from the cross© The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F11194IF. correlation of the peak parameters. For example, comparison of the cross-correlation plot of position of 2D vs. G-line (panel (i)) shows a linear slope. This is due to strain in the sample. As detailed About the Authors elsewhere26,27 the strain and doping are major factors that shift the line frequency via elasticity and electron-phonon interactions, Mark H. RÜmmeli is a professor at the Soochow respectively (see inset in Fig. 4a). For monolayer graphene these Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS factors are well parameterized, which enables direct mapping of (SIEMIS), Soochow University, China, where he strain and/or the doping level.28 For example, Fig. 4 c,d shows the established a research group which utilizes statedata from a graphene sample doped chemically with a TFSA spinof-the-art transmission electron microscopy for casted from solution. Panel (c) shows the cross-correlation plot for the investigation of novel 2D nano-materials. He G- and 2D-peak positions, where the original sample (blue) shows a is appointed as a guest professor at Wuhan distribution along the strain axis (blue line; cf. the slope in the inset University. He collaborates globally with many in panel (a)), while the cluster of values for the doped sample (red) research universities and institutes, such as is greatly offset along the doping axis (black line). Panel (d) shows Peking University, the University of Oxford, the same data converted into Fermi level shift and strain (relative to NASA Ames Research Laboratories, Cornell University, and the average strain in the undoped sample) before and after doping. Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT.) He received his Similar analysis of Raman maps for a series of samples with different PhD from London Metropolitan University and spent several years TFSA doping levels allowed us to determine the dependence of the working in the U.S. and West Indies developing e-learning platforms Fermi level (and strain) on doping (panel (f)), which correlated well for Healthcare education. Subsequent to this, he joined the with independent reflectance measurements, panel (e), for details see Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), a joint Ref.24 research collaboration between the German Space Agency (DLR) Furthermore, the same statistical analysis of the Raman maps and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). He allows one to distinguish the rotational mismatch in graphene then joined the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Science, multilayer samples. Figure 5d shows an optical image of a trilayer/ in Germany, where he was responsible for founding the Molecular bilayer sample (panel (c) explains the layer structure). The G-line Nanostructures Group. After this he worked in the Republic of South intensity in panel (a) allows one to distinguish the number of layers Korea as a professor in the Department of Energy Science at (brighter central region is a trilayer). Moreover, the ratio of the GSungkyunkwan University. While in the aforementioned role, he was and 2D-intensities clearly shows that the island is broken into two concurrently appointed as the founder of the Structural Analysis different parts. The cross-correlation plot in panel (e), taken from Group within the Korean Institute of Basic Science. To date, he has a large group of similar twisted islands, not only allows one to published over 300 scientific papers with many appearing in leading determine the strain/doping distribution in a particular island, but journals such as Science and Nature Nanotechnology. He may be also to assign the twist angle by displacement of the “strain” axis in reached at m.ruemmeli@ifw-dresden.de. the plane. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3736-6439 70

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Huy Q. Ta is currently a research fellow under an IKM scholarship at the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW-Dresden), Germany. He obtained his Master’s degree at Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea, and then completed his PhD in chemistry at the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland in 2017. He joined Prof. Mark H. Rümmeli’s group at the Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Soochow University, China, as a postdoctoral fellow until 2018. His research focuses on the synthesis and characterization of 2D materials as well as their in situ interaction with electron beams in electron microscopes. He may be reached at q.h.ta@ifw-dresden.de. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3219-5856 Slava V. Rotkin is Frontier Professor of Engineering Science & Mechanics at Penn State. He received his MSc (Summa Cum Laude) in optoelectronics in 1994 from the Electrotechnical Institute and his PhD in physics and mathematics in 1997 from Ioffe Institute (both in St. Petersburg, Russia). Prof. Rotkin is a recipient of several scientific awards, including: Class of ’68 Fellowship, Libsch Early Career Research Award, Feigl Junior Faculty Scholar, Beckman Fellowship, as well as Hillman Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Student Advising. He authored 150+ journal and proceeding papers. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Electrochemical Society, the chair of the NANO Division of the ECS, and a senior member of IEEE. He may be reached at rotkin@psu.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7221-1091

References 1. S. Manzeli, D. Ovchinnikov, D. Pasquier, O. V. Yazyev, and A. Kis, Nat. Rev. Mater., 2, 17033 (2017). 2. B. Anasori, M. R. Lukatskaya, and Y. Gogotsi, Nat. Rev. Mater., 2, 16098 (2017). 3. X. Li, L. Tao, Z. Chen, H. Fang, X. Li, X. Wang, J.-B. Xu and H. Zhu, Appl. Phys. Rev., 4, 021306 (2017). 4. A. J. Mannix, B. Kiraly, M. C. Hersam, and N. P. Guisinger, Nat. Rev. Chem., 1, 0014 (2017). 5. J. H. Warner, F. Schäffel, A. Bachmatiuk, and M. H. Rümmeli, in “Graphene”, J. H. Warner, F. Schäffel, A. Bachmatiuk, and M. H. Rümmeli Editors, p. 61, Elsevier (2013). 6. M. H. Rümmeli, M. Zeng, S. Melkhanova, S. Gorantla, A. Bachmatiuk, L. Fu, C. Yan, S. Oswald, R. G. Mendes, D. Makarov, O. Schmidt, and J. Eckert, Chem. Mater., 25, 3880 (2013). 7. M. H. Rümmeli, S. Gorantla, A. Bachmatiuk, J. Phieler, N. Geißler, I. Ibrahim, J. Pang, and J. Eckert, Chem. Mater., 25, 4861 (2013). 8. H. Q. Ta, D. J. Perello, D. L. Duong, G. H. Han, S. Gorantla, V. L. Nguyen, A. Bachmatiuk, S. V. Rotkin, Y. H. Lee, and M. H. Rümmeli, Nano Lett., 16, 6403 (2016).

9. M. Hasan, W. Meiou, L. Yulian, H. Q. Ta, L. Zhao, R. G. Mendes, S. Oswald, Z. Akhter, Z. P. Malik, N. M. Ahmad, Z. Liu, and M. H. Rümmeli, Mater. Res. Express, 6, 055604 (2019). 10. M. Hasan, W. Meiou, L. Yulian, S. Ullah, H. Q. Ta, L. Zhao, R. G. Mendes, Z. P. Malik, Nasir M. Ahmad, Z. Liu, and M. H. Rümmeli, RSC Adv., 9, 13527 (2019). 11. J. Wang, M. Zeng, L. Tan, B. Dai, Y. Deng, M. Rümmeli, H. Xu, Z. Li, S. Wang, L. Peng, J. Eckert, and L. Fu, Sci. Rep., 3, 2670 (2013). 12. M. Zeng, L. Tan, J. Wang, L. Chen, M. H. Rümmeli, and L. Fu, Chem. Mater., 26, 3637 (2014). 13. M. H. Rümmeli, C. Kramberger, A. Grüneis, P. Ayala, T. Gemming, B. Büchner, and T. Pichler, Chem. Mater., 19, 4105 (2007). 14. J. Pang, R. G. Mendes, P. S. Wrobel, M. D. Wlodarski, H. Q. Ta, L. Zhao, L. Giebeler, B. Trzebicka, T. Gemming, L. Fu, Z. Liu, J. Eckert, A. Bachmatiuk, and M. H. Rümmeli, ACS Nano, 11, 1946 (2017). 15. J. Hwang, M. Kim, D. Campbell, H. A. Alsalman, J. Y. Kwak, S. Shivaraman, A. R. Woll, A. K. Singh, R. G. Hennig, S. Gorantla, M. H. Rümmeli, and M. G. Spencer, ACS Nano, 7, 385 (2013). 16. M. H. Rümmeli, A. Bachmatiuk, A. Scott, F. Börrnert, J. H. Warner, V. Hoffman, J.-H. Lin, G. Cuniberti, and B. Büchner, ACS Nano, 4, 4206 (2010). 17. J. Sun, Y. Chen, M. K. Priydarshi, Z. Chen, A. Bachmatiuk, Z. Zou, Z. Chen, X. Song, Y. Gao, M. H. Rümmeli, Y. Zhang, and Z. Liu, Nano Lett., 15, 5846 (2015). 18. Y. Chen, J. Sun, J. Gao, F. Du, Q. Han, Y. Nie, Z. Chen, A. Bachmatiuk, M. K. Priydarshi, D. Ma, X. Song, X. Wu, C. Xiong, M. H. Rümmeli, F. Ding, Y. Zhang, and Z. Liu, Adv. Mater., 27, 7839 (2015). 19. N. J. Everall, Appl. Spectrosc., 63, 245A (2009). 20. J. Toporski, T. Dieing, and O. Hollricher, “Confocal Raman Microscopy”, 2nd Ed., p. 1, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Berlin (2018). 21. A. Jorio and A. G. Souza Filho, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 46, 357 (2016). 22. R. Beams, L. G. Cancado, and L. Novotny, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 27 (2015). 23. M. A. Pimenta, E. del Corro, B. R. Carvalho, C. Fantini, and L. M. Malard, Acc. Chem. Res., 48, 41 (2015). 24. X. Lu, X. Luo, J. Zhang, S. Y. Quek, and Q. Xiong, Nano Res., 9, 3559 (2016). 25. X. Zhang, X. F. Qiao, W. Shi, J. B. Wu, D. S. Jiang, and P. H. Tan, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44, 2757 (2015). 26. J. E. Lee, G. Ahn, J. Shim, Y. S. Lee, and S. Ryu, Nat. Commun., 3, 1024 (2012). 27. C. Neumann, S. Reichardt, P. Venezuela, M. Drögeler, L. Banszerus, M. Schmitz, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, F. Mauri, B. Beschoten, S. V. Rotkin, and C. Stampfer, Nat. Commun., 6, 8429 (2015). 28. S. Adhikari, D. J. Perello, C. Biswas, A. Ghosh, N. V. Luan, J. Park, F. Yao, S. V. Rotkin, and Y. H. Lee, Nanoscale, 8, 18710 (2016).

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SEC TION NE WS Brazil Section The ECS Brazil Section recently elected a new slate of officers for the October 19, 2019–October 21, 2020 term. The following officers were elected: Chair: Luis Dick, professor, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do SulUFRGS, Porto Alegre

Secretary and Treasurer: Raphael Nagao, professor, Universidade de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas

Vice Chair: Adalgisa de Andrade, professor, Universidade de Sao Paulo-USP-RP, Ribeiro Preto

Member-at-Large: Edson Ticianelli, professor, Universidade de Sao Paulo-USP-SC, Sao Carlos

Photo: Edson Antonio Ticianelli

The new board is committed to increasing the number of members and, with the central government of Brazil, making access to ECS journals free of charge for Brazilian universities.

China Section ECS China Section members were actively involved in founding the International Conference on Energy, Materials, and Photonics (EMP) in 2015 in Shenzhen, China. The conference’s goal is to develop a sustainable environment through new energy, materials, and photonic technology. The Society for Energy Photonics (SEP), led by an advisory committee including Xiao Wei Sun, Southern University

of Science and Technology (SUSTech); Renaud Bachelot, Université de technologie de Troyes; and Dongling Ma, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, were the original organizers. EMP is held annually at different locations including Troyes (EMP16), Shenzhen (EMP17), Montreal (EMP18), and Shanghai (EMP19).

ECS China Section co-organized EMP19. Here is the opening ceremony in Shanghai, China. Photo: Jian Gong 72

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SEC TION NE WS EMP featured ECS China Section members as invited speakers; in EMP18, Aicheng Chen, University of Guelph; Daniel Guay, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique; and others. EMP19 speakers included Dongling Ma and ECS Fellow Nianqiang Wu, West Virginia University. More than 300 participants from multidisciplinary fields attended EMP19. EMP20 will be held from July 8-10, 2020 in Myamar at the University of Yangon (UY), to mark UY’s hundredth anniversary. The conference chairs are Pho Kaung, UY rector, and Khin Khin Win, head of UY’s physics department. Than Zaw Oo, UY, and Aung Ko Ko Kyaw, SUSTech, are the local organizing committee chairs. The conference will provide a platform for academics, scientists, business leaders, innovators, and industrialists from around the world to share

research, exchange ideas, and form collaborations to jointly fight the energy crisis, and combat global warming and climate change. The conference is soliciting papers in an emerging area of energy photonics, the application of photonics in high-efficiency energy production, utilization, and related material research supporting these applications. EMP20 covers all aspects of materials and photonics in energy applications, including but not limited to energy conversion and storage materials; functional materials and devices; semiconductor lighting and display; smart windows and coating; and optics and photonics. Participants will have the opportunity to explore Yangon, a culturally rich and historic city in the exotic country of Myanmar. Please submit abstracts to EMP20conference@ gmail.com.

Georgia Section The ECS Georgia Section conference took place at the Georgia Institute of Technology on September 27, 2019. Mohammadreza Nazemi, Paul Kohl, and Seung Woo Lee organized the event, which kicked off with a reception. The invited speaker, William E. Mustain, professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of South Carolina, addressed the group on “Opportunities

and Fundamental Challenges for the Development and Deployment of Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.” Lunch followed and a student poster session. Three Georgia Tech students received awards for their posters: first place, Jung (Zhengyuan) Fang; second place, Garrett Huang; and third place, Marc R. Papakyriakou.

Attendees gathered at Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute for the 2019 ECS Georgia Local Conference. Photo: Mohammadreza Nazemi

Israel Section On September 21, the ECS Israel Section hosted 26 young electrochemists for the first student workshop in electrochemistry at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Yair Bochlin, Remi Nicolas Cazelles, and Lital Alfonta presented theoretical tutorials in the morning. After lunch, five student groups conducted hands-on experiments in analytical electrochemistry, scanning electrochemical microscopy, photoelectrochemistry, bioelectrochemistry, and simulations in electrochemistry. The students were hosted by Lital Alfonta’s lab, Eran Edri’s lab, and the Nanobioelectronics Laboratory. New aspects in electrochemistry in the labs were guided by Teddy Zagardan, Elad Salomon, and Itay Algov. The workshop concluded over beer and good food at the Coca brewpub with discussions on the experiments’ results, science, and electrochemistry.

The ECS Israel Section was a host of the 2019 Annual Israelectrochemistry Meeting at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev on September 22-23, 2019. Over 100 electrochemists from Israeli academia and chemical industry participated. The meeting was dedicated to the late Israel Rubinstein who passed away in October 2017. Robert Weatherup, University of Manchester, presented the morning keynote address, followed by three invited speakers. Following lunch and a poster session featuring 37 participants, the afternoon session included parallel sessions on fuel cells, bioelectrochemistry, storage devices, and photoelectrochemistry. At the meeting, Israelectrochemistry was launched as an autonomous chapter of the Israel Chemical Society, to be known as the Israel Electrochemistry Section, IECS-ICS.

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SEC TION NE WS (continued from previous page)

The following received awards: • Yonatan Horowitz, Tel Aviv University, for best oral presentation dedicated to the memory of Professor Israel Rubinstein. • Ofir Eisenberg, Weizmann Institute of Science; and Heftsi Ragones, Tel Aviv University; for best oral presentations dedicated to the memory of Dr. Baruch Zinger. • Matan Aroosh, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Mr. Eilon Miara, TechnionIsrael Institute of Technology; and Ayan Mukherjee, Bar-Ilan University; for best posters dedicated to the memory of Dr. Baruch Zinger.

Sponsors who made the meeting possible were Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology; The Center for Agro-Nanotechnology, Volcani Center; BioAnalytics Creative Lab Solutions; NewRoad Scientific Instruments; and Medi Fischer Engineering & Science. The IECS-ICS 2020 meeting takes place at Bar-Ilan University; 2021 at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology.

2019 annual Israelectrochemistry meeting participants. Photo: Anat Friedman

Japan Section ECS Japan Section members located in Hokaido have organized the Lilac Seminar and Research Exchange Meeting for Young Researchers almost every summer since 1982. The 2019 meeting took place from June 15-16 at Okobachi Cabin in Otaru, a beautiful port city situated 30 kilometers from Sapporo. The seminar is named

for the lilac, the official tree of Sapporo where it is at its height in June. At this year’s meeting, more than 100 students and researchers enjoyed discussing their research in the student poster session. Seven lectures were presented on hot topics relating to electrochemistry and other research fields such as DNA folding and catalysis.

Participants at this year’s Lilac Seminar. Photo: Dr. Minamimoto 74

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AWARDS AWAPROGRAM RDS

Awards, Fellowships, Grants ECS distinguishes outstanding technical achievements in electrochemistry, solid state science and technology, and recognizes exceptional service to the Society through the Honors & Awards Program. Recognition opportunities exist in the following categories: Society Awards, Division Awards, Student Awards, and Section Awards. ECS recognizes that today’s emerging scientists are the next generation of leaders in our field and offers competitive Fellowships and Grants to allow students and young professionals to make discoveries and shape our science long into the future.

See highlights below and visit www.electrochem.org/awards for further information.

Society Awards Fellow of The Electrochemical Society was established in 1989 as the society’s highest honor in recognition of advanced individual technological contributions in the field of electrochemistry and solidstate science and technology, and active ECS membership. The award consists of an appropriately worded scroll and lapel pin. Materials are due by February 1, 2020. The Allen J. Bard Award was established in 2013 to recognize distinguished contributions to electrochemical science and exceptionally creative experimental or theoretical studies that have opened new directions in electroanalytical chemistry or electrocatalysis. The award consists of a plaque, a $7,500 prize, complimentary meeting registration for award recipient and companion, a dinner held in recipient’s honor during the designated meeting, and life membership. Materials are due by April 15, 2020. The Gordon E. Moore Medal was established in 1971 for distinguished contributions to the field of solid-state science and technology. The award consists of a silver medal, a plaque, a $7,500 prize, complimentary meeting registration for award recipient and companion, a dinner held in recipient’s honor during the designated meeting, and life membership. Materials are due by April 15, 2020.

Division Awards The Battery Division Research Award was established in 1958 to recognize excellence in battery and fuel cell research, and encourage publication in ECS outlets. The award recognizes outstanding contributions to the science of primary and secondary cells, batteries, and fuel cells. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $2,000. Materials are due by March 15, 2020.

The Battery Division Technology Award was established in 1993 to encourage the development of battery and fuel cell technology, and to recognize significant achievements in this area. The award is given to those individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the technology of primary and secondary cells, batteries, and/or fuel cells. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $2,000. Materials are due by March 15, 2020. The Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award, sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation, was established in 2016 to encourage excellence among postdoctoral researchers in battery and fuel cell research. The award consists of a framed scroll, a $2,000 prize, and complimentary meeting registration at the designated meeting. Two awards will be granted each year. Materials are due by March 15, 2020. The Electrodeposition Division Research Award recognizes outstanding research contributions to the field of electrodeposition and encourages the publication of high quality papers in this field in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. The award shall be based on recent outstanding achievement in, or contribution to, the field of electrodeposition and will be given to an author or co-author of a paper that must have appeared in the Journal or another ECS publication. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $2,000. Materials are due by April 1, 2020. The Electrodeposition Division Early Career Investigator Award recognizes an outstanding young researcher in the field of electrochemical deposition science and technology. Early recognition of highly qualified scientists is intended to enhance scientists’ stature, and encourage especially promising researchers to remain active in the field. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $1,000. Materials are due by April 1, 2020.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS Program

Student Awards The Battery Division Student Research Awards Sponsored by Mercedes-Benz Research & Development recognize promising young engineers and scientists in the field of electrochemical power sources. The award is intended to encourage the recipients to initiate or continue careers in the field. Eligible candidates must be enrolled in a college or university at the time of the nomination deadline. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $1,000. Materials are due by March 15, 2020.

Society Awards Over the years, ECS has generated an impressive group of Society awards that are highly coveted by the scientific community. They not only recognize extraordinary contributions to science and technology, but also often take into account outstanding service to ECS. For further information about any of these awards, please contact ECS: awards@electrochem.org

Student Awards ECS provides a number of fellowships and awards to help students become full-fledged professionals. For further information about any of these awards, please contact ECS: awards@electrochem.org

Division Awards Division awards are dedicated to recognition of work done in the trenches with an emphasis on accomplishments in the particular fields of divisional interest. For further information about any of these awards, please contact ECS: awards@electrochem.org

ECS FELLOWS 2020 Call for Nominations Deadline: February 1, 2020 www.electrochem.org/awards 76

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

NE W MEMBERS ECS is proud to announce the following new members for July, August, and September 2019.

Members

Basma Alhogi, Jeddah, Mekka, Saudi Arabia Alina Amel, Caesarea, Hafia, Israel Rob Ameloot, Leuven, East Flanders, Belgium Alberto Araujo, Vila do Conde, Porto, Portugal Thomas Arnold, Sunnyvale, CA, USA Vincent Artero, Grenoble, AuvergneRhone-Alpes, France John Asbury, University Park, PA, USA Lawrence Baker, Columbus, OH, USA Florian Baur, Steinfurt, North RhineWestphalia, Germany William Beers, Cleveland, OH, USA Emilie Bodoin, New York, NY, USA Richard Braatz, Cambridge, MA, USA Mary Burdette, Knoxville, TN, USA Joshua Caldwell, Nashville, TN, USA Fahe Cao, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Jinwei Cao, Smyrna, TN, USA Pengfei Cao, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Ye Cao, Arlington, TX, USA Locksley Castaneda Ulloa, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico Miranda Caudle, Saint Paul, MN, USA Bhim Chamlagain, Orlando, FL, USA Harry Charalambous, Lisle, IL, USA Zhongfang Chen, Carolina, PR, Puerto Rico Szu-Chia Chien, Dublin, OH, USA Minkyu Cho, Atlanta, GA, USA Moon Kee Choi, Ulsan, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea William Cohen, East Cleveland, OH, USA Zachary Combs, Marietta, GA, USA Amy Cordones-Hahn, Half Moon Bay, CA, USA Isvar Cordova, San Francisco, CA, USA Robert Coridan, Fayetteville, AR, USA Nathan Craig, Santa Clara, CA, USA Gennady Dantsin, Allentown, PA, USA Lamuel David, Rochester Hills, MI, USA Cavlin Davis, Corvallis, OR, USA Sumitava De, Painted Post, NY, USA Eden May Dela Pena, Quezon City, Metro Man, Philippines Mahadev Dev, Fremont, CA, USA Sarit Dhar, Auburn, AL, USA Hanping Ding, Idaho Falls, ID, USA Zehua Dong, Wuhan, Hubei, China Carole Duboc, Grenoble, Auvergne-RhoneAlpes, France Kathleen Dunn, Albany, NY, USA Aida Ebrahimi, University Park, PA, USA Christian Eickes, Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany Mario El Kazzi, Villigen, ZH, Switzerland Ahmad El-kharouf, Birmingham, W Mids, UK

Fengru Fan, West Lafayette, IN, USA Zhaoyang Fan, Lubbock, TX, USA Chen Fang, Kensington, CA, USA Pedro Farinazzo Bergamo Dias Martins, Lemont, IL, USA Jeremy Feaster, Livermore, CA, USA Julian Fischer, Achern-Fautenbach, BademWuerttemberg, Germany Ariel Furst, Cambridge, MA, USA Marie-Pierre Gigandet, Besancon, Borgogne-Franche-Comte, France Yaiza Gonzalez-Garcia, Delft, Zuid Holl, Netherlands Yeyoung Ha, Golden, CO, USA Feng Hao, West Lafayette, IN, USA Kris Harris, Ruston, LA, USA Frederic Hasche, Braunschweig, Niedersachsen, Germany Wesley Henderson, Raleigh, NC, USA Yoyo Hinuma, Kyoto, Kansai, Japan Adam Holewinski, Boulder, CO, USA Daniel Hooks, Los Alamos, NM, USA Jingwei Hu, Surrey, BC, Canada Bin Hua, Idaho Falls, ID, USA Suil In, Daegu, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea Everett Jackson, Louisville, CO, USA Xiulei (David) Ji, Corvallis, OR, USA Luhua Jiang, Qingdao, Shandong, China Noah Johnson, Westmont, IL, USA Martha Kamundi, Nairobi, Nairobi County, Kenya Zhenye Kang, Golden, CO, USA Yongho Kee, Leuven, Flemish Brabant, Belgium Jumyung Kim, Ulsan, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Tea-Yon Kim, East Lansing, MI, USA Young-Jun Kim, Suwon, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Yun-Soung Kim, Atlanta, GA, USA Cecil King’ondu, Palapye, Botswana, South Africa Fantai Kong, Dallas, TX, USA Anna Korre, London, London, UK Luuk Kortekaas, Münster, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Sitaraman Krishnan, Potsdam, NY, USA Kuldeep Kumar, Allison Park, PA, USA David Kwabi, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Young-Tae Kwon, Dunwoody, GA, USA Judi Lavin, Albuquerque, NM, USA Jinkee Lee, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Jung-In Lee, Pohang-si, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Woochul Lee, Honolulu, HI, USA Gert Leusink, Albany, NY, USA Charles Lhermitte, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland Wen LI, El Segundo, CA, USA

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Xiuling Li, Urbana, IL, USA Zhejun LI, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Peter Lieberzeit, Vienna, Wien, Austria Hyoryoung Lim, Atlanta, GA, USA Jin-Myoung Lim, Dallas, TX, USA Shawn Lin, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan Guoliang Liu, Blacksburg, VA, USA Haidong Liu, Uppsala, Uppland, Sweden Jue Liu, Knoxville, TN, USA Claire Loe, Cambridge, MA, USA Mark Losego, Atlanta, GA, USA Torsten Lund-Olesen, Kastrup, Copenhagen, Denmark Chao Luo, Fairfax, VA, USA Xiaoyan Luo, Berkeley, CA, USA Zhiwen Ma, Lakewood, CO, USA Chimaobi Mbanaso, Chaska, MN, USA Matthew McDowell, Decatur, GA, USA Kelly Meek, Golden, CO, USA Lingcong Meng, Southampton, UK, UK Aamir Minhas Khan, North York, ON, Canada Reshmi Mitra, Austin, TX, USA Jaeyun Moon, Las Vegas, NV, USA Daniel Moreno, Lexington, KY, USA Koji Moriguchi, Futtsu, Chiba, Japan Badri Narayanan, Louisville, KY, USA Victoria Nikitina, Moscow, Central, Russia Dahyun Oh, San Jose, CA, USA Kee Joon Oh, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Karl Oleson, Seattle, WA, USA Satoru Oshitari, Funbashi-Shi, Chiba, Japan Sami Oukassi, Grenoble, Auvergne-RhôneAlpes, France Alicia Paez, Villaviciosa de Odon, Madrid, Spain Zehua Pan, Golden, CO, USA Jae Hwa Park, Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Sathish Ponnurangam, Calgary, AB, Canada Altug Poyraz, Kennesaw, GA, USA Diankai Qiu, Shanghai, Shanghai, China Rinaldo Raccichini, Teddington, Middlesex, UK Daniela Radu, Weston, FL, USA Srinivasan Ramakrishnan, Berkeley, CA, USA Kenya Ray, Kilgore, TX, USA Michael Regula, Marietta, GA, USA Jennifer Rupp, Cambridge, MA, USA Ramkrishna Sahoo, Lucknow, UP, India Kenji Sakamaki, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan Elizabeth Santori, College Park, MD, USA Yoshiyuki Seike, Toyota, Aichi, Japan Myeong-Lok Seol, Mountain View, CA, USA Hamidreza Seyf, Atlanta, GA, USA Fengyu Shen, Berkeley, CA, USA (continued on next page) 77

NE W MEMBERS (continued from previous page)

Wen Shen, Arlington, TX, USA Jae-Jin Shim, Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea Hidetaka Shimawaki, Hachinohe, Aomori, Japan Jun Shinozaki, Nikko Tochigi, Tochigi, Japan Carolina Silva Carrillo, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico Fabian Single, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany John Slack, Phoenix, AZ, USA Yanyan Song, Shenyang, Liaoning, China Andrew Star, Lakewood, CO, USA Sarah Stariha, Pasadena, CA, USA Gregory Su, Berkeley, CA, USA Xiao Su, Urbana, IL, USA Xiaoqi Sun, Shenyang, Liaoning, China Yugang Sun, Philadelphia, PA, USA Mark Symes, Glasgow, Scotland, UK Mikihiro Takahashi, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan Mika Tamski, Lausanne, VD, Switzerland Akila Thenuwara, Atlanta, GA, USA Owen Thomas, Burnaby, BC, Canada Shibin Thomas, Southampton, Hampshire, UK Nam Tran, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan Ngoc Thanh Thuy Tran, Tainan City, Taiwan, Taiwan Bertrand Tremolet de Villers, Golden, CO, USA Meng-Lin Tsai, Taipei, Daan Dist, Taiwan Yi-Jung Tu, Atlanta, GA, USA Nicole Vadivel, San Francisco, CA, USA Tim Van Cleve, Golden, CO, USA Jill Venton, Charlottesville, VA, USA Sefi Vernick, Tel Aviv, Gush Dan, Israel James Vickers, Denver, CO, USA Josh Vura-Weis, Urbana, IL, USA Ryan Waldheim, Berkeley Lake, GA, USA Chang An Wang, Tsinghua, Beijing, China Cheng Wang, Berkeley, CA, USA Gou-Jen Wang, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan Gunuk Wang, Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Liang Wang, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Sihong Wang, Chicago, IL, USA Yanming Wang, Quincy, MA, USA Shuya Wei, Albuquerque, NM, USA Michael Wroge, Elk River, MN, USA Qiang Wu, Tallahassee, FL, USA Wei Wu, Idaho Falls, ID, USA Jian Xia, Belmont, NC, USA Wei Xie, Somerville, MA, USA Masanori Yamamoto, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Cheol-Woong Yang, Suwon, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Sungeun Yang, Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Wenxing Yang, Atlanta, GA, USA

Malcolm Yeh, Iowa City, IA, USA Liang Yin, Westmont, IL, USA Guosong Zeng, Berkeley, CA, USA Jenny Zhang, Cambridge, England, UK Jin Zhang, Santa Cruz, CA, USA Sheng Zhang, Tianjin, Tianjin, China Yanliang Zhang, Granger, IN, USA Yu Zhang, Los Alamos, NM, USA

Student Members

Youssef Abdelaal, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt Ahmed Abdelrahim, Giza, Giza, Egypt Horie Adabi Firouzjaie, Columbia, SC, USA Menuka Adhikar, Stillwater, OK, USA Naveen Agrawal, State College, PA, USA Shubham Agrawal, Saint Louis, MO, USA Alireza Ahmadi, Chicago, IL, USA Assylzat Aishova, Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Taofeek Akintola, Tallahassee, FL, USA Xiang Ao, Atlanta, GA, USA Claire Arthurs, Berkeley, CA, USA Hamid Asadi, Athens, GA, USA Arash Bahrololoomi, Potsdam, NY, USA Huijuan Bai, Beijing, Beijing, China Ibrahem Baibars, Giza, Giza, Egypt Shashika Bandara, Lexington, KY, USA Madhurima Barman, Mumbai, MH, India Shahab Bayani Ahangar, Hancock, MI, USA Thomas Beuse, Muenster, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Deepra Bhattacharya, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Sandeep Bhattacharya, Surrey, BC, Canada Omar Bin Gah, Waterloo, ON, Canada Andrea Bisello, Milano, Lombardia, Italy Adam Bolotsky, State College, PA, USA Hailey Boyer, Chocowinity, NC, USA Jan Brinkmann, Juelich, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Silje Bryntesen, Trondheim, Sor-Trond, Norway Victoria Castagna Ferrari, Hyattsville, MD, USA Joel Chacko, Philadelphia, PA, USA Matthew Chebuske, East Islip, NY, USA Jiatang Chen, London, ON, Canada Keying Chen, Los Angeles, CA, USA Mengyuan Chen, Worcester, MA, USA Randy Chen, West Roxbury, MA, USA Yi-Hsuan Chen, Münster, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Yu-Hsuan Cheng, Harrison, NJ, USA LI Chenzhao, Indianapolis, IN, USA Ki-Yeop Cho, Buk-Gu, Gangwon, South Korea Emiliana Cofell, Urbana, IL, USA John Corsi, Philadelphia, PA, USA Mutya Cruz, Durham, NC, USA

Aline D’ avila Gabbardo, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Joselyn Del Pilar, San Juan, PR, Puerto Rico Angelica Del Valle-Perez, Bayamon, PR, Puerto Rico Stephan den Hartog, Ixelles, Brussels, Belgium Sixu Deng, London, ON, Canada Tao Deng, Greenbelt, MD, USA Jahnavi Desai Choundraj, Atlanta, GA, USA Aaditya Deshpande, Potsdam, NY, USA Christopher Deutschman, Waterloo, ON, Canada Jonas Dickmanns, Garching, Bavaria, Germany Bingyu Dong, London, ON, Canada Zhi Dong, London, ON, Canada Jiaxin Duan, Evanston, IL, USA Mahsa Ebrahiminia, Folsom, CA, USA Victoria Ehlinger, Berkeley, CA, USA Esther Eke, Munich, Bavaria, Germany Esraa Elsanadidy, Storrs Mansfield, CT, USA Ahmet Emre, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Shangradhanva Eswara Vasisth, Gainesville, FL, USA Hamed Fathiannasab, Waterloo, ON, Canada Richard Fitzhugh, Provo, UT, USA Simon Fleischmann, Raleigh, NC, USA Faranak Foroughi, Trondheim, Trondelag, Norway Jiamin Fu, London, ON, Canada Jintao Fu, Philadelphia, PA, USA Kohei Fukumura, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan Mariam Gad, Waterloo, ON, Canada Erin Gaffney, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Charlotte Gallenkamp, Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany Devi Ganapathi, Redwood City, CA, USA Debi Garai, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK Estefania Garcia, Dalton, GA, USA Ramchandra Gawas, Philadelphia, PA, USA Mohamed Ghaith, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt Thorsten Goelz, Garching, Bavaria, Germany Hernando Gonzalez Malabet, Huntsville, AL, USA Jinxing Gu, San Juan, PR, USA Ethan Gunnell, Provo, UT, USA Rui Guo, Cambridge, MA, USA Pralhad Gupta, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China Christian Haas, Coralville, IA, USA Morshed Hasan, Newark, DE, USA Gillian Hawes, Waterloo, ON, Canada Jiacheng He, Auburn, AL, USA Zeru Hidaru, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan Ryan Hill, Lexington, KY, USA

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NE W MEMBERS Franziska Hnyk, Muenchen, Bavaria, Germany Dominik Hoehlich, Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany Nathaniel Holmes, London, ON, Canada Laura Holtschi, Villigen-PSI, Argau, Switzerland Elisabeth Hornberger, Berlin, Berlin, Germany Nicholas Hortance, Nashville, TN, USA Jinbao Huang, London, ON, Canada Man Chen Huang, Tapiei, Taiwan, Taiwan Lyzmarie Irizarry Colon, Columbia, SC, USA Mohammad Islam, Bangor, PA, USA Rahul Jha, Lexington, KY, USA Zhaoqi Ji, Manchester, Lancashire, UK Liming Jin, Tallahassee, FL, USA Shikai Jin, Suwanee, GA, USA Panpan Jing, Atlanta, GA, USA Brandon Johnston, Summit, NJ, USA Nicholas Kane, Atlanta, GA, USA AB Lateef Khan, Xuhui, Shanghai, China Reem Khan, Potsdam, NY, USA Dong Yeon Kim, Daegu, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea Hun Kim, Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Hyojong Kim, Daejeon, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Junseob Kim, Toronto, ON, Canada Matthew Kim, Boston, MA, USA Yumi Kim, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK Sam Klueter, College Park, MD, USA Jing Ko, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden Sushobhan Kobi, Mumbai, MH, India Mounika Kodali, Irvine, CA, USA Joel-Louis Kone, Le bourget-du-lac, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France Alexander Kukay, Knoxville, TN, USA Krista Kulesa, Bloomington, IN, USA JunHwa Kwon, Gwangju, South Jeolia Province, South Korea YongKeun Kwon, Daejeon, North Chungcheong Province, South Korea Jed LaCoste, Lafayette, LA, USA Othman Lagrichi, Grenoble, AuvergneRhone-Alpes, France Timon Lazaridis, Muenchen, Bavaria, Germany ChungHyuk Lee, Toronto, ON, Canada Michael Lee, Atlanta, GA, USA SangJae Lee, Daejeon, North Chungcheong Province, South Korea Chong Lei, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Jiaqi Li, Lafayette, IN, USA Shanglin Li, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Tongtong Li, Atlanta, GA, USA Yan Li, Winston Salem, NC, USA Liang Wen Liao, Hsinchu, Hsinchu, Taiwan Shiru Lin, San Juan, PR, Puerto Rico Baichuan Liu, Provo, UT, USA

Yawei Liu, Atlanta, GA, USA Luis Lopez, Cidra, PR, USA Zheyu Luo, Atlanta, GA, USA Eduardo Madrigal, San Mateo, CA, USA Sharad Maheshwari, State College, PA, USA Leily Majidi, Chicago, IL, USA Karan Malik, New Delhi, DL, India Mesfin Haile Mamme, Brussels, Belgium, Belgium Andrea Manzo, Garching, Bayern, Bavaria, Germany Jacqueline Maslyn, Cupertino, CA, USA Kishore Kumar Mayuranathan, Chennai, TN, India Mehdi Mehrazaran, Chicago, IL, USA Alejandro Mejia, Morgantown, WV, USA Katelyn Melo, London, ON, Canada Jose Mercado Velazquez, Penuelas, PR, Puerto Rico Thomas Merzdorf, Berlin, Berlin, Germany JoAnna Milam-Guerrero, Los Angeles, CA, USA Youn Ji Min, Atlanta, GA, USA Taku Miyakawa, Futtsu, Chiba, Japan Rachel Mow, Arvada, CO, USA Angelo Mullaliu, Blaustein, BademWürttemberg, Germany Kevin Musick, Albany, NY, USA Roya Naderi, Tallahassee, FL, USA Sudhan Nagarajan, Detroit, MI, USA Yuto Nakamura, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Gyutae Nam, Atlanta, GA, USA At Nguyen, Winnipeg, MB, Canada Manh Tien Nguyen, Lexington, KY, USA Lingmei Ni, Darmstadt, Hessen, Germany Kayci Nielsen, Provo, UT, USA Yinghua Niu, Atlanta, GA, USA Jiyoung Ock, Yokohama, Kanawaga, Japan Ismail Can Oguz, Montpellier, Occitanie, France Chiamaka Okafor, Miami, FL, USA Nicholas Orchanian, Los Angeles, CA, USA Christina Orsino, Blacksburg, VA, USA Sebastian Ott, Berlin, Berlin, Germany David Palm, Stanford, CA, USA Costa Panayiotides, Naperville, IL, USA Mihir Parekh, State College, PA, USA Dhrupad Parikh, Knoxville, TN, USA Geontae Park, Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea KwangHo Park, Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Nam-Yung Park, Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Sodam Park, Ulsan, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Joseph Parr, Los Angeles, CA, USA Shripad Patil, New York, NY, USA Twinkle Paul, Chennai, TN, India Drace Penley, Cleveland Heights, OH, USA

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Emily Penn, Palo Alto, CA, USA Nicolas Peressin, Port Coquitlam, BC, Canada John Petrovick, Berkeley, CA, USA Julian Pilz, Graz, Styria, Austria Miriam Pougin, Chavannes-Pres-Renens, VD, Switzerland Yves Preibisch, Münster, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Dhanya Puthusseri, West Lafayette, IN, USA Ruijie Qi, Yokohama, Kanawaga, Japan Bin Qin, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Julkarnyne M Habibur Rahman, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan MD Sazzadur Rahman, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Sathish Rajendran, Detroit, MI, USA Batool Raza, Munich, Bavaria, Germany Luis Rebollar, Philadelphia, PA, USA Florian Reuter, Dresden, Saxony, Germany Mohamed Rizk, New Cairo, Giza, Egypt JeongHan Roh, Daejeon, North Chungcheong Province, South Korea Sabrina Rosa, Tampa, FL, USA Ahmed Said, Hyattsville, MD, USA Kowsik Sambath Kumar, Orlando, FL, USA Annelis Sanchez, Guaynabo, PR, USA Satirtha Sarma, Delhi, DL, India Alexander Schmid, Stuttgart, BademWürttemberg, Germany Hisan Shafaque, Markham, ON, Canada Deep Shah, Berkeley, CA, USA Hafiz Shahzad, Kowloon, Kowloon, Hong Kong Snigdha Sharma, Bulandshahr, UP, India Keisuke Shigenobu, Yokohama, Kanawaga, Japan Kohei Shizukawa, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan Pranay Shrestha, Toronto, ON, Canada Akhilender Singh, Mumbai, MH, India Hayong Song, Gwangju, Gwangju, Republic of Korea Hanna Soucie, Columbia, SC, USA Lena Spitthoff, Trondheim, Trondelag, Norway Henry Squire, Marietta, GA, USA Michael Striednig, Villigen PSI, Aargau, Switzerland Tianshun Su, Lafayette, LA, USA Thilini Suduwella, Lexington, KY, USA Yuhao Sun, Cleveland, OH, USA Yutaka Terayama, Iizuka-shi, Fukuoka, Japan Harry Thaman, Menlo Park, CA, USA Melonie Thomas, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Andrea Thompson, Bentonville, AR, USA Hao Tianqi, Atlanta, GA, USA (continued on next page) 79

NE W MEMBERS (continued from previous page)

Anna Tomaszewska, London, London, UK Nhat Long Tran Pham, Garching, Bavaria, Germany Andrea Trovo, Bagnoli di Sopra, Veneto, Italy Cindy Tseng, Culver City, CA, USA Jameson Tyler, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Yosuke Ugata, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Noor Ul Hassan, Columbia, SC, USA Brenda Vargas Perez, Caguas, PR, Puerto Rico Daniele Vivona, Cambridge, MA, USA Krysta Waldrop, Nashville, TN, USA Lin Wang, Philadelphia, PA, USA Zhiqiang Wang, London, ON, Canada Konosuke Watanabe, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

Jordan Watson, Dayton, OH, USA Catherine Weiss, Newark, DE, USA Samuel Welborn, Philadelphia, PA, USA Julia Wellmann, Muenster, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Rebekah Wells, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland Kindle Williams, Cambridge, MA, USA Stefan Williams, Los Alamos, NM, USA Nicholas Winch, Morgantown, WV, USA Eric Woods, Atlanta, GA, USA Xiaohan Wu, Austin, TX, USA Yutong Wu, Atlanta, GA, USA Quinton Wyatt, Columbia, MO, USA Yunxiang Xie, Vestal, NY, USA Jianhan Xiong, Nantes, Ile-de-France, France Marshall Yang, London, ON, Canada

Donghao Ye, Tallahassee, FL, USA Dae Ro Yoon, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, South Korea Sabrina Younan, Spring Valley, CA, USA Haonan Yu, Halifax, NS, Canada Yang Yu, Cambridge, MA, USA Yifei Yuan, Chicago, IL, USA Yasemin Duygu Yucel, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden Jian Zhang, Riverside, CA, USA Weilin Zhang, Atlanta, GA, USA Yubo Zhang, East Lansing, MI, USA Bote Zhao, Atlanta, GA, USA Changtai Zhao, London, ON, Canada Yifan Zhao, Riverside, CA, USA Yucun Zhou, Atlanta, GA, USA Or Zolti, Johns Creek, GA, USA Jie Zou, Atlanta, GA, USA

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COMING SOON

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Electrochemical Systems 4th Edition John Newman and Nitash P. Balsara, University of California, Berkeley

ISBN: 978-1-119-51460-2 Cloth | February October 2019 2020 | 704pp

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This book is a cornerstone in understanding a wide range of systems and topics in electrochemistry, and it is noted by reviewers of the third edition as being vital to the community of interest. The book results in a comprehensive coverage of electrochemical theories as they pertain to the understanding of electrochemical systems. It describes the foundations of thermodynamics; chemical kinetics; and transport phenomena including the electrical potential and charged species. This book also shows how to apply electrochemical principles to systems analysis and mathematical modeling. Using these tools, the reader will be able to model mathematically any system of interest and realize quantitative descriptions of the processes involved.

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2019 ECS Summer Fellowship Summary Reports Summer Fellowships Each year ECS gives up to five summer fellowships to assist students in continuing their graduate work during the summer months in a field of interest to the Society. Congratulations to the two summer fellowship recipients for 2019. The Society thanks the ECS Summer Fellowship Committee

for their work in reviewing the applications and selecting two excellent recipients. Be the next Summer Fellowship awardee! Apply by January 15, 2020 at: www.electrochem.org/summer-fellowships

2019 Edward G. Weston Summer Research Fellowship – Summary Report Development of an Integrated Characterization Tool for Flow-Electrode Electrochemical Water Treatment Technologies by Bilen Akuzum

he projected decline in fresh water reservoirs over the next century attracted researchers towards the development of novel technologies that can offer low-cost and robust treatment of brackish and saline waters1. Among many proposed technologies, flow-electrode capacitive deionization (F-CDI) is a promising capacitive desalination technology that can mitigate the majority of the shortcomings associated with conventional CDI systems and offer continuous and scalable treatment of brackish and saline water resources 2. F-CDI utilizes aqueous suspensions (i.e., slurries) of high surface area capacitive materials to capture charged ions under the application of a small electrical potential (~1.2V). As seen in Fig.1, during salt capture, the slurries are pumped through a polarization cell that contains three parallel flow channels

separated by two ion-exchange membranes. Under the application of an electrical potential, the suspended capacitive particles accept their charge through a percolating network of conducting particles and adsorb salt ions from the center water channel. In this process, the flowable aspect of the slurry electrodes allows facile transport of saturated particles out from the reactor, while continuously introducing fresh capacitive particles into the ionexchange front. Unlike conventional solidelectrode systems, this allows continuous operation and steady state salt removal rate in the capacitive water treatment module. In addition, the ion-saturated electrodes can be transported to a reverse-polarized regeneration reactor to continuously desorb the salt ions into a separate effluent stream and recover a portion of the energy that was initially supplied for salt capture3.

Significant efforts have been put in recent years to the development of various types of capacitive materials for flow-electrode based water desalination4. Along with materials research, studies regarding flow design5 and modeling6 have also been reported. As F-CDI systems continue to demonstrate their potential for brackish water deionization, the necessity for studies regarding systemlevel performance metrics such as long-term cycling, resistance to flow (i.e., pressure drop), total energy consumption, and round-trip efficiency also becomes critical. Motivated by this, the objective of this work was to develop and manufacture an integrated experimental characterization tool that can work in parallel with a potentiostat to allow researchers to conduct system-level diagnostics and establish a better understanding of commercial feasibility in flow-electrode based water treatment technologies.

Fig. 1. Schematic showing the simple operation of a flow-electrode capacitive deionization system using two flow cells in series to capture sodium chloride. 82

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As seen in Fig. 2a and 2b, an automated sensor-based experimental testing station was designed and manufactured using commercially available parts and materials, which can be controlled through a touchscreen computer running on LabView. The finalized unit is capable of running diagnostics on two separate flow-electrode polarization cells both in series and parallel flow configurations to offer flexibility in stack design. Ionic conductivity and pH sensors were placed near the inlets and outlets of the flow cells to capture time-dependent salinity and pH changes in the influent and effluent streams. In addition, digital pressure sensors were integrated in close proximity to both slurry and water inlets and outlets to track the pressure gradients across flow-cells with different flow configurations and stack modules. Moreover, peristaltic pumps with

Fig. 2. a) Isometric-front view of the designed and manufactured F-CDI experimental testing station, showing the front panel with the touchscreen computer and peristaltic pumps. b) Backright view of the assembled characterization tool, showing the electrical and hydraulic wiring. c) Top view of the integrated Arduino tentacle shield in combination with pressure, current, and voltage monitors.

adjustable flow rate and operating modes (i.e., continuous vs. intermittent flow) were accommodated to achieve full control over the operating conditions of the experiments. Electrical current and voltage monitors were also integrated to the microcontroller circuitry to track the power consumption of the pumps and the polarized flow cells, which are parameters that are widely overlooked in majority of the existing studies. A picture of the assembled Arduino tentacle shield with pump connections, as well as pressure, current, and voltage monitors can be seen in Fig. 2c. As F-CDI continues to climb up the ladders of the technology readiness levels, relying on potentiostats and environmental sensors (i.e., conductivity and pH probes) as the only assessment tools becomes less adequate to holistically capture the performance metrics. Understanding the scalability and system efficiency aspects of a novel electrochemical water treatment technology is crucial in providing guidance to engineers and investors in technology transfer scenarios. In this manner, metrics such as long-term cycling, resistance to flow (i.e., pressure drop), total energy consumption, and round-trip efficiency should be investigated using integrated experimental setups similar to the one described in this study. In fact, the integrated testing station measures and combines the power consumption of the pumps with the power input of the potentiostat, which generates a crucial metric in providing a more realistic understanding of the efficiency of the proposed ion-exchange process. In addition, the modularity of the testing station allows long-term cycling experiments to be conducted in series or in parallel between two or more flow cells, offering more degrees of freedom in stack design. Availability of such system-level data at the early phases of a technology development generates a quicker feedback loop, aiding scientists in quickly adjusting their research efforts in accordance with the industry needs. For instance, by utilizing the finalized version of the testing station, two research groups are currently collaborating in developing an ion selective, low-cost flow-electrode water treatment system, with the final goal of establishing a patentable technology that is attractive to the industry. In this manner, keeping track of all the metrics that are relevant to the real-world applications allowed us to understand industry-relevant target performances better and adjust our research accordingly. Ultimately, the established characterization apparatus gives researchers the necessary tools to better understand their technology, while allowing an improved level of compliance with the industry standards, which can help accelerate commercialization efforts. ÂŠ The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F12194IF.

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Acknowledgments The author would like to express his gratitude towards The Electrochemical Society for granting the Edward G. Weston Summer Research Fellowship. The author also would like to thank Dr. Jeff Urban and Dr. Ashok Gadgil and their PhD student Lukas Hackl for scientific discussions and hosting the author at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory during summer months. The author also would like to express his appreciation towards his thesis advisors Dr. E. Caglan Kumbur and Dr. Yury Gogotsi for their continuous support and guidance. Lastly, the author would like to thank NextFab Studio for their generous support in providing rapid prototyping facilities and engineering discussions. The author also acknowledges funding support from the National Science Foundation (Grant #1351161).

About the Author Bilen Akuzum is currently in the process of completing his PhD at Drexel University in Philadelphia, U.S.A, under the supervision of Dr. E. Caglan Kumbur and Dr. Yury Gogotsi. His research interests include electrochemical and rheological characterization of suspension electrodes for energy storage and water treatment, system-level diagnostics of flowassisted electrochemical systems, and electrochemical cell design and manufacturing. He may be reached at ba437@drexel.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8555-0022

References 1. S. Porada, R. Zhao, A. van der Wal, V. Presser, and P. M. Biesheuvel, Prog. Mater.Sci., 58, 1388 (2013). 2. S.-i. Jeon, H.-r. Park, J.-g. Yeo, S. Yang, C. H. Cho, M. H. Han, and D. K. Kim, Energ. Environ. Sci., 6, 1471 (2013). 3. J. Ma, P. Liang, X. Sun, H. Zhang, Y. Bian, F. Yang, J. Bai, Q. Gong, and X. Huang, J. Power Sources, 421, 50 (2019). 4. S. Yang, H.-r. Park, J. Yoo, H. Kim, J. Choi, M. H. Han, and D. K. Kim, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, E480 (2017). 5. A. Rommerskirchen, Y. Gendel, and M. Wessling, Electrochem. Commun., 60, 34 (2015). 6. A. Rommerskirchen, A. Kalde, C. J. Linnartz, L. Bongers, G. Linz, and M. Wessling, Carbon, 145, 507 (2019).

The 2019 F.M. Beckett Summer Research Fellowship – Summary Report Metaphosphate Class of Redox-Active Materials for Oxygen Evolution Reaction by Ritambhara Gond

he energy storage sector facilitates research on the development of novel electrodes for metal-ion batteries, and economic catalysts for metalair batteries, fuel cells and water-splitting devices. In Li-ion batteries (LIB), after the great success of LiFePO4 as a cathode, phosphate-based materials have been extensively studied.1 LIB empower suites of portable electronics and (hybrid) electric vehicles, while for large-scale micro-tomega stationary grid storage purposes a more economical option such as sodium-ion batteries (SIB) has been developed. In this quest, the viability of metaphosphate as a cathode for SIB has been recently explored where NaTM(PO3)3 [TM = Fe, Co] showed reversible Na+ (de)intercalation.2,3 In parallel, there has been a great interest in exploring Li-based cathodes (LiFePO4 and LiCoO2) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER).4 Herein, we have studied NaTM(PO3)3 [TM = Co, Ni] metaphosphate class of materials for OER in alkaline pH. The reversible M3+/M2+ redox reaction in metaphosphates leads to the possibility for that these battery insertion materials could split water and evolve oxygen under an applied potential.5 A simple solution combustion and solid-state method was

used to synthesize NaCo(PO3)3 followed by annealing in air (NCoM-Cb-Air and NCoMSS-Air) as well as in argon (NCoM-Cb-Ar and NCoM-SS-Ar) atmosphere resulting into four Co-containing catalysts. This study was further extended to NaNi(PO3)3 prepared by a solid-state method. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) of solidstate prepared NaCo(PO3)3 and NaNi(PO3)3 are shown in Fig. 1a and b respectively, with their respective SEM micrographs as insets. Cubic NaCo(PO3)3 exhibits excellent OER activity with huge current density (Fig. 2a). The mass activity of combustionsynthesized metaphosphate catalyst annealed in argon atmosphere (NCoM-CbAr) was found to be 536.5 A g-1, which is higher than state-of-the-art RuO2 (332 A g-1). The overpotentials of all four Co-based catalysts were compared with NCoM-Cb-Ar showing the lowest overpotential of 340 mV, similar to that observed for RuO2 (340 mV). These were measured at 10 mA cm-2 current density during OER. The NaCo(PO3)3 catalyst showed the lowest overpotential with the least loading compared to other PO4based catalysts, as reported in the literature (NaCoPO4 and Na2CoP2O7) without addition of any amorphous carbon during the slurry preparation.6 This study was further extended to NaNi(PO3)3, where the material

was tested in Ar-saturated 0.1 M KOH (Fig. 2b). The material could reach 10 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of 370 mV, whereas RuO2 could not even reach 10 mA cm-2 of current density in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte. The remarkable inherent OER activity in NaCo(PO3)3 and NaNi(PO3)3 arises due to the corner-shared TM-O6 and pyrophosphate (P2O7)4- units (inset of Fig. 2a and b) which are isolated, i.e. not edge shared, causing a stable crystal chemistry during OER reaction. Also, the presence of P makes TM more electrophilic acting as a good catalytic center for OH- adsorption. In conclusion, NaTM(PO3)3 [TM = Co, Ni] metaphosphates are shown to be an efficient and economic class of catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction. These redox-active materials showed superior OER activity than RuO2 in alkaline solution. In particular, NaCo(PO3)3 showed a surprisingly high catalytic activity of OER in 1 M KOH with an overpotential of 340 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2. Similarly, in the case of Ni-analogue of metaphosphate the overpotential was found to be 370 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F13194IF.

Fig. 1: (a) XRD pattern of NaCo(PO3)3 catalyst along with reference of NaZn(PO3)3 (ICSD # 90484) with inset of SEM image of solid-state synthesized NaCo(PO3)3, and (b) XRD pattern of NaNi(PO3)3 catalyst along with reference of NaNi(PO3)3 (ICSD # 59357) in the 2θ range of 10-60°. Inset: SEM image of solid-state synthesized NaNi(PO3)3.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Acknowledgements I am grateful to The Electrochemical Society (ECS) for the 2019 F. M. Becket Summer Fellowship and my supervisor Dr. Prabeer Barpanda for his guidance and support. I would like to thank Prof. Muthusamy Eswaramoorthy for scientific discussions.

About the Author Ritambhara Gond currently is a final year PhD student in the group of Dr. Prabeer Barpanda at Faraday Materials Laboratory, Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India. Her research interests include the synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical studies of pyrophosphate and metaphosphate-based cathode materials for batteries, as well as electrocatalysts for rechargeable metal-ion and metal-air batteries. She may be reached at ritambharag@iisc.ac.in.

References 1. P. Bapanda, S. Nishimura and A. Yamada, Adv Energy Mater., 2, 841 (2012). 2. R. Gond, S. S. Meena, S. M. Yusuf, V. Shukla, N. K. Jena, R. Ahuja, S. Okada and P. Barpanda, Inorg. Chem., 56, 5918 (2017). 3. R. Gond, R. P. Rao, V. Pralong, O. I. Lebedev, S. Adams and P. Barpanda, Inorg. Chem., 57, 6324 (2018). 4. S. W. Lee, C. Carlton, M. Risch, Y. Surendranath, S. Chen, S. Furutsuki, A. Yamada, D. G. Nocera and Y. Shao-Horn, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 16959 (2012). 5. R. Gond, D. K. Singh, M. Eswaramoorthy and P. Barpanda, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 58, 8330 (2019). 6. R. Gond, K. Sada, B. Senthilkumar and P. Barpanda, ChemElectroChem., 5, 153 (2018).

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3061-7434

Fig. 2: (a) OER Linear sweeping voltammograms (LSVs) for cubic NaCo(PO3)3 catalysts (combustion synthesized annealed in air NCoM-Cb-Air and argon NCoM-Cb-Air, solid-state prepared annealed in air NCoM-SS-Air and argon NCoM-SS-Air) and RuO2 in 1 M KOH Ar-saturated solution at 1,600 rpm. Inset: Corner sharing [Co-O6] octahedra (pink) and [P-O4] tetrahedra (yellow) building blocks in NaCo(PO3)3. (b) iR-corrected OER LSVs polarization curves for orthorhombic NaNi(PO3)3 catalysts (combustion synthesized) and RuO2 in 0.1 M KOH Ar-saturated solution at 1,600 rpm. Inset: Corner sharing [Ni-O6] octahedra (green) and [P-O4] tetrahedra (yellow) building blocks in NaNi(PO3)3.

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Winter 2019 â&#x20AC;˘ www.electrochem.org

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Call for Nominations: 2020 Outstanding Student Chapter Young students entering the science field take on a significant amount of new material and learning in the classrooms, but that doesn’t mean we can’t learn just as much from them, too! ECS student chapters, which are created and run by students, teach us so much every day. Their remarkable accomplishments and contributions to the Society not only help guide and encourage talented scientists and engineers around them, but contribute to the future and growth of the sciences. That’s why, in 2012, the Society established the ECS Outstanding Student Chapter Award to recognize distinguished student chapters that demonstrate active participation in ECS’s technical activities—chapters that have initiated outreach activities, coordinated community events, and created and maintained a robust membership base.

Does this sound like your student chapter? We want to recognize your hard work!

Application Deadline: April 15, 2020 Apply by April 15, 2020, for a chance to make your chapter the recipient of the 2020 Outstanding Student Chapter Award. Awardees receive a recognition plaque, $1,000 USD in additional student chapter funding, and additional recognition through the Society in Interface and on the ECS blog—and more!

For more information, visit:

www.electrochem.org/outstanding-student-chapter-award.

American University in Cairo Student Chapter The first program of the new ECS American University in Cairo (AUC) Student Chapter’s took place on August 5, 2019. The student chapter Energy Conversion and Storage Workshop featured two invited speakers and two AUC PhD students who discussed research projects covering a variety of energy related topics which mainly focused on electrochemistry. The workshop was organized under the supervision of Ehab El Sawy, AUC Assistant Chemistry Professor. Ahmad M. Mohammad, Cairo University, spoke about fuel cells as a green asset for saving electricity in renewable power plants. Hany

El-Sayed, Technical University of Munich, presented on oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst stability investigation using rotating disc electrode (RDE) technique. The two PhD students were Amina Saleh and Alaa Abbas. Saleh talked about her master’s thesis on a fully printable semi-transparent perovskite solar cell. Abbas described the impact of nanostructured anode on the performance of microbial fuel cells. Two more chapter activities are planned for the coming months.

ECS American University in Cairo Student Chapter members and guest speakers at the Energy Conversion and Storage Workshop. Photo: Abdelrahman Mokhtar

Amina Saleh discusses solar cells. Photo: Abdelrahman Mokhtar

Advertisers Index Ametek................................................... inside back cover Bio-Logic.......................................................................... 4 El-Cell............................................................................. 34 Gamry............................................................................... 6 Ion Power........................................................................ 80

IOP..................................................................... back cover Koslow..............................................................................31 Pine Research Instrumentation....................................... 2 Scribner Associates.......................................................... 1 Wiley Monographs......................................................... 81

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS Imperial College London Student Chapter The ECS Imperial College London Student Chapter has organized a series of member events since its founding in October 2018. These include the inaugural seminar by David Williams, University of Auckland; and corrosion research seminars by Sukanta Ghosh and Tom Bos, Shell Technology Centre Bangalore, and Oumaima Gharbi, Paris-Sorbonne University. The highlight of the year was co-organizing the SE-lectrochem 2019 meeting. Some 120 early career researchers in electrochemistry from Southeast England and beyond came together on September 19, 2019 to share ideas, present work, and form new collaborations. Keynote speeches were delivered by leading academics and industry representatives including Paul Shearing, Mary Ryan, Andrea E. Russell, Anthony Kucernak, and Chris Zalitis. Early career researchers gave “quick-fire” two-minute pitch oral overviews of their posters. The audience approached the speakers with more questions and discussion during the poster sessions. Best oral presentation prizes were chosen by audience vote. The panel of judges decided the best poster prizes. SE-lectrochem 2019 was generously supported by The Electrochemical Society; Royal Society of Chemistry; The Faraday Institution; Energy Futures Lab at the Imperial College London; Metrohm AG; and Alvatek Electronics. The Imperial College London Student Chapter’s conference committee included Nina Meddings, Aigerim Omirkhan, Colleen Jackson, Rowena Brugge, Barun Chakrabarti, Edouard Querel, Mei-Chin Pang, Daisy Thornton, Rose Oates, and Ozden Celikbilek. The chapter received a lot of positive feedback and expects to hold the event annually at different institutions across Southeast England. The second highlight of the year was the COMSOL Multiphysics® workshop on modeling electrochemistry organized by Epameinondas Skontzos and led by Panagiota Theodoulou and Ross Hubble. After the software was introduced and demonstrated, participants had the opportunity to test applications and discuss research problems with COMSOL experts.

ECS Imperial College London Student Chapter hosts a full house at SElectrochem 2019. Photo: Daisy Thornton

Left to right: ECS Imperial College London Student Chapter’s SElectrochem 2019 steering committee: Nina Meddings, Aigerim Omirkhan (student chapter president), and best poster and oral presentation winners Theo Suter, Elena Watts, Dana Thomson, Arun Prakash, Valeria de Velasco Bermudez, Benedict Simon, Sebastian Watzele, Jennifer Hack, Rajesh Jethwa, Anna B. Gunnarsdóttir, Evé Wheeler-Jones, and Sarah Lowe. Photo: Daisy Thornton

Indiana University Student Chapter Members of the ECS Indiana University Student Chapter attended the 6th Annual Symposium on Materials Research on July 24 at Indiana University. Natasha Siepser, the chapter’s vice president and fourth-year graduate student in Dr. Lane A. Baker’s research group, won the award for best oral presentation for her talk titled “Measuring Single-Particle Electrocatalytic Activity at Facet-Controlled Gold Nanocrystals.” IU chapter members also participated in the annual Turkey Run Analytical Chemistry Conference on September 27-28. The conference, hosted by the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, is named for the location where it is held, the Turkey Run State Park in Marshall, Indiana. On October 3, the chapter hosted Kevin Moeller from Washington University St. Louis as an ECS sponsored invited speaker. He delivered his talk to a packed lecture hall. The chapter presented Moeller with a plaque to commemorate his visit. After his presentation, Moeller met with a number of research groups in the organic, analytical, and inorganic divisions.

Members of the ECS Indiana University Student Chapter presented a plaque to speaker Kevin Moeller. From left to right: Ana Flavia Petro (president), Kristen Alanis (treasurer), Kevin Moeller (invited speaker), Natasha Siepser (vice president), Dennis Peters (student chapter advisor). Photo: Eric McKenzie

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS Montréal Student Chapter The ECS Montréal Student Chapter organized its ninth annual symposium on May 10, 2019. Over 100 people registered for the symposium at the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) Sherbrooke building. This was one of the largest symposia in the chapter’s history. Although chapter membership more than doubled from 11 in 2018 to 24 in 2019, it remains small, while the symposia consistently draw large audiences. Participants came from New York State to participate in the symposia, and this year, the chapter included student members from the United States. Nikolay Kornienko, Université de Montréal, delivered a keynote address on his PhD research on hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction catalysis. Gerald Frankel, Ohio State University, gave a second passionate keynote address about the corrosion of nuclear waste storage systems, and how his group is developing new materials that can stand the test of time. The symposium included six student oral presentations and 11 student poster presentations. Poster presenters delivered a threeminute oral presentation before the poster session. This new feature, which allowed attendees to direct themselves to the most pertinent poster, was popular and will likely be repeated in the future. The event was very positively received. Twelve industrial and academic sponsors offered their support. Of these, three sponsors had booths at the event and sent representatives to answer questions: Annick Lavallée, Metrohm; David Polcari, Systems for Research; and Michel Dumont, Snowhouse Solutions. There were two sponsored talks, the first by Laila Benameur, Quebec Scientific Entrepreneurship (QcSE), who described their program allowing students to receive funding for novel ideas they would like to test independently. David Polcari from Systems for Research spoke as well, and graciously donated two android tablets to the first place winners of the poster and oral presentations. The ECS Montréal Student Chapter’s November workshop is on basic circuits and their ubiquitous use in electrochemistry.

The ECS Montréal Student Chapter. Photo: Taylor Hope

From left to right, David Polcari, Systems for Research, who awarded an android tablet to oral presentation winner Tao Liu, UQAM. On the right, Jeremy Dawkins, president, ECS Montréal Student Chapter. Photo: Taylor Hope

South Brazil Student Chapter The ECS South Brazil Student Chapter welcomed Aline Gabbardo, who recently completed her PhD at The Ohio State University (advisor Professor Frankel) as a new post-doc member of the Electrochemical and Corrosion Lab at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Gabbardo joined the student chapter as a young PhD member. New challenges await former chair Renato Valente, who recently moved to the Federal University of Santa Catarina after finishing his PhD research. His latest research focuses on new magnetic materials and related technologies. The vice chair, Thiago Vignoli, leads the chapter until the next elections in April of 2020. This semester, the chapter hosted an open house attended by undergraduate students interested in electrochemistry and corrosion from the materials and metallurgical engineering department and the chemistry department. Continuing with open seminars, Lucas Souto presented his research in July on the “Reverse Austenite Formation in Supermartensitic Stainless Steels and its Influence on Pitting Corrosion.” The chapter’s website, (www.ufrgs.br/eletrocorr/ECS%20Student%20Chapter/Index.ECS.html) has been updated, and an Instagram profile will be available soon. With these updates, the chapter will be able to share real-time activities and news.

Current members of the ECS South Brazil Student Chapter at the Campus do Vale (UFRGS). Photo: Daniel Gerchman

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS The University of British Columbia Student Chapter The ECS University of British Columbia (UBC) Student Chapter recently hosted the annual Young Electrochemists Symposium (YES), now in its eighth year. The daylong event was held on July 26 in Thea’s Lounge in the Thea Koerner House at the UBC Vancouver campus. Talks were given by eight academic and industry leaders in electrochemistry and electrochemical technologies. The event concluded with professional networking and a technical poster session presented by students in graduate programs at UBC, Simon Fraser University (SFU), and the University of Victoria. Keynote speaker Stephen Bergens (chemistry, University of Alberta) spoke about his work with photoelectrocatalysts for water splitting for hydrogen production and carbon dioxide reduction for solar fuels production. The second keynote speaker, Viola Birss (chemistry, University of Calgary) discussed her work with novel carbon materials as catalyst supports in electrochemical devices, such as fuel cells and electrolyzers.

Other academic speakers included David P. Wilkinson (chemical and biological engineering, UBC); Dan Bizzotto (chemistry, UBC); and Gary Leach (chemistry, SFU). Representatives from industry gave talks including Allison Brennan from Mitacs; Graeme Suppes, E-One Moly Energy; and Benjamin Britton with Ionomer Innovations. This year’s UBC Student Chapter event saw an increase in attendees over last year, with 83 confirmed guests from academia and industry at the reception. This cross-disciplinary event included attendees in the natural and applied sciences—particularly chemistry, chemical and biological engineering, and mechanical engineering. Event sponsors included ECS and the ECS Canada Section, as well as the SFU Department of Chemistry, the SFU Graduate Student Society, the SFU Department of Chemistry Graduate Student Caucus, the UBC Department of Chemistry, and the UBC Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (CHBE).

Viola Birss, University of Calgary Department of Chemistry, delivered a keynote address at the ECS University of British Columbia Student Chapter Young Electrochemists Symposium. Photo: Alexi Pauls

From left to right: Keynote speaker Stephen Bergens, University of Alberta, Department of Chemistry; invited speaker Benjamin Britton; and poster presenter Miguel Angel Leon-Luna, University of British Columbia. Photo: Alexi Pauls

University of Cape Town Student Chapter The ECS University of Cape Town (UCT) Student Chapter is the first on the African continent. It was founded at the Department of Chemical Engineering, UCT, in South Africa in October 2018. The chapter is affiliated with the Hydrogen South Africa Catalysis (HySA Catalysis) Centre of Competence, which focuses on the technology development of catalysts and electrode assemblies for proton exchange membrane fuel cell and electrolyzer applications. The chapter—which now has 14 members—was founded to promote professional development, networking among peers and researchers, and to showcase South Africa’s cutting-edge electrochemical research. Founding members were Student Chapter President Ziba Rajan and her academic supervisor, Chapter Advisor Rhiyaad Mohamed.

The chapter hosted a number of events. In November 2018, Tita Labi and Ziba Rajan gave oral presentations at the Catalysis Society of South Africa (CATSA)’s annual meeting. In April 2019, Tobias Binninger presented a seminar titled “Lattice Oxygen Evolution Reaction: The Link between Activity and Instability of Metal Oxide Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation.” Binninger’s seminar aligned with HySA Catalysis’ research on the electrocatalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction, and assisted members with their own projects. In August, the ECS student chapter attended the 70th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) in Durban. Members who volunteered received unique opportunities to interact and engage with speakers and delegates. Mavis Lewis, Jonathan Gertzen, and Ziba Rajan gave oral presentations. Of the (continued on next page)

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ST UDENT NE WS (continued from previous page)

members presenting posters, Gcinisizwe Dlamini was awarded “best poster” for the symposium “Gold and Related Noble Metals in Electroanalysis, Electrocatalysis, and Electrochemical Devices.” The ISE conference was great exposure, allowing members to grow as researchers, refine their presentation skills, and receive valuable feedback from leaders in the field. Students attended master classes to further their understanding of fundamental aspects of electrochemistry. The ECS chapter hosted ECS Past President Yue Kuo at a seminar they organized in August. Kuo gave a presentation on the history of ECS followed by his research on semiconductors.

ECS Past President Yue Kuo visits the University of Cape Town ECS Student Chapter. Photo: Rhiyaad Mohamed

University of Guelph Student Chapter The ECS University of Guelph Student Chapter organized the second annual ECS Guelph Young Researcher Symposium on June 21, 2019. Bin Ren (Xiamen University), Tong Leung (University of Waterloo), and John Dutcher (University of Guelph) delivered keynote lectures at the university on their research in electrochemistry and materials science. From industry, Peter Wood and Philippe Chataigneau of ZEN Graphene Solutions Ltd., discussed the company and the importance of collaboration between academic research and industry. The presentations stimulated lively discussion between the audience and presenters. The symposium featured 13 oral presentations and 11 poster presentations by graduate students and post-doctoral fellows from the University of Guelph, University of Waterloo, Lakehead University, Western University, and Xiamen University. Young researcher awards were given to recognize outstanding performance on oral and poster presentations.

Jacy Conrad placed first in the oral presentation with “A Computational Study of Metal Hydrolysis Equilibria Under Hydrothermal Conditions.” Zhangfei Su placed second with “SEIRAS Studies of Water Structure in the Floating Bilayer Lipid Membrane at Gold Surface.” Ben Baylis took third with his talk on “Dendritic Morphology and Mechanical Modulus of Soft Phytoglycogen Nanoparticles Revealed by AFM Force Spectroscopy.” In the poster presentations, first place was awarded to Joseph Cirone for “Green Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of Metal and Metal Oxide Quantum Dots;” second to Jesse Dondapati for “Synthesis and Modification of TiO2 Nanomaterials for Waste Water Treatment;” and third to Dylan Siltamaki for “Copper-gold Nanodendrite Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction.” The chapter would like to thank the invited speakers for their time and presentations; the University of Guelph College of Engineering and Physical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, and The Electrochemical Society for financial and logistical support; and faculty advisors Jacek Lipkowski, Aicheng Chen, and Aziz Houmam for their continued support and guidance.

Second Annual ECS University of Guelph Student Chapter Young Researcher Symposium. Photo: Jesse S. Dondapati 90

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS University of Kentucky Student Chapter The ECS University of Kentucky (UK) Student Chapter hosted James Landon, Research Engineer Principle, UK Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), on October 8. In his seminar, “Use of Carbon Materials in Electrochemical Devices,” Landon discussed various carbon materials that are used in electrochemical devices, including relevant analysis, characterization methods, and applications. Faculty and students from UK’s College of Engineering, College of Physics and Astronomy, and College of Art and Sciences attended the presentation. The chapter plans to host two more seminars by the end of 2019. The first, on October 23, will feature Noe Alvarez from the University of Cincinnati. Joshua Spurgeon from the University of Louisville is scheduled for November 12. ECS University of Kentucky Student Chapter hosted James Landon, shown here with the chapter officers. From left to right: Udari Shyamika Kodithuwakku, Harsha Attanayake, James Landon, Ming Wang, and Andrew Meyer. Photo: Harsha Attanayake

University of Pennsylvania Student Chapter One week after its official founding, the ECS University of Pennsylvania (U Penn) Student Chapter participated in NanoDay@ Penn. Held on October 22 at the Singh Center for Nanotechnology in Philadelphia, the goal was to demonstrate frontier research fields to local high school students. In total, 156 students from eight high schools attended. Jintao Fu and Sam Welborn, PhD students in the U Penn Materials Science and Engineering Department—and founding members of the new U Penn Student Chapter—presented electrochemistry demonstrations under the guidance of Chapter Advisor Dr. Eric Detsi. Two electrochemical processes were demonstrated: oxygen evolution on Ni foam during electrolysis of water, and electrooxidation of Ag from an Au-Ag alloy.

The students were excited to see bubbles forming on the Ni electrode during oxygen evolution. They watched intently as the color of AuAg alloy changed from silvery to golden brown upon application of current/potential. Students learned how the electrochemical concepts behind these demos could be applied to the processing of novel materials for catalysis, energy storage and conversion, and more. NanoDay@Penn was a successful start for the new chapter. Moving forward, the chapter’s short-term goal is to recruit new members, and search for partner organizations on campus including the Vagelos Institute for Energy Science and Technology and the Kleinman Center for Energy Policy. The chapter also plans to reach out to off-campus organizations, such as our neighboring ECS Drexel University Student Chapter, to plan and hold Philadelphia-wide events.

Jintao Fu and Sam Welborn, ECS University of Pennsylvania Student Chapter. Photo: John Corsi

Philadelphia school students observe an experiment by Sam Welborn at NanoDay@Penn. Photo: Felice Macera

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS University of Southern California Student Chapter More than 30 people attended the newly established ECS University of Southern California Student Chapter’s first membership meeting on August 8, 2019. Members discussed the chapter’s goal to bring diverse people from different campus research groups and departments together to network and discuss topics in electrochemistry. To that end, the chapter held a social gathering in September where current and prospective members bonded over refreshments. On October 4, the chapter hosted its first guest speaker, William West, Technologist, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. An audience

of over 60 students and faculty members from across USC attended West’s presentation, “Advanced Energy Storage Technologies for NASA’s Robotic Explorations in Extreme Conditions.” Chapter members conversed with West over coffee and pastries at an evening discussion session. USC Chapter members are pleased with the success of events held so far and excited about upcoming events. At the next chapter meeting, upcoming events will be chosen by vote from an extensive list. Events like seminars and research talks focus on networking and expanding knowledge in electrochemistry, while others are geared toward sustainability.

ECS University of Southern California Student Chapter officers from left to right: Negar Kazerouni, membership chair; Rodrigo Elizalde, treasurer; Vicente Galvan, vice chair; Billal Zayat, chair; Cindy Tseng, secretary. Photo: Cindy Tseng

ECS University of Southern California Student Chapter’s first student chapter meeting. Photo: Cindy Tseng

University of Waterloo Student Chapter The ECS University of Waterloo Student Chapter was founded in October 2019. Chapter President Kiana Amini, founders, and faculty advisors worked on the chapter’s launch since June 2019. The chapter’s goal is to increase access to electrochemistry knowledge through workshops, and to build a community of scholars by connecting research students to each other, local start-up companies and industry, and other universities. The University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada, is an excellent institution to host this student chapter. It contains a large number of active electrochemistry research groups with focusses ranging from battery development and fuel cell modelling to electrochemically active biomaterials. The chapter’s executive team includes MA and PhD students from these different groups who share electrochemistry as their field of interest. The team appointed an executive officer in charge of communications and social media to announce and showcase chapter events. Several faculty advisors have agreed to reach out to their industry, providing the foundation for a variety of professional development events. The team plans a strong kick-off event featuring a panel of chapter advisors—Jeffery Gostick, Michael Pope, Mark Pritzker, and Rodney Smith. The aim is to introduce the chapter to interested students, while featuring the advisors discussing their different research areas, career paths, and perspectives on the field of electrochemistry.

The student chapter’s founding executive team from left to right: Christopher Deutschman, internal vice president; Gillian Hawes, treasurer; Mariam Gad, social chair; Kiana Amini, president; Hamed Fathiannasab, external vice president. Photo: Judy Caron

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

CALL FOR PAPERS 2020

PRiME 2020 Honolulu, HI October 4-9, 2020

Hawaii Convention Center & Hilton Hawaiian Village

The joint international meeting of: 238th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society 2020 Fall Meeting of The Electrochemical Society of Japan 2020 Fall Meeting of The Korean Electrochemical Society

www.electrochem.org/prime2020

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

2020

Meeting Information

General Information

The PRiME 2020 meeting will be held in Honolulu, Hawaii from October 4-9, 2020 at the Hilton Hawaiian Village and the Hawaii Convention Center. This major international conference offers a unique blend of electrochemical and solid state science and technology; and serves as a major forum for the discussion of interdisciplinary research from around the world through a variety of formats, such as oral presentations, poster sessions, exhibits, tutorial sessions, short courses, professional development workshops, and exhibits.

Abstract Submission

To give an oral or poster presentation at the PRiME 2020 meeting, you must submit an original meeting abstract for consideration via the ECS website, https://ecs.confex.com/ecs/PRIME2020/cfp.cgi no later than April 17, 2020. Faxed, e-mailed, and/or late abstracts will not be accepted. Meeting abstracts should explicitly state objectives, new results, and conclusions or significance of the work. Once the submission deadline has passed, the symposium organizers will evaluate all abstracts for content and relevance to the symposium topic, and will schedule all acceptable submissions as either oral or poster presentations. In June 2020, Letters of Acceptance/Invitation will be sent via email to the corresponding author of all accepted abstracts, notifying them of the date, time, and location of their presentation. Regardless of whether you requested a poster or an oral presentation, it is the symposium organizers’ discretion to decide how and when it is scheduled.

Paper Presentation

Oral presentations must be in English; LCD projectors and laptops will be provided for all oral presentations. Presenting authors MUST bring their presentation on a USB flash drive to be used with the dedicated laptop that will be in each technical session room. Speakers requiring additional equipment must make written request to meetings@electrochem.org at least one month prior to the meeting so that appropriate arrangements may be worked out, subject to availability, and at the expense of the author. Poster presentations must be displayed in English, on a board approximately 3 feet 10 inches high by 3 feet 10 inches wide (1.17 meters high by 1.17 meters wide), corresponding to their abstract number and day of presentation in the final program.

Meeting Publications

ECS Meeting Abstracts—All meeting abstracts will be published in the ECS Digital Library, copyrighted by ECS, and all abstracts become the property of ECS upon presentation. ECS Transactions—Select symposia will publish their proceedings in ECS Transactions (ECST). Authors presenting in these symposia are strongly encouraged to submit a full-text manuscript based on their presentation. Issues of ECST will be available for sale on a pre-order basis, as well as through the ECS Digital Library and the ECS Online Store. Please see each individual symposium listing in this Call for Papers to determine if your symposium will be publishing an ECST issue. Please visit the ECST website (www.electrochem. org/ecst) for additional information, including overall guidelines, author and editor instructions, a downloadable manuscript template, and more. ECSarXiv—All authors are encouraged to submit their full-text manuscripts, posters, slides, or data sets to ECS’s preprint service, ECSarXiv. For more information on this offering, please visit http://www.electrochem.org/ecsarxiv. Please note that submission to ECSarXiv does not preclude submission to ECST. ECS Journals—Authors presenting papers at ECS meetings, and submitting to ECST or ECSarXiv, are also encouraged to submit to the Society’s technical journals: Journal of The Electrochemical Society and ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology. Although there is no hard deadline for the submission of these papers, it is considered that six months from the date of the symposium is sufficient time to revise a paper to meet the stricter criteria of the journals. Author instructions are available from http://www.electrochem.org/submit.

Contact Information If you have any questions or require additional information, contact ECS. 94

Short Courses

Five short courses will be offered on Sunday, October 4, 2020 from 08001630h. Short courses require advanced registration and may be cancelled if enrollment is under 10 registrants in the respective course. The following short courses are scheduled: 1) Advanced Impedance Spectroscopy, 2) Fundamentals of Electrochemistry: Basic Theory and Kinetic Method, 3) Fundamentals of Corrosion, 4) Battery Safety and Failure Modes, and 5) Operation and Exploitation of Electrochemical Capacity Technology. Registration opens June 2020.

Technical Exhibit

PRiME 2020 will include a Technical Exhibit, featuring presentations and displays by dozens of manufacturers of instruments, materials, systems, publications, and software of interest to meeting attendees. Coffee breaks are scheduled in the exhibit hall along with evening poster sessions. Interested in exhibiting at the meeting with your company? Exhibitor opportunities include unparalleled benefits and provide an extraordinary chance to present your scientific products and services to key constituents from around the world. Exhibit opportunities can be combined with sponsorship items and are customized to suit your needs. Please contact sponsorship@electrochem. org for further details.

Meeting Registration

All participants—including authors and invited speakers—are required to pay the appropriate registration fees. Meeting registration information will be posted on the ECS website as it becomes available. The deadline for discounted early registration is August 31, 2020.

Hotel Reservations

The PRiME 2020 meeting will be held at the Hilton Hawaiian Village and the Hawaii Convention Center. Please refer to the meeting website for the most up-to date information on hotel availability and information about the blocks of rooms where special rates have been reserved for participants attending the meeting. The hotel block will be open until August 31, 2020 or until it sells out.

Letter of Invitation

In June 2020, Letters of Invitation will be sent via email to the corresponding authors of all accepted abstracts, notifying them of the date, time, and location of their presentation. Anyone else requiring an official letter of invitation should email abstracts@electrochem.org; such letters will not imply any financial responsibility of ECS.

Financial Assistance

ECS divisions and sections offer travel grants to students, postdoctoral researchers, and young professionals to attend ECS biannual meetings. Applications are available beginning April 17, 2020 at www.electrochem.org/ travel-grants and must be received no later than the submission deadline of June 29, 2020. Additional financial assistance is very limited and generally governed by symposium organizers. Individuals may inquire directly to organizers of the symposium in which they are presenting to see if funding is available. For general travel grant questions, please contact travelgrant@electrochem.org.

Sponsorship Opportunities

PRiME 2020 offers a wonderful opportunity to market your organization through sponsorship. Sponsorship allows exposure to key industry decision makers, the development of collaborative partnerships, and potential business leads. We welcome support in the form of general sponsorship at various levels. Sponsors will be recognized by level in the Meeting Program, meeting signage, and on the website. In addition, sponsorships are available for the plenary, meeting keepsakes and other special events. Advertising opportunities for the Meeting Program are also available. Please contact sponsorship@electrochem. org for further details. ECS also offers specific symposium sponsorship. By sponsoring a symposium your company can help support author travel expenses, registration fees, complimentary proceedings, and/or host receptions for invited speakers, researchers, and students. Please contact bianca.kovalenko@electrochem.org for further details.

The Electrochemical Society 65 South Main Street, Bldg. D, Pennington, NJ, 08534-2839, USA tel: 1.609.737.1902, fax: 1.609.737.2743 meetings@electrochem.org The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

www.electrochem.org

Symposium Topics & Deadlines A— Batteries and Energy Storage

A01— Intercalation Chemistry for Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies: In Honor of M. Stanley Whittingham A02— New Materials for Next Generation Batteries A03— Fast Energy Storage Processes and Devices-Capacitors, Supercapacitors, and Fast-Charging Batteries A04— Electrolytes, Interfaces, and Interphases A05— Advances, Challenges, and Development of Solid State Battery Electrochemistry and Materials A06— Progress and Critical Assessment of Large Format Batteries B— Carbon Nanostructures and Devices

B01— Carbon Nanostructures: From Fundamental Studies to Applications and Devices C— Corrosion Science and Technology

C01— Corrosion General Poster Session C02— High Temperature Corrosion and Materials Chemistry 14 C03— Pits and Pores 9: Nanomaterials-Fabrication, Properties, and Applications C04— Light Alloys 6: In Honor of Hideaki Takahashi C05— High Resolution Characterization of Corrosion Processes 5: In Honor of Philippe Marcus

2020

I— Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion

I01— Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 20 (PEFC&E 20) I02— Solid State Ionic Devices 13 I03— Frontiers of Chemical/Molecular Engineering in Electrochemical Energy Technologies: In Honor of Robert Savinell’s 70th Birthday J— Luminescence and Display Materials, Devices, and Processing

J01— Recent Advances in Wide-Bandgap III-Nitride Devices and Solid State Lighting: In Honor of Isamu Akasaki K— Organic and Bioelectrochemistry

K01— New Developments in Synthetic and Mechanistic Organic Electrochemistry: In Memory of Junichi Yoshida K02— Towards Interdisciplinary Fusion of Bioengineering and Electrochemistry L— Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry

L01— Fundamentals and Applications of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry L02— Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids 22 L03— Electrode Processes 13 L04— Photocatalysts, Photoelectrochemical Cells, and Solar Fuels 11 L05— Advanced Techniques for In Situ Electrochemical Systems 3

C06— Atmospheric and Marine Corrosion 2

L06— Fundamental Aspects of Electrochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide 2

C07— Corrosion Protection 2

L07— (Photo)Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis for Water-Energy Nexus

D— Dielectric Science and Materials

D01— Semiconductors, Dielectrics, and Metals for Nanoelectronics and Plasma Nanosciences D02— The Science and Applications of Topological and Correlated Materials E— Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition

E01— Electrodeposition for Energy Applications 5 E02— Electrochemistry for Material Science: In Memory of Ken E. Nobe E03— Electrochemical and Electroless Deposition of Thin-films and Nanostructures-Theory, Numerical Simulations, and Applications E04— Applied Electrodeposition: From Electrowinning to Electroforming

L08— Advanced Nano-Photovoltaics M— Sensors

M01— Microfabricated and Nanofabricated Systems for MEMS/NEMS 15 M02— Chemical Sensors 13: Recent Advances in Chemical and Biological Sensors and Analytical Systems M03— In Vivo Nano Biosensors Z— General

Z01— General Student Poster Session Z02— 4DMS+SoRo: 4D Materials & Systems + Soft Robotics

F— Electrochemical Engineering

F01— Advances in Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering F02— Advances in Application and Theory of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy F03— Modeling Electrochemical Systems for Transportation Applications G— Electronic Materials and Processing

G01— Semiconductor Wafer Bonding: Science, Technology, and Applications 16 G02— Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 16 G03— SiGe, Ge, and Related Compounds: Materials, Processing, and Devices 9 G04— Thermoelectric and Thermal Interface Materials 6 G05— Materials and Processes for Semiconductor, 2.5 and 3D, Chip Packaging, PCB, FPCB and Wafer Bonding 3 H— Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems

H01— Joint Symposium: State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors 63 (SOTAPOCS 63)-and-GaN and SiC Power Technologies 10 H02— Photovoltaics for the 21st Century 16: New Materials and Processes H03— Thin Film Transistors 15 (TFT 15) H04— Low-Dimensional Nanoscale Electronic and Photonic Devices 13 H05— Optics, Electronics, and Electrochemical Properties of Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs): Technology, Applications, and Emerging Devices 2

Important Dates and Deadlines Meeting abstract submission opens.............................December 2019 Meeting abstract submission deadline............................April 17, 2020 Notification to corresponding authors of abstract acceptance or rejection........................................June 2020 Technical program published online......................................June 2020 Meeting registration opens....................................................June 2020 ECS Transactions submission site opens........................June 19, 2020 Travel grant application deadline.......................................July 29, 2020 ECS Transactions submission deadline............................July 17, 2020 Meeting sponsor and exhibitor deadline (for inclusion in printed materials)....................................July 24, 2020 Travel grant approval notification.................................August 17, 2020 Hotel and early registration deadlines..........................August 31, 2020 Release date for ECS Transactions issues..................No later than September 25, 2020

H06— Nonvolatile Memories and Artificial Neural Networks H07— Electrochromic and Photoelectrochromic Materials and Devices The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Visit ECS at our exhibit booth in 2020! PITTCON

PITTCON 2020

March 1-5, ChiCago, iL, USa

NACE

CORROSION 2020

March 15-19, hoUSton, tX, USa

ACS

Americal Chemical Society Spring Meeting

March 22-26, PhiLadeLPhia, Pa, USa

ECS

237th ECS Meeting with IMCS 2020

May 10-15, MontrÉaL, Canada

IMLB

20th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries

June 20-26, BerLin, gerMany

ECS

PRiME 2020

oct. 4-9, honoLULU, hi, USa

AIChE

2020 AIChE Annual Meeting

nov. 15-20, San FranCiSCo, Ca, USa

MRS

MRS Fall Meeting & Exhibit

nov. 29-dec. 4, BoSton, Ma, USa

Learn more at: The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2019 • www.electrochem.org www.electrochem.org/ecs-blog/where-is-ecs-in-2020

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We’ve moved! All of The Electrochemical Society journals are now available on IOPscience. On IOPscience you’ll be able to:

• Search quickly and easily for relevant papers from both ECS and the rest of IOP Publishing’s portfolio, including filtering for open access content only.

• Easily export figures and references to multiple formats, including PowerPoint.

• Find statistics on each article from Altmetrics and Dimensions, allowing you to see the impact that the work has had globally.

Visit iopscience.org/partner/ecs today to find out the latest news; including open focus issues, trending articles and dates for your diary.