Interface Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall 2020 by The Electrochemical Society

VOL. 29, NO. 3, F a l l 2 0 2 0

ELECTROCHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE

WORLD

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The ECS Community Adapts and Advances Through the Pandemic

Picture Your Electrode: A Primer on Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

Preview of PRiME 2020

Sustainable Green Processes Enabled by Pulse Electrolytic Principles

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

FROM THE EDITOR

Day 109, or will it be 196?

egular readers (both of them) of my editorials will no doubt recall my hope in the summer issue of Interface that by the time of publication of that issue the pandemic would be over. OK, I was wrong. I take solace in the Danish proverb (often attributed to Niels Bohr) that “It is very hard to predict, especially the future.” Although not the first time I have been wrong, it is the one that I really wish I had been right about. As I write this, the Kelly household is at Day 109 of social distancing. We have played many, many games of cornhole, Uno, dominos, Texas Hold’em, Exploding Kittens (that is not a misprint), and many others which I have been able to purge from my memory. We have become a well-oiled machine in receiving and disinfecting groceries and other purchases. As a family we have added substantially to Jeff Bezos’s considerable Amazon fortune (and to the volume of cardboard recycling). I have dug more holes for Heather’s plantings than a man of my age should, says my aching back. Happy wife, happy life, my friends. We have been following the constant breaking news on the pandemic, including possible treatments, stupid treatments, and hopes for an effective vaccine soon. We talk a lot about what pronouncements may or may not mean, grounded by having an MD (iety) in the house who does just-in-time teaching of microbiology and medical science using small words so I can follow. Those discussions have reinforced my belief that everyone needs at least an appreciation of some tenets of science and the scientific method, some of which seem quite subtle to those who don’t deal with them every day. Our community has the opportunity to serve our fellow world citizens by acting as interpreters of what can be very confusing pronouncements. We can help by explaining and putting into context some key truths: (a) peer review has a critical role in vetting modeling approaches, data, and interpretation of results; (b) all scientific findings should be labeled “our understanding to date”; (c) human biology, like all science, is far from fully understood; (d) statistics and probability-based predictions are only as good as the assumptions and data underlying them, but they can be very useful; and (e) sometimes “we don’t know” is the only completely truthful answer. The hardest part of the role of an interpreter can be the need to be neutral. We don’t have to think or decide for others; we have no corner on knowing what is best. We do have experience in the power of the scientific method to provide a framework for understanding very complicated processes. Spreading that can only do good. The impacts of cooperation and self-sacrifice are also manifest in our experiences as scientists. Some of the research that I have enjoyed most has been those projects for which collaboration with smart people was necessary. Being a control enthusiast, giving up my position as sole decision maker was a bit daunting, but I found that once I tried it, I liked it, as the advertisement goes. In the U.S., some are struggling with calls for the universal use of masks to impede the virus because it feels like they are giving up control. Before we all learned what “COVID” meant, signs on many of my favorite business establishments read “No shirt, no shoes, no service,” which never seemed too onerous to me. We all do things not for us, but for the good of others in our society; for example, I wear pants whenever I leave the house, whether I feel like it or not. Wearing a mask to protect folks like my 90-year-old mother seems pretty reasonable to me. One other follow-up news item from last time: our boy dog, Bubba, came through his ACL surgery well and is moving down the long road to full recovery. His sister is reveling in the fact that she is now faster than he is. I told her to enjoy it while she can. Their howling duet whenever another animal of any kind dares to pass our house has remained unabated throughout the recovery, much to my dismay during Zoom calls when I am asked who is being tortured (Answer: me, by the Zoom call). It looks like this virus will be with us all for a while, so please take care of yourselves, your loved ones, and anyone else you can. Until next time, be safe and happy.

Rob Kelly Editor rgk6y@virginia.edu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-0978

Published by: The Electrochemical Society (ECS) 65 South Main Street Pennington, NJ 08534-2839, USA Tel 609.737.1902, Fax 609.737.2743 www.electrochem.org Editor: Rob Kelly, rgk6y@virginia.edu Guest Editor: Paul Kenis, kenis@illinois.edu Contributing Editors: Donald Pile, Donald.Pile@gmail. com; Alice Suroviec, asuroviec@berry.edu Director of Publications: Beth Craanen, Beth.Craanen@electrochem.org Production Editor: Mary Beth Schwartz, MaryBeth.Schwartz@electrochem.org Print Production Manager: Dinia Agrawala, interface@electrochem.org Staff Contributors: Frances Chaves, Beth Craanen, Genevieve Goldy, Mary Hojlo, Christopher J. Jannuzzi, John Lewis, Anna Olsen, Jennifer Ortiz, Shannon Reed, Beth Schademann, Mary Beth Schwartz, Keerthana Varadhan Advisory Board: Brett Lucht (Battery), Dev Chidambaram (Corrosion), Durga Misra (Dielectric Science and Technology), Philippe Vereecken (Electrodeposition), Jennifer Hite (Electronics and Photonics), Mani Manivannan (Energy Technology), Cortney Kreller (High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes), John Weidner (Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering), Jakoah Brgoch (Luminescence and Display Materials), Hiroshi Imahori (Nanocarbons), Jim Burgess (Organic and Biological Electrochemistry), Andrew Hillier (Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry), Ajit Khosla (Sensor) Publications Subcommittee Chair: Turgut Gür Society Officers: Stefan De Gendt, President; Eric Wachsman, Senior Vice President; Turgut Gür, 2nd Vice President; Gerardine Gabriela Botte, 3rd Vice President; Marca Doeff, Secretary; Gessie Brisard, Treasurer; Christopher J. Jannuzzi, Executive Director & CEO Statements and opinions given in The Electrochemical Society Interface are those of the contributors, and ECS assumes no responsibility for them. Authorization to photocopy any article for internal or personal use beyond the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 is granted by The Electrochemical Society to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). Copying for other than internal or personal use without express permission of ECS is prohibited. The CCC Code for The Electrochemical Society Interface is 1064-8208/92. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608 Canada Returns to be sent to: Pitney Bowes International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2 ISSN : Print: 1064-8208

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The Electrochemical Society Interface is published quarterly by The Electrochemical Society (ECS), at 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839 USA. Subscription to members is part of membership service; subscription to nonmembers is available; see the ECS website. Single copies $10.00 to members; $19.00 to nonmembers. © Copyright 2020 by The Electrochemical Society. Periodicals postage paid at Pennington, New Jersey, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Electrochemical Society, 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839. The Electrochemical Society is an educational, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization with more than 8,500 scientists and engineers in over 75 countries worldwide who hold individual membership. Founded in 1902, the Society has a long tradition in advancing the theory and practice of electrochemical and solid state science by dissemination of information through its publications and international meetings. Cummings Printing uses 100% recyclable low-density polyethylene (#4) film in the production of Interface.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

Electrochemistry for a Sustainable World by Paul J. A. Kenis

Electro-organic Syntheses for Green Chemical Manufacturing

Sustainable Green Processes Enabled by Pulse Electrolytic Principles by Timothy D. Hall, Maria E. Inman, and E. Jennings Taylor

Electrochemical Separations for Metal Recycling by Xiao Su

Vol. 29, No. 3 Fall 2020

the Editor: 3 From Day 109, or will it be 196?

by Elizabeth J. Biddinger and Miguel A. Modestino

Corner: 7 Pennington PRiME Directive ECS Community Adapts 8 The and Advances Through the Pandemic

11 Society News Section: 24 Special PRiME 2020 28 People News Chalkboard: 30 The Picture Your Electrode:

A Primer on Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

33 Looking at Patent Law 39 Tech Highlights 62 Section News 64 Awards Program 76 New Members 78 Student News

Cover design by Dinia Agrawala. The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2020 â&#x20AC;˘ www.electrochem.org

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

PENNINGTON CORNER

PRiME Directive

Adapting to the realities of a global pandemic

Electrochemical Society of Japan and Korean Electrochemical irst and foremost, I hope Society—unanimously agreed to move forward with PRiME, this missive finds you and albeit not as a traditional ECS meeting. yours faring well in these In place of the physical meeting, PRiME 2020 will be a unprecedented times. It is hard to global online event bringing together, in the only way we believe that it is nearly six months since the ECS offices safely can, the world’s leading researchers and scientists in closed and we transitioned to working remotely. Fortunate as the electrochemical and solid state sciences. While we will no the ECS staff and I are to be able to continue to operate at full doubt miss the personal connection of an in-person meeting, capacity despite the COVID-19 shutdown, there is a definite we are very excited about sense of isolation our new the expanded access PRiME working paradigm engenders. 2020 will have over previous So I am grateful to have this iterations of the conference. opportunity to connect with This year, all of the PRiME you now. I sincerely hope PRiME 2020 will be a global, online 2020 content, including over that this outstanding issue of 3,700 submitted abstracts, Interface brings you that same event bringing together, in the only way we will be freely accessible sense of connectedness to the safely can, the world’s leading researchers to ALL, along with the rest of the ECS community. and scientists in the electrochemical and recorded talks, enhanced In preparation for writing digital posters, and special this piece, I reread my previous solid state sciences. live events taking place Pennington Corner, which during PRiME week. appeared in the spring edition Obviously, transitioning a of Interface. Although that was meeting of this size to a digital only a few short months ago, in format is no small task for our volunteer organizers and staff, a very real way, that piece feels likes it is from an entirely dedicated and talented as they are. Therefore, we ask for your different era in human history. In short, it was written before. support and patience as we work through this complicated In that article, I looked forward to the 237th ECS Meeting process. We will be sure to update the community regularly scheduled to take place in Montreal in the coming spring, over the coming weeks to keep you abreast of the latest and reveled in how the massive global participation of the developments on the PRiME website (www.electrochem.org/ ECS community in the meeting is a shining example of true prime2020). international cooperation in troubling geopolitical times. Alas, We at ECS, along with our colleagues from ECSJ and the Montreal meeting was not to be. In March, for only the KECS, sincerely hope that you will join us for PRiME 2020, second time in our 118-year history, the Society was forced and please be sure to spread the word about PRiME attendance to cancel a biannual meeting, evidence of the extraordinary being completely free of charge this year. What an amazing position in which we found ourselves due to the ongoing opportunity to introduce your colleagues, peers, and students coronavirus pandemic. to all PRiME and ECS have to offer! In the intervening months, COVID-19 has impacted every Lastly, on behalf of the staff and volunteer leaders of The aspect of life on earth. At the time of this writing, we are Electrochemical Society, we extend our sincerest wishes for approaching 17 million cases and 700 thousand lives lost to peace and good health for you and your loved ones in these the disease. Businesses have shuttered, many never to reopen. trying, uncertain times. ECS has endured for over 118 years. Schools and organizations of all manner have converted their Together, we will ensure that our legacy not only continues, in-person operations to being handled remotely. Weddings, but also serves as a leading voice in defining a better, safer, graduations, funerals—the events that bring people together healthier tomorrow for all of humanity. to celebrate and rejoice, or mourn and give comfort—have not been possible. We sheltered in place, taking each day as it came, hoping the threat of this disease would pass quickly and that life would soon return to normal. But it did not pass, and by May, it became clear that we could not simply wait out this storm. If we were going to continue to serve and advance the mission of the Society, we would need to find new and different ways to convene our Christopher J. Jannuzzi community. Thus, when we realized we would not be able ECS Executive Director/Chief Executive Officer to host PRiME in person this October, rather than cancelling Chris.Jannuzzi@electrochem.org the meeting, ECS, along with our PRiME partners—The https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7293-7404

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

Netz Arroyo

Chris Beasley

Elizabeth Biddinger

Marca Doeff

Carolyn Graverson

Jeff Henderson

Greg Jackson

Marion Jones

Jason Keleher

Yue Kuo

Abigail “Abby” Linhart

Brett Lucht

Arumugam “Ram” Manthiram

Janine Mauzzeroll

Shelley Minteer

Colm O’Dwyer

Mark Orazem

Alex Peroff

Joe Stetter

Alice Suroviec

Venkat Viswanathan

Jerry Woodall

Katie Wortman-Otto

The ECS Community Adapts and Advances Through the Pandemic by Frances Chaves

hen the COVID-19 global pandemic hit, everything changed—and changes keep coming. This spring, the Society, with support from TBI Communications,1 interviewed 20 members—from students to long-term supporters—to understand how this unprecedented crisis affects our community. Their entire personal and scientific responses are recorded in The ECS Community Adapts and Advances Series blogs2 and YouTube videos.3 They give voice to our challenges and showcase inspiring ways members adapt, connect, help others’ professional development, and advance research (including COVID-19-related projects). What is clear: our community is resilient. Everyone longs to return to their labs, yet research, collaboration, teaching, and learning continue in new ways. Sharing common experiences relieves isolation and helps us navigate this period. Moving ahead, we anticipate trials, unexpected opportunities, and newly discovered inspirations. Connection to your colleagues and the ECS community will support you.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

Not Your Usual Year

The pandemic sent shockwaves through academia. Yet, Jason Keleher and his Lewis University (LU) students, Carolyn Graverson, Abigail “Abby” Linhart, and Katie Wortman-Otto, are upbeat. “Research isn’t just running experiments; it’s also communicating and disseminating results. Instead of trying to win the race, now we bring fresh eyes to data and truly, deeply understand the science. Shut labs shouldn’t stop scientific progress,” says Abby, a second-year graduate student in the Keleher Research Group. Carolyn (a recent LU graduate and current Rice University grad student) played basketball at LU for four years. “There’s a giveand-take to college now. Our season and post-season were cut short. It’s strange graduating with nobody around. I anticipated attending ceremonies and events with my lab and team mates…The world is taking a break so I can be very productive.” Students took advantage of Free the Science Week 2020 during quarantine, according to Abby. “It’s awesome to have access to anything we want! Reading articles is the next best thing to hearing someone present.” Sensitivity is critical. “Professors are stressed, but students haven’t encountered anything like this. Many are too young to remember 9/11, the last apocalyptic period in U.S. history. Some of my students are truly suffering. One lost his house and was living out of his car. I helped him with coaching, but how can I pressure him to work harder,” asks Greg Jackson, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Colorado School of Mines. “As the pandemic progresses, it affects more students through family illnesses and finances. Many work, some full time to support families. Others work extra hours as essential personnel. Others lost their jobs. Finding quiet is difficult in small New York apartments… We record our lectures so students can listen to them at convenient times,” states Elizabeth Biddinger, Assistant Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, City College, The City University of New York. Being disciplined and focusing on work is tough. “We spend all our time in front of a computer—the vehicle for work and distraction. I was preparing for a NASA meeting at midnight after spending nine hours at the computer. Every 15 minutes or so, I wanted to look at the news. But the news is distracting; it’s uncharted territory, historic and emotional,” Greg exclaims. The University College Cork is phasing reopening. “When the labs were closed, my postdocs ‘squeezed all the juice’ from their data. Now we are back in the labs, but it feels post-apocalyptic to research together, while physically avoiding each other! Strange, but we have to make this work,” reports Colm O’Dwyer, Professor of Chemistry.

A Balancing Act

Janine Mauzzeroll, Associate Professor of Chemistry at McGill University, handles conflicting demands. “I’m now a primary and high school teacher, cleaning lady, short order cook, running coach, and psychologist—on top of research and teaching! I can’t be as productive. I manage my expectations to be satisfied balancing home and work, while not prioritizing one and feeling bad about the other. I try not to sweat the small stuff and find ways to have fun homeschooling. The chemistry of food is very popular. ‘What effect does sugar crystal size have on a meringue’s taste?!’” Scheduling is difficult. “Students, researchers, and faculty switched to remote at lightning-fast speed. But homeschooling makes it hard to predict when I can be available without interruption. I have to coordinate in advance with my students,” says Colm. Coping with chaos is part of pandemic life for Alice Suroviec, Professor of Bioanalytical Chemistry and Dean of the College of Medical and Natural Sciences at Berry College. “As the mother of a newborn and a seven-year-old, the first months were challenging, especially when it was just me, the children, and my husband in the house all day, every day. Then the baby brought head lice home from daycare, gave it to her sister, who gave it back to the baby. Then we had a cockroach infestation. The dishwasher broke because the roaches chewed up the electrical components. But we’re good now! We are lice and roach free, I have a new dishwasher, and the baby returned to daycare!”

With support from her employer and the ECS community, Marion Jones, Scribner’s Director of Marketing, ‘pays it forward,’ helping customers and caring for her family. “I continue working…though sometimes it’s impossible to get much done. I care for my one-yearold granddaughter when her mom works 12-hour shifts at a hospital. No complaints; it’s been so much fun!”

The Big Unknown

Jeff Henderson, PhD candidate at the University of Western Ontario, shares his peers’ worries. “Many students feel pressured. ‘I have to be in the lab and collect data so I can analyze data, so I can write my yearly report, so I can continue (receiving funding).’ Everyone asks, ‘When do things return to normal?’ My question is, what’s normal going to look like? Finding work (after graduating) is my big unknown.” “ECS meetings are not 100 percent necessary for faculty, the way they are for students’ professional development and careers. My research will (be published). But a grad student may only attend an ECS meeting once or twice. Now, they lose the opportunity to network and present research,” says Shelley Minteer, Dale and Susan Poulter Endowed Chair of Biological Chemistry and Associate Chair of Chemistry at the University of Utah.

On the Frontline of COVID-19 Research

Netz Arroyo-Currás, Assistant Professor at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, describes how his lab quickly shifts gears. “Our remit is to develop a device (in weeks) that is highly specific, sensitive, allows rapid identification of people infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and has an application to determine if infected people may return to work based on their immune responses or state of infection. We hear about (these things) every day in the news, but they’re actually very complicated to implement…as we’re looking to produce diagnostic devices despite a limited capacity to do testing.” Joe Stetter—inventor, entrepreneur, and owner of KWJ Engineering and Spec Sensors—addresses the PPE shortage. “My niece, a nurse, gets one mask a week that she keeps in a paper bag. I asked our engineers to build a small, portable, inexpensive sterilizer for people reusing PPE. With our technology, funding from R&D, and donated engineering expertise, we developed designs for a collaborator building demonstration versions in his garage. Having reusable biologically clean masks gives frontline workers peace of mind. We cannot take the real heroes—the frontline people who keep this country moving—for granted.”

Unexpected Opportunities

The pandemic cloud has a silver lining according to Alex Peroff, Electroanalytical Scientist at Pine Research Instrumentation, Inc.4 “I used to travel a lot. Now I focus on customer communications and producing materials that answer questions, like our online boot camps.” Going virtual opens doors for new collaborations. According to Marca Doeff, Senior Scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, “Various Berkeley Lab science groups invited each other to their virtual workshops and review meetings. We’re asking people we didn’t have time to work with in the past, ‘What can we do together?’ We’re making new connections. It’s the pause that refreshes!” Zoom produces unanticipated benefits. “Some students do better on Zoom candidacy exams and PhD defenses. They’re calmer at home than they would be wearing fancy clothes, standing before six faculty, waiting for questions,” reports Shelley. “In the past, it was often too far for me to attend grad student thesis defenses. Now they send me their Zoom defense link so I can listen and celebrate with them,” says Alex. “My students and I cannot collect new data. However, we can benefit from this rare time to develop theories or use computer modelling for data in hand. This is an opportunity to turn away from old research topics and think about what is new. Changing direction can spawn new ideas,” says Yue Kuo, holder of the Dow Professorship in the Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering at Texas A&M University.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

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Happy Scientists Make Good Science

There are different ways to cope with the crisis. From running to baking, ECS members exhibit their flexibility. To support local businesses that moved online, Marca does dance class in the kitchen— despite its size. “My advice is hang in there; this too shall pass. As we get farther along, medical professionals and scientists will handle COVID-19 better and develop a vaccine. When it’s over, we’ll be off to a running start.” “I can’t let the world’s craziness affect my feelings,” says Abby. “Activities and games help me de-stress so I can focus on research. When I focus, I find and learn more. A happy scientist leads to good results!” Work helps Jason cope. “My great group of students, colleagues, and collaborators…inspire me to work at…solutions to globally pressing problems, whether it’s COVID-19, alternative energy, or waste treatment. Even if we only communicate digitally, I appreciate that my team is committed to learning in order to become accomplished scientists. I get a chance to be part of that journey.” “Stay the course, stay focused, and talk to people. Use this time to survive and thrive. When life returns to normal, hit the lab hard with your great ideas—but don’t burn out,” says Alex.

Community Counts

“The connections I made (at ECS meetings) with people all over the world mean a lot to me. Early on, I received a surprise shipment of masks from a colleague in China. His personal note shared what he learned from his community’s experience. It was very touching and helpful, especially when my wife and daughter were ill,” shared Mark Orazem, Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Florida. “We’re upbeat at Gamry because science will prevail,” says Chris Beasley, Marketing Manager/Electrochemist at Gamry Instruments. “For now, we do all we can for the company, but also realize there are bigger issues. We volunteer, sew masks, deliver masks and hand sanitizer to local facilities, run food pantry drives, and things like that.” “The science must go on. A vaccine or effective treatments must be developed—and the science community is here for that. We will stick together as a community and come out stronger and more prepared for the next time we face a similar challenge,” says Chris. Student members watch out for others. “When there’s radio silence, it’s usually because the student doesn’t know what to do or say. Whether I pop in to say hi or discuss their projects, communicating really makes a difference in their lives,” according to Katie. When Carolyn’s peers are silent, “I worry and care about them, so I reach out. I want to see them succeed, and I want to succeed myself. So let’s all support each other.” As Alex explains, “Right now we can’t be physically close, but we need human interaction. The impact of maintaining communication (is surprising). Asking a customer with whom you normally focus on work, ‘How are you doing,’ goes a long way. If someone feels bad, a (personal) conversation helps them, and it helps you stay sane!” Longtime ECS OBE Division member Dennis Peters succumbed to COVID-19 on April 13, 2020. Janine describes how the Canadian ECS community, already reeling from the cancellation of the Montreal meeting, shared their great sense of loss. Then they came together to write Dennis’ In Memoriam for summer 2020 Interface.5

A Better Post-Pandemic Future

The pandemic is a wake-up call for the world, according to Arumugam “Ram” Manthiram, Director of the Texas Materials Institute and the Materials Science and Engineering Program, Joe C. Walter Chair in Engineering, and Jack S. Josey Professor in Energy Studies at the University of Texas Austin. “My main takeaways are that we’re capable of collective action, and science and scientists are absolutely vital to solving health issues and climate change— the grand challenges confronting society. The ECS community— scientists and engineers, students and postdocs, young and old minds—has a great role to play in solving these problems. This is

the time to be proactive, think positively, and do whatever we can to be prepared. I hope this is a wake-up call for policy makers across the world to heed the scientific community’s warnings, guidance, and insight.” Brett Lucht, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Rhode Island, has students study how to communicate about chemistry and bring it to the mainstream. “Presenting science to non-scientists is an important skill and vital to society. Too many people don’t trust science, so when we need to rely on it—like now—misinformation and unwarranted fears abound. By communicating effectively with policy makers, ECS members support continued funding and positively impact the issues and challenges facing the world.” “The pandemic has shown us how critical it is for ECS to disseminate as much open access research as possible. People who weren’t interested in science and scientific innovation before are now looking for solutions developed by our scientists,” says Alice. “When I heard about the Wuhan lockdown, I thought that would never work in the U.S.,” says Yue. “Then it happened and I thought, ‘This will last a week or two.’ If you told me it would last three months or more, I would have said that’s impossible. But we’ve made it work; we can act in society’s—rather than the individual’s—best interests. Collective societal action is required to deal with climate change and other grand challenges. Our members can use knowledge, technology, and, most importantly, their humanity, to better society.” Venkat Viswanathan, Faculty Fellow at the Wilson E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation and Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, is hopeful. “We can see air quality—and therefore people’s health—improve now in cities with the decrease of transportation. Many ECS members work on sustainability. Transitioning to sustainable transportation could lead to economic growth and better quality of life. Electrochemistry can transform the creation of fertilizers for food, and the production of building materials. Our community’s work can make a difference for the next century.” Greg feels this is science’s time to shine. “After a period of dismissing scientific opinion and scientific conclusions as unimportant, the pandemic forced society to accept scientists’ critical role in solving the problems we face. Technical expertise is needed and should be valued. ECS and its members can think deeply about how we offer our technical expertise, and prepare to face the challenges where technical solutions and thinkers are critical to the leadership decision-making process. In our best moments, scientists—motivated by the greater good—are searching for solutions…because we truly believe that these solutions can lead to a more sustainable and beneficial society. As an engineer, I don’t do science for the sake of knowledge, but because I have a chance to make an impact—a very, very big impact.” © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F01203IF

The Links 1. (www.tbicommunications.com) 2. (www. electrochemorg/?s=The+ECS+Community+Adapts+and+Advances) 3. (www.youtube.com/user/ECS1902) 4. (www.pineresearch.com/shop/kb/) 5. (https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.005202if/pdf)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS

ECS Student Members Receive Right to Vote in Society Elections ECS President, Stefan de Gendt, says, “Students, and early career professionals, are vital to the health and long-term sustainability of the society. By providing these critical members the right to vote we give them a voice and the ability to directly participate in the governance of the Society.” “I am very excited about this unprecedented step in ECS’s history. Enhancing student members’ experience is one of many ways that ECS and the Individual Membership Committee are working to further grow our strong and vibrant community of scientists and engineers working on electrochemical technologies,” said William Mustain, Chair of the ECS Individual Membership Committee.

On May 14, 2020, the ECS Board of Directors approved a proposal by the Individual Membership Committee to grant student members full voting rights.

Student Membership Expands Student members are the fastest growing segment of The Electrochemical Society. From 2010 to 2019, student membership grew by nearly 30 percent. Since 2016, ECS Student Chapters doubled to more than 100 chapters. Excellent and highly active student chapters are located around the globe. They are an invaluable part of the Society’s membership and community, showing tremendous passion for ECS and its key missions.

Acknowledging Student Members’ Contributions Over a year ago, the Individual Membership Committee, in response to student members’ important contributions, sought to expand their role in the Society and share governance with them. The committee engaged in many discussions with members, student members, division chairs, and the ECS Executive Committee. Together, a proposal was submitted to the ECS Board of Directors to grant student members full voting rights. This proposal was approved on May 14, 2020.

From Student Members to Leaders “A favorite thing about my 15 plus years as an ECS member is how the Society allowed me to be an active and engaged member in a huge community of people. My role has constantly evolved since my time as a graduate student, and my level of involvement and service in the ECS community has steadily grown—now I even serve as Vice Chair of the Energy Technology Division and Chair of the Individual Membership Committee,” said Mustain.

Exercise Your Right to Vote! Voting in ECS elections is electronic. Members receive an email with a link to the balloting system and instructions. After you log on with your name and membership number, your electronic proxy ballot appears. You then enter your votes. Space is provided to write in candidates, too. Voting, which takes only a few minutes, has a big impact on your Society. If you have trouble logging into the system, Gen Goldy at 609.737.1902, ext. 124 or Genevieve.Goldy@ electrochem.org can help. Society elections take place annually between January 15 and March 15. Mustain takes this opportunity to encourage not only our student members, but also our members, to vote in the upcoming ECS elections. “I’m from Chicago and you know what we say, ‘Vote early and often!’ (Maybe don’t listen to that last part!) Remember, your voice matters to us. Let us hear it!”

UPCOMING ECS SPONSORED MEETINGS In addition to the ECS biannual meetings and ECS satellite conferences, ECS, its divisions, and sections sponsor meetings and symposia of interest to the technical audience ECS serves. The following is a partial list of upcoming sponsored meetings. Please visit the ECS website (www.electrochem.org/upcoming-meetings/) for a list of all sponsored meetings.

2021 • 11th International Frumkin Symposium on Electrochemistry, October 18-22, 2021 • 18th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors with the 239th ECS Meeting; May 30-June 3, 2021; Chicago, IL; https://imcs2020.gatech.edu • Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 17 (SOFC-XVII) July 18-23, 2021; Stockholm, Sweden The Brewery Conference Center

To learn more about what an ECS sponsorship could do for your meeting, including information on publishing proceeding volumes for sponsored meetings, or to request an ECS sponsorship of your technical event, please contact ecs@electrochem.org.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

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2020-2021 ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowships Announced Shoji Hall, Piran Ravichandran Kidambi, and Haegyeom Kim have been awarded the 2020-2021 ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowships. This is the sixth year that the fellowships—a partnership between The Electrochemical Society and Toyota Research Institute of North America (TRINA), a division of Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc.—have been awarded. Through this program, ECS and Toyota promote innovative and unconventional technologies borne from electrochemical research. The fellowship encourages young professors and scholars to pursue innovative electrochemical research in green energy technology. The ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowship Selection Committee reviewed 43 applications for the 2020-2021 program.

Photo: Hartlove-Goodyear

The 2020-2021 ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellows Shoji Hall Johns Hopkins University “Engineering of Electrified Platinum/Ionic Liquid Interfaces Enable High Performance Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis”

Anthony Shoji Hall is assistant professor in the Johns Hopkins University Department of Materials Science and Engineering. He received his BS in chemistry from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 2010, followed by a PhD in chemistry from Penn State University in 2014. Hall was a postdoc at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Chemistry Department before joining Johns Hopkins University. There, the Hall research group focuses on interrogating the structureproperty relationships of electrocatalytic materials, and the room temperature synthesis of nanostructured ordered intermetallic compounds. Abstract: This proposal aims to interrogate the catalyst-ionic liquid interface of fuel cell cathodes with surface-enhanced in situ infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS). Fundamental insights will shed light on the promotional effects of ionic liquids for fuel cells, allowing for the rational design of high-performance fuel cells. Piran Ravichandran Kidambi Vanderbilt University “Atomically Thin Membranes for Advanced Next-Generation Fuel Cells” Piran Kidambi is assistant professor at the Vanderbilt University Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (since 2017). After receiving his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 2014, he pursued postdoctoral research at MIT through the Lindemann Trust Fellowship. Kidambi’s research at Vanderbilt was recognized by the NSF (National Science Foundation) CAREER award (2020), American Chemical Society PRF Doctoral New Investigator (2018), Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Ralph E. Powe Junior Faculty Enhancement Award (2018), and other awards. He has served on the U.S. National Graphene Association Academic Council since 2019 and is a guest editor for MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute) Nanomaterials. Abstract: Kidambi’s research leverages the intersection between (i) in situ metrology, (ii) process engineering, and (iii) material synthesis, to enable bottom-up novel materials design and synthesis for energy, membranes, electronics, catalysis, metrology, environmental protection, and health care applications. This project aims to advance atomically 12

thin membranes for next-generation fuel cells and help alleviate the transportation industry’s three main challenges: (1) finding a replacement energy source for oil, (2) reducing CO2 emissions, and (3) preventing air pollution. Haegyeom Kim Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory “Development of New Nitrides-Based Lithium Conductors for All-Solid-State Batteries” Haegyeom Kim received his BS from the Hanyang University Department of Materials Science and Engineering (Korea) in 2009, and his MS from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) in 2011. There he worked on graphene-based hybrid electrodes for lithium rechargeable batteries. Kim received his PhD from Seoul National University in 2015. His doctoral work, supervised by Prof. Kisuk Kang, focused on graphite derivatives for Li and Na rechargeable batteries. Following a postdoc at the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab in Prof. Gerbrand Ceder’s group, he became a staff scientist in the Berkeley Lab Materials Sciences Division (early 2019). Kim’s research focuses on the development of novel functional materials for energy storage and conversion applications, investigation of underlying energy storage/conversion mechanisms, and synthesis mechanisms of inorganic materials. He has published more than 65 papers in peer-reviewed journals. Kim’s papers have been cited over 8,400 times and his h-index is 42 (Google Scholar). He received the ECS Colin Garfield Fink Summer Fellowship, ECS Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award, ECS Energy Technology Division Graduate Student Award, ECS Korea Section Student Award, The Best Graduate Thesis Award of Seoul National University, and 2019 Highly Cited Researcher (Cross-field), Web of Science. Abstract: Dr. Kim will conduct combined computations and experiments to develop new nitride-based solid state electrolytes (SSEs) with high Li diffusivity, wide electrochemical stability window (both for reduction and oxidation). Specifically, Dr. Kim will (i) screen Linitride electrolyte candidates using simulation tools developed from high-throughput computations, (ii) validate the selected candidates by experiments, and (iii) test their practical use as Li-SSEs by building a symmetric cell for Li cycling.

2020-2021 ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowships Fellowship recipients receive a $50,000 grant to conduct the research outlined in their proposals, and a one-year complimentary ECS membership. After one year of funding, recipients submit a midway progress report and a final written report. Recipients are invited semiannually to present their research progress at TRINA. In addition, recipients publish their findings in a relevant ECS journal using the open access option, and present at an ECS meeting within 24 months of the end of the research period. At the end of the fellowship period, depending on the progress of their research and the results obtained, Toyota may elect to enter into a research agreement with the recipient so their research can continue. Special thanks to the 2020-2021 sub-committee members: • • • • •

Hongfei Jia, TRINA Timothy Arthur, TRINA Ryuta Sugiura, TRINA John Muldoon, TRINA Peter Pintauro, Vanderbilt University

• Gang Wu, University at Buffalo • John T. Vaughey, Argonne National Laboratory

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

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2020 Outstanding Student Chapter & Chapter of Excellence Winners ECS congratulates the 2020 Outstanding Student Chapter Award winner, the ECS Yamagata University Student Chapter, for their dedication and commitment to the advancement of electrochemical and solid state science and engineering education. The ECS Yamagata University Student Chapter has become one of the Society’s most exemplary chapters. For their hard work, the chapter receives an additional $1,000 in student chapter funding, a recognition plaque, and editorial coverage in the ECS Blog and the fall/winter issue of Interface. The Outstanding Student Chapter Award was established in 2012 to recognize distinguished ECS student chapters that demonstrate active participation in the Society’s technical activities, establish community and outreach activities in the areas of electrochemical and solid state science and engineering education, and create and maintain a robust membership base. ECS also congratulates the two 2020 Chapter of Excellence winners, ECS Clarkson University Student Chapter and the ECS Montreal University Student Chapter, who will both receive plaques in recognition of their stellar achievements in showcasing ECS’s mission. The chapters also will be highlighted on the ECS Blog and in the fall/winter issue of Interface. In 2021, get the recognition your student chapter deserves. Submissions open September 15, 2020. The application deadline is April 15, 2021. For more information, visit: www.electrochem.org/ outstanding-student-chapter-award.

The ECS Montreal University Student Chapter. Photo: Taylor Hope

ECS WEBINAR SERIES

The ECS Clarkson University Student Chapter members and advisors with Prof. Goluch. Photo: Steve Jacobs/Clarkson University

The ECS Yamagata University Student Chapter.

Save the dates! • • • • • •

October 14 October 21 November 4 November 18 December 2 December 16

Visit www.electrochem.org/webinars to learn more and register! The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

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2019 Journals Impact ECS journals had a banner year in 2019 with new record-setting indicators achieved. The ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS) reached an important milestone by attaining a journal impact factor (JIF) of 2.142, the highest JIF since the journal began publishing in 2012. JSS saw a 16% increase in total citations with 3,673 and a .1% increase in the cited half-life expanding the timeline of article citations to 3.3 years. JSS’ Journal Citation Reports (JCR) rankings for 2019 come in at #79 of 154 titles for applied physics and #183 out of 314 titles for materials science,

multidisciplinary. On the electrochemical side, the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) saw a 7% increase in total citations with 77,774 for 2019 and continues to maintain a cited half-life of greater than 10 years. Rankings for JES’ JCR categories bring the journal to #12 out of 27 titles for electrochemistry and #5 out of 21 titles for materials science, coatings, and films. ECS journals continue their important role in the scholarly publishing landscape with overall growth in citations and usage in 2019, solidifying another year of ECS’s enduring long-term impact.

2019 KEY METRICS FOR ECS JOURNALS

Journal Impact Factor*

JES JSS 3.721 2.142 2019

2019

3.719 1.815 5-year impact factor

5-year impact factor

Enduring Quality*

Downloads

Total Citations* Over

Over

2.9

years

in a row for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society to obtain a cited half-life of greater than 10 years.

“”

million downloads from the

ECS Digital Library www.ecsdl.org

81,447

citations for both journals Journal of The Electrochemical Society

Top Rankings* Journal of The Electrochemical Society

2nd most-cited

in Materials Science, Coatings, and Films

5th most-cited

#12 in

in Materials Science, Coatings, and Films in Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry

*Source: 2019 Journal Citation Reports, Clarivate Analytics

Editorial Board Appointments for ECS Journals Journal of The Electrochemical Society Associate Editors

R. Scott Lillard has received a term extension as an associate editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Lillard handles manuscripts related to corrosion science and technology. Lillard joined the Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering Department at The University of Akron in 2011. His research includes pitting corrosion of stainless steels and aluminum alloys; crevice corrosion of nickel super alloys; passivity and dielectric properties of oxide films on stainless steels, aluminum, and nickel alloys; pipeline corrosion; galvanic corrosion; corrosion in LWR reactors; and modeling of corrosion processes. His term will end on December 31, 2021. 14

Minhua Shao has been reappointed as an associate editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Shao handles manuscripts related to fuel cells, electrolyzers, and energy conversion. He is a professor in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Shao also is associate director of the HKUST Energy Institute. His research interests include batteries, electrocatalysis, electrochemical energy technologies, and fuel cells. Shao’s term runs from August 15, 2020 through August 14, 2023.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

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ECS Enhances Book Partnership with Wiley ECS is thrilled to announce a renewed partnership with Wiley to enhance The Electrochemical Society’s book series with the goal of publishing multiple titles per year. ECS’s long-time sponsored series in publishing cooperation with Wiley provides authoritative, detailed accounts on specific topics in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology. Through this partnership, the Society is able to offer the research community access to world-class editors, marketers, and product designers to ensure that from writing the first word to reaching the first reader, the ECS community has a robust support network of publishing professionals to help an author develop and publish their best work. By choosing to publish with ECS, authors become part of a collection of some of the most trusted resources in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology. Through ECS’s network of over 8,000 members worldwide, coupled with Wiley’s more than 200 years of expertise in delivering high-quality content to global markets, ECS is uniquely positioned to ensure that authors’ works reach the widest possible audience.

INTERESTED IN PUBLISHING WITH ECS? Visit the ECS website to learn more about the book publishing process, information on preparing a proposal, and helpful advice on how to get your book published. Questions? If you have questions or are ready to take the next step, reach out to ECS staff at publications@electrochem.org.

www.electrochem.org/books

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

ECS Journals Current and Upcoming Focus Issues Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES)

READ ONLINE Battery Reliability and Safety, Design, and Mitigation Technical Editor: Doron Aurbach Guest Editors: Bor Yann Liaw, Thomas Barrera

NOW IN PRODUCTION 2D Layered Materials: From Fundamental Science to Applications

Organic and Inorganic Molecular Electrochemistry

Technical Editor: Janine Mauzeroll Collaborating Technical Editor: John Harb Guest Editors: Jean-Paul Lumb, Song Lin, Sylvain Canesi, Matthew Graaf

International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS) 2020 – Volume One

Technical Editor: Ajit Khosla Guest Editors: Peter Hesketh, Steve Semancik, Udo Weimar, Yasuhiro Shimizu, Joseph Stetter, Gary Hunter, Jospeh Wang, Xiangqun Zeng, Sheikh Akbar, Muthukumaran Packirisamy, Rudra Pratap

Technical Editor: David Cliffel Guest Editors: Wolfram Jaegermann, Zia Karim, Yaw Obeng, Colm O’Dwyer

ACCEPTING SUBMISSIONS Selected Papers of Invited Speakers to IMLB 2020 Technical Editor: Doron Aurbach Associate Editors: Thierry Brousse, Scott Donne, Brett Lucht, Venkat Srinivasan, Nae-Lih (Nick) Wu Deadline: October 14, 2020

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell & Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer Durability Technical Editor: Xiao-Dong Zhou Guest Editors: Jean St-Pierre, Deborah Myers, Rodney Borup, Katherine Ayers Deadline: December 18, 2020

Characterization of Corrosion Processes in Honor of Philippe Marcus

Technical Editor: Gerald S. Frankel Guest Editors: Dev Chidambaram, Koji Fushimi, Vincent Maurice, Vincent Vivier Deadline: January 6, 2021

UPCOMING Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids II

Technical Editor: David Cliffel Guest Editors: David P. Durkin, Paul C. Trulove, Robert A. Mantz Submissions Open: October 15, 2020 Deadline: January 13, 2021

Recent Advances in Chemical and Biological Sensors & Micro-Nanofabricated Sensors and Systems

Technical Editor: Ajit Khosla Associate Editors: Michael Adachi, Netz Arroyo, Thomas Thundat Submissions Open: November 19, 2020 Deadline: February 17, 2021

Intercalation Chemistry for Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies in Honor of M. Stanley Whittingham

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) and Electrolysis Cells (SOECs)

Technical Editor: Xiao-Dong Zhou Guest Editors: Eric Wachsman, Subash Singhal Submissions Open: April 8, 2021 Deadline: July 29, 2021

18th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS) – Volume Two

Technical Editor: Doron Aurbach Associate Editor: Brett Lucht Guest Editors: Louis Piper, Shirley Meng Submissions Open: December 3, 2020 Deadline: March 3, 2021

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

ECS Journals Current and Upcoming Focus Issues ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS)

READ ONLINE

NOW IN PRODUCTION

Gallium Oxide Based Materials and Devices II

2D Layered Materials: From Fundamental Science to Applications

Technical Editor: Fan Ren Guest Editors: Steve Pearton, Jihyun Kim, Alexander Polyakov, Holger von Wenckstern, Rajendra Singh, Xing Lu

Technical Editor: Peter Mascher Guest Editors: Wolfram Jaegermann, Zia Karim, Yaw Obeng, Colm O’Dwyer

Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines, and Supramolecular Assemblies in Honor of Karl M. Kadish Technical Editor: Francis D’Souza Guest Editors: Dirk Guldi, Robert Paolesse, Tomas Torres

ACCEPTING SUBMISSIONS Photovoltaics for the 21st Century

Technical Editor: Fan Ren Associate Editor: Meng Tao Guest Editors: Hiroki Hamada, Thad Druffel, Jae-Joon Lee Deadline: October 14, 2020

Solid-State Materials and Devices for Biological and Medical Applications II Technical Editor: Fan Ren Guest Editors: Yu-Lin Wang, Toshiya Sakata, Zong-Hong Lin, Wenzhuo Wu

30th International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference

UPCOMING Solid-State Reviews

Technical Editor: Ajit Khosla Contributing Technical Editors: Jennifer Bardwell, Francis D’Souza, Peter Mascher, Kailash C. Mishra, Fan Ren Associate Editors: Michael Adachi, Netz Arroyo, Thomas Thundat, Meng Tao Guest Editors: Sheng-Joue Young, Zhenhuan Zhao, Sandeep Arya, Sajjad Husain Mir, Kumkum Ahmed, MD Nahin Islam Shiblee Submissions Open: October 1, 2020 Deadline: December 30, 2020

4D Materials and Systems + Soft Robotics

Technical Editor: Ajit Khosla Associate Editors: Michael Adachi, Netz Arroyo, Thomas Thundat Guest Editors: Sheng-Joue Young, Yoon Hwa, Hidetmisu Furukawa Submissions Open: November 5, 2020 Deadline: February 3, 2021

Technical Editor: Fan Ren Associate Editor: Meng Tao Guest Editor: Jae-Joon Lee Submissions Open: December 10, 2020 Deadline: March 10, 2021

Semiconductor Wafer Bonding: Science, Technology, and Applications Technical Editor: Jennifer Bardwell Guest Editors: Roy Knechtel, Chuan Seng Tan, Tadatomo Suga, Helmut Baumgart, Frank Fournel, Mark Goorsky, Karl D. Hobart Submissions Open: December 17, 2020 Deadline: March 17, 2021

Solid-State Electronic Devices and Materials

Technical Editor: Fan Ren Guest Editors: Chao-Sung Lai, Chia-Ming Yang, Yu-Lin Wang Submissions Open: January 28, 2021 Deadline: April 28, 2021

Visit

www.electrochem.org/submit

www.electrochem.org/focusissues

• JES manuscript submissions • JSS manuscript submissions

• Calls for upcoming JES and JSS focus issue papers • Links to published issues • Future focus issue proposals

www.electrochem.org/focusissues The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

WHAT’S ON THE SOCIE T Y NE WSECS BLOG?

THE ECS BLOG - HOMEPAGE A source of information

The ECS Blog homepage itself is one of the most visited pages! That’s because it offers all the latest news—from what’s going on at ECS and around the world—including the latest scientific breakthroughs, original interviews with notable researchers, Society news, ECS biannual meeting information, ECS grant and award winners and deadlines, and more!

ECS WEBINARS Opportunities to connect virtually

Society news Did you know? This year, ECS Student Members received the right to vote in Society elections. ECS also launched an early career membership pilot program to help early-career professionals find work after they graduate as well as those coming from non-traditional fields. Stay informed and keep up with Society news like this on the ECS Blog!

CALL FOR PAPERS Focus Issues

ECS publishes focus issues in order to highlight scientific and technological areas of current interest and future promise. Contribute your work! Visit the ECS Blog for the latest call for papers announcements.

ECS biannual meeting news

In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, PRiME 2020 has transitioned to an exclusively online event. Find out what the transition to a digital meeting format will entail by keeping up with the latest updates on the ECS Blog.

STANFORD ENGINEERS ENHANCE COVID-19 FACE MASKS Science news and breakthroughs

ECS offers countless resources to keep you connected to the science community. Among those: free webinars! Check out past webinar content and future webinar events, all on the ECS Blog.

KEEP UP WITH ECS

PRiME 2020 GOES DIGITAL

As we all know, breathing with a face mask can be uncomfortable. Luckily, Stanford engineers are working on a new type of protective face mask that can counteract the side effects of oxygen deficiency. Learn about the science behind the innovative mask, and get more news like this on the ECS Blog!

ECS ADAPTS AND ADVANCES - SERIES The science community on the COVID-19 pandemic

ECS community members share how they’re coping with the COVID-19 pandemic in the labs, in the classrooms, and in industry, as well as the silver lining it has brought despite the setbacks. Follow the series on the ECS Blog!

CAREER GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Career resources

Make the most of the ECS Career Center. Follow the ECS Blog to make the most of all the available tools to increase your exposure in a competitive job market!

www.electrochem.org/ecsblog The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

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ECS Division Contacts Battery

Y. Shirley Meng, Acting Chair/Vice Chair University of California San Diego shirleymeng@ucsd.edu • 858.822.4247 (US) Brett Lucht, Secretary Jie Xiao, Treasurer Doron Aurbach, Journals Editorial Board Representative Corrosion

Masayuki Itagaki, Chair Tokyo University of Science itagaki@rs.noda.tus.ac.jp • +81.47.122.9492 (JP) James Noël, Vice Chair Dev Chidambaram, Secretary/Treasurer Gerald Frankel, Journals Editorial Board Representative Dielectric Science and Technology

Peter Mascher, Chair McMaster University mascher@mcmaster.ca • 905.525.9140 (ext. 24963) (US) Uros Cvelbar, Vice Chair Sreeran Vaddiraju, Secretary Zhi David Chen, Treasurer Peter Mascher, Journals Editorial Board Representative Electrodeposition

Philippe Vereecken, Chair IMED philippe.vereecken@imec.be • +32.4.741.73.110 (BE) Vasiljevic Natasa R., Vice Chair Luca Magagnin, Secretary Andreas Bund, Treasurer Takayuki Homma, Journals Editorial Board Representative Electronics and Photonics

Junichi Murota, Chair Tohoku University murota@riec.tohoku.ac.jp • +81.22.217.3913 (JP) Yu-Lin Wang, Vice Chair Jennifer Hite, 2nd Vice Chair Qiliang Li, Secretary Robert Lynch, Treasurer Fan Ren, Journals Editorial Board Representative Jennifer Bardwell, Journals Editorial Board Representative Energy Technology

Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Chair University of Nevada Reno ravisv@unr.edu • 775.784.4686 (US) William Mustain, Vice Chair Katherine Ayers, Secretary Minhua Shao, Treasurer Xiao-Dong Zhou, Journals Editorial Board Representative

High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes

Paul Gannon, Chair Montana State University pgannon@montana.edu • 406.994.7380 (US) Sean Bishop, Jr., Sr. Vice Chair Cortney Kreller, Jr. Vice Chair Xingbo Liu, Secretary/Treasurer Raymond Gorte, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

Shrisudersan Jayaraman, Chair Corning Incorporated jayaramas@corning.com • 607.974.9643 (US) Maria Inman, Vice Chair Paul Kenis, Secretary/Treasurer John Harb, Journals Editorial Board Representative Luminescence and Display Materials

Jakoah Brgoch, Chair University of Houston jbrgoch@central.uh.edu • 713.743.6233 (US) Rong-Jun Xie, Vice Chair Eugeniusz Zych, Secretary/Treasurer Kailash Mishra, Journals Editorial Board Representative Nanocarbons

Hiroshi Imahori, Chair Kyoto University imahori@scl.kyoto-u.ac.jp • +81.75.383.2566 (JP) Jeffrey Blackburn, Vice Chair Ardemis Boghossian, Secretary Slava V. Rotkin, Treasurer Francis D’Souza, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Organic and Biological Electrochemistry

Diane Smith, Chair San Diego State University dksmith@mail.sdsu.edu • 619.594.4839 (US) Sadagopan Krishnan, Vice Chair Song Lin, Secretary/Treasurer Janine Mauzeroll, Journals Editorial Board Representative Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

Petr Vanýsek, Chair Northern Illinois University pvanysek@gmail.com • 815.753.1131 (US) Andrew Hillier, Vice Chair Stephen Paddison, Secretary Anne Co, Treasurer David Cliffel, Journals Editorial Board Representative Sensor

Ajit Khosla, Chair Yamagata University khosla@gmail.com • 080.907.44765 (JP) Jessica Koehne, Vice Chair Larry Nagahara, Secretary Praveen Sekhar, Treasurer Ajit Khosla, Journals Editorial Board Representative The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS In the NEXT ISSUE of

● The winter 2020 issue of Interface will feature the High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes (H-TEMP) Division. Founded in 1921, H-TEMP covers such TIAs as fuel cells, energy conversion, and electrolyzers. The theme of the issue will be ‟Advanced Manufacturing for High Temperature Materials.ˮ There will be articles discussing: - Advanced Manufacturing of Intermediate-Temperature Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells; - Additive Manufacturing Using Aerosol Deposition Methods; - Solid Oxide Cell Manufacturing Development; and - Cold Sintering for High Temperature Ion Conductors.

Interface will be guest edited by Sean Bishop and Jianhua Tong. Bishop currently is the H-TEMP Division Vice Chair. Tong is associate professor of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Clemson University, and the Principal Investigator of Sustainable Clean Energy Laboratory (SCEL). ● Get a preview of the upcoming 239th ECS Meeting with the 18th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS). Learn about symposia, lectures, and more for the meeting, which takes place May 30–June 3, 2021, at the Hilton Chicago. ● The H-TEMP issue also will include Society news about divisions, sections, and students, along with the latest From the President.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

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Leadership Circle Awards Beginning in the fall of 2002, ECS began recognizing long-term supporters of the Society with the Leadership Circle Awards. These awards are a way of recognizing and thanking our partners in electrochemistry and solid state science. These awards are granted in the anniversary year an institutional member reaches a milestone level.

Institutional Member

spotlight Panasonic

Be the Next Leader Contact Anna.Olsen@electrochem.org to inquire about the benefits of institutional membership for your organization.

For more information you also can visit:

www.electrochem.org/leadership-circle

Gold Level – 25 Years of Institutional Support www.panasonic.com

Panasonic was founded in 1918 and started battery business with dry cell 13 years later. As the pioneer of LIB with graphite anode, Panasonic started mass production in 1994 and became one of the most successful battery manufacturers in the world. They are a global pioneer of Ni-Cd, lithium primary, and NiMH batteries. Panasonic will continue to contribute to the evolution of electrochemistry to improve future battery performance for automotive, consumer, and industrial use.

Westlake

Publisher’s Note In the summer 2020 issue of Interface, on page 37, ECS Fellow Dr. Jamal Deen Honored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences contained an error. The last sentence should read: “His research record includes more than 600 peer-reviewed articles, two textbooks, and 20+ best paper/poster/presentation awards.” ECS regrets this error.

Gold Level – 25 Years of Institutional Support www.westlake.com

Westlake is a global manufacturer and supplier of materials and innovative products that enhance life every day. Headquartered in Houston, we provide the building blocks for vital solutions—from packaging and healthcare products to automotive and consumer goods, to building and construction products. Westlake produces ethylene, polyethylene, propylene, styrene, chlor-alkali and derivative products, PVC suspension and specialty resins, PVC compounds, and PVC film. Their building products include pipe, fittings, and specialty components, along with decking, roofing, siding, trim and molding, and window lineals.

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS

Staff News Celebrating 20 Years with ECS Karen Chmielewski joined ECS in August 2000 and has had several titles in her 20 years, including assistant to director of development, and executive assistant to executive director and CEO. She currently is the finance associate at The Electrochemical Society. In this role, she assists the accounting manager and handles many accounting functions to support the finance department and the Society as a whole. During Karen’s time with ECS, she has had the opportunity to gain knowledge in every department and truly understand the Society’s mission. Before ECS, Karen worked as the assistant to the president of a small transportation company. In her free time, Karen enjoys spending time with her grandchildren, traveling, reading, and crafting. Sophia Jorge, Accounting Manager at ECS, said: “Karen has the experience that I aspire to obtain in my career at ECS. From my first day, she has shown me constant support and commitment to her role in the finance department. Karen is always eager to help with tasks and wants to keep learning new things. It is noticeable that, in her time with ECS, Karen has made a positive impact on the Society in every role that she has taken on. It is a pleasure to have Karen on my team and I appreciate the valuable knowledge that she continues to share with me.”

Celebrating 15 Years with ECS John Lewis joined ECS in 2005 as manager of ECS Transactions (ECST) and became associate director of conference publications two years later. During this time, he was responsible for all facets of ECST as well as the publication and production of ECS Meeting Abstracts. In 2015, John became associate director of meetings and in 2017 became director of meetings, first overseeing the technical programming and then all aspects of the ECS biannual and ECS managed meetings. Prior to ECS, John spent seven years working in the Publication Technologies Department of Random House, Inc., and more than five years doing concert/tour/festival production, and artist management in the music business. “I would like to offer my sincerest thanks and congratulations to John for his many years of service and dedication to the Society,” says

Executive Director and CEO Christopher Jannuzzi. “Having worked across a number of ECS’s program areas in his tenure, John possesses a deep understanding of the interconnectedness of the Society’s operations, and this has been invaluable to me in transitioning into my role as executive director. One of the things that impresses me most about John is his encyclopedic knowledge of the dozens upon dozens of symposia he and his team so expertly manage. It is a vital part of what makes ECS meetings the world-class events that they are, and John deserves enormous credit for leading this effort. Plus, he does it all with a wry, intelligent sense of humor that makes the long hours and hard days a lot of fun too. Here’s to you John, and many happy returns!”

New Meetings Manager Announced Bianca Kovalenko was promoted to the position of meetings manager in April 2020. Bianca joined ECS in August 2017 as meetings program specialist. In this role, she was responsible for developing, organizing, and planning ECS meetings, with specific responsibility for managing the development and execution of technical programs. She worked closely with ECS division chairs, symposium organizers, session chairs, and authors of technical papers to ensure the value of ECS meetings and promote successful planning, all while providing the highest level of customer service. More recently, she took on the management of the symposium funding program. “Since day one, Bianca has been a valuable addition to the ECS Meetings Department,” says John Lewis, ECS Director of Meetings. “As a long time event planner for Rutgers University, she has an impressive set of skills that have been of great benefit to ECS. Her work with the organizers and authors of our technical programming has helped refine and enhance not just the process, but also the overall experience of participating in an ECS meeting. As anyone who has worked with her can attest, she is extremely intelligent, hardworking, insightful, and conscientious. With this well-deserved promotion, she will be involved with all parts of ECS meetings, to the ultimate benefit of ECS and our meeting attendees. It is a pleasure to work with Bianca every day, and I wish her great success in this new role.” Bianca is excited to take on the new role of meetings manager, and said: “This allows me to touch on almost all aspects of our meetings. I look forward to being able to focus more on the overall logistics, and continue to learn and grow within ECS.”

www.electrochem.org/ecsarxiv The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS

APP CORNER Suggested for you by Alice Suroviec.

Calm

Breathe2Relax

Devices: Android, iOS compatible Cost: Free. $70.00 per year for full access.

Devices: Android, iOS compatible Cost: Free

Calm is both a meditation app as well as calming stories and lessons on how to train your mind to focus. There are three categories of stories—meditation, music, and sleep. This app is easy to use, there is a wide variety of stories to choose from, and is good for people of all ages (children through adult). There is a free version to try before committing, but it is a highly recommended app.

Breathe2Relax was designed by the National Center for Telehealth & Technology to teach breathing techniques to manage stress. It coaches you how to use diaphragmatic breathing to combat body stress. The Breathe2Relax application can benefit individuals with a variety of diagnosis/needs, such as anxiety disorders, stress, and PTSD. This app is recommended by such organizations as the Anxiety and Depression Association of America.

Color by Number – No.Draw

Happify

Devices: Android, iOS compatible Cost: Free. $39.99 for premium annual version.

Devices: Android, iOS compatible Cost: Free. $11.67 for monthly subscription service.

Color by Number – No.Draw is mindless to use and provides hours of entertainment. This app comes with plenty of free pixel art to color in. There also is the opportunity to upload your own photos to recolor or share with friends.

Happify is a self-improvement program offered in both app and website forms. The app uses scientific research to show that your emotional well-being can be measured and provides little tasks and games to help you increase it. Happify is a freemium subscription service, with 30+ tracks, 10 of which are free. These tracks include coping better with stress, building self-confidence, and fueling your career successes. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F02203IF.

(Please note that certain apps might not be available depending on the end user’s region or country. The features of some apps also can vary.)

About the Author

Alice Suroviec is a professor of bioanalytical chemistry and dean of the College of Mathematical and Natural Sciences at Berry College. She earned a BS in chemistry from Allegheny College in 2000. She received her PhD from Virginia Tech in 2005 under the direction of Dr. Mark R. Anderson. Her research focuses on enzymatically modified electrodes for use as biosensors. She is currently associate editor of the PAE Technical Division for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. She can be reached at asuroviec@berry.edu and is always looking for new app/website suggestions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9252-2468

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

PRiME 2020 • October 4-9, 2020

A joint international meeting

PRiME 2020

2020

October 4-9, 2020

Join us as we host PRiME 2020, online for the first time ever!

very four years in conjunction with The Electrochemical Society of Japan (ECSJ) and The Korean Electrochemical Society (KECS), we gather together for the latest scientific and technical developments in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology. This international conference attracts the most active researchers in academia, government, and industry—professionals and students alike—and provides a forum to share their results and discover the latest research from their peers.

In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, PRiME 2020 will be an online event. Presenters have been asked to submit digital presentation files that are available for viewing as part of the digital PRiME event. Most notably, for the first time in PRiME’s history, access to all of the program’s technical presentations will be freely available to the entire global community. All are welcome to attend, so don’t miss out!

PRiME 2020 Partners The Electrochemical Society, ECS ECS’s mission is to advance theory and practice at the forefront of electrochemical and solid state science and technology, and allied subjects by encouraging research, discussion, critical assessment, and dissemination of knowledge in these fields. Our members are making key discoveries that address global sustainability challenges such as renewable energy, food safety, water sanitation, and medical diagnosis and care. The Electrochemical Society of Japan, ECSJ ECSJ was founded to foster scientific and industrial progress in the fields of electrochemistry and industrial physical chemistry. Rapid changes in both academic and industrial environments have been seen, with important increases in the scope covered by the discipline of electrochemistry, as well as in the circumstances affecting the industry in the intervening years. ECSJ continues to remain responsive to this rapid progress and to contribute significantly to advances in this field. The Korean Electrochemical Society, KECS KECS is dedicated to promoting academic and technological developments of electrochemical science in both theory and application. KECS also provides training, education, and many opportunities for researchers and engineers to make significant advancements in the field of electrochemistry-based science and technology. Technical Co-Sponsors Japan Society of Applied Physics, JSAP Chinese Society of Electrochemistry, CSE Semiconductor Division, Korean Physical Society, KPS Society of Polymer Science, Japan, SPSJ

Korea Photovoltaic Society, KPVS Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers, KICHE The Electrochemical Society of Taiwan, ECSTw

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

The PRiME Lecture

“Perovskite Solar Cells: Past 10 Years and Next 10 Years” Nam-Gyu Park, Sungkyunkwan University

Nam-Gyu Park is professor and SKKUFellow at the School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University. Seoul National University awarded him a BS degree in chemical education (1988), and MS and PhD degrees in chemistry (1992 and 1995). Professor Park’s postdoc was at the Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCBCNRS), France (1996-1997), and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. (19971999). He was the director of the Solar Cell Research Center at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) from 2005 to 2009. Prof. Park served as principal scientist at the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI, 2000-2005) before joining Sungkyunkwan University as a full professor (2009). He was named a fellow of Korean Academy of Science and Technology (KAST) in 2017. Since 1997, Prof. Park’s research has focused on high efficiency mesoscopic nanostructured solar cells. He pioneered the solid state perovskite solar cell, which was first developed in 2012. Clarivate Analytics singled out Prof. Park as a Citation Laureate (scientist worthy of a Nobel Prize) in 2017, and a Highly Cited Researcher (top one percent of scientists) in 2017 and 2018. He received numerous awards including Scientist Award of the Month (Korea Ministry of Science and Technology, 2008), KIST Award of the Year (2009), DuPont Korea Science and Technology Award (2010), Sung Kyun Kwan University Fellowships (SKKU, 2013 and 2018), PVEC Hamakawa Award (2015), Dukmyung KAST Engineering Award (2016), ACS-KCS Excellence Award (Korean Chemical Society, 2018), and Ho-Am Foundation Prize (2018). Prof. Park has more than 270 refereed publications and over 70 patents. He received an h-index of 82 from Google Scholar and 70 from Web of Science (as of April 2019). He is senior editor of ACS Energy Letters and serves on the Editorial Advisory Board for Chemical Reviews, ChemSusChem, and Solar RRL.

For the first time in the history of PRiME, access to all technical presentations will be freely available to the entire global community. To participate in PRiME and access digital presentations (videos, slide decks, posters), all attendees must register online at www.electrochem.org/prime2020/registration-info. Registration will remain open through November 9.

Technical Presentations

All technical presentations have been prerecorded and will be available at any time, on-demand, for easier viewing. Access to presentations begins on October 4 and will continue through November 9.

Live Events and Special Talks

In addition to our robust on-demand technical program, join us for special talks and events broadcasted live, including the PRiME Opening Ceremony, the PRiME Lecture, the Electrochemical Energy Summit (E2S), and a distinctive event featuring 2019 Nobel Laureates, M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino, and more. Make sure to visit www.electrochem.org/prime2020 for the latest information and dates and times of these special events.

Exhibitors and Sponsors

In the absence of a physical meeting, an online meeting brings new opportunities for attendees to interact with important partners, including the PRiME exhibitors. During your online meeting experience, make sure to visit the website to preview the PRiME Digital Exhibit and Vendor Guide. Thank you to the generous support from the PRiME 2020 meeting sponsors, symposium sponsors, and digital exhibitors.

Proceedings Publication and ECS Journals

Over 14 symposia published proceeding papers from PRiME 2020 in ECS Transactions and ECSarXiv. To purchase or download the content, visit www.electrochem.org/prime2020/transactions. ECS is also publishing a number of journal focus issues in conjunction with symposia from PRiME 2020. For more information, visit www. electrochem.org/focusissues. Make sure to visit

www.electrochem.org/prime2020 for the latest updates on PRiME 2020

239th ECS MeetinghCHICAGO, ILhMay 30-June 3, 2021 Hilton Chicago

with the 18th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors 18th

Submit your abstracts to https://ecs.confex.com/ecs/239/cfp.cgi by December 4, 2020.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

PRiME 2020 • October 4-9, 2020

FEATURED EVENT - BROADCASTED LIVE Monday, October 5 - 2000-2100h EDT Tuesday, October 6 - 0900-1000h JST/KST

Registration

SYMPOSIUM TOPICS A— Batteries and Energy Storage

PRiME 2020 • October 4-9, 2020

A01—Intercalation Chemistry for Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies: In Honor of M. Stanley Whittingham J. Xiao, Y. S. Meng, L. F. Piper, Y. Sun, D. Guyomard ECS Battery, Electrochemical Society of Japan A02—New Materials for Next Generation Batteries H. Park, D. Mitlin, L. Hu, M. Song, F. Li, W. Sugimoto, P. Poizot, M. Okubo, Y. Yusuke, Z. Wu, M. Osada, K. M. Choi, J. T. Vaughey, S. Hong, H. Zhang ECS Battery, ECSJ Battery, KECS Battery A03—Fast Energy Storage Processes and Devices - Capacitors, Supercapacitors, and Fast-Charging Batteries M. Ishikawa, K. Naoi, H. Inoue, N. Wu, P. Liu, T. Abe, T. Brousse, D. Bélanger, P. Simon, H. Park, J. W. Long, J. Kim, H. Kim, M. Park ECS Battery, ECSJ Capacitor, KECS Capacitor A04—Electrolytes, Interfaces, and Interphases K. Xu, R. Kostecki, S. Song, M. Watanabe, S. Lee, M. Ue, S. Passerini, Y. Jung, H. Lee, W. van Schalkwijk ECS Battery, ECSJ Battery, KECS Battery A05—Advances, Challenges, and Development of Solid State Battery Electrochemistry and Materials M. Dollé, J. L. Rupp, A. Hayashi, J. Janek, D. Guyomard, B. Kang, V. Thangadurai ECS Battery, ECSJ Battery, KECS Battery A06—Progress and Critical Assessment of Large Format Batteries D. Steingart, Y. Xia, K. Jung, J. Lim, F. R. Brushett, Y. Sato, S. Calabrese Barton, J. St-Pierre, D. Choi, Z. Yang, E. J. Dufek, V. Sprenkle ECS Battery, ECSJ Energy Technology, KECS Battery, KECS Physical Electrochemistry B— Carbon Nanostructures and Devices B01—Carbon Nanostructures: From Fundamental Studies to Applications and Devices H. Imahori, S. Rotkin, O. V. Boltalina, D. Cliffel, A. Serov ECS Nanocarbons, ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, ECSJ Electronics, Japan Society of Applied Physics C— Corrosion Science and Technology

E03—Electrochemical and Electroless Deposition of Thin-films and Nanostructures - Theory, Numerical Simulations, and Applications N. Vasiljevic, L. Magagnin, A. Ispas, N. Dimitrov, M. Innocenti, S. Ambrozik, X. Dominguez-Benetton, S. Yae, A. Bund, T. M. Braun, G. Mutschke, S. Yoshihara ECS Electrodeposition, Electrochemical Society of Japan E04—Applied Electrodeposition: from Electrowinning to Electroforming L. Magagnin, A. Bund, A. Ispas, M. Innocenti, T. Homma ECS Electrodeposition, Electrochemical Society of Japan F— Electrochemical Engineering F01—Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering General Session D. Riemer, M. Morimitsu, S. Kim, H. Xu ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, ECS Energy Technology, ECSJ Industrial Electrolysis and Electrochemical Engineering, KECS Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers F02—Advances in Application and Theory of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy M. E. Orazem, V. Di Noto, S. Calabrese Barton, P. Vanýsek ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, ECS Energy Technology, ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry F03—Modeling Electrochemical Systems for Transportation Applications T. R. Garrick, A. Z. Weber ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, ECS Energy Technology G— Electronic Materials and Processing G01—Semiconductor Wafer Bonding: Science, Technology and Applications 16 R. Knechtel, C. Tan, T. Suga, H. -. Baumgart, M. S. Goorsky, F. Fournel, K. D. Hobart ECS Electronics and Photonics, ECSJ Electronics, Japan Society of Applied Physics G02—Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 16 ECS Electronics and Photonics, ECS Dielectric Science and Technology, ECSJ Electronics, Japan Society of Applied Physics F. Roozeboom, S. De Gendt, J. Dendooven, J. W. Elam, O. van der Straten, C. Liu, A. Illiberi, G. Sundaram, R. Chen

C01—Corrosion General Poster Session M. Itagaki, J. Noel ECS Corrosion, ECSJ Corrosion

G03—SiGe, Ge, and Related Compounds: Materials, Processing, and Devices 9 Q. Liu, D. L. Harame, J. Murota ECS Electronics and Photonics, Japan Society of Applied Physics

C02—High Temperature Corrosion and Materials Chemistry 14 P. E. Gannon, M. Nanko, J. Fergus, E. Opila, J. Froitzheim, D. Chidambaram, T. Markus, X. Liu ECS High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes, ECS Corrosion, ECSJ Corrosion

G05—Materials and Processes for Semiconductor, 2.5 and 3D, Chip Packaging, PCB, FPCB and Wafer Bonding 3 K. Kondo, G. Mathad, W. Dow, M. Hayase, F. Roozeboom, L. Wei, R. Akolkar, Y. Takeno, M. Kondo, M. Motoyoshi ECS Electronics and Photonics, ECS Dielectric Science and Technology, ECS Electrodeposition, ECSJ Electronics, Japan Society of Applied Physics

C03—Pits and Pores 9: Nanomaterials - Fabrication, Properties, and Applications P. Granitzer, R. Boukherroub, D. J. Lockwood, H. Masuda, S. Virtanen, H. Habazaki ECS Corrosion, ECS Luminescence and Display Materials, ECSJ Corrosion C04—Light Alloys 6: In Honor of Hideaki Takahashi M. Sakairi, N. Birbilis, S. Brossia, T. Kikuchi, H. Habazaki, S. Moon ECS Corrosion, ECSJ Corrosion C05—High Resolution Characterization of Corrosion Processes 5: In Honor of Philippe Marcus K. Azumi, K. Fushimi, V. Vivier, I. Muto, D. Feron, D. Chidambaram ECS Corrosion, ECSJ Corrosion C06—Atmospheric and Marine Corrosion 2 M. Itagaki, L. H. Hihara, H. Katayama, E. Tada ECS Corrosion, ECSJ Corrosion D— Dielectric Science and Materials D01—Semiconductors, Dielectrics, and Metals for Nanoelectronics and Plasma Nanosciences D. Misra, K. Kita, S. De Gendt, K. Kakushima, S. Dayeh, S. H. Kilgore, P. Mascher, U. Cvelbar, V. Chaitanya ECS Dielectric Science and Technology, ECSJ Electronics, Japan Society of Applied Physics E— Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition E01—Electrodeposition for Energy Applications 5 P. M. Vereecken, N. Vasiljevic, S. R. Brankovic, G. Zangari, J. Y. Kim, T. Homma, S. Kang, J. Kim, S. Ahn, N. Wu, M. Shao ECS Electrodeposition, Energy Technology, Electrochemical Society of Japan, KECS Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers E02—Electrochemistry for Material Science: In Memory of Ken E. Nobe N. Myung, T. P. Barrera, B. Yoo, J. P. Chang, P. N. Pintauro, B. S. Dunn ECS Electrodeposition, ECS Corrosion, ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

H— Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems H01—Joint Symposium: State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors 63 (SOTAPOCS 63) -and- GaN and SiC Power Technologies 10 T. J. Anderson, J. K. Hite, R. P. Lynch, C. O’Dwyer, E. A. Douglas, Y. Zhao, M. Dudley, B. Raghothamachar, M. Bakowski, N. Ohtani ECS Electronics and Photonics, Japan Society of Applied Physics H02—Photovoltaics for the 21st Century 16: New Materials and Processes H. Hamada, Z. D. Chen, T. Druffel, Y. Ishikawa, D. Ko, T. Miyasaka, J. Lee, M. Tao, J. Park, A. Wakamiya, D. H. Wang, J. M. Fenton, P. Vanýsek, T. Kubo, Q. Shen ECS Energy Technology, ECS Dielectric Science and Technology, ECS Electronics and Photonics, ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, KECS Photoelectrochemistry, Japan Society of Applied Physics H03—Thin Film Transistors 15 (TFT 15) Y. Kuo ECS Electronics and Photonics, Japan Society of Applied Physics H04—Low-Dimensional Nanoscale Electronic and Photonic Devices 13 Y. Chueh, C. O’Dwyer, J. He, M. Suzuki, S. Jin, S. Kim, Z. Fan, Q. Li, G. W. Hunter, K. Takei, J. M. Wu, L. Li, J. Blackburn ECS Electronics and Photonics, ECSJ Electronics, Japan Society of Applied Physics H05—Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs), Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) and Porous Hybrid Materials: Characterization, Technology, Bio-Applications, and Emerging Devices 2 E. Redel, H. -. Baumgart, G. Wittstock, C. Wöll, P. Falcaro, H. Kitagawa, M. D. Allendorf ECS Electronics and Photonics, ECS Energy Technology, ECS Organic and Biological Electrochemistry, ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Japan Society of Applied Physics H06—Nonvolatile Memories and Artificial Neural Networks S. Shingubara, S. S. Nonnenmann, J. L. Rupp, A. Gina, R. Dittmann, Y. Yang, B. Magyari-Kope, K. Kobayashi, H. Shima, Y. Saito, J. Park, G. Bersuker ECS Electronics and Photonics, ECS Dielectric Science and Technology, ECSJ Electronics, Japan Society of Applied Physics The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

I— Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion I01A—Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 20 (PEFC&E 20) Diagnostics/Characterization Methods, MEA Design/Modeling F. N. Büchi, A. Z. Weber, E. Kjeang, H. Jia, K. Swider-Lyons ECS Energy Technology, ECS Battery, ECS Corrosion, ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, ECSJ PEFC, KECS Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers I01B—Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 20 (PEFC&E 20) Cells, Stacks and Systems C. A. Rice, K. Swider-Lyons, B. Lakshmanan ECS Energy Technology, ECS Battery, ECS Corrosion, ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, ECSJ PEFC, KECS Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers I01C—Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 20 (PEFC&E 20) Cation-Exchange Membrane Development, Performance and Durability P. N. Pintauro, D. J. Jones, A. Kusoglu, C. Bae, K. Swider-Lyons ECS Energy Technology, ECS Battery, ECS Corrosion, ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, ECSJ PEFC, KECS Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers I01D

I01E

I01F

I01Z

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 20 (PEFC&E 20) Catalyst Activity/Durability for Hydrogen(-Reformate) Acidic Fuel Cells H. Uchida, P. Strasser, Y. Kim, D. Ha, K. Swider-Lyons ECS Energy Technology, ECS Battery, ECS Corrosion, ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, ECSJ PEFC, KECS Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 20 (PEFC&E 20) - Materials for Alkaline Fuel Cells and Direct-Fuel Fuel Cells W. Mustain, T. J. Schmidt, R. A. Mantz, T. Kim, K. Swider-Lyons ECS Energy Technology, ECS Battery, ECS Corrosion, ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, ECSJ PEFC, KECS Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 20 (PEFC&E 20) - PolymerElectrolyte Electrolysis B. S. Pivovar, K. E. Ayers, H. Xu, S. Mitsushima, S. Kim, K. Swider-Lyons ECS Energy Technology, ECS Battery, ECS Corrosion, ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, ECSJ PEFC, KECS Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 20 (PEFC&E 20) - Invited Talks K. Swider-Lyons, F. N. Büchi, C. A. Rice, P. N. Pintauro, H. Uchida, W. Mustain, B. S. Pivovar ECS Energy Technology, ECS Battery, ECS Corrosion, ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, ECSJ PEFC, KECS Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers

I02

Solid State Ionic Devices 13 C. R. Kreller, F. H. Garzon, H. Takamura, T. Gur, V. Thangadurai, J. Lee, X. Zhou, O. Marina ECS High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes, ECS Battery, ECSJ Solid State Chemistry, KECS Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers

I02

Frontiers of Chemical/Molecular Engineering in Electrochemical Energy Technologies: In Honor of Robert Savinell’s 70th Birthday Y. Shao-Horn, J. Suntivich, Z. Xu, R. Akolkar, J. S. Wainright, Y. Sato, T. Petek, P. Kenis, Y. Lu, S. Lee, B. M. Gallant, E. J. Crumlin ECS Energy Technology, ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, ECSJ Energy Technology

J— Luminescence and Display Materials, Devices, and Processing J01—Recent Advances in Wide-Bandgap III-Nitride Devices and Solid State Lighting: In Honor of Isamu Akasaki J. Collins, K. C. Mishra, A. A. Setlur, E. Zych, W. B. Im ECS Luminescence and Display Materials, ECS Electronics and Photonics, Japan Society of Applied Physics K— Organic and Bioelectrochemistry K01—New Developments in Synthetic and Mechanistic Organic Electrochemistry: In Memory of Junichi Yoshida M. Atobe, K. D. Moeller, H. Xu, S. Inagi ECS Organic and Biological Electrochemistry, ECSJ Organic and Biological Electrochemistry K02—Towards Interdisciplinary Fusion of Bioengineering and Electrochemistry S. Minteer, M. Bayachou, W. Tsugawa, J. Lee, S. J. Kwon, H. Yang, K. Sode, H. Shiku, H. Funabashi, S. Calabrese Barton ECS Organic and Biological Electrochemistry, ECS Energy Technology, ECSJ Bioengineering, KECS Biological and Analytical Electrochemistry

L— Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry L01—Fundamentals and Applications of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry A. Suroviec, N. Danilovic, S. Mukerjee ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, ECS Energy Technology L02—Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids 22 D. P. Durkin, P. C. Trulove, M. Ueda, W. M. Reichert, R. A. Mantz, H. C. De Long, M. Mizuhata, A. Bund, A. Ispas, C. Wang, B. Gurkan, V. Di Noto, E. J. Biddinger ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, ECS Electrodeposition, ECS Energy Technology, ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, ECSJ Molten Salt L03—Electrode Processes 13 A. C. Hillier, S. Mukerjee, N. Hoshi, J. Kang ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, ECS Energy Technology, ECSJ Molecular Functional Electrodes L04—Photocatalysts, Photoelectrochemical Cells, and Solar Fuels 11 N. Wu, P. Kulesza, J. Lee, D. Ma, E. Miller, V. Subramanian, T. Tatsuma, H. Wang, G. P. Wiederrecht, M. Manivannan ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, ECS Energy Technology, ECS Sensor, ECSJ Photoelectrochemistry, KECS Photoelectrochemistry L05—Advanced Techniques for In Situ Electrochemical Systems 3 S. Pylypenko, A. C. Co, I. V. Zenyuk, J. Lim, C. Choi, H. R. Byon, L. F. Greenlee ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, ECS Energy Technology, KECS Physical Electrochemistry L06—Fundamental Aspects of Electrochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide 2 P. Kulesza, P. Kenis, J. C. Flake, A. B. Bocarsly, B. Roldan Cuenya, P. Strasser, T. Gur, V. Di Noto, S. Pylypenko, K. Rajeshwar, I. Rutkowska, D. Cliffel, N. Wu, M. V. Zanoni, Y. Hwang, K. Nam, H. Song ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, ECS Energy Technology, KECS Photoelectrochemistry L07—(Photo)Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis for Water-Energy Nexus H. Park, Y. Yang, L. Yin, D. S. Han, H. K. Shon, K. Cho, V. Subramanian, L. F. Greenlee, P. Vanýsek, Y. Hwang ECS Energy Technology, ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, KECS Environmental and Industrial Electrochemistry M— Sensors M01—Microfabricated and Nanofabricated Systems for MEMS/NEMS 15 S. Mitra, A. Khosla, J. E. Koehne, P. J. Hesketh, S. Bhansali, Q. Li, S. W. Joo, D. Misra, X. Xuan, M. Pan, S. Qian, H. -. Baumgart, P. Vanýsek, C. Xiao ECS Sensor M02—Chemical Sensors 13: Recent Advances in Chemical and Biological Sensors and Analytical Systems Y. Shimizu, L. A. Nagahara, J. E. Koehne, P. K. Sekhar, T. Yasukawa, T. Hyodo, H. Yang, B. Kim, J. Kim, S. J. Kwon, N. Wu, P. J. Hesketh, A. Khosla, S. Bhansali, M. Yasuzawa, H. Suzuki, M. Matsuguchi, T. Tanaka ECS Sensor, ECSJ Chemical Sensor, KECS Biological and Analytical Electrochemistry M03—In Vivo Nano Biosensors D. A. Heller, S. Rotkin, S. Corrie, A. A. Boghossian, P. Sekhar, J. E. Koehne, A. Khosla ECS Sensor, ECS Dielectric Science and Technology, ECS Nanocarbons, ECS Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Z— General Z01—General Student Poster Session A. Suroviec, V. R. Subramanian, K. B. Sundaram, V. Chaitanya, K. Dokko, A. M. Herring, H. Kim All divisions of ECS, ECSJ, and KECS Z02—4DMS+SoRo: 4D Materials & Systems + Soft Robotics A. Khosla, H. Furukawa, L. A. Nagahara, A. Suroviec, S. Bhansali, Y. Hwa, T. Thundat, J. E. Koehne, H. Imahori ECS Sensor, ECS Battery, ECS Energy Technology, ECS Luminescence and Display Materials, ECS Nanocarbons, ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Japan Society of Applied Physics

Select symposia proceedings are published in an issue of ECS Transactions. Full issues are available for purchase and instant download from the ECS Online Store. All preorder full issue PDFs will be sent via email by the start of the meeting. Individual articles are available for download from the ECS Digital Library.

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PRiME 2020 • October 4-9, 2020

H07—Electrochromic and Photoelectrochromic Materials and Devices C. Han, D. Ko, J. Lee, J. Park, J. Kim, M. Manivannan ECS Energy Technology, KECS Photoelectrochemistry, KECS Physical Electrochemistry, Japan Society of Applied Physics

SOCIE PEOPLE T Y NE WS The University of Utah’s CSOE Receives $20 Million NSF Grant

Shelley Minteer The University of Utah, Department of Chemistry, Analytical, Biological & Materials Chenistry

he University of Utah’s Center for Synthetic Organic Electrochemistry (CSOE) is proud to announce they are the recipients of a $20 million grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to fund the CSOE’s Phase II development to improve the sustainability of synthetic chemistry. CSOE’s mission is to promote a safer alternative to traditional organic synthesis methods. “If you think about industry, whether industry is making a pharmaceutical or a plastic, they’re doing a synthesis in an organic solvent and typically at high temperatures and sometimes at high pressures with possibly explosive materials. This is because most of the synthesis requires oxidation or reduction reactions that typically are done chemically and not electrochemically. Those chemicals can cause safety issues when it comes to making pharmaceuticals and other value-added products,” says Shelley Minteer, professor of chemistry and CSOE director. Minteer is a member-at-large of the ECS Organic & Biological Electrochemistry Division and ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division. She has served as technical editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (2013-2016) and is the recipient of the ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division David C. Grahame Award (2019). The Minteer Research Group works at the interface of electrochemistry, biology, synthesis, and materials chemistry to provide solutions

and address challenges in the areas of catalysis, fuel cells, electrosynthesis, sensing, and energy storage. “We’re interested in applying electrochemistry to industrial chemical manufacturing in order to make it safer, greener, and more sustainable,” Minteer explained. However, part of this process also involves convincing chemists to adopt electrochemical techniques. “You have to train chemists who don’t normally do electrochemistry to do electrochemistry, so training is a part of what CSOE works on as well. That is, in addition to developing the reactions, electrodes, and materials needed to be able to do that chemistry,” says Minteer. Being able to understand different areas of expertise and to convey those ideas has been a large part of CSOE’s success and focus. “We’ve developed a team that’s very multidisciplinary,” says Minteer. Experts in synthetic chemistry, electrochemistry, material science, and computational science are included. “Working in an interdisciplinary team, you have to find the common language so that you can all understand each other. It can be challenging, but, at the same time, rewarding to accomplish work that could not have been achieved with the knowledge of one particular field alone.”

SEARCHING FOR PEOPLE NEWS Interface is searching for People News for our upcoming winter issue. If you have news you would like to share with the ECS Society about a promotion, award, retirement, or other event, please email it to MaryBeth.Schwartz@electrochem.org.

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SOCIE PEOPLE T Y NE WS

News ...

From the Field ALICE SUROVIEC NAMED DEAN Berry College Professor and Chair of Chemistry and Biochemistry Alice Suroviec has been named Dean of the School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences following a national search that attracted a robust pool of candidates. Suroviec joined the Berry faculty in 2007 and became chair of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry in 2016. A consummate teacher and colleague, she is a recipient of the FirstYear Advocate Award and the Dave and Lu Garrett Award for Meritorious Teaching. She has Photo: Brant Sanderlin served in many campus leadership positions, such as chair of the Faculty Assembly and Institutional Effectiveness Committee. Suroviec is active in her field nationally, serving on the board of The Electrochemical Society and the Society for Electroanalytical Chemistry. In 2019, she was a participant in the Association of American College and Universities STEM Leadership Institute. She also writes regularly for Interface magazine and is an associate editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society.

RADHA JALAN ANNOUNCES RETIREMENT After 28 years at the helm, Radha Jalan has decided to retire as president and CEO of ElectroChem, Inc. As Radha recalls, “It was February 1992 when I lost my husband, Vinod Jalan, a well-known scientist and founder of ElectroChem, to a sudden heart attack.” The company was still in infancy (founded in 1986), and Radha was left with a serious decision about what to do with the company. Her academic training had been in education. The challenge in front of her was daunting since she had two daughters, aged 15 and 19, to support. Radha embraced the challenge and decided to take the helm of the company. In Radha’s words, “I was willing to move beyond my comfort zone of being a diversity consultant.” The electrochemical community embraced Radha’s daring decision and supported her efforts in advancing hydrogen energy. Radha has been an active participant in ECS meetings and shared her powerful personal story in a symposium on “Contemporary Issues and Case Studies in Electrochemical Innovation” at the 222nd biennial ECS meeting. For those of us who have been touched by Radha, we consider ourselves blessed. Reflective of Radha’s entrepreneurial spirit, she says, “After all these years, I feel external limitations are just those and should not become roadblocks for brighter opportunities.” We thank Radha for her contributions to ECS and wish her the very best in her new adventure.

FRANCIS D’SOUZA HONORED WITH CRSI MEDAL Francis D’Souza, Distinguished Research Professor of Chemistry at the University of North Texas (UNT), is one of the most recent recipients of the prestigious Chemical Research Society of India (CRSI) Medal. The award recognizes, promotes, and fosters talent in chemistry and chemical sciences in order to improve the quality of chemical education at all levels. D’Souza, an ECS member since 1993 and ECS Nanocarbons Division member since 2014, says he is honored to receive recognition from his motherland, in an article by UNT. “Previous awardees have been from top-rated institutions across the globe. Getting this award while at UNT is something special for me.” According to UNT, his research covers wide areas of chemistry, nanophotonics, and materials science. His principal research interests include supra and nanomolecular chemistry of photosensitizercarbon nanomaterials, advanced functional materials for light energy harvesting and photovoltaics, electrochemical and photochemical sensors and catalysts, and nanocomposite hybrid materials for energy storage and utilization. At the University of North Texas, D’Souza enjoys working with both graduate and undergraduate students, mentoring them to become the next generation of scientists. He is passionate about using his research to engage in scientific discussions with his group members and collaborators, often attending scientific meetings and presenting his research findings. He has also been involved in organizing national and international scientific meetings.

CLARE GREY RECEIVES HUGHES MEDAL Clare Grey, a professor at the University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, has received the Royal Society 2020 Hughes Medal. This prestigious medal is awarded to an outstanding researcher in the field of energy. Grey received the award “for her pioneering work on the development and application of new characterization methodology to develop fundamental insight into how batteries, Photo: supercapacitors, and fuel cells operate.” Department Grey has pioneered the development of NMR of Chemistry spectroscopy to study batteries in situ, which has Photography led to a clearer understanding of battery function, including the reactions between the electrolyte and electrode materials, and the effect of rapid charging and cycling of batteries. An ECS Battery Division member, Grey also recently was awarded the 2020 Richard R. Ernst Prize in Magnetic Resonance for her contributions to the use of solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods to study paramagnetic materials. The prize recognizes breakthrough contributions in the field of magnetic resonance. It is named after Richard R. Ernst, who won the 1991 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contributions to the development of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The Grey Group at the University of Cambridge studies the nature of solid state materials by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray and neutron scattering, electron microscopy, and computational calculations. The materials they investigate have applications in supercapacitors, fuel cells, and batteries.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

Picture Your Electrode: A Primer on Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

d r a o b k e Chal

by Michael J. Counihan, Dipobrato Sarbapalli, and Prof. Joaquín Rodríguez-López

Introduction Every electrochemical energy storage and conversion device requires electrodes to exchange charge with the electrolyte and move electrons through an external circuit. We are used to describing electrode performance in terms of single-valued, averaged measurements: a peak current, a charge transfer resistance, a capacitance, and a charge capacity. However, these characterizations escape the complexity of most practical materials. Electrodes are not idealized current collectors but rather heterogeneous surfaces on which individual features strongly influence device performance by dictating local charge transfer. Thus, it would be desirable to understand reactivity at such locality, whatever its length scale. One approach to visualize electrode heterogeneity and quantify reactivity in situ is scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM).1 SECM is a versatile technique with various modes for exploring the electrochemistry underlying sustainable technologies: from interrogating electrodes for batteries, to those for fuel cells and electrolyzers. SECM relies on scanning a very small electrode (the “probe” or “tip”) over the sample surface (the “substrate,” often an electrode). Figure 1 shows a useful analogy to how the SECM works. A probe, capable of forming a time-independent highly localized (redox) reaction profile, is approached to the substrate. In Fig. 1, the probe is a lighter and the sample is a brave electrochemistry professor. Anything interesting would happen if the reaction profile created at the probe interacts with the sample, for instance, by bringing them close using a positioning device. Once close, the question is: Will the hand burn or will the flame be put out?

Ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs)

The SECM Experiment

Before discussing the mechanics of the SECM, we need to understand the probe. Small electrodes, typically of dimensions below a few tens of microns, are capable of creating the timeindependent profile described above in an electrolyte. Thus, UMEs consisting of inlaid disks with diameters on the scale of tens of microns all the way down to nanometers are used as SECM probes.2 In the SECM feedback mode, these activate a redoxreporting molecule, i.e., a mediator, to interrogate the substrate’s electrochemistry. The UME’s size and shape are important because they ensure that radial diffusion of the mediator dominates over linear diffusion. This produces a steady-state current (iss):

iss = xnFaDC

(1)

where x is a factor that depends on the geometry of the electrode, n is the number of electrons transferred, F is Faraday’s constant, a is the electrode radius, D is the diffusion coefficient of the mediator, and C is the concentration of mediator in solution. In contrast to larger electrodes that follow decaying Cottrell-like current responses, the time independence of the UME allows us to think about experiments in space rather than in time. Clearly, the UME size dictates the spatial resolution of the SECM image, since it also dictates the size of its diffusion layer. However, there are other advantages of a small size. The smaller the electrode, the faster mass transport is to the electrode, and thus faster kinetics can be measured on the substrate. In the feedback mode of SECM, this relationship is given by:

κ = ks D / a

(2)

where κ is a dimensionless kinetic parameter, ks is the heterogeneous rate constant for electron transfer at the substrate. With easily distinguishable measurements when 0.05 < κ < 50, the SECM can resolve faster kinetics than those accessible through other methods such as 1D voltammetry or the rotating disk electrode,3 thus challenging seemingly Nernstian responses.

Key to the SECM experiment is allowing interaction between the diffusion layers of the tip and the substrate. This is achieved by approaching the probe to the substrate using motors (steppers and piezos) while monitoring the steady-state current, i.e., determination of an approach curve. Now, we are in position to answer the question in Fig. 1: Will the hand burn or will the flame be put out? If the tip is near an insulating substrate, e.g., a substrate that does not engage in any reaction with the mediator, the resulting effect is simply a decrease in the steady state current as the diffusion of the mediator is hindered by the surface, Fig. 2A. Following our analogy, the flame is put out due to blocking its oxygen supply, causing a negative feedback. On the other hand, if one approaches an active surface, e.g., the conductive surface of a metal, or a surface with reactive species, the mediator engages in redox recycling. This situation is the reverse of the reaction at the tip, leading to regeneration of the mediator and causing an increase in the tip current, Fig. 2B. In this case, the hand burns and the fire intensity greatly increases. Qualitatively, one can

Fig. 1. Analogy of the SECM.

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Fig. 2. SECM in feedback mode. A) Negative and B) Positive feedback schematics, diffusion profiles (red: high concentration of mediator, blue: zero concentration of mediator), and approach curves as function of tip-substrate distance, d, and UME radius, a.

immediately visualize that the tip current will be a function of the substrate’s ability to recycle the mediator. Positive feedback currents are excellent in quantifying charge transfer kinetics on distinct surface features at the substrate electrode. The tip can be rastered on the plane leading to a feedback image of the substrate reactivity. Equations relating tip currents to electron transfer kinetics and mass-transfer limited currents are illustrated in the review by Cornut and Lefrou4. Below we present some applications of these principles to energy technologies.

Measuring Reactivity in Energy Storage Materials

Battery interfaces often involve dynamic processes where changes in interfacial structure deeply modify reactivity. In our analogy, we might want to know is the difference in reactivity between the fingers and the palm, or what happens when we use a glove? The feedback mode of SECM is an excellent probe for monitoring local passivation. For example, a fundamentally challenging, dynamic process crucial to the safe operation of Li-ion batteries involves Solid-Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) formation. The SEI is a layer that forms on top of anode materials resulting from the reductive decomposition of solvent and salt. This layer is electronically insulating and ionically conducting. Therefore, it allows Li-ions to interact with the anode while preventing electrode degradation. Using SECM, one can follow changes in the reactivity of the surface via feedback images in situ while the substrate (graphitic carbon for example) is biased progressively towards more negative potentials (Fig. 3A). Drastic passivation and transition of mediator reactivity from positive to negative feedback is observed in this case.5 Finer detail is found when mapping reactive sites on graphitic carbon substrates used for flow battery research.6 Figures 3B and 3C illustrate the heterogeneous reactivity between dialkoxybenzene (DAB) molecules and multi-layer graphene (MLG). Analysis of SECM feedback images allows us to visualize the distribution

of reactive sites and to compare the behavior of DAB derivatives. In contrast to the highly textured image on Fig. 3C (top), which reflects the underlying graphene structure, we found that one DAB derivative yielded feedback with no evident heterogeneity (Fig. 3C, bottom), despite using the same electrode. Analysis of the feedback map suggested different surface phenomena, something that would not be revealed from a single averaged kinetic value. We hypothesized the formation of an interfacial film limiting electron transfer to the DAB species. This film was later confirmed via in situ AFM measurements. Importantly, the SECM experiment showed fundamental kinetic limitations that might have consequences in the long-term performance of a flow battery.

A Deeper Dive into Electrocatalysis

In addition to the feedback mode, the SECM creates opportunities to measure spatially resolved generation/collection experiments beyond the rotating ring-disk electrode’s3 wildest dreams. As shown in Fig. 4A, these are useful for quantifying catalyst kinetics and selectivity, in addition to mapping product evolution from the substrate. However, one can also use the SECM in ingenious ways for tracking more complex processes, such as those involving surface intermediates. The surface interrogation mode of SECM (SI-SECM, Fig. 4B) involves a redox titration of surface-bound, redox-active species present on the substrate. The tip generates a reactive mediator form that diffuses to the substrate and reacts with those species, e.g., a surface oxide, a hydride, or a reactive radical, to name a few. This reaction regenerates the mediator, setting off a transient positive feedback loop in this example:

Tip: O + e → R

(3)

Substrate Surface: R + Oxsurf → O + Products

(4)

In our analogy, the flame is only lit as allowed by the combustible. Thus, the transient feedback persists only as long as there are surface species to be titrated. This transient is subtracted from a background measurement to produce the titration current, which is analyzed to yield the surface coverage of species (and its isotherm), the kinetics of electron transfer between the adsorbate and the mediator (ksi; Eq. 4), and to reveal the formation and decay dynamics of the adsorbates. This is usually done by fitting the transient responses through finite element modelling7-9. We have used these principles to understand the dynamics of adsorbed reactive oxygen during the water oxidation reaction on several types of electrodes, including metals, semiconductors, and diamond electrodes as shown in Fig. 4B. Overall, we believe these types of experiments can be excellently matched to mapping techniques, to better understand how surface molecular processes influence heterogeneous rates of reaction. (continued on next page)

Fig. 3. SECM applications in energy storage. A) Passivation due to SEI formation on a graphene anode [Ref. 5]; B) Electron micrograph of MLG; C) SECM feedback images of MLG with two different mediators; Top: well behaved reactivity with mediator, bottom: mediator forms thin film that controls electron transfer kinetics at MLG interface. [Ref. 6]

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Counihan et al.

(continued from previous page)

Conclusion

Deciphering how electrode features determine interfacial charge transfer will be essential to develop robust, long-lasting, and high-performing sustainable electrochemical technologies. SECM and related techniques (such as scanning electrochemical cell microscopy10 and scanning ion conductance microscopy11) represent highly versatile assets to understand these spatial and temporal heterogeneities. While deploying these techniques is not trivial, as is the case for any in situ scanning probe method, we believe that including modern concepts of nano- and microelectrodes to the electrochemical curriculum is a critical first step towards equipping new generations of electrochemists with the necessary tools to undertake complex interfacial problems. Our group organizes a yearly Electrochemistry Bootcamp with this intention. If you are interested, feel free to reach out. Hopefully next time we meet, you will tell us what is new with your electrode, or at least teach us new tricks with flames. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2. F03203IF.

Fig. 4. SECM applications in electrocatalysis. A) Schematic of collection, with effect of catalyst k° (wave slope), selectivity (collection current), and image of BDD in O2 collection mode at tip. B) SI-SECM schematic, with titration current, background subtraction, calculation of surface charge, and effect of ksi. Real data differentiating surface intermediates on BDD are shown to the extreme right. [Ref. 9]

About the Authors Michael J. Counihan is a PhD candidate in chemistry at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. He received his BS in chemistry and BA in music from Gettysburg College in 2016. His research focuses on using electroanalytical techniques to characterize dynamic interfaces and materials for redox flow batteries, electroactive polymers, and electrocatalysis. He may be reached at mjc8@

illinois.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4535-573X

Dipobrato Sarbapalli is a PhD student in materials science and engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He received his MS and BTech degree in civil engineering from UIUC in 2018 and the National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli (India) in 2015, respectively. His research involves studying the influence of graphitic interfaces on energy storage devices, such as Liion and redox-flow batteries. He may be reached at sarbapa2@ illinois.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7281-4474 Joaquín Rodríguez-López is an associate professor of chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Originally from Mexico, he did his undergraduate studies at Tecnológico de Monterrey, where he performed research in electrochemistry with Prof. Marcelo Videa (2005). He then moved to nearby Texas to obtain a PhD under the guidance of Prof. Allen J. Bard at the University of Texas at Austin (2010). He performed postdoctoral studies with Prof. Hector D. Abruña in Cornell University (2012). His group combines interests in electroanalytical chemistry and energy materials by developing

chemically sensitive methods for studying ionic and electronic reactivity in nano-structures, highly localized surface features, and ultra-thin electrodes. His group aspires to build a dynamic and diverse environment for research that generates original concepts for highperformance energy technologies. He may be reached at joaquinr@ illinois.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4346-4668

References 1. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, A. J. Bard and M. V. Mirkin, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2012). DOI: 10.1201/b11850 2. Nanoelectrochemistry, M. V. Mirkin and S. Amemiya, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2015). DOI: 10.1201/b18066. See Chapter 15. 3. A. J. Bard and L. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York (2008). See Chapter 9. 4. C. Lefrou and R. Cornut, ChemPhysChem, 11, 547 (2010). DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900600 5. J. Hui, M. Burgess, J. Zhang, and J. Rodríguez-López, ACS Nano, 10, 4248 (2016). DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07692 6. T. S. Watkins, D. Sarbapalli, M. J. Counihan, A. S. Danis, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, K. R. Zavadil, and J. Rodríguez-López, J. Mater. Chem. A, In press., DOI: 10.1039/D0TA00836B 7. B. H. Simpson and J. Rodríguez-López, Electrochim. Acta, 179, 74 (2015). DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.128 8. M. J. Counihan, W. Setwipatanachai, and J. RodríguezLópez, ChemElectroChem, 6, 3507 (2019). DOI: 10.1002/ celc.201900659 9. M. R. Krumov, B. H. Simpson, M. J. Counihan, and J. Rodríguez-López, Anal. Chem., 90, 3050 (2018). DOI: 10.1021/ acs.analchem.7b04896 10. N. Ebejer, A. G. Guell, S. C. Lai, K. McKelvey, M. E. Snowden, and P. R. Unwin, Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem., 6, 329 (2013). DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062012-092650 11. C.-C. Chen, Y. Zhou, and L. A. Baker, Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem., 5, 207 (2012). DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062011-143203

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Looking at Patent Law:

Patenting a Trivalent Chromium Plating Invention: Obviousness Rejections – Not So Obvious by E. Jennings Taylor and Maria Inman

n this installment of the “Looking at Patent Law” articles, we discuss obviousness rejections in view of a case study of a trivalent chromium plating invention. We have chosen this invention to align with the sustainability focus of this issue of Interface. The article begins with a brief review of obviousness followed by a brief description of the trivalent plating invention. The article concludes with a case study of the inventions/patent applications related to the trivalent plating process with a focus on the obviousness rejections. Condition for Obtaining a Patent: Non-Obviousness In a previous column, we discussed the requirements for obtaining a patent on an invention.1 In addition to fulfilling the requirements of usefulness, falling into one of the patentable statutory classes,2 and not anticipated by the prior art,3 an invention must be non-obvious in light of the prior art, specifically4: “A patent for a claimed invention may not be obtained…if the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art are such that the claimed invention as a whole would have been obvious before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to a person having ordinary skill in the art…” The non-obviousness requirement evolved over time as a common law requirement and was added to the patent statute in 1952. Obviousness rejections are generally based on a combination of multiple prior art references and are considered the most common reason for rejections of patent applications. After reading patents, many scientists, engineers, and technologists often conclude that most patented inventions are “obvious.” This notion may generally be attributed to hindsight bias. To avoid hindsight bias, the definition of the “person having ordinary skill in the art” (PHOSITA) is critical. The PHOSITA is a hypothetical person who is assumed to be familiar with the relevant prior art at the time of the invention and has the capability of understanding the relevant scientific and engineering principles. In addition, the PHOSITA is a person of ordinary creativity and is not an automaton.5 While the 1952 patent statute did not provide explicit guidance on making an obviousness determination, in 1966 the Supreme Court added clarity regarding obviousness considerations in a landmark case, Graham v. John Deere.6

The Supreme Court noted that obviousness determinations begin with the following analysis7: 1. Determining the scope of the prior art; 2. Ascertaining the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art; and 3. Resolving the level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art. The level of ordinary skill in the art is determined by8: 1. Type of problems encountered in the art; 2. Prior art solutions to those problems; 3. Rapidity with which innovations are made; 4. Sophistication of the technology; and 5. Educational level of active workers in the field. As noted above, obviousness considerations are the most common basis for patent application rejections and are generally the most challenging to overcome. The 1966 Graham v. John Deere ruling suggested a number of factors that could point to non-obviousness: 1. Demonstration of commercial success; 2. Solution to a long felt but unresolved need; 3. Lack of success or failure of others; 4. Results that would be unexpected to one of ordinary skill in the art; 5. Demonstration of copying by others; 6. Success in licensing the invention; 7. Skepticism of experts. While the Graham v. John Deere ruling added considerable clarity to obviousness determinations, the Supreme Court recognized the challenges associated with obviousness matters:

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(continued on next page) 33

Taylor and Inman

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“What is obvious is not a question upon which there is likely to be uniformity of thought in every given factual context.” An extensive legal review of case law from the Patent and Trial Appeals Board, the administrative adjudicatory board of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), provides a detailed guide of successful arguments for rebutting obviousness rejections.9,10

Trivalent Chromium Plating Inventions As a brief background, Faraday Technology, Inc. is a research, development, and engineering firm developing electrochemical innovations based on pulse/pulse reverse electrolytic principles. One of Faraday’s innovations is directed towards the development of a functional chrome plating process based on a trivalent chromium electrolyte to replace chrome plating from hexavalent electrolytes. Faraday’s trivalent chromium plating technology is the subject of a recently issued patent and the basis for the 2013 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award.11 Faraday has been working on the trivalent chromium technology since the mid-1990s. Chrome coatings plated from a hexavalent chromium electrolyte are widely used in both military and commercial markets due to their functional properties, such as hardness, sliding wear, and abrasion resistance. Due to its toxicity, the EPA lists hexavalent chromium a “hazardous air pollutant” as it is a human carcinogen, a “priority pollutant” under the Clean Water Act, and a “hazardous constituent” under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Plating from trivalent chromium plating baths has been commonly practiced for decorative applications, such as car bumpers, plumbing fixtures, hubcaps, and the like. Trivalent chromium is found naturally in the environment and is not a known carcinogen. For decorative applications, the plated chrome coating is thin, typically <10 µm. In contrast, functional chrome coatings are thick (~ 4 mils) in order to provide the desired functional properties, such as wear resistance.12 As previously practiced, plating from trivalent chromium electrolytes was self-limiting and thick coatings were not possible. For functional trivalent chromium plating to become a reality, several innovations are required. These include: 1) thick chromium coatings (>4 mils) comparable to hexavalent chromium plating; 2) equivalent properties to hexavalent chromium plating; and 3) a microstructure devoid of through-cracks similar to hexavalent chromium plating. While these attributes are all considered innovations by those familiar with chromium plating, as evidenced in the case study herein, an innovation is not necessarily granted patent protection as an invention. In fact, early attempts to patent the innovations associated with the trivalent chromium plating process were rejected by the USPTO as obvious in view of the prior art. We remind the reader that a patent is a legal document, not a technical document, and that what we might think is technically non-obvious (an innovation) is not the same as legally non-obvious (an invention). As always, please consult an attorney for clarification with regard to your particular case. Recall from our previous article,13 the prosecution (examination) history of a patent application is publicly available in the file wrapper on the USPTO Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR) system.14 With the PAIR system as the primary source of information for this case study, we review the prosecution history and obviousness rejections associated with the trivalent chromium plating process.

Prosecution of Trivalent Chromium Plating Patent Applications Utility Patent Application – Pulse Reverse Plating of Thick Chromium Coatings from Trivalent Chromium Electrolyte Chromium plating from a trivalent chromium electrolyte (as well as hexavalent electrolyte) is generally <20% faradaic efficiency (eq. 1) with >80% (eq. 2) of the current resulting in hydrogen evolution: 34

Cr+3 + 3e- r Cr0 2H+ + 2e- r H2↑

(1) (2)

We speculated that the self-limiting nature of trivalent chrome plating was related to the high pH at the interface due to the hydrogen evolution reaction (eq. 2). In order to electrodeposit thick chromium coatings from trivalent chromium electrolytes, Faraday hypothesized that by using an appropriately designed pulse reverse waveform the pH excursion at the interface could be avoided. Specifically, during the anodic reverse pulse the nascent hydrogen would be oxidized (eq. 3) or oxygen evolution (eq. 4) would occur: H2 r 2H+ + 2e- (3) H2O r ½O2↑ + 2H+ + 2e- (4) In either case, the interface would be reacidified and chromium electrodeposition could continue. We demonstrated the ability to electrodeposit thick chromium coatings from a trivalent chromium electrolyte using the pulse reverse current approach.15 The resulting chromium coating exhibited the same or superior properties as coatings plated from a hexavalent chromium plating bath. On June 9, 1997, we filed a utility patent application titled “Electroplating of Metals Using Pulsed Reverse Current for Control of Hydrogen Evolution.”16 A key figure from the patent application (08/871,599) depicts a pulse reverse current waveform (Fig. 1). The key concept is described in the abstract of the ‘599 patent application: “Excessive evolution of hydrogen in electrolytic deposition of metals…can be controlled by using pulse reverse current… [to] consume at least some of the nascent hydrogen and prevent the local pH at the cathode from becoming excessively alkaline…[and] alleviates problems caused by metal-bearing-ions with hydroxide ions generated near the cathode by evolution of hydrogen.” The utility patent application contained claims directed towards one statutory patent class, method (for pulse reverse plating of thick chromium coatings from a trivalent electrolyte).17 An exemplary independent claim18,19 from the patent application is: Claim 1 (as filed in the ‘599 patent application). A method for electrolytic deposition of metals on a cathode substrate comprising: i. immersing an electrically conductive anode and an electrically conductive cathode in an aqueous plating bath containing metal-bearing ions, hydrogen ions, and hydroxide ions, said metal-bearing ions being capable of migrating to said cathode and being discharged at said cathode and depositing metal thereon, said hydrogen ions being capable of migrating to said cathode and being discharged at said cathode to form hydrogen gas, whereby the concentration of said hydroxide ions in the vicinity of said cathode is increased, said metal-bearing ions being capable of reacting with said hydroxide ions in the vicinity of said cathode whereby deposition of said metal on said cathode is inhibited; ii. passing an electric current from said anode to said cathode through said plating bath, whereby said metal-bearing ions carry a first fraction of said current by migrating to said cathode and being discharged at said cathode, and said hydrogen ions carry a second fraction of said current by migrating to said cathode and being discharged at said cathode, said first fraction, and said second fraction together constituting said electric current, wherein said electric current is a pulsed reverse current having forward pulses and reverse pulses. The italics emphasize how the problem-solution of the abstract translate into claim language. Since we assumed the pulse reverse plating approach could be applied to other metals, Claim 1 did not The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

Prior Art Hexavalent Chromium Plating.

Fig. 2. Pat. Appl. No. 11/501,551 Illustrating Discontinuous Microcracks in Prior Art Hexavalent Chromium Plating.

Fig 1. Pat. Appl. No. 08/871,599 Illustrating Pulse Reverse Waveform.

specify plating from trivalent chromium. Subsequent dependent claims included trivalent chromium as well as other metals plated at low current efficiency. The specification provided examples summarizing thirteen experiments of pulse reverse plating resulting in thick chromium coatings from a trivalent chromium electrolyte. In our Information Disclosure Statement (IDS), we included earlier work by researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) directed towards a functional trivalent chromium plating process based on direct currents or pulse currents (no reverse).20,21 The NIST process required a high temperature (~650 C) post-plating heat treatment to obtain the desired hardness. The USPTO examiner rejected all claims of the ‘599 patent application as obvious based on the admitted prior art (NIST patents) in view of Loch (U.S. Pat. No. 4,666,567) and Tamhaukar (U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,535). Recall, obviousness rejections generally result from a combination of prior art references. The examiner stated the NIST patents demonstrated that it was previously known to plate from a trivalent chromium electrolyte. Loch disclosed the use of pulse reverse current plating processes and in the range of pulse reverse parameters disclosed in the ‘599 patent application. Finally, Tamhaukar taught that nascent hydrogen produced during pulse reverse plating is oxidized during the reverse cycle. The examiner concluded: “The prior art of record is indicative of the level of skill of one of ordinary skill in the art…[and] it would have been obvious at the time [of] the invention…to have utilized reversed pulse plating…”

The examiner further stated that the choice of pulse reverse plating parameters was “…a matter of routine optimization within the skill of the ordinary worker in the art.” Note, in presenting an obviousness rejection, the examiner must “define” the hypothetical person having ordinary skill in the art (PHOSITA) at the time the patent application was filed based on the guidance presented above. After establishing the PHOSITA, the examiner then links the prior art references in order to reject each claim element of the subject patent application. Curiously, Tamhauker, et al. was directed towards plating copper for circuit board applications. Copper plating exhibits nearly 100% faradaic efficiency and hydrogen evolution (and its adverse effects) is not an issue. However, since Tamhauker taught the use of reverse pulses to consume hydrogen during plating, the fact it was directed towards copper was irrelevant to its use in combination with other prior art for an obviousness rejection. Finally, an important distinction of the ‘599 patent application and the NIST prior art was that the ‘599 patent application did not require a high temperature post-plating heat treatment to achieve the desired hardness. During an interview, the examiner indicated that reproducing the NIST results and comparing the hardness with and

without the post plating heat treatment might distinguish the ‘599 patent application from the NIST prior art. This would not distinguish from the other prior art and consequently this approach was not pursued. Utility Patent Application – Promoting Microcracking During Plating of Chromium Coatings from Trivalent Electrolyte Chromium plating from a hexavalent electrolyte exhibits discontinuous microcracks. In contrast, pulse reverse chromium plating from a trivalent electrolyte exhibits continuous throughcracks. While the properties of the trivalent pulse reverse plated chromium do not appear to be adversely impacted by the continuous through-cracks, the different visual appearance presents cause for concern for many applications. The discontinuous microcracks in hexavalent-plated chromium have long been associated with the high tensile stress that develops in the coating during plating.22 Specifically, during hexavalent chromium plating, once the critical chromium deposit thickness (~5 µm) is reached, stress-relieving cracks occur in the deposit. As plating continues, new stress-relieving cracks occur in the coating at subsequent critical thicknesses. These stress-relieving cracks occur randomly. When plating thick chromium coatings (>~4 mil) the cracks do not align, resulting in discontinuous microcracks. In contrast, during trivalent chromium plating large compressive stresses accrue. However, the stress-relieving cracks occur after plating has been completed, resulting in continuous through-cracks. We demonstrated that we could form discontinuous microcracks by looping between various waveform parameters during trivalent chrome plating. On August 9, 2006, we filed a utility patent application titled “Electrolytic Looping for Forming Layering in a Deposit of Chromium.”23 A figure depicting the discontinuous microcracks in prior art hexavalent chromium plated coatings from the patent application (11/501,551) is presented in Fig. 2. Figure 2 depicts a substrate [100] and a chromium coating [200]. The chromium coating contains discontinuous microcracks within the coating [304], from the substrate within the coating [306], and from the surface within the coating [302]. Figure 3 from the ‘551 patent application depicts the continuous through-cracks in prior art trivalent chromium plated coatings. Figure 3 depicts a substrate [100], a chromium coating [200], and FIGURE 3. Pat. Appl. No. 11/501,551 Illustrating Continuous Through-Cracks in (continued on next page) Prior Art Trivalent Chromium Plating.

Fig. 3. Pat. Appl. No. 11/501,551 Illustrating Continuous Through-Cracks in Prior Art Trivalent Chromium Plating.

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some discontinuous microcracks, [302], [304], and [306]. However, trivalent chromium coating also contains continuous throughcracks [308]. Figure 4 from the ‘551 patent application depicts the discontinuous microcracks resulting from looping between multiple trivalent chromium pulse reverse plating parameters. Figure 4 depicts a substrate [100], and a chromium coating [200]. The chromium coating is built up as layers [200a], [200b], [200c], and [200d] during looping between multiple plating parameters. The individual layers exhibit some discontinuous microcracks, [302], [304], and [306]. However, the individual layers also exhibit continuous through-cracks [308a], [308b], [308c], and [308d]. However, when the looping pulse reverse plating is complete, the continuous through-cracks within the individual layers generally do not align, resulting in the elimination of continuous through-cracks in the final chromium coating [200]. The key concept is described in the abstract of the ‘551 patent application:

Claim 1 (as filed in the ‘551 patent application). A method for depositing a metal onto a substrate comprising the steps of: providing a plating bath including ions of said metal; positioning said substrate in said plating bath; positioning at least one counter electrode in said plating bath; performing a first electrolytic process for a predetermined first period of time; performing a second electrolytic process for a predetermined second period of time; and looping between said first electrolytic process and said second electrolytic process to form a coating of said metal on said substrate.

The italics emphasize how the solution of the abstract translate into claim language. Subsequent dependent claims specified the plated metal as chromium and the electrolyte as containing trivalent chromium ions. In addition, dependent claims specified a maximum number of through-cracks and various ranges of plating parameters. The specification provided six examples of looping experiments “A method for depositing a metal…performing resulting in less through-cracks compared to a non-looping baseline a first electrolytic process for a predetermined first period experiment for pulse reverse chromium plating from trivalent of time, performing a second electrolytic process for a chromium electrolyte. predetermined second period of time and looping between In the initial Non-Final Office Action (NFOA), the USPTO the first and second electrolytic processes to form a examiner rejected the claims as obvious based on two technical coating of the metal on the substrate.” publications, Jorgensen, et al.24 and Leisner, et al.25 These articles were directed towards looping between a first pulse reverse current The utility patent application contained claims directed towards in Microcracks Discontinuous Illustrating Appl. No. 11/501,551 URE 4. Pat. electrolytic process and a second direct current electrolytic process to one statutory patent class, method (for looping pulse reverse plating Plating. Chromium ping Trivalent create alternating layers of crack and crack-free chromium deposits. of thick chromium coatings without continuous through-cracks from Both of these activities were directed towards chrome plating from a trivalent electrolyte). An exemplary independent claim, from the hexavalent electrolyte. In response to the NFOA, we amended patent application is: independent Claim 1 to specifically identify chromium plating and to specify that the looping used pulse reverse waveforms, not direct current. Claim 1 (as amended in the response to the NFOA in the ‘551 patent application). A method for depositing [a metal] chromium onto a substrate comprising the steps of: providing a plating bath including ions of said [metal] trivalent chromium; positioning said substrate in said plating bath; positioning at least one counter electrode in said plating bath; performing a first [electrolytic] pulse reverse current process for a predetermined first period of time; performing a second [electrolytic] pulse reverse current process for a predetermined second period of time, said second pulse reverse current process being different than said first pulse reverse current process; and looping between said first [electrolytic] pulse reverse current process and said second [electrolytic] pulse reverse current process to form a multi-layered coating of said [metal] chromium on said substrate.

Fig. 4. Pat. Appl. No. 11/501,551 Illustrating Discontinuous Microcracks in Looping Trivalent Chromium Plating. 36

Note, the bracketed ‟[]ˮ text is newly deleted from the amended claim and the underlined ‟_ˮ text is newly inserted into the amended claim. With the amendment and supporting arguments, we were able to traverse the obviousness rejection based on the Jorgensen, et al. and Leisner, et al. prior art. The examiner responded with new obviousness rejections based on Faraday prior art, the original ‘599 trivalent chromium plating patent application (Faraday I) and a Faraday U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,528 (Faraday II).26 Faraday I was published on December 27, 2001, and was prior art to the ‘551 patent application. Faraday II was directed towards plating copper on printed circuit boards containing z-axis interconnects (through-holes and vias) of different sizes. Different pulse reverse waveforms were sequentially applied to plate the large interconnects (through-holes) followed by the small interconnets (vias). The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

The examiner stated that Faraday I teaches plating of chromium from a trivalent chromium electrolyte using pulse reverse current waveforms. Faraday II teaches copper plating by performing a first pulse reverse current process followed by a second pulse reverse current process. The examiner concluded that it would have been: “…obvious to one having ordinary skill in the art at the time the invention was made to have modified the plating bath described by Faraday II with…trivalent chromium ions…[because] plating from a trivalent chromium bath would have had certain technical advantages as taught by Faraday I.” Next the examiner turned to dependent Claim 10 from the ‘551 patent application. Dependent Claim 10 added a new limitation to Claim 1 specifying a maximum number of cracks resulting from the pulse reverse current looping process. Claim 10. The method of Claim 1 wherein said coating has less than 50 cracks per centimeter formed continuously through said coating.

The examiner rejected dependent Claim 10 based on obviousness as well. The examiner relied heavily on common law precedent to support the obviousness rejection.27 Citing precedent and referring to the “less than 50 cracks per centimeter limitation,ˮ the examiner stated28: “…a method claim is not given weight when it simply expresses the intended result of a process step…”

The examiner continued that Faraday I teaches a similar method (pulse reverse plating of chromium from a trivalent electrolyte) and citing additional precedent29: “…similar processes can reasonably be expected to yield products which inherently have the same properties.”

The examiner concluded, again citing precedent30:

“…the prior art motivation…may be different…while still supporting a conclusion of obviousness.” In essence, the examiner’s basis for the obviousness rejection was that the prior art disclosed pulse reverse current plating of chromium from a trivalent chromium electrolyte and disclosed looping between different pulse reverse waveforms. The fact that the prior art was not directed towards obtaining microcracks was irrelevant because the microcracks (<50 per cm) were inherent to the process claimed in the ‘551 patent application. An important lesson is that your own prior art can count against your future patent applications; not just prior art from other inventors. Utility Patent Application – Focused Patent Application Claiming Range of Pulse Reverse Parameters and Specifying the Components of the Plating Bath Based on our experiences with the prior art obviousness rejections in the previous ‘559 and ‘551 patent applications, we changed our strategic approach regarding the pulse reverse functional trivalent functional chromium plating innovations. Specifically, we elected to file a patent application claiming a range of pulse reverse waveform parameters in conjunction with a specific plating bath. We elected to maintain specific waveform parameters and looping sequences to accomplish microcracking proprietary as trade secrets. As both patents and trade secrets may be licensed, this approach supported our licensing commercialization strategy. Using this strategy, on August 14, 2015, we filed utility patent application titled “Electrodeposition of Chromium from Trivalent Chromium using Modulated Electric Fields” (14/826,971). The ‘971 patent application was preceded by and claimed priority to a provisional patent application (61/603,646) and a separate utility patent application (13/768,285). On October 16, 2018, U.S. Patent

Fig. 5. Pat. No. 10,100,423 Illustrating Pulse Reverse Waveform.

No. 10,100,423 was issued.31 The key figure from the ‘423 patent, presented in Fig. 5, is a pulse reverse waveform. The patented process including waveform and trade secrets have been licensed to a chemical formulator. In a sense, we arrived at where we began. Specifically, initially we broadly claimed a pulse reverse waveform without specifying all the constituents of the trivalent chromium-plating electrolyte. The final patent more narrowly claimed a pulse reverse waveform in conjunction with a specific trivalent chromium-plating electrolyte. While the ‘423 patent was narrower than the original patent application, the ‘423 patent aligned with our trade secret and met our licensee’s commercialization objectives.

Summary

In this installment of our “Looking at Patent Law” series, we review the prosecution history of three patent applications directed towards a functional trivalent chromium plating invention. The case study begins with a review of obviousness rejections and the background associated with the development of the trivalent chromium plating process for functional applications. The prosecution history illustrates the role of the hypothetical person having ordinary skill in the art (PHOSITA) in the USPTO examiner’s analysis of obviousness. As illustrated in the case study, an innovation is not necessarily awarded patent protection and legal obviousness is clearly distinct from technical obviousness. Finally, alignment of patents with trade secrets can provide a viable commercialization path. With this case study, we hope to de-mystify the patent prosecution process and better prepare electrochemical and solid state scientists, engineers, and technologists to interact with their patent counsel regarding their inventions. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F04203IF.

About the Authors E. Jennings Taylor is the founder of Faraday Technology, Inc., a small business focused on developing innovative electrochemical processes and technologies based on pulse and pulse reverse electrolytic principles. Taylor leads Faraday’s patent and commercialization strategy and has negotiated numerous via field of use licenses as well as patent sales. In addition to technical publications and presentations, Taylor is an inventor on 40 patents. Taylor is admitted to practice before the

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Taylor and Inman

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United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) in patent cases as a patent agent (Registration No. 53,676) and is a member of the American Intellectual Property Law Association (AIPLA). Taylor has been a member of ECS for 38 years and is a fellow of ECS. He may be reached at jenningstaylor@faradaytechnology.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-0267 Maria Inman is the research director of Faraday Technology, Inc., where she serves as principal investigator on numerous project development activities, and manages the company’s pulse and pulse reverse research project portfolio. In addition to technical publications and presentations, she is competent in patent drafting and patent drawing preparation and is an inventor on seven patents. Inman is a member of ASTM and has been a member of ECS for 21 years. Inman serves ECS as a member of numerous committees. She may be reached at mariainman@faradaytechnology.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-8410

References 1. E. J. Taylor and M. Inman, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 26(1), 41 (2017). 2. 35 U.S.C. §101 Inventions Patentable. 3. 35 U.S.C. §102 Conditions for Patentability; Novelty 4. 35 U.S.C. 103 Conditions for Patentability; Non-Obvious Subject Matter. 5. KSR Int’l Co. v. Teleflex Inc., 550 U.S. 398, 421, 82 USPQ2d 1385, 1397 (2007). 6. Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 148 USPQ 459 (1966). 7. Manual of Patent Examination Procedure 2141(II) Examination Guidelines for Determining Obviousness Under 35 U.S.C. 103. 8. Environmental Designs, Ltd. V. Union Oil Co., 713 F.2d 693, 696, 218 USPQ 865, 868 (Fed. Cir. 1983). 9. T. Brody, J. Pat. Off. Soc., 6(4), 427 (2017). 10. T. Brody, J. Pat. Off. Soc., 99(2), 113 (2017).

11. Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award (2013) https:// www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/green-chemistry-challengewinners (accessed June 20, 2020). 12. F. Altmayer, Plat. Surf. Finish., 82, 26 (1995). 13. E. J. Taylor and M. Inman, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 26(4), 57 (2017). 14. USPTO Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR) https:// portal.uspto.gov/pair/PublicPair 15. R. P. Renz, J. J. Fortman, E. J. Taylor, and P. D. Chalmers, J. Appl. Surf. Finish., 1, 155 (2006). 16. E. J. Taylor, C. Zhou, R. P. Renz, and E. Stortz, U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 08/871,599, June 9, 1997. 17. 35 U.S.C. §101 Inventions Patentable. 18. E. J. Taylor and M. Inman, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 26(3), 44 (2017). 19. 35 U.S.C. §112(c) Specification/Form. 20. D. S. Lashmore, I. Weisshaus, and E. NamGoong, U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,446, Feb. 14, 1989. 21. C. E. Johnson, D. Lashmore, and E. Soltani, U.S. Pat. No. 5,415,763, May 16, 1995. 22. A. R. Jones, Plat. Surf. Finish., 76, 62 (1989). 23. P. Chalmer, J. Fortman, P. Miller, and R. Renz, U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 11/501,551 August 9, 2006. 24. J. Jorgensen, A. Horsewell, Bent F. Sørensen , and P. Leisner, Acta Metall. Mater., 43, 3991 (1955). 25. P. Leisner, G. Bechnielsen, and P. Moller, J. Appl. Electrochem., 23, 1232 (1993). 26. E. J. Taylor, J. Sun, and M. Inman, U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,528, October 2001. 27. Manual of Patent Examination Procedure 2144 (III) Legal Precedent can Provide the Rationale Supporting Obviousness only if the Facts in the Case are Sufficiently Similar to those in the Application. 28. Minton v. Nat’l Ass’n of Securities Dealers, Inc. 336 F.3d 1371, 1381,67 USPQ2d 1614, 1620 (Fed. Cir. 2003). 29. In re Spada 15 USPQ 2d 1655 (CAFC 1990). 30. In re Wiseman 201 USPQ 658 (CCPA 1979). 31. T. D. Hall and B. Kagajwala, U.S. Pat. No. 10,100,423, Oct. 16 (2018).

The 17th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-XVII) Sponsored by

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

T ECH HIGHLIGH T S How Metallic Protection Layers Extend the Lifetime of NASICON-Based Solid-State Lithium Batteries Solving the safety risks of Li-ion batteries may involve moving to Li metal solid-state batteries, but most solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are unstable in contact with Li metal. Often an interphase forms between them, and if this is a mixed ionic-electronic conductor, it can cause the interphase to grow continuously and fracture the SSE. LAGP, a NASICON-type SSE with formula Li1+xAlxGe2-x(PO4)3, has this issue. A research team at Georgia Tech was able to extend cycling from 30 hours to over 1,000 hours by adding sputtered 30 μm interlayers of chromium between the Li and LAGP. Their analysis showed the Cr interlayer did not prevent the interphase from forming, but instead promoted uniform and controlled interphase growth. This left the question of the anode cycling mechanism, which they studied by constructing open-top cells that allowed electrodeposited Li to be observed by XPS after transporting across the Cr interlayer. They found this does happen initially, but the mechanism then transitions to reversible electrochemical conversion of LAGP itself. These mechanistic findings are important, but the authors stress the end goal is an electron-blocking interlayer that can completely prevent interphase formation. From: F. J. Q. Cortés, J. A. Lewis, J. Tippens, et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 050502 (2020).

Transmission Line Modeling of Al-Rich Primer on AA2024-T3 Metal-rich primers in which sacrificial metallic pigments are embedded in a resin have been used for cathodic protection of engineering metals and alloys. Al-rich primer (AlRP) with Al-Zn-In as active pigments was recently investigated for its cathodic protection of Al alloys, compared to the conventional hexavalent chromate conversion coating. However, the high self-corrosion rate of these active pigments in AlRP limits its further application for Al alloy protection. To mitigate this issue, the surface pretreatment of tri-valent chromium process (TCP) is usually applied to the pigments in AlRP. To interrogate why TCP+AlRP pretreatment is better than AlRP solely, Wang and Frankel utilized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of coated AA2024 immersed in 0.1 M NaCl up to 16,000 hrs. They interpreted the results using transmission line model (TLM) to account for transport properties of pore electrolyte and pore electroactive walls as well as their interfaces within the AlRP. Based on modeling fitting for TLM part, it is found that the TCP+AlRP scenario has lower ionic resistance (Re) and higher coating capacitance (Ccoat), which indicate lower porosity and higher interfacial

resistance (RI), implying that TCP-treated pigments have lower self-corrosion rate. From: X. Wang and G. S. Frankel, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 081508 (2020).

Real-time Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) Strategies using Physics-Based Models for Advanced Lithium-ion Battery Management System (BMS) In real life applications of Lithium-ion batteries, battery management systems have been employed to ensure safety, manage recharge time, and optimize for capacity fade. Typical battery management systems use reduced-order physics-based models or an open loop control strategy. These come at the cost of reduced functionality. The model predictive control (MPC) approach has been proposed and utilized recently with simplified models for optimizing computational load. Researchers from The University of Texas at Austin and MIT have come up with a reformulated model coupled with a more robust and efficient numerical solver. In this paper, the authors propose a nonlinear MPC. They developed a numerical optimization approach and implemented it to derive an optimal charging profile for a thin film nickel hydroxide electrode. The team also elaborated the details of their reformulated model, which enabled them to derive optimal results. The paper concludes with the evaluation of the effect of tuning parameters on the performance of the designed controller. Through this study, the team has demonstrated that a detailed pseudo 2D model can be incorporated in the advanced battery management system, thus enabling real-time control of Li-ion batteries. From: S. Kolluri, S. V. Aduru, M. Pathak, et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 063505 (2020).

Carbon Pseudocubes from Iron Oxide Templates for Capacitive Energy Storage There is an imperative need to investigate energy storage systems for specific purposes instead of relying on lithium-ion batteries as a catchall solution to meet increasing power demands. Supercapacitors are able to store and deliver energy at relatively high rates and are therefore useful for rapid power delivery. Consequently, there has been a great deal of research into developing advanced supercapacitor electrode materials. Highly ordered, hollow nanostructures with relatively high surface area for charge accommodation and void volumes to buffer volume expansions may provide improved specific energy and cycle life. To this end, researchers from the Bursa Technical University in Turkey have recently presented the synthesis of pseudocubic carbon nanoparticles (PCC) and their application as a supercapacitor electrode material. PCC samples were prepared via surface-protected etching

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated Fe2O3 nanocubes. The PCC electrodes delivered a relatively high specific capacitance of 395 F·g−1 at 0.2 A·g−1 and stable capacity retention when cycled at 4 A·g−1 for 5,000 cycles. The facile synthesis method presented in this work may be adapted to produce other hollow or yolk-shell nanostructures for energy storage applications. From: N. Sinan and E. Unur Yilmaz, ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 9, 041011 (2020).

Tribological, Thermal and Kinetic Characterization of SiO2 and Si3N4 Polishing for STI CMP on Blanket and Patterned Wafers Shallow trench isolation (STI) is commonly utilized in modern semiconductors for isolation of transistors on an integrated circuit (IC). The method consists of formation of trenches on the IC, followed by deposition of dielectric materials, and lastly, removal of excess dielectric material via chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). To better understand the mechanical and chemical properties of SiO2 and Si3N4 polishing for the optimization of STI processes, researchers at the University of Arizona, and collaborating organizations, performed experimental studies on SiO2 and Si3N4 blanket and patterned wafers. The wafers were polished with a cerium oxide nanoparticle-based slurry for varying lengths of time and polishing conditions (e.g., pressure), while in-situ measurements were also recorded (force, temperature, etc.). Critical findings from this work include the following: 1) the absence of gross tribological or vibration issues, with mixed lubrication being the dominant tribological mechanism; 2) the use of COF as an indicator of complete removal of SiO2; 3) the mechanism for SiO2 removal to be mechanically-limited and for Si3N4, chemically-limited; and 4) the lack of a correlation between SiO2 removal rate and polishing time. These findings demonstrate the importance of understanding mechanisms governing STI CMP, rather than relying on pre-defined polishing times. From: J. C. Mariscal, J. McAllister, Y. Sampurno, et al., ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 9 044008 (2020).

Tech Highlights was prepared by Joshua Gallaway of Northeastern University; Mara Schindelholz of Sandia National Laboratories; David McNulty of Paul Scherrer Institute; Chao (Gilbert) Liu of Shell; Chock Karuppaiah of Vetri Labs; and Donald Pile of RolledRibbon Battery Company. Each article highlighted here is available free online. Go to the online version of Tech Highlights in each issue of Interface, and click on the article summary to take you to the full-text version of the article.

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Electrochemistry for a Sustainable World by Paul J. A. Kenis

A Sustainable World

ost readers will easily associate various applications of electrochemistry with sustainability. Before doing so, let’s first explore the characteristics of a sustainable world: Human activity must be in balance with all that Mother Earth provides us: the biosphere including all its flora and fauna, the air we breathe, and the various natural resources we use for manufacturing and food production. This balance will need to be maintained over centuries to ensure sustainability of humanity and the Earth’s ecosystem.1 Presently such a balance does not exist. Rapid growth of the global population places an unsustainable burden on natural resources for food production and manufacturing. Furthermore, massive anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and methane due to industrialization over the past 200 years have set in motion climate change, which represents an existential threat if unaddressed. The seriousness of climate change has dawned on humanity; massive efforts are being pursued to drastically reduce CO2 emissions.2 Indeed, achieving a sustainable world requires that humanity (i) drastically reduces its CO2 emissions, (ii) derives its energy from renewable sources, and (iii) uses only renewable and/or recyclable feedstocks or resources for food production and manufacturing.

Electrochemistry’s Role

The potential role for electrochemical approaches to achieve a sustainable world has been apparent for many decades. A volume from 1972 entitled Electrochemistry of Cleaner Environments already covered topics such as the influence of the combustion fossil fuels on the climate (!), electrification of transportation, electrochemical approaches for environmental remediation, and the hydrogen economy.3 In the preface, editor John Bockris stated: “…a reversal of the present trend to poison the atmosphere and the water is essential if man is to survive in a technological society.” and “Here, in the electrification of chemical processes, is a field of great relevance to the foundations of a clean future for man.” Now, in 2020, several electrochemical approaches are pursued seriously in our quest for a sustainable world! We find ourselves at the start of “the energy transition:” the energy sector needs to switch from deriving energy from fossil fuels to utilizing renewable sources such as solar and wind. In parallel, new manufacturing processes are being developed that are more energy efficient, can use renewable/recyclable feedstocks, and produce smaller and less toxic waste streams (i.e., a better E factor). Indeed, process intensification efforts these days are driven by a desire to reduce cost as well as the need to become more sustainable or environmentally friendly. Advances towards a sustainable world also will require significant changes in manufacturing, be it by enhancing the energy efficiency or reducing the waste produced (including greenhouse gas emission) in existing processes, or by developing new “green” processes. Greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by avoiding their production (e.g., switching to renewable energy sources) or by capture and utilization.4,5 The electrochemical reduction of CO2 to value-added intermediates, such as CO, ethylene, and ethanol, is a highly active field of research, steadily moving from laboratory research to pilot-scale operations. CO2 electrolysis has the potential to be carbon neutral or even carbon negative, in stark contrast to the current thermo-chemical processes.6

Massive advances in battery technology already have propelled the commercialization of hybrid cars since about 1997, and all-electric cars over the past decade. Battery technology is also a potential option for large scale power storage, a capability needed to enable intermittent renewable energy sources such as solar and wind to become an ever increasing fraction of electricity generation, beyond the present 17% in the U.S. and 24% globally.7 The importance of battery technology to a sustainable world is such that it probably warrants a special issue of Interface on its own.

Featured in Interface The lion’s share of chemical manufacturing today relies on fossil fuels as both the feedstock and the source of energy to drive the oftentimes thermo-chemical processes, responsible for >5% of the global greenhouse gas emissions. In this issue of Interface, Biddinger and Modestino present Electro-organic Syntheses for Green Chemical Manufacturing. The feature highlights electroorganic synthesis as an approach with potential to “decarbonize” chemical manufacturing: electrifying the manufacturing of a subset of the 18 “basic” organic chemicals would drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, they indicate the potential benefit of performing desirable processes on both electrodes of the electrolyzer. Such a co-electrolysis approach also holds promise for CO2 electrolysis.6 Hall, Inman, and Taylor present Sustainable Green Processes Enabled by Pulse Electrolytic Principles. As the authors point out in their contribution in this issue of Interface, electrochemical processes are often regarded as inherently environmentally friendly, because “electrons are green.” However, they note that many widely used DC electrolysis processes, including electroplating, electropolishing, and electrochemical machining, use environmental and worker “unfriendly” electrolytes. They highlight how switching from DC electrolysis to pulse/pulse reverse current electrolysis allows for much more benign (safer, less toxic) electrolytes to be used, specifically for applications like electrodeposition of chromium and the rifling of canon barrels via electromachining. Electrowinning and electroextraction are already used at scale in various metal mining efforts. A more sustainable approach would be to recycle most of the metal content from the products or waste streams we produce. In his contribution to this issue of Interface, Electrochemical Separations for Metal Recycling, Su reviews the wide range of electrochemical separations processes that hold promise for metal extraction and recovery from solid wastes and from aqueous streams, specifically by overcoming energetic limitations. His contribution focuses on metal recovery from solid electronic waste, recovery of valuable battery components such as lithium and cobalt from spent batteries, as well as methods for selective recycling of specialty metals and rare-earth elements, important both technologically and geopolitically. In summary, I hope that the contributions in this issue underscore the growing importance of electrochemistry in humanity’s quest towards a sustainable world, beyond battery technology that is key to the electrification of the transportation sector. It is striking that a book from 19723 was spot on with the major areas of importance! Electrochemistry undoubtedly also will contribute to a sustainable world in many ways not covered in this issue. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F05203IF.

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Kenis

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References About the Editor Paul J. A. Kenis is a professor and the head of the Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), where he holds the Elio E. Tarika endowed chair. He is also an investigator of the International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER) between Kyushu University in Japan and UIUC. He received a BS degree in chemistry from Nijmegen Radboud University and a PhD degree in chemical engineering at the University of Twente, both in the Netherlands. He was a postdoc at Harvard University until 2000, when he started his independent career at Illinois. His research interests include microchemical systems with a range of applications, including fuel cells, CO2 electrolysis, protein/pharmaceutical crystallization, and cell biology studies. His recent efforts on CO2 electroreduction pursue suitable catalysts, electrodes, and electrolyzer designs, determining suitable operation conditions, and performing techno-economic and life-cycle analyses to guide the development of systems that can be applied at scale. He is an ECS fellow and the current secretary/treasurer of the Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering (IE&EE) Division. He may be reached at kenis@illinois.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-0381

1. See for example, “The Earth Around Us: Maintaining a Livable Planet,” J. S. Schneiderman, Editor, W. H. Freeman & Co, New York (2000). 2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers. https:// www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_ FINAL_SPM.pdf 3. “Electrochemistry of Cleaner Environments,” J. O’ M. Bockris, Editor, Plenum Press, New York, NY (1972). 4. “Gaseous Carbon Waste Stream Utilization: Status and Research Needs,” The National Academies Press, Washington, DC (2019). doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/2523 5. “Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda,” The National Academies Press, Washington, DC (2019). 6. S. Verma, S. Lu, and P. J. A Kenis, Nat. Energy, 4, 466 (2019). 7. Center for Climate and Energy Solution: https://www.c2es.org/ content/renewable-energy/ (accessed July 2020)

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Electro-organic Syntheses for Green Chemical Manufacturing by Elizabeth J. Biddinger and Miguel A. Modestino

Decarbonization of Chemical Manufacturing

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Waste Minimization

Elim in Haz ation o ard f Rea ous gen ts

Electro-Organic Synthesis

f on o izati n o rb l Deca hemica ng C ri u t c a uf Man

f e o sil Us -Fos ks n oc No edst Fe

The chemical industry outputs >70,000 products that impact >96% of all manufactured goods. This industry supports 25% of the U.S. GDP directly and indirectly and is responsible for ~5 and ~10% of the US and global primary energy consumption, respectively. Thermochemical processes in this industry account for >93% of the energy utilization, >86% in the form of fossil fuel derived heat, leading to 5.5% and 7% of the global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions, respectively.3-5 Decarbonization of this industry through renewable-energy-powered electrochemical manufacturing would represent a major step towards mitigating global warming. The largest opportunity in this industrial transformation lies in electroorganic synthesis processes, which could result in sustainability improvements for the production of a large number of industrial chemicals, across the commodity organic, specialty, and fine chemicals sectors. While decarbonizing the thousands of organic processes in this industry is a colossal challenge, electrification of a small subset of the top 18 commodity chemicals would transform >80% of the energy utilization and avoid the emission of >75% of the GHG emissions of the whole industry5 (Fig. 2(a)). The development of electro-organic manufacturing for some of these products would have a major impact in the wide-spread deployment of electrochemical processes across the industry. Table 1 presents some example opportunities where electrification through electrosynthesis can have a large impact in CO2 emission reduction. Notably, the electrochemical production of petrochemical feedstocks, such as olefin (e.g., ethylene, propylene) and aromatic (e.g., benzene) compounds from saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, ethane, propane) could have the largest sustainability impact. Recent high-temperature electrolysis examples of these reactions can serve as a starting point to the development of these processes at scale.6, 7 Further downstream electrochemical functionalization of these feedstocks via selective redox processes can lead to higher value products produced via green and sustainable routes. For example, the selective electrocatalytic oxygenation of ethylene or propylene leading to epoxides,8, 9 or the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane,10 can impact large volume

Waste Minimization

The E(nvironmental)-factor, introduced in 1992, was one of the first metrics developed for the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries to recognize that the yield of a desired product was not the only important measure of a chemical process; the waste that was generated in the process has a significant environmental impact.11 The E-factor is calculated as the ratio between the mass of waste generated to the mass of product formed and has led to the reevaluation of many processes in the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Typically, as the complexity of the synthesis of the chemical product and the value of the product goes up, so does the E-factor. For example, the common E-factors for the major chemical sectors are the following: oil refining <0.1 kg waste/kg product, bulk chemicals <1-5 kg waste/kg product, fine chemicals 5-50 kg waste/kg product, and pharmaceuticals 25 - >100 kg waste/kg product.11 The use of stoichiometric reagents and non-recyclable solvents drive the E-factors up significantly. While replacing many reactions that use

On Ch Dem an em a uf ic nd ac al tu rin g

Green Chemistry Advantages of Electro-Organic Syntheses

processes and allow for the integration of renewable electricity as a primary source of energy into chemical manufacturing. Figure 2(b) shows an example network of reactions in commodity chemical manufacturing that could be electrified through electrosynthesis. Most of these reactions are oxidative in nature and if performed electrochemically could be coupled with the reduction of protons (or water) to potentially produce H2. These paired electrolysis approaches for the production of bulk organic chemicals would result in the production of large amounts of emissions-free H2, which could support other processes in the industry. For example, the H2 production rates from a few electro-organic processes could exceed the needs of ammonia synthesis (Figure 2(c)), which source their hydrogen from steam methane reforming leading to stoichiometric amounts of CO2 emissions.5

hile large-scale electrochemical manufacturing is currently practiced in processes such as chloroalkali production or aluminum refining,1, 2 significant opportunities exist to implement electrosynthesis routes more broadly for the sustainable production of organic chemicals. Electro-organic syntheses offer an alternative to traditional thermochemical approaches to organic syntheses. In electro-organic syntheses, electrons are used as “green” reactants/ products in reduction and oxidation reactions, enabling the utilization of renewable electricity to decarbonize the chemical manufacturing industry. Additionally, environmental advantages of electro-organic syntheses such as minimizing waste generation, utilizing non-fossil feedstocks, and on-demand chemical manufacturing are also large drivers for sustainability in chemical processes across multiple sectors. In this article, we discuss the potential advantages of electroorganic syntheses for green chemical manufacturing (highlighted in Fig. 1), and we provide a perspective on the research and development (R&D) needs to implement electrosynthesis processes at scale.

Fig. 1. Green chemistry advantages of electro-organic synthesis.

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Biddinger and Modestino

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stoichiometric reagents with catalytic reactions has been a significant step forward, many of the homogeneous catalysts implemented are only used once in the process, resulting in significant downstream waste generation. Electrochemical syntheses can be used as a replacement to stoichiometric reagents as well. In this case, the electron replaces the reducing agent as a reactant or the oxidizing agent as a product, eliminating a significant waste stream. For example, the industrial synthesis of DL-homocysteine, an intermediate for the drug Citiolone, from DL-homocystine was switched from a conventional homogeneous method that used zinc and acid as the stoichiometric reducing agents to an electrochemical method.12 In the conventional method, undesired hydrogen gas was evolved, and more than 2 tons of zinc salt waste were formed per ton of reactant processed. In the electrochemical process, both the zinc salt and hydrogen gas were eliminated as emissions. The electrochemical process was successfully implemented at a scale of 30 tons/year and operates at a conversion of 95%.12

Elimination of Hazardous Reactants or Intermediates

While reducing waste generated in a process lowers the E-factor, the E-factor does not distinguish the wastes generated in terms of environmental or safety risks associated with the use of harsh reactants or intermediates. The use of these reactants can be eliminated through the in-situ generation of reactive intermediates via electro-organic syntheses.13 For example, through the use of

160

(a)

GHG Emissions (MtCO2-eq)

140 120 Methanol

100 Propylene Oxide

80 60

Ethylene

Ethylene Reactions

CH3

- 2e-

H3C

- 2e-

100,000

H2C

Benzene Propylene Ethylene Oxide

N N

O H3C H2C OH

Benzene Reactions

Large Volume Organic Oxidations

CH3 x do

CH3

-re

n no

Consumption

Production Potential

H2 Volume (kt)

5,000

CH3

e- 6 H3 N - 2e-

-2

150,000

25,000

10,000

+ 2e-

35,000

15,000

H2C

CH3 50,000

H3C

non-redox

CH2

(b)

Propylene Reactions

Propylene

BTX

non-redox

- 2e H2C

Production Volume (kt)

20,000

CO2 + 12 e-

H3C

30,000

Using Non-Fossil Feedstocks

The ability to tune reactions using potential as a driving force and the modular nature of electrochemical reactions also lend themselves well to the utilization of non-fossil distributed feedstocks. Carbon dioxide is probably the most researched of non-fossil feedstocks for the production of chemicals electrochemically. CO2 is a notoriously stable compound and requires significantly high temperatures and pressures to reduce it using thermochemical methods. Electrochemically, CO2 can be readily reduced at atmospheric temperatures and pressures. CO2 to carbon monoxide has been demonstrated at scale, and is on a path towards commercialization using electrochemical reactors14-16 as a means of obtaining a renewable syn gas component. At ambient to near ambient conditions, a variety of products can be formed through the electroreduction of CO2, including carbon monoxide, formic acid, methane, ethylene, and ethanol, depending upon the catalyst and

Ethylene Oxide

TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidin-1-oxo,R2N-O-/R2N=O+) – mediated electrochemical reactions, toxic chromium VI compounds can be eliminated from oxidation reactions.13 The selectivity of the reaction can be controlled through tuning the length of the R-groups in TEMPO and the potential that the reaction is operated at. In mediated electrochemical reactions, the electron is transferred between the electrode and the mediator compound and then the mediator acts as an activated homogeneous catalyst with the reactant before being regenerated at the electrode. This also means that only a catalytic, rather than a stoichiometric, quantity of the mediator is required in the reaction, reducing the quantity of chemicals required for a reaction to proceed.

CH4

+ 6e-

- 18e-

H3C CH3

n-r edo x

+ 6e+

Ammonia

-4

NH2

Fig. 2. (a) Global production volumes and greenhouse gas emissions from large commodity organic chemicals. (b) Network of reactions involving ethylene, propylene, and benzene, including possible redox and non-redox reactions. (c) Possible hydrogen production volumes from paired electrolysis involving electroorganic oxidations and proton reduction at a global scale. The hydrogen production level obtained from the production of six major chemical products would exceeds the needs for ammonia synthesis. Values calculated based on information from Ref. 5. 44

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

Table 1. Current typical production methods and possible electro-organic routes for the production of example commodity organic chemicals.

Chemical Product

Current Typical Production Method

Possible Electro-organic Reactions

Ethylene

Steam cracking of ethane

C2H6 r C2H4 + 2H+ + 2eor 2CO2 + 12H+ +12e-r C2H4 +4H2O

Propylene

Steam cracking of propane

C3H8 r C3H6 + 2H+ + 2e-

Benzene

Catalytic reforming of naphtha

6CH4 r C6H6 + 18H+ + 18e-

Ethylene Oxide

Direct oxidation of ethylene

C2H4 + H2O r C2H4O + 2H+ + 2e-

Propylene Oxide

Cl2 mediated oxidation of propylene

C3H6 + H2O r C3H6O + 2H+ + 2e-

Methanol

Syngas Conversion

CH4 + H2O r CH3OH + 2H+ + 2eor 2CO2 + 6H+ + 6e-r CH3OH + H2O

reaction conditions.16, 17 When renewable electricity is utilized in the reactions, the products carbon monoxide, formic acid, ethylene, and ethanol can all be synthesized with negative net CO2 emissions when high energy conversion efficiencies are obtained.18 The modular nature of electrochemical systems also is amenable for use in the upgrading of biomass-derived species. To maintain economic and environmental value, biorefineries will be distributed, small facilities located within only a few miles of the source of the raw biomass (to reduce costs and CO2 emissions from transportation). Many products from the biorefinery (beyond ethanol) obtained through fermentation or pyrolysis, require additional upgrading to improve stability and add value. Biomass upgrading depots (BUDs)19, 20 have been proposed as skid- or multi-skid-sized facilities co-located with the biorefinery to upgrade the initial products. These facilities will not have the universal feedstocks that are regularly available at the petrochemical facilities (e.g., high-pressure hydrogen), will likely operate more intermittently than traditional chemical plants, and will be much smaller than the oil and gas refinery. Electrochemical hydrogenation units have been proposed as an alternative to having high pressure, high temperature catalytic hydrogenation units at the BUDs and when paired with solar energy exhibit favorable energy, mass, and carbon efficiencies.20 Biomassderived species, such as phenolic compounds,21, 22 furanics,23, 24 other aldehydes25 and pyrolysis product mixtures,21, 26 for example, are particularly amenable to electrochemical hydrogenation. There are

also opportunities to perform electro-oxidation reactions on biomass feedstocks, including lignin27 and furanics,24, 28 or for processing of the aqueous waste stream obtained during pyrolysis of biomass.29 The electrochemical oxidation reactions could be paired with the electrochemical hydrogenation reactions to double the electron efficiency, lower the cell voltage compared to using oxygen evolution as the anodic reaction and minimize capital costs.13, 28, 30

On-Demand Chemical Manufacturing

The modular nature of electrochemical systems and ambient operating conditions can allow for the production of chemicals ondemand in a distributed fashion. This can reduce emissions and safety risks from transporting feedstocks or products long distances and from storage in large quantities. On-demand ammonia for fertilizer is one such case that could be possible. While the electroreduction of nitrogen into ammonia currently struggles with very low Faradaic efficiencies,31 an additional outcome beyond decarbonization is that ammonia could be synthesized on-demand for the production of fertilizers. This reduces the need to store and ship large quantities of hazardous ammonia, lowers the carbon footprint of transportation, and provides access of valuable fertilizer to regions of the world where distribution channels for ammonia are not readily available. Similar opportunities exist to install electro-organic syntheses for ondemand delivery of many other chemicals. (continued on next page)

+ +

Electro-Organic Chemical Production

Fig. 3. Comparison of advantages and disadvantages for traditional and electro-organic chemical production. The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2020 â&#x20AC;˘ www.electrochem.org

Biddinger and Modestino

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Pathways to Green Electro-organic Manufacturing Achieving wide-scale implementation of electro-organic syntheses in chemical manufacturing would require the development of stable, scalable and cost-effective processes that operate at high production rates (i.e., current densities), high selectivity and highenergy conversion efficiency. Meeting these performance metrics in electro-organic processes is particularly challenging as most reactions are limited by the low solubility of organic reactants in inexpensive aqueous electrolytes and the presence of multiple reaction pathways that lead to undesired by-products and lowers the reaction selectivity.32 In addition to these fundamental challenges, the scale-up and implementation of these processes for bulk-chemical production is hindered by significant barriers due to a lack of standard and easily accessible electrochemical manufacturing equipment, an issue further compounded with the limited expertise on electrochemical manufacturing methods in most industrial settings. Electrochemical engineering strategies can enable pathways to achieve practical processes that are highly selective and efficient at production scales. Electrocatalyst design approaches can aid in lowering the overpotential of reactions, enhancing their energy conversion efficiency, and can promote selective bond formation or cleavage events to enhance their selectivity. Electrocatalytic approaches have been demonstrated to assist in the selective hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons,10 oxygenates,33 nitriles,34 or nitro35 compounds. Electrocatalysis can also play a key role in oxidative reactions such as the epoxidation of olefins,8, 9 the activation of C-H bonds in hydrocarbons,6, 7 or the selective oxidation of oxygenates.36 Additionally, electrochemical reaction engineering approaches can enhance the performance of reactors by mitigating mass transport challenges associated with the low solubility of organic reactants. These approaches include formulating electrolytes with enhanced solubility for organic reactants (e.g., addition of surfactants,37 co-solvents,34 controlling the pH,23 use of novel solvents like ionic liquids38), or controlling the electrolyte environment in the electrochemical double layer (EDL) or the near-electrode region to facilitate desired reactions and suppress the production of byproducts (e.g., implementing supporting electrolytes that passivate the electrode surface and prevent undesired species from participating in electrochemical reactions37). Process intensification strategies can also improve the economic viability of electro-organic processes. The mesoscale structure of electrodes plays a key role on the performance of electrochemical devices, and can help to increase the active surface area of the electrocatalysts and the achievable current densities. Electrode nanostructuring strategies have already led to high current density devices in many other electrochemical technologies, including water39 and CO2 electrolyzers,40, 41 and would certainly play a role in electro-organic synthesis at scale. Membraneseparated reactors will also be important in the future implementation of organic electrosynthesis processes, as they can lead to significant enhancements in energy conversion efficiency and reductions in manufacturing costs. In these reactors, the cathodic and anodic compartments are separated by ion-conducting membranes that enable the simultaneous but physically separated co-production of valuable oxidation and reduction products. Membranes also allow for the independent optimization of cathodic and anodic reaction conditions and can reduce the inter-electrode distance to minimize ohmic losses – especially in zero-gap reactors where membrane-electrode assemblies are implemented. Membrane-separated electrolysis approaches are already implemented in large-scale electrochemical processes (e.g., chloro-alkali, water electrolysis), but are much less developed for electro-organic reactions where the organic reactants and products can significantly lower the conductivity and stability of membranes.42 Learnings from existing large-scale organic electrosynthesis processes, such as adiponitrile (ADN) production (the largest electro-organic synthesis process implemented in industry43-45), can 46

help accelerate the deployment of new promising electro-organic reactions in industry. This process is based on the cathodic electrohydromerization of acrylonitrile (AN) to ADN in an undivided electrochemical cell.43, 46 The cell uses a two-phase liquid electrolyte composed of an aqueous ion-conducting phase and an organic rich phase containing the reactants and products. The aqueous electrolyte implements a combination of a phosphate buffer, which controls the pH and provides supporting ions to lower the ohmic resistance of the cell, tetra alkyl ammonium salts that enhance the solubility of the organic reactants and controls the environment near the EDL to promote high-selectivity towards ADN production, and a chelating agent to prevent the electrodeposition of undesired metal cations in the cathode.37 Cadmium or lead are commonly used as cathodes given their high overpotential for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which helps minimize this parasitic cathodic reaction. Given the low solubility of AN in the aqueous electrolyte, the electro-organic reaction rates are mass transport limited, which is usually mitigated by increasing convection transport rates (e.g., by introducing turbulence promoters), or as recently proposed by dynamically modulating the electrode potential.47 Similar electrochemical cell design, electrolyte formulation, and transport control strategies are translatable to other emerging electro-organic synthesis processes.48 Ultimately, for electro-organic syntheses to be implemented industrially, it will need to outcompete traditional thermochemical production methods at scale. The promising technical, economical, and/or environmental advantages highlighted in this article (and summarized in Fig. 3) have led to an increased interest towards organic electrosyntheses in recent years, but realizing significant environmental and economic gains will require large R&D and workforce development efforts aimed at bringing technological advances from the lab to manufacturing scale. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F06203IF.

About the Authors Elizabeth J. Biddinger is an associate professor in chemical engineering at The City College of New York, CUNY, where she has been on the faculty since 2012. Her research encompasses the broad areas of green chemistry and energy, specifically using electrochemical reaction engineering, electrocatalysis, and novel electrolytes, such as ionic liquids. Prof. Biddinger is the recipient of the 2018 U.S. Department of Energy Early Career Award to study electroreduction of biomass-derived chemicals and fuels; the 2016 ECS-Toyota Young Investigator Award for work in reversible ionic liquids as battery safety switches; and the 2014 CUNY Junior Faculty in Research Award in Science and Engineering sponsored by the Sloan Foundation for work in CO2 electroreduction. Prior to joining CCNY, Prof. Biddinger was a post-doctoral fellow at Georgia Institute of Technology. She obtained her PhD in 2010 from The Ohio State University and her BS in 2005 from Ohio University, both in chemical engineering. She may be reached at ebiddinger@ccny.cuny.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-1108 Miguel A. Modestino is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering of New York University (NYU). Prof. Modestino obtained his BS in chemical engineering (2007) and MS in chemical engineering practice (2008) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley (2013). From 2013-2016, he was a post-doctoral fellow at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland where he served as project manager for the Solar Hydrogen Integrated Nano-electrolysis (SHINE) project. He is a winner of the 2016 Global Change Award from the H&M Foundation; the 2017 MIT Technology Review Innovators Under 35 Latin America Award; a 2018 ACS Petroleum Research Fund The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

Doctoral New Investigator Award; a NSF CAREER Award (2019); and the 2020 MIT Technology Review Innovators Under 35 Global Award. His research group at NYU focuses on the development of advanced electrochemical technologies for the incorporation of renewable energy into chemical manufacturing. He is also co-founder of Sunthetics Inc., a startup developing sustainable electrosynthesis processes for chemical manufacturing. He may be reached at modestino@nyu.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2100-7335

References 1. M. P. Grotheer, in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, p. 618, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2000). 2. D. Pletcher and F. C. Walsh, Industrial Electrochemistry, Blackie Academic & Professional, London (1993). 3. S. Brueske, C. Kramer, and A. Fisher. Bandwidth Study on Energy Use and Potential Energy Saving Opportunities in U.S. Chemical Manufacturing. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office, Advanced Manufacturing Office. June 2015. https://www.energy.gov/ sites/prod/files/2015/08/f26/chemical_bandwidth_report.pdf (Accessed 07/08/2020). 4. American Chemistry Council. 2019 Guide to the Business of Chemistry. https://www.americanchemistry.com/GBC2019.pdf (Accessed 07/08/2020). 5. International Energy Agency. Technology Roadmap: Energy and GHG Reductions in the Chemical Industry via Catalytic Processes.Technology Report, June 2013. https://www.iea. org/reports/technology-roadmap-energy-and-ghg-reductionsin-the-chemical-industry-via-catalytic-processes (Accessed 07/08/2020). 6. X. Zhang, L. Ye, H. Li, F. Chen, and K. Xie, ACS Catal., 10, 3505 (2020). 7. S. H. Morejudo, R. Zanón, S. Escolástico, I. Yuste-Tirados, H. Malerød-Fjeld, P. K. Vestre, W. G. Coors, A. Martínez, T. Norby, J. M. Serra, and C. Kjølseth, Science, 353, 563 (2016). 8. W. R. Leow, Y. Lum, A. Ozden, Y. Wang, D.-H. Nam, B. Chen, J. Wicks, T.-T. Zhuang, F. Li, D. Sinton, and E. H. Sargent, Science, 368, 1228 (2020). 9. K. Jin, J. H. Maalouf, N. Lazouski, N. Corbin, D. Yang, and K. Manthiram, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 141, 6413 (2019). 10. N. Itoh, W. C. Xu, S. Hara, and K. Sakaki, Catalysis Today, 56, 307 (2000). 11. R. A. Sheldon, Green Chem., 19, 18 (2017). 12. G. Sanchez-Cano, V. Montiel, V. Garcia, and A. Aldaz, in Electrochemical Engineering and Energy, F. Lapicque, A. Storck and A. A. Wragg, Editors, p. 151, Plenum Press, New York (1995). 13. B. A. Frontana-Uribe, R. D. Little, J. G. Ibanez, A. Palma, and R. Vasquez-Medrano, Green Chem., 12, 2099 (2010). 14. Haldor Topsoe, https://www.topsoe.com/processes/carbonmonoxide (Accessed 06/14/2020). 15. S. W. Sheehan, E. R. Cave, K. P. Kuhl, N. Flanders, A. L. Smeigh, and D. T. Co, Chem, 3, 3 (2017). 16. C. Chen, J. F. Khosrowabadi Kotyk, and S. W. Sheehan, Chem, 4, 2571 (2018). 17. Y. Hori, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, C. G. Vayenas, R. E. White and M. E. Gamboa-Aldeco Editors, p. 89, Springer, New York (2008). 18. P. De Luna, C. Hahn, D. Higgins, S. A. Jaffer, T. F. Jaramillo, and E. H. Sargent, Science, 364, 350 (2019).

19. P. L. Eranki, B. D. Bals, and B. E. Dale, Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefin., 5, 621 (2011). 20. C. H. Lam, S. Das, N. C. Erickson, C. D. Hyzer, M. Garedew, J. E. Anderson, T. J. Wallington, M. A. Tamor, J. E. Jackson, and C. M. Saffron, Sustain. Energy Fuels, 1, 258 (2017). 21. M. Garedew, D. Young-Farhat, J. E. Jackson, and C. M. Saffron, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 7, 8375 (2019). 22. Y. Song, O. Y. Gutiérrez, J. Herranz, and J. A. Lercher, Appl. Catal. B-Environ., 182, 236 (2016). 23. A. S. May and E. J. Biddinger, ACS Catal., 10, 3212 (2020). 24. Y. Kwon, K. J. P. Schouten, J. C. van der Waal, E. de Jong, and M. T. M. Koper, ACS Catal., 6, 6704 (2016). 25. U. Sanyal, J. Lopez-Ruiz, A. B. Padmaperuma, J. Holladay, and O. Y. Gutiérrez, Org. Process Res. Dev., 22, 1590 (2018). 26. L. A. Diaz, T. E. Lister, C. Rae, and N. D. Wood, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 6, 8458 (2018). 27. O. Movil-Cabrera, A. Rodriguez-Silva, C. Arroyo-Torres, and J. A. Staser, Biomass Bioenergy, 88, 89 (2016). 28. B. You, X. Liu, N. Jiang, and Y. Sun, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 138, 13639 (2016). 29. J. R. O. Silva, D. S. Santos, U. R. Santos, K. I. B. Eguiluz, G. R. Salazar-Banda, J. K. Schneider, L. C. Krause, J. A. López, and M. L. Hernández-Macedo, Chemosphere, 185, 145 (2017). 30. X. H. Chadderdon, D. J. Chadderdon, T. Pfennig, B. H. Shanks, and W. Li, Green Chem., 21, 6210 (2019). 31. B. H. R. Suryanto, H.-L. Du, D. Wang, J. Chen, A. N. Simonov, and D. R. MacFarlane, Nat. Catal., 2, 290 (2019). 32. D. E. Blanco and M. A. Modestino, Trends in Chemistry, 1, 8 (2019). 33. M. Simoes, S. Baranton, and C. Coutanceau, ChemSusChem, 5, 2106 (2012). 34. D. E. Blanco, A. Z. Dookhith, and M. A. Modestino, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., (2020). 35. J. C. Smeltzer and P. S. Fedkiw, J. Electrochem. Soc., 139, 1358 (1992). 36. C. Coutanceau, S. Baranton, and R. S. B. Kouamé, Front. Chem., 7 (2019). 37. D. E. Blanco, A. Z. Dookhith, and M. A. Modestino, React. Chem. Eng., 4, 8 (2019). 38. M. Kathiresan and D. Velayutham, Chem. Commun., 51, 17499 (2015). 39. M. Carmo, D. L. Fritz, J. Mergel, and D. Stolten, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 38, 4901 (2013). 40. T. T. H. Hoang, S. Verma, S. Ma, T. T. Fister, J. Timoshenko, A. I. Frenkel, P. J. A. Kenis, and A. A. Gewirth, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 140, 5791 (2018). 41. F. P. García de Arquer, C.-T. Dinh, A. Ozden, J. Wicks, C. McCallum, A. R. Kirmani, D.-H. Nam, C. Gabardo, A. Seifitokaldani, X. Wang, Y. C. Li, F. Li, J. Edwards, L. J. Richter, S. J. Thorpe, D. Sinton, and E. H. Sargent, Science, 367, 661 (2020). 42. D. E. Blanco, P. A. Prasad, K. Dunningan, and M. A. Modestino, React. Chem. Eng., 5, 136 (2020). 43. D. E. Danly, J. Electrochem. Soc., 131, 435C (1984). 44. M. M. Baizer, J. Electrochem. Soc., 111, 215 (1964). 45. G. G. Botte, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 23, 49 (2014). 46. H. Lund and M. M. Baizer, Editors, Organic Electrochemistry, Marcel Dekker, New York (1991). 47. D. E. Blanco, B. Lee, and M. A. Modestino, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 116, 17683 (2019). 48. M. C. Leech, A. D. Garcia, A. Petti, A. P. Dobbs, and K. Lam, React. Chem. Eng., 5, 977 (2020).

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Publish with us THE MOST TRUSTED RESOURCES IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY The Electrochemical Society Book Series provides authoritative, detailed accounts on specific topics in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology. These titles are sponsored by ECS and published in cooperation with Wiley. Through our partnership with Wiley, ECS’s books program is able to: Provide you with a world-class support network of publishing professionals to help you develop and publish your best work Ensure that your work reaches the widest possible audience, through ECS’s network of over 8,000 members worldwide, coupled with Wiley’s more than 200 years of expertise in delivering high-quality content to global markets From the moment your book is brought on board to long after it hits shelves, we’re with you every step of the way to ensure you feel supported, nurtured, and heard as an author.

UHLIG’S CORROSION HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION Edited by

General corrosion

R . WINSTON REVIE

Intergranular corrosion

Pitting

Stress corrosion cracking Transgranular

Fatigue

Intergranular

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Sustainable Green Processes Enabled by Pulse Electrolytic Principles by Timothy D. Hall, Maria E. Inman, and E. Jennings Taylor

lectrochemical and solid state science, engineering, and technology have an important role to play in society’s sustainable future. Early discussions of the potential environmental contributions by academic, government, and industrial electrochemists were presented in Electrochemistry of Cleaner Environments (1972),1 Electrochemistry for a Cleaner Environment (1992),2 and Environmental Aspects of Electrochemical Technology (2000).3 Some important electrochemical technologies include batteries and fuel cells for mobile (electric vehicle) power and stationary energy storage (wind, solar), conversion and capture of greenhouse (carbon dioxide) gases, contaminate destruction (PFAS), and electrochemical recycling of electronics in support of a circular economy among others. Additionally, many have noted that electrochemical processes are inherently environmentally friendly as “electrons are green.” While we agree with this notion, we also note that many electrochemical processes based on direct current (DC) electrolysis, such as electrodeposition (plating) and surface finishing (electropolishing and electrochemical machining), use environmental and worker “unfriendly” electrolytes. By altering the electrochemical paradigm from one based on DC electrolysis to one based on pulse/pulse reverse current (P/PRC) electrolytic principles, simpler electrolytes with favorable manufacturing/ worker and environmental impacts may be accrued.4 After a brief introduction to the author’s perspective, we present examples of sustainable technologies enabled by P/PRC electrolysis: 1) green electrodeposition of chromium for functional applications, 2) worker friendly electropolishing of niobium for particle accelerator applications, and 3) zero-discharge electrochemical machining of cannon barrels.

Perspective and Introduction to Pulse/ Pulse Reverse Current Electrolysis The authors’ perspective is generally based on their experiences at an electrochemical research, development, and engineering company, Faraday Technology, Inc. Faraday was founded in 1991 to invent, develop, and commercialize novel electrochemical technologies based on pulse/pulse reverse current electrolytic principles. Faraday often leverages federally funded Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) grants/ contracts to demonstrate novel electrochemical technologies based on P/PRC. Once the technologies are patented, they are adapted to client specific needs with client funds and ultimately licensed to the client.5 The concept of pulse reverse current electrolysis is not new and was first reported in the early part of the nineteenth century for electrolysis/recovery of metals from alloys.6 The main principles of pulse current and pulse reverse current plating, presented in 1986 in the classic compendium, Theory and Practice of Pulse Plating, are still relevant today.7 A more recent review of pulse current plating is also available.8 A generalized P/PRC waveform may consist of a cathodic or anodic pulse followed by an off-time, followed by an anodic or cathodic pulse followed by a second off-time. The cathodic peak current density (icathodic), cathodic on-time (tcathodic), cathodic off-time (toff,cathodic), anodic peak current density (ianodic), anodic on-time (tanodic), and anodic off-time (toff,anodic) are additional variables for process control compared to DC electrolysis. Additionally, P/PRC waveforms may 1) be net cathodic for plating or net anodic for surface finishing,

2) eliminate one or both off-times, or 3) consist of only cathodic or anodic pulses. The sum of the cathodic on-time, anodic on-time, and off-time(s) is the period (T) of the pulse and the inverse of the period is the frequency (f) of the pulse:

T = (tcathodic) + (toff,cathodic) + (tanodic) + (toff,anodic)

f = (1/T)

(1) (2)

The cathodic duty cycle (γcathodic) is the ratio of the cathodic ontime to the pulse period, and the anodic duty cycle (γanodic) is the ratio of the anodic on-time to the pulse period. The average current density (iaverage) is given by:

iaverage = (ianodic )(γanodic) - (icathodic)(γcathodic )

(3)

Even though P/PRC waveforms may contain off-times and reverse (anodic or cathodic) periods, the electrochemical process rate is typically the same or higher than the corresponding DC process due to enhanced mass transport effects.9 Current distribution and grain size are also strongly influenced by the P/PRC waveform parameters.10,11 In spite of numerous theoretical and experimental studies characterizing pulse current processes, generally directed towards plating, most of the studies used the existing electrolytes containing harsh chemicals and/or chemical additions optimized for the corresponding direct current (DC) process. In pursing novel applications of P/PRC electrolytic processes, we considered two questions: 1. Why should one expect that electrolytes containing harsh chemicals and/or chemical additions optimized for the corresponding DC process be optimum for a P/PRC process? 2. More importantly, can P/PRC enable simpler electrolytes without harsh chemicals and/or chemical additions and thereby lead to an environmentally and more robust process? Consequently, when investigating novel P/PRC electrochemical processes, we focus on simple electrolytes devoid of harsh chemicals and/or chemical additions, i.e., “Breaking the Chemical Paradigm in Electrochemical Engineering.”12

Green Electrodeposition of Chromium for Functional Applications Chrome coatings plated from a hexavalent chromium electrolyte are widely used in both military and commercial markets due to their functional properties, such as hardness, sliding wear, and abrasion resistance.13 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of Defense (DoD), most states, and the European Union have recognized the need to minimize and preferably eliminate the use of hexavalent chromium plating due to adverse effects from worker exposure and discharge to the environmental. Specifically, the EPA lists hexavalent chromium as a “hazardous air pollutant” because it is a human carcinogen, a “priority pollutant” under the Clean Water Act (enacted 1972), and a “hazardous constituent” under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (enacted 1976). In addition, the Secretary of Defense referred to the need to minimize/eliminate the use of hexavalent chromium and to aggressively mitigate the unique risks to DoD operations posed by hexavalent chromium use.14 Alternative technologies, such as High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF), have undergone extensive evaluation by the DoD as a replacement for

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(continued on next page) 49

(continued from previous page)

hexavalent chromium plating.15 The HVOF process produces high velocity molten particles resulting in a dense coating layer. However, HVOF is a line-of-sight method and is not applicable to components with internal diameters. Consequently, hexavalent chromium plating, which is applicable to internal diameters, is still conducted at DoD and commercial facilities for functional applications. Plating from trivalent chromium plating baths has been commonly practiced for decorative coating applications, such as car bumpers, plumbing fixtures, hubcaps, and the like. Trivalent chromium is found naturally in the environment and is not a known carcinogen. Furthermore, trivalent chromium is not listed as a chemical of concern by the EPA and is not on the European Union’s Registration, Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances (REACH) list. For decorative applications, the plated chrome coating is thin, typically <10 µm. In contrast, functional chrome must be thick (~100 µm) in order to provide the desired functional properties, such as wear resistance.16 Previously, plating from trivalent chromium electrolytes was found to be self-limiting and thick coatings were not possible. Consequently, trivalent chrome plating was not pursued for the development of an alternative to hexavalent chromium plating for functional applications. Chromium plating from a trivalent chromium electrolyte generally has a <20% faradaic efficiency (Eq. 4) with >80% (Eq. 5) of the current resulting in hydrogen evolution:

Cr+3 + 3e- g Cr0

(4)

2H+ + 2e- g H2↑

(5)

We speculated that the self-limiting nature of trivalent chrome plating was related to the increasing pH at the interface due to the hydrogen evolution reaction (Eq. 5). In order to electrodeposit thick chromium coatings from trivalent chromium electrolytes, we hypothesized that by using an appropriately designed pulse reverse waveform, the pH excursion at the interface could be avoided. Specifically, during the anodic reverse pulse nascent hydrogen oxidation (Eq. 6) or oxygen evolution (Eq. 7) would occur:

H2 g 2H+ + 2e

(6)

H2O g ½O2↑ + 2H+ + 2e-

(7)

development activities are supported by the U.S. Army and are directed toward extensive material testing at Faraday and other locations. A summary of some of the properties of the trivalent chrome coating are presented in Table I. The remaining challenges include developing a plating bath maintenance protocol in collaboration with our chemical formulator (Coventya, Inc.) and demonstrating an equivalent microstructure. Regarding the microstructure, chromium plating from a hexavalent electrolyte exhibits discontinuous microcracks. In contrast, chromium plating from a trivalent electrolyte exhibits continuous throughcracks. While the properties of the trivalent plated chromium do not appear to be adversely impacted by the continuous through-cracks, the different visual appearance presents cause for concern, particularly for aerospace applications. The discontinuous microcracks in hexavalent-plated chromium have long been associated with internal stress.23 We assumed that the continuous through-cracks observed in trivalent chromium deposits was also related to internal stress. We collaborated with Prof. S. Brankovic and PhD candidate Kamyar Ahmadi at the University of Houston (UH) to understand the stress buildup during plating and translate that knowledge to a practical solution for trivalent chromium electrodeposition. Using a cantilevered laser apparatus, UH studied the build-up of stress during the initial plating of chromium from hexavalent and trivalent electrolytes, respectively. For the hexavalent electrolyte, a large tensile stress appears as the first few microns of chrome are deposited. As the electrodeposition continues, stress-relieving cracks occur resulting in discontinuous microcracks. In contrast, trivalent chromium electrodeposition exhibits a large compressive stress. The stress relieving cracks occur after plating resulting in continuous through-cracks. By conducting pulse current experiments during trivalent chromium electrodeposition, UH researchers demonstrated that stress-relieving cracks would form during plating for pulse off-times ~5 to 7X longer than the pulse on-times.24 Based on the knowledge gained from the UH activity, we have produced chromium coatings from trivalent electrolyte with improved wear resistance and reduced the number and volume of cracks. Further optimization efforts are underway for the most demanding functional chrome coating applications. We are currently optimizing the pulse reverse waveform parameters to relieve the stress during electrodeposition to form discontinuous microcracks. The process is being commercialized through our licensee Coventya. In summary, we have shown that with the use of pulse reverse current electrodeposition one can deposit functional chromium coatings using a much more benign trivalent chromium electrolyte compared to the traditional hexavalent chromium plating electrolyte.

In either case, the interface would be re-acidified and chromium electrodeposition could continue as illustrated in Fig. 1. Some earlier work by researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) reported a trivalent chromium plating process based on direct currents or cathodic pulse currents (no reverse).17,18 As we understand, the NIST Anodic Pulse “Tuned” to process required a high temperature remove adverse H2 effects: (~800°C) post-plating heat treatment to obtain the desired hardness and has not H2 = 2H+ + 2ebeen commercialized. With funding from several EPA H2O = 1/2O2↑ + 2H+ + 2eSBIR programs, as well as the National Center for Manufacturing Science (NCMS), we demonstrated the ability to electrodeposit thick chromium coatings from a trivalent chromium electrolyte Interfacial pH Thick coatings using the pulse reverse current (PRC) approach.19 For some electrolytes, the plating rate and current efficiency Cathodic Pulse “Tuned” to: was considerably higher than that for hexavalent chromium plating. Similar o promote nucleation to hexavalent and other plating systems, the pulse reverse trivalent chromium o enhance mass transfer plating process is amenable to internal 20 diameters. The technology is the subject of a recently issued patent21 and the Grain size  properties basis for the 2013 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award.22 Current

Off-time “Tuned” to:

Anodic (+)

Applied i

Hall et al.

replenishment of active species

remove undesirable by-products ta

toff

••• Repeat ••• Loop ••• Sequence

Cathodic (-)

Fig. 1. Pulse reverse current waveform for chrome plating from a trivalent electrolyte.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

Pulse Reverse Plating from Trivalent Chromium Electrolyte 4130 Steel/15CVD6/300M DURATri 240 5.3 Boric acid free ~9% Bright

Fatigue (ISO 1143)

Superior to/Equivalent to Cr+6

Plating Rate

Up to 1.5 mils/hr

Thickness (AMS 2460, 3.4.1)

Equivalent to Cr+6

Porosity (AMS 2460, 3.4.4)

Equivalent to Cr+6

µ-Hardness (AMS 2460, 3.4.3) Salt Spray (ASTM B117) Wear (ASTM D4060) Wear (ASTM D4060)

Hardness increases with Temperature

Adhesion (ASTM B 571)*

Yes (after bake)

Rubber Apron Double Gloves • Inner: Nitrile • Outer: Neoprene

Fig. 2. Safety protocols associated with conventional (DC) electropolishing of niobium cavities.

Equivalent to Cr+6

Worker Friendly Electropolishing of Niobium for Particle Accelerator Applications Electrochemical surface finishing preferentially removes metal from the asperities of a surface by anodic dissolution: (8)

as the Large Hadron Collider and the planned International Linear Collider. For the final fabrication step, the interior surface of the cavities must be electropolished to a microscale roughness. Conventional DC electropolishing of niobium is conducted in a viscous electrolyte consisting of nine parts sulfuric acid (96%) to one part hydrofluoric acid (48%). This electrolyte represents an extreme hazard to workers31, requires costly safety protocols with extensive worker protection (Fig. 2)32, and imposes additional costs related to waste treatment. Furthermore, the viscous electrolyte necessitates the use of a horizontally rotating cavity which is partially filled with electrolyte to enable the escape of hydrogen gas generated at the cathode tool to escape and avoid streaking of the internal surface. This requires elaborate sealing equipment, and limits the industrial implementation of cavity electropolishing. In order to eliminate the need for concentrated viscous acids with fluoride or hydrofluoric acid additions during electropolishing, we hypothesized that an appropriately designed pulse reverse waveform could remove the surface oxide during the cathodic reverse pulse as illustrated in Fig. 3. With initial funds from the DOE SBIR program, we developed a pulse reverse process to electropolish niobium coupons in aqueous electrolytes of 5-10 wt% sulfuric acid—devoid of hydrofluoric acid,

The selection of the appropriate surface finishing electrolyte to focus the current on the asperities is dependent, in part, on the initial roughness of the surface. For relatively large asperities (arbitrarily >1 µm25), low conductivity electrolytes are used to magnify the voltage gradient between the asperities and the recesses of the surface. Under primary current distribution control, the asperities are preferentially anodically removed. Low conductivity electrolytes are generally used for applications, such as deburring.26,27 For relatively small asperities (arbitrarily <1 µm25), high viscosity electrolytes are used to create a thick boundary layer. Under tertiary current distribution control, the limiting currents are higher at the tip of asperities than in the recesses and the asperities are preferentially anodically removed. Jacquet28 was the first to report that the optimum region for electropolishing is in the mass transport or current limited plateau in the polarization curve based on a “viscous salt film” model. During anodic metal dissolution (Eq. 8) Anodic Pulse “Tuned” to: some metal surfaces can form a passive oxide film, generally described as: o focus current distribution M + xH2O g M(Ox) + 2xH+ + 2xe- (9) For strongly passivating metals, electropolishing under direct current (DC) electric fields in a simple electrolyte can lead to a roughened surface similar to pitting corrosion. Aggressive chemicals are therefore added to the electrolyte to remove the passive film from the surface and enable uniform polishing.29 For example, hydrofluoric acid and/or fluoride salts, not desirable from a worker safety and environmental point of view, are added to traditional electropolishing electrolytes to depassivate the surface for strongly passive metals such as niobium.30 Niobium is used to fabricate Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities used in particle accelerators, such

Rubber Overalls

Rubber Boots

Superior to/Equivalent to Cr+6

M0 g M+n + ne-

“All skin must be covered to prevent exposure at all time.”

Eliminate the need for concentrated H2SO4

(continued on next page)

Off-Time “Tuned” to:

Anodic (+)

o dissipate Heat o replenish reacting species o remove reaction products

Applied i

Substrate Bath Bath pH REACH-compliant Current Efficiency Visual Appearance

Full Chemical Hood with Air Purifying Respirator

Proper Protective Equipment

Table 1. Chrome Characteristics Plated from a Trivalent Electrolyte

Cathodic Pulse “Tuned” to:

toff

o de-passivate surface - remove oxide Eliminate the need for HF

Cathodic (-)

Fig. 3. Pulse reverse current waveform for electropolishing of passive materials.

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Hall et al.

(continued from previous page)

Fig. 4. Pulse reverse electropolishing of nine-cell niobium SRF cavity with “standard” laboratory apparel in contrast to protective measures required with DC electropolishing (Fig. 2).

fluorides, or other chemical additions.33 The surface roughness was comparable to that observed under conventional DC electropolishing of niobium coupons.34 The coupon work was transitioned to single cell niobium cavities35 and the RF performance (~45 MV/m accelerating gradient at quality factor of 1x1010) was the highest observed at the DOE’s Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory.36 Due to the avoidance of the safety burden associated with the sulfurichydrofluoric acid electrolyte, the capital and operating costs of the pulse reverse process were considerably less than the conventional electropolishing process. More specifically, assuming production of ~4,000 cavities per year, the annual electrolyte cost was reduced from $11.2 M to $1.1 M.37 The process was validated on nine-cell niobium SRF cavities, patented38,39 and transitioned to the DOE’s Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA). As illustrated in Fig. 4, the pulse reverse electropolishing approach requires “ordinary” laboratory safety precautions in contrast to those required for conventional DC cavity electropolishing (Fig. 2). In addition, due to the low viscosity electrolyte, the pulse reverse electropolishing is processed in an industrially compatible manner: vertical, filled, and without rotation. In summary, pulse reverse electropolishing enables the use of low cncentration aqueous electrolytes devoid of hydrofluoric acid. In addition to electropolishing of niobium cavities, the pulse reverse approach was successfully licensed to a company for electropolishing of stainless-steel valves and for electropolishing nickel titanium (Nitinol) alloys for medical devices and implants.40,41,42

Zero-Discharge Electrochemical Machining for Cannon Rifling Applications

Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a manufacturing technology that allows metal to be precisely removed by electrochemical oxidation or dissolution.43 As illustrated in Fig. 5, the workpiece is the anode and the tool is the cathode in an electrochemical cell. By relative movement of the shaped tool into the workpiece, the mirror image of the tool is “copied” or machined into the workpiece. Compared to traditional machining processes, ECM has numerous advantages: 1) applicability to hard and difficult to cut materials, 2) no tool wear, 3) high material removal rate, 4) smooth bright surface finish, and 5) production of parts with complex geometry.44 Consequently, ECM has strong utility as a manufacturing technology for fabrication of a wide variety of metallic parts. While electrochemical machining can utilize aqueous salt electrolytes for many applications, harsh electrolytes such as 52

hydrofluoric acid or perchlorates, undesirable chemicals from a worker safety, environmental, and associated costs point of view, are required for many alloys of interest for advanced engineering applications. Analogous to electropolishing, we have developed pulse reverse waveform electrochemical machining processes using aqueous salt or low concentration acid electrolytes.45,46,47 A major impediment to wider implementation of electrochemical machining is the large amount of sludge generated during the process. Specifically, during electrochemical machining, the material removed from the work piece forms an insoluble metal hydroxide and/or hydrated metal oxide sludge. This metal containing sludge must be filtered, dried, and shipped to third party vendors for landfilling and/or recycle, although recycling of the sludge is often cost prohibitive. In addition, as many materials contain chromium, chromium-containing sludge imparts an additional cost burden on landfilling. In a study of an electrochemical machining process for boring and rifling a 5-inch gun barrel, ~4.1 L of metal was removed generating ~1,325 L of centrifuged sludge.48 This enormous quantity of sludge represents a >325X volume increase relative to the solid metal removed. As currently practiced, electrochemical machining is inconsistent with the Army’s “Vision for Net Zero” management of natural (metals, water, energy) resources.49 In order to eliminate the large amount of sludge generated during electrochemical machining operations and recover/recycle materials, we hypothesized that an appropriately designed electrolyte and pulse reverse waveform could electrochemically machine the metals from a workpiece, while leaving them in soluble form and avoid plating out on the cathode tool. The soluble metals would then be recovered in electrowinning cells using pulse electrolysis. With SBIR funding form the U.S. Army Benet Labs, we have demonstrated a recycling electrochemical machining process for current and future cannon materials, including high strength gun steel, chrome-copper alloy, cobalt-chrome alloy, and nickel alloy. A recycling electrochemical machining system (Fig. 6) capable of processing up to 0.5 m3/yr. of material has been delivered to Benet Labs cited at Watervliet Arsenal. The process recovers valuable metals such as nickel and copper; is estimated to reduce water consumption from ~85,000 gal to 3,000 gal; and is estimated to eliminate ~ 500 metric tons of sludge.50 In summary, pulse/pulse reverse current enable an environmentally friendly electrochemical machining/electrowinning process, which recovers metals, reduces water usage, and eliminates sludge. Two patents have issued directed to the recycling electrochemical machining process and apparatus.51,52

(a)

Tool (Cathode) Initial Gap

Electrolyte Flow

Workpiece (Anode)

(b)

Tool (Cathode)

SteadyState Gap

Electrolyte Flow Workpiece (Anode)

Fig. 5. Schematic of process for electrochemical machining. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

Chiller

Rectifiers

Pulse Current ElectroWinning Unit Operation

Electrolyte Holding Tanks

plating, and was a finalist for the 2016 R&D 100 award for niobium electropolishing. He has been a member of the ECS for over 15 years and is active in the Electrodeposition (ELDP) Division. He may be reached at timhall@faradaytechnology.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4756-0828

Maria E. Inman is the research director at Faraday Technology, Inc., where she Pulse Reverse Current directs the company’s pulse ElectroChemical Machining Unit and pulse reverse research Operation portfolio. In addition to numerous technical publications and presentations, she is an inventor on many patents. Inman was part of the team that won the 2013 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge awards for trivalent chromium plating and a finalist for the 2016 R&D 100 award for Fig. 6. Schematic illustration of recycling electrochemical machining operation. niobium electropolishing. She is a member of ASTM and has been a member of the ECS for over 25 years. In addition to organizing symposia at ECS meetings, Inman currently Conclusions serves as vice chair of the Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering (IE&EE) Division. She may be reached Electrochemical and solid state science, engineering, and at mariainman@faradaytechnology.com. technology have an important role to play in society’s sustainable https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-8410 future. In particular, electrochemical manufacturing processes are deemed inherently environmentally friendly, as “electrons are green.” However, as traditionally practiced using direct current (DC) electrolysis, processes such as electrodeposition (plating) and surface finishing (electropolishing and electrochemical machining) often use harsh chemicals and reagents, which are not environmentally or worker “friendly.” In this article, we suggest that by altering the electrochemical paradigm from one based on DC electrolysis to one based on pulse/pulse reverse current (P/PRC) electrolytic principles, simpler electrolytes with favorable worker and environmental impacts may be accrued. In addition, we have found that the P/ PRC processes are generally more robust and economical. Three tangible examples of sustainable technologies enabled by P/PRC electrolysis were presented: 1) green electrodeposition of chromium for functional applications, 2) worker friendly electropolishing of niobium for particle accelerator applications, and 3) zero-discharge electrochemical machining of cannon barrels. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F07203IF.

E. Jennings (EJ) Taylor is the founder and CTO of Faraday Technology, Inc., a small business focused on developing innovative electrochemical processes and technologies based on pulse and pulse reverse electrolytic principles. He leads Faraday’s business, technology, and commercialization strategy. In addition to 200+ technical publications and presentations, Taylor is an inventor on over 50 patents. He was part of the team that won the 2013 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge awards for trivalent chromium plating and a finalist for the 2016 R&D 100 award for niobium electropolishing. Taylor has been a member of ECS for 42 years. He is an ECS fellow, past treasurer, and currently serves as chair of the Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee. He may be reached at jenningstaylor@faradaytechnology.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-0267

Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the financial support of EPA SBIR Grant Nos. 68D50016, 68D00274, EP-D-12-040; National Center for Manufacturing Sciences Contract No. DASW01-98-2-0002; Army Contract No. W911NF1920329; DOE P.O. No. 594128; DOE SBIR Contract Nos. DE-SC0011235, DE-SC001342; Army SBIR Contract No. W15QKN-12-C-0116; NIH Grant No. 2R44HL09521602A1/5R44HL. In addition, we acknowledge the financial support of our commercial clients and licensees and Faraday Technology, Inc. corporate.

About the Authors Timothy D. Hall is the laboratory manager at Faraday Technology, Inc., where he oversees the company’s experimental activities directed towards developing innovative pulse and pulse reverse electrolytic processes. In addition to numerous presentations and publications, he is an inventor on many patents. Hall is part of a team that received a 2011 R&D 100 award for developing a novel pulse reverse deposition process for an alloy coating, won the 2013 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge awards for trivalent chromium

References 1. J. O’ M. Bockris, Editor, Electrochemistry of Cleaner Environments, Plenum Press, New York, NY (1972). 2. J. D. Genders and N. L. Weinberg, Editors, Electrochemistry for a Cleaner Environment, Electrosynthesis Co., East Amherst, NY (1992). 3. E. J. Rudd and C F. W. Walton, Editors, Environmental Aspects of Electrochemical Technology, PV 99-39, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ (2000). 4. E. J. Taylor, J. Appl. Surf. Finish. 3(4), 178 (2008). 5. E. J. Taylor and P. Miller, Les Nouvelles XXXVI, (No. 2), June (2001). 6. J. Gillis, U.S. Patent No. 1,260,661 filed Sept. 4, 1917 and issued March 26, 1918. 7. J. C. Puippe and F. Leaman, Theory and Practice of Pulse Plating, AESF, Orlando, FL (1986). 8. W. E. G. Hansel and S. Roy, Pulse Plating, Leuze Verlag KG, Germany (2012). 9. D. Landolt, Theory and Practice of Pulse Plating, Puippe and Leaman, Editors, AESF, Orlando, FL (1986). 10. O. Dossenbach, Theory and Practice of Pulse Plating, Puippe and Leaman, Editors, AESF, Orlando, FL (1986).

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11. J. C. Puippe, Theory and Practice of Pulse Plating, J. C. Puippe and F. Leaman, Editors, AESF, Orlando, FL (1986). 12. E. J. Taylor, M. E. Inman, H. M. Garich. H. A. McCrabb, S. T. Snyder, and T. D. Hall, Electrochemical Engineering: The Path from Discovery to Product, Alkire, Bartlett, and Koper, Editors, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, GERMANY (2019). 13. R. K. Guffie, Hard Chrome Plating, Gardner Publications Inc., Cincinnati, OH (1986). 14. J. J. Young, “Minimizing the Use of Hexavalent Chromium” April 8, 2009 https://www.serdp-estcp.org/asetsdefense/DoDPolicies (accessed June 11, 2020). 15. B. D. Sartwell, in Proceedings of the 4th Conference Aerospace Materials, Processes and Environmental Technology, Griffin and Stanley, Editors, Huntsville, AL, Sept 18-20 (2000). 16. F. Altmayer, Plat. Surf. Finish., 82, 26 (1995). 17. D. S. Lashmore, I. Weisshaus, and E. NamGoong, U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,446 issued Feb. 14, 1989. 18. C. E. Johnson, D. Lashmore, and E. Soltani, U.S. Pat. No. 5,415,763 issued May 16, 1995. 19. R. P. Renz, J. J. Fortman, E. J. Taylor, and P. D. Chalmers, J. Appl. Surf. Finish., 1, 155 (2006). 20. B. Kagajwala, T. D. Hall, M. E. Inman, E. J. Taylor, B. Griffin, G. Cushnie, R. Taylor, M. Jaworowski, and J. Bonivel, Prod. Finish. posted 1-2-2013. 21. T. D. Hall and B. Kagajwala, U.S. Pat. No. 10,100,423 issued Oct. 16, 2018. 22. Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge award (2013) https:// www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/green-chemistry-challengewinners (accessed June 20, 2020). 23. A. R. Jones, Plat. Surf. Finish., 62 (1989). 24. K. Ahmadi, R. Radhakrishnan, J. Xu, S. Snyder, M. Feathers, M. Johnson, T. Hall, E. J. Taylor, M. Inman, and S. Brankovic, Prod. Finish., 84(7), 1 (2020). 25. D. Landolt, Electrochim. Acta, 32, 1 (1987). 26. W. Schwartz, Plat. Surf, Finish., 68, 42 (1981); J. Lindsay Plat. Surf. Finish., 90 (2003). 27. K. Stacherski, Ford PowerTrain Cutting Tool News 2(1) Winter (1996). (www.faradaytechnology.com) 28. P. A. Jacquet, Trans. Electrochem. Soc., 69, 629 (1936). 29. B. MacDougal, High Rate Metal Dissolution Processes, M. Datta, B. MacDougal, and J. Fenton, Editors, The Electrochemical Society Proceedings Series, PV 95-19, Pennington, NJ (1995). 30. H. Tian, S. Corcoran, C. Reece, and M. Kelly, J. Electrochem. Soc., 155, D563 (2008). 31. T. Dote and K. Kono, Japanese Journal of Occupational Medicine and Traumatology, 52, 3, 189 (2004). 32. J. Mammoser, “Chemical Safety Awareness for SRF Cavity Work” U.S. Particle Accelerator School, January 19, 2015 (accessed June 9, 2020) https://www.jlab.org/indico/event/98/ other-view?fr=no&detailLevel=contribution&view=standard& showSession=all&showDate=all

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33. M. Inman, E. J. Taylor, and T. D. Hall, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, E94 (2013). 34. M. Inman, T. Hall, E. J. Taylor, C. Reece, and O. Trofimova, Paper TOPO012, Proc. SRF2011, Chicago, IL (2011). 35. E. J. Taylor, T. Hall, M. Inman, S. Snyder, and A. Rowe, Paper TUP054, Proc. SRF2013, Paris, France, Sept 2013. (ISBN 9783-95450-143-4) 36. A. Rowe, A. Grassellino, T. Hall, M. Inman, S. Snyder, and E. Taylor, Paper No. TUIOC02, Proc. SRF2013, Paris, France, Sept 2013. (ISBN 978-3-95450-143-4) 37. E. J. Taylor, M. Inman, T. Hall, S. Snyder, A. Rowe, and D. Holmes, Paper MOPB092, Proc. SRF2015, Whistler, BC, Canada (2015). 38. E. J. Taylor, M. E. Inman, and T. D. Hall, U.S. Pat. No. 9,006,147 issued April 14, 2015. 39. E. J. Taylor, M. E. Inman, and T. D. Hall, U.S. Pat. No. 9,987,699 issued June 5, 2018. 40. E. J. Taylor and M. Inman, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 23(3), 52 (2014). 41. C. Zhou, E. J. Taylor, J. Sun, L. Gebhart, and R. Renz, U.S. Pat. No. 6,402,931 issued June 11, 2002. 42. E. J. Taylor, U.S. Pat. No. 6,558,231 issued May 6, 2003. 43. J. A. McGeough, Advanced Methods of Machining, Chapman and Hall, NY (1988). 44. K. P. Rajurkar, D. Zhu, J. A. McGeough, J. Kozak, and A. De Silva, Annals of the CIRP, 82(2) 1999. 45. J. J. Sun, E. J. Taylor, and R. Srinivasan, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 108, 356 (2001). 46. J. J. Sun, L. Gebhart, M. Inman, R. Renz, and E. J. Taylor, Transactions of the North American Manufacturing Research Institution of SME XXVIII (2000). 47. J. Sun, C. Zhou, L. Gebhart, E. Stortz, R. Rernz, and E.J. Taylor, Transactions of the North American Manufacturing Research Institute of SME XXV (1997). 48. L. Wessel, “Electrochemical Machining of Gun Barrel Bores and Rifling,” Naval Ordnance Station, Louisville, KY, September 1978. 49. Army Net Zero https://www.asaie.army.mil/Public/ES/netzero/ index.html (accessed June 10, 2020) 50. B. T. Skinn, S. Lucatero, S. T. Snyder, E. J. Taylor, T. D. Hall, H. A McCrabb, and M. E. Inman, ECS Trans 72(35), The Electrochemical Society, April (2016). 51. E. J. Taylor, M. E. Inman, B. T. Skinn, T. D. Hall, S. C. Lucatero, and E. L. Kathe, U.S. Pat. No. 9,938,632 issued April 10, 2018. 52. E. J. Taylor, M. E. Inman, B. T. Skinn, T. D. Hall, S. C. Lucatero, and E. L. Kathe, U.S. Pat. No. 10,214,832 issued February 26, 2019.

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Electrochemical Separations for Metal Recycling by Xiao Su

ecycling of waste is critical for sustainability. Modern industrialization has caused a rapid decline in natural resources, and a dramatic rise in hazardous pollutants released into the environment. A recent study reported that global resource usage rose from 23.7 billion tons in 1970 to 70.1 billion tons in 2010.1, 2 Global consumption of metals has increased at a significant pace, placing severe environmental and economic pressure for recycling. Electrochemical processes are particularly well suited for metal recovery. Due to the ionic nature of the metals after leaching, both Faradaic and non-Faradaic electrochemical processes can play an important role in separating and purifying these elements.3 Here, an overview of electrochemical approaches for chemical recycling will be presented, with a focus on metal recovery from electronic waste, battery components, as well as methods for selective recycling specialty metals and rareearth elements. This article discusses emerging recycling methods for value-added compounds beyond metals, including organic compounds, which may point to new directions in chemical recycling. In sum, electrochemical separation processes are expected to play a significant role in waste recycling and contribute towards a sustainable circular economy.

The Role of Electrochemical Science and Engineering in Recycling

Over 60 chemical elements have been identified as possible targets for recycling due to their economic importance by the U.N., with a majority being classified as metals.4 While 18 metals are presently recovered for more than 50% at the end of their lifecycle, the remaining metals have a recycling rate of less than 1%. The low rate of recovery for many valuable elements can be attributed to a lack of feasible recycling technologies, the complex elemental composition of certain waste products, and technoeconomic barriers for practical implementation.5 Transition metals are primary targets for recycling, as they are broadly used in modern industry and everyday technology. For example, chromium, cadmium, manganese, nickel, copper, and lithium were identified as important raw materials for the electrolytic industry in the yearly ECS reports.6, 7 In addition to their economic importance, many of these metals can be toxic even at low concentrations, such as cadmium and chromium. Thus, metal recovery becomes a need from both an economic and environmental management perspective.8 (continued on next page)

Fig. 1. An overview of select electrochemical approaches for waste recycling and revalorization. Electrochemical processes can facilitate recycling processes for both solid and liquid waste, often in combination with hydrometallurgical steps.

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Conventional mechanical and hydrometallurgical processes methods are used industrially to dismantle and extract valuable compounds from solid waste.9 At the same time, chemical adsorption beds have been the major technologies for treatment of industrial liquid waste. However, these traditional processes are chemically intensive, and often require large pH or thermal swings. Strong acids or bases are required during extraction step, and significant chemical consumption occurs when chemical extractants are used. Thus, to overcome energetic limitations and to improve sustainability, electrochemical processes can play a key role in metal extraction and recovery, both for solid wastes and for dissolved species in aqueous streams. (See Fig. 1.) Through judicious electrode selection and reactor design, electrochemical methods can bring significant advantages to modern recycling contexts, including (i) simplification of the process and reduction of the number of steps, e.g., via electrodeposition to facilitate metal recovery from leachates; (ii) lower energy and higher molecular selectivity using molecularly-designed Faradaic processes10; and (iii) integration of multiple processes, such as metal recovery and organic compound degradation in tandem, or multicomponent purification of metals from complex matrices. Depending on the target metal, a number of collection, pre-processing, and end-processing steps are required to achieve an effective recycling process.5, 11 For solid waste, once metals are leached as ions in solution, Faradaic reactions can be leveraged to plate trace metals onto an electrode surface, often substituting cumbersome extraction steps. Non-Faradaic electrosorption has also shown to play a role in separating multivalent ions from dilute water streams, possibly playing a role in the recovery of metals from industrial wastewater. Electrochemical processes have been extensively explored for metal recovery since the 1970s,12-14 including the proposed use of porous flow-through electrodes for recycling silver from photographic fixing solutions.15 Selective ion recovery from a complex mixture, and/or at low concentrations, has remained the underlying challenge for metal recovery. Valuable metals often end up as minority ions in the presence of excess base, acid, or salts in the waste streams.8 Interfacial selectivity can play a central role in improving purity of the recovered material, lowering energy costs and maximizing current efficiency. The role of electrochemical engineering towards environmental stewardship and metal recovery was emphasized in the 2006 ECS Interface issue,16 which noted the compelling need for efficient metal recovery from dilute solutions, especially in the context of electroplating operations.

Here, we discuss how both traditional and emerging electrochemical technologies have been applied to sustainable recycling (Fig. 1), including of valuable transition metals, such as cobalt, iron, nickel, chromium, and copper; rare-earth elements, such as dysprosium, neodymium, and cerium; and main group elements, such as lithium and cesium. For example, electrowinning can be highly effective for metals with low redox potentials, such as copper. Alternatively, electrosorption can often be an energy-efficient alternative for elements which are not as easily depositedâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and can be efficient when coupled with selective binding groups at the electrodes.10 These electrochemical processes have been applied in recycling ranging from end-of-life electronic waste and industrial wastewater from metal processing, to reprocessing of radioactive components in nuclear reactors. In the following sections, we discuss major applications for electrochemical recycling, and review advances in both electrochemical engineering of the processes, as well as electrode material development.

Electrochemical Recycling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is a rich repository of valuable elements, and if untreated, a major pollution source.11, 17 WEEEs are composed of 60% metal content by weight, with over 45 million tons of electronic waste generated around the world at a yearly basis.17, 18 Recycling of the valuable elements from WEEE can greatly mitigate pollution, and provide an important economic stream.11 Examples of target recycling products in WEEEs include copper from printed circuit boards (PCBs); lead, aluminum, cadmium and lithium from spent batteries; and noble metals, such as silver, gold, and palladium from various scrap components.17 Electrochemical technologies can aid in the recycling process both at the initial leaching step through electro-driven oxidation, or by enabling the selective metal recovery step from the liquid stream.19 Here, we focus on recycling methods for solid waste, with copper as a representative target. The following sections will discuss related aspects of WEEE recovery, including battery recycling and the recovery of various REEs and transition metals. First, the leaching of metals into solution by electrochemical means can significantly decrease reagent consumption, through direct electro-dissolution,21 or through in-situ generation of chlorine through electro-oxidation.22 In the first case, solid electronic waste can be pressed into pellets, and placed in direct contact with an inert electrode to promote anodic dissolution of copper. Due to the diverse elemental composition of electronic waste and complex solution chemistry, multiple interfacial reactions can take place. In

Fig. 2. Combined hydrometallurgical and electrochemical process for recycling of electronic waste. Copper electrowinning is applied after the first stage of chemical leaching, to produce pure copper metal for re-use. Figure reproduced from Ref. 20, with permission from the American Chemical Society. 56

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the presence of ammonia-based electrolyte, the major anodic reaction reported during dissolution is (Eo(Ag/AgCl)=0.25 V):21 Cu(s) + 4NH3 g Cu(NH3)2+4 + 2eAlternatively, electro-generated chlorine and copper leaching can occur simultaneously in an electrolytic cell, with chlorine indirectly driving copper oxidation and leaching.22, 23 The anode reactions have been reported as follows in a chloride-rich media, followed by the dissolution of copper:22 2Cl- OCl2 + 2eCu+Cl2(aq)OCu2++2ClCu2++ Cu + 2Cl- O2CuCl At the opposite electrode, the purification of the leached metals from WEEEs can naturally be accomplished through electrodeposition—with copper again being a primary target due to its ready redox-potential for favorable reduction. Figure 2 shows the role of copper electrowinning for the metal recovery during a sequential leaching/electrowinning process for electronic waste recovery.20 Due to the large number of components, and the diverse chemistry of the hydrometallurgical steps, the electrowinning step is often used after the copper has been extracted from the waste. Mechanical fractionation may also be used with acid dissolution, which can then be followed copper electrowinning to recover >98% of the copper.24 While these electrolytic platforms have been explored intensively for copper and gold recovery from waste circuit boards,19 combined leaching and electrowinning systems have been used for a number of recycling other valuable elements in electronic waste, including rareearth elements, silver, iron, and nickel.25 The next sections describe metal recovery approaches targeted at battery recycling, and a wider range of transition metals and rare-earth elements from various waste streams. Finally, it must be emphasized that electrochemical technologies can often be a key contributor in a recycling train composed of diverse approaches—for example, electrowinning is often combined with mechanical and chemical technologies for processing.24

Electrochemical Recycling of Battery Components

Lithium is the other prime target for electro-mediated recovery, which can be achieved through electrodeposition or various electrosorption methods. Despite its natural abundance, lithium is considered a critical element due to its large consumption at a global scale.30 Lithium extraction and processing from mines requires an enormous environmental demand, with over 1,900 tons of water for each ton of lithium produced during mining.31 Furthermore, with the growth in the use of electric vehicles and lithium ion batteries, recycling can become a major sustainable source of lithium.31 Direct electrochemical pathways from solid waste to pure lithium have been proposed. For example, a waste-to-lithium approach was explored, in which spent LixFePO4 or LixCoO2 are directly passed by a cathode waste compartment.32 Once the solid waste meets a porous current collector, lithium was extracted by electrochemical oxidation, and transferred onto a lithium metal surface. (See Fig. 3.) This metal can then be re-converted into precursor chemicals, such as lithium carbonate, through cathodic electrochemical reactions. 32 Electrosorption has also been explored extensively for the capture of metals, with the use of capacitive electrodes, as well as by employing redox-active electrodes. Due to their intrinsic lithium intercalation properties, battery electrodes have been shown to be efficient adsorbents of lithium as the minority ion, in the competition of excess sodium.33 Lithium manganese oxide (LMO) has been used to selectively extract lithium from battery recycling waste streams, directly from the liquid phase. To address the significant organic content possibly present in wastewater, a boron-doped diamond counter-electrode was used to carry out advanced oxidation to reduce the organic content. During cathode regeneration, a clean stream of lithium can then be up-concentrated.33 Other lithium-selective intercalation materials have also been proposed for lithium separation from the liquid phase. LiFePO4 has been used as a selective adsorbent in a dual system with silver as a counter-electrode for lithium recovery,34 and λ-MnO2-electrodes have been used for lithium recovery from brine.35 Finally, integrated electrokinetic systems have also combined selective deionization with shock electrodialysis for the removal of lithium and radioactive species within the same process,36 thus enabling both waste removal and revalorization. In summary, lithium battery recycling has been a rich field of study for electrochemical recovery methods. Electrochemical lithium recovery has grown to be a significant field, with a growing number

A significant subcategory of WEEE recycling is the recovery of valuable components from batteries. Lithium ion batteries represent over 25% of the world’s rechargeable battery market,9 with over 8 billion units per year used in the U.S. and Europe. Lithium ion batteries contain significant compositions of valuable components, such as (continued on next page) 5-20% cobalt, 5-10% nickel, and 5-7% lithium.9 During processing, lithium ion battery components are often dissolved into concentrated acid, after which their dissolved ions can be separated through either chemical extraction, precipitation, or electrodeposition.26 First, cobalt is considered a critical element to recover due to its higher cost per mass than the other elements.27 Due to its ready redox-potential for deposition, cobalt electroreduction can be an efficient method for directly creating useful alloys with controlled morphology.28,.29 Depending on pH, potential, and electrolyte concentrations, the morphology and composition of the electrodeposited film can vary greatly, often depending on the nucleation pathways. For example, at a pH >4.00, cobalt electrodeposition can occur through an intermediate hydroxide formation: 29 Co2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) gCo(OH)2(s) Co(OH)2(s)+2e-gCo(s)+2OH(aq)While under more acidic conditions, pH <4.00, the reactions can often occur through the inclusion of adsorbed hydrogen in the deposit:29 Co2+(aq)+2e-gCo(s) Fig. 3. Selective electrochemical recycling of waste lithium batteries through a waste-to-lithium configuration, H+(aq)+Co(s) +e-gCoH(ads) for solid waste recycling of battery materials. Figure from Ref. 32, reproduced with permission from The + H (aq)+CoH(Ads)+e gCo(s)+H2(ads) Electrochemical Society. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

carbon-nanotude electrochemical filters, with a goal for the recycling of end-of-life electronics.44 Through optimization of the pH, voltage, of electrode chemistries being explored to achieve higher lithium and flow-rate, six metals and metalloids (Cu, As, Eu, Nd, Ga, and Sc) extraction rates, and improved selectivity over competing main group were able to be separated from each other, with high recovery rates cations.37 As seen from the recent studies, electrodeposition methods > 80%. Figure 4 illustrates the concept for selective metal recovery. can be efficiently combined with mechanical and chemical preWith the application of this system directly in aqueous solution, the processing steps, to facilitate the recovery of key battery elements metals are recovered in oxide form by taking advantage of concurrent from solid waste. Both cobalt and lithium have been shown to be oxygen reduction and water splitting reactions, which aid in driving recovered through electrochemical approaches that often mirror the selective metal precipitation. energy-storage mechanism of the batteries themselves. As battery Electrodeposition-redox replacement methods (EDRR) can be demand increases through the electrification of transportation, the an interesting alternative for noble-metal recovery, which promotes development and implementation of new recycling processes for electrodeposition of a target valuable metal via a redox-replacement batteries can be key to a sustainable world. of a more reactive element. For example, EDRR has been applied for the recovery of silver at low concentrations (10-100 ppm), close to Electrochemical Recovery of Valuable Metals those found in battery recycling streams—facilitated by the redoxRare-earth elements (REE) or rare-earth metals, such as replacement with zinc.45 With the use of EDRR, over 50% silver neodymium, cerium, europium, yttrium, and scandium, are a series was recovered from the leachates of real silver-oxide button cell— of elements with unique electronic and magnetic properties, and are demonstrating the effectiveness of this method for battery recycling. critical to high-tech systems, including electric vehicles and wind The EDRR method has also been shown for gold 46 and platinum 38 turbines. The recovery of rare-earth systems is important both recovery.47 technologically and geopolitically, due to limited accessibility to Molten-salt electrorefining has applied to the recovery of zirconium REEs in many countries. Recycling of REEs can be carried out from from radioactive reactor materials, such as cladding hulls—which can used magnets, waste printed circuit boards, and various fluorescent then be reprocessed as a fuel component.48 Using an inert tungsten components from electronic devices. Due to their lower concentrations electrode as the working cathode, zirconium electrodeposition was in these components, liquid-phase extraction and traditional REE found to occur through a multiple step process in a LiCl-KCl molten separation methods often require multiple steps, and consume large salt mixture at 500oC (Fig. 5), with the following suggested reactions: amounts of chemicals. In contrast, electrochemical recycling of rareR1: Zr4+ + 2e- g Zr2+ earth metals can take advantage of the different electrochemical R2: Zr2+ + 2e- g Zr behavior between these elements, to enable electro-driven leaching The further possibility of a chloride mediated zirconium deposition and precipitation,39 or high-temperature molten salt electrolysis to reaction was mentioned (Zr4+ + 3e- + Cl- g ZrCl), occurring at -1.15 V overcome limitations in their redox-reactions in water.40 For example, vs Ag/AgCl. Through this electrorefining process, a zirconium purity recovery of neodymium from a neodymium-iron-boron magnet has of over 99% could be achieved using zirconium alloy hulls, showing been accomplished through electrochemical leaching followed by the industrial relevance of these systems. 48 39 electrolysis. Functional solvents such as ionic liquids often help Beyond direct electrodeposition, electrosorption methods based facilitate the process, such as the recovery of neodymium by pulseon capacitive electrodes have been explored for metal recovery.49 41 current electrodeposition from IL mixtures. The recovery of REEs, These methods often rely on double-layer adsorption in highly porous such as cerium, europium, yttrium, and scandium, have been explored materials to capture ions. For example, selective copper recovery using molten salt electrolysis, in which high temperatures the use of has been achieved through a number of activated carbon felts.50 As eutectic solvent mixtures facilitate recovery.42, 43 Due to the presence discussed in a recent review, electrosorption methods have been of both REEs and non-REE metals in end-of-life electronics, the applied to the separation of cadmium, chromium, arsenic, nickel, recovery of both classes of metals has to be addressed simultaneously lead, vanadium, iron, copper, and even uranium.49 Going beyond the during WEEE recycling. double-layer, redox-active processes have been leveraged at functional Non-REEs, such as copper, iron, nickel, and even precious metals, electrosorbents for the recovery and treatment of a range of elements, such as gold and palladium, can all be important targets for valuable including radioactive systems. The separation of radioactive elements metal recovery. Multi-stream electrodeposition of metals has been has been one of the earlier implementations of electrochemical explored back in the 1970s, in detailed transport and kinetic studies switched ion-exchange (ESIX) systems, with hexacyanoferrate for metals including iron, copper, and cobalt in acidic solutions.14 A platforms being used for cesium recovery.51 Specific intercalation of more recent study has targeted the selective recovery of both rare-earth the target cation within a crystalline structure allows for high uptake and specialty elements from multicomponent aqueous streams using and selectivity of cesium over other main group elements, such as sodium or potassium. More recently, shock electrodialysis has been studied for the capture of cesium,36 and integrated with selective lithium intercalation electrodes for process intensification.36 To enhance selectivity towards target ions, redox-active polymer electrodes have been recently explored for selective metal separations.52,.53 The chemical affinity of these electroactive polymers towards target ions can be modulated based on applied potential. High separation factors can be achieved towards desired molecules, such as target anions over competing chloride or perchlorate, making these systems interesting candidates for multicomponent separations. Fig. 4. Electrochemical filtration system for multicomponent metal separation, showing the details of a single unit Figure 6 illustrates an anion-selective on the left, and multi-stage reactors on the right. Figure reproduced from Ref. 44, with permission from the Royal cycle in which a target molecule is Society of Chemistry. (continued from previous page)

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removed by selective redox-mediated capture during adsorption, and the molecule is up-concentrated during reversible regeneration. Polyvinylferrocene systems have been studied for the capture of molybdenum,54 vanadium,55 as well as chromium and arsenic.52, 53 Depending on the configuration of the electrochemical cells and tunability of the redox-chemistry at these electrodes, operating voltages as low as 0.3 V can be achieved for the selective separation of metals, significantly lowering side-reactions in aqueous media while maximizing energy efficiency.54 Finally, a range of other electrochemical approaches could potentially be used for metal recycling, which have not been covered at length in the current article. Hybrid bio-electrochemical approaches have been used for the recovery of a series of metals ranging from copper and gold, to vanadium, cobalt, and chromium.56 By combining electron-transfer with microbial processes, there is an avenue to lower energetic costs and an environmentally friendly way to deal with organic content. Furthermore, coupling of bioelectrochemical systems with metal catalysts could even lead to production of electricity. Electrodialysis57 and other membranefacilitated separation methods could also be tailored towards metal recycling applications. Going forward, we envision growing convergence between various electrochemical techniques for tackling the relevant recycling cases. At the same time, we expect more detailed mechanistic studies to follow, including careful investigation of the Faradaic reactions under practical solution conditions during recycling, and the complex interplay between ion speciation and pH during electrochemical ion recovery.

Electrochemical Recycling Beyond Metals: Valuable Organic Compounds

Fig. 5. Illustrative scheme of Zirconium electrorefining process using LiCl-KCl systems (top), and image of Zr deposits on the cathode after electrodeposition (bottom). Figures reproduced from Ref. 48, with permission from The Electrochemical Society.

Beyond metals, organic compounds can also be value-added targets for electrochemical recycling. Many organic compounds are valueadded byproducts or reagents in various industries. For example, electrodialysis cells have been used to recover tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) from industrial wastewater discharges.58 TMAH is a valuable compound in semiconductor processes, and recovery of the system through electrochemistry can be a sustainable pathway for reducing cost and secondary pollution.58 Unlike metal recycling, in which a Faradaic process can be leveraged to immobilize the metal onto the electrode, the goal for organic separations is often to preserve the structure and redox-state of the molecule, and avoid any irreversible chemical reaction. Battery intercalation electrodes have (continued on next page)

Fig. 6. Redox-mediated electrochemical separation for selective ion capture, showing both selective binding of minority ion and electromediated regeneration. Modified from Ref. 10. The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2020 â&#x20AC;˘ www.electrochem.org

About the Author

(continued from previous page)

also been investigated for selective ammonium removal, and nitrate ions can be recovered using functionalized capacitive deionization electrodes.60 Recent technoeconomic studies have shown that selective electrochemical methods could potentially reduce the costs of nitrate and perchlorate treatment to be highly efficient at-scale,61 making electrochemical methods a viable commercial option in the future. Finally, with the rise of electro-organic synthesis approaches (as reviewed by the Biddinger & Modestino in this current ECS Interface issue); purification of the small molecules from chemical manufacturing becomes increasingly important. Organic molecules have been selectively purified using electrochemical means, including carboxylic acids from both organic and aqueous media.62, 63 In summary, while the major focus of recycling efforts have been on electrolytic methods for metals, electrosorption approaches for organic compound separations can play an increasing role in the future of sustainable recycling. 59

Future Outlook

This contribution provides a brief overview of electrochemical approaches for recycling. Electrochemical methods can play a critical role for metal recovery from both solid and aqueous waste, either as a stand-alone method, or as part of a multi-step process in conjunction with mechanical and hydrometallurgical steps. Electrowinning methods are particularly attractive for metal recycling, as they are already deployed at an industrial scale for metal recovery and electroextraction in mining. Going forward, improved process design, technoeconomic analysis, and judicious operating conditions can facilitate their implementation into various metal recycling contexts. Electrosorption methods can also have an important role to play, especially for metals with large reduction potentials, which may incur high energetic costs for electrodeposition. In particular, selective functional electrodes presents an attractive path for the separation of dilute metal contaminants from multicomponent mixtures. The detailed study of redox-processes at electrode interfaces can provide fundamental insight into ion-interactions and selectivity, and lead to the development of more efficient electrochemical separations. On the long term, we envision that separation and reactions can be integrated electrochemically, both at a molecular level, and at a process scale. The growing field of electrochemical separations has benefitted from advances in both electrochemical engineering and molecular design, which have steadily increased energy efficiency, molecular selectivity, and even combined distinct processes into single devices. With the emerging reliance on renewable sources of energy, integration of new technologies based on electron-transfer can significantly improve sustainability in chemical and environmental processing. Smart design of the electrode configurations and molecular control of interfacial features can promote selective binding and reactivity, by arranging functional electrodes either sequentially or in tandem. Finally, the growing attention on technoeconomic analysis, feasibility and lifecycle studies for electrochemical engineering of recycling processes can facilitate their scaling, and speed up the translation of fundamental discoveries to industrial implementation. In summary, emerging electrochemical recycling processes have a critical role to play in building a sustainable future. © The Electrochemical Society. 10.1149/2.F08203IF.

Acknowledgements

We thank Prof. Paul Kenis and Prof. Richard Alkire for valuable feedback. We also thank funding support from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering through startup funds, and the National Science Foundation (NSF) for funding support under CBET Grant #1931941.

Xiao Su is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Illinois UrbanaChampaign. He obtained his BAS in chemical engineering from the University of Waterloo in 2011. He completed his PhD in chemical engineering from MIT in 2017, having been the recipient of an NSERC doctoral fellowship and the MIT Water Innovation Prize in 2016. Since joining UIUC in 2019, Xiao has received an NSF CAREER Award in 2019 to develop new separation processes for small molecule purification, and the Viktor K. LaMer Award from the American Chemical Society (2020). Xiao’s research program focuses on the development of electrochemical technologies for selective separations and process intensification. He may be reached at x2su@ illinois.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7794-290X

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22. E.-Y. Kim, M.-S. Kim, J.-C. Lee, and B. D. Pandey, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 198 206-215 (2011). 23. E.-Y. Kim, M.-S. Kim, J.-C. Lee, K. Yoo, and J. Jeong, Hydrometallurgy, 100 (3), 95-102 (2010). 24. H. M. Veit, A. M. Bernardes, J. Z. Ferreira, J. A. S. Tenorio, and C. D. Malfatti, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137 (3), 17041709 (2006). 25. T. E. Lister, P. Wang, and A. Anderko, Hydrometallurgy, 149 228-237 (2014). 26. M. B. J. G. Freitas, V. G. Celante, and M. K. Pietre, Journal of Power Sources, 195 (10), 3309-3315 (2010). 27. Nature Energy, 4 (4), 253-253 (2019). 28. X. L. Zeng, J. H. Li, and N. Singh, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44 (10), 1129-1165 (2014). 29. M. B. J. G. Freitas and E. M. Garcia, Journal of Power Sources, 171 (2), 953-959 (2007). 30. L. Talens Peiró, G. Villalba Méndez, and R. U. Ayres, JOM, 65 (8), 986-996 (2013). 31. G. Harper, R. Sommerville, E. Kendrick, L. Driscoll, P. Slater, R. Stolkin, A. Walton, P. Christensen, O. Heidrich, S. Lambert, A. Abbott, K. Ryder, L. Gaines, and P. Anderson, Nature, 575 (7781), 75-86 (2019). 32. H. Bae, S. M. Hwang, I. Seo, and Y. Kim, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 163 (7), E199-E205 (2016). 33. S. Kim, J. Kim, S. Kim, J. Lee, and J. Yoon, Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 4 (2), 175-182 (2018). 34. M. Pasta, A. Battistel, and F. La Mantia, Energy & Environmental Science, 5 (11), 9487-9491 (2012). 35. S. Kim, H. Joo, T. Moon, S.-H. Kim, and J. Yoon, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 21 (4), 667-676 (2019). 36. M. Alkhadra, K. Conforti, T. Gao, H. Tian, and M. Z. Bazant, Environmental Science & Technology, (2019). 37. A. Battistel, M. S. Palagonia, D. Brogioli, F. La Mantia, and R. Trocoli, Advanced Materials, 32 (23), 23 (2020). 38. N. Swain and S. Mishra, Journal of Cleaner Production, 220 884-898 (2019). 39. X. Xu, S. Sturm, Z. Samardzija, J. Scancar, K. Markovic, and K. Zuzek Rozman, Green Chemistry, 22 (4), 1105-1112 (2020). 40. B. R. Nakanishi and A. Allanore, J. Electrochem. Soc., 166 (13), E420-E428 (2019). 41. X. Xu, S. Sturm, J. Zavasnik, and K. Z. Rozman, ChemElectroChem, 6 (11), 2860-2869 (2019). 42. H. Zhu, in Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry, G. Kreysa, K.-I. Ota and R. F. Savinell, eds., p. 1765-1772, Springer New York, New York, NY, (2014). 43. Y. Kamimoto, T. Itoh, K. Kuroda, and R. Ichino, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 19 (3), 1017-1021 (2017). 44. M. P. O’Connor, R. M. Coulthard, and D. L. Plata, Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 4 (1), 58-66 (2018).

45. Z. L. Wang, P. Halli, P. Hannula, F. P. Liu, B. P. Wilson, K. Yliniemi, and M. Lundstrom, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 166 (8), E266-E274 (2019). 46. I. Korolev, P. Altınkaya, P. Halli, P.-M. Hannula, K. Yliniemi, and M. Lundström, Journal of Cleaner Production, 186 840-850 (2018). 47. P. Halli, J. J. Heikkinen, H. Elomaa, B. P. Wilson, V. Jokinen, K. Yliniemi, S. Franssila, and M. Lundström, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6 (11), 14631-14640 (2018). 48. C. H. Lee, K. H. Kang, M. K. Jeon, C. M. Heo, and Y. L. Lee, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 159 (8), D463-D468 (2012). 49. R. Chen, T. Sheehan, J. L. Ng, M. Brucks, and X. Su, Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 6 (2), 258-282 (2020). 50. W. Jin and M. Q. Hu, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 166 (2), E29-E34 (2019). 51. M. A. Lilga, R. J. Orth, J. P. H. Sukamto, S. D. Rassat, J. D. Genders, and R. Gopal, Separation and Purification Technology, 24 (3), 451-466 (2001). 52. K. Kim, S. Cotty, J. Elbert, R. Chen, C.-H. Hou, and X. Su, Advanced Materials, 32 (6), 1906877 (2020). 53. X. Su, A. Kushima, C. Halliday, J. Zhou, J. Li, and T. A. Hatton, Nature Communications, 9 (2018). 54. K.-J. Tan, X. Su, and T. A. Hatton, Advanced Functional Materials, 30 (15), 1910363 (2020). 55. T. A. Hatton, A. Hemmatifar, N. Ozbek, and C. Halliday, ChemSusChem, 2020, Early View. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ cssc.202001094 56. B. Christgen, A. Suarez, E. Milner, H. Boghani, J. Sadhukhan, M. Shemfe, S. Gadkari, R. L. Kimber, J. R. Lloyd, K. Rabaey, Y. Feng, G. C. Premier, T. Curtis, K. Scott, E. Yu, and I. M. Head, in Resource Recovery from Wastes: Towards a Circular Economy, p. 87-112, The Royal Society of Chemistry, (2020). 57. L. Cifuentes, I. García, P. Arriagada, and J. M. Casas, Separation and Purification Technology, 68 (1), 105-108 (2009). 58. Y. Wang, Z. Zhang, C. Jiang, and T. Xu, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 52 (51), 18356-18361 (2013). 59. T. Kim, C. A. Gorski, and B. E. Logan, Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 5 (9), 578-583 (2018). 60. D. I. Oyarzun, A. Hemmatifar, J. W. Palko, M. Stadermann, and J. G. Santiago, Water Research X, 1 100008 (2018). 61. S. Hand and R. D. Cusick, Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 6 (4), 925-934 (2020). 62. X. Su and T. A. Hatton, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 244 6-20 (2017). 63. X. Su, H. J. Kulik, T. F. Jamison, and T. A. Hatton, Advanced Functional Materials, 26 (20), 3394-3404 (2016).

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SEC TION NE WS Japan Section The ECS Japan Section (ECSJ) sponsored or cosponsored a variety of meetings, activities, and events for researchers in the fields of electrochemistry and solid state science. The section hosted several events in 2019, as follows. The ECSJ Tokai Branch gave the Young Researcher Award to Dr. Daisuke Takimoto, Assistant Professor at Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan, on February 5, 2019. The 26th International Workshop on Active-Matrix Flatpanel Displays and Devices–TFT Technologies and FPD Materials– (AMFPD) was held on July 2-5, 2019, in Kyoto. There were 73 presentations, including three keynote and eight invited talks. The AMFPD 2019 proceedings were published. Taehwan Jun received the AMFPD-ECS Japan Section Young Researcher Award.

The ECSJ Kyushu Branch Talk in Kyushu 2019 took place on September 1-2, 2019, in Nagasaki, Japan. The meeting included four invited talks and 22 posters. The 2019 Fall Meeting for Young Researchers, hosted by the ECSJ Hokuriku Branch, attracted 40 participants to Niigata, Japan, on December 16, 2019. On December 15, 2019, the Tohoku Branch convened the 32nd ECSJ Tohoku Branch Young Scientists Meeting in Yamagata, Japan, with three oral and 24 poster presentations. Poster awards went to four students. Kyoto was the site for the Third 2019 Kansai Denki-Kagaku Kenkyukai, hosted by the ECSJ Kansai Branch on December 21, 2019. The meeting had 288 participants with an invited lecture and 106 poster presentations. Twenty students received incentive awards.

Tohoku Branch Chair Prof. Hitoshi Shiku (center) pictured here with award winners Kaito Sato, Rise Akasaka, Su Huang, and Yuya Harada (from left to right).

Award winner Dr. Daisuke Takimoto (left) with Tokai Branch Chair Prof. Nobuyuki Imanishi.

Mexico Section The ECS Mexico Section announces that the National Science Prize 2019 of Mexico in the Fields of Technology, Innovation, and Design was awarded to Yunny Meas-Vong on December 10, 2019. The award honors those who, through their scientific inventions, research, or publications, contribute to the progress of science, technology, and innovation; promote development and innovation in their field; and have a decisive influence on science in Mexico. Dr. Bernardo A. Frontana-Uribe, President of the Executive Board 2019-2021, The Mexican Society of Electrochemistry (SMEQ) commented on the honor: “Meas-Vong is a distinguished member of the Sociedad Mexicana de Electroquimica (The Mexican Society of Electrochemistry, SMEQ), and The Electrochemical Society Mexican Section. Both organizations applaud his

Dr. Yunny Meas-Vong receives the National Science Prize 2019 of Mexico in the Fields of Technology, Innovation, and Design. From left to right, Dr. Enrique Graue Wiechers, President of the National Autonomous University of México (UNAM); Lic. Alejandra Frausto Guerrero, Culture Secretary of Mexico; Lic. Esteban Moctezuma Barragán, Public Education Secretary of Mexico; Dr. Yunny MeasVong; Lic. Andrés Manuel López Obrador, President of Mexico; and journalist Silvia Lemus.

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SEC TION NE WS achievement, which brings significant attention to electrochemistry in Mexico. His research focuses on electrocatalytic materials, surface functionalization, and environmental electrochemistry.” Since 1978, Meas-Vong has worked to found and strengthen the science of electrochemistry in Mexico, contributing to both Mexican and global science. A member of the National System of Researchers since 1984, he achieved their Level 3 (the highest level) rank in 2000. He participated in the creation of the Electrochemistry Laboratory of the Center for Research and Advanced Studies at the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico. From 1981 to 1991, he created and consolidated the electrochemistry division of the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City. He participated in the creation of SMEQ in 1983, and co-founded the Ibero-American Society of Electrochemistry (SIBAE). In 1991, he established, with the support of UAM-I and CONACYT, the CIDETEQ of which he

was the general director for nine years. Currently, he is researcher emeritus. An internationally recognized researcher, Meas-Vong has published over 135 articles in indexed journals, and several books and book chapters. He contributed the electrochemistry section to the Encyclopedia of Mexico, and was co-editor of the Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry. Meas-Vong served on the editorial boards and advisory boards of scientific journals, including the Journal of Electrocatalysis and Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems. He also is a member of the Publications Committee of The Electrochemical Society. The co-author of 19 patents, Meas-Vong has received numerous awards. Founder and twice president (19831985, 1998-2000) of The Mexican Society of Electrochemistry, and president of the Iberoamerican Society of Electrochemistry (20022004), Meas-Vong is currently vice president of the International Society of Electrochemistry.

San Francisco Section Prof. Y. Shirley Meng presented a lecture on her battery research as part of the ECS San Francisco Section’s Distinguished Seminar Series.

The ECS San Francisco Section successfully held its Distinguished Seminar Series technical lecture via video conference on May 18, 2020. Prof. Y. Shirley Meng, University of San Diego, presented “Lithium Metal Anode and Advanced Characterization,” a discussion of her lab’s recent advancements in battery research, followed by a real-time Q&A session. Prof. Meng’s lecture drew over 400 participants worldwide, a record number of attendees for ECS local section seminars. The lecture and notes are published in the ECS Digital Library (https://ecsarxiv.org/6fr7c/). The Distinguished Seminar Series started in 2019 and ran quarterly. Noble Laureate Prof. M. Stanley Whittingham was the series’ first speaker.

Section Leadership Arizona Section – Candace Kay Chan, Chair Brazil Section – Luis F. P. Dick, Chair Canada Section – Bradley Easton, Chair Chicago Section – Alan Zdunek, Chair Chile Section – Jose H. Zagal, Chair China Section – Yong Yao Xia, Chair Cleveland Section – Heidi B. Martin, Chair Detroit Section – Kris Inman, Chair Europe Section – Renata Solarska, Chair Georgia Section – Seung Woo Lee, Chair India Section – S.A. Ilangovan, Chair Israel Section – Daniel Mandler, Chair

Japan Section – Masayoshi Watanabe, Chair Korea Section – Won-Sub Yoon, Chair Mexico Section – Carlos E. Frontana-Vazquez, Chair National Capital Section – Eric D. Wachsman, Chair New England Section – Sanjeev Mukerjee, Chair Pittsburgh Section – Clifford W. Walton, Chair San Francisco Section – Gao Liu, Chair Singapore Section – Zhichuan Xu, Chair Taiwan Section – Hsisheng Teng, Chair Texas Section – Jeremy P. Meyers, Chair Twin Cities Section – Victoria Gelling, Chair

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AWARDS PROGRAM

Awards, Fellowships, Grants ECS distinguishes outstanding technical achievements in electrochemistry, solid state science and technology, and recognizes exceptional service to the Society through the Honors & Awards Program. Recognition opportunities exist in the following categories: Society Awards, Division Awards, Student Awards, and Section Awards. ECS recognizes that today’s emerging scientists are the next generation of leaders in our field, and offers competitive Fellowships and Grants to allow students and young professionals to make discoveries and shape our science long into the future.

See highlights below and visit www.electrochem.org/awards for further information.

Society Awards The ECS Carl Wagner Memorial Award was established in 1980 to recognize mid-career achievement, excellence in research areas of interest of the Society, and significant contributions in the teaching or guidance of students or colleagues in education, industry, or government. The award consists of a sterling medal, a wall plaque, Society life membership, complimentary meeting registration, and travel assistance up to $1,000. Materials are due by October 1, 2020.

The Vittorio de Nora Award was established in 1971 to recognize distinguished contributions to the field of electrochemical engineering and technology. The award consists of a $7,500 prize, a gold medal, a wall plaque, Society life membership, complimentary meeting registration, and award dinner. Materials are due by April 15, 2021.

Division Awards

The ECS Olin Palladium Award was established in 1950 to recognize distinguished contributions to the fields of electrochemical or corrosion science. The award consists of a palladium medal, a wall plaque, a $7,500 prize, Society life membership, and complimentary meeting registration. Materials are due by October 1, 2020.

The Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award, sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation, was established in 2016 to encourage excellence among postdoctoral researchers in battery and fuel cell research. The award consists of a framed scroll, a $2,000 prize, and complimentary meeting registration. Two awards are granted each year. Nominations will be accepted beginning October 15, 2020 and materials are due by March 15, 2021.

The Fellow of The Electrochemical Society was established in 1989 as the Society’s highest honor in recognition of advanced individual technological contributions in the field of electrochemical and solid state science and technology; and active membership and involvement in the affairs of The Electrochemical Society. The award consists of an appropriately worded scroll and lapel pin. Materials are due by February 1, 2021.

The Battery Division Research Award was established in 1958 to recognize excellence in battery and fuel cell research and encourage publication in ECS outlets. The award recognizes outstanding contributions to the science of primary and secondary cells, batteries, and fuel cells. The award consists of a framed certificate and a $2,000 prize. Nominations will be accepted beginning October 15, 2020 and materials are due by March 15, 2021.

The Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching was established in 1981 for excellence in teaching in subject areas of interest to the Society. The award consists of a silver medal, a plaque, a $2,500 prize, complimentary meeting registration, a dinner held in recipient’s honor during the designated meeting, and life membership. Materials are due by April 15, 2021.

The Battery Division Student Research Award, sponsored by Mercedes-Benz Research & Development, recognizes promising young engineers and scientists in the field of electrochemical power sources. The award encourages recipients to initiate or continue careers in the field. Eligible candidates must be enrolled in a college or university at the nomination deadline. The award consists of a framed certificate and a $1,000 prize. Nominations will be accepted beginning October 15, 2020 and materials are due by March 15, 2021.

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AWARDS AWAPROGRAM RDS

Student Awards

The Battery Division Technology Award was established in 1993 to encourage the development of battery and fuel cell technology, and to recognize significant achievements in this area. This award defines the field of interest covered as “that area of electrochemical technology which deals with the design, fabrication, scale-up, performance, lifetime, operation, control and application of devices (i.e. primary and secondary cells and batteries, and fuel cells) in which chemical energy can be converted into usable electrical energy by an electrochemical process.” The award consists of a scroll, a $2,000 prize and Battery Division membership for as long as the recipient maintains Society membership. Nominations will be accepted beginning October 15, 2020 and materials are due by March 15, 2021.

The ECS Korea Section Student Award was established in 2005 to recognize academic accomplishments in any area of science or engineering in which electrochemical and/or solid state science and technology is the central consideration. The award consists of a $500 prize and is presented at a designated Korea Section meeting. At that time, the recipient may be requested to speak on a subject of major interest to him/her in the field of electrochemical and/or solid state science and technology. Materials are due by December 31, 2020.

The Electrodeposition Division Early Career Investigator Award was established in 2015 to recognize an outstanding young researcher in the field of electrochemical deposition science and technology. The award consists of a framed certificate and a $1,000 prize. Nominations will be accepted beginning October 1, 2020 and materials are due by April 1, 2021.

The San Francisco Section Daniel Cubicciotti Student Award was established in 1994 to assist a deserving student in Northern California in pursuing a career in the physical sciences or engineering. The award consists of an etched metal plaque and a $2,000 prize. Up to two honorable mentions will be extended, each to receive a framed certificate and a $500 prize. Materials are due by January 30, 2021.

The Electrodeposition Division Research Award recognizes outstanding research contributions to the field of electrodeposition and encourages the publication of high quality papers in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. The award is based on recent outstanding achievement in, or contribution to, the field of electrodeposition and will be given to an author or co-author of a paper that must have appeared in the Journal or another ECS publication. The award consists of a framed certificate and a $2,000 prize. Nominations will be accepted beginning October 1, 2020 and materials are due by April 1, 2021.

The Canada Section Student Award was established in 1987 to recognize promising young engineers and scientists in the field of electrochemical power sources. The awards are intended to encourage the recipients to initiate or continue careers in the field. The award consists of a $1,500 prize. Materials due February 28, 2021.

The ECS High Temperature Materials Division J. Bruce Wagner, Jr. Award was established in 1998 to recognize a young Society member who has demonstrated exceptional promise for a successful career in science and/ or technology in the field of high temperature materials. The award consists of an appropriately worded scroll and the sum of $1,000. The recipient may receive (if required) complimentary registration and up to $1,000 in financial assistance toward travel expenses for attendance of the Society meeting at which the award is to be presented. Nominations will be accepted beginning October 2, 2020 and materials are due by January 1, 2021.

Section Awards The Europe Section Heinz Gerischer Award was established in 2001 to recognize an individual or a small group of individuals (no more than three) who have made an outstanding contribution to the science of semiconductor electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry including the underlying areas of physical and materials chemistry of significance to this field. The award consists of a framed certificate and 2,000 EUR prize and, if required, financial assistance for unreimbursed travel expenses incurred to receive the award, not to exceed 1,000 EUR. Materials are due by September 30, 2020. The Canada Section W. Lash Miller Award was established in 1967 to recognize publications and/ or excellence in the field of electrochemical science and technology and/or solid state science and technology. The recipient will be a Canada resident who has obtained his/her last advanced education degree no more than 15 years before the year of the award. The award consists of a framed certificate and a $1,500 CAD prize. Materials are due by December 31, 2020.

ECS FELLOWS 2021 Call for Nominations Deadline: February 1, 2021

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AWARDS PROGRAM

Award Winners Join us in celebrating your peers as we extend congratulations to all! The following awards are part of the ECS Honors & Awards Program, one that has recognized professional and volunteer achievement within our multi-disciplinary sciences for decades.

Society Awards Honorary Members M. Stanley Whittingham was born in Nottingham, England on December 22, 1941. He received his BA (1964), MA (1967), and PhD (1968) in chemistry from the University of Oxford. He was at Stanford University as a research associate (1968-1972) before joining the Exxon Research and Development Company in Linden, New Jersey. At Exxon, Whittingham studied titanium disulfide and its superconductive properties. Using intercalation, he created the first rechargeable lithium-ion battery in 1976. He used metallic lithium as the anode and titanium disulfide intercalated with lithium ions as the cathode. The battery had an electromotive force of 2.5 volts. Together with John Goodenough, Whittingham published Solid State Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage in 1977. Whittingham founded the journal Solid State Ionics in 1981. He served as its editor for 20 years. Whittingham joined Schlumberger-Doll Research in Ridgefield, Connecticut, as director of physical sciences in 1984. He was then named distinguished professor of chemistry and materials sciences and engineering at Binghamton University, New York, in 1988. He is also director of the Northeastern Center for Chemical Energy Storage (NECCES), a Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) at Binghamton. There Whittingham continues his research on finding new materials for advancing energy storage. Akira Yoshino was born on January 30, 1948, in Suita, Japan. He was nine years old when he discovered Faraday’s The Chemical History of a Candle. The book describes the energy stored in a candle and the chemistry behind it. Reading that book sparked Yoshino’s interest in science and shaped his entire life. He received his BA (1970) and MA (1972) in petro chemistry from Kyoto University. In graduate school, he focused on chemistry, submitting research papers to the international journals of chemistry societies. After receiving his MA, Akira joined the Asahi Chemical Industry Company (now Asahi Kasei Corporation) in 1972. By combining John Goodenough’s cathode with a carbon anode, Yoshino created the first working lithium-ion battery. Yoshino filed a patent on his safer, commercially viable lithium-ion battery in 1985. The new lithium-ion battery was commercialized by Sony in 1991, and in 1992 by A&T Battery, a joint venture company of Asahi Kasei and Toshiba. In 2005, Yoshino received a doctorate in engineering from Osaka University. He became president of the Lithium-ion Battery Technology and Evaluation Center in 2010. In 2015, he became a visiting professor at the Research and Education Center for Advanced Energy Materials, Devices, and Systems, Kyushu University, a post he holds today. Since 2017, he has also served as a professor in the Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meijo University. Today, Yoshino is an honorary fellow at the Asahi Kasei Corporation. He continues his research, looking at ways that the lithium-ion battery can address global environmental problems. 66

Editor's Note: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019 was awarded jointly to John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino “for the development of lithium-ion batteries.”

Charles W. Tobias Young Investigator Award Bryan McCloskey is an associate professor and the vice chair of graduate education in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, and holds a joint appointment as a faculty engineer in the Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Bryan is a native Coloradoan, originally from Fort Collins, and received his bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from the Colorado School of Mines in 2003. While at the School of Mines, under the advisement of Andy Herring and Tom McKinnon, his research focused on understanding pyrolysis of biomass char. Bryan then joined Benny Freeman’s group at the University of Texas at Austin, where he developed anti-fouling coatings for water purification membranes. Upon completion of his PhD in 2009, Bryan was a postdoc and, subsequently, promoted to research staff member, at IBM Almaden Research Center, where he worked on elucidating the electrochemistry of Li-O2 batteries. In 2014, he joined UC and LBNL, where his laboratory currently focuses on metal-air batteries, photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction, and a variety of challenges facing Li-ion batteries, including high voltage cathode stability, advanced cathode material development, extreme fast charging, and low temperature and high transference number electrolyte formulations. He has co-authored more than 100 articles, holds six patents, and has won numerous awards for his research, including an NSF Career Award and the 2015 VW/BASF Science Award – Electrochemistry. More information can be found about the McCloskey Lab at the Lab’s website: www.mccloskeylab.com.

Edward Goodrich Acheson Award Esther Takeuchi is a SUNY distinguished professor and the William and Jane Knapp Chair in Energy and the Environment at Stony Brook University. She holds a joint appointment at Brookhaven National Laboratory as chair of the Interdisciplinary Science Department. Prior to her academic appointments, she was employed at Greatbatch, Inc., where her achievements in lithium battery research, particularly for implantable applications, led to several technological innovations. Her work was instrumental in the successful development of the lithium/silver vanadium oxide (Li/ SVO) battery, the power source of life-saving implantable cardiac The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS AWAPROGRAM RDS defibrillators (ICDs). She is a prolific inventor with more than 150 patents. Dr. Takeuchi’s accomplishments have been widely recognized. She is a member of National Academy of Engineering, received the National Medal of Technology and Innovation by President Obama, was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame, and is a charter member of the National Academy of Innovation. She received the E. V. Murphree and Astellas Awards from the American Chemical Society and The Electrochemical Society (ECS) Battery Division Technology award. She is a fellow of the ECS, the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She received the 2018 European Inventor Award for non-EPO countries. In 2019, she received the Walston Chubb Innovation Award from Sigma Xi and an honorary doctorate in engineering from Notre Dame University. Dr. Takeuchi received a BA from the University of Pennsylvania with a double major in chemistry and history and a PhD in chemistry from the Ohio State University. She is past president of ECS.

Norman Hackerman Young Author Award Takanori Akita received his BSc and MSc in mechanical engineering and currently is a PhD student at Tokyo University of Science. Prior to his doctoral coursework, he worked as a development engineer at Panasonic Eco Solutions Networks Co., Ltd. As a graduate student, Takanori worked on copper electrodeposition for a through silicon via (TSV) filling under the guidance of Masanori Hayase. For observation of the behavior of additives in copper

electroplating, he developed a microfluidic device in which flow cell experiments and rapid switching of the plating solution are enabled. Together with this microfluidic device, in situ optical microscopic observation of the plating surface is also available. Using this device, the behavior of typical suppressing agents was investigated, and some parameters useful in mathematical modeling of the bottom-up filling were estimated.

Bruce Deal and Andy Grove Young Author Award Takashi Matsumae received his PhD in engineering from the University of Tokyo in 2017. After completion of his degree, he was appointed as a researcher in the Research Center for Ubiquitous MEMS and Micro Engineering at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan. In the spring of 2020, Dr. Matsumae joined the Device Technology Research Institute at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. His interests have focused on hetero integration using wafer-bonding techniques to design future electronic devices. In particular, he and co-workers are currently working on direct bonding techniques of device and heat spreader having high thermal conductivity (e.g., Cu, AlN, diamond) for efficient heat dissipation. In addition, as the room temperature bonding of device and Cu substrates enables electrical connections even on substrates with low thermal resistance (e.g., PET, paper), they are now studying the feasibility of their bonding technology for flexible electronics.

Division Awards Battery Division Technology Award Yong Yang is a distinguished professor of chemistry at Xiamen University (XMU). Yong earned his PhD degree in physical chemistry in 1992 at XMU as well as a twoyear split PhD study in the UK. He started his academic career in the State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces at XMU in 1992, and worked as an academic visitor at the University of Oxford, 19971998. He now leads a group of about 50 members working on electrochemistry of

battery materials. His main research interests are new electrode/electrolyte materials for Li/Na-ion batteries, developing in situ spectroscopic techniques such as solid state NMR and synchrotron-based X-ray techniques, diagnosis, and life-predication methods for practical Li/Na-ion batteries. He has worked with many industrial partners, such as ATL, Huawei, TDK, and GM. He also serves as editor for the Journal of Power Sources and is a board member of the International Battery Materials Association (IBA) and International Meeting of Lithium Battery (IMLB). He was a recipient of the Outstanding Young Investigator Award by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) in 1999. In 2014, he received an IBA Technology Award, and Excellent Contribution Award by Chinese Electrochemical Society in 2017. He also wrote a book, Solid State Electrochemistry, (Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, China), in 2017. He has published more than 300 papers in peer-reviewed journals and educated more than 80 postdocs/PhD/MSc students in the last 30 years.

Battery Division Technology Award Jie Xiao is currently a laboratory fellow and group leader of Battery Materials & Systems at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). She is also an affiliated professor at the University of Washington (UW) and a UW-PNNL Distinguished Faculty Fellow in the Materials Sciences & Engineering Department at UW. Dr. Xiao obtained her PhD degree in materials chemistry from State University of New York, Binghamton. She has been leading research thrusts on both the fundamental study of energy storage materials and systems and their practical applications, spanning from micro-batteries for acoustic sensors to advanced battery technologies for vehicle electrification and grid energy storage. She has published more than 100 peer-reviewed journal papers and two book chapters. Dr. Xiao has been named top 1% Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researcher since 2017. She holds 17 U.S. patents in the area of energy storage research with three patents licensed to industry companies. Dr. Xiao is a Battelle Distinguished Inventor and the recipient of the Federal Laboratory Consortium (FLC) Award, Young Researcher Award from the International Automotive Lithium Battery Association, Exceptional Contribution Award from the DOE innovation Center for Battery500 Consortium, Ronald L. Brodzinski Early Career Exceptional Achievement Award, R&D 100 Award, and ACS Zappert Award.

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AWARDS PROGRAM Division Awards

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Battery Division Research Award

Photo: Eric de Vries

Hubert Gasteiger received his PhD in chemical engineering from UC Berkeley (1993), working with Elton Cairns, Phil Ross, and Nenad Marković. After postdoctoral studies at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory with Phil Ross and Nenad Marković (1994–1995) and at Ulm University with Jürgen Behm (1996– 1998), he joined the GM/Opel fuel cell program (Honeoye Falls, USA) as technical manager (1999–2007), leading the development of catalysts and membrane electrode assemblies. In 2009, he was visiting professor at MIT with Prof. Yang Shao-Horn, and in 2010 was appointed Chair of Technical Electrochemistry at the Technical University of Munich (www.tec.ch.tum.de), where his group is developing materials, electrode designs, and diagnostics for PEM fuel cells/electrolyzers and for lithium ion batteries. He has published 202 refereed articles (h-index 74 (Web of Science), 15 book chapters, 38 patent applications/patents, and served as editor-inchief for Wiley’s Handbook of Fuel Cells (2003 and 2009). In 2004, Prof. Gasteiger received the Klaus-Jürgen Vetter Award of the ISE (International Society of Electrochemistry) and was promoted to technical fellow at General Motors. He became a Fellow of The Electrochemical Society (ECS) in 2011, and, in 2012, he received the Grove Medal. More recently, he received the Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division David C. Grahame Award (2015) and the Energy Technology Division Research Award (2017) of ECS. He delivered the 2018 Jacobus van’t Hoff Lecture of the Process Technology Institute at Delft University of Technology. Since 2017, he has been serving as member of the Scientific Committee, the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking of the EU.

Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation

Marco Rodrigues is currently a postdoctoral researcher in the Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division of Argonne National Laboratory, where he has been working under the mentorship of Dr. Daniel Abraham since the summer of 2018. His research focuses on the development of methods to improve the mechanistic understanding of how Li-ion batteries operate, applying fundamental science to problems of practical relevance. His current interests extend over multiple lithium ion battery topical areas, including the development of fast-charging protocols, characterization of silicon anodes, and advancing the understanding of high-energy oxide cathodes. Marco received his PhD in materials science and nanoengineering in 2018 from Rice University (Houston, Texas), where he conducted research on high-temperature-resilient Li-ion batteries under the guidance of Prof. P. M. Ajayan. His contributions to battery science have been recognized with Argonne’s Outstanding Postdoctoral Performance Award (2019), the Travel Award for Young Electrochemists (International Society of Electrochemistry,

2019), and the Hershel M. Rich Invention Award (Rice Engineering Alumni Association, 2018). Dr. Rodrigues has mentored several undergraduate and graduate students, and has authored over 39 scientific articles, many of them featured in journals published by The Electrochemical Society.

Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation

David S. Hall is a research associate in the Department of Chemistry at Cambridge University and a postdoctoral research associate of Hughes Hall, Cambridge. He received a BSc (2010) with Honours Specialisation in chemistry and minor in materials science from Western University (London, Canada) and a PhD (2014) in chemistry from the University of Ottawa. He performed his doctoral research as a visiting scientist at the National Research Council

Canada (Ottawa). He received an NSERC-CREATE fellowship for postdoctoral research at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada (2014-2016), where he researched electrolyte additives for lithium ion batteries. He then joined the Nuclear Waste Management Organization in Toronto (2016-2017), where he was the project manager of a portfolio of academic, government, and industrial corrosion research across Canada, and regularly collaborated with several international partners. He was then a postdoctoral research associate at Dalhousie University (2017-2019) studying characterization methods, electrolytes for fastcharging, and additive synthesis for lithium ion batteries. He moved to Cambridge in 2019, where he is currently joint project lead for the Degradation Fast Start project of The Faraday Institution.

Battery Division Student Research Award

Sponsored by Mercedes-Benz Research & Development Julian Self is a PhD candidate at UC Berkeley, working with Prof. Kristin Persson on electrochemical research. Previously, he completed his MSc at Dalhousie University under the supervision of Dr. Jeff Dahn. He studied in situ gas formation in Li-ion pouch cells during cycling, as well as electrolyte decomposition and electrode-interphase formation. Within the scope of his PhD thesis, Julian focuses on computation, modelling, and simulation work in collaboration with experimental teams. He works to understand bulk, transport, and interfacial properties of state of the art and “next generation” electrolytes, both Li+ based as well as multivalent, and how these directly tie into battery performance. One of the current research topics is interionic interactions in multivalent electrolytes. The charting of salt interactions and speciation in such electrolytes is part of a larger effort to understand bulk properties as well as charge delivery and interphase formation in multivalent batteries. Systems of interest include magnesium and calcium salts in ether-based solvents. Julian has been using computational and theoretical tools in conjunction with collaborators using experimental techniques such as dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. As an example, Julian uncovered a universal redissociation mechanism, which was found to explain observed anomalous transport behavior in multivalent low-permittivity solvent systems. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS AWAPROGRAM RDS Battery Division Student Research Award

Corrosion Division Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award

Matthias Künzel obtained his BSc (2014) and MSc (2016) in molecular nanoscience at the Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) in Erlangen, Germany. During his graduate studies, he visited the University of Wollongong (UOW) in Australia for a research stay funded through the ISAP program of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), where he investigated impedance-based strain sensors made from conducting tough hydrogels. Returning to Germany for his master’s thesis, he completed his studies at the Robert Bosch Research Campus in Renningen, with the development of the electrochemical pre-lithiation of silicon anodes for lithium ion batteries. Künzel continued his contribution to battery research with his PhD in physical chemistry at the Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany. His work under the supervision of Prof. Stefano Passerini explored sustainable highperformance lithium-ion batteries with particular focus on cobalt-free positive electrode materials and their aqueous processing. Within his young career, Künzel has demonstrated the aqueous electrode processing of water-sensitive high-voltage cathode materials feasible and introduced concepts and strategies for their successful implementation. One of the main outcomes of his research is the complementary protection of the positive active material with simultaneous crosslinking of the binder through selected processing additives leading to significantly enhanced performance of sustainable 5V lithium-ion batteries. Künzel’s work has been published inter alia in ChemSusChem, ACS Applied Energy Materials, and Materials Today. Thus far, he has contributed to overall 14 peer-reviewed publications and co-authored one European patent.

Chao (Gilbert) Liu is currently an R&D researcher/electrochemist working with Royal Dutch Shell at their technology center in the U.S. He obtained his PhD degree from the materials science and engineering department at the University of Virginia in December 2018. The aim of his PhD work is to gain a fundamental understanding of localized corrosion degradation of the airframe structure introduced by galvanic connection of dissimilar materials during atmospheric exposure, via a combined modeling and experimental approach. The outcome of this research has added some fundamental comprehension into the field of atmospheric galvanically induced localized corrosion, and provided corrosion mitigation insights to the protection of metal/alloy-based infrastructures during atmosphere exposure. The Office of Naval Research has supported his study which is part of a collaboration with his academic advisors, Prof. Rob Kelly, Prof. John Scully, and Prof. Jimmy Burns. Chao received his BS in applied chemistry at Nanchang University, China, before taking his adventure in the U.S. He obtained his MS in chemical engineering at the University of Florida in 2012, supervised by Prof. Mark Orazem, who introduced him into the corrosion world. Chao is also a technical columnist for the Tech Highlights column in the ECS Interface.

Sponsored by Mercedes-Benz Research & Development

Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award Nick Birbilis is the deputy dean of the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the Australian National University. His research has sought an understanding between corrosion and microstructure, and consequently, characterisation across all length scales remains a research a focus. Nick’s research has focused across many materials classes, with a focus on durability and materials design. This includes the light alloys, additively manufactured alloys, and compositionally complex alloys. Nick is a fellow of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE), a fellow of The Electrochemical Society (ECS), and a fellow of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE). Nick earned his PhD from Monash University and was a postdoctoral fellow at The Ohio State University. He then commenced his academic career at Monash University, where he was the inaugural Woodside Innovation Chair, and also served as the Head of Department (Materials Science and Engineering) from 2013-2018. Nick has authored over 350 publications and serves as a long-standing editor for the journal Electrochimica Acta. He is also the editor-in-chief of npj Materials Degradation.

Electrodeposition Division Research Award Daniel Josell majored in both physics and mechanical engineering as an undergraduate at Harvard College and received his doctoral degree in engineering sciences, specializing in materials science, from Harvard University. He has been on the staff of the National Institute of Standards and Technology for 28 years, during which time he has held positions including leader of the Thin Film and Nanostructure Processing Group and deputy chief of the Metallurgy Division. He has received NIST’s highest award for scientific achievement, the Samuel Wesley Stratton Award, as well as the highest award of the United States Department of Commerce, the Gold Medal Award, both of which he shared with Dr. Thomas Moffat, for his research on superconformal deposition processes for interconnect fabrication. In his research, he has also explored the mechanical and thermal transport properties of multilayered materials, the thermodynamics of interfaces, the stability of nanoscale materials and structures, and the processing and properties of three-dimensionally structured photovoltaic devices. He is author or co-author of more than 140 technical publications that are cited some 6,000 times.

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AWARDS PROGRAM Division Awards

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Electrodeposition Division Early Career Investigator Award Trevor Braun is currently a research scientist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). He received his BS in chemical engineering from the Colorado School of Mines in 2011 before joining Dr. Daniel Schwartz’s lab at the University of Washington, where he earned his PhD in 2016. His doctoral research involved integrating bipolar electrochemistry with microjet electrodes to enable localized electrodeposition and patterning without requiring direct electrical connections to the substrate. This work resulted in a U.S. patent and six first author publications, one of which was selected for the ECS Norman Hackerman Award. At NIST, first as a National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow advised by Dr. Thomas Moffat, and now as a research scientist, Dr. Braun combines computational and experimental techniques to understand and characterize the S-NDR (s-shaped negative differential resistance) phenomenon crucial to bottom-up deposition in high-aspect ratio features used in electronics manufacturing. In this work, electroanalytical measurements inform theoretical models that describe the influence of surface adsorbates and mass transport on electrochemical kinetics. The theory is validated by comparison of experimental through-silicon via and through-hole filling to simulations capturing the electrode shape change, and has resulted in four first author publications. Dr. Braun’s broader research interests include modeling energy systems, scanning probe electrochemical methods, and combinatorial evaluation of material properties.

High Temperature Materials Division Outstanding Achievement Award Mogens Bjerg Mogensen is professor emeritus at the Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark (DTU). He obtained his MSc in chemical engineering from DTU in 1973 and PhD in corrosion and metallurgy from DTU in 1976. He celebrates 45 years in electrochemistry. He has been active in the science of solid oxide fuel cells and electrolyser cells for the past 31 years, for 11 years involved in high temperature and pressurized (200-250°C, 20-40 bar) alkaline electrolyser cells, and five years spent in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis. He has also supervised more than 40 PhD students. His early career work includes corrosion, Li-batteries, and nuclear materials. Prof. Mogensen was a member of the executive committee of the High Temperature Materials Division of ECS for 20 years, associate editor of SSI for a decade, and, for four years, was involved in the Independent Research Fund Denmark – Technology and Production Sciences. He has also been a member of numerous international conference boards. He was also the head of program for two years, and leader of the Strategic Electrochemical Research Center for six years. He has been coordinator of EU projects, and a manager of many Danish and international R&D projects. With regard to publications, Prof. Mogensen has an h-index of 66: 291 publications with >17,000 citations. Two publications have been cited 1,000+, 45 publications 100+, and 189 publication 10+ times (Web of Science, July 2020). He also has 23 published patents/ applications, nine book chapters, and 170 other research publications. 70

In 2015, Prof. Mogensen was inducted into the Class of Fellows of The Electrochemical Society. In 2012, he received the Science of Hydrogen & Energy Award at the 6th Hydrogen & Energy Symposium, Stoos, CH. That year he was also an elected member of the Danish Natural Science Academy (DNA). In 2008, he received the Christian Friedrich Schönbein Gold Medal of Honour, 8th European Fuel Cell Forum, Lucerne.

Luminescence and Display Materials Division Outstanding Achievement Award Kazuyoshi Ogasawara is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan. He received his BS, MS, and PhD in physics from Kyoto University in 1991, 1993, and 1996, respectively. After graduating, he joined the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Kyoto University as a research associate. In 2002, he moved to the Department of Chemistry at Kwansei Gakuin University as a lecturer. In 2004, he was promoted to be an associate professor and became a professor in 2010. His research focuses on the theoretical investigation of luminescent materials activated with transition metal and rareearth ions. As part of his research, he developed a first-principles relativistic configuration-interaction (CI) calculation program, known as the relativistic discrete-variational multi-electron (DVME) program, in which both the many-electron effect and the relativistic effect can be considered simultaneously. This program enabled one to reproduce and analyze the multiplet structures and the optical spectra of rare-earth ions in crystals without any empirical parameters. He analyzed multiplet states of variety of luminescent materials based on the explicitly obtained many-electron wave functions and clarified fundamental electronic states beyond the one-electron model. Utilizing the predictive capability of his program, he also performed systematic first-principles calculations and created various energystructure maps, providing valuable information for theoretical design of novel luminescent materials. He has published over 100 peerreviewed scientific papers.

Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division Max Bredig Award In Molten Salt and Ionic Liquid Chemistry Sheng Dai obtained his BS degree (1984) and MS degree (1986) in chemistry at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, and his PhD (1990) in chemistry at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He is currently a group leader at the Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), a professor of chemistry at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK), and serves as a director for the Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) for Fluid Interface Reactions, Structures, and Transport (FIRST). He was named a UT-Battelle Corporate Fellow in 2011, the highest designation a researcher can receive at ORNL. His current research interests include ionic liquids, porous materials, and their applications for separation sciences and energy storage as well as catalysis by nanomaterials. His research has led to the 2019 ACS Award in Separation Science and Technology, 2018 IMMA Award given by the International Mesostructured Materials Association, 2016 Battelle Distinguished Inventor Award, and six The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS AWAPROGRAM RDS R&D100 Awards (2011, 2012, two in 2014, 2015, 2016). He is a fellow of Material Research Society and fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Sensor Division Outstanding Achievement Award

Nianqiang (Nick) Wu received his PhD degree in materials science and engineering from Zhejiang University, China, in 1997. He became assistant professor at West Virginia University (WVU) in 2005, and was promoted to full professor in 2014. Since January 2020, he is an Armstrong-Siadat Endowed Professor in Materials Science in the department of chemical engineering at University of Massachusetts Amherst. Dr. Wu is a Fellow of The Electrochemical Society and Royal Society of Chemistry. He has received several honors and awards, such as the Highly Cited Researcher (Clarivate Analytics, Thomson Reuters), Benedum Distinguished Scholar Award, the Alice Hamilton Award for Excellence in Occupational Safety & Health, and George B. Berry Chair of Engineering (WVU). He has served as a chair of the ECS Sensor Division in the past. Dr. Wu received the 2020 Sensor Division Outstanding Achievement Award for advancing fundamental understanding of sensing principles and transforming the fundamental knowledge of practical sensor devices. He has made seminal contributions to the science and technology of sensors for detection of environmental pollutants and human biomarkers.

Shekhar Bhansali is Alcatel-Lucent Professor and chair of electrical and computer engineering at Florida International University. Dr. Bhansali received his PhD in electrical engineering from RMIT University in Australia (1997). A prolific researcher, he has published over 150 journals and 163 conference papers, and he holds 36 U.S patents. As a mentor, Dr. Bhansali has advised over 65 PhD and master’s students, and more than 130 undergraduate/high school students. As director of multiple training programs, he has mentored over 200 doctoral students at the intersection of disciplines. Dr. Bhansali has received numerous awards, including the William R. Jones Outstanding Mentor Award, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Mentor of the Year Award, and the NSF CAREER Award.

Section Awards Canada Section Student Award Keegan Adair received his BSc in chemistry from the University of British Columbia in 2016. He is currently a PhD candidate in Prof. Xueliang (Andy) Sun’s Nanomaterials and Energy Group at the University of Western Ontario. He has previously received awards such as the Ontario Graduate Scholarship and the doctoral NSERC Canada Graduate Scholarship. Keegan’s research covers a broad area of next-generation energy storage technologies with a focus on Li metal batteries. His work utilizes atomic/

Society Awards Over the years, ECS has generated an impressive group of Society awards that are highly coveted by the scientific community. They not only recognize extraordinary contributions to science and technology, but also often take into account outstanding service to ECS.

molecular layer deposition techniques to engineer nanoscale thin film coatings on electrode materials to stabilize their interfaces during electrochemical cycling. He also applies advanced synchrotron-based characterization techniques to provide mechanistic insights towards the study of next-generation battery systems. Keegan has applied the knowledge he obtained during his time in the battery industry working with companies such as E-One Moli Energy and General Motors R&D. During his research career, Keegan has authored/coauthored several publications in high impact journals and his work with industrial partners has led to the filing of three patents related to battery technology. He is an active participant in his university’s ECS student chapter and has given oral presentations at international ECS conferences. His PhD work is expected to make contributions towards the design of next-generation Li metal batteries for electric vehicle applications.

Division Awards Division awards are dedicated to the recognition of work done in the trenches with an emphasis on accomplishments in the particular fields of Divisional interest.

For further information about any of these awards, please contact ECS:

awards@electrochem.org

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AWARDS PROGRAM 2020 Class of Fellows Fellow of The Electrochemical Society was established in 1989 for advanced individual technological contributions in the fields of electrochemistry and solid state science and technology, and service to the Society. These members are being recognized at the plenary session for scientific achievements, for leadership, and for active participation in the affairs of ECS. Each year, up to 15 renowned scientists and engineers are chosen by their peers for this honor. Join us in celebrating the 2020 Class of Fellows. Katherine Ayers is vice president of R&D for Nel Hydrogen U.S., focused on onsite hydrogen generation via water electrolysis. She has been with Nel since 2007, with responsibility for developing and executing Nel’s technology strategy. She manages a broad portfolio of internally and externally funded research projects across a range of collaborators in academia, industry, and national labs. Her group’s research spans polymer membranes, catalysts, porous transport materials, and device design. Dr. Ayers received her bachelor’s degree in chemistry/chemical physics at UC San Diego and received the Urey Award as the top chemistry graduate in her class. She earned her PhD in chemistry at Caltech on an NSF Graduate Fellowship. She spent 10 years in the battery industry before moving to Nel. She is widely recognized in the hydrogen field for her ability to link fundamental science with industrial and manufacturing perspectives. Dr. Ayers leads a benchmarking program spanning the U.S. water splitting community funded by the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office (HFTO). She has also served on multiple scientific advisory boards for Energy Frontier Research Centers and similar consortia, as well as two federal level advisory committees for DOE: HTAC (Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Technical Advisory Committee, 2015-2019), and BESAC (Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee, 2019–present). Dr. Ayers received an R&D Award at the 2012 DOE Merit Review from the HFTO Production Team, and an American Chemical Society Women Chemists Committee 2014 Rising Stars Award. She also received a Fuel Cell Seminar Program Award in 2015.

Yet-Ming Chiang holds the Kyocera Professorship in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He joined the MIT faculty in 1984 after receiving SB and ScD degrees from MIT. His primary field of research is inorganic materials and their applications in advanced technology, and over the past two decades, his work has increasingly emphasized clean energy technologies, such as non-aqueous and aqueous batteries for transportation and grid-scale storage, and most recently, electrochemical production of construction materials. In these topics, he has published about 300 scientific articles, 14 book chapters and edited volumes, and one textbook. He also holds about 85 issued U.S. patents, of which more than 60 have been licensed to or are held by practicing companies. Chiang is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering (2009) and fellow of the Materials Research Society (2010), the American Ceramic Society (1998), and the National Academy of Inventors (2017). His work has been recognized by the Economist’s Innovation Award (Energy and Environment Category, 2012), The Electrochemical Society Battery Division’s Battery Technology Award (2012), the Materials Research Society’s Plenary Lectureship (2011), and the World Economic Forum’s Technology Pioneer Award (2016). In addition to his academic research, Chiang has co-founded several companies based on research from his MIT laboratory, including the energy technology companies American Superconductor Corporation (1987), A123 Systems (2001), 24M Technologies (2010), Form Energy (2017), and Sublime Systems (2020).

Rodney Borup has been a scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory since 1999, starting as a postdoctoral researcher in 1994. He also holds a research professor position at the University of New Mexico in the chemical and biological engineering department. He received his BSc in Chemical Engineering from the University of Iowa in 1988 and his PhD from the University of Washington in 1993. Rod is director for the multi-lab consortium for Fuel Cell Performance and Durability (FC-PAD), which includes the national labs: Los Alamos, Argonne, Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge, and the National Renewable Energy Lab. His main research areas are related to PEM fuel cells, including fuel cell component durability, water transport, electrode design, and GDL materials. His funding has come primarily through the DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office (HFTO). He has 13 U.S. patents (several more submitted), authored approximately 150 papers related to fuel cell technology with over 9,900 citations and an h-index of 38. He has received numerous awards, including the PI for the 2004 Fuel Cell Seminar Best Poster Award, the 2005 DOE Hydrogen Program R&D Award, the U.S. Drive 2012 Tech Team Award for the Fuel Cell Technical Team, the 2014 Research Award of the Energy Technology Division of The Electrochemical Society, the PI for the 2015 Fuel Cell Seminar Best Poster Award, and a 2016 DOE Fuel Cell Technologies Office Annual Merit Award for Fuel Cells.

Diana Golodnitsky is a professor of chemistry and The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Chair in Chemistry and Energy Sciences at Tel Aviv University. She received an MSc and PhD (1984) from Karpov Physicochemical Scientific Research Institute, Moscow, and State Technological University, Kazan, USSR, where she studied fundamental electrochemistry, electrodeposition, and electroforming of metals and alloys. She joined Tel Aviv University in 1992. Her studies on ordered solid-polymer electrolytes (stretched and cast under applied gradient magnetic field) marked the beginning of active experimental research of ion transport in crystalline-polymer systems. Her current work focuses on the investigation of mechanisms controlling interfacial energy barriers in high-charge-carrier-content electrophoretically deposited composite materials. 3D-on-chip microbatteries, flexible and free-form-factor printed batteries are of her particular interest, as well. Diana has published 130 refereed papers and six book chapters. She holds 19 patents and is a co-founder of three startup companies. Prof. Golodnitsky joined ECS in 1994. She is a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, president of the Israel Electrochemical Society, and a board member of the Israel National Research Center for Electrochemical Propulsion.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS AWAPROGRAM RDS Dominique Guyomard created the Electrochemical Energy Storage and Transformation Lab (EEST) at the IMN (Institut des Materiaux Jean Rouxel at Nantes, France) in 2007, with about 40-45 scientists, including 18 staff members, gathering activities on rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, and high temperature fuels cells and electrolysers. His research focuses on the design and development of new materials and new devices for energy storage applications. The various aspects of his work include novel concepts for energy storage and advanced characterization, with the constant purpose of improving battery performance in terms of energy, safety, durability, and ecocompatibility. He received several awards including the International Battery Association Research Award (2007), the French Academy of Science Award for Science Transfer to Industry (2008), the ECS Battery Division Research Award (2010), and the ECS Battery Division Technology Award (2016). He is co-inventor of 35 issued patents and co-author of more than 370 articles, including 270 peer-reviewed papers, and has delivered more than 100 invited international conference talks (or presentations). Andrew Herring is a professor of chemical and biological engineering at the Colorado School of Mines since 1995. After obtaining his PhD in inorganic and structural chemistry from the University of Leeds in 1988, he completed postdoctoral appointments at Caltech and then at the Solar Energy Research Institute/National Renewable Energy Laboratory. His research interests are generally in materials or catalysis to enable renewable energy, energy efficiency, or energy storage. His work currently focuses on low and intermediate temperature polymer electrolyte materials, an effort that began 25 years ago. Herring is developing anion exchange membranes for electrolysis or fuel cells, and proton exchange membranes for increased durability or higher fuel cell operating temperatures He is also interested in membranes for ion selective redox flow batteries or for water applications. His group is involved in fundamental studies of the properties of these materials as well as their incorporation into devices. Herring has authored over 170 journal articles and has mentored more than 30 graduate students and over 105 undergraduate research assistants in his laboratory. He has been recognized with a 3M nontenured faculty award, the ACS Energy and Fuel Division Henry H. Storch Award in Fuel Science, and is a fellow of the American Chemical Society. He is a past chair of the Energy Technology Division of The Electrochemical Society. John T. S. Irvine has made a unique and world-leading contribution to the science of energy materials, especially fuel cell and energy conversion technologies. This research has ranged from detailed fundamental to strategic and applied science and has had major impact across academia, industry, and government. Irvine’s science is highly interdisciplinary, extending from chemistry and materials through physics, bioenergy, geoscience, engineering, economics, and policy. The quality and impact of Irvine’s research has been recognized by a number of national and international awards, including the

Lord Kelvin Medal from the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2018, the Schönbeim gold medal from the European Fuel Cell Forum in 2016, the RSC Sustainable Energy Award in 2015, with earlier RSC recognition via Materials Chemistry, Bacon, and Beilby awards/ medals. Highlights of Irvine’s activities include discovery of the emergent nanomaterials phenomenon, establishing the field of oxide fuel electrodes, delivering high performance direct carbon fuel cells, and demonstration of significant hydride ion conductivity. Other important achievements relate to photocatalysis, lithium ion batteries, non-stoichiometric oxides, structure/ property/function, catalysis and electrocatalysis, and bioenergy Global warming and energy security are probably the greatest challenges facing mankind. These problems need urgent and rapid responses in the way that humans use and exploit energy sources. A critical component of the solution is the implementation of new disruptive energy technologies, such as fuel cells that will totally reshape our energy economy, which is central to Irvine’s activities. Hiroshi Iwai received the BE and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Tokyo. He joined Toshiba in 1973, and contributed to the development of integrated circuit devices for 26 years. He joined the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1999, and engaged in the research of semiconductor device technologies for 21 years. He is now a professor emeritus, Tokyo Institute of Technology, and a vice dean and distinguished chair professor at the National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan. He has authored/co-authored more than 1,000 international journal and conference papers and 500 Japanese ones. He is an inventor of 80 U.S. and 65 Japanese patents. His most famous accomplishment is the continuation of miniaturization of MOSFETs from 8 μm to recent sub-50 nm generations, contributing to the continuation of Moore’s Law for 50 years. He has engaged in the development of product technologies from the early period of large scale integrated circuits: the first NMOS LSI technology at Toshiba in 1975, several generations of memories—1k SRAM, 64 k DRAM, and 1M SRAM, bipolar and BiCMOS technologies for analog and RF. He initiated an RF CMOS project in 1995, resulting in the success of Bluetooth. He has also introduced many new process technologies which were the first or one of the first attempts in the world: BPSG planarization, source/drain ion-implantation, reactive ion etching for poly Si gate, rapid thermal annealing for shallow doping, rapid thermal oxidation for ultra-thin gate oxides, rapid thermal nitridation for oxynitride gate oxides, NiSi silicide. Yuehe Lin is a professor at the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University and a laboratory fellow at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). He received his BS in chemistry from Peking University, PhD in analytical chemistry from Xiamen University (1991), and PhD in environmental chemistry from University of Idaho (1997). Lin is well known for his contributions to the development of BioMEMS’s devices and biosensors for biomedical applications. His other research achievements include the development of electrocatalysts and electrode materials for energy conversion and storage. He has more than 500 peer-reviewed publications with total citations over 55,000 times and an h-index of 120. He has been named among the world’s most Highly Cited Researchers every year (continued on next page)

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AWARDS PROGRAM 2020 Class of Fellows

(continued from previous page)

from 2014 to 2019 by the Web of Science. Lin holds more than 20 patents, some of which have been licensed to industrial partners for commercialization. Due to the successful commercialization of the technologies, he won three Battelle-PNNL key contributor awards. Lin is a fellow of the National Academy of Inventors, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Royal Society of Chemistry, and American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, as well as a member of the Washington State Academy of Sciences. He serves as editor or editorial board member for approximately 20 international journals, including Advance Materials Technologies; Analytica Chimica Acta; Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Electroanalysis; International Journal of Nanomedicine; Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; Research-A Science Partner Journal; and Sensors and Actuators B. Lin has been an ECS member since 1998. He has been actively serving the Society, organizing symposiums, and chairing sessions in nanotechnology and nanosensors. Stefano Passerini is a professor at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology since January 1, 2014, and director of the Helmholtz Institute Ulm since October 2018. His research focuses on the basic understanding and development of materials for high-energy batteries and supercapacitors, with the goal to create sustainable energy storage systems from environmentally friendly and available materials and processes. He is an internationally recognized pioneer in the field of ionic liquids and the development of sodiumion batteries. Co-author of more than 500 scientific papers (Scopus h-Index: 86), a few book chapters, and several international patents. In 2012, he was awarded the ECS Battery Division Research Award. In 2016, he was nominated as a fellow of the International Society of Electrochemistry and, in 2019, as member of the Leopoldina Academy of Science. Venkataraman Thangadurai is a professor of chemistry at the University of Calgary, Canada. He received his PhD from the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore in 1999 and completed his postdoctoral research at the University of Kiel, Germany, with a prestigious fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Bonn. He received the Habilitation degree from the University of Kiel in 2004. Thangadurai’s research focuses on the development of novel solid state electrolytes and electrodes for advanced all-solid state batteries, solid oxide fuel cells, electrolyzers, and electrochemical gas sensors. Thangadurai pioneered the development of fast Li ion conducting garnet-type structure oxides, which form a singular class in all-solid state lithium batteries because of their unique functional properties, such as high ionic conductivity, excellent electrochemical stability window, and chemical stability with high voltage Li cathodes and elemental Li anode. His work has generated over 200 peer-reviewed international journal articles; four book chapters; and five patent applications. Thangadurai has received many awards for his contributions to science and innovation in the fields of solid state ionics and entrepreneurship. He received the Keith Laidler Award from the Canadian Society of Chemistry in 2016, and the University of Calgary Peak Scholar Award in 2019. Thangadurai was also the co-recipient of the Outstanding Invention of 2013 award from the University of Maryland, USA. 74

Thangadurai upholds one of the highest academic and professional standards as a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, United Kingdom, the co-founder and associate director of the Calgary Advanced Energy Storage & Conversion Research Technologies (CAESR-Tech), and the co-founder and scientific advisor of Ion Storage Systems, Maryland, USA. Jie Xiao is currently a laboratory fellow and group leader of Battery Materials & Systems at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). She is also an affiliated professor at University of Washington (UW) and a UWPNNL Distinguished Faculty Fellow in the Materials Sciences & Engineering Department at UW. Dr. Xiao obtained her PhD degree in materials chemistry from the State University of New York, Binghamton. She has been leading research thrusts on both fundamental study of energy storage materials and systems and their practical applications, spanning from micro-batteries for acoustic sensors to advanced battery technologies for vehicle electrification and grid energy storage. She has published more than 100 peer-reviewed journal papers and two book chapters. Dr. Xiao has been named top 1% Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researcher since 2017. Dr. Xiao holds 17 U.S. patents in the area of energy storage research area with three patents licensed to industry companies. She is a Battelle Distinguished Inventor and the recipient of the Federal Laboratory Consortium (FLC) Award, Young Researcher Award from International Automotive Lithium Battery Association, Exceptional Contribution Award from DOE innovation Center for Battery500 Consortium, Ronald L. Brodzinski Early Career Exceptional Achievement Award, R&D 100 Award, and ACS Zappert Award. Kang Xu is an ARL Fellow, senior chemist, and Team Leader at the U. S. Army Research Lab (ARL). He is globally regarded as an authority in electrolyte materials and interphasial chemistry. His contributions to the field include development of new electrolyte materials such as solvents, salts and additives of novel structures, and establishment of foundational knowledge about the ion solvation and transport, and interphasial chemistries and processes in batteries. In particular, the work by him and colleagues on high voltage aqueous electrolytes (Science, 2015) and their later derivatives for new chemistries have opened a new frontier for aqueous batteries. Dr. Xu’s academic record includes 250 peer-reviewed articles, 25 U.S. patents, five book chapters, and one book. Among these, he is best known in the field for two comprehensive review articles in Chemical Reviews (2004 and 2014), both regarded as standard desk references by researchers. His new book Electrolytes provides an authoritative, comprehensive, and yet, colloquial textbook to students and professionals entering the energy storage field. He is co-founder of the Center of Research on Extreme Batteries (CREB) and an adjunct professor at University of Maryland (UMD), College Park. He also serves as associate editors for both Energy & Environmental Materials and Journal of The Electrochemistry Society. He is on the advisory board for ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, and a member of the ECS Publications Subcommittee. Dr. Xu has been recognized with multiple awards, including the 2018 ECS Battery Division Research Award, 2017 IBA Technology Award, 2017 DoD Scientist of the Quarter Award, and 2015 UMD Invention of the Year Award.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS AWAPROGRAM RDS Gleb Yushin is a professor of materials science and engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology and an editor-in-chief of Materials Today. Prof. Yushin is also a cofounder and CTO of a Georgia Tech startup, Sila Nanotechnologies, Inc., an advanced battery materials company currently employing nearly 200 people and valued at over $1 billion. Prof. Yushin pioneered transformative developments of advanced materials for next generation rechargeable batteries for clean energy and transportation. His major research and technological impacts have been recognized by his election to

become a fellow of the Materials Research Society, a fellow of the EU Academy of Sciences, and a fellow of the National Academy of Inventors. He was also recognized among Leading and Most Cited Researchers in Sciences Around the World by Clarivate Analytics. Prof. Yushin’s international recognition and leadership is supported by his giving over 120 invited and keynote presentations and seminars and serving as an invited reviewer to multiple funding agencies across the globe. His innovative synthesis approaches supported by over 110 U.S. and international patents and applications led to the drastic improvements in the stability and rate performance of high energy density energy storage devices for consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and grid storage applications.

ECS STUDENT PROGRAMS Biannual Travel Meeting Grants

Many ECS divisions and sections offer funding to undergraduate and graduate students, postdocs, and young professionals presenting research at ECS biannual meetings. Visit: www.electrochem.org/travel-grants

Summer Fellowships

Apply for a $5,000 ECS Summer Fellowship! The annual deadline for applications is January 15. Learn more: www.electrochem.org/summer-fellowships

Colin Garfield Fink Summer Fellowship

Are you completing a postdoc focused on battery research? Are you an ECS member in good standing? If yes, learn more: www.electrochem.org/fink-fellowship

Student Memberships

Access a global network of scientists, engineers, and students with ECS’s affordable discounted student memberships. ECS’s 100+ student chapters and ECS divisions also offer fully awarded memberships. Student Memberships: www.electrochem.org/student-center

Continued Education

ECS equips student members to successfully start their careers. Our professional development workshops, short courses, and webinars provide attendees with skills not often learned in the classroom. Learn more: www.electrochem.org/education

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

NE W MEMBERS

Member Spotlight I was pleased with the ease when registering for the 236th ECS Meeting in Atlanta, GA. I must say with admiration, as a member, I enjoy working with the best organization and administration ever. Best regards from France.”

Eva Kovacevic

Keith Gilbert Sun Chemical Beamsville, Ontario Canada

GREMI, Université d’Orléans France

I was inspired to join ECS because my company recently started selling material into the LFP cathode market.There also was some personal interest as I studied electromagnetism at my university. Which member benefit is most valuable to me? I would definitely say making contacts with other colleagues in the field.”

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Amazon gift card? Contact customerservice@electrochem.org for details!

ECS is proud to announce the following new members for April, May, and June of 2020. (Members are listed alphabetically by family/last name.) Members

Thomas Hinklin, Sandy, UT, USA Que Huang, Taiyuan, Shaanxi Province, China

Masamichi Asano, Cambridge, MA, USA

Yaocai Bai, Knoxville, TN, USA Michael Bernier, Oshawa, ON, Canada Vinay Bhat, Austin, TX, USA

Timothy Donley, Galax, VA, USA

Dieter Frense, Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Thuringia, Germany

Keith Gilbert, Oakville, ON, Canada Joel Glass, Tampere, Western Finland, Finland Rosa Gonzalez Huerta, Zacatenco, Mexico City, Mexico

Naoyuki Handa, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa, Japan Martha Leticia Hernandez-Pichardo, Mexico City, Mexico DF, Mexico

Young-Pil Kim, Bernin, Auvergne-RhoneAlpes, France Katharina Krischer, Garching bei Muenchen, Bavaria, Germany

Dhaval Lokagariwar, San Jose, CA, USA

Frank Malo, Melbourne, FL, USA JoAnn Milliken, Alexandria, VA, USA

Jens Noack, Pfinztal, BW, Germany

Brandon Ohara, San Jose, CA, USA

Nina Plugotarenko, Taganrog, Rostov Oblast, Russia

Victor Esteban Reyes Cruz, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico Herve Roustan, Saint Jean De Mauriene, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France

Mark Sholin, Tempe, AZ, USA Koji Sode, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Lev Taytsas, Naugatuck, CT, USA

Rashmi Verma, Bilaspur, CT, India

Student Members

Rahul Agrawal, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan Erfan Asadipour, Saint Louis, MO, USA Arezoo Avid, Irvine, CA, USA Atia Azad, Dundee, Scotland, UK

Abdullah Bahdad, Lawrence, KS, USA Deomila Basnig, Vandouevre les Nancy, Grand Est, France

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

NE W MEMBERS Jonathan Boualavong, State College, PA, USA Allie Bowman, Potsdam, NY, USA Musashi Briem, Troy, NY, USA Stevie Bush, Gainesville, FL, USA

Eugene Caldona, Starkville, MS, USA Jian Chang, Philadelphia, PA, USA Yu Chen, Albany, CA, USA Yu-Ching Chen, Hsinchu, Hsinchu County, Taiwan Christoph Csoklich, Villigen PSI, AG, Switzerland Anthony Curto, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Ayyappan Elangovan, Manhattan, KS, USA

Natalie Fifield, Troy, NY, USA

Simon Genereux, Terrebonne, QC, Canada Shivajee Govind, Philadelphia, PA, USA Saumya Gulati, Louisville, KY, USA

Md Abdul Halim, San Marcos, TX, USA Mahmoud Hamza, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt Shamshadul Haq, Calgary, AB, Canada Cassara Higgins, Las Vegas, NV, USA Yi-Chen Hsieh, Muenster, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Matthew Hummel, Brookings, SD, USA

Saylee Jangam, London, London, UK Mestiyage Dona Chamithri Jayawardana, Providence, RI, USA Nian-Ting Jung, Hsinchu, Hsinchu County, Taiwan

Zohaib Atiq Khan, Waterloo, ON, Canada Kaustubh Khedekar, Irvine, CA, USA ChulOong (Christoph) Kim, Lakewood, CO, USA

New Members by Country

Mijin Kim, New York, NY, USA Suryanarayana Kolluri, Austin, TX, USA Ashique Kotta, Jeonju, Jeolla, South Korea

Md Ashiqur Rahman Laskar, Brookings, SD, USA Colin Lehman, Clementon, NJ, USA Chen-Te Lin, Hsinchu, Hsinchu County, Taiwan Kuei-Chin Lin, Hsinchu, Hsinchu County, Taiwan Grace Lindquist, Eugene, OR, USA Shih Liu, Hsinchu, Hsinchu County, Taiwan Justyna Lubera, Warsaw, Mazovia, Poland Alvin Ly, Fremont, CA, USA

Robert Maric, Hanau, Hesse H, Germany Mirko Messaggi, Milano, Lombardia, Italy Frederico Molina, Heber, CA, USA Aditya Moudgal, Worcester, MA, USA David Mueller, Garching, Bavaria, Germany Laura Murdock, Columbia, SC, USA

Yongzhen Qi, Irvine, CA, USA Luz Quispe-Cardenas, Potsdam, NY, USA

Daniel Rosen, Shippensburg, PA, USA Antonio Ruiz Gonzalez, London, London, UK

Pardis Sadeghi, Vancouver, BC, Canada Elham Salehi Alaei, London, ON, Canada Nicholas Scherschel, Bedford, IN, USA Changmin Shi, College Park, MD, USA Benjamin Slenker, Alexander, NY, USA Parker Steichen, Seattle, WA, USA Marco Steinhardt, Munich, Bavaria, Germany Kaito Sugimoto, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan

Dung To, Murrieta, CA, USA

Stefan van Wickeren, Muenster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Behzad Vaziri Hassas, State College, PA, USA

Ping Yun Wu, Hsinchu, Hsinchu County, Taiwan Htoo Wunn, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Linxi Xu, Darlington, SC, USA

Shirley Navas Diaz, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Chung Sheng Ni, Hsinchu, Hsinchu County, Taiwan Fumiya Ohira, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan Manila Ozhukil Valappil, Calgary, AB, Canada Julian Paige, Philadelphia, PA, USA Mihit Parekh, West Lafayette, IN, USA Don Peterson, Calgary, AB, Canada Michael Petrecca, Raleigh, NC, USA Maria Philip, Champaign, IL, USA Mykhailo Pidburtnyi, Calgary, AB, Canada Pushp Prasad, Nawada, BR, India Gavin Prevatt, Adams Center, NY, USA Di Pu, Calgary, AB, Canada

X Y

Shasha Yang, Potsdam, NY, USA Shuan Yang, Hsinchu City, Hsinchu County, Taiwan Samuel Yeager, Raleigh, NC, USA Maha Yusuf, Stanford, CA, USA

Yuxuan Zhang, Montreal, QC, Canada

Look who joined ECS in the Second Quarter of 2020.

Brazil

Japan

Canada

Mexico

China

Poland

Egypt

Russia

Finland

South Korea

France

Switzerland

Germany

Taiwan

India

Italy

USA

Brazil...................... 1 Canada................. 12 China..................... 1 Egypt...................... 1 Finland................... 1 France.................... 3 Germany................ 8 India....................... 2 Italy........................ 1

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

Japan..................... 5 Mexico................... 3 Poland................... 1 Russia.................... 1 South Korea........... 1 Switzerland............ 1 Taiwan.................... 8 UK.......................... 4 USA..................... 60

ST UDENT NE WS Montréal Student Chapter This year, the ECS Montréal Student Chapter celebrates its tenth anniversary. What began as a small project led by motivated students from Prof. Steen Schougaard’s battery group, has flourished into a bastion for electrochemistry not only in Montréal, but in Canada and the world. In the past year, we hosted our annual symposium (attracting over 120 attendees from Canada and the United States) and a panel discussion on “Life after Graduation for an Electrochemist.”

Despite the tumultuousness of 2020, our student chapter is still hosting events, and is even taking advantage of the unique opportunities that these difficult times bring. In this light, we are collaborating with student chapters around the globe to unite all electrochemists, regardless of race, gender, and nationality, under a single banner.

Attendees of a Q&A format panel discussion entitled “Life after Graduation for an Electrochemist.”

University of Washington Student Chapter The ECS University of Washington (UW) Student Chapter found several ways to stay connected and engaged in electrochemistry during the COVID-19 pandemic, including virtual meetings, and a virtual industry panel. Virtual meetings allowed for presentations on chapter members’ research, including electrocatalysis for regenerative dialysis. Meetings involved discussions on working remotely, and strategies for being productive during the pandemic. The Chapter’s most prominent spring event was a virtual Clean Energy Industry Panel. Speakers from industry, academia, and a national lab were invited to speak about their careers in clean energy. Panelists included Sarah Newman from Pacific Northwest National Lab; Rick Luebbe from Group14 Technologies; and Michael Pomfret from Washington Clean Energy Testbeds. Speakers discussed their career paths and current work, and attendees engaged in discussions with the panelists about their research, challenges of their roles, and the future of clean energy. Chapter members enjoyed hearing from the panelists and learning about the variety of careers available in clean energy. The ECS UW Student Chapter plans to start a book club in the coming weeks to explore the fundamentals of electrochemistry.

The UW ECS Student Chapter members engage with panelists of the virtual Clean Energy Industry Panel to learn about careers in clean energy. From top to bottom, shown attendees include Mihyun Kim, Dr. Sarah Newman (panelist), Dr. Michael Pomfret (panelist), Erica Eggleton, Rick Luebbe (panelist), and Jon Witt.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS Wayne State University Student Chapter The ECS Board of Directors approved the ECS Wayne State University Student Chapter on May 14, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing guidelines, the first meeting was held online on June 26, 2020. Prof. Long Luo joined the meeting as faculty advisor and shared his vision and expectations for the chapter. Chapter members and officers were introduced during the first meeting: Chair Ruchiranga Ranaweera, Vice Chair Samji Samira, Secretary Disni Gunasekera, Treasurer Chathuranga Hewa, and Social Secretary Yanick Wanzi. Members included Foroogh Rouhollahi, Sachini Rodrigo, and Daohua Liu. The founders worked enthusiastically with the faculty advisor to establish this new ECS Wayne State University Student Chapter in Michigan, and are excited about upcoming events. The chapter plans to organize an electrochemical theory and methods workshop, networking sessions, and many more events to reach this year’s goal to advance the theory and practice of electrochemistry among all those interested. The chapter is a highly multidisciplinary platform and welcomes members across departments and universities. Currently, its members are from the Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Departments at Wayne State University.

ECS Wayne State University Student Chapter members. Left to right, first row: Prof. Long Luo, Ruchiranga Ranaweera, Samji Samira. Left to right, second row: Disni Gunasekera, Chathuranga Hewa, Foroogh Rouhollahi. Left to right, third row: Daohua Liu, Yanick Wanzi, Sachini Rodrigo.

Yamagata University Student Chapter The ECS Yamagata University Student Chapter (ECSYU) was founded in 2018 with seven members of Prof. T. Yoshida’s research group at Yamagata University (YU), Japan. In 2019, three of the original members graduated, and 16 new members (15 from YU, one from Tohoku University, Japan) joined the chapter. We are now a 20-member student chapter and growing. We organized five symposia in 2019 and invited international researchers from YU and nearby institutions in order to hear lectures on diverse fields from internationally distinguished researchers. English was always the official language of the symposia. This created opportunities not only to hear lectures in English, but also for Japanese students to practice scientific discussions in English. For most of the events, we organized small parties for the guest speakers. We included students from YU and other schools. As mentioned above, we were able to have multiple international speakers in our ECSYU symposia by piggybacking on other events. This way, we avoided high travel costs and increased our chances to hear the highest quality scientific talks. ECSYU will continue to enrich our community through these activities. We actively advertise our events on our website

(https://ecsyu.jp) and Facebook page (www.facebook.com/ECSYamagata-University-Student-Chapter-283238329235472/). Our goal is to have not only YU students as members, but to entice students from other universities who we meet at conferences to join us.

The ECS Yamagata University Student Chapter, which received the 2020 Outstanding Student Chapter Award.

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2020 • www.electrochem.org

2020 ECS Institutional Members The Electrochemical Society values the support of its institutional members. These organizations help ECS support scientific education, sustainability, and innovation. Through ongoing partnerships, ECS will continue to lead as the advocate, guardian, and facilitator of electrochemical and solid state science and technology.

Benefactor Bio-Logic USA/Bio-Logic SAS (12)

Gelest, Inc. (11)

Duracell (63)

Hydro-Québec (13)

Gamry Instruments (13)

Pine Research Instrumentation (14)

Patron Energizer (75)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (16)

Faraday Technology, Inc. (14)

Scribner Associates, Inc. (24)

GE Global Research Center (61)

Toyota Research Institute of North America (12)

Sponsoring BASi (5)

Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. (13)

Central Electrochemical Research Institute (27)

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) (1)

DLR-Institut für Vernetzte Energiesysteme e.V. (12)

Panasonic Corporation (25)

EL-CELL GmbH (6)

Permascand AB (17)

Ford Motor Corporation (6)

Teledyne Energy Systems, Inc. (21)

GS Yuasa International Ltd. (40)

The Electrosynthesis Company, Inc. (24)

Honda R&D Co., Ltd. (13)

Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) (16)

Medtronic Inc. (40)

Sustaining General Motors Holdings LLC (68)

Occidental Chemical Corporation (78)

Giner, Inc./GES (34)

Sandia National Laboratories (44)

Hydrogenics Corporation (2)

SanDisk (6)

Ion Power Inc. (6)

Technic, Inc. (24)

Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (8)

Westlake (25)

Los Alamos National Laboratory (12)

Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences (22)

Microsoft Corporation (3)

Please help us continue the vital work of ECS by joining as an institutional member today. Contact Anna.Olsen@electrochem.org for more information.

07/10/2020

InternatIonal open access Week october 19-26, 2020

experience Unlimited access

to the ecS Digital Library on IoPscience

Biologic Open fOr all ECS is celebrating International Open Access Week by giving the world a preview of what open looks like. From October 19-26, ECS is taking down the paywall from the entire ECS Digital Library on IOPscience, making over 160,000 scientific articles and abstracts free and accessible to everyone.