Interface Vol. 28, No 1., Spring 2019 by The Electrochemical Society

VOL. 28, NO. 1 Spring 2019

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor:

Renew, Rinse, and Repeat

7 Pennington Corner:

Recognition and Inspiration

28 Special Section:

235th ECS Meeting Dallas, Texas

37 Looking at Patent Law 43 Tech Highlights 45 ECS in the Era

of Data Science

47 Open Software for Chemical and Electrochemical Modeling: Opportunities and Challenges

51 Open Software and Datasets for the Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Spectra

ECS IN THE ERA OF

DATA SCIENCE

55 Tools for Battery Health

Estimation and Prediction

57 Transformative Opportunities from Data Science and Big Data Analytics: Applied to Photovoltaics

ECS MEMBERS Receive a Discount! Visit us at www.electrochem.org

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 2nd Edition Mark E. Orazem, Bernard Tribollet

ISBN: 978-1-118-52739-9 Cloth | May 2017 | 768pp $135 | €139 | £108

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Provides fundamentals needed to apply impedance spectroscopy to a broad range of applications with emphasis on obtaining physically meaningful insights from measurements

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Emphasizes fundamentals applicable to a broad range of applications including corrosion, biomedical devices, semiconductors, batteries, fuel cells, coatings, analytical chemistry, electrocatalysis, materials, and sensors

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Provides illustrative examples throughout the text that show how the principles are applied to common impedance problems

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New Edition includes: •

Improved pedagogy, with more than twice the number of examples

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More in-depth treatment of background material needed to understand impedance spectroscopy, including electrochemistry, complex variables, and differential equations

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Expanded treatment of the influence of mass transport and kinetics and reflects recent advances in understanding frequency dispersion and constant-phase elements

About the Authors Mark E. Orazem is a Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Florida. He organized the 6th International Symposium on Electrochemical Impedence Spectroscopy and teaches a short course on impedance spectroscopy for The Electrochemical Society.

Visit www.electrochem.org/online-store to see more titles and for your membership discount.

18-347801

Bernard Tribollet is the Director of Research at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Associate Director of the Laboratoire Interfaces et Systémes Electrochemique at Pierre and Marie Curie University. Dr. Tribollet instructs an annual short course on impedance spectroscopy.

FROM THE EDITOR

Renew, Rinse, and Repeat

n the northern hemisphere, spring has sprung for many of you, is teasing some of us, and is still purely theoretical at this point for many others. Those of you unfortunate enough to know me know that I love to play golf, and that I am not very good at it; luckily, that doesn’t lessen my enjoyment of the sport. Each March a group of my aging friends meet in Pinehurst, NC, to play a long weekend of golf. The event has been going on for about three decades, with new friends joining, others missing for a time, then reengaging. It is one of the highlights of my year, and its nature has evolved over the years. Back when we were all young and vibrant, we would brave cold, wind, and rain to play as many holes as humanly possible between Thursday and Sunday. We would go out in the evenings, spending most of the time picking on each other about that day’s events, or events years in the past. Card games would follow for some. I have some recollection of adult beverages being consumed, but it is a bit of a fuzzy memory, truth be told. At the end of the weekend I came home exhausted, but happy and rejuvenated. More recent gatherings have been a bit different. Our backs, knees, and elbows need more gentle and extended warm-ups. A round in the morning and nine holes in the afternoon are plenty. Rain is seen as a sign from above that we should stay in and watch basketball. The competition is not quite so intense—a lot more gimmies are given. Our evenings are a bit less raucous, but the good-natured ribbing has remained. What has also developed is a closeness that allows us to pick up each other’s life stories where we last heard about them—which is often the last time we played. It is not something that was planned or I ever expected, but I look forward to it during the entire five-hour drive from my house. Over the years kids have been born, have grown, and have left the nest—some even join us on the trip. Careers have blossomed, been interrupted, and redirected. It has become as much about the fellowship as about the golf. I still leave feeling rejuvenated; that hasn’t changed. My views about going to professional society meetings have evolved in a parallel way. At my first ECS meeting, I walked around a bit starstruck, seeing in person the scientists whose papers I had read so carefully and which so impressed me. The number and variety of talks were dizzying as well. The meeting being in Las Vegas (in 1985) made it additionally surreal. Over 30 years later, the technical talks, posters, and discussions are still a highlight of each meeting, but the chance to catch up with a different (but not completely different) set of friends has added depth to the experience. My wife, Heather, refers to these trips as my going to “Corrosion Camp,” a description against which I have little defense. It is often these personal relationships that serve as the basis for (and in some cases, motivation for) technical collaborations. The meetings often give us the time to sit down and hash out ideas or better understand someone else’s work by speaking directly with them. It is also a great chance for our younger members to introduce themselves or be introduced to other scientists in the field (although millennials “don’t need to be introduced, Dad!” according to my children). The networks developed and strengthened at these meetings are both enjoyable and important in career development. So, as we move into nature’s time of renewal, take the time to renew some old friendships. But whom should I select, you say? Thanks for asking. Think back over your life, things you’ve done, good and bad times you have had, and think of the people who were there. When you think of someone and a smile automatically comes to your face, you have found a person to contact. Maybe it is someone with whom you’ve lost touch for no good reason, or someone you always wanted to thank for a good deed that they didn’t even know they did. Or maybe it is someone whose work you have long admired, but never had the chance to tell them. With today’s technology, finding someone is kid’s play, and by that I mean you may need to ask a kid to help you do it. Pick someone and drop them a quick email or LinkedIn message or Instagram message or whatever you kids are using today (just make sure your recipient is using it, too). Then do it again, regularly. Until next time, be safe and happy.

Rob Kelly Editor rgk6y@virginia.edu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-0978 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Published by: The Electrochemical Society (ECS) 65 South Main Street Pennington, NJ 08534-2839, USA Tel 609.737.1902, Fax 609.737.2743 www.electrochem.org Editor: Rob Kelly, rgk6y@virginia.edu Guest Editors: Daniel T. Schwartz, dts@uw.edu; Matthew D. Murbach, mmurbach@uw.edu; David A. C. Beck, dacb@uw.edu Contributing Editors: Donald Pile, Donald.Pile@gmail. com; Alice Suroviec, asuroviec@berry.edu Managing Editor: Annie Goedkoop, Annie.Goedkoop@electrochem.org Print Production Manager: Dinia Agrawala, interface@electrochem.org Staff Contributors: Marcelle Austin, Annie Goedkoop, Mary Hojlo, Ngoc Le, John Lewis, Jennifer Ortiz, Shannon Reed, Andrew Ryan. Advisory Board: Brett Lucht (Battery), Dev Chidambaram (Corrosion), Durga Misra (Dielectric Science and Technology), Philippe Vereecken (Electrodeposition), Jennifer Hite (Electronics and Photonics), A. Manivannan (Energy Technology), Sean Bishop (High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes), John Weidner (Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering), Uwe Happek (Luminescence and Display Materials), Slava Rotkin (Nanocarbons), Jim Burgess (Organic and Biological Electrochemistry), Andrew Hillier (Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry), Nianqiang (Nick) Wu (Sensor) Director of Publications: Beth Craanen, Beth.Craanen@electrochem.org Publications Subcommittee Chair: Stefan De Gendt Society Officers: : Yue Kuo, President; Christina Bock, Senior Vice President; Stefan De Gendt, 2nd Vice President; Eric Wachsman, 3rd Vice President; James Fenton, Secretary; Gessie Brisard, Treasurer; Christopher J. Jannuzzi, Executive Director Statements and opinions given in The Electrochemical Society Interface are those of the contributors, and ECS assumes no responsibility for them. Authorization to photocopy any article for internal or personal use beyond the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 is granted by The Electrochemical Society to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). Copying for other than internal or personal use without express permission of ECS is prohibited. The CCC Code for The Electrochemical Society Interface is 1064-8208/92. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608 Canada Returns to be sent to: Pitney Bowes International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2 ISSN : Print: 1064-8208

Online: 1944-8783

The Electrochemical Society Interface is published quarterly by The Electrochemical Society (ECS), at 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839 USA. Subscription to members as part of membership service; subscription to nonmembers is available; see the ECS website. Single copies $10.00 to members; $19.00 to nonmembers. © Copyright 2019 by The Electrochemical Society. Periodicals postage paid at Pennington, New Jersey, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Electrochemical Society, 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839. The Electrochemical Society is an educational, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization with more than 8,500 scientists and engineers in over 75 countries worldwide who hold individual membership. Founded in 1902, the Society has a long tradition in advancing the theory and practice of electrochemical and solid state science by dissemination of information through its publications and international meetings. 3 All recycled paper. Printed in USA.

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Vol. 28, No. 1 Spring 2019

ECS in the Era of Data Science by Daniel T. Schwartz, Matthew D. Murbach, and David A. C. Beck

Open Software for Chemical and Electrochemical Modeling: Opportunities and Challenges by Steven C. DeCaluwe

Open Software and Datasets for the Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Spectra by Matthew D. Murbach and Daniel T. Schwartz

Tools for Battery Health Estimation and Prediction by David A. Howey

Transformative Opportunities from Data Science and Big Data Analytics: Applied to Photovoltaics by Laura S. Bruckman

the Editor: 3 From Renew, Rinse, and Repeat Corner: 7 Pennington Recognition and Inspiration

10 Society News Section: 28 Special 235th ECS Meeting Dallas, Texas

34 People News 37 Looking at Patent Law 43 Tech Highlights 64 Section News 68 Awards Program 74 New Members 79 Student News

Cover design by Dinia Agrawala.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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PENNINGTON CORNER

Recognition and Inspiration

or platforms. You can learn more about this on the Plan S ust prior to the holiday break, I was fortunate enough to website.** Fortunately for ECS, Free the Science, and our attend a meeting at the Royal Society in London with its demonstrated commitment to open access and open science, director of publishing, Stuart Taylor. For those who are not puts us in an excellent position to not only comply with Plan S, familiar with the Royal Society, it is generally regarded as the but also to grow our publications’ reach because of it. oldest learned society in the world, dating back to 1660, and However, what gives me the most confidence about our is the organization that founded and formalized the concept of ability to successfully realize the goals of Free the Science the modern peer-reviewed scientific journal. I met with Stuart is the impact it has already had on our community. Since because in a recent interview he was asked if there were any 2014, over a third of what organizations he thought were ECS has published in its currently doing particularly journals has been open access. innovative work to progress Most importantly, of those open access. authors choosing OA, the vast His response: “Yes. The majority—over 90%—have Electrochemical Society are Thanks to Free the Science … done so at no cost to them or looking to move to a platinum their institutions. This is all open access model so they ECS has paid over $2.1 million thanks to ECS’s commitment don’t have to charge APCs— to free science through which have a look at their Free the in open access publishing costs the Society has paid over Science project. I think that’s on behalf of authors. $2.1 million in open access a bold and exciting initiative.” publishing costs on behalf of A bold and exciting authors. initiative … I couldn’t agree For an organization the size more! In an era fueled by of ECS, that is an astounding technological advancement statistic, one for which every and out-of-the-box thinking, it member of The Electrochemical Society can be proud. speaks volumes about ECS that a representative from one of Moreover, I hope it inspires us all to continue to generously the most venerable of technical societies thought we were the support the Society and our vital mission because as far as ones who were doing something truly innovative in our field. I we’ve come, we still have a long way to go. Though, having found that so inspiring I had to share it with all of you. seen firsthand the commitment of our community to the However, being innovators and charting our own course mission of ECS, I have no doubt that working together we will is not the easy, comfortable path forward. Rather, it is a road surely get there. fraught with challenge, uncertainty, and risk. But who better to I thank you for your continued support and dedication to meet that challenge, clarify that uncertainty, and mitigate that the Society. risk than we? I would posit there is no other organization better positioned as ECS to achieve this monumental goal. Why am I so confident? There are several reasons. First, apart from the recognition we have recently received by the Royal Society, others like Robert Kiley, head of open research at the Wellcome Trust, are taking notice of how innovative an initiative Free the Science is. Check out his recent response to University College London’s statement on the adoption of Christopher J. Jannuzzi Plan S. It is available on the UCL website.* For those of you ECS Executive Director/Chief Executive Officer not familiar with Plan S, it is an initiative aimed at requiring Chris.Jannuzzi@electrochem.org scientific publications that result from research funded by https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7293-7404 public grants to be published in compliant open access journals

*http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/open-access/2019/01/30/a-response-from-robert-kiley-head-of-open-research-at-the-wellcome-trust-to-ucls-response-to-plan-s **www.coalition-s.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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SOCIE T Y NE WS

ECS President’s Visit to Asia ECS President Yue Kuo recently completed a two-month trip across Asia, which he began with the goals of building up ECS into a second home for those abroad and sharing the Society’s mission and benefits. “When I ask people to guess how many members we have from Asia, people say, ‘Oh, 10,000—30,000,’” said Kuo. “But in reality, China has about 100 members. Asia shows a lot of room for growth.” With that in mind, Kuo began his quest in October 2018, making several stops within Korea, China, and Taiwan along the way. His first stop: Korea—where he joined in on the annual Korean Electrochemical Society meeting in Yeosu city. “They invited me to present and talk to them about ECS,” said Kuo. “I introduced the Society, met with many members, including their leaders, and further built on our relationship with them.” His next stop: China. Kuo’s first meeting here was held at Beijing University, where he met with ECS members, students, and friends from universities in northern China, including Beijing University, Tsinghua University, and Beijing Petrochemical University. “At least one person submitted an abstract and plans to attend the 235th ECS Meeting in Dallas, TX,” said Kuo.

“ECS offers two major conferences each year, and in addition, ECS cosponsors meetings,” he explained. “At these meetings, you can meet a lot of famous people, people in the same field, and build up personal relationships. Whether you present a paper or not, there are people from other universities and industry there. Young people who attend get to build relationships with these people, so when they graduate, it’s easier for them to get a job.” In Shanghai, Kuo presented on the history and current status of ECS at Jiaotong University, Fudan University, Xi’an JiaotongLiverpool University, and companies in the central China region. In southern China, Kuo met faculty, students, and researchers on the campus of the South China University of Technology in the University Island of Guangzhou. Attendees of the meeting came from universities all over the region, including Sun Yat-sen University, Southern University of Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Polytechnic University. And in Taiwan, Kuo met with ECS members at National Chiao Tung University and National Tsing Hua University, both in Hsinchu, as well as at National Sun Yat-sen University in Kaohsiung.

Participants from various universities in the Beijing City met with Yue Kuo (front, right) to discuss ECS membership, meetings, publications, and more.

Yue Kuo (front, third from right) met with students and faculty at the National Sun Yat-sen University in Kaoshiung, Taiwan.

Yue Kuo (front, center) stopped by Xi’an Jiaotong University and answered questions from attendees interested in joining ECS and forming student chapters. 10

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS At each stop, Kuo reported on ECS activities including journal publications, conference presentations, and the Free the Science initiative. Members were encouraged to actively participate in committees and to contribute to the future development of the Society. Nonmembers were encouraged to present papers at biannual meetings, submit journal manuscripts, and join ECS as members to enjoy various benefits. Along the way, Kuo also discussed ECS publications and the procedures of the journal review process. “A large number of young researchers and students were excited to learn about the detailed requirements of publishing technical papers,” said Kuo. “I also met with many people who have published with ECS,” another point in his advocacy for ECS membership. ECS publishes two peer-reviewed journals, the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) and the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS). JES has a cited half-life of greater than 10 years—better than most other journals. “Most papers published in journals have a high impact factor for a few years and then die down; with ECS journals, authors continue to get cited after 10 years—sometimes several decades. Papers published 50 years ago are still cited,” said Kuo of one the many unique qualities ECS journals offer.

“ECS also publishes meeting abstracts, ECS Transactions, and Interface; all are important,” Kuo said. “Once you have an ECS abstract, that’s an official record. Then later, if you get nominated for a Nobel Prize, that’s very important because that’s the official proof that shows you were the first one in the world with that idea.” Kuo used Isamu Akasaki—ECS life member and winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics—as a prime example. “When I interviewed him in 2016, he showed me the abstract of the first blue LED work he presented at the ECS Los Angeles meeting in 1989, which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics. That’s a record,” said Kuo. In addition to this, the Society also offers ECSarXiv. “People can archive an idea to establish a record that they were the first ones with this idea,” explained Kuo. Looking back on his trip to Asia, Kuo said his underlying objective was to show people how ECS is unique compared to other societies. “We are very specific, unlike other societies,” Kuo said. “We focus specifically in two areas: solid state science technology and electrochemistry. That’s unique to ECS, and we have been the leader of those fields for more than 100 years—117 years.”

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Krishnan Rajeshwar Appointed New Editor of JSS Krishnan Rajeshwar has been appointed by the Society as the new editor of the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS) for a three-year term. Rajeshwar is a distinguished university professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) and the founding director of the Center for Renewable Energy and Science Technology (CREST) on campus. Over the course of his illustrious history with ECS, Rajeshwar has established himself as one of the Society’s most committed and influential leaders. A current ECS fellow, Rajeshwar served as ECS president from 2016 to 2017. He also served for a number of years as the editor of Interface. All the while, Rajeshwar has remained actively involved in the affairs of numerous ECS committees, serving frequently as a member and, in many cases, as a committee chair. Rajeshwar earned his PhD in chemistry from the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, India, in 1974. He joined UTA in 1983 after completing postdoctoral training at Colorado State University. Rajeshwar’s research interests span a wide spectrum that includes photoelectrochemistry, solar energy conversion, renewable energy, materials chemistry, semiconductor electrochemistry, and environmental chemistry. He has authored monographs and edited books, special issues of journals, and conference proceedings on energy conversion. He is the author of over 350 refereed and wellcited publications and has served on the editorial boards of several electrochemical journals.

In 2009, Rajeshwar received the ECS Energy Technology Division Research Award, which recognizes outstanding and original contributions to the science and technology of energy-related research areas that include scientific and technological aspects of fossil fuels and alternative energy sources, energy management, and environmental consequences of energy utilization. His work has also been recognized with many other awards, including the Wilfred T. Doherty Award of the American Chemical Society (1994). He is a charter member of the UTA Academy of Distinguished Scholars (2004) and received the UTA Distinguished Record of Research Award in 1991. Recently, the Society dedicated a Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) focus issue to Rajeshwar: the JES Focus Issue on Semiconductor Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry in Honor of Krishnan Rajeshwar. At the 235th ECS Meeting in Dallas, TX, a symposium (on the same topic) will be held in Rajeshwar’s honor. Launched in 2012, JSS focuses on fundamental and applied areas of solid state science and technology including experimental and theoretical aspects of the chemistry and physics of materials and devices. The journal’s technical scope covers (1) carbon nanostructures and devices, (2) dielectric science and materials, (3) electronic materials and processing, (4) electronic and photonic devices and systems, and (5) luminescence and display materials, devices, and processing. The Society is very pleased to welcome Rajeshwar to his new position.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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FIVE QUESTIONS with JSS Editor Krishnan Rajeshwar

What excites you the most about stepping into the role of JSS editor? I am both honored and excited to take over the editorship reins from Dennis Hess, an individual I respect immensely for his stature as a researcher, as an esteemed member of our Society, and as someone who has rendered yeoman service to ECS publications in his various leadership roles. In this regard, I do recognize that I have big shoes to fill, but I am committed to carry the baton with his support and with the support of the ECS staff and the editorial board members. I am also fully cognizant of the immense challenges facing our journals in general and JSS in particular; this excites me. What have been some of the biggest changes you’ve seen in ECS publications during your time with the Society? At the time that I joined the Society, the journal held a preeminent spot in the electrochemistry and solid state science/technology world. Indeed, some of the most heavily cited papers in both these fields can be traced to the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. In my own research field of specialization, namely, photoelectrochemistry and semiconductor electrochemistry, this journal could lay claim to most of the classics in the 1970s and 1980s, originating from industry, national laboratories, and academic institutions. This trend drastically shifted owing to factors (many of them complex) resulting in the steady bleeding of quality papers to other journals. We still have not quite arrested or turned around this situation yet, although the signs are very encouraging that the major players are coming back to our journals’ fold. Note that in the meantime, we have tried some experiments (e.g., Letters, splitting the flagship journal into two) with mixed success. With a collective and concerted effort, I have little doubt that we can reestablish our prestigious status in the electrochemistry and solid state publication communities. But it will take the entire village to do this.

What can the Society do to get more people interested in ECS publications? This is an intriguing question. We must really ask the key question as to what the junior researchers (They after all are the backbone of the future!) value in terms of a journal. Beyond the obvious— technical quality and content—is our journals/publications website attractive enough to drive traffic? Are our journal layouts attractive in terms of benchmarking against our competition? What about metrics such as the turnaround time (from submission to publication), impact factor, and the like? Auxiliary items such as commentaries, focus issues, perspectives, etc. may also be attractive to our readership. Note that we are doing many of these things as of this writing. The rate-determining step in all these initiatives is the bandwidth we have in a relatively lean operation. By lean, I mean relative to our competitors from other societies or even for-profit entities. How has scientific publishing evolved throughout your career? In many ways, the more scientific publishing norms and practices have evolved, the more they have stayed the same in that nothing substitutes for quality and depth. It is up to us—the authors, reviewers, editors, and everyone else on the publications team—to ensure that we deliver the most impactful, relevant, transformative, and reliable content in everything that the Society publishes. That said, I can indeed point to a couple of factors, such as the emergence of for-profit publishing houses and the so-called China effect, that in many ways have turned the publishing business upside down. These factors (trends?) have been amply discussed within the context of the Free the Science initiative that the Society launched, and I don’t have to dwell on them further. What would you like ECS constituents to know about you? I want them to know that I will assiduously work with all the constituents to enhance the quality of JSS and make it the go-to journal in the area of solid state devices, emergent materials, photovoltaics, electrooptical devices, and indeed, all the topical interest areas of the journal. I solicit the support of everyone concerned to accomplish this goal. And as I always say, let’s stay tuned!

ECS Thanks 2018 Reviewers The Electrochemical Society relies upon the technical expertise and judgement of the many individuals who, as reviewers, help to maintain the high standards characteristic of the Society’s peer-reviewed journals. In 2018, 3,528 individuals supported the Society’s long-standing commitment to ensuring both the technical quality of the works published, as well as the integrity and validity of the peer review the community provides. ECS greatly appreciates the time and effort put forth by these individuals, and the Society would like to express a sincere thank-you for their hard work and support.

For a complete list of the 2018 reviewers, visit www.electrochem.org/reviewers_2018. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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ECS Members Can Access Manuscript Preparation and Publication Support Services The Electrochemical Society and Enago have entered into a collaboration that will allow researchers within ECS’s member network easy access to Enago’s author services, including English manuscript editing and publication support, at every stage of the publication cycle. Enago is the ideal partner for researchers and institutions globally, for manuscript editing and publication support services. Since 2005, it has assisted over two million authors, including those working within hundreds of scientific disciplines such as electrochemistry, to successfully publish quality research in high-impact journals internationally. Commenting on the newly forged partnership, Shannon Reed, ECS director of community engagement, said, “We’re pleased to enter into this collaboration with Enago and offer our member researchers worldwide the chance to avail Enago’s portfolio of world-class author services. We’re confident this will significantly help them in their professional journey as researchers and scientific practitioners.”

Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researchers 2018 Clarivate Analytics recently published its annual Highly Cited Researchers list with the overarching declaration that “whether ‘Highly Cited’ or ‘Hot,’ these researchers are making a significant impact.” Some of the Society’s most distinguished members were noted as the “world’s most influential scientific minds,” listed multiple times in the categories of physics, chemistry, and materials science. Below is a short list of the ECS members whose research on electrochemistry and solid state science and technology is shaping the scientific discourse. (F denotes ECS fellow.) Héctor Abruña (F)

Liangbing Hu

Bruno Scrosati (F)

Radoslav Adzic (F)

Prashant Kamat (F)

Yang Shao-Horn (F)

Khalil Amine (F)

Nathan Lewis

Peter Strasser

Peter Bruce

Arumugam Manthiram (F)

Chunsheng Wang

Stefano Passerini

Jie Xiao

Jaephil Cho Yury Gogotsi (F)

Nianqiang Wu (F)

Did we miss your name? Let us know and we will broadcast your achievements online.

Congratulations to all!

“Enago is delighted to have partnered with ECS, an organization that’s shown global leadership in the field of electrochemistry, solid state science, and related disciplines,” said Robert Kasher, vice president – strategic alliances, Enago. “This partnership will enable us to engage ever more closely with the international scientific and technical community, and provide them with customized support and services to successfully publish impactful peer-reviewed research.” Enago Academy, the author education arm of Enago, addresses emerging needs of early-stage researchers by providing publishingspecific training resources via different digital platforms and on-site workshops. Enago operates globally with regional teams supporting researchers and institutions locally. It has offices in Tokyo, Seoul, Beijing, Shanghai, Istanbul, and New York. ECS members receive access to Enago services in their new member or renewed membership email communication. Visit the Why Join ECS page (www.electrochem.org/individual-membership) to join or renew your membership today!

Ajit Khosla Appointed Sensors Technical Editor Ajit Khosla has recently been appointed as a technical editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Khosla handles manuscripts submitted to the sensors topical interest area. He was first appointed as an associate editor for the journal in 2017. In late 2018, Khosla was reappointed as an associate editor. However, after proceeding through a formal evaluation process, he was appointed technical editor. The current chair of the ECS Sensor Division, Khosla is a professor at Yamagata University in Yonezawa, Japan. His work in the area of nanomicrosystems has generated more than 100 scientific and academic contributions to the field. In 2017, the Khosla spoke with the Society about being an ECS editor and the importance of global access to scholarly research. Read what he had to say in the summer 2017 issue of Interface.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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Focus on Focus Issues ECS publishes focus issues of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) and the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS) that highlight scientific and technological areas of current interest and future promise. These issues are handled by a prestigious group of ECS technical editors and guest editors, and all submissions undergo the same rigorous peer review as papers in the regular issues. All focus issue papers are now published open access at no cost to the authors. ECS covers the article processing charge for all authors of focus issue papers as part of the Society’s ongoing Free the Science initiative.

Recent Focus Issues • Electrocatalysis – In Honor of Radoslav Adzic. [JES 165(15) 2018] David Cliffel and Thomas Fuller, JES technical editors; Minhua Shao, guest editor. This issue is dedicated to Radoslav Adzic in recognition of his important contributions to electrocatalysis and the role his work has played in the development of many electrochemical systems including fuel cells, metal-air batteries, electrolyzers, and sensors. Guest editor Minhua Shao was also the lead organizer of the related symposium held in Adzic’s honor at the 233rd ECS Meeting (Seattle, May 2018). The symposium was sponsored by three ECS divisions (Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrodeposition, and Energy Technology), and the focus issue papers are likewise considered cross disciplinary. This issue includes papers by Adzic’s former students and colleagues. • Advances in Electrochemical Processes for Interconnect Fabrication in Integrated Circuits. [JES 166(1) 2019] Charles Hussey, JES technical editor; Rohan Akolkar and Peter Broekmann, guest editors. Over the last two decades, as interconnects have been gradually miniaturized to main scaling in accordance with Moore’s law, electrochemical deposition methods have met new challenges and prospects. Electrochemical processing methods need to adapt to these demands by providing new functionalities while retaining the intrinsic advantages of low cost, high throughput, ease of control, and scalability. This issue includes contributions from leading researchers from all over the world covering fundamental and applied aspects of surface electrochemistry, electrodeposition, electroless deposition, electrolyte additives and gap-filling mechanisms, new interconnect materials and their properties, nano-materials characterization methods, and mechanistic modeling. • Selected Papers from IMLB 2018. [JES 166(3) 2019] Doron Aurbach, JES technical editor/guest editor. This focus issue is devoted to papers from the 19th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries (IMLB). IMLB, held biannually, is considered the most important international conference in the lithium battery community. The papers in this issue cover a wide range of topics at the frontier of advanced batteries research: fuel cells; new anodes and cathodes; various types of electrolyte solutions and additives; novel separators related to Li-ion batteries; aqueous Li batteries; solid state batteries; Li-sulfur, Li-oxygen, Li-Se, Na-ion, K-ion, and Mg batteries; micro-batteries; thermal analyses; understanding complicated interfacial phenomena in Li and Na batteries; judicious computational studies; and the development of new analytical tools for battery research. This issue reflects very well the broad scope of topics covered at the conference.

• Semiconductor Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry in Honor of Krishnan Rajeshwar. [JES 166(5) 2019] David Cliffel, JES technical editor; Ajit Khosla, Nianqiang (Nick) Wu, Heli Wang, and Csaba Janáky, guest editors. This issue, in honor of Krishnan Rajeshwar’s 70th birthday, presents both experimental and theoretical work related to semiconductor electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry. Among the many topics covered by papers in this issue are thin films and nanocomposites, photocatalytic systems, photoelectrochemical cells, and photovoltaics. In addition to this focus issue, the ECS Sensor Division is sponsoring a related symposium to honor Rajeshwar at the 235th ECS Meeting (Dallas, May 2019). Read more about Rajeshwar and his recent appointment as editor of the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology on page 12 of this issue. The following focus issues are currently in production, with many papers already published in the ECS Digital Library (http://ecsdl.org). • JES Focus Issue on Advances in Modern Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells in Honor of Shimshon Gottesfeld. [JES 166(7) 2019] Thomas Fuller, JES technical editor; Hui Xu, Bryan Pivovar, Yushan Yan, and Piotr Zelenay, guest editors. • JES Focus Issue on 4D Materials and Systems. [JES 166(9) 2019] Rangachary Mukundan, JES technical editor; Ajit Khosla, Hidemitsu Furukawa, Jessica Koehne, Peter Hesketh, Giuseppe Milano, Hiroyuki Matsui, Tsukasa Yoshida, Kafil Razeeb, Luca Magagnin, Sathish Sukumaran, and Johan Moulin, guest editors. • JES Focus Issue on Advanced Techniques in Corrosion Science in Memory of Hugh Isaacs. [JES 166(11) 2019] Gerald Frankel, JES technical editor; James Noël, Sanna Virtanen, and Masayuki Itagaki, guest editors. • JSS Focus Issue on Chemical Mechanical Planarization for Sub-10 nm Technologies. [JSS 8(5) 2019] Jennifer Bardwell, JSS technical editor; Yu-Lin Wang, Ara Philipossian, and JinGoo Park, guest editors. • JSS Focus Issue on Gallium Oxide Based Materials and Devices. [JSS 8(7) 2019] Fan Ren, JSS technical editor; Steve Pearton, Jihyun Kim, Alexander Polyakov, Steven Ringel, Rajendra Singh, and Renxu Jia, guest editors.

To see the calls for papers for upcoming focus issues, for links to the published issues, or if you would like to propose a future focus issue, visit

www.electrochem.org/focusissues

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FIVE QUESTIONS with Technical Editor Gerald Frankel Gerald S. Frankel is a professor of materials science and engineering, a distinguished professor of engineering, and the director of the Fontana Corrosion Center at the Ohio State University. His research focuses primarily upon the environmental degradation of materials, including passivation and localized corrosion of metals and alloys, atmospheric corrosion, corrosion inhibition, and protective coatings. Frankel is a former chair of the ECS Corrosion Division who was named an ECS fellow in 2006. Since then, he has been recognized with the ECS Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award (2010) and the ECS Cleveland Section Ernest B. Yeager Award (2012). Frankel was first appointed to the editorial board of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) in 2011. He has recently been reappointed as a technical editor of JES, and handles manuscripts submitted to the corrosion science and technology topical interest area. What do you enjoy most about being a JES technical editor? I like being a technical editor for JES because I find each submitted manuscript to be a challenge—a sort of a puzzle: Is it suitable for publication in JES? Who can help me determine that? Are there small ways for it to be improved? I really enjoy helping authors get their message across more clearly, which ultimately advances their careers, and they value all that we do as editors.

What can the Society do to get more people interested in ECS journals? We can attract more authors and better papers by providing a superior author experience, by providing rapid response and highquality reviews, by helping authors improve their paper, and by getting the final product online as soon as possible. Many authors have told me that they appreciate those efforts. Indeed we are about the fastest at uploading the paper online in its final format after acceptance. That was a big change over the past 10 years. Authors are also really attracted to our open access policies and costs. They see the value of open access even though it is not their first criterion in deciding where to publish. What led to your interest in corrosion science and technology? I became interested in corrosion while taking a graduate class at MIT from Ron Latanision, who is a great teacher. As a result of that class, I decided to work under him as my PhD advisor. I hope that I can inspire students in the classroom a fraction as well as he could. What are some emerging developments in corrosion science and technology? Corrosion has been relevant and even critical to important technologies for over a century, and continues to be so. Recent trends are related to lightweighting and additive manufacturing where corrosion resistance can have a dominant effect. A major challenge that the community is just starting to address is computational design of materials for corrosion resistance, and its inverse, corrosion performance prediction over long periods in real environments. These topics require fundamental understanding and multi-scale, multi-physics modeling. When you’re not working, how do you like to spend your time? I spend as much time as I can riding my bicycle, which can be a challenge given the weather in Columbus, OH, but I did set a personal record for number of miles biked during 2018. My wife and I have been hitting our travel bucket list very hard, going on an adventure trip each year. Recent trips have been to Southeast Asia, Peru and the Galápagos Islands, Morocco, southern Africa, and New Zealand.

235th ECS Meeting May 26-May 30, 2019

Dallas, TX

2019

Sheraton Dallas

www.electrochem.org/235 16

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FIVE QUESTIONS with Technical Editor Kailash Mishra Kailash C. Mishra is an ECS fellow with extensive research experience in the theory of materials and their properties using first-principles methods. His area of expertise includes theory of electronic structures and associated properties of materials, theory of luminescence, and optical and luminescence properties of materials. He has published extensively on the luminescence of solids and on the electronic structures and associated properties of atoms, molecules, metals, semiconductors, and ionic crystals. Since joining the Society, Mishra has served as chair of the ECS Luminescence and Display Materials Division, co-organized several ECS symposia, and coedited multiple volumes of ECS Transactions. He was first appointed to the editorial board of the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS) in 2011. Mishra has recently been reappointed as a technical editor of JSS, and handles manuscripts submitted to the luminescence and display materials, devices, and processing topical interest area. What have been some of the biggest changes you’ve seen in ECS publications during your time as an editor? Since my appointment to the board about seven years ago, ECS publications have gone through many important changes. One important development has been the publication of focus issues. As the name suggests, these issues are narrow in their scope, and focus on hot topics in a specific topical interest area. They attract prominent authors in the field, and thus create a better readership for ECS journals. They also help to improve the impact factor of ECS journals. For JSS, which is a relatively new journal, the focus issues provide better visibility to potential authors. What is the most significant challenge you face in reviewing manuscripts for publication? The manuscript reviewing process relates to one of the most important tasks of the editors for any journal. In order to maintain the quality of the published manuscripts, all the articles need a

thorough and impartial review by experts in the field. We have a very large database in place to assist the editors in making reviewer assignments for a manuscript. However, identifying a reviewer using this database has not been easy since the fields of expertise of the potential reviewers are not very well documented. Therefore, reaching out to reviewers who will accept the assignment and provide a meaningful review has not been easy. A lot of time is lost initially in assigning the reviewers with no guarantee for reviewer acceptance and meaningful reviews. This problem could be easily addressed by creating a classification scheme for fields of interest to ECS journals and by using this scheme to classify the reviewers in the database and the manuscripts submitted to the journal. This would help to uniquely match reviewers to the topics covered by a specific article. What are some benefits of attending an ECS meeting? ECS meetings are organized around high-quality symposia, attracting researchers from academia and industries. These symposia provide an opportunity for participants to network with other researchers who are active in their area of research. This is particularly important for young researchers who are exploring their future career paths. What is the importance of luminescence and display materials, devices, and processing in today’s society? Artificial lighting is very critical to our living and functioning in today’s society. We need lighting for our homes, work places, and hospitals—and also in devices such as TVs, phones, computers, etc. Luminescent materials convert light from an electrical device, such as fluorescent discharges or LED engines, to visible lights that we need for a specific application. Thus, luminescent materials and their integration to make lighting and display devices will always be important. Where do you see your topical interest area going in the next 5-10 years? Most likely we will see less and less of the development of new phosphors, and more of their applications in light engines and display devices. Future research will focus on improving the maintenance and performance of the luminescent materials in lighting and display devices. Lighting for health will probably become an important area of research in the future. The role of luminescent materials in fluorescence imaging will probably become more important, driving research on NIR phosphors and related luminescence processes.

ECS Proceedings Volumes Between 1967 and 2005, ECS published over 600 proceedings volumes, all of which are out of print and had been unavailable in digital format—until now. Over 450 historic proceedings volumes have been added to the archival content available through the ECS Digital Library.

Visit www.ecsdl.org to learn more.

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Division News Battery Division The ECS Battery Division held an excellent symposium in honor of Michel Armand at AiMES 2018 in Cancun. The symposium featured over 30 oral presentations and several poster presentations. The presentations were related to the many aspects of Armand’s outstanding career including novel electrolytes, ionic liquids, lithium metal anodes, and organic batteries. The division sincerely thanks the lead organizer, Dominique Guyomard, along with the other organizers, for the outstanding symposium.

Friends and colleagues celebrated Michel Armand (third from right) at a dedicated dinner in his honor while in Cancun.

Energy Technology Division The ECS Energy Technology Division, home to fuel cell science within the Society, is lead sponsor of Symposium I06—An Invited Symposium on Advances and Perspectives on Modern Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells – In Honor of Shimshon Gottesfeld, a pioneering fuel cell innovator and a distinguished fuel cell educator, at the spring 2019 biannual meeting in Dallas. Gottesfeld has over 30 years of experience in leading fuel cell technology projects, resulting in internationally recognized contributions to the science and stateof-the-art polymer electrolyte and direct methanol fuel cells. Gottesfeld led the fuel cell research program at Los Alamos National Laboratory for 13 years (1987-2000), a major driving force for the advances and current recognition of polymer electrolyte fuel cells today. He subsequently has made major contributions to the community through industrial and academic efforts at MTI Micro Fuel Cells, Cellera, the University of Delaware, and Fuel Cell Consulting, LLC. He has shown continuing leadership in new, evolving areas of alkaline membrane and direct ammonia fuel cells. Gottesfeld was elected an ECS fellow in 1999. He has been awarded the 2006 Grove Medal for Fuel Cell Science and Technology and the 2008 Fuel Cell Seminar Award. In 1999, he co-initiated the series of Gordon Research Conferences (GRC) on Fuel Cells which remains, to date, a unique forum in this scientific and technical area. He has served many leadership roles within ECS, including chair of the Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division.

Symposium I06 is scheduled to run for three days, with the first day devoted to historical interactions that highlight the successes, anecdotes, trials, and tribulations of developing and championing a new disruptive technology. These types of presentations and reflections are uncommon at technical conferences and are meant to be a rare learning opportunity for the next generation of electrochemists.

Shimshon Gottesfeld (seated front row, left) and members of the fuel cell research team of the Materials Science and Technology Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory (circa 1999).

Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division The ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division (PAE) would like to highlight a unique symposium that will take place at the 236th biannual meeting in Atlanta, GA, later this year. Join PAE as it explore undergraduate contributions to its sciences. The symposium, Education in Electrochemistry 2, will address challenges that undergraduate research may pose to the primary investigator despite the wonderful opportunity it presents. This symposium calls not just for research methods and papers from an undergraduate-dominated setting, but also teaching and curriculum ideas for incorporating 18

electrochemistry into undergraduate programs. Join the division as it sheds light on current and potential accomplishments. Welcome are papers on basic and applied research and teaching in all areas of electrochemistry, electrochemical systems, and physics as those relate to solid state and electrochemical science and technology. Keynote lectures will be presented by invited speakers, and a poster session is planned. PAE highly encourages student participation as it anticipates funding in support of that. The deadline for new submissions is April 12, 2019.

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New Division Officer Slates New officers for the spring 2019–spring 2021 term have been nominated for the following divisions. All election results will be reported in the summer 2019 issue of Interface.

Electronics and Photonics Division

Chair Junichi Murota, Tohoku University Vice Chair Yu-Lin Wang, National Tsing Hua University 2nd Vice Chair Jennifer Hite, Naval Research Laboratory Secretary Qiliang Li, George Mason University Ray Hua Horng, National Chiao Tung University Treasurer Robert Lynch, University of Limerick Members-at-Large Travis Anderson, Naval Research Laboratory Albert Baca, Sandia National Labs Helmut Baumgart, Old Dominion University D. Noel Buckley, University of Limerick Yu-Lun Chueh, National Tsing Hua University M. Jamal Deen, McMaster University Stefan De Gendt, IMEC/K U Leuven Erica Douglas, Sandia National Laboratories Manfred Engelhardt Takeshi Hattori, Hattori Consulting International Andrew Hoff, University of South Florida Jr-Hua He, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Hiroshi Iwai, Tokyo Institute of Technology Soohwan Jang, Dankook University Zia Karim, Yield Engineering Systems Yue Kuo, Texas A&M University Mark Overberg, Sandia National Laboratories Fred Roozeboom, Eindhoven University of Technology Tadatomo Suga, University of Tokyo Motofumi Suzuki, Kyoto University Energy Technology Division

Chair Vaidyanathan Subramanian, University of Nevada Reno Vice Chair William Mustain, University of South Carolina Secretary Katherine Ayers, Proton Energy Systems, Inc. Treasurer Ahmet Kusoglu, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Minhua Shao, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Iryna Zenyuk, Tufts University Members-at-Large Christina Bock, National Research Council of Canada Scott Calabrese Barton, Michigan State University Vito Di Noto, Università degli Studi di Padova Huyen Dinh, National Renewable Energy Laboratory James Fenton, University of Central Florida Thomas Fuller, Georgia Institute of Technology Lauren Greenlee, University of Arkansas Kunal Karan, University of Calgary Mani Manivannan, Global Pragmatic Materials Sanjeev Mukerjee, Northeastern University

Sri Narayan, University of Southern California Peter Pintauro, Vanderbilt University Bryan Pivovar, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Krishnan Rajeshwar, University of Texas at Arlington Jean St-Pierre, University of Hawaii Adam Weber, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Gang Wu, State University of New York at Buffalo Hui Xu, Giner Inc. Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Division

Chair Diane Smith, San Diego State University Vice Chair Sadagopan Krishnan, Oklahoma State University Secretary/Treasurer Song Lin, Cornell University Members-at-Large Mekki Bayachou, Cleveland State University James Burgess, Augusta University David Cliffel, Vanderbilt University Toshio Fuchigami, Tokyo Institute of Technology Jeffrey Halpern, University of New Hampshire Flavio Maran, Universita degli Studi di Padova Shelley Minteer, University of Utah Kevin Moeller, Washington University in St. Louis Dennis Peters, Indiana University James Rusling, University of Connecticut Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division

Chair Petr Vanýsek, Northern Illinois University Vice Chair Andrew Hillier, Iowa State University Secretary Stephen Paddison, University of Tennessee Treasurer Anne Co, Ohio State University Members-at-Large Plamen Atanassov, University of New Mexico David Cliffel, Vanderbilt University Hugh De Long, United States Army Research Alanah Fitch, Loyola University Pawel Kulesza, Uniwersytet Warszawski Shelley Minteer, University of Utah Robert Mantz, United States Army Research Svitlana Pylypenko, Colorado School of Mines Paul Trulove, United States Naval Academy Iwona Rutkowska, Uniwersytet Warszawski Brian Skinn, Faraday Technology, Inc.

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ECS Division Contacts High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes

Battery

Marca Doeff, Chair Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory mmdoeff@lbl.gov • 510.486.5821 (US) Y. Shirley Ming, Vice Chair Brett Lucht, Secretary Jie Xiao, Treasurer Doron Aurbach, Journals Editorial Board Representative Corrosion

Masayuki Itagaki, Chair Tokyo University of Science itagaki@rs.noda.tus.ac.jp • 471229492 (JP) James Noël, Vice Chair Dev Chidambaram, Secretary/Treasurer Gerald Frankel, Journals Editorial Board Representative Dielectric Science and Technology

Vimal Chaitanya, Chair New Mexico State University vimalc@nmsu.edu • 575.635.1406 (US) Peter Mascher, Vice Chair Uros Cvelbar, Secretary Zhi David Chen, Treasurer Peter Mascher, Journals Editorial Board Representative Electrodeposition

Stanko Brankovic, Chair University of Houston srbrankovic@uh.edu • 713.743.4409 (US) Philippe Vereecken, Vice Chair Natasa Vasiljevic, Secretary Luca Magagnin, Treasurer Charles Hussey, Journals Editorial Board Representative Electronics and Photonics

Colm O’Dwyer, Chair University College Cork c.odwyer@ucc.ie • +353 863.958373 (IE) Junichi Murota, Vice Chair Robert Lynch, 2nd Vice Chair Soohwan Jang, Secretary Yu-Lin Wang, Treasurer Fan Ren, Journals Editorial Board Representative Energy Technology

Andy Herring, Chair Colorado School of Mines aherring@mines.edu • 303.384.2082 (US) Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Vice Chair William Mustain, Secretary Katherine Ayers, Treasurer Thomas Fuller, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Greg Jackson, Chair Colorado School of Mines gsjackso@mines.edu • 303.273.3609 (US) Paul Gannon, Sr. Vice Chair Sean Bishop, Jr. Vice Chair Cortney Kreller, Secretary/Treasurer Raymond Gorte, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

John Staser, Chair Ohio University staser@ohio.edu • 740.593.1443 (US) Shrisudersan Jayaraman, Vice Chair Maria Inman, Secretary/Treasurer Venkat Subramanian, Journals Editorial Board Representative Luminescence and Display Materials

Mikhail Brik, Chair University of Tartu brik@fi.tartu.ee • + 372 737.4751 (EE) Jakoah Brgoch, Vice Chair Rong-Jun Xie, Secretary/Treasurer Kailash Mishra, Journals Editorial Board Representative Nanocarbons

Slava Rotkin Pennsylvania State University rotkin@psu.edu • 814.863.3087 (US) Hiroshi Imahori, Vice Chair Olga Boltalina, Secretary R. Bruce Weisman, Treasurer Francis D’Souza, Journals Editorial Board Representative Organic and Biological Electrochemistry

Graham Cheek, Chair United States Naval Academy cheek@usna.edu • 410.293.6625 (US) Diane Smith, Vice Chair Sadagopan Krishnan, Secretary/Treasurer Janine Mauzeroll, Journals Editorial Board Representative Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

Alice Suroviec Berry College asuroviec@berry.edu • 706.238.5869 (US) Petr Vanýsek, Vice Chair Andrew Hillier, Secretary Stephen Paddison, Treasurer David Cliffel, Journals Editorial Board Representative Sensor

Ajit Khosla, Chair Yamagata University khosla@gmail.com • 080.907.44765 (JP) Jessica Koehne, Vice Chair Larry Nagahara, Secretary Praveen Sekhar, Treasurer Ajit Khosla, Journals Editorial Board Representative 20

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Donor

spotlight Van Schalkwijk Donates Book Royalties Back to ECS Walter A. van Schalkwijk’s fondest memory of ECS was when he received a phone call from Dale Hall so many years ago. Hall was looking for someone to take over Krishnan Rajeshwar’s place on the ECS Technical Affairs Committee. After joining the Technical Affairs Committee, van Schalkwijk started to see how his participation impacted the Society. He is grateful for the past presidents who supported him throughout the years, such as Dennis Hess, Krishnan Rajeshwar, Jan Talbot, Bruno Scrosati, Robin Susko, William Brown, and Paul Natishan. Van Schalkwijk has been a member of ECS for over 27 years. Van Schalkwijk started coming to ECS meetings for his student presentations. Reflecting back now, he wishes he had known how to get involved in the organization sooner. As a student, he didn’t know how he could be involved. He later realized that the ECS Executive Committee meetings were open and that, even as a student, he could attend. At one meeting, he brought Jean St-Pierre, and before St-Pierre had finished eating, van Schalkwijk volunteered him to cochair a symposium. St-Pierre asked, “What just happened?” That was just the beginning. At a recent ECS meeting, van Schalkwijk volunteered Craig Owen—with St-Pierre laughing in the background. Van Schalkwijk emphasizes how his involvement evolved over time. “Instead of just coming and listening to the presentations at our meetings, I was able to help shape the Society,” he says. “I met so many people, and I learned a lot.” His collaborations on technical affairs, new technology, and nanotechnology were particularly memorable with Christina Bock and Prashant Kamat (with whom van Schalkwijk cofounded the ECS Nanotechnology Subcommittee). Van Schalkwijk recently donated all of his royalties earned from the book Lithium Batteries: Advanced Technologies and Applications, which he coauthored. He would like to inspire other authors to donate their royalties as well. “All of my success would not have happened without the Society,” says van Schalkwijk. “It’s time to give back. I would like to donate my royalties from my book back to the Society in appreciation. The Society has given me so much, including the opportunity to be involved.”

He made the decision to help the Society with its Free the Science initiative. The initiative is challenging the current publishing paradigm and making content free for all. The majority of research today is behind paywalls. Van Schalkwijk’s gift will help open content in the ECS Digital Library at no cost to readers or authors. Van Schalkwijk describes how “every dollar counts” with the changes the Society is making with Free the Science. “The Society needs this revenue much more than I do,” he says. Today, van Schalkwijk actively encourages students to attend and participate in ECS meetings. If you see him, look out, because he just might volunteer you for an ECS project. He knows you’ll thank him later. Van Schalkwijk has more than 30 years of experience in the battery industry. He earned a PhD in electrochemistry from the University of Ottawa. He is currently an adjunct professor of chemical engineering at the University of Washington and at the university’s Clean Energy Institute. He is also a consultant through Battery Sciences, LLC, which works with Microsoft and Duracell. He has 18 patents, including 8 on FDA-approved formulations for kidney dialysate. He has been a member of ECS since 1991, has served on the ECS Board of Directors (1999–2003), and was chair of both the ECS New Technology Subcommittee (1999–2003) and the ECS Nanotechnology Subcommittee (2003–2006).

Visit the ECS Online Store to order a copy of Lithium Batteries: Advanced Technologies and Applications. ECS members get a 20% discount.

www.electrochem.org/online-store

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Advancement News ECS Nanocarbons Division Robert C. Haddon Award The Nanocarbons Division of The Electrochemical Society is pleased to announce the creation of a new award. The Nanocarbons Division Robert C. Haddon Award, established with a $50,000 endowed gift by Elena Haddon, will honor the late Robert C. Haddon. The award will continue Haddon’s legacy by recognizing outstanding contributions to the understanding and applications of carbon materials. Beginning in 2020, the award will be given in even-

numbered years. Haddon was the recipient of the 2010 Richard E. Smalley Research Award of the ECS Nanocarbons Division and the 2008 American Physical Society James P. McGroddy Prize for New Materials. Additionally, he was included in Thomson Reuters’s list of the top 100 chemists for the years 2000 to 2010, and credited as an ISI highly cited author in chemistry, materials science, and physics. These are just a few highlights of the totality of his accomplishments. Throughout his career, Haddon was defined by a unique blend of applied theory and experimental ingenuity that allowed him to anticipate theoretical and experimental breakthroughs in diverse aspects of the chemistry of conjugated carbon molecules and nanomaterials. His curiosity led him to pursue research in chemistry, electronic structure, and properties of molecules and materials, with emphasis on transport, magnetism, superconductivity, device fabrication, nanotechnology, and the discovery of new classes of electronic materials—making countless contributions to the field throughout his career. Haddon was raised in Australia and received training as a chemist at Melbourne University, graduating with honors in 1966 (BSc). Thereafter, he pursued PhD studies in organic chemistry at Penn State University, graduating in 1971. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Texas between 1972 and 1973, returning to Australia as a Queen Elizabeth II Fellow at the Australian National University. In 1976, Haddon joined the Chemical Physics Research Department at AT&T Bell Laboratories, where he worked until 1997, before entering academia. It was during his time at AT&T Bell Laboratories that Haddon discovered the alkali metal fullerides, their electronic properties, and the occurrence of superconductivity in the A3C60 compounds (A = K,Rb). He was named 1991 Person of the Year by Superconductor Week, and fellow of the American Physical Society “for work on organic electronic materials, including the prediction and discovery of superconductivity in alkali-metal-doped carbon-60.” Upon entering academia in 1997, his research group turned its attention to the study of radical conductors and carbon nanotubes, reporting on the covalent functionalization of graphene and the group’s approach for band gap engineering in graphene and the synthesis of ferromagnetic epitaxial graphene. Haddon eventually became the founding director of the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE), where he brought together scientists from the disciplines of chemistry, physics, biology, engineering, and medicine to build a strong program in science, technology, and education at the University of California, Riverside.

The center established research trusts in carbon science, spintronics, memory storage, next-generation electronics, and nanomedicine. To advance these research areas, Haddon established and equipped the CNSE Nanofabrication Facility. Haddon’s vision for the center is best captured in his statement: “In this century, nanotechnology will not only change the way that science and engineering are practiced, but will vastly improve the quality of life for all by bringing about revolutionary advances in electronics, computing, communications, engineering materials, and medicine.” Haddon since passed away in April 2016 in Riverside, CA. Raymond Orbach, professor at the University of Texas at Austin, who hired Haddon to take on the role of founding director of the CNSE, describes him as a generous and inventive scholar, whose research has driven modern science and technology. “He was responsible for positioning the University of California, Riverside, as a rising research university star. He always exhibited a spirit of friendship and leadership, and was a mentor of young researchers,” says Orbach. Friend and University of Waterloo professor Richard Oakley worked side by side with Haddon in the pursuit of single component neutral radical conductors for nearly 25 years. Oakley recalls being profoundly impressed, sometimes overwhelmed, by the breadth and depth of Haddon’s knowledge on so many areas of science. “Despite his broad knowledge base, however, Robert was never overbearing as a collaborator. He never presumed to know all the answers; he never stopped learning. In this regard, one of Robert’s greatest strengths, both as a scientist and a colleague, was his ability to communicate,” reflects Oakley. “He had the courage and selfconfidence to listen to others, and to learn from them, while at the same time providing insight and inspiration to all those with whom he worked.” Luis Echegoyen, Robert A. Welch Chair Professor of Chemistry at the University of Texas at El Paso, describes Haddon as a quintessential scientist. “Robert was a deep thinker and creative individual whose seminal work influenced carbon materials science in a transformative and fundamental way. He was also charismatic and a pleasure to work with—a true gentleman and a dear friend,” says Echegoyen. Walt de Heer, a professor at Georgia Tech, echoes the same sentiment. “Robert was a great scientist who easily bridged the gap between chemistry and physics,” he says. “He was an invaluable resource in the years we were developing our graphene projects in the earliest beginnings. But most importantly, he was a true and loyal friend.” For his distinguished contributions, ECS honors Haddon’s legacy with the Nanocarbons Division Robert C. Haddon Research Award. This award encourages excellence in nanocarbons research and is intended to recognize individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the understanding and applications of carbon materials, like Haddon. To make a donation to the award in memory of Robert C. Haddon, choose the ECS Fund online and select “In honor of” for recognition. For help, please contact development@electrochem.org.

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Call for Nominations: 2019 Outstanding Student Chapter Award Young students entering the science field take on a significant amount of new material and learning in the classrooms, but that doesn’t mean we can’t learn just as much from them, too! ECS student chapters, run and created by students themselves, inspire us every day. Their remarkable accomplishments and contributions to the Society not only help guide and encourage talented scientists and engineers around them, but also contribute to the future and growth of the sciences. That’s why in 2012, the Society established the ECS Outstanding Student Chapter Award to recognize distinguished student chapters that demonstrate active participation in ECS’s technical activities. That means chapters that have initiated outreach activities, coordinated community events, and created and maintained a robust membership base.

Does this sound like your student chapter? We want to award you for your hard work! Application deadline: April 15, 2019 Apply by April 15 for a chance for your chapter to be the recipient of the 2019 Outstanding Student Chapter Award. Awardees receive a recognition plaque, $1,000 USD in additional student chapter funding, and additional recognition throughout the Society in Interface, the ECS blog, and more. For more information, visit: www.electrochem.org/outstandingstudent-chapter-award Last year, ECS recognized three student chapters for their remarkable work and commitment. Here’s what they did:

2018 Outstanding Student Chapter: ECS University of Washington Student Chapter Last year, the ECS University of Washington Student Chapter (ECS@ UW) sponsored several academic seminars, professional workshops, and outreach events. ECS@UW performed multiple electrochemical experiments for K-12 students. One was the popular Enginearrings experiment involving the anodization of titanium wires into colorful jewelry. This experiment was showcased at UW’s Engineering Discovery Days, which reached over 10,000 attendees. Additionally, ECS@ UW collaborated with the UW Clean Energy Institute to teach AP chemistry students at Newport High School about galvanic cells, fuel cell cars, and aluminum-air batteries. Last spring, ECS@UW hosted its second annual industry panel in partnership with the student organization Diversity in Clean Energy. Six panelists were selected according to the themes of clean energy and data science. These panelists fielded questions on start-ups and transitioning from academia to industry. And on another occasion, ECS@UW hosted a workshop in which members learned to create their own web page and professional social media presence. Finally, senior ECS@UW members led various educational seminars. This consisted of several series on fundamentals, characterization techniques, and notable contemporary applications. Similarly, eight Python tutorials were held prior to the 233rd ECS Meeting, providing valuable coding experience prior to ECS Data Science Hack Week.

Other opportunities for growth included the chapter’s ongoing Coffee Talk series with guest lecturers and the similarly themed Coffee & Electrochemistry summer book series which, this year, worked through Electrochemical Methods by Allen J. Bard. The chapter looks forward to the continued involvement of the many individuals it proudly calls its members.

ECS University of Washington Student Chapter representatives.

2018 Chapter of Excellence: ECS Lewis University Student Chapter The ECS Lewis University Student Chapter had an exciting 2017– 2018 academic year. The chapter’s main goal was to increase STEM awareness through interactions within the community. The chapter successfully hosted a bike-a-thon fundraiser called Pedal for Preemies that raised $5,000; all proceeds were donated to the Loyola Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. The chapter hosted numerous community demonstrations, encouraging children and their families to participate and be hands-on with science. The Chemistry Department also hosted Shipwrecked, a yearlong competition in which students from local high schools were mentored by chapter members in the construction of an efficient and effective water filtration system. The chapter is looking forward to another exciting year of integrating science into the community.

ECS Lewis University Student Chapter representatives.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS 2018 Chapter of Excellence: ECS University of Virginia Student Chapter The ECS University of Virginia (UVA) Student Chapter, founded in 2006, was one of the earliest ECS student chapters. The chapter currently has 36 active members with backgrounds in materials science and engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and chemistry. Its current advisor is Professor Giovanni Zangari. During the 2017–2018 academic year, the UVA Student Chapter facilitated the advancement of theory and practice of electrochemical and solid state science and technology by hosting technical seminars, conducting exceptional research, and sharing research results in these areas that foster collaborations. The chapter also disseminated knowledge in these fields through journal publications, research presentations, and public promotion, including open house experimental demos and laboratory tours.

ECS University of Virginia Student Chapter representatives.

Staff News Celebrating 20 Years with ECS Andrea Guenzel celebrated 20 years with The Electrochemical Society on December 14, 2018. Guenzel joined ECS in 1998, working on the then-new Society publication Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, and responsible for many aspects of processing manuscripts for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. One of her main roles was helping to implement and work with authors on the Society’s online submission system, ECSxPress. She also prepared meeting abstracts for publication, and was instrumental in the processing of site license agreements, which enabled institutional subscribers to access ECS content online through the ECS Digital Library when it first launched. Guenzel currently manages the production end of processing manuscripts and scheduling papers for both the Journal of The Electrochemical Society and the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, working closely with ECS authors and production vendors.

Prior to coming to ECS, Guenzel graduated from Rider University in New Jersey with a degree in marketing education. She was a personnel supervisor, and has always been involved with working with and training people. Guenzel expressed these sentiments about her time here at ECS: “It has been an honor working with our many authors at ECS. I have been here long enough now to see students grow into their careers and have been glad to help many of our authors and members publish their life’s work.” “During her 20 years of service, Andrea has experienced firsthand the significant changes in scholarly publishing, not the least of which was brought on by changing technology. Gone are the days of handling massive bins of manuscripts delivered by the U.S. Postal Service, replaced now with an online submission/review system,” says Annie Goedkoop, ECS associate director of publications. “I’m certain that the authors, reviewers, editors, and staff who have worked with Andrea have benefited from her experience and would join me in expressing appreciation for her great service and congratulate her on reaching this milestone.”

Organizations Save 15-20% through Institutional Membership After a full year in review, we have found that organizations can save 15-20% on their spending by joining the ECS institutional membership program. The most desired advantage of the program is the à la carte benefit options that allow your organization to choose benefits best suited to meet its particular business needs—ranging from discounts on advertising, digital library subscriptions, and sponsorships/exhibits to complimentary meeting registration waivers, member representatives, and more!

Email Shannon.Reed@electrochem.org to learn the benefits of institutional membership for your organization.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS Season of Giving

Silver/Silver Sulfate Reference Electrode Stable reference For Chloride Free Investigations Replaceable frit tip Non-toxic Always in stock Made in USA.

During the holiday season of 2018, as was done for several previous years, ECS staff generously donated to the Marine Toys for Tots Foundation. Pictured is Lance Corporal Kelshick when he visited the headquarters office to pick up the box of toys.

www.koslow.com “Fine electrochemical probes since 1966”

Research is meant to be shared. Not sold. Make a donation today!

Visit freethescience.org The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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websites of note by Alice H. Suroviec

Energy Storage Association • The Energy Storage Association is committed to enabling a more resilient, efficient, sustainable, and affordable electricity grid. This website has many useful resources for those looking to learn more about current energy storage technologies as well as interesting case studies. It is also an excellent resource for those looking into current energy storage policy. http://energystorage.org

Perovskite Information • Perovskite-Info is a comprehensive website that has lots of useful information and news about perovskite. It was launched in September 2015 as a perovskite news aggregator with an aim to become a hub for perovskite professionals and enthusiasts. It provides daily news, information, updates, and commentary focusing on perovskite as an emerging material and technology. www.perovskite-info.com

Printed Electronics Now • Printed Electronics Now is a new online publication devoted to the field of electronic products created through the printing process, an emerging industry that promises to revolutionize the methods in which electronic components and systems are manufactured. The publication covers solar cells, batteries, displays, sensors, medical devices, and military equipment. It is updated daily. www.printedelectronicsnow.com

About the Author

Alice Suroviec is an associate professor of bioanalytical chemistry and chair of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Berry College. She earned a BS in chemistry from Allegheny College in 2000. She received her PhD from Virginia Tech in 2005 under the direction of Mark R. Anderson. Her research focuses on enzymatically modified electrodes for use as biosensors. She is currently the chair of the ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division and an associate editor for the physical and analytical electrochemistry, electrocatalysis, and photoelectrochemistry topical interest area of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. She may be reached at asuroviec@berry.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9252-2468

UPCOMING ECS SPONSORED MEETINGS In addition to the ECS biannual meetings and ECS satellite conferences, ECS, its divisions, and its sections sponsor meetings and symposia of interest to the technical audience ECS serves. The following is a partial list of upcoming sponsored meetings. Please visit the ECS website (www.electrochem.org/upcoming-meetings) for a list of all sponsored meetings.

2019 • Nucleation and Growth Research Conference (NGRC); June 10-12, 2019; Kyoto, Japan; www.iae.kyoto-u.ac.jp/chemical/ NGRC2019/index.html • 70th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE); August 4-9, 2019; Durban, South Africa; https:// annual70.ise-online.org/index.php To learn more about what an ECS sponsorship could do for your meeting, including information on publishing proceeding volumes for sponsored meetings, or to request an ECS sponsorship of your technical event, please contact ecs@electrochem.org.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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In the

• The summer 2019 issue of Interface will feature the ECS Battery Division with a focus on battery electrolytes. The issue will be guest edited by Bryan D. McCloskey (University of California, Berkeley) and Kang Xu (U.S. Army Research Laboratory). McCloskey and Xu both serve as current at-large members of the Battery Division and share specific research interests in diversified electrolyte materials, including ionic liquids, additives, solvent-in-salt concepts, polyelectrolyte solutions, and solid state electrolytes. The issue is slated to include articles by leaders in the battery field including Martin Winter, Jeff Dahn, Kevin Gering, Jeff Sakamoto, and Doron Aurbach.

issue of

• From the President. In this column, the newly elected ECS president will share some thoughts and wisdom about the Society and its enduring impact on its members and constituents. • Highlights from the ECS Meeting in Dallas. Don’t miss all the photos and news from the ECS spring 2019 meeting in Dallas. • Have you heard about Plan S? ECS will explore this topic, related to open access publishing, and share how the Society plans to be in compliance to meet the needs of the research community.

Your article. Online. FAST! More than 151,000 articles in all areas of electrochemistry and solid state science and technology from the only nonprofit publisher in its field.

www.ecsdl.org

www.electrochem.org

If you haven’t visited the ECS Digital Library recently, please do so today!

Not an ECS member yet? Start taking advantage of member benefits right now!

Leading the world in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology for more than 117 years

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

235th ECS Meeting May 26-30, 2019 Dallas, TX

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• • • •

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Special Meeting Section

• Five days of technical programming across 47 symposia • Over 2,250 abstracts • More than 1,800 oral presentations, with almost 600 invited talks from the world’s leading experts • Over 400 posters during three evenings of poster sessions

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ome join us at this international conference as scientists, engineers, and researchers from academia, industry, and government laboratories come together to share results and discuss issues on related topics through oral presentations, poster sessions, panel discussions, tutorial sessions, short courses, professional development workshops, a career expo, exhibits, and more! The unique blend of electrochemical and solid state science and technology at an ECS meeting provides you with an opportunity to absorb and exchange information on the latest scientific developments across a variety of interdisciplinary areas in a forum of your peers. This year’s spring meeting will be in Dallas, home of 20 exciting entertainment districts, a cutting-edge culinary scene led by celebrity chefs, the best shopping in the Southwest, and the nation’s largest urban arts district. From Deep Ellum to Trinity Groves, Klyde Warren Park to the Perot Museum of Nature and Science and beyond, there is no shortage of things to experience in the No. 1 visitor destination in Texas!

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14 hours of exhibit hall time over three days Daily morning and afternoon coffee breaks Complimentary WiFi in meeting rooms Special program for nontechnical registrants

The ECS Lecture Monday, May 27

“Guardian Angels Turning Sickcare into Healthcare” Koen Kas, Ghent University

Dallas l

Texas, May 26-30, 2019

Koen Kas is a healthcare futurist, entrepreneur, professor of molecular oncology, acclaimed international keynote speaker, and author of Sick No More and Your Guide to Delight. He is founding CEO of HealthSkouts and partner at HealthStartup. eu, a social network of novel health start-ups. His team combines real world data, collected via biomarker and sensor measurements, with design and business model innovations into novel, delightful experiences redefining health, helping shape a new breed of digital health companies. Kas is a professor of oncology at Ghent University in Belgium, and chairs the scientific committee of the European Cancer Prevention Organization. He is an ambassador for Health House and serves on the advisory board of seven pioneering healthcare companies and a digital health investor. He is a juror of the Prix Galien and an editor of the mHealth journal and the European Journal of Cancer Prevention. Kas was CSO Oncology at Thrombogenics, from which he spun out the biotech company Oncurious and tested a novel drug for pediatric brain cancer. Before this, he was founder and CSO of Pronota, building a protein biomarker discovery platform and pipeline of four diagnostic programs and was also the director of drug discovery at Galapagos. Previously he set up and directed the cancer drug discovery program at Tibotec (now part of Johnson & Johnson). He started his career elucidating the molecular basis of two types of cancers.

Award-Winning Speakers (Check the meeting app for times.)

SOCIETY AWARD-WINNING SPEAKERS HÉctor Abruña, Cornell University Allen J. Bard Award in Electrochemical Science David Lockwood, National Research Council of Canada Gordon E. Moore Medal for Outstanding Achievement in Solid State Science and Technology

DIVISION AWARD-WINNING SPEAKERS Sean King, Intel Corporation Dielectric Science and Technology Division Thomas D. Callinan Award Jung Han, Yale University Electronics and Photonics Division Award Plamen Atanassov, University of California Irvine Energy Technology Division Research Award Fikile Brushett, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Technology Division Supramaniam Srinivasan Young Investigator Award 28

Zan Gao, University of Virginia Energy Technology Division Graduate Student Award Sponsored by Bio-Logic Rainey Yu Wang, Hydrogenics Corporation Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division New Electrochemical Technology (NET) Award Xinyou Ke, Case Western Reserve University Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division Student Achievement Award Pongsarun Satjaritanun, University of South Carolina Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division H. H. Dow Memorial Student Achievement Award Maurizio Prato, Universita degli Studi di Trieste Nanocarbons Division Richard E. Smalley Research Award Shelley Minteer, University of Utah Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division David C. Grahame Award Investigator Award Read more about these award winners in this issue starting on page 70. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Short Courses Sunday, May 26

ECS short courses are all-day classes designed to provide students or seasoned professionals with an in-depth education on a wide range of topics. Taught by academic and industry experts, the small classes make for excellent opportunities for personalized instruction, helping both novices and experts advance their technical expertise and knowledge.

Fundamentals of Corrosion Luis F. Garfias, Instructor

Fundamentals of Electrochemistry: Basic Theory and Thermodynamic Methods

Battery Safety and Failure Modes Thomas Barrera and Boryann Liaw, Instructors

James Noël, Instructor

Professional Development Workshops Offered at every biannual Society meeting, the professional development workshops help to serve our attendees’ career needs. These workshops are available to you whether you are a student looking for some help with your resume or a mid-career researcher looking for a refresher on team management.

• Essential Elements for Employment Success • Managing and Leading Teams • Win Funding: How to Write a Competitive Proposal

• Managing Conflict • Patent Law for Scientists and Engineers • Résumé Review

Career Expo

The career expo serves as a premier opportunity for employers and recruiters to meet and interview job seekers, volunteers, and postdoctoral candidates. Meeting registrants will have the opportunity to interview with potential employers at no additional cost to their registration.

ECS Data Science Hack Week

General and Student Poster Sessions

Come join us for an evening of fun, as we kick off what is sure to be a great week. This is an excellent opportunity to meet old and new friends, so make sure to stop by for some food, drinks, and great conversation!

With hundreds of posters to explore, you won’t want to miss a single minute of these sessions. Wander the aisles, review the presentations, talk to the authors, share some laughs—these sessions are a great way to end the day!

Student Mixer

The mixer is a must-attend event for students! Enjoy networking with your peers and early-career professionals while light desserts and refreshments are served.

Receptions in Honor of Krishnan Rajeshwar and Shimshon Gottesfeld

Annual Society Business Meeting and Luncheon

Join us as we celebrate the many successes of 2018 and look forward to an even brighter future!

For more information visit

www.electrochem.org/235 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Join us to honor Shimshon Gottesfeld, a pioneering fuel cell innovator and a distinguished fuel cell educator, and Krishnan Rajeshwar, who has dedicated a sizeable chunk of his research to the understanding and application of semiconductor electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry. 29

Texas, May 26-30, 2019

(Check the meeting app for times.)

Special Events

Dallas

The ECS Data Science Hack Week is part of the Society’s continuing work toward building an electrochemical data science and open source community. All electrochemical engineers, whether experimentally or theoretically focused, can benefit from this workshop program by learning how to create, share, use, and improve open source software tools and public datasets to accelerate research progress in our field. Apply now to join us for this weeklong event! Application Deadline: April 1, 2019

Opening Reception

Special Meeting Section

(Check the meeting app for times.)

Symposium Topics, Organizers, and Sponsoring Divisions A — Batteries and Energy Storage A01 — Battery and Energy Technology Joint General Session

Mani Manivannan, Jie Xiao, Hui Xu, S. R. Narayan Energy Technology, Battery

A02 — Lithium Ion Batteries and Beyond

Brett Lucht, Bryan McCloskey, Guoying Chen, Christopher Johnson, Pawel Kulesza Battery, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

A03 — Large Scale Energy Storage 10

Trung Nguyen, Jagjit Nanda, Bin Li, Jing Xu, Wei Wang, Pawel Kulesza, Shelley Minteer Energy Technology, Battery, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Battery, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

A04 — Battery Student Slam 3

Special Meeting Section

Feng Lin, David Mitlin, Laurence Hardwick, Veronica Augustyn, Guoying Chen, Susan Odom Battery Electrochemical Engineering

A05 — Battery Characterization

Gabriel Veith, Thomas Barrera, Roseanne Warren, Jun Lu, Gary Koenig, Anne Co Battery, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

A06 — Battery Safety and Failure Modes

Thomas Barrera, Guangsheng Zhang, Boryann Liaw, Ankur Jain Battery, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

B — Carbon Nanostructures and Devices B01 — Carbon Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage

Jeffrey Blackburn, Michael Arnold, Stephen Doorn, David Cliffel, Christina Bock, Xiulei Ji, MinKyu Song, Vito Di Noto, Plamen Atanassov Nanocarbons, Battery, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

Dallas

B02 — Carbon Nanostructures in Medicine and Biology

Daniel Heller, Tatiana DaRos, Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos, Ardemis Boghossian, Mekki Bayachou, James Burgess, Larry Nagahara Nanocarbons, Organic and Biological Electrochemistry, Sensor

B03 — Carbon Nanotubes – From Fundamentals to Devices

Texas, May 26-30, 2019

Stephen Doorn, Yury Gogotsi, Pawel Kulesza, Ming Zheng, Slava V. Rotkin, R. Bruce Weisman, Shigeo Maruyama, Benjamin Flavel, Yan Li Nanocarbons, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

B04 — Nano in Latin America

Hiroshi Imahori, Mariana Martinez-Pacheco, Slava Rotkin, Juan Lale, Monica Cerro-Lopez, Giaan Álvarez-Romero Nanocarbons, Dielectric Science and Technology, Electronics and Photonics

B05 — Fullerenes – Endohedral Fullerenes and Molecular Carbon

Shangfeng Yang, Alan Balch, Francis D’Souza, Luis Echegoyen, Dirk Guldi, Nazario Martin, Steven Stevenson Nanocarbons

B06 — 2D Layered Materials from Fundamental Science to Applications

Jessica Koehne, David Estrada, Ajit Khosla, Yaw Obeng, Stefan De Gendt, Zia Karim, Colm O’Dwyer, Slava V. Rotkin Nanocarbons, Dielectric Science and Technology, Electronics and Photonics, Sensor, Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee

B07 — Light Energy Conversion with Metal Halide Perovskites,

Semiconductor Nanostructures, and Inorganic/ Organic Hybrid Materials Hiroshi Imahori, Prashant Kamat, Kei Murakoshi, Tsukasa Torimoto, Vito Di Noto Nanocarbons, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

B08 — Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines, and Supramolecular Assemblies

Karl Kadish, Roberto Paolesse, Tomas Torres, Nathalie Solladie, Diane Smith, Norbert Jux Nanocarbons, Organic and Biological Electrochemistry

B09 — Nano for Industry

Slava V. Rotkin, Luke Haverhals, Francis D’Souza, E. Taylor, Oana Leonte Nanocarbons, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Dielectric Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee

C — Corrosion Science and Technology C01 — Corrosion General Session

Masayuki Itagaki, Jamie Noël Corrosion

D — Dielectric Science and Materials D01 — Chemical Mechanical Polishing 15

Gautam Banerjee, R. Rhoades, G. Bahar Basim, V. Chaitanya, Yaw Obeng Dielectric Science and Technology

E — Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition E01 — Electrodeposition for Advanced Node Interconnect Metallization

Beyond Copper Shafaat Ahmed, Jian Zhou, Qiang Huang, James Kelly Electrodeposition

F — Electrochemical Engineering F01 — Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

General Session Douglas Riemer, John Staser Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

F02 — Tutorial on Industrial Electrochemistry

Gerardine Botte, John Harb, E. Taylor Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

F03 — Characterization of Porous Materials 8

John Staser, Xiaolin Li, Christina Bock Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Battery, Energy Technology

F04 — Multiscale Modeling, Simulation and Design 3:

Enhancing Understanding, and Extracting Knowledge from Data Venkat Subramanian, Scott Calabrese Barton, John Harb, Luis Diaz, Gerardine Botte, Ankur Jain Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Energy Technology

G — Electronic Materials and Processing G01 — Silicon Compatible Materials, Processes, and Technologies for

Advanced Integrated Circuits and Emerging Applications 8 Fred Roozeboom, Paul Timans, Evgeni Gusev, Zia Karim, Stefan De Gendt, Hemanth Jagannathan, Kuniyuki Kakushima Electronics and Photonics, Dielectric Science and Technology

G02 — Processes at the Semiconductor Solution Interface 8

Colm O’Dwyer, D. Buckley, Arnaud Etcheberry, Andrew Hillier, Robert Lynch, Philippe Vereecken, Heli Wang, Vidhya Chakrapani Electronics and Photonics, Dielectric Science and Technology, Electrodeposition, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

G03 — Organic Semiconductor Materials, Devices, and Processing 7

M. Deen, David Gundlach, Benjamin Iniguez, Hagen Klauk Electronics and Photonics

H — Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems H01 — Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Materials and Devices 20

Soohwan Jang, Travis Anderson, Jennifer Hite, Erica Douglas, Vidhya Chakrapani, John Zavada Electronics and Photonics

H02 — Solid-state Electronics and Photonics in Biology and Medicine 6

Yu-Lin Wang, Wenzhuo Wu, Toshiya Sakata, Zong-Hong Lin, Andrew Hoff, Chih-Ting Lin, Lluis Marsal, M. Deen, Zoraida Aguilar Electronics and Photonics, Sensor

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

H03 — Wearable and Flexible Electronic and Photonic Technologies 2

Colm O’Dwyer, Jessica Koehne, Ajit Khosla, Wei Gao, Durgamadhab Misra, Shelley Minteer, Lain-Jong Li, Yu-Lun Chueh, Sheng Xu, Jong-Hyun Ahn, Sang-Woo Kim Electronics and Photonics, Dielectric Science and Technology, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Sensor, Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee

I — Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion I01 — Hydrogen or Oxygen Evolution Catalysis for Water Electrolysis 5

Hui Xu, Pawel Kulesza, Sanjeev Mukerjee, Nemanja Danilovic, John Weidner, Vivek Murthi Energy Technology, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

I02 — Materials for Low Temperature Electrochemical Systems 5

Minhua Shao, Prashant Kumta, Gang Wu, Svitlana Pylypenko, William Mustain Energy Technology, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

I03 — Renewable Fuels via Artificial Photosynthesis or Heterocatalysis 4

I04 — Energy Conversion Systems Based on Nitrogen 2

Julie Renner, Gang Wu, Yuyan Shao, Hui Xu, Shelley Minteer, Lauren Greenlee Energy Technology, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

I05 — Heterogeneous Functional Materials for Energy Conversion and

Storage 2 Wilson Chiu, Fanglin Chen, Deryn Chu, Srikanth Gopalan, Torsten Markus, Patrick Masset, Robert Mantz, Steven DeCaluwe, Vito Di Noto, Nian Liu, Andrew Herring High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes, Battery, Energy Technology, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

I06 — An Invited Symposium on Advances and Perspectives on Modern

Larry Nagahara, Gary Hunter, Peter Hesketh, Aleksandr Simonian, Bryan Chin, Jessica Koehne, Mike Carter Sensor

M02— Semiconductor Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry in Honor

of Krishnan Rajeshwar – An Invited Symposium Nianqiang Wu, Scott Calabrese Barton, Pawel Kulesza, Csaba Janáky, Heli Wang, Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Kohei Uosaki, Prashant Kamat, Mani Manivannan Energy Technology, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Sensor

M03— Sensors for Precision Medicine

Praveen Sekhar, Nianqiang Wu, Yuehe Lin, Ajit Khosla, Pengyu Chen, Jessica Koehne, Leyla Soleymani Sensor

Z — General Topics Z01 — General Student Poster Session

Venkat Subramanian, Kalpathy Sundaram, Vimal Chaitanya, P. Pharkya, Alice Suroviec All Divisions

Z02 — Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing 3

Gerardine Botte, Gautam Banerjee, John Harb, Nianqiang Wu, S. R. Narayan, E. Taylor, Arumugam Manthiram, John Stickney, Katherine Ayers, Gregory Jackson All Divisions, Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee

Z03 — Nanoscale Electrochemical Imaging and Detection

Petr Vanýsek, Tomokazu Matsue, Nongjian Tao, David Cliffel All Divisions, International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE)

Select symposia will publish their proceedings in an issue of ECS Transactions . Issues will be available for sale in CD, USB, and electronic (PDF) formats. Preordered CD or USB editions will be available for pickup at the meeting.

Texas, May 26-30, 2019

to Electrochemical Biosensors Graham Cheek, Mekki Bayachou Organic and Biological Electrochemistry, Energy Technology, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Sensor

M — Sensors M01— Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems General Session

K01 — Bioelectrochemistry: From Nature-Inspired Electrochemical Systems

Roseanne Warren, Anne Co, Bo Zhang, Kunal Karan Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Energy Technology

Dallas

K — Organic and Bioelectrochemistry

L06 — Nanoporous Materials

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells – In Honor of Shimshon Gottesfeld Bryan Pivovar, Yushan Yan, Piotr Zelenay, Thomas Zawodzinski, Huyen Dinh, Gang Wu, Rod Borup, Adam Weber, Peter Pintauro, Hui Xu Energy Technology, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

Electrocatalysis, Energy Conversion, and Charge Storage Pawel Kulesza, Andrew Herring, Vito Di Noto, Iwona Rutkowska Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Energy Technology

K02 — Electron-Transfer Activation in Organic and Biological Systems

Graham Cheek, Shelley Minteer Organic and Biological Electrochemistry, Energy Technology, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Sensor

K03 — Young Investigators in Organic and Biological Electrochemistry

Graham Cheek, Sadagopan Krishnan, Alice Suroviec Organic and Biological Electrochemistry, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

L —Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry L01 — Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis,

and Photoelectrochemistry General Session and Grahame Award Symposium Alice Suroviec, Svitlana Pylypenko, Anne Co Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

L02 — Impedance Technologies, Diagnostics, and Sensing Applications 5

Petr Vanýsek, Andrew Hillier Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

L03 — Computational Electrochemistry 5

Stephen Paddison, Iryna Zenyuk, Scott Calabrese Barton Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Energy Technology, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

ECS Annual Business Meeting and Luncheon 235th ECS Meeting in Dallas Tuesday, May 28, 2019 Purchase tickets when you register: Early

Regular

Onsite

Member

$35

$45

$55

Fellow

$25

$35

$45

Nonmember

$45

$55

$65

www.electrochem.org/235

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Special Meeting Section

Nianqiang Wu, Pawel Kulesza, Mani Manivannan, Frank Osterloh, Hui Xu, Eric Miller, Bunsho Ohtani, Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Jae Joon Lee, Jihui Yang, Krishnan Rajeshwar Energy Technology, Sensor

L04 — Polyoxometallates and Nanostructured Metal Oxides in Efficient

HACK DATA SCIENCE WEEK

Dallas, TX

May 26-29, 2019

ECS Data Science Hack Week Application Deadline: April 1, 2019

Special Meeting Section

Building on the success of ECS Data Science Hack Day (October 2017), ECS Data Science Hack Week (May 2018), and the ECS Data Science Showcase (October 2018), we are pleased to offer another exciting data science opportunity at the spring meeting in Dallas. In May 2019, the program will return to an entire week as the next stage in ECS supporting a growing electrochemical data science and open source community. The goal of these events is to bring together people from different backgrounds to collaborate in order to increase awareness and impact of data science tools, open source software, and shared datasets in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology. Hack Week will again be led by the very capable and engaging team from University of Washington: Dan Schwartz, David Beck, and Matt Murbach. The program will kick off with optional software training tutorials on Sunday, and then sessions all day Monday through Wednesday.

Who Should Attend?

Meet the Organizers

All electrochemical engineers can benefit from this workshop, whether experimentally or theoretically focused. Learning how to create, share, use, and improve open source software tools and public datasets is one way to accelerate research progress in our field.

Selection of Attendees

Dallas l

Texas, May 26-30, 2019

The goal of this event is to increase awareness and impact of data science tools, open source software, and shared datasets in electrochemistry by bringing together people from different backgrounds to collaborate. We expect to have 42 slots for attendees, and will seek to build a cohort comprised of people with a diverse mix of experimental and theoretical electrochemical expertise, as well as a range of prior experiences creating and using open source software and Python programing.

Interested?

The attendees of Hack Week are innovators, leaders, and emerging creators in their fields, all interested in accelerating research progress through data science. If you or one of your colleagues would like to learn more, please contact meetings@electrochem.org. To be considered for a spot at Hack Week, those interested should complete an application form: www.electrochem.org/235/hack-week. Application deadline is April 1, 2019.

Sponsorship

Are you or your company interested in sponsoring the ECS Data Science Hack Week program? The funds from your sponsorship go directly to support the program attendees, which includes complimentary meeting registrations, travel grants, and attendee food and beverage for the program events throughout the week! Don’t miss this opportunity to support this important program. Please contact sponsorship@electrochem.org to learn about opportunities.

Daniel Schwartz

David Beck

Matthew Murbach

Daniel Schwartz is the Boeing-Sutter Professor of Chemical Engineering and director of the Clean Energy Institute at the University of Washington, and brings electrochemistry and modeling expertise to the team. David Beck is director of research with the eSciences Institute at the University of Washington and faculty in chemical engineering, and leads regular hackathons; he is associate director of the NSF Data Intensive Research Enabling CleanTech (DIRECT) PhD training program. Matthew Murbach is past president of the ECS University of Washington Student Chapter, and an advanced data sciences PhD trainee; he has been leading the student section software development sessions on the UW campus, and has practical experience coaching electrochemical scientists and engineers in software development.

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FuturE ECS MEEtingS 235th ECS Meeting Dallas, TX May 26-May 30, 2019 Sheraton Dallas

Early registration deadline: April 22, 2019

2019 Special Meeting Section

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236th ECS Meeting

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2019

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237th ECS Meeting with the 18th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS 2020)

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2020

SOCIE PEOPLE T Y NE WS

Allen Bard Wins King Faisal International Prize in Science Allen J. Bard, regarded as the “father of modern electrochemistry,” was recently announced the winner of the 2019 King Faisal International Prize in Science. According to UT News, the University of Texas at Austin professor received $200,000 and a gold medal from the King Faisal Foundation as a result of the big win. Bard, an ECS member for over 50 years, is a big believer in chemistry—the chemistry created between people. “There’s a chemistry that can develop in a group, and that chemistry can lead to very good science,” says Bard. So it’s no surprise that his team-player mentality has indeed led him to “very good science,” so good it earned him the international award given to only those who have made outstanding contributions in physics, chemistry, biology, or mathematics through original scientific research that brings major benefits to humanity.

The prize will be shared with fellow chemist Jean M. J. Fréchet of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Bard’s contributions to science do not just start here. Over the years, he has taught and mentored over 75 PhD students and 150 postdoctoral fellows, including Paul Kohl, who served as ECS president from 2014 to 2015; Larry Faulkner, serving as ECS president from 1991 to 1992, later becoming a key player in the establishment of the Free the Science initiative; and Johna Leddy, also a former ECS president from 2017 to 2018. For his exceptional hard work and dedication, the Society founded the Allen J. Bard Award in Electrochemical Science in 2013. The first award was presented to yet another former Bard student and world leader in electrochemistry, Henry White. This year, ECS will present the Allen J. Bard Award to Héctor Abruña from Cornell University at the 235th ECS Meeting in Dallas, TX. Join us there for a chance to meet with scientists, engineers, and industry leaders from around the world!

Navakanta Bhat Wins Prestigious Infosys Prize In the field of engineering and computer science, ECS member Navakanta Bhat, professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, was awarded the Infosys Prize 2018 for his work on the design of novel biosensors based on his research in biochemistry and gaseous sensors that push the performance limits of existing metal-oxide sensors. Bhat is one of the six eminent professors who have been awarded the Infosys Prize 2018 across different categories of science, engineering, and research. Bhat has given several invited talks at ECS meetings and published in Interface.

The annual award includes a pure gold medal, a citation, and a prize purse worth USD $100,000 (or its equivalent in Indian rupees), the Infosys Science Foundation (ISF) said in a statement. The Infosys Prize seeks to honor the efforts of some of the brightest scientists and researchers in India. Bhat has devised gas sensors with ultraprecise detection accuracies necessary for space and environmental monitoring, especially useful for India’s growing space, atomic energy and security programs, according to the ISF.

M. Stanley Whittingham Receives MRS David Turnbull Lectureship Award M. Stanley Whittingham, an ECS fellow, was the 2018 recipient of the Materials Research Society (MRS) David Turnbull Lectureship Award, which recognizes the career contribution of a scientist to fundamental understanding of the science of materials through experimental and/or theoretical research. Whittingham was selected to receive the award “for fundamental contributions to solid state ionics including the discovery of the key role of intercalation mechanisms, and the development and commercialization of rechargeable Li-ion batteries.” Whittingham’s award lecture, which he delivered at the fall 2018 MRS meeting in Boston, MA, was titled “Solid State Ionics – The Key to the Discovery and Domination of Lithium Batteries for Portable Energy Storage Leading to a Multi-Billion Dollar Industry.” In his presentation, he discussed the critical role of solid state ionics in the development of the Li-ion battery—from its beginnings in 1967 to today. “My career in mixed metal oxides began at Oxford (late 1960s),” says Whittingham, “and those materials became one of the key areas of the then-new field of solid state ionics (mid 1970s). Because those bronzes were used to measure the ionic conductivity of the beta aluminas, that had been reported in 1967 by Ford researchers. The field is now 50 years old. We were able to measure their conductivities, and I received the ECS Young Author Award around 1971 for that work.” The Journal of The Electrochemical Society paper that earned Whittingham the award was “Transport Properties of Silver Beta Alumina” [J. Electrochem. Soc., 118, 1 (1971)]. “The lithium battery might never have happened were it not for Exxon wishing to become the leading energy company and to begin to invest in batteries (amongst other things),” Whittingham says. 34

Whittingham’s team discovered the critical role of intercalation reactions in battery electrodes and published findings in another seminal ECS paper, titled “The Role of Ternary Phases in Cathode Reactions” [J. Electrochem. Soc., 123, 315 (1976)]. His team also showed that Li-ion batteries could be recharged hundreds of times, leading Exxon to invest in an engineering team and a manufacturing team to begin the production of the first commercial lithium rechargeable batteries. “We never could have thought back in the 1970s that our work would lead to a multi-billion dollar industry,” says Whittingham. “Obviously, I am very proud of what we accomplished, but none of this work would have happened without the encouragement of great mentors—Peter Dickens at Oxford, Bob Huggins at Stanford, and Fred Gamble at Exxon, and not forgetting Major Lamb and Squibs Bowman at Stamford School, who got me interested in science.” Whittingham is a SUNY distinguished professor of chemistry and materials science and engineering at Binghamton University, the State University of New York (SUNY Binghamton). He is also the director of the NorthEast Center for Chemical Energy Storage (NECCES) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) based at SUNY Binghamton. He has been recognized with many awards throughout his career, including the ECS Young Author Award (1971), a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellowship (1993), the ECS Battery Division Research Award (2002), the Yeager Award of the International Battery Association (2012), the Lifetime Contributions to Battery Technology Award of the National Alliance for Advanced Transportation Batteries (2015), and the Senior Research Award of the International Society for Solid State Ionics (2017). In 2018, Whittingham was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. ECS congratulates Whittingham for this achievement and thanks him for all the work he has done for the Society and the science it fosters. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE PEOPLE T Y NE WS

Telpriore “Greg” Tucker Named to PHOENIX Magazine’s 40 Under 40 Telpriore “Greg” Tucker, founder of the ECS Valley of the Sun (Central Arizona) Student Chapter, was inducted into PHOENIX magazine’s inaugural 40 Under 40 class of 2018. Dubbed by the magazine as “The Visionary” of the class, Tucker was recognized for the impact he has had in the Valley as a “renaissance man of renewable energy” who has gone to great lengths to promote the study and application of eco-friendly technology such as clean electric power from fuel cells to young people—especially those in underprivileged communities. Known as Dr. T in the local community of Greater Metro Phoenix, Tucker is a postdoctoral research associate in the School of Molecular Sciences at Arizona State University. His research focus is inorganic chemical synthesis and characterization of ionic liquids, molten salts, silicon-based compounds, etc. used as separators for ion-conduction in electrochemical devices such as batteries for energy storage and fuel cells for energy generation. Recently, Tucker has accepted a new postdoc role for an opportunity to spur a collaborative effort with the U.S. Naval Research Lab (NRL); he’ll be executing a new research focus to utilize ionic liquids for hydrogen and oxygen storage capacities to supply evolved gases to fuel cells to power unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) prototypes. Since joining ECS as a student member in 2007, Tucker has developed a wealth of experience as a chemist, an entrepreneur, and a mentor. After founding the Valley of the Sun (Central Arizona) Student Chapter, the first ECS student chapter in the state of Arizona, he led a variety of events geared toward engaging both the chapter’s members and the local K-12 community in electrochemistry. Some

In Memoriam memoriam Georg Wahl (1938-2018) Member since 1976 High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes Division, Europe Section

of the interactive sessions he devised involved making homemade batteries, using solar panel kits, mixing chemicals to make magnetic slurries called ferrofluids, and riding electric bikes. These events, and chapter members’ contributions to them, influenced the student chapter’s recognition as an ECS Chapter of Excellence in 2014. In 2016, Tucker’s former electric bike company, Southwest Battery Bike Co., was recognized as “Small Business-of-the-Year in District #27,” conferred by Arizona State Representative Reginald Bolding. Tucker has since reinvented his company into a new firm, S.T.E.M. Chemist Consulting, L.L.C., with a specialized focus on the present and future uses of renewable energy power sources that encompass all types of electric vehicles (EVs). For over seven years, Tucker has participated as the STEM coordinator for a local K-12 youth initiative called the Ironmen Network for adolescent men based in central Phoenix. With its members, he shares his scientific expertise and life experiences, often beginning with an analogy to the scientific method: “Life is a lot like a lab notebook,” Tucker says. “Come up with a goal (hypothesis), see what you’ll need to make it happen (materials), execute the plan (protocol), use what works from experience to strengthen your skill sets (observations), learn from your mistakes (experimental errors), reap the rewards (results), seek guidance from mentors (discussion and conclusion), then, importantly, continue to push forward (future direction).” The Society congratulates Tucker for receiving this recognition and is grateful for his tireless efforts to convey the value of electrochemistry and STEM education to broader communities. Read more about Tucker’s life and work in his guest post, titled “Pioneering a Vision for Electrochemistry in the Valley of the Sun,” on the ECS Redcat Blog: www.electrochem.org/tucker.

ECS Redcat Blog The blog was established to keep members and nonmembers alike informed on the latest scientific research and innovations pertaining to electrochemistry and solid state science and technology. With a constant flow of information, blog visitors are able to stay on the cutting-edge of science and interface with a like-minded community.

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Looking at Patent Law: Experimental Use as a Defense against Patent Infringement by E. Jennings Taylor and Maria Inman

n this installment of the “Looking at Patent Law” articles, we discuss the “experimental or research use” exemption as a defense against patent infringement.

In the previous article in this series,1 we discussed the “experimental use” exemption as a means to avoid triggering the “in public use” or “offer for sale” bar that may prevent the inventor from obtaining a patent on an invention for lack of novelty.2 Another, albeit distinct, embodiment of an “experimental use” exemption is as a defense against patent infringement. The assignee (owner) of a patent has the right to prevent others from making, using, or selling the subject invention. Patent infringement is defined in the patent statue as3 “… whoever without authority makes, uses, offers to sell, or sells any patented invention, within the United States, or imports into the United States any patented invention during the term of the patent therefor, infringes the patent.” In a previous article, we presented an analogy of patents to real property wherein the claims of a patent can be considered the metes and bounds of real or tangible property.4 In the tangible property analogy, patent infringement may be thought of as trespassing. A potential defense to patent infringement may be “experimental use.” Many of our electrochemical colleagues, particularly those working in academia, assume that there is an “experimental use” exemption for using patented subject matter during the performance of university research. As discussed in this article, past and recent court rulings indicate that an “experimental use” defense against patent infringement is at best poorly defined.5,6 Herein, we summarize some of the past and recent court rulings related to the “experimental use” defense against patent infringement.7,8

Historical Development of the Experimental Use Exemption The “experimental use” exemption is not codified in the patent statute; rather it is derived from common law or judge-made law dating back to the early 1800s. More specifically, in 1813, Justice Joseph Story of the Supreme Court first introduced the “experimental use” exemption to patent infringement. The case involved alleged infringement of a machine for making cotton/wool cards. While infringement was noted, the trial court instructed the jury to limit calculation of damages based on the for-profit production of the cards. The machine patent holder appealed this decision and asked

that all unauthorized uses of the machine, including those that were production trial runs, be included in the damages calculation. However, Story agreed with the trial court’s jury instruction and commented9 “… it could never have been the intention of the legislature to punish a man, who constructed … a [patented] machine merely for philosophical experiments, or for the purpose of ascertaining the sufficiency of the machine to produce its described effects.” (continued on next page)

Interested in learning more? Register for the Patent Law for Scientists and Engineers Workshop at the 235th ECS Meeting in Dallas, TX.

This workshop provides an introduction to U.S. patent law and is directed towards researchers from academia, industry, and government entities. Instructors: E. Jennings Taylor, Faraday Technology Maria Inman, Faraday Technology Date: Wednesday, May 29, 2019 Time: 1400-1700h Location: Majestic 3 Learn more at

www.electrochem.org/professional-development

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Taylor and Inman

(continued from previous page)

In a subsequent case, Story noted that infringement is proven unless one is making the patented invention10 “… for the mere purpose of philosophical experiment, or to ascertain the verity and exactness of the specification.” In these two opinions, Story’s use of the term “philosophical experiments” in 1813 referred to “natural philosophy,” which today we would use synonymously as “science” or “scientific experiments.”11 As we previously noted,12 the “quid pro quo” of the “inventor-incentive/public-benefit bargain” is that the owner of the patent is granted a limited monopoly (currently 20 years from filing) in exchange for fully disclosing the subject invention. The limited monopoly provides the incentive for the inventor to disclose the invention and allows the public to benefit from the resulting creation of new or improved inventions based on the original invention. Story recognized that for the “inventor-incentive/publicbenefit bargain” to meet the goal of

“… courts should not construe the experimental use rule so broadly as to allow a violation of the patent laws in the guise of ‘scientific inquiry,’ when that inquiry has definite, cognizable, and not insubstantial commercial purposes.” The CAFC stated further that the “experimental use” exemption is not appropriate if the research activity has the “… slightest commercial implication.” Citing other precedent from the Court of Claims that preceded the CAFC,18 the CAFC noted that “… use in keeping with the legitimate business of the alleged infringer does not qualify for the experimental use defense.” The CAFC went on to state that the profit or nonprofit status of the infringer is not determining of whether or not the “experimental use” exemption is appropriate. The determinative factor is whether the use is

Joseph Story Supreme Court Justice

“… promot[ing] the progress of science and the useful arts,”13 an “experimental use” exemption to unauthorized use of a patented invention was part of the “bargain.”

Madey v. Duke University The “experimental use” exemption, although sparingly encountered, seemed to be settled law. This significantly changed in 2003 when a major research university unsuccessfully attempted to use the “experimental use” defense in a patent infringement case. John J. M. Madey was a professor at Stanford University in the mid-1980s. Madey conducted a respected laser research program at Stanford in his free electron laser (FEL) laboratory. During his time at Stanford, Madey invented and obtained sole ownership of two patents (U.S. Patent Nos. 4,641,103 and 5,130,994) used in some of the equipment in the FEL laboratory. Madey joined the Duke University Physics Department in 1989 and moved his FEL laboratory from Stanford to Duke. Although scientifically and financially successful, after about eight years at Duke a dispute arose and Duke removed Madey as director of the FEL laboratory in 1997. Duke contended that Madey ineffectively managed the FEL laboratory. Madey contended that Duke wanted to inappropriately use some of the FEL laboratory equipment that he had invented on research projects at the university. While Madey resigned from Duke in 1998, other researchers at Duke continued using the FEL equipment employing the technology in Madey’s ’103 and ’994 patents. Madey sued Duke for patent infringement as well as other federal and state law claims. The U.S. District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina granted summary judgement in favor of Duke based on the “experimental use” defense.14 Madey appealed the district court ruling to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC). The CAFC reversed the ruling stating that the district court15 “… erred in its application of the common law experimental use defense.” Herein we summarize the CAFC’s rationale for not allowing the “experimental use” exemption in Madey v. Duke University. In essence, the CAFC asserted that the district court “broadly” interpreted the “very narrow and strictly limited experimental use defense” and cited common law precedents. In Embrex, Inc. v. Service Engineering Corp. and citing Roche Prods., Inc. v. Bolar Pharm. Co., the CAFC noted that16,17 38

“… in furtherance of the alleged infringer’s legitimate business and is not solely for amusement.”

The CAFC noted that major research universities such as Duke University pursue funding for research projects and that these projects advance the universities’ legitimate business objectives. These objectives include 1. Educating/enlightening students and faculty participating in these projects, 2. Increasing the status of the university, 3. Attracting top students and faculty, 4. Attracting additional funding. Based on the above, the CAFC reversed the district court ruling

and held that the “experimental use” exemption was not appropriate in Madey v. Duke University. After the CAFC ruling, numerous technology/legal reviews19-21 appeared with ominous titles such as “Shattering the Myth of Universities’ Experimental Use Defense” and “Sealing the Coffin on the Experimental Use Exception.” Generally, commentators concluded that the “experimental use” exemption as a defense to patent infringement was essentially dead or so narrow as to be ineffective, for example22 “Although the Madey decision did not extinguish the defense entirely, it eviscerated it to the point that it is essentially useless to research universities.” As noted above, the “experimental use” exemption is derived from “judge-made” or common law court rulings. Consequently, the rulings are limited to the specific facts of the case in question. While we agree that the court ruling in Madey v. Duke University has narrowed the “experimental use” exemption based on the case-specific facts, we question the broader interpretation that the “experimental use” exemption is too narrow to be effective. Specifically, for circumstances not congruent with the Madey v. Duke University facts, the “experimental use” exemption may be viable for research universities as well as large companies and/or small businesses, as well as nonprofit entities. A dissent by Justice Pauline Newman in a separate case decided by the CAFC may point to areas where the “experimental use” exemption could be a viable defense against patent infringement.

Lessons from “The Great Dissenter”

A recent analysis of nearly 2,000 patent cases and almost 5,000 law review articles identified that the dissents of Justice Pauline Newman of the CAFC resonate with the Supreme Court and academic The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

writers more than any other judge of the CAFC.23 Within a year of Newman further opined to address the concerns regarding the CAFC’s Madey v. Duke University decision, another decision, infringement of patented research tool inventions, as in Madey v. Integra Lifesciences Ltd v. Merck KGaA,24 was issued regarding Duke University. A research tool could be a product or method patent the Hatch-Waxman Act25 which allows the experimental testing of such as an analytical balance, an assay kit, a biochemical method generic versions of previously patented drug formulations for the as well as an electrochemical instrument or electrochemical method. purpose of obtaining Food and Drug Administration Specifically, she noted that there is an important (FDA) approval. The specific facts of this case are distinction between conducting “research with” versus not important to our “experimental use” exemption “research on” a patented invention. Using a patented discussion and the CAFC did not consider the research tool to conduct research (i.e., “research with”) “experimental use” exemption in its majority opinion. is different than conducting “research on” a patented However, the “experimental use” exemption was a research tool in order to improve said tool. She opined30 significant part of Newman’s dissent. Newman began her dissent by citing the quotations “There is a fundamental distinction between from Story presented above. She cited additional research into the science and technology disclosed judicial decisions regarding the “experimental use” in patents, and the use in research of patented exemption for noncommercial use.26,27 She then opined products or methods, the so-called ‘research that the information contained in patents is an important tools.’” repository of scientific and technological knowledge. She further explained that for many technical areas, One could now apply Newman’s thoughts on the patents are the only source of information regarding the “experimental use” exemption as developed in Integra subject technology, or uniquely supplement otherwise Lifesciences Ltd v. Merck KGaA to Madey v. Duke Pauline Newman published technical literature. She asserted that28 University. Using Newman’s analysis, one would still Justice of the CAFC conclude that the “experimental use” exemption is “A rule that this information cannot be investigated without not appropriate for Duke since the use of Madey’s FEL patents was permission of the patentee is belied by the routine appearance for their intended use as research tools, i.e. “research with” the FEL of improvements on patented subject matter, as well as patents. However, according to Newman’s dissent, if Duke University the rapid evolution of improvements on concepts that are was conducting “research on” Madey’s FEL patents for the purpose patented.” of improving, designing around, or verifying their workability, then the “experimental use” exemption would have been appropriate. She further suggested four situations where the subject matter of More importantly, employing Newman’s rationale results in a clear patents could be studied under an “experimental use” exemption distinction of when the “experimental use” exemption is appropriate 1. To understand the patented subject matter itself, or without unnecessarily bringing in the cumbersome legitimate 2. To improve upon the patented subject matter, or business practice arguments employed by the three judge panel (note, 3. To find a new use for the patented subject matter, or Newman was not on this panel) in Madey v. Duke University. As 4. To modify or design around the patented subject matter. noted in a recent analysis31 She noted that today’s technological innovation is “… based in large part on knowledge of the details of patented inventions. … Prohibition of research into such knowledge cannot be squared with the framework of the patent law.” After discussing the “quid pro quo” of the “inventor-incentive/publicbenefit bargain” inherent in the patent system, Newman noted “… there would be little value in the requirement of the patent law that patented information must be removed from secrecy in consideration of the patent right to exclude, if the information is then placed on ice and protected from further study and research investigation. To the contrary, the patent system both contemplates and facilitates research into patented subject matter, whether the purpose is scientific understanding or evaluation or comparison or improvement. Such activities are integral to the advance of technology.” Newman conceded that the “experimental use” exemption is not unlimited, must be narrow, and must prevent precommercial or commercial activities in order to provide the incentive for the inventor to fully disclose. But she maintained that research activity that precedes commercial activity is permitted and consistent with the constitutionally mandated goal of the patent statute. Furthermore, while she admitted that there may be difficulties in distinguishing between “research” and “development,” Newman noted that the distinction is generally understood to be one of scale, level of creativity, and resource allocation.29 This distinction could be defined by the science and engineering community in the form of expert testimony.

“Judge Newman’s dissents provide an alternative vision … waiting to be discovered by a more appreciative audience.”

Examples of Statutory Experimental Use Exemptions As noted herein, the “experimental use” exemption is derived from common law. However, in some instances the “experimental use” exemption is codified in statutory law for certain technologies. The Hax-Waxman Act provides “safe harbor” for experimental study of patented pharmaceuticals and medical devices for the purpose of obtaining data for FDA application for approval of generic counterparts.32 Semiconductor mask works are protected from infringement under the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act. Mask works may be used33 “… solely for the purpose of teaching, analyzing, or evaluating the concepts or techniques embodied in the mask work or the circuitry, logic flow, or organization of components used in the mask work.” Another example is the Vessel Hull Design Protection Act that provides a similar use exemption “… solely for the purpose of teaching, analyzing, or evaluating the appearance, concepts, or techniques embodied in the design, or the function of the useful article embodying the design.” A wider “experimental use” exemption could be codified in the patent statute based on Newman’s “research on” versus “research with” distinction. (continued on next page)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Taylor and Inman

is of a general nature and the court precedents discussed above are highly fact specific. As always, for specific questions related to patent law matters in general and “experimental use” in particular, the reader is encouraged to seek the advice of professional legal counsel and thoroughly review their case-specific facts.

(continued from previous page)

Parallels between Experimental Use of Patented Inventions and Fair Use of Copyrighted Materials

During the discussion of the “experimental use” exemption for patent infringement, we note several parallels to the “fair use” doctrine for copyrighted material (Table I). Patent laws and copyright laws are both derived from the “progress clause” of the constitution.13 The “fair use” doctrine was originally introduced via judge-made common law precedent in the decisions of Justice Story.34 Subsequently, the “fair use” doctrine became codified in the Copyright Act as35 “… fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies … for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.” Some of the factors for determining “fair use” include whether the use of the copyrighted material is of a commercial nature or for nonprofit educational purposes and the effect of the use on the potential market value.

Concluding Remarks The “experimental use” exemption is judge-made or common law originating in the early 1800s. Consequently, the rulings are limited to the specific facts of the case in question. The rationale is derived from the “progress clause” of the constitution13 and recognizes the need for a balance between the “inventor-incentive” and the “publicbenefit” bargain. We noted some technology-specific cases where the “experimental use” exemption has been codified in statute for pharmaceutical testing and evaluation of chip mask works and ship hull designs. Currently, the “experimental use” exemption has not been generally codified in the patent statute. Over the past 200+ years the “experimental use” exemption has been sparingly employed as a defense against patent infringement. In 2003, Duke University unsuccessfully attempted to use the “experimental use” defense in a patent infringement case. The case caused considerable concern in the academic research community. The CAFC based the ruling on court precedent from cases with quite different scenarios, and the reasoning at times seemed confusing and stretched. In a “dissent” in a subsequent case, CAFC Justice Newman introduced a less convoluted and clearer standard to determine when the “experimental use” exemption applies. Specifically, Newman opined that “experimenting with” a patented invention (such as a research tool) to conduct research to discover other inventions should not be protected by the “experimental use” exemption. In contrast, Newman opined that “experimenting on” a patented invention to understand, improve, or design around should be protected by the “experimental use” exemption. The patented invention in Madey v. Duke University was a research tool being used for its intended purpose. Consequently, applying Newman’s rubric would result in the same decision as that of the three-judge panel of the CAFC. We suggest Newman’s standard provides better guidance to future cases involving the “experimental use” defense to patent infringement. In this installment of the “Looking at Patent Law” series, we introduce some of the complex patent law matters related to “experimental use” of a patented invention. By design, the article

About the Authors E. Jennings Taylor is the founder of Faraday Technology, Inc., a small business focused on developing innovative electrochemical processes and technologies based on pulse and pulse reverse electrolytic principles. Taylor leads Faraday’s patent and commercialization strategy and has negotiated numerous via field of use licenses as well as patent sales. In addition to technical publications and presentations, Taylor is an inventor on 40 patents. Taylor is admitted to practice before the United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) in patent cases as a patent agent (Registration No. 53,676) and is a member of the American Intellectual Property Law Association (AIPLA). Taylor has been a member of ECS for 38 years and is a fellow of ECS. He may be reached at jenningstaylor@faradaytechnology.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-0267

Maria Inman is the research director of Faraday Technology, Inc., where she serves as principal investigator on numerous project development activities and manages the company's pulse and pulse reverse research project portfolio. In addition to technical publications and presentations, she is competent in patent drafting and patent drawing preparation and is an inventor on seven patents. Inman is a member of ASTM and has been a member of ECS for 21 years. Inman serves ECS as a member of numerous committees. She may be reached at mariainman@ faradaytechnology.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-8410

References 1. E. Jennings Taylor and Maria Inman, “Looking at Patent Law: In Public Use and On Sale; Evolving Standards in Prior Art and Public Disclosure,” Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 27 (4), 33 (2018). 2. 35 U.S.C. §102(a)(1) Conditions for Patentability: Novelty. 3. 35 U.S.C. §271(a) Infringement of Patent. 4. E. Jennings Taylor and Maria Inman, “Looking at Patent Law: Why are Patents Often Referred to as Intellectual Property,” Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 26 (1), 41 (2017). 5. R. S. Eisenberg, “Patents and the Progress of Science: Exclusive Rights and Experimental Use,” U. Chi. L. Rev., 56, 1017 (1989). 6. R. P. Merges and R. R. Nelson, “On the Complex Economics of Patent Scope,” Colum. L. Rev., 90, 839 (1990). 7. J. M. Mueller, “The Evanescent Experimental Use Exemption from United States Patent Infringement Liability: Implications for University and Nonprofit Research and Development,” Baylor L. Rev., 56, 917 (2004). 8. J. R. Thomas, “Scientific Research and the Experimental Use Privilege in Patent Law,” Congressional Research Service: Report to Congress (October 28, 2004).

Table I.

Intellectual Property

Doctrine

Basis

Common Law

Statutory Law

Patents

Experimental Use

U.S. Constitution

Yes

Not Yet

Copyrights

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9. Whittemore v. Cutter, 29 F. Cas. 1120, 1121 (C.C.D. Mass. 1813). 10. Sawin v. Guild, 29 F. Cas. 554, 555 (C.C.D. Mass. 1813). 11. J. M. Mueller, “The Evanescent Experimental Use Exemption from United States Patent Infringement Liability: Implications for University and Nonprofit Research and Development,” Baylor L. Rev., 56, 929 (2004). 12. E. Jennings Taylor and Maria Inman, “Looking at Patent Law: Why Is the Word ‘Right’ Mentioned Only Once in the Constitution of the United States,” Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 26 (2), 45 (2017). 13. United States Constitution, Article I, Section 8, Clause 8. 14. Madey v. Duke University, No. 1:97CV1170, M.D.N.C. Dec. 1 (1999). 15. Madey v. Duke University, 307 F.3d 1351 Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit (2002). 16. Embrex, Inc. v. Service Engineering Corp., 216 F.3d 1343, 1349 Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit (2000). 17. Roche Products., Inc. v. Bolar Pharm. Co., 733 F.2d 858, 863, 221 Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit (1984). 18. Pitcairn v. United States, 547 F.2d 1106 Court of Claims (1976). 19. Michelle Cai, “Madey v. Duke University: Shattering the Myth of Universities’ Experimental Use Defense,” Berkeley Tech. L. J., 19, 175 (2004). 20. C. Weschler, “The Informal Experimental Use Exception: University Research After Madey v. Duke University,” N.Y.U. L. Rev., 79, 1536 (2004). 21. Jennifer Miller, “Sealing the Coffin on the Experimental Use Exception.” Duke L. & Tech. Rev., 2, 1 (2003) 22. R. S. Eisenberg, “Patent Swords and Shields,” Science, 299, 1018 (2003). 23. D. Lim, “I Dissent: The Federal Circuit’s ‘Great Dissenter,’ Her Influence on the Patent Dialog, and Why It Matters,” Vand. J. of Ent. & Tech., 19, 873 (2017). 24. Integra Lifesciences Ltd v. Merck KGaA, 331 F.3d 860 Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit (2003). 25. 35 U.S.C. §271(e)(1) Infringement of Patent. 26. Chesterfield v. United States, 141 Court of Claims 838, 159 Federal Supplement 371 (1958). 27. Ruth v. Stearns-Roger Manufacturing Co., District Court of Colorado 13 Federal Supplement 697 (1935). 28. See Integra Lifesciences Ltd v. Merck KGaA, at 875. 29. See Integra Lifesciences Ltd v. Merck KGaA, at 876. 30. See Integra Lifesciences Ltd v. Merck KGaA, at 878. 31. B. R. Hartz “Newman, J., Dissenting: Another Vision of the Federal Circuit,” IP Theory, 3 (1), Article 5 (2012). 32. 35 U.S.C. §271(e) Infringement of Patent. 33. 17 U.S.C. §906(a)(1) Limitation on exclusive rights: Reverse engineering; First sale. 34. Folsom v. Marsh, 9 F. Cas. 342 (C.C.D. Mass. 1841). 35. 17 U.S.C. §107 Limitation on exclusive rights: Fair use.

The Carl Hering Legacy Circle The Hering Legacy Circle recognizes individuals who have participated in any of ECS’s planned giving programs, including IRA charitable rollover gifts, bequests, life income arrangements, and other deferred gifts.

ECS thanks the following members of the Carl Hering Legacy Circle, whose generous gifts will benefit the Society in perpetuity: K. M. Abraham Masayuki Dokiya Peter C. Foller Robert P. Frankenthal George R. Gillooly Stan Hancock

Carl Hering W. Jean Horkans Keith E. Johnson Mary M. Loonam Edward G. Weston

Carl Hering was one of the founding members of ECS. President of the Society from 1906-1907, he served continuously on the Society’s Board of Directors until his death on May 10, 1926. Dr. Hering not only left a legacy of commitment to the Society, but, through a bequest to ECS, he also left a financial legacy. His planned gift continues to support the Society to this day, and for this reason we have created this planned giving circle in his honor.

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T ECH HIGHLIGH T S Operando X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of a Li-S Battery Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are an attractive alternative to Li-ion batteries due to their high theoretical capacity. However, issues such as the polysulfide shuttle mechanism and the inherent insulating nature of S continue to hinder the widespread commercialization of Li-S batteries. It is crucial to have a thorough understanding of the reaction mechanisms that occur during cell operation in order to overcome these issues and to improve the overall electrochemical performance of Li-S cells. To this end, researchers from the University of California have recently presented an operando study of the discharge of a solid-state Li-S cell using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The average chain length for lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) formed during discharge was determined through systematic analysis of XAS data. The experimental values for the LiPSs average chain lengths were in close agreement with theoretical values determined from the number of electrons transferred. Additionally, XAS measurements were used to estimate rate constants for various reduction reactions, which occur during the discharge process. This report confirms the stoichiometry of LiPSs formed during discharge, which were previously predicted, and in doing so advances our understanding of Li-S battery reaction mechanisms. From: D. R. Wang, D. B. Shah, J. A. Maslyn, et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, A3487 (2018).

Influence of Si Content on the Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Additive Manufactured Al-Si Alloys The reliability of metal additive manufactured (AM) parts is an area of great interest across many applications, such as the aerospace and automotive industries, where the prevalence of AM parts is steadily increasing. Researchers at Vrije Universiteit Brussel evaluated the corrosion resistance of three widely utilized AM Al-Si alloys: AlSi7-Mg, Al-Si10-Mg, and Al-Si12, through electrochemical testing and microstructural characterization. Previous literature describes the unique microstructures of AM Al-Si alloys and the potential for the formation of micro-cracks in heat affected zone (HAZ) regions, along with the initiation of corrosion. These new findings indicate that the connectivity of the Si phase is affected by Si content, with a higher level of connectivity linked to a greater Si content. The Al-Si12 alloy was found to have the highest corrosion resistance and Al-Si7-Mg, the lowest. Micro-cracks that formed on the Al-Si7-Mg and Al-Si10-Mg specimens in the HAZ regions were hypothesized to be the result of discontinuities in the Si network, residual stresses from the AM process, and corrosion occurring. Lastly, the

authors concluded that micro-cracks were not observed on the Al-Si12 specimen due to greater connectivity of the Si phase.

From: R. I Revilla, I. De Graeve, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, C926 (2018).

Electrochemical Roughening of Thin-Film Platinum for Neural Probe Arrays and Biosensing Applications As a common electrode choice for neural stimulation and activity recording, platinum is often roughened to enhance its performance due to surface area increase and impedance decrease. A wellestablished roughening method for thick Pt macroelectrodes such as wires and foils is treatment with 1-2 kHz oxidationreduction pulses. Recently, researchers from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory discovered that by lowering the pulse frequency to the 250-350 Hz range, microfabricated thin-film Pt electrodes could also be successfully roughened. The best treatment medium was found to be HClO4, which resulted in a crack-free surface with Pt nanocrystal re-deposition and up to 44x increase in surface area on 250 nm thick Pt electrodes. Consequently, a 40x increase in interfacial double layer capacitance, and a 4–5x increase in the charge injection limits were observed in comparison with untreated electrodes. In addition, these roughened electrodes exhibited significant improvement in adhesion to subsequently electroplated platinum-iridium layer, or iridium oxide layer, both of which are also commonly used as neuromodulation electrodes. Finally, the roughened Pt microelectrodes showed a 2.8x increase in H2O2 oxidation current, indicative of possible application to biosensors based on H2O2 detection. From: A. Ivanovskaya, A. Belle, A. Yorita, et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, G3125 (2018).

Assessment of Graphene Oxide Obtained from Improved Hummers’ Method Graphene materials, including graphene oxide (GO), have found universal utility in a wide range of research applications, including electrochemical sensing and biosensing. In published work, repeatability of experiments typically is reported on tests on electrodes made from the same batch of produced GO. Concerned about the reproducibility of the graphene material preparation in industrial applications, researchers in the Czech Republic undertook a study to understand the variability of results to well controlled identical preparations of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The researchers employed the currently significant preparation procedure known as the Improved Hummers’ method (IHM) in making five batches of GO. Separate electrodes were fabricated by modification with GO followed by its reduction. The authors report the characterization by

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

multiple techniques and comparisons of the batches. While no significant irregularities were revealed by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, differences were found in the elemental distributions of Fe and Mn and in graphene sheet dimensions, each of which are known to affect the electrochemical behavior of rGO-modified electrodes. The authors caution the electrochemical community about the need for a robust method for mass production of GO. From: K. Lacina, O. Kubesa, V. Horáčková, et al., ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 7, M166 (2018).

Microwave Monitoring of Atmospheric Corrosion of Interconnects In the More-Moore strategy, the scaling of transistors continues to decrease; however, other design considerations must be accounted for, such as the scaling and reliability of the interconnecting lines for the transistors. Standard interconnects consist of copper lines buried within the device stacks. These copper interconnects can be subject to many defects which detrimentally impact the device performances. Interconnect defects can range from stress fractures, thermal mismatching and atmospheric corrosion. Detecting and characterizing these defects before the processing is finished can help to increase the device yield and improve the troubleshooting of future defects. Physical detection methods are time-consuming and require destructive techniques to detect and analyze the defect. Amoah et al. have developed a microwave propagation characterization technique to study the atmospheric interconnect corrosion of Cu layers. Changes in microwave signal scattering occur when the Cu interconnects corrode; this can be measured by analyzing the device resistances. Therefore, the technique developed allows for direct observation of material transformation through resistive changes. This technique and further improvements will be integral to engineering the next generation of MoreMoore devices. From: P. K. Amoah, D. Veksler, C. E. Sunday, et al., ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 7, N143 (2018).

Tech Highlights was prepared by Colm Glynn of Analog Devices International, Mara Schindelholz of Sandia National Laboratories, David McNulty of Paul Scherrer Institute, Zenghe Liu of Verity Life Science, and Donald Pile of Rolled-Ribbon Battery Company. Each article highlighted here is available free online. Go to the online version of Tech Highlights in each issue of Interface, and click on the article summary to take you to the full-text version of the article.

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ECS in the Era of Data Science by Daniel T. Schwartz, Matthew D. Murbach, and David A. C. Beck

ince founding the first Data Science Hack Day at the 232nd ECS Meeting, we’ve heard two main questions: What is data science, and why is it relevant to ECS? Thought leaders in data science have called it “the child of statistics and computer science,” where the application of “modern statistical and computational tools to modern scientific questions requires significant human judgment and deep disciplinary knowledge.”1 Alternatively, a leading group of data science early adopters from chemical engineering defined it more pragmatically as the application of modern data management practices, statistical and machine learning, and advanced visualization to ask and answer new questions.2 When reading the papers in this issue, keep these definitions of data science in mind as you assess the relevance of the work to ECS’s mission: “to advance theory and practice at the forefront of electrochemical and solid state science and technology, and allied subjects.” The four papers in this issue provide a tangible look into data science-enabled scholarship from leading laboratories around the world. How we selected the contributions, and the meta-themes that emerged, may be of interest to readers looking for the abridged version of this issue. We first decided to narrow the focus to energy-related examples within ECS’s scope, rather than picking a crosscut of papers from sensors, corrosion, electronics and photonics, etc. Topical focus, we felt, helped to reveal scholarly synergies among the different contributions. Nonetheless, we were confident that the authors would highlight data science-enabled scholarship that was keenly relevant to readers from every ECS division. The authors have delivered. Next, we sought contributions that exposed readers to some of the broad ways that “modern statistical and computational tools” have been applied to problems across the extraordinary spatial and temporal scales of electrochemical and solid state research. Again, the authors delivered, by presenting a combination of open source software and open datasets that combine physics-based, statistical, and machine learning methods to tackle questions ranging from molecular-level processes at the electrified interface all the way up to forecasting the reliability and operation of globally distributed clean energy systems. The attentive reader of these papers will see several meta-themes emerge. Research meta-theme4Adopting data science practices can accelerate one of the highest aspirations of electrochemical and solid state scholars—model-data convergence. Barriers between sophisticated modelers and sophisticated experimentalists come down when open analysis software, open data, and more automated analysis methods are combined in dynamic user communities. Data availability remains problematic, however. Educational meta-theme4Disciplinary scholars that seek to use “modern statistical and computational tools” to address their questions need additional training. The lack of formalized training at most universities means this effort becomes an extra responsibility of the host or collaborating research laboratories. Community meta-theme4“Modern statistical and computational tools” can underpin a much more open and collaborative research community. In an idealized version of this community, all of the foundational data and analysis that goes into a completed publication becomes immediately available for the next researcher to make the next advancement. However, without metrics, peer evaluation, and funding to legitimize software and datasets as research products, it will be difficult to build anything like this ideal community.

We started ECS Data Science events to provide a platform for (at least partly) addressing the meta-themes these authors raise. ECS Data Science Hack Week events were held at the 232nd and 233rd ECS Meetings, adapting a now well-established model pioneered by the astronomy, geoscience, and neuroscience communities to promote inclusive data science education and community building.3 The ECS Data Science Showcase and Sprint, held for the first time at the AiMES 2018 meeting in Cancun, sought to highlight some of the most advanced research products from the ECS community, including software and dataset demonstrations that complemented research findings. Our plan moving forward, assuming sustained community interest and funding, is to offer Data Science Hack Weeks at spring ECS meetings, and Data Science Showcases and Sprints at fall ECS meetings. Finally, we want to conclude with a completely different perspective on the question of “What is data science, and why is it relevant to ECS?” This is the realpolitik perspective. Today, data science underpins the most dynamic parts of the global economy, as measured by metrics such as investment, projected employment growth, and R&D intensity. It behooves all STEM student trainees and working professionals to understand how “modern statistical and computational tools” made Microsoft, Amazon, and Apple three companies that, at different points during 2018, sat atop the list of the most valuable publicly traded corporations in the world. ECS was founded in an era where leading industrial companies learned how to turn megawatts of electricity into chemicals and materials that fed the world economy. Today’s industry leaders use datacenters to turn megawatts into information technologies that underpin nearly all other industries. The fact that Amazon announced the Amazon Catalyst at ECS grant program (its first partnership with a scholarly society), and that Microsoft offered a tour of its fuel cell-powered datacenter test facility, both at the 233rd ECS Meeting in Seattle, augurs well for the ECS community’s potential contributions to this foundational technology sector. At the same time, government and philanthropic research funders around the world are adopting ever more aggressive open access publishing and open data sharing requirements as a condition for support. Thus, ECS’s Free the Science campaign, together with ECS Data Science events, positions the Society’s scholars to deliver on the ECS mission in an era dominated by data science. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F03191if.

Acknowledgments Support for data science events at the 232nd, 233rd, and 234th ECS Meetings has been provided by the U.S. Army Research Office grants W911NF1710550 and W911NF1810171, as well as the University of Washington Clean Energy Institute and eScience Institute.

About the Guest Editors Daniel T. Schwartz is the Boeing-Sutter Professor of Chemical Engineering and director of the Clean Energy Institute at the University of Washington. He joined the University of Washington in 1991, following a postdoctoral fellowship at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, and a PhD at the University of California, Davis. A cofounder of the ECS Data Science hack events, he previously served ECS as chair of the Electrodeposition Division and chair of the (continued on next page)

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Schwartz et al.

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Council of Sections, where he launched the creation of ECS student chapters. ECS has recognized his work through the Colin Garfield Fink Summer Fellowship (1987), the Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching (2010), fellow status (2012), and the Electrodeposition Division Research Award (2015). He is a recipient of the 2016 White House/NSF Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring. He may be reached at dts@uw.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1173-5611

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Matthew D. Murbach recently graduated from the University of Washington with a PhD in chemical engineering with the advanced data science option. He was the founding president of the ECS University of Washington Student Chapter, a Clean Energy Institute fellow, an NSF Big Data IGERT fellow with the eSciences Institute, and was named to the Forbes 30 Under 30: Energy list for 2018. He routinely contributes to the Python open source community as a core developer of the impedance.py, ImpedanceAnalyzer, and ECSOpenData packages and was a founding organizer and teacher of the ECS Data Science hack events. He may be reached at mmurbach@ uw.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6583-5995

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David A. C. Beck is the eScience Institute director of research, the associate director of the NSF Data Intensive Research Enabling Clean Tech (DIRECT) national research training program, and a research associate professor in chemical engineering at the University of Washington. He earned his PhD in medicinal chemistry, biomolecular structure and design, at the University of Washington in 2006 and his BS in computer science at Drexel University. Beck joined the eScience Institute in 2009, formerly serving as director of research for the life sciences. Beyond his biology and chemistry domain expertise, Beck is a leader in scientific data analytics and mining, parallel programming techniques for data-intensive computing and high-performance computing applications, as well as software design and engineering support. He cofounded ECS Data Science events as organizer and instructor. He may be reached at dacb@uw.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5371-7035

References 1. D. M. Blei and P. Smyth, “Science and Data Science,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 8689 (2017). https://www.pnas.org/ cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1702076114 2. D. A. C. Beck, J. M. Carothers, V. R. Subramanian, and J. Pfaendtner, “Data Science: Accelerating Innovation and Discovery in Chemical Engineering,” AIChE J. 62, 1402 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.15192 3. D. Huppenkothena, A. Arendtd, D. W. Hogg, K. Ram, J. T. VanderPlas, and A. Rokem, “Hack Weeks as a Model for Data Science Education and Collaboration,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 8872 (2018). https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/ pnas.1717196115

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Open Software for Chemical and Electrochemical Modeling: Opportunities and Challenges by Steven C. DeCaluwe

s commercial markets demand increasingly powerful, robust, durable, and economical electrochemical systems and devices, greater control over complex electrochemical phenomena is required. Modeling and simulation have traditionally played a central role in enabling such advances, but for a range of devices there is presently a need for greater electrochemical complexity in these tools.1 Developing and validating such models is not a trivial matter, and the large number of unknown thermodynamic, kinetic, and transport parameters hinders efforts to model electrochemical complexity. Such parameters are readily available for many gas-phase species, but are typically more complex (owing to inter-species interactions) and less frequently available for condensed phases (i.e., liquids and solids). The resulting uncertainty associated with poorly characterized input parameters reduces the value of any modeling conclusions, and if no suitable means exist to estimate or fit required parameters, the imperative for greater model complexity is therefore rather weak. However, recent developments strengthen the case for modeling electrochemical complexity. Advances in computational chemistry and operando diagnostics provide a means to estimate or fit many of the parameters needed for complex electrochemical phenomena. Concurrently, there has been significant growth in the quality, capabilities, and sophistication of open source software for electrochemical simulations. These tools provide new capabilities to support simulations with increasing levels of electrochemical complexity in ways that are efficient, generalizable, and enable facile adoption by researchers throughout the field. The goal of the present article is to highlight some of the key opportunities in electrochemical modeling related to open source software.

Sample Problem: Detailed Electrochemistry of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase We will frame this discussion by considering the detailed electrochemistry of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The SEI is one of the prevailing technical challenges in lithium-ion batteries. Because no suitable electrolytes currently exist which are stable over the entire voltage window of the battery, low anode electric potentials lead to irreversible reduction of electrolyte components. This reduction represents a loss of battery capacity, and modern lithium-ion batteries are only possible because the decomposition products deposit as an electrically insulating but ionically conductive layer on the anode surface. This layer—the SEI—in theory passivates the electrolyte against further degradation, while allowing continued battery operation. In reality, however, long-term SEI growth and evolution is associated with significant capacity loss and safety issues in lithium-ion batteries. Optimizing the SEI’s structure and chemistry is therefore an area of intense focus in battery research. Detailed simulations could play a key role in understanding and controlling SEI properties, but generally not enough has been understood about its elementary chemistry to support and validate detailed SEI models. Although the overall SEI structure and major SEI components have been identified, detailed measurements of the specific SEI chemical makeup have historically

proven elusive. However, the past decade has seen a wealth of operando and in situ SEI measurements, which help quantify the SEI chemical composition.2-8 While no single measurement provides the resolution required to fully validate a detailed SEI mechanism, taken together, the measurements provide a wealth of data against which the general form of such a mechanism can be validated. In this context, developing a physical chemistry model to explore the complex electrochemistry of SEI formation and evolution would therefore provide immense value.

Open Source Modeling Tools Before demonstrating an SEI model solution, we provide a brief overview of the current open source software landscape, as it pertains to electrochemistry. The open source tools are all implemented within the Python ecosystem. This is not meant to suggest that open source tools can and should be used in every instance. However, open source software’s transparency, accessibility, and extensibility provide unique benefits to various research communities. As described below, challenges exist to realizing these benefits, which motivate the present article. Research communities need to determine the degree to which they can and should support open source software tools. We highlight here the open source tools that have been useful in our own work, with the implicit recognition that there are of course other tools that are well suited for the same tasks.

Open Source Chemical Kinetics in Cantera

Cantera is an open source software package for problems involving chemistry, and by extension, electrochemistry.9 Cantera accepts userprovided inputs regarding phases, species, and reactions, and uses these to calculate kinetic, thermodynamic, and transport properties, as a function of the chemical and thermodynamic state. The Cantera library is written as object-oriented C++ classes, with interfaces available for working in Python, Matlab, and Fortran. Our recent article in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society provides a detailed look at Cantera’s ability to facilitate models with electrochemical complexity.1 In brief, Cantera offloads thermochemistry calculations so that they can be incorporated efficiently and consistently in simulation codes. This offloading is accomplished via generalized function calls, which do not depend on the specific thermochemical model implemented. For example, in Python the species production rates due to reactions at a three-phase boundary (represented here by a three-phase boundary Cantera object called “tpb”) can be accessed and stored as the variable “sdot_tpb,” via the command: sdot_tpb = tpb.net_production_rates The syntax above does not depend on the specific chemical mechanism implemented, and automatically adjusts for changes in species or reactions modeled. Cantera has functionality for charge transfer reactions via either Butler-Volmer or Marcus theory. Moreover, Cantera automatically enforces thermodynamic reversibility to calculate reverse reaction rates that are consistent with thermodynamic equilibrium. This approach further offloads burdensome calculations from the model developer, who can instead

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focus on the novel aspects of their model. The user can vary the species, reactions, rate formulations, and other fundamental models and parameters, which are all set in a separate Cantera input file, without any changes to the model itself. As demonstrated below, this proves incredibly useful when developing models to characterize poorly understood or otherwise complex electrochemistry. Lastly, Cantera's open source nature means that new modeling capabilities (new thermodynamic models or new kinetic rate formulae) can be added, as required, to accomodate new materials, microstructures, or cell architectures.

Scientific Computing in Python and the Software Ecosystem

In addition to chemistry-specific software tools, electrochemical modeling in Python benefits from an array of scientific computing packages, which are broadly applicable across diverse fields. These include, among others, packages such as NumPy for n-dimensional array mathematics, Matplotlib for plotting and visualization, Pandas for working with data structures, the SciPy library for integration and optimization, and Scikit-learn for machine learning. These packages have been developed over many years and provide powerful and efficient computational routines for open source model developers. Model development also benefits greatly from “software ecosystem” advances, which enable and support the efficient development and use of open source software. Open source software is typically developed via volunteer (i.e., unpaid) efforts. As such, tools to enable efficient collaborative development among multiple contributors are essential. Git and GitHub, for instance, provide powerful and widely used version control and collaborative code development capabilities. Additionally, no matter the quality and capabilities of a given package, the download and installation need to be user friendly, if the software is to see widespread use. Anaconda streamlines the installation process for many software packages. Using a single command-line entry, Anaconda will download and install both the software and all required dependencies (for those allergic to command-line interfaces, a graphical user interface is also available). Moreover, installation via Anaconda manages the version compatibility for all dependencies.

Demonstrations of New Capabilities: Physical Chemistry SEI Growth Model We now demonstrate an approach to the SEI modeling challenge described above. Figures 1 and 2 present results for a 1D physical chemistry-based simulation of SEI growth. The simulation describes SEI growth on a non-intercalating tungsten anode, for validation against recently published SEI depth profiles of the same.3 The results below explore the impact of six separate SEI reactions: 2 EC( elyte ) 2 Li (elyte) 2 e( an ) LEDC(SEI) Ethylene(gas) (R1) EC( elyte ) 2 Li (elyte) 2 e( an ) Li 2 CO3 (SEI) Ethylene(gas) (R2) Li 2 CO3 (SEI) 2 Li (elyte) 2 e( an ) 2 Li 2 O(SEI) CO(gas) (R3)

LEDC(SEI) H 2 O(elyte) Li 2 CO3 (SEI) CO 2 (gas) EG (elyte) (R4) LEDC(SEI) 2 HF(elyte) 2 LiF(SEI) EDC(elyte) Li 2 CO3 (SEI

2 HF elyte)

2 LiF(SEI)

Carbonate(elyte)

(R5) (R6)

The species names EC, LEDC, and EG represent ethylene carbonate, lithium ethyl dicarbonate, and ethylene glycol, respectively. The subscript gives the species’ phase. Figures 1 and 2 show results for three different models, implementing subsets of these reactions. Model 1 (R1–R3) implements only charge-transfer interfacial 48

reactions. Model 2 (R1–R4) adds a secondary, non-electrochemical reaction (R4), which converts LEDC to Li2CO3. Lastly, Model 3 (R1–R6) incorporates non-electrochemical secondary reactions (R5– R6) which deposit LiF in the SEI, due to the presence of trace HF contaminants in the electrolyte. While numerous other reactions and species are no doubt active in the SEI formation, the limited models implemented here are sufficient to demonstrate the ease with which Cantera can incorporate and experiment with arbitrarily complex electrochemical mechanisms. A more thorough exploration of the reaction mechanism space is the subject of a forthcoming publication. In the meantime, the model code is available via GitHub.10 Figure 1 shows the composition depth profile for a portion of the SEI formed during a CV cycle between 1.5 V and 0.05 V (sweep rate 10 mV/s). The simulated SEI recreates a layered structure consistent with that proposed in the literature, with a higher proportion of the inorganic Li2O and LiF in a thin inner layer close to the anode. Model 3 time series data in Fig. 2 predicts that LEDC is first deposited, with subsequent reactions converting this to Li2CO3, Li2O, and LiF, consistent with experimental results.3 Results also demonstrate the passivating function of the SEI, which inhibits formation of Li2CO3, Li2O, and LiF further from the anode surface. Lastly, results demonstrate the sensitivity of the results to the chemical mechanism. Model 1 predicts an SEI composed entirely of LEDC. The secondary reaction R4, which converts LEDC to Li2CO3, is required to recreate layered SEI structures. Enabling reactions to form LiF (R5—R6) predict further quantitative changes in the SEI composition. Adding or deleting a reaction changes the size of numerous arrays required for species production rates (including, but not limited to, stoichiometric coefficient matrices, reaction rate parameter arrays, and equilibrium constant arrays). Cantera handles these changes in the background, without impacting any of the model code.10 Instead, removing a reaction via Cantera requires only commenting out a single line (the ‘reaction’ entry) in the Cantera input file.

Outlook Key Opportunities Presented by Open Source Software Developments

As demonstrated above, recent developments in open source software present new opportunities to incorporate electrochemical complexity into simulation tools to unlock new insights for advanced electrochemical devices. Acceleration4Researchers can accelerate future advances by developing and sharing open source modeling and simulation tools. Acceleration occurs by reducing the degree to which modelers

100

Mole Fraction (%)

DeCaluwe

LEDC

80 60

LiF Li2O

40 20 0

Li2CO3

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3

5 10 15 20 SEI Depth (from anode, nm)

Fig. 1. Simulated composition depth profile for the first 25 nm of SEI on a non-intercalating anode. Results are consistent with the two-layer SEI structure proposed in the literature, with a higher proportion of inorganic Li2O and LiF in the thin inner layer adjacent to the anode. The simulation tool benefits greatly from open source software tools, such as Cantera, which enables easy switching between chemical kinetic mechanisms. Model 1 = R1–R3; Model 2 = R1–R4; Model 3 = R1–R6. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

duplicate and recreate versions of previously published models. To illustrate this opportunity, consider the “Newman-type” pseudo-2D model for lithium-ion batteries.11,12 Although originally developed and distributed by John Newman as an open source Fortran code,13 the model has been recreated by countless others in the decades since. Each new ad hoc implementation takes a significant amount of time to develop and verify. Modelers could instead download and extend an existing and well-vetted open source implementation (for example, the multiphase porous electrode theory tool, developed by M. Z. Bazant’s group at MIT14). The time used to recreate the Newman model could instead be spent on novel model aspects, thereby accelerating the pace of new modeling capabilities. Collaboration and impact4Using and developing open source software approaches can facilitate new collaborations and increase the impact of the resulting research products. While initially developed

100

LEDC

75 Li2CO3

Li2O

Mole Fraction (%)

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Challenges There are, however, challenges to realizing the benefits discussed above. We highlight two here. Community value and support4Research communities need to decide how to value software contributions as a research product. For instance, how do commits* to a software tool compare to contributions to a peer-reviewed publication? How are software contributions quantified, relative to other software contributions? Quantifiable statistics such as total number of commits or lines of commit may not accurately capture a contribution’s true value. Determining how to appropriately value software contributions is a necessary step to incentivizing open source software sharing and collaboration in a research community. Providing financial support for the open source software vital to a research community is also a challenge. Traditionally, research grants have prioritized scientific discovery and insight as the primary research deliverable, with less priority given to developing research tools. However, developing and maintaining large, collaborative open source software tools requires significant effort from multiple parties. Providing a means for funding this work helps assure that essential software tools remain up to date, well documented, and relevant to the community’s needs. Education and innovation4As described above, greater use of open source software tools can accelerate the pace of discovery and development. However, multiple tradeoffs must be balanced. For example, while recreating previous models can be inefficient and provides little direct benefit to the research community, the process also serves as an excellent training exercise for beginning students, which can be verified against the previous implementations. Sacrificing these educational experiences in the name of more rapid model development may be a worthwhile tradeoff, but careful thought is required to develop alternate modeling tasks to train new students. Additionally, researchers contributing to a common, well-vetted and validated model will most certainly accelerate the pace of some advances, but may do so at the cost of innovation. Although recreating previous software implementations is inefficient, it provides an opportunity to reevaluate basic assumptions and approaches, and therefore an opportunity for new and innovative methods. In the long run, research communities must incentivize and maintain a balance between efficiency and innovation.

Conclusion—The Link to Data Science

z = 2.5 nm 36

by D. G. Goodwin at Cal Tech, the core Cantera library has since been developed collaboratively, with at least 26 other contributors.15 Managing and integrating these contributions for a stable, welldocumented software package is now more efficient and more effective, thanks to developments in software for version control and collaboration (e.g., Git and GitHub). Tools to facilitate collaboration also increase the overall impact by creating a more robust and valuable research tool. Additionally, by disseminating models as open source software, the modeling tools themselves become citable research products, and can increase the work’s impact. These research products provide the broader research community the opportunity to download, use, verify, and extend the modeling tools.

Fig. 2. Time series data showing simulated SEI composition evolution on a non-intercalating electrode at various distances from the anode surface, z. The model includes lithium ethylene dicarbonate (LEDC), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium oxide (Li2O), and lithium fluoride (LiF), formed via reactions R1–R6, above (Model 3 in Fig. 1). The model predicts that LEDC deposits first, and then is converted by subsequent reactions into Li2CO3, Li2O, and LiF. Due to the passivation of the SEI, the LEDC conversion decreases with increasing distance from the anode.

We conclude by highlighting the links between these open source modeling tools and the broader data science focus of this issue. As demonstrated, open source software tools can enable new capabilities and insights for a range of electrochemical simulations. Moving forward, capitalizing on these new capabilities for important advances in electrochemistry will rely on recent advances in data science. For example, intelligently and efficiently fitting the input (continued on next page) *In the context of software development and version control, a commit is a change or update made to a previous, stable version of the software. The user develops, tests, and verifies a particular update, and then makes a commit to merge it into the software package’s development history.

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parameters required for complex electrochemical mechanisms will likely benefit from machine learning capabilities, as will attempts to optimize device design and function, once a mechanism has been validated. Additionally, data science-inspired routines and processes for efficiently handling large amounts of validation data from multiple sources will also be required. New data science and open source software capabilities can enable modeling tools to support and accelerate the development of advanced electrochemical devices with a wide range of social and technological benefits, thereby helping achieve the broader vision of the electrochemical research community. ©The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F04191if.

About the Author Steven C. DeCaluwe is an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at the Colorado School of Mines. He received his BS in mathematics and elementary education from Vanderbilt University (2000). After teaching elementary school for three years, he earned a PhD in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland (2009) before serving as a postdoctoral fellow at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (2009–2012). His research employs operando diagnostics and numerical simulation to bridge atomistic and continuum-scale understanding of electrochemical energy devices, with a focus on processes occurring at material interfaces and in reacting flows. Applications include lithium-ion batteries, beyond lithium-ion batteries (Li-O2 and Li-S), and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. He may be reached at decaluwe@ mines.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3356-8247

References 1. S. C. DeCaluwe, P. J. Weddle, H. Zhu, A. M. Colclasure, W. G. Bessler, G. S. Jackson, and R. J. Kee, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, E637 (2018). 2. S. J. An, J. Li, C. Daniel, D. Mohanty, S. Nagpure, and D. L Wood, Carbon, 105, 52 (2016). 3. C. H. Lee, J. A. Dura, A. LeBar, and S. C. DeCaluwe, J. Power Sources, 412, 725 (2019). 4. J. E. Owejan, J. P. Owejan, S. C. DeCaluwe, and J. A. Dura, Chem. Mater., 24, 2133 (2012). 5. B. L. Mehdi, J. Qian, E. Nasybulin, C. Park, D. A. Welch, R. Faller, H. Mehta, W. A. Henderson, W. Xu, C. M. Wang, J. E. Evans, J. Liu, J.G. Zhang, K. T. Mueller, and N. D. Browning, Nano Lett., 15, 2168 (2015). 6. R. L. Sacci, J. M. Black, N. Balke, N. J. Dudney, K. L. More, and R. R. Unocic, Nano Lett., 15, 2011 (2015). 7. A. Tokranov, B. W. Sheldon, C. Li, S. Minne, and X. Xiao, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 6672 (2014). 8. G. M. Veith, M. Doucet, J. K. Baldwin, R. L. Sacci, T. M. Fears, Y. Wang, and J. F. Browning, J. Phys. Chem. C, 119, 20339 (2015). 9. D. G. Goodwin, R. L. Speth, H. K. Moffat, and B. W. Weber, Cantera: An Object-oriented Software Toolkit for Chemical Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Transport Processes. (2018). doi:10.5281/zenodo.1174508 10. S. C. DeCaluwe, and D. Korff, 1D SEI Phyical Chemistry Model. GitHub repository. (2019), https://github.com/decaluwe/1DSEI-Model 11. T. F. Fuller, M. Doyle, and J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, 1 (1994). 12. T. F. Fuller, M. Doyle, and J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, 982 (1994). 13. J. Newman, Dualfoil. (1998), http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/ jsngrp/fortran.html 14. M. Z. Bazant, MPET--Multiphase Porous Electrode Theory, https://bitbucket.org/bazantgroup/mpet 15. Cantera GitHub Repository, https://github.com/cantera/cantera

SAVE THE DATE 2020

237th ECS Meeting with the 18th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS 2020)

MONTRÉAL, CANADA May 10-15, 2020 Palais des Congrès de Montréal

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Open Software and Datasets for the Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Spectra by Matthew D. Murbach and Daniel T. Schwartz

xtracting quantitative information from electrochemical experiments relies on mathematical models of the system under study. Over the past century, many simplified electrochemical systems have been analyzed mathematically, typically resulting in univariate plotting methods where physicochemical parameters are extracted from linear best-fits of experimental data. This approach includes famously successful methods such as Tafel plots, Nernst plots, Levich, and Koutecký-Levich plots, to name just a few. These graphical methods generally require a half-cell experiment that naturally has, or can be manipulated to have, just one or two dominant physicochemical processes governing the electrochemical response. There are a myriad of ways that voltammetric, amperometric, microelectrode, and hydrodynamic electrode half-cell experiments have been devised to fit this limiting-case paradigm.1 Even in more complex electrochemical systems where coupled physicochemical processes obscure simple analysis, or in whole-cell systems where both electrodes contribute to the overall electrochemical response, thoughtful experimental design sometimes allows inference of the complex underlying phenomena from the experimental data.2 In today’s era of ubiquitous computing and data-rich experimentation, it is increasingly possible to use more sophisticated mathematical models to qualitatively and quantitatively interpret complex electrochemical experiments.3-8 Across the broader scientific community, the culture around creating open source software and open datasets is a force for accelerating discovery and impact.9-12 In this article, we primarily discuss one particular example of a communitydriven, open source software toolkit for analyzing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data. It is important to note that much of what we show here can be done today using commercial or closed-source software; however, by establishing an open framework for EIS analysis, and open datasets for testing models, we believe the convergence between complex physicochemical models and experimental data will be accelerated. A further benefit of open software and open data is that the reproducibility of the scientific literature can be improved. The toolkit we describe here is one of several projects that have come out of The Electrochemical Society’s Hack Week and Data Science Sprint events; some of the other projects are briefly discussed in the Outlook section.

impedance.py—Open Source Python Package for Analyzing EIS Data EIS is a powerful technique for noninvasively probing the internal state of many electrochemical systems, where different physicochemical processes can be separated by their timescales. Unlocking the full capabilities of EIS requires the extraction of physically meaningful parameters from experimental spectra. Typically, this quantitative analysis is done by fitting equivalent circuit models (ECM). Despite the widespread use of ECM in the analysis of EIS spectra, large opportunities exist for improving the ease of extracting physically meaningful parameters, quantifying fitting uncertainty, and creating a reproducible analysis pipeline that is transparent and rapidly extendable as science advances.

Currently, there are several modules of the impedance.py package: preprocessing, validation, circuits, fitting, and plotting. Organization into these modules mirrors a typical impedance analysis workflow and provides convenient methods for (i) importing data from a variety of instrument manufacturers, (ii) making it easy to check that the data meets standard criteria for linearity, (iii) providing a framework for equivalent circuit models, (iv) fitting user-specified models to experimental spectra, and (v) visualizing the results in a statistically meaningful manner. The main goal of the project is to offload much of the relatively standardized (and often tedious) tasks of implementing an impedance analysis workflow and allowing researchers to spend more time thinking about the physics and interpretation of their experiments rather than writing code or learning to use new software. The project is still in its alpha stage, allowing the features and structure to be driven by the community of scientists and researchers who utilize EIS. The source code and issue tracker (for feature requests or bug reports) can be found on the GitHub repository.13 A Jupyter notebook showing how to get started analyzing EIS data, as well as more information, can be found in the project documentation.14

Reproducibility within the EIS Analysis Workflow One of the major challenges with impedance analysis in the electrochemical community lies in the issue of reproducibility. Even when the data are shared (an unfortunately uncommon occurrence), the software typically used for ECM fitting is either proprietary software associated with a specific instrument vendor or lab-specific software developed for internal use. The closed-source nature of these analysis tools makes reproducing the parameter extraction step of model fitting extremely challenging. By creating a communitydriven, open source tool for the fitting of impedance data, the entire research community can benefit from increased trust in published data, quicker adoption of best practices in data analysis, and more eyes finding and fixing bugs in the analysis process. Additionally, as contributions to open software become a standard part of publishing new analysis methods, the best in cutting-edge techniques will be organized into an easily accessible place to be used by researchers around the world. This community-centered focus benefits both the experimentalists who use the open software as well as the modeling and simulation community, whose members can more easily get their work validated and used by others. In order to ease adoption and enable long-term growth of open source software projects, the electrochemical community can look to other data-intensive scientific fields like astronomy, neuroscience, and genomics to leverage best practices. For example, the structure of impedance.py mimics the scikit-learn (a popular machine learning Python package) interface15 by providing a set of attributes and methods available for each type of impedance model. The ability to initialize and use the models in a consistent manner (Fig. 1a), means that many different models can easily be compared without changing the pre- or post-processing required. As the capabilities of the impedance.py package continue to grow, this standardized interface

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could provide the underlying structure for more closely integrating modeling and experimental data as different types of models (physicsbased or data-driven models, for example) are added within the same interchangeable framework.

Easy-to-Use Validation and Model Selection Methods Enabling the interchangeability of models highlights another challenge facing the community of EIS users: model selection and meaningful interpretation of results. The linearized nature of EIS leads to the degeneracy of many equivalent circuit models and requires careful construction of a model from the underlying physical phenomena.2,16 Easy-to-use tools which offload the implementation of model fitting and visualization give researchers more time to spend on the important steps of model derivation and interpretation. Moreover, by making model selection tools like parameter error and confidence interval statistics, model confidence bands, and experimental noise characterization part of an easy-to-use and standardized tool, the community can encourage the accelerated adoption of these best practices. As an example, we discuss an early focus on data validation techniques (checking that a measured impedance spectrum conforms to conditions of stationarity and linearity) and model selection (choosing the proper model through visualization of parameter confidence). Validation of experimental impedance data is typically achieved by ensuring that the data conform to the Kramers-Kronig (KK) relations.17,18 The KK method transforms the data by integrating over frequencies from zero to infinity—a frequency range which is never achieved experimentally. In order to make a more generalizable validation technique, several other methods for ensuring a system’s compliance with the KK relations have been proposed. In particular, the impedance.py validation module currently contains two methods for ensuring impedance validity: measurement models19,20 and the LinKK method.21 Figure 2 shows the resulting fit of each of these methods along with the residual errors between the model and data. While the details of the validation algorithms won’t be discussed here, the algorithms, best practices for interpretation, and links to the original manuscripts can be found in the impedance.py documentation.14 By encouraging best practices through making previously developed techniques more easily accessible and adaptable, the community can more quickly work towards a widespread culture of reproducible, intuitive, and useful impedance analysis.

Another common challenge with EIS analysis is in choosing an equivalent circuit model that adequately describes the physicochemical phenomena of the system. This issue introduces the importance of understanding parameter identifiability and more closely relating experimental noise and model sensitivity to best interpret the model fits. As the models get more complex, the additional free parameters often result in a “better” fit to the data (i.e., lower residual error); however, the trade-off is that not all parameters may be individually identifiable22 or their confidence ranges may be unacceptably large. Tools which make clear the statistical interpretation of the fit parameters (clear and meaningful estimated errors, for example) and provide meaningful visualizations of the impact of these fitting uncertainties should also be a community-driven component of any analysis package. An example of making more advanced model selection capabilities easily available is the inclusion of confidence bounds on the model fitting results within the plotting and analysis functionality of impedance.py. By simply passing the argument conf_bounds=“error_bars” into the plotting function, a bootstrapping routine resamples thousands of ECM simulations over the estimated distribution of the fit parameters and returns a 95% confidence bound on the model output at each frequency (shown as real and imaginary error bars in Fig. 3). In combination with a measured experimental noise spectrum, the ability to statistically compare model fits with experimental data could be made a standard and easy-to-use component throughout the community.

Conclusions and Outlook

Software tools are the most facile way for sophisticated mathematical representations of the physical world to impact and advance experimentation. Yet, software tools sold by instrument vendors or other commercial sources will normally implement only the most-accepted and widely adopted analysis methods; they are not an ideal platform for cutting-edge research to quickly prove its value and infiltrate the analysis pipeline. In contrast, research-lab-specific software is normally where cutting-edge methods most quickly get demonstrated. Unfortunately, too often lab-generated software (if open and shared at all) is anachronistic, poorly documented, and poorly vetted by peers; this set of characteristics reduces the value of such software and slows the infiltration of new knowledge into the community. Sitting between these two extremes—vendor-supplied or anachronistic research-group-made software—is the idea that useable software can be a research product of comparable value to a research publication. Achieving recognition for software as a valuable research product requires a community-driven development framework, along with peer evaluations comparable to the expectations for a publication. For example, one could imagine the (a) (b) groups releasing open source lithium1. import data ion battery models23-28 all joining efforts, preprocessing.readGamry(filename) and coordinating the workflow, giving rise to a consistent developer and user experience for the different models. 2. define an equivalent circuit These packages could be significantly from impedance.circuits import model improved, made more useable, iterated on faster, and ultimately do even more to 3. fit the model accelerate the field forward by removing model.fit(data) barriers to performing battery simulations and analyzing experimental data, while 4. predict the best fit spectrum facilitating the addition (and evaluation) (c) model.predict(freq) of new physics or chemistry added to (ii) (i) accepted models. We hope the impedance.py package 5. visualize the results model.plot() is the start of a community-driven EIS analysis toolkit, given the wide array of electrochemical fields that use EIS. The Fig. 1. (a) Schematic of typical impedance analysis process with impedance.py as well as a Nyquist plot of the impedance.py project was started through EIS spectrum for a Samsung LiNMC|C 18650 Li-ion battery (Ref. 5); (b) fit for the circuits shown in (c). Here the ECS Hack Week at the 233rd ECS model is a stand-in for many different types of ECMs from the Randles circuit (i) to more complex user-defined Meeting in Seattle, WA. Several other models (ii).

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

tools were launched at the same ECS Hack Week, including software to identify nanoelectrocatalyst particles in AFM images29 and peak tracking in cyclic voltammetry or differential capacity measurements.30 These activities show the appetite and tremendous opportunity for open software development tools across the electrochemical community. Finally, we note that it is important to also begin the process of creating a much larger open data repository for the electrochemical community to use and reuse (the ECS OpenData project is another recent development from the ECS Data Science Sprints at the AiMES 2018 meeting in Cancun, Mexico). Reuse of data allows testing and validation of new analysis or processing methods, widespread examination of the prediction power of new models, and lets the community check experimentto-experiment reproducibility to identify data and results that are either extraordinary or incorrect. In our group, we have begun routinely including all raw data for experiments we published in journals, plus all replicate experimental data, and the software we used to process the data and make figures.3-5 Our goal is to accelerate the progress of our field, and to make it easy to find and eliminate errors in our work, should they exist. In conclusion, open source data and software provides a line-of-sight path to higher quality, more reproducible science and engineering. Owing to this line-of-sight connection, funding agencies are moving toward stricter requirements for data management plans, open access publishing, and sharing as the norm, not the exception. This trend should be embraced by all scientists and engineers who value quality and integrity in the scholarly enterprise. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F05191if.

Fig. 2. (a) Nyquist plot of experimental data and measurement model and LinKK fits. The normalized residual error (percentage difference between model and data) is shown for each validation method in (b) and (c). The relatively small residuals across frequencies provides evidence that the experimental spectrum is a valid EIS measurement.

Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge all of the impedance. py contributors to date, including Lok-kun Tsui, Neal Dawson-Elli, David Beck, Qin Pang, Jason Bonezzi, Simon Timbillah, and Prince Sarfo. The impedance. py project received valuable support through ECS Data Science Hack Week, funded by Army Research Office grant no. W911NF1710550 to the University of Washington. Hack Week activities and coordination were provided by the University of Washington Clean Energy Institute and eScience Institute. The authors acknowledge support of the Boeing-Sutter Endowment for Excellence for research results reported here.

Fig. 3. Visualization of the fit model and 95% confidence bounds for the (a) Randles and (b) Two Time Constant circuits shown in Fig. 1c. The error bars in the Nyquist plots indicate the region over which the model varies within the estimated 95% parameter confidence intervals. The tables on the right show the resulting best fit values and estimated errors.

About the Authors Matthew D. Murbach recently graduated from the University of Washington with a PhD in chemical engineering with the advanced data science option. He was the founding president of the ECS University of Washington Student Chapter, a Clean Energy Institute fellow, an NSF Big Data IGERT fellow with the eSciences Institute, and was named to the Forbes 30 Under 30: Energy list for 2018. He routinely contributes to the Python open source community as a core developer of the impedance.py, ImpedanceAnalyzer, and ECSOpenData packages and was a founding organizer and teacher of the ECS Data Science hack events. He may be reached at mmurbach@ uw.edu.

Daniel T. Schwartz is the Boeing-Sutter Professor of Chemical Engineering and director of the Clean Energy Institute at the University of Washington. He joined the University of Washington in 1991, following a postdoctoral fellowship at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, and a PhD at the University of California, Davis. A cofounder of ECS Data Science hack events, he previously served ECS as chair of the Electrodeposition Division and Chair of the Council of Sections, where he launched the creation of ECS student chapters. ECS has recognized his work through the Colin Garfield Fink Summer Fellowship (1987), the Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching (2010), fellow status (2012), and the Electrodeposition Division Research Award (2015). He is a recipient of the 2016 White House/NSF Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring. He may be reached at dts@uw.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1173-5611

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References 1. A. J. Bard and L. R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd ed., p. 833, Wiley, New York, (2001). 2. M. E. Orazem and B. Tribollet, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, p. 523, Wiley, Hoboken, N.J, (2008). 3. M. D. Murbach and D. T. Schwartz, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, E3311 (2017). 4. M. D. Murbach and D. T. Schwartz, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, A297 (2018). 5. M. D. Murbach, V. W. Hu, and D. T. Schwartz, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, A2758 (2018). 6. K. Higa, S.-L. Wu, D. Y. Parkinson, Y. Fu, S. Ferreira, V. Battaglia, and V. Srinivasan, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, E3473 (2017). 7. T. M. Braun, S.-H. Kim, H.-J. Lee, T. P. Moffat, and D. Josell, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, D291 (2018). 8. K. E. Thomas-Alyea, C. Jung, R. B. Smith, and M. Z. Bazant, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, E3063 (2017). 9. The Astropy Collaboration, Astron. Astrophys., 558, A33 (2013). 10. S. P. Ong, W. D. Richards, A. Jain, G. Hautier, M. Kocher, S. Cholia, D. Gunter, V. L. Chevrier, K. A. Persson, and G. Ceder, Comput. Mater. Sci., 68, 314 (2013). 11. E. Jones, T. Oliphant, P. Peterson, and others, (2001). http:// www.scipy.org/. 12. S. Hoyer and J. Hamman, J. Open Res. Softw., 5, 10 (2017). 13. impedance.py: a Python package for working with impedance data, GitHub, (2018). https://github.com/ECSHackWeek/ impedance.py. 14. https://impedancepy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/. 15. L. Buitinck, G. Louppe, M. Blondel, F. Pedregosa, A. Mueller, O. Grisel, V. Niculae, P. Prettenhofer, A. Gramfort, J. Grobler, R. Layton, J. Vanderplas, A. Joly, B. Holt, and G. Varoquaux, ArXiv13090238 Cs (2013). http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.0238.

16. S. Fletcher, J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, 1823 (1994). 17. R. de L. Kronig, JOSA, 12, 547 (1926). 18. Hendrik W. Bode, Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York (1945). http:// archive.org/details/NetworkAnalysisFeedbackAmplifierDesign. 19. P. Agarwal, M. E. Orazem, and L. H. Garcia‐Rubio, J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 4159 (1995). 20. K. Kobayashi and T. S. Suzuki, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 87, 034004 (2018). 21. M. Schönleber, D. Klotz, and E. Ivers-Tiffée, Electrochim. Acta, 131, 20 (2014). 22. A. M. Bizeray, J. H. Kim, S. R. Duncan, and D. A. Howey, IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol., 1 (2018). doi: 10.1109/ TCST.2018.2838097. 23. M. Torchio, L. Magni, R. B. Gopaluni, R. D. Braatz, and D. M. Raimondo, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A1192 (2016). 24. L.-I. Sim. Ba. Toolbox, A Matlab framework based on a finite volume model suitable for Li-ion battery design, simulation, and control, (2018). https://github.com/lionsimbatoolbox/ LIONSIMBA. 25. S. Moura, Single Particle Model with Electrolyte and Temperature: An electrochemical battery model, (2018). https:// github.com/scott-moura/SPMeT. 26. S. Moura, Fast Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) ElectrochemicalThermal Battery Model Simulator, (2018). https://github.com/ scott-moura/fastDFN. 27. N. Dawson-Elli, A python package for battery models, (2018). https://github.com/nealde/battery. 28. S. DeCaluwe, Pseudo-2D Newman-type model of a Li ion battery, (2018). https://github.com/decaluwe/p2d_li_ion_battery. 29. mirabala, Image Analysis of Particles for particle spacing and and size distributions: mirabala/Nano-Particle-Image-Analysis, (2018). https://github.com/mirabala/Nano-Particle-ImageAnalysis. 30. tacohen125, Package for Peak Shoulder Finding and Analysis (2018). https://github.com/tacohen125/peakShoulderFinder.

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Tools for Battery Health Estimation and Prediction by David A. Howey

lectrochemical batteries, particularly lithium-ion chemistries, are a vital component in consumer electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and off-grid power systems, and are increasingly being used to provide services such as frequency regulation to the power grid. There has been significant progress in performance and cost over the past decade; for example, costs of lithium-ion batteries decreased by 14% on average every year between 2007 and 2014 while energy density improved around 30% in the same period.1,2 However, market-leading EV batteries remain more expensive than required for parity with internal combustion engines, and the durability and economics of battery grid energy storage are not yet fully proven. Despite many advances, behavior of mass-manufactured, commercially available (as opposed to lab prototype) batteries in the real world is not always well understood, particularly at extremes of temperature and state of charge. Transport and grid applications have challenging cost, weight, volume, and lifetime requirements. Many years of testing are required to certify performance and durability, and packs are overengineered to deal with uncertainty about lifetime performance, adding cost. To address this, research and development is required that encompasses not only materials chemistry, but also systems engineering applied to energy storage. This latter topic, specifically the modeling and control of batteries, is the main focus of my research group at the Department of Engineering Science of the University of Oxford. We aim to improve the performance and cost of electrochemical energy storage systems by modeling dynamics and lifetime, estimating temperatures and faults, and measuring how and why devices perform in the real world. This requires us to address fundamental issues in modeling, instrumentation, and data processing. Increasingly, it also means that we are turning to the tools provided by cutting-edge data science and machine learning. Batteries experience degradation over time, leading to a decrease in capacity and an increase in internal resistance. At present, a large part of our research is focused on state-of-health (SOH) estimation and prediction for batteries. This is a two-part problem: first, estimating what the SOH actually is while the battery is being used, and second, predicting the future evolution of SOH for a particular application and use case. Both of these offer multiple exciting challenges for researchers, but before we get to these, let’s consider the wider impact of being able to do this accurately. In an electric vehicle, driveable range is directly related to battery capacity. So, for example, understanding SOH behavior will be key to enabling a healthy used car market for EVs. On the power grid, the value of a battery energy storage asset, in terms of internal rate of return, is directly impacted by the battery lifetime. In other words, the physics is directly connected to the business case.3,4 As a performance metric, SOH can be defined in different ways, but it typically means the available capacity of a battery, and this fades irreversibly over time. Degradation is caused by a complex web of interacting chemical and mechanical processes.5 This unfortunately means that comprehensive first-principles modeling of degradation in real-world large-scale battery systems could be described as somewhere between challenging and impossible. An alternative approach to bottom-up physical modeling is empirical fitting of data from real systems, and here machine learning approaches offer much greater flexibility than simple parametric model fits. As mentioned, the battery degradation challenge occurs at two different levels. The first is how to actually estimate the current SOH from noisy, messy, real-world field data. State of health is not

something that can be directly measured—instead, only the battery terminal voltage, current, and surface temperature are typically measurable. Some commercially available battery management systems already make an estimate of SOH, for example using the model-based techniques explained in Plett’s excellent textbook.6 However, the specific approach taken will depend on the battery chemistry, and this raises an important point: successfully estimating SOH requires an in-depth knowledge of both the expected battery behavior and the machine learning or control techniques that can be applied. As an example, together with our colleague Mike Osborne, who is a machine learning expert, we have demonstrated an approach to SOH estimation maps directly from a short series of voltage measurements to a battery capacity estimate.7 Results show that within certain ranges of voltage, as little as 10 seconds of galvanostatic charge or discharge can give capacity estimates with just 3% root mean square (RMS) error. The downside is that this requires a full set of degradation data on which to train the model, and most crucially, it’s not clear whether the approach can easily be generalized if the load cycle is very different from that used to produce the training data set. The second part of the SOH problem, however, is even more challenging. Recall that one would like not only to estimate instantaneous SOH now, but also to predict future SOH as a function of future usage behavior (and by extension, metrics such as remaining useful life). All of this must be done indirectly, since SOH is not directly measurable. To give an analogy, we want to be able not only to see things in the dark, but allow them to move around in the dark while we try to understand the dynamics of that movement, so that we can predict future positions. This is a difficult problem which remains open for further research, and crucially, requires large amounts of real-world data to be credibly addressed (more on this shortly). Some initial steps have been taken. It is possible, for example, to statically fit, using a variety of techniques, laboratory measurements of battery capacity made over time, and if this is done using data from multiple cells of the same type and size, then accurate SOH extrapolations for a specific cell can be made on the basis of data from other cells in the same set.8 In other words, an extrapolation problem becomes an interpolation problem. However, this assumes that all cells are cycled in the same way, and it results in a model that is stateless, or in other words has no memory of behavior from previous timesteps. This is naïve since degradation of battery health is progressive and depends not only on the present usage but also on the usage history. A static approach will no longer be valid when new time-varying cycling patterns arise that are not captured by the training data set. To address this issue, one can use machine learning approaches to learn the dynamics of the evolution of SOH as a function of all battery usage. For example, a model can be built that maps the transition or change in SOH from one point to the next to the inputs occurring between estimates. This enables a more generalized SOH predictor to be realized, and we have demonstrated that long-range accurate (RMS error 5%), adaptable prediction of battery health under varying usage conditions is possible with such a technique (Fig. 1).9 Our work on this is embryonic and for improved success requires access to very large data sets of real-world degradation data. This can be difficult to come by, but one rich data source is small off-grid solar-battery systems used to charge mobile phones and run lights in sub-Saharan Africa. We are currently working with two companies in

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About the Author David Howey received his BA and MEng degrees from Cambridge University in 2002 and his PhD degree from Imperial College London in 2010. He is currently an associate professor with the Energy and Power Group of the Department of Engineering Science at the University of Oxford. His research is focused on energy storage systems, including projects on modelbased battery management, degradation, thermal management, and energy management for grid storage. He may be reached at david.howey@eng.ox.ac.uk. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0620-3955

References

Fig. 1. Predicting accurate life at design stage is difficult—this plot shows true capacity over time (black) versus probabilistic lifetime predictions (shaded/colors) at various points.

this space who have multiple years of data from tens to hundreds of thousands of individual systems that stream data to the cloud. This volume of data is what is required to truly begin to understand the real-world performance of batteries. But of course, this opens up further challenges such as how can SOH algorithms be scaled up in a computationally-efficient way, how can data be cleaned up before it is presented to the SOH algorithm, and how can predictions be validated or given a credibility score to give some confidence in their interpretation? Cutting-edge probabilistic machine learning approaches are useful for addressing the latter issue, and the former issues are aided by the recent explosion in available computing power and great open source tools such as the Pandas library in Python.10 To finish, I’d like to issue a rallying cry to those interested in batteries and data science. As a community, it seems that we do still lack openly available (very) large data sets of real-world battery performance. Of course, companies have proprietary data on how their batteries and systems operate. But as of today, apart from those available from organizations such as NASA11 and some universities, there are relatively few openly available sets. We need datasets spanning 5–10 years of operation, in many different applications (EVs, grid, off-grid) across thousands to millions of cells, to really start to get a population-level picture of performance. Perhaps we’ll find to our surprise that degradation in some applications (and with some cells) is mainly just about calendar aging. Or conversely, is it instead strongly dependent on temperature and C-rate? What if we used the same cell chemistry in two very different applications? We have some expectations of the answers to these questions, but we have not yet bottomed out this issue with enough confidence to really start to push the price-performance envelope for many applications. Addressing this means we need to set up some large-scale infrastructure to share data—encompassing storage, access, and processing. We need to absorb best practice from other disciplines such as healthcare, robotics, weather, etc. in dealing with large data openly. We need to establish a common, open standard for storing battery data and importantly the metadata associated with it. There are challenges to address, from IP, legal, and security to cost and lack of knowledge. But if we can crack this, it will greatly accelerate our understanding of how devices work and improve the competitiveness of energy storage, as well as open up new as yet undiscovered research areas and ideas. Edison apparently said in 1883 that “Just as soon as a man gets working on the secondary battery it brings out his latent capacity for lying.” Let’s prove him wrong, and improve the world in the process. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F06191if. 56

1. B. Nykvist and M. Nilsson, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 329 (2015). 2. R. Van Noorden, Nature, 507, 26 (2014). 3. G. He, Q. Chen, P. Moutis, S. Kar, and J. F. Whitacre, Nat. Energy, 3, 404 (2018). 4. F. Wankmueller, P. R. Thimmapuram, K. G. Gallagher, and A. Botterud, J. Energy Storage, 10, 56 (2017). 5. C. R. Birkl, M. R. Roberts, E. McTurk, P. G. Bruce, and D. A. Howey, J. Power Sources, 341, 373 (2017). 6. G. L. Plett, Battery Management Systems, Volume II: Equivalent Circuit Models, Artech House, Norwood (2015). 7. R. R. Richardson, C. R. Birkl, M. A. Osborne, and D. A. Howey, IEEE T Ind Informatics, 15, 127 (2019). 8. R. R. Richardson and D. A. Howey, J. Power Sources, 357, 209 (2017). 9. R. R. Richardson, M. A. Osborne, and D. A. Howey, ArXiv preprint 1807.06350 (2018). 10. W. McKinney, “Data Structures for Statistical Computing in Python,” Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference, 51 (2010), and https://pandas.pydata.org 11. B. Bole, C. Kulkarni, and M. Daigle, “Randomized battery usage data set”, NASA AMES prognostics data repository https://ti.arc.nasa.gov/tech/dash/groups/pcoe/prognostic-datarepository/

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Transformative Opportunities from Data Science and Big Data Analytics: Applied to Photovoltaics by Laura S. Bruckman

nderstanding the overall lifetime performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules is essential to continue the cost reduction of solar energy, thereby increasing its contribution to the world’s electricity needs and sustainability goals.1,2 In order to reach the 2030 SunShot goal of $0.03/kWh,3,4 the power degradation rates (representing the annual reduction in power output by a PV module) must be lowered to the 0.2%/year goal, so as to increase the lifetime of PV modules installed in diverse climates zones. Predicting the PV module performance over their 20- to 30-year product warranty or lifetime is typically done using traditional reliability approaches such as pass/ fail testing and materials qualification, yet this has proven insufficient. Current PV qualification tests have led to failures in real-world PV applications.5 Historical data from installed PV systems is the ideal source for understanding the magnitude and causes of module power loss and degradation, and for identifying how to extend the lifetime of PV modules to 50 years. The largest set of historical data available is time series power data (typically one or five minute interval datastreams) from commercial and research PV power plants. Handling such extensive PV data sets, which can extend for 20 years, required new informatics and analytical approaches to derive scientific insights. A big data analytics approach, utilizing Hadoop6 and a non-relational data warehouse was developed to handle the large volume real-time data streams.7-10 Graduate and undergraduate students, across numerous academic departments, needed to learn data cleaning and assembly, statistical analysis, coding, data-driven modeling, and statistical and machine learning. This also requires the use of open and reproducible science methods, with shared code and data augmenting traditional journal publications.11 In this paper, we describe some of the challenges and opportunities associated with acquiring the data, structuring the data, and performance analytics in meaningful ways while also respecting the privacy concerns of collaborators across the PV value chain. The approach we take, which we refer to as engineering epidemiology, draws upon medical research study designs and protocols for understanding PV modules, components, and materials under accelerated exposures and real-world, in-use, conditions. Domain knowledge of materials science, combined with network models of materials, components, and systems, allows the capture of multiple phenomena as a system of equations, for the understanding of which particular mechanisms are induced by multivariate stressors, and how those relate to meaningful overall performance metrics across dimensions and temporal scales. We believe as data science and big data analytics grow in the solar field, the cost of PV electricity will continue to decrease by improving module lifetimes, performance, and decreasing the operational and maintenance burden on commercial PV plant owners. We also articulate some of the key emerging needs, such as greater use of image analysis of modules during manufacturing, large-scale image analysis of installed PV, greater use of current and voltage (IV) curves, and improved solar forecasting.

Long-Term Data Acquisition Initial Setup of Outdoor Example

Monitoring commercial field power data provides a big data opportunity to predict power output for PV fields, monitor PV module degradation or inverter failure, and understand the impact of weather on module performance and lifetime. Commercial PV fields have a large set of streaming power data collected at small time intervals (e.g., every 1, 5, or 15 min). This type of data is not difficult to generate, since module inverters (string or micro) report it automatically. However, handling and obtaining this data required developing novel methods for solar analytics. We developed an outdoor test facility in Cleveland, OH, with 148 modules from 20 brands purchased on the open market.12 The time series data is ingested into a non-relational database based on Hadoop, Hbase, and Spark called CRADLE (Fig. 1).7 This type of database allows for data to be ingested as triples with row and column keys making an agile database that doesn’t require researchers to know a priori all data that is planned to be collected. This initial project led the way for us to identify the best practices of data handling, including a wholly separate metadata database, which allows for proprietary information (e.g., brand, manufacturer, cell type, specific location) to be kept separate from the power time series data. RedCAP was chosen in this case since it has high security requirements (HIPAA compliant) and prevents access to sensitive data based on user rights.13 A seven-digit alphanumeric code, based on salting the variable value and then hashing with scrypt, is used to de-identify and anonymize the proprietary identifiers associated with each PV power plant data source. Then multiple sources of data can be merged and analyzed together, increasing the statistical power of an analysis. All analytical results can be written back to CRADLE, enriching the dataset, and providing new results as inputs for further analysis. Code is developed using agile software development tools14 including Git code versioning,15 Jira issue tracking, and Slack team communications. This allows for everyone to share in the analytical code development, testing, packaging, and validation in a reproducible way.16

Data Handling with Corporate Partners

By developing methodology on our own test site, we were then capable of safely ingesting and maintaining data from multiple competitive sources. However, to get information beyond just the power output, we also needed weather data from sensors on the ground and from satellite sources. Sensor data at sites have a high prevalence of sensor soiling, inaccurate data capture, and outages, so satellite data can fill in missing data. Data from corporate partners needs to contain metadata about a particular site or sample. All data generated should be provided without pre-cleaning by the corporate partners, for things such as missing data or failed inverters. The best format for data is plain text, as opposed to the less robust proprietary binary file formats. Data are typically captured from accessing an API or by web scraping (e.g., Selenium). Flaws in the data are important for the researcher to clean reproducibly across all sets of data. CRADLE now includes 3.4 GW of time series power and weather (continued on next page)

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Fig. 1. The diagram of the non-relational database for CRADLE showing the ingestion of multiple data sources.

sensor data from 1486 PV sites (different c-Si cell technologies)17 and 7000 PV inverters over those 15 years.7 CRADLE is used for data from materials, components, and modules, not simply time series power data. The impact of performance loss rate determination strongly impacts the module manufacturers and how they develop their products. Figure 2 shows the PV value chain where data comes from material, component, and module manufacturers to improve module reliability. This data can inform PV plant developers and owners on choices for commercial sites. Much of the module data is not open data since the manufacturer wants to protect intellectual property, but these data can be obtained from the developers and owners who have a vested interest in understanding failure and reliability. A third party incorporating data along the PV value chain will help move the entire industry forward and benefit society to increase the impact of PV renewable energy. Assembling data, developing and sharing codes and tools, and reporting research results to the whole PV value chain, as opposed to just the PV research community, is of increasing importance.

Inferring Degradation Mechanisms for Improving Materials, Components, and Systems Data-Driven Modeling

Packaging materials (e.g., encapsulants, backsheets, framing, junction boxes) are key to extending the lifetime of PV modules. Backsheets, typically a three-layer polymer laminate on the back of modules, are important for module safety due to the high dielectric breakdown strength of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Backsheet degradation occurs as cracks,18 delamination, bubbling, burns, and discoloration.19,20 Data-driven models of PET show that populations of the same material can diverge in performance under accelerated exposure conditions. Multiple samples need to be exposed to capture 58

the distribution in the behavior of materials or systems. Evaluations during exposures (in-use or accelerated) need to be taken step-wise through time in order to develop a robust predictive model of behavior (<stressor|response>) by increasing data density. A data-driven mixed-effect model was developed for PET degradation and showed that there is a change point shown in the degradation where damage accumulation arising from an initial mechanism reached a critical threshold and transitioned to a new mechanism. This change point behavior in PET yellowing and hazing would not be observed if samples were not characterized regularly during exposures.21,22 PET studied under both outdoor and accelerated lab-based exposure conditions show not just different stages of degradation, but also the synergistic effects of combined stressors since moisture as dew is an important stressor along with temperature and irradiance.23 In PET degradation, the presence of water leads to synergistic photo-hydrolytic degradation in outdoor exposures, beyond photolytic degradation; simple exposure to humidity alone does not induce this photo-hydrolytic degradation.21 This is an example where combined effects in a material or complex system are not simply additive, and cannot be studied “one at a time, in isolation” as a hallmark of the scientific method (controlling all other variables when studying the one of interest).24 Field studies are essential to ensure that the degradation occurring in accelerated exposures is the same mode, even if it has a different rate.25 This requires accurately relating stress and degradation, while crosscorrelating between accelerated and real-world conditions.26

Mechanistic Understanding

Network modeling (netSEM package)27-29 provides a useful method to identify and quantify the rank-ordered degradation mechanisms and pathways activated in PV module degradation (Fig. 3). Network modeling determines the strength of relationships between stressors, mechanistic, and response variables (stressor|mechanism|response>) using step-wise regression across the network to identify parallel and sequential degradation pathways from the stressors to the system responses.30 This is done using statistical learning and multiple and The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

for PV module analysis. The resulting images reveal features such as cracking, metallization corrosion, carrier recombination in the cells, and encapsulant degradation. In outdoor power plant settings, imaging techniques such as IR thermography and photography are more commonly used to assess module conditions e.g., (hotspots, shorts, and defective junction boxes in operating modules in the field, snail trails, encapsulant browning, broken glass). Several companies now perform aerial surveys of PV power plants using these techniques. However, evaluation of the resulting images from research, manufacturing, and power plant settings is still performed manually. Fig. 2. The PV value chain has many sources of proprietary and open data. Data from materials, components, and modules manufacturers can be merged to improve the reliability of PV modules by informing material choices Cell image classification has relied (purple). The PV developers and owners (blue) have their own data sets that can be informed from the module on humans to identify failures or manufacturers. All these data work to improve grid integration and society (green) with an increase of reliable defects, a process that is slow, renewable PV energy. inaccurate, and only used to assess a subset of PV cells or modules.41 multivariate regression with functional forms constrained by the Recent advances in analysis of electroluminescence images of PV fundamental physics and chemistry of the materials. This allows modules have enabled extraction of I-V characteristics of the module for different materials, material grades, or different systems to be and individual cells.42,45 Automated processing of these image types compared in their degradation pathways based on various stressors. is paramount for the utility of these techniques to be embraced by It is key to study the degradation of real-world modules in PV system the PV community. Images from PV modules in accelerated and field studies because degradation mechanisms occur in the field real-world conditions can be used to determine lifetime performance differently than under accelerated exposures.31,32 The lifetime and with open-source tools to process and evaluate these images in an reliability of novel technologies need to be compared to established automated fashion. technologies; laboratory and field data from new technologies needs to be rapidly compared to the previous technologies. This requires a Integrating PV onto the Electrical Grid robust accelerated exposure methodology beyond the current pass/ Accurate solar forecasting is necessary as PV generation becomes fail standard testing. a larger portion of the electrical grid in the U.S.46 and elsewhere around the world.47 It is necessary for the solar energy community to develop and validate technologies that enhance situational awareness Opportunities for Advanced Data of photovoltaic systems, from utility scale to behind-the-meter, and Analytics in Solar Energy storage, to support reliability, resilience, and operation of power systems with high PV penetration.48-50 This involves characterizing Image Analysis and forecasting physical and cyber factors that impact resilience Image-based photovoltaic module characterization compromises and then using graph-based modeling of thousands of PV systems a broad category of techniques that provide unique, high-density, to determine the normal expected performance and the power detailed information at the cell, material, and module levels. and energy lost due to these resilience factors. Spatio-temporal Imaging methods such as fluorescence, electroluminescence, geographic information systems51,52 (e.g., IBMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s PAIRS)53 enable photoluminescence, visual imagery, and thermography have each the study of historical weather events such as hurricanes, hail and been well developed in laboratory settings, and have all recently high winds, along with vegetation and trees, and enables forecasting been used outdoors,33-37 with many being commercialized for realtheir future likelihood in different regions and areas. Historical power world implementation. Electroluminescence,38,39 fluorescence,40 and time series from behind the meter, distributed and utility scale PV photoluminescence imaging are typical lab-based image techniques power plants can be integrated with spatio-temporal weather data to study resiliency factors on historical power and energy production of PV systems.

Challenges Data-Enabled Workforce

Fig. 3. A degradation pathway model from the netSEM package for a PET backsheet under irradiance and water spray accelerated conditions (all relationships are change point (CP) with adjusted R2 noted). Mechanisms were determined by FTIR analysis and yellowness index was the performance metric. This model shows that the formation of conjugated structures is leading to yellowness index while water spray is removing the degraded material surface.

One challenge to the research community is a workforce that is educated in science and engineering and data enabled with a good understanding of statistics54 to produce a T-shaped researcher trained in both the domain science and data science skills so that they can easily use data science tools in research and the PV industry.55,56 This workforce should be well versed in the benefits of reproducible research for a company so that teams of researchers can work and develop code together and data is available for future analysis.16,57

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Reproducible research does not mean that the results have the correct interpretation and the ability to evaluate modeling results.58 In the broad solar community, reproducible methods to monitor PV module performance are key to maintaining and growing PV in the grid. A solar community workforce would also be exposed to open source coding languages like Python and R. These open source tools can be used to streamline coding practices within a company with wellsupported code options.59,60

Open Data

Data needs to be in a format that is useable. This requires agreedupon metadata, file formats, and a databook with information describing what headers relate to in the database. Professional societies can play a key role in reviewing and organizing open data after publication; however, this runs the risk of being difficult and time consuming for the professional society. Researchers uploading their own data into an open source repository (e.g., GitHub, Bitbucket, GitLab) can enable collaborations, research validation, and address new research problems. Software and data sharing will accelerate research discovery in the solar energy field. Sandia has shared many PV software tools in their PVLIB Git repository.61 Open software and data that is archived (with a digital object identifier (DOI)) should be considered in promotion and tenure within academia. Universities are beginning to promote open science practices, and publishing data is paramount in an open culture. Researchers who are moving in that direction should be rewarded through the promotion and tenure process especially since curated data sets are research products that must be balanced against time spent on other published works.62-64

Conclusions Data science and big data analytics will drive down the cost of installed solar power by increasing the reliability of modules. While machine learning is a valuable method, for learning and prediction in the solar field, data science techniques with data-driven statistical models are necessary. Data science will inform optimal module architecture and material choices, improving reliability and extending lifetimes beyond the current 25-30 year modules. Big data analytics will begin to give accurate prediction of power output for solar fields based on climate zones, local weather conditions, and accurate lifetime prediction. This informs financial organizations, power plant owners and grid operators to reduce the variability of renewable energy. Academia needs to support students to be data enabled in the solar field by teaching data handling, statistics, and coding along with traditional science and engineering. The solar industry will benefit from open data sets available for analysis and prediction of PV module lifetime, degradation rates, and maintenance. These open data sets will also help teach the next generation of students. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F07191if.

About the Author Laura S. Bruckman earned her PhD in analytical chemistry from the University of South Carolina with Prof. M. Myrick, focusing on image analysis and predictive modeling. Her research is focused on a data science approach to materials degradation. She is an expert on the application of quantitative spectroscopic techniques and image analysis to understand material degradation in relation to particular exposure stressors. A material data science approach using statistical analytics is used to develop degradation network pathway (netSEM models) diagrams for material systems. These pathway diagrams elucidate the impact of materials and 60

stressors and their relationship to overall degradation and lifetime performance loss. By encompassing data from both in-use and accelerated experiments of the degradation of materials, lifetime predictions can be made for material systems under a wide variety of use conditions. She may be reached at laura.bruckman@case.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1271-1072

References 1. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2018, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) / IEA, Paris, France, 2018. 2. A. Guterres, The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018 | Multimedia Library - United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, (2018). https://www.un.org/development/desa/ publications/the-sustainable-development-goals-report-2018. html (accessed January 1, 2019). 3. Department of Energy Sunshot 2030, https://www.energy.gov/ eere/solar/sunshot-2030 (accessed January 4, 2018) 4. R. Jones-Albertus, D. Feldman, R. Fu, K. Horowitz, and M. Woodhouse, Prog. Photovoltaics, 24, 1272 (2016). 5. D. C. Jordan and S. R. Kurtz, Prog. Photovoltaics, 21, 12 (2013). 6. Apache Software Foundation, Apache Hadoop, Apache Software Foundation. (2018). http://hadoop.apache.org/. 7. Y. Hu, V. Y.Gunapati, P. Zhao, D. Gordon, N. R. Wheeler, M. A. Hossain, T. J. Peshek, L. S. Bruckman, G. Q. Zhang, and R. H. French, IEEE J. Photovoltaics, 7, 230 (2017). 8. S. Ghemawat, H. Gobioff, and S.-T. Leung, in Proceedings of the Nineteenth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, ACM (2003) http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/945445.945450. 9. F. Chang, J. Dean, S. Ghemawat, W.C. Hsieh, D.A. Wallach, M. Burrows, T. Chandra, A. Fikes, and R.E. Gruber, in Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Usenix Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation - Volume 7, p. 205 (2006). 10. J. Dean and S. Ghemawat, Commun. ACM, 51, 107 (2008). 11. J.S.S. Lowndes, B.D. Best, C. Scarborough, J.C. Afflerbach, M.R. Frazier, C.C. O’Hara, N. Jiang, and B.S. Halpern, Nat. Ecol. Evol., 1, 160 (2017). 12. Y. Hu, M.A. Hosain, T. Jain, Y.R. Gunapati, L. Elkin, G.Q. Zhang, and R.H. French, in 2013 IEEE Energytech, p. 1 (2013). doi:10.1109/EnergyTech.2013.6645317. 13. P.A. Harris, R. Taylor, R. Thielke, J. Payne, N. Gonzalez, J.G. Conde, J. Biomed. Inf., 42, 377 (2009). 14. R. Hoda, N. Salleh, and J. Grundy, IEEE Software, 35, 58 (2018). doi:10.1109/MS.2018.290111318. 15. J. D. Blischak, E. R. Davenport, and G. Wilson, PLoS Comput. Biol., 12, e1004668 (2016). 16. V. Stodden, F. Leisch, and R. D. Peng, Implementing Reproducible Research, CRC Press, New York (2014). 17. J. L. Braid, A. J. Curran, J. Sun, E. J. Schneller, J. S. Fada, J. Liu, M. Wang, A. J. Longacre, J. Dai, B. D. Huey, K. O. Davis, J-N. Jaubert, L. S. Bruckman, and R. H. French, in 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, p. 1261, IEEE (2018). 18. A. G. Klinke, A. Gok, S. I. Ifeanyi, and L. S. Bruckman, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 153, 244 (2018). 19. M.A. Quintana, D.L. King, T.J. McMahon, and C.R. Osterwald, in Conference Record of the Twenty-Ninth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002., p. 1436, (2002). doi:10.1109/ PVSC.2002.1190879. 20. W. Gambogi, Y. Heta, K. Hashimoto, J. Kopchick, T. Felder, S. MacMaster, A. Bradley, B. Hamzavytehrany, L. Garreau-Iles, T. Aoki, K. Stika, T.J. Trout, and T. Sample, IEEE J. Photovoltaics, 4, 935 (2014). doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2305472. 21. A. Gok, D.K. Ngendahimana, C.L. Fagerholm, R.H. French, J. Sun, and L.S. Bruckman, PLoS ONE, 12, e0177614 (2017). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177614. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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41. M. Kontges, S. Kurtz, C. Packard, U. Jahn, K. Berger, K. Kato, T. Friesen, H. Liu, M. Van Isehegam, IEA-PVPS Task 13: Review of Failures of PV Modules, Technical Report. (2014). 42. A. M. Karimi, J. S. Fada, J. Liu, J. L. Braid, M. Koyutürk and R. H. French, in 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, p. 1261, IEEE (2018). 43. T. Potthoff, K. Bothe, U. Eitner, D. Hinken, and M. Köntges, Prog. Photovoltaics, 18, 100 (2010). 44. A.S. Rajput, J.W. Ho, Y. Zhang, S. Nalluri, and A.G. Aberle, in Light, Energy and the Environment 2018 (E2, FTS, HISE, SOLAR, SSL) (2018), paper OM3D.5,, p. OM3D.5, Optical Society of America (2018) doi:10.1364/OSE.2018.OM3D.5. 45. M. Wang, X. Ma, W-H. Huang, J. Liu, A. J. Curran, E. Schnabel, M. Köhl, K. O. Davis, J. Brynjarsdóttir, J. L. Braid, and R. H. French, in 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, p. 0778, IEEE (2018). 46. R. Margolis, C. Coggeshall, and J. Zuboy. “SunShot vision study.” US Dept. of Energy, Washington, D.C. (2012). 47. J. Zhang, B-M. Hodges, S. L. Hendrik, F. Hamman, B. Lehman, J. Simmons, E. Campos, V. Banunarayanan, and J. Tedesco, Sol. Energy, 122, 804 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.solener.2015.09.047. 48. E.C. Kara, C.M. Roberts, M. Tabone, L. Alvarez, D.S. Callaway, and E.M. Stewart, Sust. Energy, Grids Net., 13, 112 (2018). 49. M. Lave, M. J. Reno, and R. J. Broderick, Sol. Energy, 118, 327 (2015). 50. M. Lave, R. J. Broderick, and M. J. Reno, Sol. Energy, 151, 119 (2017). 51. N. Savage, Nature, 558, S19 (2018). doi:10.1038/d41586-01805484-4. 52. S. Lu, X. Shao, M. Freitag, L. J. Klein, J. Renwick, F. J. Marianno, C. Albrecht, and H. F. Hamann, in 2016 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), p. 2672 (2016). doi:10.1109/BigData.2016.7840910. 53. L. J. Klein, F. J. Marianno, C. M. Albrecht, M. Freitag, S. Lu, N. Hinds, X. Shao, S. Bermudez Rodriguez, and H. F. Hamann, in 2015 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), p. 1290 (2015). doi:10.1109/BigData.2015.7363884. 54. D. Donoho, J. Comput. Graph. Stat., 26, 745 (2017). 55. D. Hughes, and R. H. French, Crafting a Minor to Produce T-Shaped Graduates, T-SUMMIT 2016: Transformational Approaches to Creating T-shaped Professionals, National Academies, Washington DC (2016). 56. Business Higher Education Forum, Creating a Minor in Applied Data Science | BHEF, The Business Higher Education Forum, 2016. http://www.bhef.com/publications/creating-minorapplied-data-science (accessed August 16, 2016). 57. R. D. Peng, Science, 334, 1226 (2011). 58. Nature, 533, 437 (2016). 59. S. Sonnenburg, M.L. Braun, C.S. Ong, S. Bengio, L. Bottou, G. Holmes, Y. LeCun, K.-R. Müller, F. Pereira, C.E. Rasmussen, G. Rätsch, B. Schölkopf, A. Smola, P. Vincent, J. Weston, and R. Williamson, J. Mach. Learn. Res.h, 8, 2443 (2007). 60. E. Maxwell, Innovations: Technol., Gov., Global., 1, 119 (2006). 61. Will Holmgren, PVLib/PVLib-Python (2019), https://github. com/pvlib/pvlib-python (accessed December 11, 2016). 62. D. Moher, F. Naudet, I.A. Cristea, F. Miedema, J.P.A. Ioannidis, and S.N. Goodman, PLoS Biol., 16, e2004089 (2018). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2004089. 63. E. C. McKiernan, PLoS Biol., 15, e1002614 (2017). 64. B.A. Nosek, G. Alter, G.C. Banks, D. Borsboom, S.D. Bowman, S.J. Breckler, S. Buck, C.D. Chambers, G. Chin, G. Christensen, M. Contestabile, A. Dafoe, E. Eich, J. Freese, R. Glennerster, D. Goroff, D.P. Green, B. Hesse, M. Humphreys, J. Ishiyama, D. Karlan, A. Kraut, A. Lupia, P. Mabry, T. Madon, N. Malhotra, E. Mayo-Wilson, M. McNutt, E. Miguel, E.L. Paluck, U. Simonsohn, C. Soderberg, B.A. Spellman, J. Turitto, G. VandenBos, S. Vazire, E.J. Wagenmakers, R. Wilson, and T. Yarkoni, Science, 348, 1422 (2015). doi:10.1126/science. aab2374.

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Manage Your Research on a Connected Platform That makes it easy to Share

SHARING HAS REAL BENEFITS There is a growing expectation that the evidence underlying results of scientific research should be more widely shared. More transparency into the underlying data, research materials, analytical code, and methodology will increase trust in reported findings, allow others to build upon early findings, and enable new discoveries (Munafò et al., 2017). Such transparency is helpful to the wider scientific community, as well as individual researchers. In what ways do these practices help you? Work that has data openly available with it is cited more often than work without data available (Dorch, 2012; Henneken & Accomazzi, 2011; Piwowar, Day, & Fridsma, 2007; Piwowar & Vision, 2013). The same is likely true for work that was first shared as a preprint (Serghiou & Ioannidias, 2018). Making use of interim research outputs is a way to stake claims to your idea sooner, and if that claim is made in a registry or preprint server, that claim is citable. Funders are also increasingly expecting work that is more open (“TOP Resources: Funders,” 2019), and encouraging the use of these interim research outputs to demonstrate progress (“NOT-OD-17-050: Reporting Preprints and Other Interim Research Products,” 2017). Perhaps the most under-appreciated reason for working to make your data, code, and other materials more open is the organizational benefit that you gain: Your future self with thank you when looking through old work that you’d like to build upon.

Two often-mentioned barriers to this level of transparency are 1)uncertainty that you are ready to be more open with every aspect of the work and 2) the considerable amount of time that it takes to prepare work for public view. OSF is an open source project management tool that was built by researchers specifically to address those two concerns. OSF is structured around individual project pages that contain space for an electronic lab notebook, unlimited file storage, and sub-project pages that can keep related projects closely organized. Crucially, projects are private by default, can be made public and citable with a DOI with the click of a button, and only the parts that you select are made public and citable when you decide to do so. This merges two important parts of your work into a single space: project management and project dissemination. By making it easy to manage projects, share data, and disseminate findings, OSF helps researchers control the pace and content of their work. Ultimately, this will allow scientific progress to proceed based on the ideals of transparency and organized skepticism that we value as a community.

Cited literature can be found here: https://osf.io/mdar2

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SEC TION NE WS Canada Section The ECS Canada Section hosted its fall 2018 meeting at the Université du Québec à Montréal on Saturday, November 10, 2018. The theme of the meeting was “Electrochemistry: Fundamental and Applied,” and the event drew over 95 participants from industry, academia, and research centers. The meeting featured a keynote presentation from Thomas Hamann from Michigan State University, along with 10 invited lectures and a student poster session. Many of the invited speakers were newly appointed faculty members from across Canada whose work touched on various topics in electrochemistry, ranging from energy storage to Ashok Vijh was recognized the electrochemical detection of with the ECS Canada Section pathogenic bacteria, as well as Electrochemical Award, the emerging themes such as single- highest honor the Canada Section can bestow upon a scientist entity electrochemistry. Several awards were presented working in Canada. during the meeting by the secretary of the Canada Section, Steen Schougaard. One of these awards was the ECS Canada Section Electrochemical Award, which was presented to Ashok Vijh of Hydro-Québec for his contributions to the advancement of electrochemistry in Canada. This award is the highest honor the Canada Section can bestow upon a scientist working in Canada, and is offered only once every four years. The ECS Canada Section Student Award was awarded to Shuai Chen from the University of Guelph, and the ECS Canada Section R. C. Jacobsen Award was presented to Jamie Noël from the University of Western Ontario in recognition of his service to the ECS community. The student poster session included over 40 participants, and prizes were awarded to Fadwa Ben Amara Rynne (first place, Université de Montréal), Rachel Levesque-Belanger (second place, Université de Sherbrooke), and Laurence Savignac (third place, Université du Québec à Montréal) for their poster presentations. The meeting was made possible by a large number of sponsors, including Systems for Research, Hydro-Québec, the Faculty of Science and the Department of Chemistry at the Université du Québec à Montréal, NanoQAM, Gamble Technologies Inc., SnowHouse Solutions, and Bio-Logic Science Instruments.

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Steen Schougaard (left) presented Jamie Noël (right) with the ECS Canada Section R. C. Jacobsen Award in recognition of his service to the ECS community.

Shuai Chen (left), from the University of Guelph, received the ECS Canada Section Student Award from Steen Schougaard (right).

We welcome the opportunity to share with our membership, the scientific advances and activity news from your section. Send your news to: Shannon.Reed@electrochem.org

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SEC TION NE WS Europe Section The ECS Europe Section, which encompasses most countries in Europe, elected new officers via an online vote in late December 2018. The new section chair, Renata Solarska (University of Warsaw, Poland), took the helm from Petr Vanýsek (Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic), who led the section for the last two years. The other elected officers are as follows: vice chair, Davide Bonifazi (Cardiff University, United Kingdom); secretary, Roberto Paolesse (University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy); and treasurer, Jan Macak (Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic). Fourteen members-at-large were also elected to the section’s executive committee: Noel Buckley (University of Limerick, Ireland); Andreas Bund (TU Ilmenau, Germany); Stefan De Gendt Renata Solarska, newly (IMEC, Belgium); Geir Martin elected chair of the ECS Haarberg (Norwegian University Europe Section. of Science and Technology, Norway); Karel Haesevoets (KU Leuven, Belgium); Adriana Ispas (TI Ilmenau, Germany); Deborah Jones (University of Montpellier, France); Pawel Kulesza (University of Warsaw, Poland); Robert Lynch (University of Limerick, Ireland); Philippe Marcus (CNRSENSCP, UMR 7045, France); Iwona Rukowska (University of Warsaw, Poland); Patrick Schmuki (University of Erlangen, Germany); Roberto Paolesse, newly Zbigniew Stojek (University of elected secretary of the ECS Warsaw, Poland); and Benjamin Europe Section. Wilson (Aalto University TKK, Finland). The term of the office is two years, from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2020. The Europe Section bestows two awards that are presented on staggered years (every other year). On even years, the section awards the ECS Europe Section Alessandro Volta Medal. This award was established in 1998 to

recognize outstanding achievements in electrochemical science or solid state technology. This year, the Alessandro Volta Medal was bestowed upon Wolfgang Schuhmann from Ruhr-Universität Bochum. In keeping with the tradition of the award, Schuhmann was invited to deliver a lecture at the AiMES 2018 meeting in Cancun, Mexico. The next Alessandro Volta Medal will be awarded in 2020. On odd years, the section awards the ECS Europe Section Heinz Gerischer Award, which was established in 2001 to recognize an individual or a small group of individuals (no more than three) who have made an outstanding contribution to the science of semiconductor electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry including the underlying areas of physical and materials chemistry of significance Davide Bonifazi, to this field. The prize was newly elected vice established in part by a generous chair of the ECS contribution from the family of the Europe Section. late Heinz and Renate Gerischer. Kazuhito Hashimoto, president of the National Institute for Materials Science (Japan), was the recipient of the award in 2017. The 2019 recipient of the Heinz Gerischer Award is Nathan Lewis from the California Institute of Technology. The Europe Section holds a wine and cheese reception at each biannual ECS meeting. The section finds this tradition useful; because Jan Macak, newly elected the section covers the whole treasurer of the ECS Europe continent of Europe, ECS meetings Section. are often the only opportunities for its members to meet face-to-face. These receptions also serve as opportunities for the section to honor the recipients of its awards. All attendees—not just the members of the Europe Section—are welcome at these receptions. The reception is typically held at 1900h on the Monday of a biannual meeting. Check the meeting program for the specific time and location.

Japan Section The ECS Japan Section has been sponsoring/cosponsoring a variety of meetings, activities, and events for students and young researchers in electrochemical fields. The section hosted seven events in 2018, many of which are highlighted below. The Joint Symposium of Lilac Seminar and Research Exchange Meeting for Young Researchers was held June 16-17, 2018, in Hokkaido. The seminar, which drew over 127 participants, featured 7 invited talks and 31 poster presentations. The 25th International Workshop on Active-Matrix Flatpanel Displays and Devices – TFT Technologies and FPD Materials (AM-FPD 18) was held July 3-6, 2018, in Kyoto. The workshop’s

180 participants were from eight different countries, and 87 paper presentations were given in all. The AMFPD-ECS Japan Section Young Researcher Award was presented to Daisuke Matsuo, the first author of the best paper by students and young researchers that was presented the previous year. The 82nd Semiconductor and Integrated Circuit Symposium was held August 30-31, 2018, in Tokyo. The symposium featured 16 invited talks and 10 poster presentations. State-of-the-art industrial technologies for semiconductor devices and materials were discussed, and poster awards were given to recognize excellence among the student presenters. (continued on next page)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

SEC TION NE WS (continued from previous page)

The annual seminar Talk Shower in Kyushu was held September 3-4, 2018. The programming included invited talks on the field of fundamental and industrial electrochemistry and poster presentations by students. There were 58 participants in the event; 39 of those participants were students. The 2018 Fall Meeting for Young Researchers was held in Kanazawa on September 26, 2018. It featured two presentations and drew 40 participants. The Japan Section’s executive committee for the 2019-2020 term was appointed on January 1, 2019. The newly elected officers are as follows: chair, Masayoshi Watanabe (Yokohama National University); 1st vice chair, Seiichi Miyazaki (Nagoya University); 2nd vice chair, Yasushi Idemoto (Tokyo University of Science); and treasurer/secretary, Yasushi Katayama (Keio University). Attendees of the ECS Japan Section committee meeting on December 8, 2018 (front row, left to right): Kazuo Tsutsui (past secretary), Hiroshi Iwai (past chair), and Masayoshi Watanabe (chair); (back row, left to right): Wataru Sugimoto, Shunri Oda, Yasushi Idemoto (2nd vice chair), and Hiroshi Nishihara.

Attendees of the 2018 Talk Shower in Kyushu seminar, held September 3-4, 2018, in Kumamoto, Japan.

Attendees of the 25th International Workshop on Active-Matrix Flatpanel Displays and Devices – TFT Technologies and FPD Materials (AM-FPD 18), held July 3-6, 2018, in Kyoto, Japan. 66

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SEC TION NE WS San Francisco Section The ECS San Francisco Section held its Daniel Cubicciotti Award ceremony on January 3, 2019. The event was graciously hosted by the newly elected section chair, Michał Świętosławski, and 1st vice chair, Gao Liu, at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). The section would like to thank its judges—Alex Teran (Blue Current), Zachary Detweiler (Arcanum Alloys), and Collin Mui (Gridtential)—for reviewing the nominations and selecting the award recipients. The winners of the Cubicciotti Award are Yuzhang Li from Stanford University (main award), Alaina Strickler from Stanford University (honorable mention), and Sara Renfrew from the University of California, Berkeley (honorable mention). Li and Renfrew presented their research to section members in attendance at the award ceremony, and shared information about extracurricular activities that played a role in their receipt of the award. They answered the many questions that followed their presentations. Heather Jackson from Structural Integrity presented the award winner with a plaque, and the section’s past chair, Jaroslaw Syzdek, presented the honorable mention recipients with their diplomas. Each awardee also received a monetary award. After the ceremony, section members headed over to the LBNL BayView Café for lunch, which was followed by a section business meeting. Additional information about each of the award winners is provided below. Yuzhang Li is a PhD student working with Prof. Yi Cui on nextgeneration energy storage technologies. His research approach seeks to tackle problems from both an applied and fundamental perspective, which is necessary for the development of high energy density batteries. Throughout his PhD studies, he has developed an advanced materials design for Li-ion batteries (Nature Energy, 1, 15029, 2016) and pioneered the cryogenic-electron microscopy technique to study the atomic structure of battery materials (Science, 358, 506, 2017). His work has been highlighted by multiple media outlets (including Forbes magazine, ABC7 News, and SLAC) and recognized by several awards (including the MRS Graduate Student Gold Award and the ACS Outstanding Speaker Award). Li is supported by the National Science Foundation’s graduate research fellowship and the Department of Energy’s research fellowship. He received his BS in chemical engineering from UC Berkeley. Sara Renfrew is a PhD candidate in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at UC Berkeley. She received her BS in chemical engineering from Caltech in 2011. Her undergraduate research spanned several areas, including DNA electrochemistry, organic dielectric breakdown, and alkaline MnO2 electrochemistry. While at Caltech she was awarded the SMART undergraduate

ECS San Francisco Section members posed for a photo with the section’s Daniel Cubicciotti Award recipients. From left to right: Oana Leonte (section treasurer), Xin He, Jarosław Syzdek (past section chair), Heather Jackson, Jessica (Xiaoyan) Luo (section recording secretary), Michał ŚWIĘTOSŁAWSKI (section chair), Yuzhang Li (Cubicciotti Award recipient), Brian McCloskey (section 2nd vice chair, advisor of honorable mention recipient Sara Renfrew), and Sara Renfrew (Cubicciotti Award honorable mention recipient).

Yuzhang Li (right) received the Cubicciotti Award plaque from Heather Jackson (left) from Structural Integrity.

Sara Renfrew (left) received the Cubicciotti Award diploma from past San Francisco Section chair Jaroslaw Syzdek (right).

fellowship and through this was afforded the opportunity to work for the U.S. Army for a summer internship, and later, full employment at Aberdeen Proving Grounds near Baltimore, MD. With the army she worked as a chemical engineer for the Command Power & Integration Directorate on Li-O2, Li-ion, and Ni-Fe chemistries. In 2013 she began her graduate research at UC Berkeley, where she received a NDSEG graduate fellowship. Under Professor Bryan McCloskey, her research has focused on using differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) to understand the role of contaminants in the outgassing and instabilities of Li-ion battery electrodes and electrolytes. Alaina Strickler is a PhD candidate and National Science Foundation graduate research fellow in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Stanford University working with Professor Thomas Jaramillo. She earned her BS degree in chemical engineering from Case Western Reserve University in 2013, where she engaged in undergraduate research on copper electrodeposition chemistry for semiconductor applications with Professor Uziel Landau. Her current research focuses on the development of advanced electrocatalytic materials for renewable energy conversion technologies, with major applications in fuel cell and electrolyzer devices.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS NE W MEMBERS PROGRAM

Awards, Fellowships, Grants ECS distinguishes outstanding technical achievements in electrochemistry, solid state science and technology, and recognizes exceptional service to the Society through the Honors & Awards Program. Recognition opportunities exist in the following categories: Society Awards, Division Awards, Student Awards, and Section Awards. ECS recognizes that today’s emerging scientists are the next generation of leaders in our field and offers competitive Fellowships and Grants to allow students and young professionals to make discoveries and shape our science long into the future.

See highlights below and visit www.electrochem.org for further information.

Society Awards The ECS Edward Goodrich Acheson Award was established in 1928 for distinguished contributions to the advancement of any of the objects, purposes, or activities of The Electrochemical Society. The award consists of a gold medal and a plaque that contains a bronze replica thereof, a $10,000 prize, Society life membership, and complimentary meeting registration. Materials are due by October 1, 2019. The ECS Charles W. Tobias Young Investigator Award was established in 2003 to recognize outstanding scientific and/or engineering work in fundamental or applied electrochemistry or solid state science and technology by a young scientist or engineer. The award consists of a framed certificate, a $5,000 prize, Society life membership, complimentary meeting registration, and travel assistance to the designated meeting. Materials are due by October 1, 2019.

Division Awards The ECS Electronics and Photonics Division Award was established in 1969 to encourage excellence in electronics research and outstanding technical contribution to the field of electronics science. The award consists of a framed certificate, a $1,500 prize, and the option of up to $1,000 to facilitate travel to the designated meeting for recognition or life membership. Materials are due by August 1, 2019. The ECS Energy Technology Division Research Award was established in 1992 to encourage excellence in energy-related research. The award consists of framed certificate, a $2,000 prize, and membership in the Energy Technology Division for as long as the recipient is an ECS member. Materials are due by September 1, 2019.

The ECS Energy Technology Division Supramaniam Srinivasan Young Investigator Award was established in 2011 to recognize and reward an outstanding young researcher in the energy technology field. The award consists of a framed certificate, a $1,000 prize, and complimentary meeting registration. Materials are due by September 1, 2019. The SES Research Young Investigator Award of the ECS Nanocarbons Division was established in 2007 to recognize and reward one outstanding young researcher in the field of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanostructures. The award consists of a framed certificate, a $500 prize, and complimentary meeting registration. Materials are due by September 1, 2019. The ECS Nanocarbons Division Robert C. Haddon Research Award was established in 2018 to recognize individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the understanding and applications of carbon materials. The award consists of a framed certificate, a $1,000 prize, and a maximum of $1,500 to facilitate attendance of the meeting at which the award is to be presented. Materials are due by September 1, 2019. The ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division David C. Grahame Award was created in 1981 to encourage excellence in physical electrochemistry research and to stimulate publication of high-quality research papers in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. The award consists of a framed certificate and a $1,500 prize. Materials are due by October 1, 2019. The ECS Corrosion Division Herbert H. Uhlig Award was established in 1972 to recognize excellence in corrosion research and outstanding technical contributions to the field of corrosion science and technology. The award consists of a framed certificate, a $1,500 prize, and possible travel assistance. Materials are due by December 15, 2019.

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AWARDS NE W AWA MEMBERS PROGRAM RDS

Student Awards The ECS Georgia Section Outstanding Student Achievement Award was established in 2011 to recognize academic accomplishments in any area of science or engineering in which electrochemical and/or solid state science and technology is the central consideration. The award consists of a $500 prize. Materials are due by August 15, 2019. The ECS Energy Technology Division Graduate Student Award sponsored by Bio-Logic was established in 2012 to recognize promising young engineers and scientists in fields pertaining to this division. The award consists of a framed certificate, a $1,000 prize, complimentary student meeting registration, and complimentary admission to the Energy Technology Division business meeting. Materials are due by September 1, 2019. The ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division Student Achievement Award was established in 1989 to recognize promising young engineers and scientists in the field of electrochemical engineering. The award consists of a framed certificate and a $1,000 prize. Materials are due by September 15, 2019. The ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division H. H. Dow Memorial Student Achievement Award was established in 1990 to recognize promising young engineers and

scientists in the field of electrochemical engineering and applied electrochemistry. The award consists of a framed certificate and a $1,000 prize to be used for expenses associated with the recipient’s education or research project. Materials are due by September 15, 2019. The ECS Korea Section Student Award was established in 2005 to recognize academic accomplishments in any area of science or engineering in which electrochemical and/or solid state science and technology is the central consideration. The award consists of a $500 prize. Materials are due by September 30, 2019. The ECS India Section S. K. Rangarajan Graduate Student Award was established in 2017 to assist a deserving student in India to pursue a career in disciplines related to electrochemistry and solid state science and technology. The award consists of a $500 prize. Materials are due by September 30, 2019. The ECS Corrosion Division Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award was established in 1991 to recognize and reward outstanding graduate research in the field of corrosion science and/or engineering. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $1,000. The award, for outstanding master’s or PhD work, is open to graduate students who have successfully completed all the requirements for their degrees, as testified to by the students’ advisers, within a period of two years prior to the nomination submission deadline. Materials are due by December 15, 2019.

Edward Goodrich Acheson Award Deadline: October 1, 2019 www.electrochem.org/acheson-award The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS NE W MEMBERS PROGRAM

Awards Winners In May, ECS will recognize the following award winners at the 235th biannual meeting which takes place in Dallas, TX.

Society Award Winners Allen J. Bard Award in Electrochemical Science Héctor D. Abruña is the Émile M. Chamot Professor of Chemistry and the director of the Center for Alkaline-Based Energy Solutions and the Energy Materials Center at Cornell University. He completed his graduate studies with Royce W. Murray and Thomas J. Meyer at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1980 and was a postdoctoral research associate with Allen J. Bard at the University of Texas at Austin from 1980 to 1981. After a brief stay at the University of Puerto Rico, he joined Cornell University in 1983. He was chair of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology from 2004 to 2008. Abruña has been the recipient of numerous awards, including a Presidential Young Investigator Award, an A. P. Sloan Fellowship, a J. S. Guggenheim Fellowship, and a J. W. Fulbright Senior Fellowship. He is a recipient of the Electrochemistry Award of the American Chemical Society (2008) and the C. N. Reilley Award in Electrochemistry (2007). He was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2007, member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2007, and Fellow of the International Society of Electrochemistry in 2008. He received the David C. Grahame Award from The Electrochemical Society in 2009, the Faraday Medal of the Royal Society in 2011, and the Brian Conway Prize from the International Society of Electrochemistry in 2013. He was named Fellow of The Electrochemical Society in 2013, and in 2017 was the recipient of the Gold Medal of the International Society of Electrochemistry. Most recently, he was elected member of the National Academy of Sciences. Abruña is the coauthor of over 480 publications (h-index = 85) and has given over 600 invited lectures worldwide. He considers his 55 PhD students and 70 postdoctoral associates his most important professional achievement.

Gordon E. Moore Medal for Outstanding Achievement in Solid State Science and Technology David J. Lockwood obtained his PhD from Canterbury University, New Zealand, in 1969 and was awarded a DSc in 1978 from Edinburgh University, United Kingdom, for his work on the electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of solids. He carried out postdoctoral work in physical chemistry at Waterloo University, Canada, (1970–1971) and was a research fellow at Edinburgh University (1972–1978) before joining the National Research Council of Canada in 1978, where he is presently a researcher emeritus. There, his research has centered on the optical properties of low-dimensional materials and has focused on Group IV and III-V semiconductor nanostructures. Lockwood has published more than 600 scientific articles in journals and books, and has six U.S. patents. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, The Electrochemical Society, the American Physical Society, and the Institute of Physics, and has served on the editorial boards of six physics journals in addition to being the founding editor of the Nanostructure Science and Technology book series. He has received six major awards from within Canada and abroad. Within ECS, he has co-organized numerous symposia, served on the board of directors, and chaired the Luminescence and Display Materials Division.

Division Awards Dielectric Science and Technology Division Thomas D. Callinan Award Sean King has worked in the semiconductor industry for 22 years and currently serves as a senior technical contributor within Intel Corporation’s Portland Technology Development Division. At Intel, King has held a variety of technical positions in the development of Intel’s 0.35 μm–7 nm technologies, and presently leads the development of various dielectric materials

for use in Intel’s <7 nm technologies. He is also a faculty member of Intel’s College of Engineering, where he teaches courses in nanoelectronic fabrication, vacuum and plasma science, and thin film deposition processes. King is highly recognized for his significant contributions to the development, implementation, and fundamental understanding of low-k dielectric materials. In 2004, he received Intel’s highest achievement award for the insertion of low-k dielectrics in the 90 nm technology. Since then, King has made seminal contributions to the growth, characterization, and integration of both low-k and high-k dielectric materials. Additionally, King is an active member of numerous technical societies, including The Electrochemical Society, the American

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS NE W AWA MEMBERS PROGRAM RDS Vacuum Society, and the Materials Research Society, for which he has served as an organizer of numerous symposia and a member of various society committees. King has authored or coauthored over 175 publications and 50 patents in the fields of dielectric and semiconducting materials. King holds a BS degree in materials engineering from Virginia Tech and a PhD in materials science and engineering from North Carolina State University.

Electronics and Photonics Division Award Jung Han is the William A. Norton Professor in Technological Innovation and a professor of electrical engineering at Yale University. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from Purdue University in 1992. His research focuses mainly on epitaxial growth and nanoscale synthesis of wide-bandgap semiconductors for energy-efficient lighting, display, and power applications. Han’s doctoral and postdoctoral work at Purdue resulted in one of the first semiconductor blue-green diode lasers from the II-VI ZnSe system. Between 1996 and 2001, Han led a team at Sandia National Laboratories in studying the heteroepitaxial science of III-nitride semiconductors and pioneered the usage of in situ diagnostics that have since then become industry standard. He was responsible for demonstrating some of the earliest AlGaN ultraviolet LEDs and transistors. He is the cofounder of Saphlux, a start-up company based on his inventions for semipolar GaN light-emitting diodes. Han has published more than 280 papers in peer-reviewed journals and holds more than 20 U.S. and international patents. Han has received numerous awards, including a Department of Commerce R&D 100 Award, an MRS Ribbon Award, and an EMC Best Paper Award. Han is a member of the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering and a fellow of the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, and the Optical Society of America.

Energy Technology Division Research Award Plamen Atanassov graduated from the University of Sofia with an MS in chemical physics and earned a doctorate from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in physical chemistry. He moved to the U.S. in 1992 and was with the University of New Mexico until 2018. While at the University of New Mexico, Atanassov worked as a research faculty member, participated in a start-up, rose to the rank of distinguished professor of chemical and biological engineering, started the Center for Emerging Energy Technologies, and served as the associate dean for research before assuming his final post as director of the Center for Micro-Engineered Materials. In October 2018, Atanassov became chancellor’s professor of the Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department of the Henry Samueli School of Engineering at the University of California, Irvine. His research is in nanostructured materials and new technologies for energy conversion and storage, focusing on electrocatalysis and bioelectrocatalysis, with applications in fuel cells, electrolyzers, and bioelectrochemical systems.

Atanassov is a fellow of The Electrochemical Society and the National Academy of Inventors. He has served as a vice president of the International Society of Electrochemistry. He holds 55 issued patents, half of which have been licensed and are at the core of several catalysts. He has published more than 370 peer-reviewed papers and 20 book chapters, and has edited a book (h-index = 70). He has graduated 34 PhD students.

Energy Technology Division Supramaniam Srinivasan Young Investigator Award Fikile Brushett is an associate professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he holds the Cecil and Ida Green Career Development Chair. He received his BSE in chemical and biomolecular engineering from the University of Pennsylvania in 2006 and his PhD in chemical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2010 under the supervision of Professor Paul J. A. Kenis. From 2010 to 2012, he was a director’s postdoctoral fellow in the Electrochemical Energy Storage Group at Argonne National Laboratory under the supervision of Dr. John T. Vaughey. In 2013, he started his independent career at MIT, where his research group seeks to advance the science and engineering of electrochemical technologies that enable a sustainable energy economy. He is especially interested in the fundamental processes that define the performance, cost, and lifetime of present-day and future electrochemical systems. His group currently works on redox flow batteries for grid storage and electrochemical processing of carbon dioxide and biomass. He also serves as the research integration colead for the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, a DOE-funded Energy Innovation Hub.

Energy Technology Division Graduate Student Award sponsored by Bio-Logic Zan Gao is currently a mechanical engineering PhD candidate at the University of Virginia under the supervision of Professor Xiaodong Li. Gao received both his BS degree in environmental engineering (2009) and his MS degree in applied chemistry (2012) from Harbin Engineering University. Gao’s doctoral research focuses on the design and fabrication of next-generation flexible energy storage systems (flexible supercapacitors and flexible batteries) with mechanical durability and chemical stability. He has also made significant contributions to biomass-derived renewable carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage. He has recently begun working on understanding the failure mechanism of flexible energy systems by coupling nanomechanics and electrochemistry. Gao has published over 40 peer-reviewed articles in various prestigious journals, such as Nature Communications, Nano Letters, Nano Energy, Advanced Functional Materials, Chemistry of Materials, and the Journal of Materials Chemistry A. Additionally, Gao has received several awards and fellowships during his PhD studies, including the Outstanding Graduate Student Award, the William L. Ballard Jr. Endowed Graduate Fellowship, and the Volkswagen Group of North America Fellowship. (continued on next page)

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Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division New Electrochemical Technology (NET) Award

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division H. H. Dow Memorial Student Achievement Award

Rami Michel Abouatallah worked for 15 years at Hydrogenics Corporation, where he was a senior research engineer from 2002 to 2008, and then manager of advanced stack development from 2008 to 2017. He was passionate about PEM fuel cells and electrolyzers, and a true believer in hydrogen technology. From 2010 to 2017, Abouatallah led the development of a large-scale PEM electrolyzer stack platform, which is the subject of the 2019 ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division New Electrochemical Technology (NET) Award. During his career at Hydrogenics Corporation, Abouatallah coauthored more than 15 peer-reviewed journals, conference publications, as well as a number of industrial studies. He held a number of Canadian and U.S. patents. In 2002, Abouatallah received his PhD degree from the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry at the University of Toronto. His doctoral dissertation was “Reactivation of Nickel Cathodes by Vanadium Species during Alkaline Water Electrolysis.” During his study at the University of Toronto, he was the recipient of a dozen undergraduate and graduate awards. Abouatallah passed away unexpectedly at home on December 8, 2017, at the age of 43. He will always be remembered by his family, friends, and colleagues.

Pongsarun (Boom) Satjaritanun received his BS and MS in mechanical engineering from Chiang Mai University, Thailand. He is currently working toward his doctoral degree in chemical engineering a t the University of South Carolina. His current research focuses on (1) numerical modeling of transport phenomena inside micro- to nano-structured porous materials in fuel cell systems, (2) developing a mathematical model for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to explain the behavior of microbial activities for methane production from organic waste, (3) numerical modeling and design optimization of solid particle mixing with contra-rotating impellers, and (4) developing simulations of multiphase, reactive flow with vaporization of H2SO4 and SOX in a solar-driven sulfuric acid decomposition reactor.

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division Student Achievement Award Xinyou Ke received his PhD from the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Case Western Reserve University in fall 2018. His PhD dissertation defense was titled “Fundamental Studies on Transport Phenomena in Redox Flow Batteries with Flow Field Structures and Slurry or Semi-Solid Electrodes: Modeling and Experimental Approaches.” He has been supervised by professors Robert F. Savinell, Joseph M. Prahl, and Jesse S. Wainright. He was previously trained at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Case Western Reserve University (MSE), and the South China University of Technology (BSE with honors). He has focused on exploring fundamentals of high-performance flow batteries with flow field structures, electronic conduction mechanisms of slurry or semi-solid electrodes used for flow batteries, and electrochemical flow capacitors through both modeling and experimental approaches. To date, he has authored or coauthored more than 10 peer-reviewed journal articles. He was the recipient of the 2018 ECS F. M. Becket Summer Research Fellowship. He served as the treasurer of the ECS Case Western Reserve University Student Chapter from 2016 to 2017.

Nanocarbons Division Richard E. Smalley Research Award Maurizio Prato graduated from the University of Padova, where he was appointed assistant professor in 1983. In 1992, he moved to the University of Trieste as an associate professor, later becoming a full professor in 2000. In 2015, he also took on the role of Ikerbasque research professor at CIC biomaGUNE in Spain. He spent sabbatical terms at Yale University and the University of California, Santa Barbara. He was the recipient of an ERC Advanced Research Grant in 2008 and became a member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in 2010 and the Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti in 2018. He is also a member of Academia Europea and the European Academy of Sciences. His research focuses on the synthesis and applications of new functional materials. He has worked with carbon nanostructures, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, developing a series of reactions that make these species more biocompatible, less or even nontoxic, amenable to further functionalization, and easier to manipulate. He is interested in transferring the properties of these materials into applications, which include spinal cord repair, the splitting of water, and the reduction of carbon dioxide into useful chemicals.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS NE W AWA MEMBERS PROGRAM RDS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division David C. Grahame Award Shelley Minteer is a Utah Science Technology and Research Initiative professor in both the Department of Chemistry and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Utah. She received her PhD in analytical chemistry at the University of Iowa in 2000, under the direction of Professor Johna Leddy. After receiving her PhD, she spent 11 years as a faculty member in the Department of Chemistry at Saint Louis University before moving to the University of Utah in 2011.

Minteer was a technical editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society from 2013 to 2016 and is presently an associate editor for the Journal of the American Chemical Society. Minteer has won several awards, including the Luigi Galvani Prize of the Bioelectrochemical Society, the American Chemical Society Division of Analytical Chemistry Award in Electrochemistry, the International Society of Electrochemistry Tajima Prize, and the Society of Electroanalytical Chemists’ Young Investigator Award. She has also been named Fellow of The Electrochemical Society. Her research interests focus on electrocatalysis and bioanalytical electrochemistry. She has expertise in electrosynthesis, biosensors, biofuel cells, and bioelectronics.

2018 Winner of the India Section S.K. Rangarajan Graduate Student Award Farjana J. Sonia is a PhD research scholar in the Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay under the supervision of Prof. Amartya Mukhopadhyay and Prof. M. Aslam. Her research mainly focuses on understanding the electrochemical Liion and K-ion storage in twodimensional materials via performing extensive structural/ electrochemical investigations, in situ experimentations, and computational studies. The part of this work that involves simulation based on density functional theory is done in collaboration with Prof. Priya Johari of Shiv Nadar University.

Prior to this, Sonia pursued a MS in physics, also from IIT Bombay (2013), and a BS in physics (with honors) from Jadavpur University (2011). Sonia has published/coauthored 12 research papers in international peer-reviewed journals. Her research work has also been recognized and awarded by the Materials Research Society of India and the Materials Research Society of Singapore. Sonia’s other major achievements in India include her receipt of the prestigious Ministry of Science & Technology, Department of Science & Technology, Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research Fellowship, a West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education scholarship, and international travel support through the India Science and Engineering Research Board. She is also a recipient of the Gordon Research Conference Carl Storm International Diversity Fellowship and has won best poster awards in various national and international conferences.

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NE W MEMBERS ECS is proud to announce the following new members for October, November, and December 2018.

Members

Michael Adachi, Burnaby, BC, Canada Nada Ahmed, Baghdad, Iraq Alexandra Albunia, Linz, Oberosterreich, Austria Abdalaziz Aljabour, Linz, Oberosterreich, Austria Tsuyoshi Ando, Ikoma, Nara, Japan Koutarou Aoyagi, Toyota, Aichi, Japan Gulsan Ara Sathi Kazi, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Noriyoshi Arai, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan Balasubramani Bakthavatchalu, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Thomas Bartlett, Malmesbury, UK Anders Bentien, Aarhus, Denmark Mark Bissett, Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK Kenta Chaki, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Pierre Chamelot, Toulouse, France Micael Charbonneau, Grenoble, France Libao Chen, Changsha, China Siyuan Chen, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Yong Mei Chen, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China Yang Cheng, Beijing, China Ta-Ya Chu, Ottawa, ON, Canada Lijie Ci, Jinan, Shandong, China Antonio De Nicola, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Dario Dekel, Haifa, Israel Jillian Dempsey, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Eric Detsi, Swarthmore, PA, USA Alexander Dinter, Ruhstorf an der Rott, BY, Germany Saskia Dinter, Ruhstorf an der Rott, BY, Germany Martin Donakowski, Boston, MA, USA Greta Donati, Marigliano (NA), Italy Bo Dong, Riverside, CA, USA Xiaochen Dong, Nanjing, China Fabrice Domingues Dos Santos, PierreBenite, France Fei Du, Changchun, Jilin, China Lisa Marie Faller, Klagenfurt, am Wörthersee, Austria Shien-Ping Feng, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Toshinori Fujie, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan Kenjiro Fukuda, Saitima, Japan Josephine Galipon, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan Daqiang Gao, Gansu Sheng, China Victoria Gelling, Minneapolis, MN, USA Sharon Gerecht, Baltimore, MD, USA Jin Gong, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Anders Hagfeldt, Lausanne, VD, Switzerland Yuta Hara, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Jessie Harlow, Dartmouth, NS, Canada

Georg Heyer, Landshut, BY, Germany Johnny Ho, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Matthew Hortop, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Xu Hou, Xiamen-shi, Fujiang, China Matthew Howard, Southampton, UK Jupiter Hu, Chutung, Hsinchu, Taiwan Renzong Hu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China Kei Hyodo, Okayama-shi, Okayama, Japan Ioannis Ieropoulos, Bristol, UK Masato Ikeda, Gifu, Gifu, Japan Toyoko Imae, Taipei City, Taipei, Taiwan Benjamin Iniguez, Tarragona, Spain Nobuyuki Ishida, Tsukuba, Japan Kohzo Ito, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Shigeyuki Iwasa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Qingying Jia, Belmont, MA, USA Sungjune Jung, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea Shravan Kairy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Tetsuya Kajita, Inagi, Tokyo, Japan Akira Kakugo, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Martin Kaltenbrunner, Linz, Austria Koki Kanda, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Isamu Kaneda, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan Tatsuo Kaneko, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan Akinori Kanetani, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan Sung Hoon Kang, Baltimore, MD, USA Zhuo Kang, Beijing, China Yasushi Kanzaki, Atsugi, Kanawaga, Japan Esther Karner-Petritz, Osaka, Ibaraki, Japan Norihiro Kato, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan Sota Kato, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan Yukiteru Katsumoto, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan Akifumi Kawamura, Osaka- Fu, Japan Ryuzo Kawamura, Saitama, Japan Takeshi Kikutani, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan Jay Kim, Yongin, South Korea Sung-soo Kim, Daejeon, South Korea Daniel King, Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan Atsuo Kobata, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan Atsushi Kobayashi, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan Yuichiro Kobayashi, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan Chie Kojima, Sakai-shi, Osaka, Japan Kenta Kokado, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Tran Kononova, San Diego, CA, USA Jessica Kramer, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Takaya Kubo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan S K Naveen Kumar, Magalagangothri, Karnataka, India Takayuki Kurokawa, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Takashi Kurose, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan

Akinori Kuzuya, Osaka- Fu, Japan Michele Laus, Alessandria, AL, Italy Vera Laus, Bologna, BO, Italy Jae Lee, Daejeon, South Korea Chengchao Li, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China Quan Li, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Song Li, Hefei, Anhui, China Yang Li, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China Yanguang Li, Suzhou, China Zhaosheng Li, Nanjing, China Ming-Yi Lin, Taichung, Taiwan Shih-Jung Liu, Tao Yuan, Taiwan Dan Luo, Ithaca, NY, USA Fei Ma, Xi’an, Shan’xi,China Rina Maeda, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, Japan Shuichi Maeda, Sengen, Tsukuba, Japan Thanh-Tam Mai, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan Masato Makino, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Lauren Marbella, New York, NY, USA Laurent Massot, Toulouse, Midi Pyre, France Yuichi Masubuchi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan Tsukuru Masuda, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Akito Masuhara, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata, Japan Hiroyuki Matsui, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Jun Matsui, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata, Japan Shingo Matsukawa, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan Akira Matsumoto, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Yoshimasa Matsumura, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Yuta Matsushima, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Manos Mavrikakis, Madison, WI, USA Koichi Mayumi, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan Bastian Mei, Enschede, Overijsse, Netherlands Ramon Jose Menendez, Luarca, Asturias, Spain Phillip Messersimith, Berkeley, CA, USA Atsushi Miyabo, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan Nobuyoshi Miyamoto, Higashiku, Fukuoka, Japan Takashi Miyata, Suita, Osaka, Japan Takeshi Moriwaki, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan Kasumi Mukaida, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan Tomohide Murase, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Takahiro Murashima, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Naofumi Naga, Tokyo, Japan

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

NE W MEMBERS Keiji Nagai, Yokohama, Japan Raphael Nagao, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil Yuki Nagao, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan Yukio Nagasaki, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan Asami Nakai, Gifu, Gifu, Japan Takashi Nakamura, Burnaby, BC, Canada Ken-ichi Nakayama, Suita, Osaka, Japan Hung Nguyen, Fukuoka-SI, Fukuoka, Japan Shinichi Nishi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Yasushi Nishihara, Okayama, Okayama, Japan Izumi Nishio, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan Yosuke Nishitani, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan Kazuteru Nonomura, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland Bernard Normand, Villeurbanne, RhoneAlp, France Bungo Ochiai, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Jun Ogawa, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan Kwang Sei Oh, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea Takahisa Ohno, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Akio Ohtani, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan Masataka Oikawa, Chuoku, Kobe, Japan Jun Okabe, Sodegaura, Chiba, Japan Susumu Okazaki, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan Kosuke Okeyoshi, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan Shinya Oku, Yokkaichi-shi, Mie, Japan Motofumi Osaki, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan Selda Ozkan, Erlangen, BY, Germany Roberto Pantani, Fisciano, Bari, Italy Andreas Petritz, Suita, Osaka, Japan Karl-Heinz Pettinger, Garching, BY, Germany Barbara Poisl, Ruhstorf an der Rott, BY, Germany Steve Poon, Cupertino, CA, USA Md Rahman, Milwaukee, WI, USA Markku Rajamäki, Kaarina, Finland Guido Raos, Milano, Lombardy, Italy Jan Rossmeisl, Koebenhavn, Denmark Azusa Saito, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Takushi Saito, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan Takamasa Sakai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Junpei Sakurai, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Kaori Sakurai, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan Paola Salgado-Figueroa, Santiago, Chile M.V. Sangaranarayanan, Madras, TN, India Prasad Sarma, Thiruvananthapuram, KL, India Hiromu Sato, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan Mitsuru Sato, Koza-gun, Kanagawa, Japan Toshiki Sawada, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan Friederike Schmid, Mainz, RP, Germany Rebecca Schulman, Baltimore, MD, USA Tomohito Sekine, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan

Wenchao Sheng, Yangpu, Shanghai, China Clay Shepherd, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, Japan Takeo Shiba, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata, Japan Mitsuhiro Shibayama, Kashiwashi, Chiba, Japan Shao-Ju Shih, Taipei, Taiwan Kazuhiro Shikinaka, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Akihisa Shioi, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan Paul Sinclair, Austin, TX, USA Madhav Singh, Ruhstorf, BY, Germany Bernhard Springer, Pocking, BY, Germany Philipp Stadler, Linz, Austria Barbara Stadlober, Graz, ST, Austria Takeo Suga, Tokyo, Japan Hiroto Sugahara, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Kimio Sumaru, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Lina Sun, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Wenping Sun, Wollongong, NSW, Australia Daisuke Suzuki, Ueda, Nagano, Japan Shoko Tago, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan Nobuo Tajima, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Kazunori Takada, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan kyuichiro Takamatsu, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Yoshinori Takashima, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan Yuriko Takayama, Utsunomiya, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan Yasunori Takeda, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Yukikazu Takeoka, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan Jun Takeya, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan Hideki Tamate, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata, Japan Takashi Taniguchi, Nisikyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan Karaked Tedsree, Muangchon Buri, Chon Buri, Thailand Shuntaro Tsuchiya, Minamisaitamagun, Saitama, Japan Fujio Tsumori, Fukuoka-SI, Fukuoka, Japan Tomoki Uchio, Ichihara-City, Chiba, Japan Yusei Ukawa, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan Takuya Umedachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Takashi Uneyama, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan Kenji Urayama, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan Atsushi Wakamiya, Kyoto, Japan Chunzhong Wang, Changchun, Jilin, China Han Wang, San Jose, CA, USA Jinlan Wang, Nanjing Shi, Jiangsu, China Zhiguo Wang, Sichuan, China Hitoshi Washizu, Chuo-ku, Hyogo, Japan Toshiyuki Watanabe, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan Li Wei, Darlington, NSW, Australia Matthew White, Burlington, VT, USA Patcharat Wongsrisaksa, Gifu, Gifu, Japan

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Pinxian Xi, Gansu Sheng, China Yuanyuan Xie, Fresno, CA, USA Huolin Xin, Irvine, CA, USA Yujie Xiong, Hefei, Anhui, China Masayuki Yagi, Ikarashi, Niigata, Japan Nuh Yalacin, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey Tetsuo Yamaguchi, Fukuoka-SI, Fukuoka, Japan Kazuya Yamamoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan Tetsuya Yamamoto, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan Noriyasu Yamane, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Chenglin Yan, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China Masatoshi Yanagida, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Hiroshi Yanagimoto, Toyota shi, Aichi, Japan Wei Yang, Danbury, CT, USA Kazunari Yoshida, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Naoki Yoshihara, Fukuoka, Japan Caterina Zanella, Jönköping, Sweden Chao Zhang, Uppsala, Sweden Qinglin Zhang, Warren, MI, USA Chenyang Zhao, Shenzhen Shi, Guangdong, China Yong Qing Zhao, Gansu Sheng, China Zijian Zheng, Kowloon, China Jia Zhu, Beijing, China Christina Zugschwert, Ruhstorf an der Rott, BY, Germany

Student Members

Amr Abdalla, Calgary, AB, Canada Sharon Abner, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada Michael Adamski, Burnaby, BC, Canada Semih Agca, Kecioren, Ankara, Turkey Mohammad Ahmadi, Calgary, AB, Canada Milad Ahmadi Khoshooei, Calgary, AB, Canada Kumkum Ahmed, Yonezawa City, Yamagata, Japan Yosjiki Aita, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Damola Ajiboye, Rolla, MO, USA Ehsan Aliabadian, Calgary, AB, Canada Daisuke Aoki, Ikoma, Nara, Japan Williams Appiah, Daegu, South Korea Yusuke Araki, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan Taylor Aubry, Los Angeles, CA, USA Bahadir Aydas, Kecioren, Ankara, Turkey Lilian Azubuike, Calgary, AB, Canada Derrick Bakuska, Calgary, AB, Canada Sajib Barman, Arlington, TX, USA Ugur Barut, Ankara, Turkey Cameron Bathgate, St Andrews, Fife, UK Nidhika Bhoria, Calgary, AB, Canada (continued on next page)

NE W MEMBERS (continued from previous page)

Kulisara Budpud, Nomi City, Ishikawa, Japan James Burrow, Austin, TX, USA Donna Cadano, Madrid, MAD, Spain Daniel Cairnie, Blacksburg, VA, USA Xinzhi Cao, Burnaby, BC, Canada Dominika Capkova, Kosice, Slovakia Patrick Carey, Gainesivlle, FL, USA Jesus Cebrian, Madrid, MAD, Spain Oguz Cetinkaya, Ankara, Turkey Yuanyu Chang, Charlottesville, VA, USA Alexander Cheikh, Los Angeles, CA, USA Yan Chen, Singapore, Singapore Yu Chikaoka, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan Kenneth Chu, Thornhill, ON, Canada Halime Coskun, Linz, Austria Supratim Das, Cambridge, MA, USA Top Archie Dela Pena, Cabuyao Laguna, Metro Man, Philippines Lasangi Dhanapalamudiyanselage, Storrs, CT, USA Sha Dong, Sichuan, China Kieran Doyle-Davis, Brantford, ON, Canada Thomas Engemann, Ilmenau, TH, Germany Tugrul Ertugrul, Knoxville, TN, USA Derek Esau, Kingston, ON, Canada Arash Fellah Jahromi, Gatineau, QC, Canada Maggie Fox, Los Angeles, CA, USA Nozomi Fujimura, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Yuki Fujimura, Noda, Chiba, Japan Takeshi Fujiyabu, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Nicholas Fylstra, Calgary, AB, Canada Joshi Gargi, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan Lester Geonzon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan Nikoletta Gkoulemani, St Andrews, Fife, UK Michelle Godoy, Lakewood, CO, USA Chenggong Gong, Ruston, LA, USA Radka Gorejova, Kosice, Slovakia Florian Guenter, Garching, BY, Germany Hamid Hamed, Diepenbeek, Limburg, Belgium Shawn Hamilton, Ottawa, ON, Canada Yuya Harada, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan Yoshiya Hayashi, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan Hadis Hayatdavoudi, London, ON, Canada Jiarui He, Austin, TX, USA Yuan He, Shaanxi, Xi’an, Japan Ahmed Helal, Cambridge, MA, USA Fernando Herrera García, Parla, MAD, Spain Irene Herrero Ansorregui, Móstoles, MAD, Spain Kristen Hietala, Golden, CO, USA Mayu Hirayama, Osaka- Fu, Japan

Seina Hiroshige, Ueda, Nagano, Japan Shimon Hori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan Mohammad Hossain, Calgary, AB, Canada Farideh Hosseini Narouei, Potsdam, NY, USA Jana Hovancova, Kosice, Slovakia Chih-Wei Hsiao, Taipei, Taiwan Yang Hu, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Wei Huang, Bagsværd, Denmark Yanghang Huang, Atlanta, GA, USA Tetsuro Iijima, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Aymur Inan, Keçiören/Ankara, Turkey Takuya Inokuchi, Daito, Osaka, Japan Md Shamim Iqbal, Auburn, AL, USA Matthew Irvine, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK Yuta Isawa, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Ryo Ishigaki, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Masaki Itatani, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata, Japan Zohreh Jalili, Trondheim, Norway Alexander Jameson, Vancouver, BC, Canada Itthipon Jeerapan, La Jolla, CA, USA Sandra Jimenez-Falcao, Madrid, Spain Nicola Jobst, Ulm, BW, Germany Antranik Jonderian, Montreal, QC, Canada Lorne Joseph, Highland Park, NJ, USA William Judge, Chicago, IL, USA Yen Jung Chen, Taipei City, Taipei, Taiwan Thomas Jungers, Liege, Belgium Keita Kanahara, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Keita Kataoka, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Masatoshi Kato, Suita, Japan Takanao Kato, Noda, Chiba, Japan David Kautz, Blacksburg, VA, USA Indra KC, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan Ryuji Kiyama, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Takafumi Kobayashi, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Sakai Kohei, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Tatsumi Kohei, Osaka- Fu, Japan Chunguang Kuai, Blacksburg, VA, USA Keigo Kumada, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Tonmoy Kumar Saha, Vancouver, WA, USA Alan Landers, Stanford, CA, USA Glenn Lee, Los Angeles, CA, USA Victor Gin He Leong, San Jose, CA, USA Xuejie Li, Paris, France Koun Lim, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Shaoyang Lin, Blacksburg, VA, USA Cheng-Ying Liu, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Mengjie Liu, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Maria Lopez Pablos, Calgary, AB, Canada Sara Lopez Paz, Madrid, Spain Lars Lösing, Leopoldshöhe, NR, Germany

Kun Lou, Knoxville, TN, USA Shun Lu, Brookings, SD, USA Samantha Luong, Calgary, AB, Canada Yuchen Mao, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Tyler Marlar, Provo, UT, USA Gonzalo Martínez, Madrid, MAD, Spain Xabier Martínez de Irujo Labalde, Madrid, MAD, Spain María Martínez Negro, Madrid, MAD, Spain Mariana Martínez Pacheco, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico Yuki Maruyama, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Shusuke Matsui, Ueda, Nagano, Japan Masaya Matsumoto, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan Beatriz Mayol, Madrid, Spain Patricia McNeil, Los Angeles, CA, USA Narges Mehdipour, Calgary, AB, Canada Akilah Miller, Inglewood, CA, USA Saoori Minami, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan Miyane Miyane, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Takuya Miyazaki, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Kei Mizuguchi, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Hayata Mizuno, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, Japan Linqin Mu, Blacksburg, VA, USA Paritat Muanchan, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata, Japan Growene Mugas, Madrid, MAD, Spain Verena Müller, Ulm, Germany Mit Muni, Los Angeles, CA, USA Satish Kumar Mylavarapu, Diepenbeek, Belgium Tomoya Nakamura, Uji, Kyoto, Japan Ryo Namba, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Aravindan Natarajan, Villupuram, TN, India Yosuke Natsume, Osaka-Fu, Japan Kyosuke Nezu, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Kamil Nowicki, Dundee, Scotland, UK Laura Oca, Arrasate, EUS, Spain Yuki Okuda, Suita, Osaka, Japan Joel Omale, Louvain-la-Neuve, Walloon Brabant, Belgium Takayuki Ono, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan Hiroki Ootsuka, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Shogo Ota, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Furkan Ozdemir, Ankara, Turkey Elliot Padgett, Ithaca, NY, USA Bin Pan, Calgary, AB, Canada Xiaona Pan, Blacksburg, VA, USA Dhruv Patel, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Anil Pathak, Jatani, OR, India Alexi Pauls, Burnaby, BC, Canada Christian Pelicano, Ikoma, Nara, Japan Joshua Pender, Austin, TX, USA Ana Perez Calabuig, Madrid, Spain

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

NE W MEMBERS Marie Pisciotta, Golden, CO, USA Harald Pollen, Trondheim, Troendelag, Norway Eloy Povedano, Madrid, MAD, Spain Jesus Prado-Gonjal, Madrid, MAD, Spain Alicia Prados Díaz, Madrid, MAD, Spain Scott Prins, Guelph, ON, Canada Muhammad Mominur Rahman, Blacksburg, VA, USA Vaishnavi Raja, London, ON, Canada Charith Ranaweera, Potsdam, NY, USA Karim Raqbi, Kohoku-Ku, Yokohama-Shi, Japan Brian Robb, Boulder, CO, USA Daniel Robertson, Los Angeles, CA, USA Samantha Robinson, Brighton, CO, USA Ingeborg Treu Roe, Trondheim, Norway Syeda Rubaiya Nasrin, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Omprakash S S, Mangalore, KA, India Asghar Sadeghi, Calgary, AB, Canada Mohammad Moein Safaee, Kingston, RI, USA Erika Saito, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Keita Saito, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Samaneh Salkhi, Calgary, AB, Canada Rudra Samajdar, Bangalore, KA, India Basher Samiul, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Esther Sanchez, Madrid, MAD, Spain Natalia Sánchez Arribas, Madrid, MAD, Spain Kanae Sato, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Doha Sayed, Giza, Giza Governorate, Egypt Lukas Schubert, Ruhstorf a.d. Rott, BY, Germany Gibson Scisco, Gainesville, FL, USA Md. Shamim, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan

Zhizhi Sheng, Xiamen, Fujiang, China Sharath Shetty, Calgary, AB, Canada Jianjian Shi, Sichuan, China Yuki Shibata, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan MD Shiblee, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Hayato Shinoda, Fukuoka-SI, Fukuoka, Japan Koki Shinomiya, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Rei Shiwaku, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Stephanie Spence, Blacksburg, VA, USA Vivek Subramanian, Newark, DE, USA Lan Sun, Xi’an, China Selen Sunguroglu, Talas, Kayseri, Turkey Shahnawaz Syed, Saint Etienne, France Ryoko Taji, Kasugai-shi, Aichi, Japan Akihiro Takahashi, Saitama, Japan Hirotaka Takahashi, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Mizuki Takahashi, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Masaki Takeda, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Yuki Takishima, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Ambalika Tanak, Richardson, TX, USA Shizuma Tanaka, Suita, Osaka, Japan Yuka Tanaka, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Kosuke Terayama, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Yuki Tezuka, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Christoph Thilker, Passau, BY, Germany Michelle Ting, Montreal, QC, Canada Christina Toigo, Ruhstorf, BY, Germany Arturo Torres Gutierrez, Valencina de la Concepción, AND, Spain Yuki Tsuda, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Mayu Tsukamoto, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata, Japan

Atsushi Tsuyukubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Tsubasa Ueda, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Maitri Uppaluri, Seattle, WA, USA Alejandro Valverde, Madrid, MAD, Spain Sri Siva Rama Krishna Hanup Vegi, Potsdam, NY, USA Jack Walton, East Lansing, MI, USA Andrew Wang, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK Fang Wang, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Zhi Meng Wang, Taipei, Taiwan Crystal Waters, Blacksburg, VA, USA Heather Watts, Oxford, MS, USA Jason Weeks, Austin, TX, USA Logan Wilder, Austin, TX, USA Melissa Wunch, Richardson, TX, USA Weinan Xing, Singapore, China Min Xu, St Andrews, Fife, UK Zhengrui Xu, Blacksburg, VA, USA Keitaro Yamada, Minoh, Osaka, Japan Haochen Yang, Atlanta, GA, USA Hiroko Yano, Yamagata, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan Naoki Yoshida, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Yuki Yoshikawa, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Takuto Yoshiura, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Mengwei Yuan, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Hamid Zamanizadeh, Trondheim, SorTrondelag, Norway Kuan Zhai, Santa Monica, CA, USA Lizhai Zhang, Xi’an, China Long Zhang, Xi’an, China Mengyi Zhang, Muenster, NW, Germany Wenyu Zhang, Kyotanabe city, Kyoto, Japan Diandian Zhao, Calgary, AB, Canada Yaqi Zhu, Rolla, MO, USA

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ST UDENT NE WS Calgary Student Chapter The ECS Calgary Student Chapter organized two events during the fall 2018 semester. On November 1, 2018, the chapter’s faculty advisor, Prof. Viola Birss, and 10 members attended a tour of an EchoHaven high-efficiency home. This was a great opportunity for the chapter to connect with locals interested in clean energy, as well as environmental sustainability. In September 2018, the chapter was awarded a grant from the University of Calgary Graduate Students’ Association’s Quality Money program to help sponsor an upcoming event. This grant was employed to organize a workshop to help ECS student chapter members gain insight into material structural analysis and characterization techniques. The chapter organized an analytical Prof. Simon Trudel taught the fundamentals of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to members techniques workshop on November 13, 2018, of the ECS Calgary Student Chapter during a workshop at the University of Calgary. at the University of Calgary that focused on demonstrating the relevance and importance of materials characterization methods to students. It was intended to familiarize students and researchers with recent technical advances that have been developed over the years. The workshop was mainly focused on the structure-property correlations and how these could be unraveled using simple characterization methods. Another goal of the workshop was to focus on analytical techniques that are readily available at the University of Calgary, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The topics were discussed and presented by professors and postdoctoral fellows from the University of Calgary, including Prof. Simon Trudel, Dr. Hossein Jiriyaeisharahi, Dr. Vinayaraj Ozhukil Kollath, and Dr. Kalpana Singh. The workshop was held in two sessions: one focused on theoretical components and the other on practical operation. The theoretical session was conducted in the morning. In this session, each speaker was given approximately 30 minutes to introduce the technique fundamentals, operating principles, etc., followed by a period of questions and answers. Whereas in the afternoon session, the chapter organized students into smaller groups to attend the practical component of the workshop in different labs. Similar to the previous analytical techniques workshop that the chapter held in November 2016, this event had a successful turnout, with over 70 attendees from the Chemistry Department and Schulich School of Engineering at the University of Calgary. Based on these achievements, and having received very encouraging feedback from participants, the chapter’s Dr. Hossein Jiriyaeisharahi gave a demonstration of atomic force committee members will consider establishing this workshop as an microscopy (AFM) to a group of ECS student members at the workshop. annual event. The Calgary Student Chapter would like to acknowledge CREATE ME2 (Materials for Electrochemical Energy Solutions) for cosponsoring the workshop.

Complutense University of Madrid Student Chapter The ECS Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Student Chapter was founded on May 17, 2018, as the first ECS student chapter in Spain. PhD students Daniel Arenas Esteban, Sara Guerrero Irigoyen, Arturo Torres Gutierrez, and Irene Herrero Aronsegui have been selected as president, vice president, secretary, and treasurer, respectively, with Jesús Prado Gonjal’s collaboration as a postdoctoral advisor. Professors José Manuel Pingarrón Carrazón and Nazario Martín León are the chapter’s faculty advisors.

The chapter has great enthusiasm and optimism being the first ECS student chapter in Spain. The chapter’s aim is to provide a valuable link between graduate and undergraduate students within the university, at other universities, and at research centers located throughout Spain, creating a framework for collaboration in different areas and techniques. Signs of progress may already be seen in the three events organized since the chapter’s creation last year. The first

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ST UDENT NE WS (continued from previous page)

presentation event, held on May 23, 2018, was a techniques workshop called Experimental Techniques: A Step from Your Laboratory, in which participants took technique theory lessons during the morning, and after lunch enjoyed guided visits to the many facilities available at UCM. In September 2018, the chapter had the opportunity to host a visit from Professor Kazuhiko Mukai (Frontier Research-Domain, Toyota Central Research & Development Laboratories, Japan), who discussed a popular topic—lithium batteries. He pleasantly surprised attendees with a presentation on Toyota laboratories and work methodologies from a different point of view than most students were used to, kindly explaining the advantages and disadvantages of work in industry

versus academia. More recently, on October 19, 2018, the chapter held a scientific research contest called Brain Wars: The Future is in Your Hands, in which participants shared how their research will contribute to society in the near future. Nazario Martín, professor of the Department of Organic Chemistry and the chapter’s faculty advisor, gave a keynote talk titled “[60] Fullerene Sugar Balls for the Infection by the Ebola Virus.” The event ended with a prize ceremony in which the best oral presentation awards were presented to Monica Peñas (ICTP-CSIC) and José Luis Sánchez-Salvador (UCM), first and second place respectively. Alejandro Valverde (UCM) and Esther Gómez Mejía (UCM) won the first and second place poster prizes, respectively. The success of these events has attracted new members to the student chapter.

Indiana University Student Chapter In 2018, the ECS Indiana University (IU) Student Chapter organized several activities with the aim of introducing and further promoting ECS to the IU Chemistry Department and the local Bloomington, IN, community. In March, the chapter had the opportunity to host Professor Kyoung-Shin Choi from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. During her time at IU, she met with students in individual meetings as well as in research group meetings. Additionally, Professor Choi presented a departmental seminar that was received very well by graduate and undergraduate students. Her enthusiasm and creative research topics drew attendees from many different chemistry fields, resulting in a completely full lecture room. In October, student chapter officers and a number of undergraduate students participated in a day-long activity during Science Fest. Science Fest is part of IU’s outreach program hosted by the College of Arts and Sciences every year. During Science Fest, families and

children are invited to visit chemistry laboratories and participate in hands-on activities, demonstrations, and talks. It has been a tradition for the IU Student Chapter to host a room during this event to promote electrochemistry and the ECS mission to the community. This year, the theme of Science Fest was “Chemistry is Out of this World.” Therefore the chapter led activities and exhibitions that explained electrochemistry in space-related technologies. Children and parents had the opportunity to make dye-sensitized solar cells, learn how electrochemical water-splitting works, and investigate a simplified model of Li-ion batteries as a means to store electricity in space. To finish out the semester, in December, the chapter hosted a breakfast break for the Chemistry Department. The focus of the event was for student chapter officers to explain the responsibilities of the chapter to students and faculty and to encourage graduate students to become members of the student chapter.

Members of the ECS Indiana University Student Chapter (left to right): Michael Pence, Joshua Beeler, Michael Riddle, Kelly Rudman, Zhiyang Wang, Seyyedamirhossein Hosseini, Rachyl Adams, Ana Flavia Couto Petro, and Benjamin Petro.

Chapter members posed for a photo with their invited speaker. From left to right: Erin Martin, Benjamin Gerroll, Prof. Dennis Peters (faculty advisor), Prof. Kyoung-Shin Choi (invited speaker), Ana Flavia Couto Petro, Eric McKenzie, Kelly Rudman, and Seyyedamirhossein Hosseini.

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ST UDENT NE WS Norwegian University of Science and Technology Student Chapter The ECS Norwegian University of Science and Technology Student Chapter held a kickoff meeting on November 7, 2018. At the meeting, chapter secretary Alaa Faid informed new members of the ongoing work being conducted by research groups, the planned events for the upcoming year, and importantly, the great benefits of joining the ECS student chapter. Almost equally important, the chapter served pizza afterward, turning the meeting into a social gathering to accelerate new friendships and collaborations.

Some of the highlights of the planned events for 2019 are a recruitment seminar for new master’s students and the chapter’s annual electrochemistry group seminar. In the latter, the focus will be to present and discuss recent findings in the main research areas of electrolysis, batteries, corrosion, fuel cells, and electrocatalysis. Judging from the level of enthusiasm during the kickoff meeting, the chapter expects 2019 to be an exciting year.

Alaa Faid, secretary of the ECS Norwegian University of Science and Technology Student Chapter, informed an attentive audience about the benefits of ECS student chapter membership.

Both new and old members of the chapter share a passion for electrochemistry, as well as a great appetite for pizza.

Ohio University Student Chapter The ECS Ohio University Student Chapter was formed in May 2011 and has since maintained its goals of (1) educating students in the field of electrochemistry and solid state science and technology and keeping them informed with the latest trends in the field, (2) attracting the next generation of students into science and engineering with emphasis in electrochemical science and technology, and (3) serving as an entity to promote activities related to the field of electrochemistry within the university and the community. The student chapter also performs activities that encourage discussion and interaction with leading scientists in electrochemistry and electrochemical engineering. On November 13, 2018, the student chapter hosted Dr. Paul Kohl, regents’ professor, institute fellow, and Thomas L. Gossage Chair at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Dr. Kohl gave a seminar lecture for the Russ College of Engineering’s chemical and biomolecular engineering graduate students and faculty. The title of the lecture was “Membranes and Applications in Alkaline Fuel Cells.” Before the lecture, Dr. Kohl joined the student chapter and graduate students from the Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department for an informal discussion. He shared his knowledge and insights about recent research in electrochemistry. The overall experience was extremely educational, giving attendees new perspectives about recent trends in anion exchange polymer membrane fuel cells. The chapter is grateful that Dr. Kohl was able to join them amidst his busy schedule. Also, on October 26, 2018, an election was held to elect the new student chapter officers for the 2018-2019 term. The newly elected chapter officers are Md Alamgir Mojibul Haque, president; Xiang Lyu, vice president; Fazel Bateni, treasurer; and Mohiedin

Bagheri, secretary. The officers meet on a weekly basis to organize lectures, events, and tours that will help educate members and spread knowledge on electrochemistry to the community. The newly appointed committee thanks the previous committee members for the valuable services of their tenure.

Center for Electrochemical Engineering Research (CEER) students and faculty met with Dr. Paul Kohl (center) before his invited talk at Ohio University.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS UK Northwest Student Chapter On November 27, 2018, the ECS UK Northwest Student Chapter held a student-led conference in the Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy at the University of Liverpool. The conference hosted more than 40 students and academics from the Universities of Liverpool, Manchester, Lancaster, Chester, and Bristol coming together to share knowledge and ideas about all things electrochemistry. Guest speaker Prof. Frank Marken from the University of Bath gave a talk entitled “Electrochemistry within Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity.” The talk gave the audience detailed insight into polymers of intrinsic microporosity and some of their potential applications in electrocatalysis and analysis. The chapter found the lecture very informative and hopes to welcome Prof. Marken back to give more talks on his area of research in the future. The conference also included a series of talks given by the chapter’s student and academic members: Charlotte Smith from the University of Liverpool gave a talk on “Perylene Bisimide Gels for Their Use in Photoelectrodes;” Dr. David Ward from the University

of Chester presented on “Temperature and Catholyte Concentration Effects within Regenerative Redox Fuel Cells;” Khezar Saeed from the University of Liverpool presented on “In Situ Surface Sensitive Vibrational Spectroscopy of (Photo)-Electrodes;” prizewinner Gaël Gobaille-Shaw presented on “CO2 Conversion to Methanol at Very Low Overpotential on Pt-Fe Alloys;” and finally, Dr. Alex Cowan from the University of Liverpool gave a very illuminating talk entitled “In Situ Studies of Electrode Surfaces during Catalytic CO2 Reduction.” All of the presenters provided very interesting talks and gave attendees the opportunity to experience and appreciate each other’s research, helping strengthen the research ties between the northwestern institutes. The conference, which also featured a poster session, concluded with an award ceremony during which sponsors Alvatek and Metrohm presented awards for best talk and best poster. This year’s prizewinners were Gaël Gobaille-Shaw from the University of Bristol and Jack Beane from the University of Liverpool, respectively.

Prof. Frank Marken from the University of Bath gave the main talk, titled “Electrochemistry within Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity,” at the ECS UK Northwest Student Chapter’s 2018 winter symposium.

The symposium was sponsored by Alvatek and Metrohm.

Students and staff mingled at the winter symposium, which featured talks and a poster session.

Prizewinners of the chapter’s 2018 winter symposium: Jack Beane (left), recipient of the best poster award, and Gaël Gobaille-Shaw (right), recipient of the best talk award.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS Ulm Student Chapter Looking back, 2018 proved to be a very successful first year for the young ECS Ulm Student Chapter. Established by six PhD students from Ulm University, the Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), and the Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) in early 2018, the Ulm Student Chapter became the second ECS student chapter in Germany. With Ulm University and two major science institutes (HIU and ZSW) in such close proximity, the region possesses a strong background in material science and energy storage. Ulm, Germany, is also home to more than 200 researches in the field of electrochemistry. Furthermore, in September 2018, a research cluster in the field of post-lithium batteries—consisting of the three research institutions in Ulm and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology—was recognized as “excellent” by the German Research Foundation, ensuring further growth and impact on the field of electrochemistry in Ulm. For its first event, the Ulm Student Chapter hosted a visit from members of Germany’s other ECS student chapter, the ECS Munich Student Chapter. During the visit, Ulm Student Chapter members offered guided tours through the labs and facilities of ZSW and HIU. The two chapters concluded the day with enough time for scientific exchange and beverages. Later in 2018, members of the Ulm Student Chapter attended the panel discussion Fueling Tomorrow – Energy Supply for Future Mobility in Munich, Germany, which was organized by the Munich Student Chapter, sustaining the cooperation between the chapters. Furthermore, a paper club, which meets regularly, was established for chapter members. At club meetings, current electrochemical topics are critically discussed based on selected publications.

On November 12, 2018, the chapter’s panel discussion Meet Your Future took place as an opening event to the Ulm ElectroChemical Talks (UECT) conference. Fifty selected young researchers attended this panel discussion to listen to the experiences and career advice of invited speakers. With the kind support of the chapter’s faculty advisor, Prof. Werner Tillmetz, the chapter was able to recruit six remarkable speakers, namely Prof. Andreas Hintennach (Daimler AG), Dr. Arnold Lamm (Daimler AG), Dr. Peter Lamp (BMW Group), Dr. Klaus Brandt (Akkubrandt), Prof. Maximilian Fichtner (HIU), and Prof. Josef Kallo (Ulm University). All of the speakers openly answered the questions of the two hosts and shared their experiences and advice from both their professional and personal lives. At the end of the panel discussion, the attendees gathered for a networking event to further their conversations. The panel discussion gained highly positive feedback from both the speakers and the attendees, highlighting the event’s success. The Ulm Student Chapter would like to thank the German Chemical Society, as well as the ZSW, for their kind support of the event. At the UECT conference dinner, the Ulm Student Chapter and the Munich Student Chapter were honored with the UECT Award of Excellence for their initiative to found and preserve this important and future-oriented organization. By the end of 2018, the Ulm Student Chapter consisted of seven PhD students and one master’s student. In 2019, the chapter will continue to organize events and gettogethers for its colleagues and supporters, recruit more members, and further contribute to the research and network of this electrochemical community.

The ECS Ulm Student Chapter gave visiting members of the ECS Munich Student Chapter tours of the Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) and the Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU).

Members of the ECS Ulm Student Chapter (left to right): Lukas Schick, Nina Zensen, Nicola Jobst, Matthias van den Borg (vice president), László Eifert (president), Lea Kremer (secretary), Karsten Richter (treasurer), and Verena Müller.

The discussion panel and hosts of the chapter’s Meet Your Future event (left to right): Prof. Andreas Hintennach, Prof. Maximilian Fichtner, Nina Zensen (host), Prof. Josef Kallo, Dr. Klaus Brandt, Lea Kremer (host), Dr. Arnold Lamm, and Dr. Peter Lamp.

The ECS Ulm Student Chapter and ECS Munich Student Chapter were honored with the Ulm ElectroChemical Talks Award of Excellence for their initiative to found and preserve this important and future-oriented organization.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS University of California, Los Angeles Student Chapter On November 4, 2018, the ECS University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Student Chapter volunteered at one of UCLA’s annual outreach events, Explore Your Universe. The event draws in K-12 students of all backgrounds to learn about different areas of science ranging from biology to astronomy. For the past four years, the UCLA Student Chapter has hosted a booth called Battery School, where attendees are taught about the fundamentals of batteries through engaging hands-on experiments. Of the experiments in rotation, the most popular by far is Building a Battery. In this experiment, students build batteries out of everyday components: a penny, aluminum foil, and paper towels soaked in vinegar. These components are stacked in a repeating pattern of foil, penny, and paper towel to generate a voltage high enough to power a LED. This is a great way to convey the ideas of electrochemical reactions and series circuits. The liquid nitrogen cooling of a battery holds the superlative for the flashiest experiment at the battery school event. In the experiment, a 9V is connected to an LED and quickly cooled with liquid nitrogen. As the chemistry slows to a halt inside the battery, the LED slowly dims—and eventually goes out. This shows in real time how these reactions are limited by kinetics.

The most important goal of the Battery School event, and the Explore Your Universe program as a whole, is to spark interest in science at a young age and to educate the public about different areas of science. In addition to meeting every week to discuss current literature, the UCLA Student Chapter is devoted to helping others learn.

ECS University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Student Chapter members (in blue shirts) taught students about batteries though interactive experiments like Drawable Circuits (left) and Building a Battery (right) at UCLA’s Explore Your Universe outreach event.

University of Houston Student Chapter On September 18, 2018, the ECS University of Houston (UH) Student Chapter hosted Professor John B. Goodenough of the University of Texas at Austin. Dr. Goodenough gave a seminar to students and faculty titled “Beyond Li-Ion Rechargeable Batteries.” During his seminar, Dr. Goodenough provided his views regarding the dependence of modern society on the energy stored in a fossil fuels and how future, sustainable energy solutions will rely upon rechargeable battery technology, as it continues to enable—in his opinion—the most convenient storage of electric power. Dr. Goodenough was speaking on behalf of the UH Physics Department Colloquium, but was provided support with regard to transportation to and around UH by members of the student chapter. “I really appreciated Dr. Goodenough’s candid viewpoints regarding the requirements for oxide-based solid electrolytes and their application for solid-state batteries,” said UH graduate student Fang Hao. “It was great to see him at UH,” Hao continued. “Dr. Goodenough is a legend.” Hao is a PhD candidate in electrical engineering at UH and is currently studying organic electrodes and solid state battery materials under battery expert Dr. Yan Yao. Dr. Goodenough is a well-known, long-standing ECS member who was named an ECS fellow at the PRiME 2016 Meeting. He is recognized internationally as one of the key minds behind the development of the lithium-ion battery, which undoubtedly helped shape the technological frontier of electronic devices as it is known today. Dr. Goodenough currently serves as the Virginia H. Cockrell Centennial Chair of Engineering in the Cockrell School of Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin.

The UH Student Chapter was formed two years ago and is looking forward to another productive year filled with student activities both on campus and at ECS conferences. The chapter is led by PhD candidates Benjamin Emley, Fang Hao, and Ye Zhang, and is advised by Dr. Yan Yao, associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at UH.

Dr. John B. Goodenough (sitting) posed with members of the ECS University of Houston Student Chapter during his visit to the university.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS University of Texas at Austin Student Chapter The ECS University of Texas at Austin Student Chapter hosted two chalk talks for the fall 2018 semester on September 26, 2018. The talks were focused on next-generation batteries. The first talk was presented by Dr. Hooman Asl, who discussed the “Electrochemical Insertion of Multivalent Ions into Solid State Hosts.” In the talk, Dr. Asl explored Mg2+ solid state hosts such as Mg0.2VPO4F0.7O3 and Mg0.5LiV2(PO4)3 which can be synthesized via a process of oxidation/ delithiation followed by microwave magnesium insertion for Mg-ion batteries. The second talk was presented by Melissa Meyers, who is a fifth-year PhD candidate in the Department of Chemistry. She presented her talk on “Lithium Surface Chemistry and Topography on

Solid Electrolyte Interphase Composition and Dendritic Nucleation,” in which she elucidated lithium surface chemistry. In particular Meyers explained—using data obtained by atomic force microscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry—that lithium impurity compounds tend to be focused on uneven surface ridges. With repeated stripping and deposition cycles, these impurities tend host dendrite concentrations in such areas. The chapter also hosted a pizza party on October 4, 2018, during which the chapter discussed research in the field of electrochemistry, especially in regard to Li-ion, Li-sulfur, and metal-air batteries.

Dr. Hooman Asl presented a chalk talk on the “Electrochemical Insertion of Multivalent Ions into Solid State Hosts” to members of the ECS University of Texas at Austin Student Chapter.

Melissa Meyers, a fifth-year PhD candidate in the Department of Chemistry, delivered the event’s second chalk talk, on “Lithium Surface Chemistry and Topography on Solid Electrolyte Interphase Composition and Dendritic Nucleation.”

University of Western Ontario Student Chapter The ECS University of Western Ontario Student Chapter held its second annual research symposium on December 12, 2018. The event, which aimed to foster connections between young researchers across campus, was a huge success thanks to the over 40 students who participated. The day featured 13 presentations from postdoctoral and graduate students and—new this year in response to overwhelming demand from members at the chapter’s previous symposium—an invited lecture from a representative of the Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO). NWMO also graciously sponsored the event. Wilfred Binns, a corrosion scientist with NWMO, delivered the invited lecture, in which he discussed the details of Canada’s current plan for the permanent disposal of used nuclear fuel. As part of his presentation, he highlighted the Canadian and international efforts underway to ensure the selection of a safe and responsible disposal plan. By engaging local organizations in electrochemistry-related fields, the chapter’s members can explore potential careers, as well as gain networking opportunities. Student presentations were given by postdoctoral fellows, PhD candidates, and MSc candidates, with a wide variety of topics represented. Such topics included, but were not limited to, corrosion, light-emitting devices, Li-ion batteries, molecular dynamics, solar cell optimization, and localized plasmon-mediated redox reactions. Following each presentation, attendees and presenters engaged in discussion regarding the presented material to ensure thorough (continued on next page)

Representing the Nuclear Waste Management Organization, Wilfred Binns (right) accepted a token of appreciation from Jeff Henderson (left), the current president of the ECS University of Western Ontario Student Chapter.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS (continued from previous page)

understanding of the techniques and ideas displayed. These discussions stimulated ideas for possible future experiments and in some cases collaborations across various fields of electrochemical study. The event also included coffee breaks and a lunch social, thanks to the generous support of the symposium sponsor. This allowed for members to socialize, network, and continue scientific discussions during the lunch period. The symposium concluded with an organizational meeting in which the full membership discussed the future direction of the chapter. Members presented ideas that will hopefully shape the future

of the chapter, ensuring members get the most out of their experience as ECS student chapter members. Overall, the day’s activities were a success among members and successfully engaged scientists and engineers across the campus. The chapter looks forward to seeing this event grow in years to come. The chapter’s executive team would like to acknowledge the support of NWMO (Toronto, ON) and the excellent lecture given by Wilfred Binns. Additionally, the chapter appreciates the support received from Shannon Reed at ECS and Dr. Jamie Noël at the University of Western Ontario.

ECS CAREER CENTER 3 FIND JOBS 3 GET CAREER RESOURCES

VISIT https://jobs.electrochem.org

Advertisers Index Ametek.............................................................................. 8 Bio-Logic.............................................. tip on, back cover ECS Monograph Series.........................inside front cover ECS Transactions........................................................... 44 El-Cell..............................................................................11

Gamry............................................................................... 4 Ion Power........................................................................ 12 Koslow............................................................................. 25 Pine Research................................................................... 2 Scribner............................................................................. 1 Stanford Research Systems............................................. 6

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ECS STUDENT PROGRAMS Awarded Student Membership

Student Chapter Membership

Our divisions offer free memberships to full-time students.You can re-apply to receive an awarded student membership for up to four years!

Apply for a free student membership for those involved in active ECS student chapters.You must apply or re-apply each year for a student chapter membership.

Check out www.electrochem.org/student-center for qualifications! Biannual Meeting Travel Grants Many ECS divisions offer funding to undergraduates, graduate students, postdocs, and young professionals that are presenting research at ECS biannual meetings.

Make the Connection The ECS Career Expo gives students the opportunity to meet with interested employers and advance their job search with various career services.

Visit www.electrochem.org/travel-grants to learn more!

More information at www.electrochem.org/career-expo.

Summer Fellowships

Enhance Your Resume

Apply for a $5,000 summer fellowship with ECS! The annual deadline for applications is January 15. Review candidate qualifications at www.electrochem.org/summer-fellowships.

Student Chapters

ECS equips our student members to be successful when starting their careers. The professional development workshops provide attendees with skills not often learned in the classroom. View offerings on www.electrochem.org/education.

There are more than 75 student chapters worldwide. ECS offers funding to support chapter events! Find the guidelines for starting a student chapter at www.electrochem.org/student-center.

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Spring 2019 â&#x20AC;˘ www.electrochem.org

236th ECS Meeting October 13-17, 2019

Atlanta, GA Hilton Atlanta

A— Batteries and Energy Storage

A01— Battery and Energy Technology Joint General Session A02— Symposium in Honor of Bob Huggins: Fast Ionic Conductors - Principles and Applications A03— Fast Electrochemical Processes and Devices 3 (Electrochemical Capacitors and Batteries) A04— Advanced Manufacturing Methods for Energy Storage Devices 2 A05— Lithium Ion Batteries A06— Beyond Lithium Ion Batteries A07— Solid State Batteries B— Carbon Nanostructures and Devices

B01— Carbon Nanostructures: From Fundamental Studies to Applications and Devices C— Corrosion Science and Technology

C01— Corrosion General Session C02— Oxide Films 4 C03— Localized Corrosion C04— Computation Approaches in Corrosion Science and Engineering D— Dielectric Science and Materials

D01— Semiconductors, Dielectrics, and Metals for Nanoelectronics 17 D02— Plasma Nanoscience and Technology 4 D03— Metrology for Emerging Processes and Materials D04— Young Scientists on Fundamentals and Applications of Dielectrics E— Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition

E01— Current Trends in Electrodeposition - An Invited Symposium E02— Electrodeposition of Nanostructured Materials for Energy Application E03— Ionic Liquids as Reactive Media for Electrodeposition Processes F— Electrochemical Engineering

F01— Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering General Session

SYMPOSIUM TOPICS & DEADLINES I04— Symposium on Photocatalysts, Photoelectrochemical Cells, and Solar Fuels 10 I05— Crosscutting Materials Innovation for Transformational Chemical and Electrochemical Energy Conversion Technologies J— Luminescence and Display Materials, Devices, and Processing

J01— Luminescent Materials: Fundamentals and Application K— Organic and Bioelectrochemistry

K01— Advances in Organic and Biological Electrochemistry L— Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry

L01— Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry General Session L02— Electrode Processes 12 L03— Charge Transfer: Electrons, Protons, and Other Ions 4 L04— Bioelectroanalysis and Bioelectrocatalysis 3 L05— Advanced Techniques for In Situ Electrochemical Systems 2 L06— Education in Electrochemistry 2 L07— Sonoelectrochemistry L08— Electrochemistry without Electrodes L09— 28 years of Electrochemistry within ECS Georgia Section M— Sensors

M01— Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems General Session M02— Nano/Bio Sensors 7 M03— Microfluidics, Sensors, and Devices 3 Z— General

Z01— General Student Poster Session Z02— The Brain and Electrochemistry 2 Z03— 40 Years After Z04— Electrochemistry in Space

F02— Electrochemical Separations and Sustainability 3 F03— Electrochemical Conversion of Biomass 2 F04— Pulse and Reverse Pulse Electrolytic Processes 2 F05— Process Intensification Using Electrochemical Routes F06— Reduction of CO2: From Laboratory to Industrial Scale G— Electronic Materials and Processing

G01— 16th International Symposium on Semiconductor Cleaning Science and Technology (SCST 16) G02— Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 15 G03— Semiconductor Process Integration 11 G04— Thermoelectric and Thermal Interface Materials 5 G05— Oxide Memristors 2 G06— Materials and Processes for Semiconductor, 2.5 and 3D Chip Packaging, and High Density Interconnection PCB 2 H— Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems

H01— State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors (SOTAPOCS 62) H02— Low-Dimensional Nanoscale Electronic and Photonic Devices 12 H03— Gallium Nitride and Silicon Carbide Power Technologies 9 I— Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion

I01— Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 19 (PEFC&E-19) I02— Photovoltaics for the 21st Century 15: New Materials and Processes I03— Ionic and Mixed Conducting Ceramics 12

IMPORTANT DATES AND DEADLINES Meeting abstract submission opens.......................... November 2018 Meeting abstract submission deadline......................... April 12, 2019 Notification to corresponding authors of abstract acceptance or rejection...............................June 10, 2019 Technical program published online...................................June 2019 Meeting registration opens.................................................June 2019 ECS Transactions submission site opens.....................June 14, 2019 Travel grant application deadline...................................... July 1, 2019 ECS Transactions submission deadline......................... July 12, 2019 Meeting sponsor and exhibitor deadline (for inclusion in printed materials).............................. August 2, 2019 Travel grant approval notification.............................. August 19, 2019 Hotel and early registration deadlines................... September 9, 2019 Release date for ECS Transactions issues ................October 4, 2019 236th ECS Meeting – Atlanta, GA...................... October 13-17, 2019

www.electrochem.org/236

ECS Institutional Members The Electrochemical Society values the support of its institutional members. These organizations help ECS support scientific education, sustainability, and innovation. Through ongoing partnerships, ECS will continue to lead as the advocate, guardian, and facilitator of electrochemical and solid state science and technology.

Benefactor AMETEK-Scientific Instruments (38)

Gelest, Inc. (10)

Bio-Logic USA/Bio-Logic SAS (11)

Hydro-Québec (12)

Duracell (62)

Pine Research Instrumentation (13)

Gamry Instruments (12)

(Number in parentheses indicates years of membership)

Patron 3M (30)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (15)

Energizer (74)

Panasonic Corporation, AIS Company (25)

Faraday Technology, Inc. (13)

Scribner Associates, Inc. (23)

IBM Corporation Research Center (62)

Toyota Research Institute of North America (11)

Sponsoring BASi (4)

Permascand AB (16)

Central Electrochemical Research Institute (26)

Technic Inc. (23)

DLR-Institut für Vernetzte Energiesysteme e.V. (11)

Teledyne Energy Systems, Inc. (20)

EL-CELL GmbH (5)

The Electrosynthesis Company, Inc. (23)

Ford Motor Corporation (5)

Tianjin Lishen Battery Joint-Stock Co., Ltd. (5)

GS Yuasa International Ltd. (39)

Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. (39)

Honda R&D Co., Ltd. (12)

Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences (21)

Medtronic Inc. (39)

ZSW (15)

Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. (12)

Sustaining Axiall Corporation (24)

Leclanche SA (34)

General Motors Holdings LLC (67)

Los Alamos National Laboratory (11)

Giner, Inc./GES (33)

Microsoft Corporation (2)

International Lead Association (40)

Occidental Chemical Corporation (77)

Ion Power Inc. (5)

Sandia National Laboratories (43)

Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (7)

SanDisk (5)

Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (3)

Targray (3)

01/30/2019

Please help us continue the vital work of ECS by joining as an institutional member today. Contact Shannon.Reed@electrochem.org for more information.

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