Battery calibration report - public release by DNV AS

Development of a Proposed Performance Standard for Battery Storage System connected to a Domestic/ Small Commercial Solar PV system

Battery Calibration Report â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Public Release

Report Number: PP198127-AUME-MS02-TEC-03-R-01-A

Project Partners

Funding Partners

Revision History: Revision No

Date

Authored by

Reviewed by

Approved by

DNV GL Approval

1.0

28/5/19

AF Hollenkamp, AI Bhatt

T Ruether

D Harris

Reviewed 03/06/19. Please revise content as per comments.

2.0

13/6/19

AI Bhatt

D Harris

Reviewed 19/06/19. Please revise content as per comments.

3.0

21/6/2019

AI Bhatt

D Harris

Reviewed 24/06/19. Please revise content as per comments.

4.0

28/06/2019

AI Bhatt

D Harris

Approved 28/06/2019.

The views expressed herein are not necessarily the views of the Australian Government, and the Australian Government does not accept responsibility for any information or advice contained herein.

CSIRO ENERGY

Battery Calibration Report Anand I. Bhatt, Nigel Haigh, Owen Lim, Andrew Trezise, Christopher Munnings and Anthony F. Hollenkamp Supporting document for ARENA project: Development of a Proposed Performance Standard for Battery Energy Storage Systems connected to residential / small-scale commercial PV Systems Public Release 28th June 2019

Project Partners

Funding Partners

Citation Bhatt AI, Haigh N, Lim O, Trezise A, Munnings C, Hollenkamp AF (2019) Battery Calibration Report, CSIRO, Australia. Copyright ÂŠ Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 2019. To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO. Important disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. CSIRO is committed to providing web accessible content wherever possible. If you are having difficulties with accessing this document please contact csiroenquiries@csiro.au.

Acknowledgements The project consortium (CSIRO, DNV GL, Smart Energy Council and Deakin University) wishes to acknowledge and thank the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) and the Victorian Government for funding this work. This Project received funding from ARENA as part of ARENAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Advancing Renewables Program and the Victorian Government through the New Energy Jobs Fund.

Contents Executive summary ....................................................................................................................................................... vi 1

Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................1

Test units 2

Manufacturer specifications ...........................................................................................................................3

Calibration procedure .....................................................................................................................................5

Calibration results ...........................................................................................................................................7

5.1

1.2kWh Rated Lithium Iron Phosphate ...........................................................................................8

5.2

130Ah Rated Lead Acid....................................................................................................................9

5.3

63Ah Rated Nickel Manganese Cobalt ..........................................................................................11

5.4

100Ah Rated Lead Acid..................................................................................................................13

5.5

3.6kWh Rated Nickel Manganese Cobalt ......................................................................................15

5.6

2.56kWh Rated Lithium Iron Phosphate .......................................................................................17

5.7

1.93kWh Rated Lithium Titanate...................................................................................................19

5.8

1.06kWh Rated Advanced Lead Acid .............................................................................................21

5.9

53Wh Rated Supercapacitor .........................................................................................................23

5.10

10kW Rated Zinc Bromine Flow ....................................................................................................25

5.11

3.5kWh Rated Lithium ‘Supercapacitor’........................................................................................26

5.12

200Ah Rated Lead Acid..................................................................................................................28

5.13

13.5kWh Rated Nickel Cobalt Aluminium .....................................................................................30

5.14

2.4kWh Rated Lithium Iron Phosphate .........................................................................................31

5.15

7.4Wh Rated Nickel Manganese Cobalt ........................................................................................33

5.16

1.94Ah Rated Nickel Manganese Cobalt .......................................................................................35

5.17

2.38Ah – Lithium Manganese Oxide .............................................................................................37

5.18

2.5Ah – Nickel Manganese Cobalt .................................................................................................39

5.19

65Wh – Lithium Iron Phosphate....................................................................................................41

5.20

12.5Ah – Lithium Iron Phosphate ..................................................................................................43

5.21

2.5Ah – Lithium Iron Phosphate ....................................................................................................45

5.22

3.0Ah – Lithium Manganese Oxide................................................................................................47

5.23

1.35Ah – Lithium Titanate .............................................................................................................49

5.24

20Ah – Lithium Titanate ................................................................................................................51

5.25

2.85Ah – Nickel Cobalt Aluminium ................................................................................................53

Summary. ......................................................................................................................................................56

Battery Calibration Report | i

Figures Figure 1: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 1.2kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test...... 8 Figure 2: Discharge and charge power of 1.2kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge........................................................................................................ 9 Figure 3: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 130Ah lead acid battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test. .......................................... 10 Figure 4: Discharge and charge power of 130Ah lead acid battery as a function of depth of discharge ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 5: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 63Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.... 12 Figure 6: Discharge and charge power of 63Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge...................................................................................................... 13 Figure 7: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 100Ah lead acid battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test. .......................................... 14 Figure 8: Discharge and charge power of 100Ah lead acid battery as a function of depth of discharge ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 9: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 3.6kWh nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery ........................................................................................................................ 16 Figure 10: Discharge and charge power of 3.6kWh nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge .............................................................................................. 17 Figure 11: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 2.56kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery ........................................................................................................................ 18 Figure 12: Discharge and charge power of 2.56kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge .............................................................................................. 19 Figure 13: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 1.93kWh lithium titanate lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.... 20 Figure 14: Discharge and charge power of 1.93kWh lithium titanate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge...................................................................................................... 21 Figure 15: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 1.06kWh advanced lead acid battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test. ..................... 22 Figure 16: Discharge and charge power of 1.06kWh advanced lead acid battery as a function of depth of discharge ........................................................................................................................ 23 Figure 17: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 53Wh lithium supercapacitor. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test. ................................... 24 ii | Battery Calibration Report

Figure 18: Discharge and charge power of 53Wh lithium supercapacitor as a function of depth of discharge ................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 19: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 3.5kWh lithium supercapacitor. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test. ................................... 26 Figure 20: Discharge and charge power of 3.5kWh lithium supercapacitor as a function of depth of discharge ................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 21: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 200Ah lead acid battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test. .......................................... 28 Figure 22: Discharge and charge power of 200Ah lead acid battery as a function of depth of discharge ....................................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 23: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 13.5kWh nickel cobalt aluminium lithium-ion battery system. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test. ................................................................................................................................ 30 Figure 24: Discharge and charge power of 13.5kWh nickel cobalt aluminium lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge .............................................................................................. 31 Figure 25: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 2.4kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.... 32 Figure 26: Discharge and charge power of 2.4kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge ................................................................................................... 33 Figure 27: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 7.4Wh nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.... 34 Figure 28: Discharge and charge power of 7.4Wh nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge .............................................................................................. 35 Figure 29: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 1.94Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test. ............................................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 30: Discharge and charge power of 1.94Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge .............................................................................................. 37 Figure 31: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 2.38Ah lithium manganese oxide lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test. ............................................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 32: Discharge and charge power of 2.38Ah lithium manganese oxide lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge .............................................................................................. 39 Figure 33: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 2.5Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.... 40 Figure 34: Discharge and charge power of 2.5Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge ................................................................................................... 41

Battery Calibration Report | iii

Figure 35: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 65Wh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.... 42 Figure 36: Discharge and charge power of 65Wh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge...................................................................................................... 43 Figure 37: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 12.5Ah lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.... 44 Figure 38: Discharge and charge power of 12.5Ah lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge ................................................................................................... 45 Figure 39: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 2.5Ah lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.... 46 Figure 40: Discharge and charge power of cylindrical 2.5Ah lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge.................................................................................. 47 Figure 41: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 3.0Ah lithium manganese oxide lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.... 48 Figure 42: Discharge and charge power of 3.0Ah lithium manganese oxide lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge ................................................................................................... 49 Figure 43: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 1.35Ah lithium titanate lithiumion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test. ............... 50 Figure 44: Discharge and charge power of 1.35Ah lithium titanate lithium-ion battery as a function of the depth of discharge ............................................................................................... 51 Figure 45: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 20Ah lithium titanate lithiumion battery ..................................................................................................................................... 52 Figure 46: Discharge and charge power of 20Ah lithium titanate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge...................................................................................................... 53 Figure 47: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 2.85Ah nickel cobalt aluminium lithium-ion battery ........................................................................................................................ 54 Figure 48: Discharge and charge power of 2.85Ah nickel cobalt aluminium lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge ................................................................................................... 55

Tables Table 1: Cells, Batteries and Battery Packs/Systems manufacturer specifications ........................ 4 Table 2: Calibration evaluation criteria........................................................................................... 6 Table 3: Discharge capacity and energy for 1.2kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery . 8 Table 4: Discharge capacity and energy for 130Ah lead acid battery .......................................... 10 iv | Battery Calibration Report

Table 5: Discharge capacity and energy for 63Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery 12 Table 6: Discharge capacity and energy for 100Ah lead acid battery .......................................... 14 Table 7: Discharge capacity and energy for 3.6kWh nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery ....................................................................................................................................................... 16 Table 8: Discharge capacity and energy for 2.56kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Table 9: Discharge capacity and energy for 1.93kWh lithium titanate lithium-ion battery ......... 20 Table 10: Discharge capacity and energy for 1.06kWh advanced lead acid battery.................... 22 Table 11: Discharge capacity and energy for 53Wh lithium supercapacitor ................................ 24 Table 12: Discharge capacity and energy for 3.5kWh lithium supercapacitor ............................. 27 Table 13: Discharge capacity and energy for 200Ah lead acid battery ........................................ 29 Table 14: Discharge capacity and energy for 13.5kWh nickel cobalt aluminium lithium-ion battery system .............................................................................................................................. 30 Table 15: Discharge capacity and energy for 2.4kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery ....................................................................................................................................................... 32 Table 16: Discharge capacity and energy for 7.4Wh nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery ....................................................................................................................................................... 34 Table 17: Discharge capacity and energy for 1.94Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery ....................................................................................................................................................... 36 Table 18: Discharge capacity and energy for 2.38Ah lithium manganese oxide lithium-ion battery ........................................................................................................................................... 38 Table 19: Discharge capacity and energy for 2.5Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery. ....................................................................................................................................................... 40 Table 20: Discharge capacity and energy for 65Wh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery 42 Table 21: Discharge capacity and energy for 12.5Ah lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery ....................................................................................................................................................... 44 Table 22: Discharge capacity and energy for cylindrical 2.5Ah lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery cells ................................................................................................................................... 46 Table 23: Discharge capacity and energy for 3.0Ah lithium manganese oxide lithium-ion battery cells................................................................................................................................................ 48 Table 24: Discharge capacity and energy for 1.35Ah lithium titanate lithium-ion battery cells .. 50 Table 25: Discharge capacity and energy for 20Ah lithium titanate lithium-ion battery ............. 52 Table 26: Discharge capacity and energy for 2.85Ah nickel cobalt aluminium lithium-ion battery ....................................................................................................................................................... 54 Table 27: Summary of battery calibration results ........................................................................ 57

Battery Calibration Report | v

Executive summary The draft battery performance standard development project for battery energy storage systems (BESS) connected to domestic/small-scale commercial photovoltaic (PV) systems, which is funded by ARENA (under the Advancing Renewables Program) and the Victorian Government (under the New Energy Jobs Fund) will require evaluation of batteries during the development phase. A range of cells, batteries, and BESS have been purchased and prior to testing them, it is imperative to ensure they are calibrated and suitable for use. The calibration process involves determining power, energy and capacity of the various energy storage units and then comparing the results with manufacturer rated specifications. The comparison is then used to determine if the items are suitable for use for further project developmental work. A summary of the outcomes are shown in the table below. Overall, all units purchased are suitable for use, except for one flow battery, which requires further evaluation to determine suitability. Battery Rated Size

Chemistry

Suitability

1.2kWh

Lithium iron phosphate

Suitable for project use

130Ah

Lead acid

Suitable for project use

63Ah

Nickel manganese cobalt

Suitable for project use

100Ah

Lead acid

Suitable for project use

3.6kWh

Nickel manganese cobalt

Suitable for project use

2.56kWh

Lithium iron phosphate

Suitable for project use

1.93kWh

Lithium titanate

Suitable for project use

1.06kWh

Advanced lead acid

Suitable for project use

53Wh

Lithium supercapacitor

Suitable for project use

10kW

Zinc bromine flow

Needs further evaluation

3.55Wh

Lithium supercapacitor

Suitable for project use

200Ah

Lead acid

Suitable for project use

13.5kWh

Nickel cobalt aluminium

Suitable for project use

2.4kWh

Lithium iron phosphate

Suitable for project use

7.4Wh

Nickel manganese cobalt

Suitable for project use

1.94Ah

Nickel manganese cobalt

Suitable for project use

2.38Ah

Lithium manganese oxide

Suitable for project use

2.5Ah

Nickel manganese cobalt

Suitable for project use

65Wh

Lithium iron phosphate

Suitable for project use

12.5Ah

Lithium iron phosphate

Suitable for project use

2.5Ah

Lithium iron phosphate

Suitable for project use

3.0Ah

Lithium manganese oxide

Suitable for project use

1.35Ah

Lithium titanate

Suitable for project use

20Ah

Lithium titanate

Suitable for project use

2.85Ah

Nickel cobalt aluminium

Suitable for project use

vi | Battery Calibration Report

Introduction

The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) (through the Advancing Renewables Program) and the Victorian Government (through its New Energy Jobs Fund), have funded a draft battery performance standard development project for battery energy storage systems connected to domestic/small-scale commercial photovoltaic (PV) systems. The project is entitled: Development of a Proposed Performance Standard for Battery Storage Systems connected to a Domestic/Small Commercial Solar PV system. The goal of the project is to develop a standardised process for measuring and reporting the performance parameters for a PV connected battery system for residential / small-scale commercial applications. This will enable end-users and other stakeholders to make informed choices about the range of products which exist in the market. By using a standardised measurement process and reporting framework across the industry, confusion regarding parameters (for example capacity, cycle life, energy, etc., all of which are strongly linked to the measurement method) can be minimised which should lead to stronger enduser confidence in the growing battery energy storage market enabled. This project will define how the measurement of key performance metrics should be undertaken, in a fashion that is accessible to all stakeholders. The proposed Australian Battery Performance Standard (ABPS) is intended to cover battery systems with a maximum estimated size of 100 kW power capacity and 200 kWh energy capacity, which essentially covers the residential and small-scale commercial applications market. The project is led by DNV GL and is supported by CSIRO, Deakin University, and the Smart Energy Council, who together comprise the project consortium. The project consortium will develop the proposed draft standard. CSIRO has been tasked with verification of the ABPS through testing of a representative sample of cells, batteries, and BESSs in order to demonstrate that the standard is appropriate for the battery technologies considered applicable for residential and small-scale commercial applications. This evidence-based approach will compliment the development process by confirming the suitability of the standardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recommendations. This approach should help to enhance the level of end-user confidence in the energy storage industry, thereby facilitating the adoption of the proposed draft battery performance standard within Australia. This report details the results of the first assessment of cells, batteries, and BESSs received for evaluation. Here, the aim is to compare the performance of each battery against the specifications provided by the supplier/manufacturer. The experimentally validated performance and comparison will be used to identify poor batteries which should be replaced prior to testing for the draft battery performance standard development process. 1 CSIRO Energy â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Report No. EP189423 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; www.csiro.au

Test units

The criteria devised for the selection of test cells, batteries and storage systems are detailed in the report entitled â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Test Battery Selection Processâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (PP198127-AUME-R-02-A Battery Selection Report). Selection is based on the need in this project to survey a broad range of battery technologies and chemistries, in a variety of form factors. Analysis of the resulting test data will establish a basis for the performance standard which is agnostic to technology/chemistry. At this stage, the only battery technology ruled out of consideration is a molten salt device based on the Na-NiCl2 couple. This decision was taken on the grounds that its control system is too complex for integration into any practical applications.

2 | Battery Calibration Report

3 Manufacturer specifications Manufacturer specifications and accompanying information for each system tested are shown in Table 1. Asset No.

Type

Chemistry

Lithium-ion battery system Lead-acid battery

Lithium iron phosphate Valve regulated

Lithium-ion battery pack

51.8

Lead-acid battery

Lithium-ion battery pack

Lithium-ion battery pack Lithium-ion battery Hybrid lead-acid battery

Nickel manganese cobalt Gelled electrolyte Nickel manganese cobalt Lithium iron phosphate Lithium titanate Lead-carbon

Carbon-carbon Zinc bromine Lithium-carbon Absorbent glass mat Nickel cobalt aluminium Lithium iron phosphate

48 48 48 2V

7 8

9 10 11 12

Supercapacitor Zinc-bromine Hybrid Lead-acid battery

Lithium-ion battery system Lithium-ion battery system

CSIRO Energy â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Report No. EP189423 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; www.csiro.au

Nominal Voltage [V] 25.6 12

12 60 51.2 48.3

230 (AC), 50 (DC) 48

Peak Power Output

Maximum current

Purchase date

96 %

Nominal Power Output 0.3 kW

0.3 kW

5/10/2018

NS3

1200 A for 5s

12/10/2018

1.1kW

3.3kW

71.4A at 42V

12/10/2018

100 Ah at 1.0A 3.6 kWh

15/10/2018

2.0kW

4.6kW

46.5A

8/10/2018

2.56/2.45 kWh 1.93kWh

2.5 kW

1/10/2018

96%

50A at 42V

2/11/2018

0.75 to 1.06kWh (depends on rate) 53Wh

1/10/2018

3.3kW/kg

1900A

3.55 kWh 200Ah

99.1% NS

NS NS

6.8kW/kg 10 kW NS NS

290A NS

1/11/2018 23/10/2018 1/11/2018 16/11/2018

13.5kWh

90%

5kW

32A

1/11/2018

2.4 kWh

15/11/2018

Nominal /Usable Capacity 1.2/1.1 kWh 130 Ah at 6.5A 63 Ah

Efficiency

Asset No.

Type

Chemistry

Lithium-ion cell

23 24 25

Lithium-ion cell Lithium-ion cell Lithium-ion cell

Nickel manganese cobalt Nickel manganese cobalt Lithium manganese oxide Nickel manganese cobalt Lithium iron phosphate Lithium iron phosphate Lithium iron phosphate Lithium manganese oxide Lithium titanate Lithium titanate Nickel cobalt aluminium

Peak Power Output

Maximum current

Purchase date

Nominal Power Output NS

6.0A

26/10/2018

1.94Ah

26/10/2018

3.7

2.38Ah

26/10/2018

3.6

2.5Ah

1.75A

26/10/2018

3.3

2.4kW/kg

21/11/2018

3.2

65Wh, 19.6Ah 12.5Ah

25A

21/11/2018

3.3

2.5Ah

2600W/kg

21/11/2018

3.7

3.0Ah

50A continuous 20A, 35A maximum

2.2 2.4 3.65

1.35Ah 20Ah 2.85Ah

NS NS NS

6.75 maximum NS 2.75A

12/11/2018 21/11/2018 20/11/2018

Nominal Voltage [V] 3.6

Nominal /Usable Capacity 7.4Wh

Efficiency

3.6

Table 1: Cells, Batteries and Battery Packs/Systems manufacturer specifications

4 | Battery Calibration Report

21/11/2018

Calibration procedure

Battery calibration is performed by measuring performance for capacity, energy and power. The following industry standard processes are used to calibrate the batteries:

4.1.1 Pre-conditioning 1. Check batteries visually for signs of damage upon receipt. 2. Equilibrate battery to laboratory temperature of 22 °C for 3 days (72 h) prior to electrical testing. 3. Connect battery to battery tester and install temperature sensors

4.1.2 Capacity and Energy 4. Fully charge battery according to manufacturer specifications 5. Discharge battery at various discharge rates (C1, C3, C5, C10, C20 and C100) 1 and fully charge battery between each discharge cycle 6. Repeat step 5 so that at least two cycles of the discharge rate tests are completed and a constant capacity value is reached 7. Calculate capacity and calculate energy from experimental data by averaging results Note: currents used for discharge tests were estimated from the battery rating as supplied by the manufacturer and converted to the required C-rate. The actual time taken for the battery to fully discharge, as determined experimentally, was used to calculate the capacity and energy. For example if the battery is rated as 100Ah (C1 rating), the current to use for the discharge test for C1 is 100A, C3 is 33.3A, C5 is 20A, C10 is 10A, C20 is 5A and C100 is 1A. Where a C-rate exceeds manufacturer specifications an alternative value was chosen at CSIROs discretion.

4.1.3 Power The power output of each cell/battery is determined from a series of high-rate pulse discharges and charges. The current employed in each case is either that stated by the manufacturer for determining power output, or it is the maximum current that the cell/battery is able to deliver.

1 The quantity ‘C’ (also represented as ‘C ’) is the charge that a battery can deliver such that the battery is completely discharged in 1 h. The ‘C-rate’ 1 (also known as the ‘one-hour rate’) is the constant value of current that is drawn from the battery during the determination of C. C3 is the discharge capacity recorded for complete discharge over 3 h. The C3-rate is the discharge current drawn during the determination of this capacity.

5 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

8. Fully charge battery then discharge to 90% state of charge at maximum rate stated by manufacturer 9. Rest for 1 hour 10. Discharge for 10s 11. Rest for 40s 12. Charge for 10s 13. Rest for 40s 14. Discharge to 80% state of charge at maximum rate stated by manufacturer 15. Repeat steps 9 to 14, discharging by 10% state of charge each time, until 10% state of charge is reached â&#x20AC;&#x201C; this completes the power test 17. Determine values of charging and discharging resistance calculating from the voltage drop that occurs during the current pulse. Power available for charging and discharging is calculated using: Discharge Power:đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; = Charge Power:đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; =

đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? (đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A; â&#x2C6;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? ) đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;â&#x201E;&#x17D;

đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? (đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? â&#x2C6;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A; ) đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?â&#x201E;&#x17D;

where Vpulse is the voltage at the end of the pulse, VOC is the open circuit voltage and R is either the measured discharging or charging resistance. Record power at 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20 and 10% state of charge

4.1.4

Evaluation criteria

The calibration of the battery systems follows a pass-fail criterion as stated below: Criterion number A

Criterion

Pass/Fail

Notes

Above manufacturer specifications

Pass

up to 10% lower than manufacturer specification up to 20% lower than manufacturer specification

Pass

More than 20% lower than manufacturer specification Special consideration

Fail

Manufacturer specifications under rated Typically encountered tolerance levels of commercial batteries Only pass if within tolerance levels of the battery chemistry type â&#x20AC;&#x201C; manufacturer specifications are overstated Most likely due to poor battery

D E

Table 2: Calibration evaluation criteria

6 | Battery Calibration Report

Pass (see notes)

Pass

Has not met selection criteria but CSIRO experience and judgment used

5 Calibration results Calibration of battery systems began on 1/10/2018 and has for the most part been completed by the 31/5/2019. All units purchased have been found to be suitable for further use. The only exception to this is the Redflow cell which due to technical incompatibility issues has not yet been calibrated (see section 5.10 for further details). Where time permitted, the calibration results were repeated to ensure the data obtained was an accurate reflection of the system’s performance. The comparison of measured performance to manufacturer technical specifications has been undertaken and used as a guide to whether the battery systems, modules and cells can be used for this projects’ ongoing evaluation needs. Full details are presented in Sections 5.1 to 5.25 for each battery type.

7 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

5.1

1.2kWh Rated Lithium Iron Phosphate

Table 3 provides the measured capacity and energy of the unit and also shown visually in Figure 1. This test was repeated once to ensure the data was an accurate reflection of the systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s performance. The unit has a rated capacity of 1.1-1.2 kWh and experimental data confirms this with a measured capacity range of 1.0 to 1.2 kWh, dependent on the discharge current. The discharge and charge power (determined using 11.6A) is shown in Figure 2 as a function of the depth of discharge. The rated power of the unit is 0.3kW and this was also confirmed experimentally. Energy / Wh Energy / Wh

1200

Manufacturer stated range

1000

Energy / Wh

800

600

400

200

0 0

Current / A

Figure 1: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 1.2kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test. Test 1 results Current / A

Discharge time / h

Capacity / Ah

0.5

103.73

51.9

2.4

20.52

4.8

Test 2 results Energy / Wh

Discharge time / h

Capacity / Ah

1037

100.10

50.1

1001

49.2

1230

20.52

49.3

1230

10.10

48.5

1280

10.22

49.0

1296

9.7

5.01

48.6

1260

5.03

48.7

1265

12.0

4.03

48.3

1253

4.06

48.7

1262

15.0

3.19

47.8

1237

3.24

48.6

1260

Table 3: Discharge capacity and energy for 1.2kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery

8 | Battery Calibration Report

Energy / Wh

Charge Power Discharge Power

0.35

0.30

Charge Power / kW

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 2: Discharge and charge power of 1.2kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery system is acceptable for project use – criterion A

5.2

130Ah Rated Lead Acid

Table 4 provides the measured capacity and energy of the lead acid battery and also shown visually in Figure 3. This test was repeated once to ensure the data was an accurate reflection of the batteries performance. The batteries are rated at 130Ah at 6.5A discharge current. However, the evaluations showed only 108-115Ah is achievable at the specified current. The discharge and charge power (determined using 84.7A) is shown in Figure 3 as a function of the depth of discharge. The rated power of the unit is not specified in kW hence a comparison could not be made to specifications. The experimental data showed 1kW is achievable on discharge and 1.2kW on charge (from 30 to 90% depth of discharge).

9 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Test 1 Capacity Capacity // Ah Ah Test 2 Capacity Capacity // Ah Ah

140

Manufacturer stated value

120

Capacity / Ah

100

0 0

Current / A

Figure 3: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 130Ah lead acid battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Test 1 results

Test 2 results

Current / A

Discharge Capacity / Ah time / h

Energy / Wh Discharge Capacity / time / h Ah

Energy / Wh

1.9

65.2

121.1

1474

66.65

123.8

1517

6.5

17.8

115.9

1413

16.70

108.5

1329

11.1

9.85

109.3

1330

8.96

99.4

1215

19.1

5.48

104.6

1266

5.15

98.3

1196

28.4

3.55

100.7

1211

3.52

99.8

1205

66.7

1.12

74.8

874.0

1.31

87.1

1029

Table 4: Discharge capacity and energy for 130Ah lead acid battery

10 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0

Charge Power / kW

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 4: Discharge and charge power of 130Ah lead acid battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery modules exhibited lower performance than specified but are still acceptable for project use as within lead acid anticipated range– criterion C

5.3

63Ah Rated Nickel Manganese Cobalt

Table 5 provides the measured capacity and energy for the nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery and also shown visually in Figure 5. The measured capacity was 58 to 63Ah and 2.9 to 3.1kWh energy. The manufacturer specification is 63Ah. The experimental data shows the system meets the manufacturer specifications. The discharge and charge power (determined using 71.4A) is shown in Figure 6 as a function of the depth of discharge. The discharge power was 3.9 to 3.3kW and the charge power 4.1 to 3.6kW depending on the depth of discharge. The manufacture specification is 3.3kW peak power, therefore the data shows higher performance then specified.

11 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

/ Ah / Ah Test Capacity 1 Capacity / Ah Test Capacity 2 Capacity / Ah

70 Manufacturer stated value

Capacity / Ah

0 0

Current / A

Figure 5: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 63Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Test 1 results

Test 2 results

Current / A

Discharge Capacity / Ah time / h

Energy / Wh Discharge Capacity / time / h Ah

Energy / Wh

0.60

97.90

58.7

2946

95.20

57.1

2856

3.0

20.76

62.2

3240

20.30

60.9

3163

6.0

10.43

62.5

3252

10.40

62.3

3242

12.6

4.98

62.7

3249

4.86

61.2

3167

3.08

61.5

3170

3.05

61.0

3144

1.25

62.2

3174

1.24

61.8

3144

Table 5: Discharge capacity and energy for 63Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery

12 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

4.5 4.0 3.5

Charge Power / kW

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 6: Discharge and charge power of 63Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery system is acceptable for project use – criterion B

5.4

100Ah Rated Lead Acid

Table 6 provides the measured capacity and energy of the lead acid battery and also shown visually in Figure 7. The batteries are rated at 100Ah at 1A. Testing showed that the battery has a capacity of 108.1Ah at 1.0A and thus is higher than the specifications supplied by the manufacturer. The discharge and charge power (determined using 25.1A) is shown in Figure 8 as a function of depth of discharge. The rated power of the unit was not specified by the manufacturer hence a comparison could not be made to specifications. The experimental data showed 0.7 to 0.8kW is achievable on discharge and 0.85kW on charge (from 20 to 90% depth of discharge).

13 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Test 1 Capacity Capacity // Ah Ah Test 2 Capacity Capacity // Ah Ah

140

120

Manufacturer stated value

Capacity / Ah

100

0 0

Current / A

Figure 7: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 100Ah lead acid battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Test 1 results

Test 2 results

Current / A

Discharge Capacity / Ah time / h

Energy / Wh Discharge Capacity / time / h Ah

Energy / Wh

1.0

108.23

108.1

1310

106.25

106.1

1287

4.5

21.46

96.5

1171

21.88

98.4

1192

8.9

9.76

86.8

1051

10.13

90.1

1090

16.8

5.01

84.1

1007

5.19

87.1

1040

24.6

3.12

76.7

912

3.20

78.6

931

57.0

1.08

61.5

719

1.04

59.1

684

Table 6: Discharge capacity and energy for 100Ah lead acid battery

14 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0

Charge Power / kW

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 8: Discharge and charge power of 100Ah lead acid battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery modules are acceptable for project use – criterion A

5.5

3.6kWh Rated Nickel Manganese Cobalt

Table 7 provides the measured capacity and energy of the nickel manganese cobalt lithium ion battery module and also shown visually in Figure 9. The measured capacity is 61.8 to 66.3 Ah. The measured energy was 3.7 to 4.1kWh (depending on discharge rate) and is higher than the manufacturers stated 3.6kWh. The discharge and charge power (determined using 38.0A) is shown in Figure 10 as a function of depth of discharge. The measured discharge power was between 2.5 and 2.2kW while the charge power was determined to be 2.1 to 2.5kW. These values are marginally higher than the rated 2.0kW.

15 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Energy / kWh

4.0

3.5

Manufacturer stated value

Energy / kWh

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 -5

Current / A

Figure 9: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 3.6kWh nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery

Current / A

Discharge time / h

Capacity / Ah

Energy / Wh

0.60

110.56

66.3

4176

3.0

20.91

62.7

3832

6.0

10.40

62.4

3806

5.19

62.3

3789

3.15

63.0

3822

1.54

61.8

3716

Table 7: Discharge capacity and energy for 3.6kWh nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery

16 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

2.5

Charge Power / kW

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 10: Discharge and charge power of 3.6kWh nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery system is acceptable for project use – criterion A

5.6

2.56kWh Rated Lithium Iron Phosphate

Table 8 provides the measured capacity and energy for the lithium iron phosphate battery and also shown visually in Figure 11. The measured capacity is 61.8 to 66.3 Ah. The measured energy was 3.9 to 4.7kWh (depending on discharge rate) and is higher then the manufacturers stated 2.56kWh. The discharge and charge power (determined using 50.0A) is shown in Figure 12 as a function of depth of discharge. The rated power of the unit is 2.5kW and this is achieved across all the depth of discharge values evaluated.

17 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Energy / kWh 5.0 4.5 4.0

Energy / kWh

3.5 3.0 Manufacturer stated value

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0

Current / A

Figure 11: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 2.56kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery

Current / A

Discharge time / h

Capacity / Ah

Energy / Wh

0.5

162.12

81.0

4767

4.0

19.09

76.3

3959

5.0

15.22

76.0

3953

5.04

75.5

3905

2.96

74.0

3798

1.49

74.4

3770

Table 8: Discharge capacity and energy for 2.56kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery

18 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

3.0

2.5

Charge Power / kW

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 12: Discharge and charge power of 2.56kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery system is acceptable for project use – criterion A

5.7

1.93kWh Rated Lithium Titanate

Table 9 provides the measured capacity and energy for the lithium titanate lithium-ion system and also shown visually in Figure 13. The measured capacity was 34 to 38Ah and energy was 1.5 to 1.9kWh. The manufacturer specification is 1.93kWh. The data shows the system’s capacity is lower than the rated capacity as stated by the manufacturer but still useable. The discharge and charge power (determined using 40.0A) is shown in Figure 14 as a function of the depth of discharge. The discharge power was 2.1kW to 1.9kW and the charge power 2.0 to 1.8kW depending on the depth of discharge range. No power rating was supplied by the manufacturer so a comparison to the specified rating could not be made.

19 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Energy / kWh Energy / Wh

2.0 Manufacturer stated value

1.8 1.6

Energy / kWh

1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0

Current / A

Figure 13: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 1.93kWh lithium titanate lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Test 1 results

Test 2 results

Current / A

Discharge Capacity / Ah time / h

Energy / Wh Discharge Capacity / time / h Ah

Energy / Wh

0.40

92.03

36.8

1840

95.14

38.0

1902

2.0

17.72

35.4

1673

18.00

36.0

1700

4.0

8.69

34.7

1649

8.86

35.4

1681

8.0

4.37

34.9

1654

4.44

35.5

1679

2.61

33.9

1599

2.67

34.7

1635

1.15

34.3

1596

1.13

33.9

1582

Table 9: Discharge capacity and energy for 1.93kWh lithium titanate lithium-ion battery

20 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

2.5

Charge Power / kW

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 14: Discharge and charge power of 1.93kWh lithium titanate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery system is acceptable for project use – criterion B (at low currents and criterion C at high currents)

5.8

1.06kWh Rated Advanced Lead Acid

Table 10 provides the measured capacity and energy for the advanced lead acid battery and also shown visually in Figure 15. The measured capacity was 115 to 150 Ah. The measured energy was 1.3 to 1.8 kWh (depending on discharge rate). The energy values determined are higher than the rated energy range stated by the manufacturer. The discharge and charge power (determined using 43.4A) is shown in Figure 17 as a function of the depth of discharge. The measured discharge power was 1.45 to 1.3kW and the charge power was 1.7 to 1.6kW depending on the depth of discharge. No power specifications were supplied so a comparison could not be made.

21 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Energy / kWh Energy / Wh

2.0

Energy / kWh

1.5

1.0 Manufacturer stated range

0.5

0.0 0

Current / A

Figure 15: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 1.06kWh advanced lead acid battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Test 1 results

Test 2 results

Current / A

Discharge Capacity / Ah Energy / Wh Discharge Capacity / time / h time / h Ah

Energy / Wh

2.8

55.77

155.0

1862

53.79

149.5

1793

9.0

15.47

150.0

1795

15.37

149.0

1779

16.6

8.76

145.5

1738

8.71

144.7

1727

28.5

4.94

140.6

1669

4.90

139.5

1653

3.20

135.7

1603

3.12

132.0

1559

1.17

115.9

1343

1.13

111.9

1299

Table 10: Discharge capacity and energy for 1.06kWh advanced lead acid battery

22 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

1.6 1.4

Charge Power / kW

1.2 1.0

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 16: Discharge and charge power of 1.06kWh advanced lead acid battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery system is acceptable for project use – criterion A

5.9

53Wh Rated Supercapacitor

Table 11 provides the measured capacity and energy for the supercapacitor and also shown visually in Figure 17. The measured capacity was 1 Ah. The measured energy was 33 to 36Wh and much lower than the rated 53Wh as stated by the manufacturer. The discharge and charge power (determined using 100.0A) is shown in Figure 18 as a function of the depth of discharge. The measured discharge power was 3.3kW but only at 80-90% depth of discharge. At lower depth of discharge range, poor power to no power capability was observed.

23 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Energy / Wh Energy / Wh

55 Manufacturer stated value

50 45 40

Energy / Wh

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

100

Current / A

Figure 17: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 53Wh lithium supercapacitor. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Test 1 results

Test 2 results

Current / A

Discharge time / h

Capacity / Ah Energy / Wh

Discharge Capacity / time / h Ah

Energy / Wh

1.0

0.99

34.70

0.99

0.98

34.59

5.0

0.20

1.02

35.70

0.21

1.01

35.90

0.10

1.02

35.70

0.10

1.01

35.59

0.05

1.01

35.29

0.05

1.00

35.29

0.03

1.03

36.50

0.03

1.00

35.00

100

0.01

0.97

33.40

0.01

0.97

33.50

Table 11: Discharge capacity and energy for 53Wh lithium supercapacitor

24 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

4.5 4.0 3.5

Charge Power / kW

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 18: Discharge and charge power of 53Wh lithium supercapacitor as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The storage system exhibited lower performance than specified. The underperformance is not due to a system failure and performance is what is expected for a supercapacitor but manufacturer specifications significantly overstated hence the system is acceptable for project use. – criterion E

5.10

10kW Rated Zinc Bromine Flow

A 10kW module was delivered and installed on site. During commissioning, the battery management system circuitry experienced a catastrophic failure due to excess current flow. The supplier technician was hired to replace the damaged components and the unit has now been commissioned (as of May 2019). Battery calibration tests are currently significantly delayed. The cell design and battery management system are not compatible with the battery testing unit and consequently a short duration current spike is present upon current flow which raises the battery voltage to 200V. At this stage it is believed the incompatibility of the flow battery system BMS with the load requested by the battery tester for cycling is the cause of the current spike. This is the root cause of the catastrophic failure of the BMS observed. Currently we are custom building a power pack which can communicate with BMS to avoid this issue and ensure the battery can be operated and tested accurately. We note, in a real-life installation, this problem would not occur. 25 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Conclusion: The battery system acceptability cannot be determined at present. Work is ongoing to overcome the technical issues.

5.11

3.5kWh Rated Lithium â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Supercapacitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Table 12 provides the measured capacity and energy for the supercapacitor and also shown visually in Figure 19. The measured capacity was 32 to 51Ah and measured energy was 1.4 to 2.4kWh depending on the discharge rate. The rated energy is 3.5kWh and markedly higher than what was experimentally observed. The data shows stable behaviour as would be expected for this type of chemistry and energy storage device. As such it is not believed that the unit is faulty, rather it exhibits poor performance relative to the stated specifications. The discharge and charge power (determined using 110.0A) is shown in Figure 20 as a function of depth of discharge. The measured discharge power was 5.4kW to 4.9kW and the charge power was 5.7kW to 5.4kW depending on the depth of discharge. No peak power specification was supplied by the manufacturer so comparisons could not be made.

Energy / kWh Energy / Wh

4.0

3.5

Manufacturer stated value

3.0

Energy / kWh

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

Current / A

Figure 19: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 3.5kWh lithium supercapacitor. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

26 | Battery Calibration Report

Test 1 results

Test 2 results

Current / A

Discharge Capacity / Ah time / h

Energy / Wh Discharge Capacity / time / h Ah

Energy / Wh

0.5

64.04

32.0

1423

64.95

32.1

1431

2.5

19.55

48.8

2386

19.68

49.1

2402

4.5

10.62

47.7

2307

11.35

51.0

2478

5.86

52.7

2555

5.85

52.6

2552

3.49

52.3

2530

1.16

46.3

2195

1.14

51.3

2449

1.15

51.6

2466

Table 12: Discharge capacity and energy for 3.5kWh lithium supercapacitor

Charge Power Discharge Power

Charge Power / kW

0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 20: Discharge and charge power of 3.5kWh lithium supercapacitor as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The storage system has lower performance than specifications. The underperformance is not due to a system failure and performance and manufacturer

27 CSIRO Energy â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Report No. EP189423 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; www.csiro.au

specifications are significantly overstated. Use to demonstrate failure of commercial system against Standards recommendations. Hence system is acceptable for project use â&#x20AC;&#x201C; criterion E

5.12

200Ah Rated Lead Acid

Table 13 provides the measured capacity and energy for the lead acid battery and also shown visually in Figure 21. The measured capacity was 114 to 204Ah and the measured energy was 1.3 to 2.4 kWh depending on the discharge rate. The rated capacity of the battery is 165Ah (16.5A discharge to 1.85Vpc) and so is within the range of the experimentally observed values and at the same conditions, higher than stated specifications. The discharge and charge power (determined using 49.6A) is shown in Figure 22 as a function of the depth of discharge. The measured discharge power was 1.45 to 1.55kW and the charge power 1.75 kW (between 30 and 90% depth of discharge). No power rating was supplied by the manufacturer so a comparison to the specified rating could not be made.

Capacity/ Ah / Ah Test 1Capacity Test 2Capacity Capacity/ Ah / Ah

220 200 180

Capacity / Ah

160

Manufacturer stated value at 16.5A

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

100

Current / A

Figure 21: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 200Ah lead acid battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

28 | Battery Calibration Report

Test 1 results

Test 2 results

Current / A

Discharge Capacity / Ah time / h

Energy / Wh Discharge Capacity / time / h Ah

Energy / Wh

2.0

102.12

204.2

2446

108.05

216.0

2592

10.1

19.44

196.3

2346

10.46

196.5

2348

16.5

11.17

184.3

2201

11.14

183.8

2195

30.1

5.74

172.8

2054

5.67

170.6

2025

43.3

3.64

157.5

1860

3.68

159.4

1883

94.3

1.21

114.2

1319

1.32

123.9

1447

Table 13: Discharge capacity and energy for 200Ah lead acid battery

Charge Power Discharge Power

1.8 1.6

Charge Power / kW

1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 22: Discharge and charge power of 200Ah lead acid battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery cell is acceptable for project use – criterion A

29 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

5.13

13.5kWh Rated Nickel Cobalt Aluminium

Table 14 provides the measured capacity and energy for the nickel cobalt aluminium lithium-ion battery system and also shown visually in Figure 23. The measured capacity was 297 to 306Ah and energy was 13.5kWh. The manufacturer specification is 13.5kWh. It was noted that the battery management system was limiting the system output to the rated energy. If the battery management system is bypassed, which is not recommended or supported by the manufacturer, the energy was 15.8 to 16.7kWh. The data shows the rated capacity as stated by the manufacturer is achievable under the recommended operational setpoints. The discharge and charge power (determined using 119.9A) is shown in Figure 24 as a function of the depth of discharge. The discharge power was 5.7 to 4.7kW and the charge power 6.0 to 5.0kW depending on the depth of discharge range. The rated specification is 5kW power and the data shows that this is achievable for most depth of discharge ranges. Energy / kWh Energy / Wh 14 Manufacturer stated value

Energy / kWh

0 0

100

120

Current / A

Figure 23: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 13.5kWh nickel cobalt aluminium lithium-ion battery system. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Current / A 30 | Battery Calibration Report

Discharge time / h

Capacity / Ah

Energy / Wh

19.8

297

13500

8.54

299

13500

4.63

301

13500

3.21

305

13500

120

2.55

306

13500

Table 14: Discharge capacity and energy for 13.5kWh nickel cobalt aluminium lithium-ion battery system Charge Power Discharge Power

6000

Charge Power / kW

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 24: Discharge and charge power of 13.5kWh nickel cobalt aluminium lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery system is acceptable for project use – criteria A/B

5.14

2.4kWh Rated Lithium Iron Phosphate

Table 15 provides the measured capacity and energy for the lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery and also shown visually in Figure 25. The measured energy was 2.1 to 2.4kWh (depending on the discharge rate) and is within the range of the manufacturer stated 2.4kWh. The discharge and charge power (determined using 50.0A) is shown in Figure 26 as a function of the depth of discharge. The measured discharge power was 2.2kW and the charge power 2.5 kW. No power rating was supplied by the manufacturer so a comparison to the specified rating could not be made. 31 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Energy / kWh Energy / Wh

3.0

2.5

Manufacturer stated value

Energy / kWh

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

Current / A

Figure 25: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 2.4kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Test 1 results

Test 2 results

Current / A

Discharge Capacity / Ah time / h

Energy / Wh Discharge Capacity / time / h Ah

Energy / Wh

0.5

104.34

52.1

2167

103.46

51.7

2146

2.5

20.00

50.0

2400

20.12

50.2

2414

5.0

9.91

49.5

2419

10.01

50.0

2445

4.97

49.6

2411

4.99

49.8

2417

16.5

2.95

48.6

2334

3.01

49.6

2392

0.98

48.7

2287

0.98

48.8

2290

Table 15: Discharge capacity and energy for 2.4kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery

32 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

3.0

2.5

Charge Power / kW

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 26: Discharge and charge power of 2.4kWh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery system is acceptable for project use – criteria A/B

5.15

7.4Wh Rated Nickel Manganese Cobalt

Table 16 provides the measured capacity and energy for the nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery cell and also shown visually in Figure 27. The measured capacity was 2Ah and measured energy was 6.9 to 7.4Wh. The manufacturer specification is 7.4Wh which is within the measured range. The measured discharge and charge power (determined using 0.689A) is shown in Figure 28 as a function of the depth of discharge. The measured discharge power is 2.7W to 2.3W and the charge power 2.8 to 2.4W. No power rating was supplied by the manufacturer so a comparison to the specified rating could not be made.

33 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Energy / Wh Energy / Wh

8 Manufacturer stated value

Energy / Wh

0 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Current / A

Figure 27: Plot of measured energy as a function of current for 7.4Wh nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Test 1 results

Test 2 results

Current / A

Discharge Capacity / Ah time / h

Energy / Wh Discharge Capacity / time / h Ah

Energy / Wh

0.1

22.4

2.23

6.94

22.2

2.22

6.91

0.2

10.8

2.15

7.46

10.9

2.17

7.53

0.4

5.2

2.09

7.44

5.3

2.11

7.48

0.7

3.0

2.06

7.38

3.0

2.05

7.36

2.0

0.99

1.99

7.05

1.0

1.98

7.03

Table 16: Discharge capacity and energy for 7.4Wh nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery

34 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

Charge Power / W

0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 28: Discharge and charge power of 7.4Wh nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery cells are acceptable for project use – criteria A/B

5.16

1.94Ah Rated Nickel Manganese Cobalt

Table 17 provides the measured capacity and energy for the nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery cell and also shown visually in Figure 29. The measured capacity was 2Ah and the measured energy was 7.0 to 7.2Wh. The manufacturer specification is 1.94Ah. The measured data shows the cells have a marginally higher capacity than rated. The measured discharge and charge power (determined using 0.658A) is shown in Figure 30 as a function of the depth of discharge. The measured discharge power was 2.6W to 2.1W and the charge power 2.75 to 2.3W depending on the depth of discharge. No power rating was supplied by the manufacturer so a comparison to the specified rating could not be made.

35 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Capacity / Ah Test 1 Capacity / Ah Capacity / Ah

2.0 Manufacturer stated value

1.8 1.6

Capacity / Ah

1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Current / A

Figure 29: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 1.94Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Current / A

Discharge time / h

Capacity / Ah

Energy / Wh

0.10

19.72

1.99

7.286

0.20

9.80

1.96

7.012

0.39

4.86

1.98

7.170

0.65

2.90

2.00

7.297

1.95

0.96

1.98

7.148

Table 17: Discharge capacity and energy for 1.94Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery

36 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

3.0

2.5

Charge Power / W

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 30: Discharge and charge power of 1.94Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery cells are acceptable for project use – criterion A

5.17

2.38Ah – Lithium Manganese Oxide

Table 18 provides the measured capacity and energy for the 2.38Ah lithium manganese oxide lithium-ion batteries and also shown visually in Figure 31. The measured capacity was 2.05 to 2.44Ah and the measured energy was 6.9 to 8.5Wh. The manufacturer specification is 2.38Ah at 1.2A. The data shows that the capacity of the cells is marginally lower than the rated capacity of 2.38Ah for most discharge rates. At the slowest discharge rates the rated capacity was achieved. The measured discharge and charge power (determined using 0.70A) is shown in Figure 32 as a function of the depth of discharge. The measured discharge power was 3.0W to 2.6W and the charge power 3.2 to 2.8W depending on the depth of discharge range. No power rating was supplied by the manufacturer so a comparison to the specified rating could not be made.

37 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Test 1 Capacity Capacity/ Ah / Ah Test 2 Capacity Capacity/ Ah / Ah

3.0 2.8 2.6 Manufacturer stated value at 1.2A

2.4 2.2

Capacity / Ah

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Current / A

Figure 31: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 2.38Ah lithium manganese oxide lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Test 1 results

Test 2 results

Current / A

Discharge Capacity / Ah time / h

Energy / Wh Discharge Capacity / time / h Ah

Energy / Wh

0.13

18.77

2.44

8.36

18.69

2.43

8.36

0.25

9.28

2.32

8.52

9.20

2.30

8.45

0.50

4.54

2.27

8.35

4.48

2.24

8.26

0.83

2.69

2.24

8.14

2.67

2.22

8.11

2.50

0.82

2.05

6.88

0.82

2.06

7.01

Table 18: Discharge capacity and energy for 2.38Ah lithium manganese oxide lithium-ion battery

38 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

3.5

3.0

Charge Power / W

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 32: Discharge and charge power of 2.38Ah lithium manganese oxide lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery cells are acceptable for project use – criterion B

5.18

2.5Ah – Nickel Manganese Cobalt

Table 19 provides the measured capacity and energy for the 2.5Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithiumion battery cells and also shown visually in Figure 33. The measured capacity was 2.4 to 2.6Ah and the measured energy was 8.4 to 8.8Wh. The manufacturer specification is 2.5Ah. The data shows the cells are within the rated capacity as stated by the manufacturer. The discharge and charge power (determined using 0.85A) is shown in Figure 34 as a function of the depth of discharge. The discharge power is 3.3W to 2.6W and the charge power 3.4 to 2.7W depending on the depth of discharge range. No power rating was supplied by the manufacturer so a comparison to the specified rating could not be made.

39 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

/ Ah / Ah TestCapacity 1 Capacity / Ah TestCapacity 2 Capacity / Ah

3.0 2.8 2.6

Manufacturer stated value

2.4 2.2

Capacity / Ah

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Current / A

Figure 33: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 2.5Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Test 1 results

Test 2 results

Current / A

Discharge Capacity / Ah time / h

Energy / Wh Discharge Capacity / time / h Ah

Energy / Wh

0.13

19.69

2.56

8.35

19.38

2.52

8.28

0.25

10.04

2.51

8.68

9.96

2.49

8.62

0.50

4.96

2.48

8.78

4.90

2.45

8.68

0.83

2.98

2.48

8.78

2.95

2.45

8.70

2.5

0.97

2.43

8.35

0.96

2.41

8.37

Table 19: Discharge capacity and energy for 2.5Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery.

40 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

3.5

3.0

Charge Power / W

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 34: Discharge and charge power of 2.5Ah nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery cells are acceptable for project use – criteria A/B

5.19

65Wh – Lithium Iron Phosphate

Table 20 provides the measured capacity and energy for the prismatic format 65Wh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery and also shown visually in Figure 35. The measured capacity was 18.6 to 18.9Ah and energy was 57.2 to 60.9Wh. The evaluation data is close, but slightly lower, than the manufacturer specifications of 19.6Ah and 65Wh. The discharge and charge power (determined using 6.27A) is shown in Figure 36 as a function of depth of discharge. The discharge power was 19.8W to 20.7W and the charge power 20.2 to 21.0W depending on the depth of discharge range. The power rating supplied by the manufacturer is given in watts per kilogram of active material. However, no data on the actual loading of active material in the cells is provided so no comparisons could be made.

41 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Capacity//Ah Ah Test 1Capacity Test 2Capacity Capacity//Ah Ah

20 Manufacturer stated value

18 16

Capacity / Ah

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0

Current / A

Figure 35: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 65Wh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Test 1 results

Test 2 results

Current / A

Discharge Capacity / Ah time / h

Energy / Wh Discharge Capacity / time / h Ah

Energy / Wh

1.0

18.80

18.8

60.35

18.90

18.9

60.54

2.0

9.45

18.9

60.87

9.45

18.9

60.87

4.0

4.70

18.8

60.66

4.70

18.8

60.68

6.6

2.84

18.8

60.15

2.84

18.8

60.23

0.92

18.5

57.24

0.93

18.7

58.01

Table 20: Discharge capacity and energy for 65Wh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery

42 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

Charge Power / W

0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 36: Discharge and charge power of 65Wh lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery cells are acceptable for project use – criterion B

5.20

12.5Ah – Lithium Iron Phosphate

Table 21 provides the measured capacity and energy for the prismatic format 12.5Ah lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery cells and also shown visually in Figure 37. The measured capacity is 11.5 to 11.9Ah and energy is 34.3 to 37.7Wh. The manufacturer specification is 12.5Ah. The experimental data shows the cells are just under, but close to, the rated capacity as stated by the manufacturer. The measured discharge and charge power (determined using 3.91A) is shown in Figure 38 as a function of the depth of discharge. The discharge power is 12.8W to 12.2W and the charge power 13.3 to 12.8W depending on the depth of discharge range. No power rating was supplied by the manufacturer so a comparison to the specified rating could not be made.

43 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Test 1Capacity Capacity/ /Ah Ah Test 2Capacity Capacity/ /Ah Ah

Manufacturer stated value

Capacity / Ah

0 0

Current / A

Figure 37: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 12.5Ah lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Test 1 results

Test 2 results

Current / A

Discharge Capacity / Ah time / h

Energy / Wh Discharge Capacity / time / h Ah

Energy / Wh

0.6

19.66

11.8

37.26

19.66

11.8

37.27

1.2

9.83

11.8

37.71

9.83

11.8

37.61

4.1

2.87

11.8

37.19

2.85

11.7

37.43

2.5

4.72

11.8

37.50

4.68

11.7

37.10

12.5

0.91

11.4

34.28

0.93

11.6

35.23

Table 21: Discharge capacity and energy for 12.5Ah lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery

44 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

Charge Power / W

0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 38: Discharge and charge power of 12.5Ah lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery cells are acceptable for project use – criterion B

5.21

2.5Ah – Lithium Iron Phosphate

Table 22 provides the measured capacity and energy for the cylindrical format 2.5Ah lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery cells and also shown visually in Figure 39. The measured capacity was 2.5 to 2.6Ah and energy was 7.6 to 8.2Wh. The manufacturer specification is 2.5Ah. The data shows the cells are within the rated capacity as stated by the manufacturer. The discharge and charge power (determined using 0.845A) is shown in Figure 40 as a function of the depth of discharge. The discharge power was 12.8W to 12.2W and the charge power 13.3 to 12.8W depending on the depth of discharge range. No power rating was supplied by the manufacturer so a comparison to the specified rating could not be made.

45 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Test 1 Capacity / Ah/ Ah Capacity Capacity / Ah

3.0

Manufacturer stated value

2.5

Capacity / Ah

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

Current / A

Figure 39: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 2.5Ah lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Current / A

Discharge time / h

Capacity / Ah

Energy / Wh

2.5

1.00

2.50

7.638

0.83

3.06

2.54

8.110

0.50

5.08

2.54

8.260

0.25

10.20

2.55

8.189

0.12

21.25

2.55

8.106

Table 22: Discharge capacity and energy for cylindrical 2.5Ah lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery cells

46 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

3.0

2.5

Charge Power / W

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 40: Discharge and charge power of cylindrical 2.5Ah lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery cells are acceptable for project use – criterion A

5.22

3.0Ah – Lithium Manganese Oxide

Table 23 provides the measured capacity and energy for the 3.0Ah lithium manganese oxide lithiumion battery cells and also shown visually in Figure 41. The measured capacity was 3.3 to 3.5Ah and energy was 10.8 to 12.0Wh. The manufacturer specification is 3.0Ah. The data shows the cells are higher than the rated capacity as stated by the manufacturer. The discharge and charge power is (determined using 1.11A) shown in Figure 42 as a function of the depth of discharge. The discharge power is 4.4W to 3.5W and the charge power 4.7 to 3.8W depending on the depth of discharge range. No power rating was supplied by the manufacturer so a comparison to the specified rating could not be made.

47 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Capacity / Ah Test 1 Capacity / Ah Capacity / Ah

4.0

3.5 Manufacturer stated value

3.0

Capacity / Ah

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

Current / A

Figure 41: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 3.0Ah lithium manganese oxide lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Current / A

Discharge time / h

Capacity / Ah

Energy / Wh

0.18

19.39

3.49

11.86

0.35

9.80

3.43

12.02

0.70

4.82

3.38

11.92

1.2

2.79

3.35

11.73

3.5

0.93

3.27

10.80

Table 23: Discharge capacity and energy for 3.0Ah lithium manganese oxide lithium-ion battery cells

48 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

5.0 4.5 4.0

Charge Power / W

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 42: Discharge and charge power of 3.0Ah lithium manganese oxide lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery cells are acceptable for project use – criterion A

5.23

1.35Ah – Lithium Titanate

Table 24 provides the measured capacity and energy for the 1.35Ah lithium titanate lithium-ion battery cells and also shown visually in Figure 43. The measured capacity was 1.3 to 1.5Ah and energy was 8.6 to 9.4Wh. The manufacturer specification is 1.35Ah. The data shows the cells are within the rated capacity as stated by the manufacturer or higher. The discharge and charge power (determined using 0.46A) is shown in Figure 44 as a function of the depth of discharge. The discharge power was 3.5W to 2.9W and the charge power 3.5 to 2.9W depending on the depth of discharge range. No power rating was supplied by the manufacturer so a comparison to the specified rating could not be made.

49 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Capacity / Ah Test 1 Capacity / Ah Capacity / Ah

1.5

Capacity / Ah

Manufacturer stated value

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

Current / A

Figure 43: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 1.35Ah lithium titanate lithium-ion battery. Red symbols are for the first test and black symbols for a replicate test.

Current / A

Discharge time / h

Capacity / Ah

Energy / Wh

0.07

21.28

1.49

8.98

0.14

10.42

1.46

9.38

0.27

5.29

1.43

9.36

0.45

3.09

1.39

9.19

1.4

0.94

1.32

8.67

Table 24: Discharge capacity and energy for 1.35Ah lithium titanate lithium-ion battery cells

50 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

4.0

3.5

Charge Power / W

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 44: Discharge and charge power of 1.35Ah lithium titanate lithium-ion battery as a function of the depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery cells are acceptable for project use – criterion A

5.24

20Ah – Lithium Titanate

Table 25 provides the measured capacity and energy for the 20Ah lithium titanate lithium-ion battery cells and also shown visually in Figure 45. The measured capacity was 21.6 to 21.9Ah and energy was 46.2 to 48.9Wh. The manufacturer specification for the capacity is 20Ah. The data shows the cells are within the rated capacity as stated by the manufacturer. The measured discharge and charge power (determined using 7.04A) is shown in Figure 46 as a function of the depth of discharge. The discharge power was 17.6W to 14.7W and the charge power 17.8 to 14.9W depending on the depth of discharge range. No power rating was supplied by the manufacturer so a comparison to the specified rating could not be made.

51 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Capacity / Ah Test 1 Capacity / Ah Capacity / Ah

Manufacturer stated value

Capacity / Ah

0 0

Current / A

Figure 45: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 20Ah lithium titanate lithium-ion battery

Current / A

Discharge time / h

Capacity / Ah

Energy / Wh

1.0

21.90

21.9

48.88

2.0

10.85

21.7

48.86

4.0

5.35

21.4

48.41

6.7

3.15

21.1

47.85

1.03

20.6

46.23

Table 25: Discharge capacity and energy for 20Ah lithium titanate lithium-ion battery

52 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

18 16 14

Charge Power / W

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 46: Discharge and charge power of 20Ah lithium titanate lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery cells are acceptable for project use – criterion A

5.25

2.85Ah – Nickel Cobalt Aluminium

Table 26 provides the measured capacity and energy for the 2.85Ah nickel cobalt aluminium lithiumion battery cells and also shown visually in Figure 47. The measured capacity was 2.6 to 2.8Ah and energy was 9.1 to 9.5Wh. The manufacturer specification is 2.85Ah. The data shows the cells are slightly lower than the rated capacity as stated by the manufacturer but still useable. The discharge and charge power (determined using 0.891A) is shown in Figure 48 as a function of the depth of discharge. The discharge power was 3.02W to 3.56W and the charge power 3.7 to 3.2W depending on the depth of discharge range. No power rating was supplied by the manufacturer so a comparison to the specified rating could not be made.

53 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Capacity / Ah Test 1 Capacity / Ah Capacity / Ah

3.0

Manufacturer stated value

2.5

Capacity / Ah

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

Current / A

Figure 47: Plot of measured capacity as a function of current for 2.85Ah nickel cobalt aluminium lithium-ion battery

Current / A

Discharge time / h

Capacity / Ah

Energy / Wh

0.14

19.64

2.75

9.20

0.29

9.34

2.71

9.52

0.57

4.70

2.68

9.52

0.95

2.76

2.63

9.33

2.85

0.93

2.66

9.11

Table 26: Discharge capacity and energy for 2.85Ah nickel cobalt aluminium lithium-ion battery

54 | Battery Calibration Report

Charge Power Discharge Power

3.5

3.0

Charge Power / W

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

100

Depth of Discharge / %

Figure 48: Discharge and charge power of 2.85Ah nickel cobalt aluminium lithium-ion battery as a function of depth of discharge

Conclusion: The battery cells are acceptable for project use – criterion B

55 CSIRO Energy – Report No. EP189423 – www.csiro.au

Summary

All the cells, batteries, and systems purchased for this project have undergone a calibration test to identify the quality of the procured unit relative to the specifications stated by the manufacturer (Table 27). All units showed satisfactory capacity, energy and power, with the exception of the Redflow zinc-bromine battery, which is still under test as at the date of this report. The performance of most batteries was similar to the specifications provided by the manufacturer. However, some units did not perform as specified by the manufacturer, though the mismatch was for most systems within the 10% variance typically seen for commercial battery systems. This finding is in line with the experience accumulated in the CSIRO laboratories from more than 30 years of working with a variety of commercially sourced batteries. Importantly, the experimental testing demonstrated performance in the range expected for the particular chemistry types, again based on CSIRO’s experience with different battery chemistries. The data showed that the units purchased can be utilised for the draft Standard development project and will have a representative performance for the particular chemistry type. Battery Supplier

Chemistry

Suitability

Capacity

Energy

1.2kWh

Lithium iron phosphate

Suitable for project use

48 – 52 Ah

1.0 – 1.2 kWh

130Ah

Lead acid

Suitable for project use

108 – 115 Ah

0.87 – 1.5 kWh

63Ah

Nickel manganese cobalt

Suitable for project use

58 – 63 Ah

2.9 – 3.1 kWh

100Ah

Lead acid

Suitable for project use

59 – 108 Ah

0.68 – 1.3 kWh

3.6kWh

Nickel manganese cobalt

Suitable for project use

62 – 66 Ah

3.7 – 4.1 kWh

2.56kWh

Lithium iron phosphate

Suitable for project use

62 – 66 Ah

3.9 – 4.7 kWh

1.93kWh

Lithium titanate

Suitable for project use

34 – 38 Ah

1.5 – 1.9 kWh

1.06kWh

Advanced lead acid

Suitable for project use

115 – 150 Ah

1.3 – 1.8 kWh

53Wh

Lithium supercapacitor

Suitable for project use

1.0 Ah

33 – 36 Wh

10kW

Zinc bromine flow

Needs further evaluation

–

3.5kWh

Lithium supercapacitor

Suitable for project use

32 – 51 Ah

1.4 – 2.4 kWh

200Ah

Lead acid

Suitable for project use

114 – 204 Ah

1.3 – 2.4 kWh

13.5kWh

Nickel cobalt aluminium

Suitable for project use

297 – 306 Ah

13.5 kWh

56 | Battery Calibration Report

Battery Supplier

Chemistry

Suitability

Capacity

Energy

2.4kWh

Lithium iron phosphate

Suitable for project use

49 – 52 Ah

2.1 – 2.4 kWh

7.4Wh

Nickel manganese cobalt

Suitable for project use

2.0 – 2.2 Ah

6.9 – 7.4 Wh

1.94Ah

Nickel manganese cobalt

Suitable for project use

2.0 Ah

7.0 – 7.2 Wh

2.38Ah

Lithium manganese oxide

Suitable for project use

2.1 – 2.4 Ah

6.9 – 8.5 Wh

2.5Ah

Nickel manganese cobalt

Suitable for project use

2.4 – 2.6 Ah

8.4 – 8.8 Wh

65Wh

Lithium iron phosphate

Suitable for project use

18.6 – 18.9 Ah

57 – 61 Wh

12.5Ah

Lithium iron phosphate

Suitable for project use

11.5 – 12.5 Ah

34 – 37 Wh

2.5Ah

Lithium iron phosphate

Suitable for project use

2.5 – 2.6 Ah

7.6 – 8.2 Wh

3.0Ah

Lithium manganese oxide

Suitable for project use

3.3 – 3.5 Ah

11 – 12 Wh

1.35Ah

Lithium titanate

Suitable for project use

1.3 – 1.5 Ah

8.6 – 9.4 Wh

20Ah

Lithium titanate

Suitable for project use

21.6 – 21.9 Ah

46 –49 Wh

2.85Ah

Nickel cobalt aluminium

Suitable for project use

2.6 – 2.8 Ah

9.1 – 9.5 Wh

Table 27: Summary of battery calibration results

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58 | Battery Calibration Report