Leon-Guerrero, Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society 3e SAGE Publications, 2018
Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society 3rd Edition Leon Guerrero Full download at: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-foressentials-of-social-statistics-for-a-diverse-society-3rd-edition-byleon-guerrero-and-frankfort-nachmias-isbn-150639082x9781506390826/
Chapter 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. ______ is necessary because researchers in the social sciences almost never have enough resources to collect information about the entire set of subjects of interest to them. A. Central tendency B. Variability C. Sampling D. Statistical analysis Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Describe the aims of sampling and basic principles of probability. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Aims of Sampling Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A group that includes all the cases in which a researcher is interested is referred to as a ______. A. sample B. population C. case D. data set Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain the relationship between a sample and a population.
Leon-Guerrero, Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society 3e SAGE Publications, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aims of Sampling Difficulty Level: Easy 3. A relatively small subset from a group that includes all of the cases that a researcher is interested in is referred to as a ______. A. sample B. population C. case D. data set Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain the relationship between a sample and a population. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aims of Sampling Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Parameters are associated with ______, whereas statistics are associated with ______. A. populations; samples B. samples; populations C. cases; samples D. populations; data sets Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain the relationship between a sample and a population. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aims of Sampling Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Which of the following is NOT a parameter? A. Y ̅ B. 𝑦 C. D. y Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain the relationship between a sample and a population. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aims of Sampling Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Which of the following is NOT a statistic? A. p ̅00000000000 B. 𝑦 C. D. s2Y Ans: C
Leon-Guerrero, Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society 3e SAGE Publications, 2018 Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain the relationship between a sample and a population. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aims of Sampling Difficulty Level: Easy 7. A method of sampling that enables researchers to specify for each case in the population the probability of its inclusion in the sample is referred to as ______ sampling. A. inclusionary B. case C. probability D. density Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Describe the aims of sampling and basic principles of probability. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Probability Sampling Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The range of probability value is ______. A. –1 to 0 B. –1 to 1 C. 0 to 1 D. 0 to 100 Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Describe the aims of sampling and basic principles of probability. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Basic Probability Principles Difficulty Level: Easy
9. The probability of picking a face card in a deck of cards is ______. A. 1/52 B. 3/52 C. 4/52 D. 12/52 Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Describe the aims of sampling and basic principles of probability. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Basic Probability Principles Difficulty Level: Medium 10. What is sampling error? A. the discrepancy between the sample mean and the sample standard deviation B. the discrepancy between the observed mean of one group in the sample and the observed mean of another group in the sample
Leon-Guerrero, Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society 3e SAGE Publications, 2018 C. the discrepancy between a sample estimate of a population parameter and the real population parameter D. the discrepancy between two population parameters of interest Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-4: Apply the concept of the sampling distribution. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Sample Difficulty Level: Easy 11. A theoretical probability distribution of all possible sample values for the statistics in which we are interested is referred to as a ______. A. sample B. sampling distribution C. population D. sampling frequency Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-4: Apply the concept of the sampling distribution. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Sampling Distribution Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Which of the following is true about the relationship between the population mean and the mean of the sampling distribution? A. 𝜇𝑦̅ = 𝜇𝑌 B. 𝜇𝑦̅ ≠ 𝜇𝑌 C. 𝜇𝑦̅ > 𝜇𝑌 D. 𝜇𝑦̅ < 𝜇𝑌 Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-5: Describe the central limit theorem. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Central Limit Theorem Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Which of the following are used to calculate the standard error of the mean? A. sample mean and population mean B. sample mean and sample standard deviation C. population standard deviation and sample size D. population standard deviation and sample mean Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-4: Apply the concept of the sampling distribution. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Mean of the Sampling Distribution Difficulty Level: Medium
Leon-Guerrero, Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society 3e SAGE Publications, 2018 14. If all possible random samples of size N are drawn from a population with a mean of Y and a standard deviation of y, then as N becomes larger, the sampling distribution of sample means becomes approximately normal with a mean of 𝜇𝑦̅ and a standard deviation of . This statement is known as the ______. A. sampling frame B. sampling distribution C. central sampling theorem D. central limit theorem Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-5: Describe the central limit theorem. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Central Limit Theorem Difficulty Level: Medium 15. In a simple random sample, ______. A. every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected B. the population is approximately normal with the mean, median, and mode being approximately equal C. the mean is equal to the mode D. the mean of N is always equal to the standard deviation Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-3: Identify and apply different sampling designs. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Simple Random Sample Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Which of the following is the notation for the sample mean? A. p ̅ B. 𝑦 C. D. S2Y Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain the relationship between a sample and a population. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aims of Sampling Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Which of the following is the notation for the population mean? A. μy ̅ B. 𝑦 C. Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain the relationship between a sample and a population. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aims of Sampling
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favor....! Telmo, comprendiendo á medias, miraba á su padre y al filántropo. Éste, compadecido, transigía ya, proponiendo paliativos, queriendo aplacar el dolor de la carne paternal, que palpitaba bajo el filo del acero. —Verá V. á su hijo siempre que quiera.... y pasado algún tiempo, hasta podrán Vds. reunirse....—murmuró al oído de Rojo.—La voluntaria retirada de V. del oficio, el haber salvado dos vidas con sólo decir no, le devolverán el aprecio de las gentes honradas.... Si á V. también le redimo, hombre.... Hágase V. cargo.... ¡Si no se hace cargo inmediatamente,—porque es V. tozudo,—ya se convencerá usted dentro de pocos días....! Ánimo, que Telmo no se entere.... Vale más.... Juan Rojo volvió la cabeza; y acercándose á su hijo, le cogió de la mano é hizo ademán de impulsarle hacia el Doctor. El cual, admitiendo la dádiva, agarró activa y calurosamente la mano del muchacho. —Mañana irá la ropa,—pronunció Rojo en voz mate, apagada, pero resuelta.—Lléveselo, señor de Moragas. Va con gusto mío. ¡Anda; y acuérdate de que ya.... no tienes más padre que el señor! Telmo quiso decir algo; apretósele el corazón, mitad de alegría, mitad de otra cosa...., y sin acción ni resistencia, se dejó conducir por Moragas. Salieron al aire libre: detrás de ellos blanqueaba la tapia del cementerio: delante tenían la extensión del mar; y, á la derecha, la ciudad, alumbrada por mil luces. El filántropo sonreía: orgullo inefable dilataba su corazón; sus pulmones bebían la brisa salitrosa; sus pasos eran elásticos, iguales; no tropezaba en las piedras; creía volar. ¡Más poderoso que el Jefe del Estado, acababa de indultar á dos seres humanos y de regenerar á otros dos! Y como Telmo no le siguiese todo lo aprisa posible, y aun volviese de vez en cuando el rostro atrás, mirando hacia la barraca maldita, el Doctor se inclinó, echó un brazo al cuello del muchacho, y murmuró con ternura: —Anda, hijo mío.
EPILOGO La víspera del día siniestro amaneció el cielo cubierto de nubes de plomo. Por la tarde adquirieron un tinte cobrizo, y oscilaban y rodaban por el firmamento á manera de olas de un mar de metal derretido y candente. Rizada la bahía por el airecillo terral, adquirió bajo aquel siniestro celaje tonos de estaño, y en vez de las frescas rachas de invierno que soplaban días atrás, cayó sobre el pueblo un bochorno singularísimo; estremecieron la pesada atmósfera bocanadas abrasadoras, y ascendió del suelo ese vaho asfixiante que precede á la ráfaga del solano. Frecuente es en Marineda este aire cálido y terrible, que pesa sobre la naturaleza lo mismo que sobre el espíritu. Diríase que á su hálito letal, la vegetación desfallece, el mar se crispa, la luz se torna lívida y el hombre cae en marasmo profundo ó en insano vértigo. Sorda angustia oprime los pulmones, y nunca con mayor motivo que en horas tales podría un poeta del dolor decir como el profeta hebreo: «Mi alma miró con tedio á mi vida.» Observaron los marinedinos el estado atmosférico, y aunque no era inusitado, parecióles que tenía, en ocasión semejante, algo de fatídico simbolismo.—Un patrón de taller, amenazado de perder la parroquia de la Audiencia, Regencia y Capitanía general si no aceptaba el horrible encargo, comprara á peso de oro la jornada de dos operarios infelices, que, custodiados por la policía y entre rechifla y murmullos de la plebe, habían principiado á levantar el medroso armadijo del cadalso. Hincados los postes, clavada, Dios sabe cómo, la escalera, aplazaron el resto de la obra sin nombre hasta que la protegiesen las tinieblas nocturnas: temieron que la colocación del palo y del banquillo les valiese alguna pedrada; cuando menos, injurias atroces. Al punto mismo en que los carpinteros, simulando una retirada, tomaban la espuerta de las herramientas y procuraban embeberse por callejuelas sospechosas, cabizbajos, pálidos de vergüenza y deseosos de encontrar pronto un tabernáculo donde el aguardiente les prestase valor para dar, allá á media noche, cima á su tarea; al punto mismo en que el brigadier Cartoné entraba en la Cárcel para llevar un mazo de puros al reo que estaba en capilla, y á la reo, de parte de la señora brigadiera, un escapulario de la Virgen de la Guardia; al punto mismo en que el reloj de la Audiencia marinedina, ó como allí dicen, de Palacio, lanzaba al aire
una campanada sola, vibrante, solemne—las cinco y media—un hombre, que andaba pegado á la pared y se recataba, costeó la solitaria plaza donde campea la fachada principal del Palacio susodicho, y, evitando acercarse á los centinelas que custodian la Capitanía General, se coló, por la puerta de la Audiencia, al zaguán sombrío que da acceso á las Salas del Tribunal de Justicia. El portero, viendo al hombre, hizo un gesto significativo, como quien dice «ya sé á qué vienes tú» y, descolgando el reverbero con que se alumbraba para leer un periódico, precedió al recién venido, y ambos se internaron en el pasillo que conduce á la Sala de lo criminal. Antes de entrar en ella, detúvose el hombre, sobrecogido por la vista del ropero donde cuelgan los letrados sus ropas y birretes.—Á la dudosa claridad, y en semejante sitio, las flácidas togas, con sus pliegues sepulcrales, parecían negros espectros de ahorcados. El birrete, distante de la toga, deja un claro que semeja el rostro, y el vuelillo representa la mano.—Dominando el primer movimiento instintivo, siguió adelante. El portero abrió la Sala; aplicó un fósforo á la boquilla de un brazo de gas, y la viva luz azul y dorada relampagueó, iluminando la estancia plenamente. —¿Es por aquello?—silabeó el portero, que era un viejecito catarroso y temblón.—Pues mejor será que se lo traiga aquí. Allá no se ve nada, y con tanto trasto, ni se revuelve uno.... Vaya, voy por todo. Aguarde. Quedóse solo el hombre en el templo de la Ley. Sus ojos divagaron con extravío por el recinto, que solitario y mudo adquiría entonces extraña majestad, algo que impondría respeto á la persona menos reflexiva. Vestía las paredes un venerable damasco carmesí: la tela de la etiqueta y de la representación oficial en España, la que tan bien armoniza con las molduras doradas y tan rico fondo presta á las austeras cabezas del clero y la magistratura. De igual tejido eran los sillones, sobre cuyas tallas de oro apagado campeaban la balanza de Temis y la espada vengadora. Idéntico tono de púrpura intensa tenían el forro de la mesa y la tribuna del Fiscal. Bajo el dosel del Presidente, el Rey Alfonso XII, amarillento, injuriado por el pincel de un mal retratista, fijaba en el espectador sus ojos inteligentes y tristes. Las arrogantes armas de España, bordadas con oro, decoraban el respaldo de los bancos, de raído terciopelo granate. Por efecto sin duda del estado de su alma, el hombre creyó nadar en un charco sangriento. Aquel color vivo que le rodeaba, le infundía
deseos de rasgar, de arrancar; impulsos de toro acosado, destructores, feroces, ciegos. «¡Si pudiese hacer pedazos la Sala!»—pensó, mientras en su trastornada cabeza retumbaban furiosas voces.—Volvióle á la razón momentáneamente la entrada del portero, que traía en las manos dos cajas cuadrilongas.—Eran los instrumentos, que se custodian en la Audiencia, en un cuchitril obscuro, escondidos como si fuesen la prueba de un crimen, hasta que, la víspera de la ejecución, los recoge el verdugo para adaptarlos al palo.... Depositó el portero las cajas sobre la mesa, no sin cierta visible repugnancia, y Juan Rojo, sereno ya en apariencia, serio y poseído de su papel, se aproximó y alzó la tapa, á fin de reconocer el contenido. Debajo de paños empapados en aceite, reluciente y limpio como si se acabase de frotar, apareció uno de los dos garrotes: cabalmente el modificado con arreglo á las indicaciones de Rojo. Tiene este artefacto de muerte, que la produce á la vez por estrangulación y por asfixia, el defecto de que en ocasiones retrocede el eje de hierro donde empalma la cigüeña, y no logrando el torniquete destrozar con la rapidez necesaria las vértebras cervicales y reducir el pescuezo al diámetro de un papel, puede la agonía de la víctima prolongarse un espacio de tiempo en que cabe un infinito de horror. No tanto por esta consideración como por miedo á un fracaso y á una grita, Juan Rojo había discurrido sujetar la uña que afianza la palanca ó cigüeña de un modo ingenioso y seguro, y se envanecía de su obra.—Aquel perfeccionado garrote fué el primero que registró.... Después examinó el segundo, cerciorándose de que giraban bien ambos: y cerrando las cajas y envolviéndolas en roto paño de sarga negra, las ocultó bajo la capa, sin decir palabra al portero, que tampoco parecía demasiado locuaz. Viendo que Rojo cargaba con sus prendas, tosió el vejete, gargajeó, dió vuelta á la villa del gas, y tomando otra vez su reverbero ahumado, guió silenciosamente hacia la puerta. Hasta que Rojo traspuso el umbral, no le dijo en tono más irónico que amistoso: —Vaya, abur.... Tiento en las manos. ¡Y que aproveche! Rojo ya no podía oirle, ni se oía más que á sí mismo. Después del tenaz y delirante insomnio; después de haber reemplazado el alimento con la bebida, sin conseguir la bienhechora embriaguez; después de un día entero de dar vueltas á las mismas ideas en la angosta caja de su cráneo, dolorida y próxima á estallar, Juan Rojo tropezaba siempre contra una pared de dura roca: la imposibilidad de la desobediencia. «La autoridad manda.... ¡Yo no puedo negarme! Soy un funcionario....
¡Tienen derecho sobre mí!» Recordaba su promesa, cierto; pero ¿qué significa la promesa libre, voluntaria, contra el mandato superior, la obligación? «No, no me puedo negar.... ¿Quién soy yo para negarme?» Problema sin solución para Rojo.... Miento.... Una solución se le había ocurrido en las horas de solitaria desesperación que pasó sin dormir, viendo la cama de Telmo vacía, y vacío el cuarto, y vacío más que todo el mundo.... Y de día tornó la solución á presentarse, clara, sencilla, consoladora y tremenda.... Fué por la tarde, cuando las primeras ráfagas de aire solano vinieron, como vahos de caldera infernal, á estremecer el ambiente marinedino. Rojo acababa de atar los picos de un pañolón viejo, un pañolón que había pertenecido á su mujer, y que serviría de baúl á la ropa de Telmo: Juliana se encargaba de llevarla á casa del Doctor.—La vista de aquellos despojos del naufragio de su vida evocó en Rojo la memoria de las agonías pasadas y presentes.—Volvió á ver, como si los tuviese delante, con la lucidez que se adquiere en las horas supremas, á María y á Telmo; pero no á Telmo ya crecido, sino tal cual era en brazos de su madre; vió sus manitas gordezuelas, que salían del mantón de abrigo en que andaba envuelto y buscaban á tientas el seno maternal.... Madre y crío, así apretados, llenos de intimidad, de dulzura comunicativa, se reían, se halagaban; pero al acercarse Juan Rojo, deshacíase el grupo: la madre arrojaba á la criatura lejos, muy lejos, y salía huyendo, tan rápidamente que más parecía haberse disuelto en humo por el aire.... —«Para no desobedecer y al mismo cumplir la palabra....»—volvía á pensar Rojo algunas horas después, al dirigirse hacia su rancho apretando bajo el brazo las dos cajas cuadrilongas. Ya no se veía cuando entró en el camaranchón: á tientas—no quiso encender luz—buscó algo sobre una mesa, y soltando en ella su carga, encontró lo que deseaba: botella y vaso. Echóse al cuerpo un largo sorbo, y le pareció ver más claro en su perro destino, confirmándose en que ni tenía otra salida, ni otro alivio que esperar. Único medio era aquel de cumplir los deberes que entendía le ligaban á la Ley, á la Justicia social y á la Vindicta pública,—entidades hijas de la conciencia, y que, por lo mismo no pueden sobreponerse á su augusta genitriz.... —Otro sorbo.... y ánimo.—Un estremecimiento, una horripilación recorrió las venas del hombre que tenía por oficio matar. Paladeó el ajenjo de aquel susto, y lo afrontó, y logró que le amargase menos. ¡Bah! Un segundo, un pataleo, menos aún, la convulsión de un cuerpo atado, al hincarse en las vértebras un tornillo.... Eso y nada más es la muerte.—
Embozóse y salió. Tocaban al Rosario en la capillita próxima, y Rojo dudó primero, y luego entró en ella despacio, y se arrodilló entre los grupos de mujerucas. La voz gangosa del sacristán se elevó iniciando el rezo, pero Rojo no tomaba parte en él: su garganta no sabía articular sonidos, y lo sentía, porque era creyente y ansiaba rezar entonces. Una vecina le reconoció y le señaló á otra con el dedo, mostrando desagrado y reprobación. Rojo sintió un hervor de ira. «¡Ni aquí consienten mi compañía, centella! Señálame, señálame, vieja del diablo, que para lo que me has de señalar....» Volvió á salir, y con paso tranquilo, muy ensimismado, tomó el camino de la Torre. La luz del Faro atraía sus ojos; se le figuraba que desde allí, más bien que en la capilla, alguien le miraba piadosamente. Sin embargo, á los diez pasos retrocedió; entró de nuevo en el rancho, y recogió el envoltorio de las cajas. Llevándolas bien cogidas, emprendió la ascensión otra vez. El camino serpeaba, y al través de campos yermos rodeados de peñascales, subía hasta el promontorio, donde la fenicia Torre se yergue imponente, justificando su dictado de centinela de los mares.—Oíase cada vez más próximo el tumbo del Océano que rebotaba contra las peñas, y un aire potente, vívido, rudo como la misma costa, azotaba el pelo gris de Rojo.—Ya al pie del alta plataforma, que descansa en la escollera, Rojo se detuvo, y, en vez de subir la escalinata, metióse por los eriales y marismas que conducen al arenal de las Ánimas, el cual tal vez deba su fúnebre nombre á las muchas víctimas que cada invierno, en la pesca del percebe, sucumben en tan temeroso paraje. Antes de que Rojo sentase el pie en el arenal, le paró, helándole la sangre en las venas, el mugir lúgubre y pavoroso de dos hinchadas y cóncavas olas, que al reventar le salpicaron de espuma.... Y no era día de tormenta, ni acaso fuese aquella la marea más viva del equinoccio; pero debe de tener la ensenada de las Ánimas tan especial hechura, que el Océano, al derramarse allí, se encuentra preso, herido, subyugado, y rebrama, y salta en remolino arrollador, y quiere escalar el cielo.... Juan Rojo se sintió á la vez espantado y ensordecido. El oleaje, con su misteriosa blancura cerca y su inmensidad incolora allá lejos, le aplanó el alma, y como el marino arroja lastre por cima de la borda, lanzó á las rompientes las cajas que oprimía bajo el brazo. Las olas no interrumpieron su clamoreo ronco de ardiente jauría que persigue á la res. El padre de Telmo se volvió de espaldas al mar y no viéndolo, recobró ánimos; dejó sobre una peña capa y sombrero; sacó un pañuelo
del bolsillo; contempló un minuto, intensamente, la luz del Faro; luego dobló el pañuelo y se vendó los ojos apretando mucho, de manera que también tapase los oídos, para no escuchar la voz del abismo, que le haría retroceder.... Y así, ciego y sordo, anduvo con los brazos extendidos hacia delante, hasta que de pronto se sintió envuelto, cogido, arrastrado, y el agua, al inundar sus pulmones, sofocó el grito supremo. FIN
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